diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 19b2397..4e583a4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
         "ModulePrimary.cpp",
         "SoundDose.cpp",
         "Stream.cpp",
+        "StreamSwitcher.cpp",
         "Telephony.cpp",
         "alsa/Mixer.cpp",
         "alsa/ModuleAlsa.cpp",
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
index 5478633..b59bd7c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
                                                nullptr, nullptr, &context));
     context.fillDescriptor(&_aidl_return->desc);
     std::shared_ptr<StreamIn> stream;
-    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(createInputStream(in_args.sinkMetadata, std::move(context),
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(createInputStream(std::move(context), in_args.sinkMetadata,
                                              mConfig->microphones, &stream));
     StreamWrapper streamWrapper(stream);
     if (auto patchIt = mPatches.find(in_args.portConfigId); patchIt != mPatches.end()) {
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@
                                                in_args.eventCallback, &context));
     context.fillDescriptor(&_aidl_return->desc);
     std::shared_ptr<StreamOut> stream;
-    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(createOutputStream(in_args.sourceMetadata, std::move(context),
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(createOutputStream(std::move(context), in_args.sourceMetadata,
                                               in_args.offloadInfo, &stream));
     StreamWrapper streamWrapper(stream);
     if (auto patchIt = mPatches.find(in_args.portConfigId); patchIt != mPatches.end()) {
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@
     if (!mSoundDose) {
         mSoundDose = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<sounddose::SoundDose>();
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mSoundDose.getPtr();
+    *_aidl_return = mSoundDose.getInstance();
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of ISoundDose: " << _aidl_return->get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
index cbb6730..29e8126 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
@@ -37,23 +37,24 @@
     if (!mTelephony) {
         mTelephony = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<Telephony>();
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mTelephony.getPtr();
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of ITelephony: " << _aidl_return->get();
+    *_aidl_return = mTelephony.getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+               << ": returning instance of ITelephony: " << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::createInputStream(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
-                                                    StreamContext&& context,
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::createInputStream(StreamContext&& context,
+                                                    const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                                     const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
                                                     std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamInStub>(result, sinkMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamInStub>(result, std::move(context), sinkMetadata,
                                               microphones);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::createOutputStream(
-        const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+        StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
         const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo, std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutStub>(result, sourceMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutStub>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
                                                offloadInfo);
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
index 215de94..d2be48c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
@@ -47,13 +47,19 @@
         desc->reply = mReplyMQ->dupeDesc();
     }
     if (mDataMQ) {
-        const size_t frameSize = getFrameSize();
-        desc->frameSizeBytes = frameSize;
-        desc->bufferSizeFrames = mDataMQ->getQuantumCount() * mDataMQ->getQuantumSize() / frameSize;
+        desc->frameSizeBytes = getFrameSize();
+        desc->bufferSizeFrames = getBufferSizeInFrames();
         desc->audio.set<StreamDescriptor::AudioBuffer::Tag::fmq>(mDataMQ->dupeDesc());
     }
 }
 
+size_t StreamContext::getBufferSizeInFrames() const {
+    if (mDataMQ) {
+        return mDataMQ->getQuantumCount() * mDataMQ->getQuantumSize() / getFrameSize();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
 size_t StreamContext::getFrameSize() const {
     return getFrameSizeInBytes(mFormat, mChannelLayout);
 }
@@ -85,17 +91,18 @@
 }
 
 std::string StreamWorkerCommonLogic::init() {
-    if (mCommandMQ == nullptr) return "Command MQ is null";
-    if (mReplyMQ == nullptr) return "Reply MQ is null";
-    if (mDataMQ == nullptr) return "Data MQ is null";
-    if (sizeof(DataBufferElement) != mDataMQ->getQuantumSize()) {
-        return "Unexpected Data MQ quantum size: " + std::to_string(mDataMQ->getQuantumSize());
+    if (mContext->getCommandMQ() == nullptr) return "Command MQ is null";
+    if (mContext->getReplyMQ() == nullptr) return "Reply MQ is null";
+    StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
+    if (dataMQ == nullptr) return "Data MQ is null";
+    if (sizeof(DataBufferElement) != dataMQ->getQuantumSize()) {
+        return "Unexpected Data MQ quantum size: " + std::to_string(dataMQ->getQuantumSize());
     }
-    mDataBufferSize = mDataMQ->getQuantumCount() * mDataMQ->getQuantumSize();
+    mDataBufferSize = dataMQ->getQuantumCount() * dataMQ->getQuantumSize();
     mDataBuffer.reset(new (std::nothrow) DataBufferElement[mDataBufferSize]);
     if (mDataBuffer == nullptr) {
         return "Failed to allocate data buffer for element count " +
-               std::to_string(mDataMQ->getQuantumCount()) +
+               std::to_string(dataMQ->getQuantumCount()) +
                ", size in bytes: " + std::to_string(mDataBufferSize);
     }
     if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->init(); status != STATUS_OK) {
@@ -108,7 +115,7 @@
                                             bool isConnected) const {
     reply->status = STATUS_OK;
     if (isConnected) {
-        reply->observable.frames = mFrameCount;
+        reply->observable.frames = mContext->getFrameCount();
         reply->observable.timeNs = ::android::elapsedRealtimeNano();
         if (auto status = mDriver->getPosition(&reply->observable); status == ::android::OK) {
             return;
@@ -135,7 +142,7 @@
     // TODO: Add a delay for transitions of async operations when/if they added.
 
     StreamDescriptor::Command command{};
-    if (!mCommandMQ->readBlocking(&command, 1)) {
+    if (!mContext->getCommandMQ()->readBlocking(&command, 1)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": reading of command from MQ failed";
         mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
         return Status::ABORT;
@@ -153,7 +160,7 @@
     switch (command.getTag()) {
         case Tag::halReservedExit:
             if (const int32_t cookie = command.get<Tag::halReservedExit>();
-                cookie == mInternalCommandCookie) {
+                cookie == mContext->getInternalCommandCookie()) {
                 mDriver->shutdown();
                 setClosed();
                 // This is an internal command, no need to reply.
@@ -271,7 +278,7 @@
     }
     reply.state = mState;
     LOG(severity) << __func__ << ": writing reply " << reply.toString();
-    if (!mReplyMQ->writeBlocking(&reply, 1)) {
+    if (!mContext->getReplyMQ()->writeBlocking(&reply, 1)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": writing of reply " << reply.toString() << " to MQ failed";
         mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
         return Status::ABORT;
@@ -280,14 +287,16 @@
 }
 
 bool StreamInWorkerLogic::read(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
-    const size_t byteCount = std::min({clientSize, mDataMQ->availableToWrite(), mDataBufferSize});
+    StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
+    const size_t byteCount = std::min({clientSize, dataMQ->availableToWrite(), mDataBufferSize});
     const bool isConnected = mIsConnected;
+    const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     size_t actualFrameCount = 0;
     bool fatal = false;
     int32_t latency = Module::kLatencyMs;
     if (isConnected) {
-        if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->transfer(
-                    mDataBuffer.get(), byteCount / mFrameSize, &actualFrameCount, &latency);
+        if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->transfer(mDataBuffer.get(), byteCount / frameSize,
+                                                           &actualFrameCount, &latency);
             status != ::android::OK) {
             fatal = true;
             LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": read failed: " << status;
@@ -295,17 +304,16 @@
     } else {
         usleep(3000);  // Simulate blocking transfer delay.
         for (size_t i = 0; i < byteCount; ++i) mDataBuffer[i] = 0;
-        actualFrameCount = byteCount / mFrameSize;
+        actualFrameCount = byteCount / frameSize;
     }
-    const size_t actualByteCount = actualFrameCount * mFrameSize;
-    if (bool success =
-                actualByteCount > 0 ? mDataMQ->write(&mDataBuffer[0], actualByteCount) : true;
+    const size_t actualByteCount = actualFrameCount * frameSize;
+    if (bool success = actualByteCount > 0 ? dataMQ->write(&mDataBuffer[0], actualByteCount) : true;
         success) {
         LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": writing of " << actualByteCount << " bytes into data MQ"
                      << " succeeded; connected? " << isConnected;
         // Frames are provided and counted regardless of connection status.
         reply->fmqByteCount += actualByteCount;
-        mFrameCount += actualFrameCount;
+        mContext->advanceFrameCount(actualFrameCount);
         populateReply(reply, isConnected);
     } else {
         LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": writing of " << actualByteCount
@@ -324,7 +332,8 @@
         if (auto stateDurationMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                     std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - mTransientStateStart);
             stateDurationMs >= mTransientStateDelayMs) {
-            if (mAsyncCallback == nullptr) {
+            std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
+            if (asyncCallback == nullptr) {
                 // In blocking mode, mState can only be DRAINING.
                 mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
             } else {
@@ -332,13 +341,13 @@
                 // drain or transfer completion. In the stub, we switch unconditionally.
                 if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING) {
                     mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
-                    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mAsyncCallback->onDrainReady();
+                    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onDrainReady();
                     if (!status.isOk()) {
                         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onDrainReady: " << status;
                     }
                 } else {
                     mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE;
-                    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mAsyncCallback->onTransferReady();
+                    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onTransferReady();
                     if (!status.isOk()) {
                         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onTransferReady: " << status;
                     }
@@ -352,7 +361,7 @@
     }
 
     StreamDescriptor::Command command{};
-    if (!mCommandMQ->readBlocking(&command, 1)) {
+    if (!mContext->getCommandMQ()->readBlocking(&command, 1)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": reading of command from MQ failed";
         mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
         return Status::ABORT;
@@ -371,7 +380,7 @@
     switch (command.getTag()) {
         case Tag::halReservedExit:
             if (const int32_t cookie = command.get<Tag::halReservedExit>();
-                cookie == mInternalCommandCookie) {
+                cookie == mContext->getInternalCommandCookie()) {
                 mDriver->shutdown();
                 setClosed();
                 // This is an internal command, no need to reply.
@@ -426,10 +435,11 @@
                     if (!write(fmqByteCount, &reply)) {
                         mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
                     }
+                    std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
                     if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY ||
                         mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAIN_PAUSED ||
                         mState == StreamDescriptor::State::PAUSED) {
-                        if (mAsyncCallback == nullptr ||
+                        if (asyncCallback == nullptr ||
                             mState != StreamDescriptor::State::DRAIN_PAUSED) {
                             mState = StreamDescriptor::State::PAUSED;
                         } else {
@@ -438,7 +448,7 @@
                     } else if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE ||
                                mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING ||
                                mState == StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE) {
-                        if (mAsyncCallback == nullptr || reply.fmqByteCount == fmqByteCount) {
+                        if (asyncCallback == nullptr || reply.fmqByteCount == fmqByteCount) {
                             mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE;
                         } else {
                             switchToTransientState(StreamDescriptor::State::TRANSFERRING);
@@ -460,7 +470,8 @@
                     if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->drain(mode);
                         status == ::android::OK) {
                         populateReply(&reply, mIsConnected);
-                        if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE && mForceSynchronousDrain) {
+                        if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE &&
+                            mContext->getForceSynchronousDrain()) {
                             mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
                         } else {
                             switchToTransientState(StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING);
@@ -535,7 +546,7 @@
     }
     reply.state = mState;
     LOG(severity) << __func__ << ": writing reply " << reply.toString();
-    if (!mReplyMQ->writeBlocking(&reply, 1)) {
+    if (!mContext->getReplyMQ()->writeBlocking(&reply, 1)) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": writing of reply " << reply.toString() << " to MQ failed";
         mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
         return Status::ABORT;
@@ -544,38 +555,40 @@
 }
 
 bool StreamOutWorkerLogic::write(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
-    const size_t readByteCount = mDataMQ->availableToRead();
+    StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
+    const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead();
+    const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     bool fatal = false;
     int32_t latency = Module::kLatencyMs;
-    if (bool success = readByteCount > 0 ? mDataMQ->read(&mDataBuffer[0], readByteCount) : true) {
+    if (bool success = readByteCount > 0 ? dataMQ->read(&mDataBuffer[0], readByteCount) : true) {
         const bool isConnected = mIsConnected;
         LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": reading of " << readByteCount << " bytes from data MQ"
                      << " succeeded; connected? " << isConnected;
         // Amount of data that the HAL module is going to actually use.
         size_t byteCount = std::min({clientSize, readByteCount, mDataBufferSize});
-        if (byteCount >= mFrameSize && mForceTransientBurst) {
+        if (byteCount >= frameSize && mContext->getForceTransientBurst()) {
             // In order to prevent the state machine from going to ACTIVE state,
             // simulate partial write.
-            byteCount -= mFrameSize;
+            byteCount -= frameSize;
         }
         size_t actualFrameCount = 0;
         if (isConnected) {
             if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->transfer(
-                        mDataBuffer.get(), byteCount / mFrameSize, &actualFrameCount, &latency);
+                        mDataBuffer.get(), byteCount / frameSize, &actualFrameCount, &latency);
                 status != ::android::OK) {
                 fatal = true;
                 LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": write failed: " << status;
             }
         } else {
-            if (mAsyncCallback == nullptr) {
+            if (mContext->getAsyncCallback() == nullptr) {
                 usleep(3000);  // Simulate blocking transfer delay.
             }
-            actualFrameCount = byteCount / mFrameSize;
+            actualFrameCount = byteCount / frameSize;
         }
-        const size_t actualByteCount = actualFrameCount * mFrameSize;
+        const size_t actualByteCount = actualFrameCount * frameSize;
         // Frames are consumed and counted regardless of the connection status.
         reply->fmqByteCount += actualByteCount;
-        mFrameCount += actualFrameCount;
+        mContext->advanceFrameCount(actualFrameCount);
         populateReply(reply, isConnected);
     } else {
         LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": reading of " << readByteCount
@@ -597,18 +610,16 @@
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::initInstance(
         const std::shared_ptr<StreamCommonInterface>& delegate) {
     mCommon = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<StreamCommonDelegator>(delegate);
-    mCommonBinder = mCommon->asBinder();
-    AIBinder_setMinSchedulerPolicy(mCommonBinder.get(), SCHED_NORMAL, ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
     return mWorker->start() ? ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()
                             : ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::getStreamCommonCommon(
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon>* _aidl_return) {
-    if (mCommon == nullptr) {
+    if (!mCommon) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": the common interface was not created";
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mCommon;
+    *_aidl_return = mCommon.getInstance();
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning " << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
@@ -659,8 +670,7 @@
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": joining the worker thread...";
         mWorker->stop();
         LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": worker thread joined";
-        mContext.reset();
-        mWorker->setClosed();
+        onClose(mWorker->setClosed());
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
     } else {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was already closed";
@@ -723,11 +733,15 @@
 }
 }  // namespace
 
-StreamIn::StreamIn(const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
-    : mMicrophones(transformMicrophones(microphones)) {
+StreamIn::StreamIn(StreamContext&& context, const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
+    : mContext(std::move(context)), mMicrophones(transformMicrophones(microphones)) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
 }
 
+void StreamIn::defaultOnClose() {
+    mContext.reset();
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamIn::getActiveMicrophones(
         std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return) {
     std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo> result;
@@ -780,11 +794,15 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
 }
 
-StreamOut::StreamOut(const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
-    : mOffloadInfo(offloadInfo) {
+StreamOut::StreamOut(StreamContext&& context, const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
+    : mContext(std::move(context)), mOffloadInfo(offloadInfo) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
 }
 
+void StreamOut::defaultOnClose() {
+    mContext.reset();
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOut::updateOffloadMetadata(
         const AudioOffloadMetadata& in_offloadMetadata) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..956f413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <limits>
+
+#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_StreamSwitcher"
+
+#include <Utils.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <error/expected_utils.h>
+
+#include "core-impl/StreamStub.h"
+#include "core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h"
+
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+StreamSwitcher::StreamSwitcher(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+    : mMetadata(metadata), mStream(new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(context, mMetadata)) {}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::closeCurrentStream(bool validateStreamState) {
+    if (!mStream) return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStream->prepareToClose());
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStream->close());
+    if (validateStreamState && !isValidClosingStreamState(mStream->getStatePriorToClosing())) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    mStream.reset();
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::close() {
+    if (mStream != nullptr) {
+        auto status = closeCurrentStream(false /*validateStreamState*/);
+        // The actual state is irrelevant since only StreamSwitcher cares about it.
+        onClose(StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY);
+        return status;
+    }
+    LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was already closed";
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::prepareToClose() {
+    if (mStream != nullptr) {
+        return mStream->prepareToClose();
+    }
+    LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::updateHwAvSyncId(int32_t in_hwAvSyncId) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStream->updateHwAvSyncId(in_hwAvSyncId));
+    mHwAvSyncId = in_hwAvSyncId;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::getVendorParameters(const std::vector<std::string>& in_ids,
+                                                       std::vector<VendorParameter>* _aidl_return) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    if (mIsStubStream) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": the stream is not connected";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    return mStream->getVendorParameters(in_ids, _aidl_return);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::setVendorParameters(
+        const std::vector<VendorParameter>& in_parameters, bool in_async) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    if (mIsStubStream) {
+        mMissedParameters.emplace_back(in_parameters, in_async);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+    return mStream->setVendorParameters(in_parameters, in_async);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::addEffect(const std::shared_ptr<IEffect>& in_effect) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    if (!mIsStubStream) {
+        RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStream->addEffect(in_effect));
+    }
+    mEffects.push_back(in_effect);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::removeEffect(const std::shared_ptr<IEffect>& in_effect) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    for (auto it = mEffects.begin(); it != mEffects.end();) {
+        if ((*it)->asBinder() == in_effect->asBinder()) {
+            it = mEffects.erase(it);
+        } else {
+            ++it;
+        }
+    }
+    return !mIsStubStream ? mStream->removeEffect(in_effect) : ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::getStreamCommonCommon(
+        std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon>* _aidl_return) {
+    if (!mCommon) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": the common interface was not created";
+    }
+    *_aidl_return = mCommon.getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning " << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::updateMetadataCommon(const Metadata& metadata) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    mMetadata = metadata;
+    return !mIsStubStream ? mStream->updateMetadataCommon(metadata) : ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::initInstance(
+        const std::shared_ptr<StreamCommonInterface>& delegate) {
+    mCommon = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<StreamCommonDelegator>(delegate);
+    // The delegate is null because StreamSwitcher handles IStreamCommon methods by itself.
+    return mStream->initInstance(nullptr);
+}
+
+const StreamContext& StreamSwitcher::getContext() const {
+    return *mContext;
+}
+
+bool StreamSwitcher::isClosed() const {
+    return mStream == nullptr || mStream->isClosed();
+}
+
+const StreamCommonInterface::ConnectedDevices& StreamSwitcher::getConnectedDevices() const {
+    return mStream->getConnectedDevices();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::setConnectedDevices(const std::vector<AudioDevice>& devices) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << ::android::internal::ToString(devices);
+    if (mStream->getConnectedDevices() == devices) return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    const DeviceSwitchBehavior behavior = switchCurrentStream(devices);
+    if (behavior == DeviceSwitchBehavior::UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    } else if (behavior == DeviceSwitchBehavior::SWITCH_TO_STUB_STREAM && !devices.empty()) {
+        // This is an error in the extending class.
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__
+                   << ": switching to stub stream with connected devices is not allowed";
+    }
+    if (behavior == USE_CURRENT_STREAM) {
+        mIsStubStream = false;
+    } else {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": connected devices changed, switching stream";
+        // Two streams can't be opened for the same context, thus we always need to close
+        // the current one before creating a new one.
+        RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(closeCurrentStream(true /*validateStreamState*/));
+        if (behavior == CREATE_NEW_STREAM) {
+            mStream = createNewStream(devices, mContext, mMetadata);
+            mIsStubStream = false;
+        } else {  // SWITCH_TO_STUB_STREAM
+            mStream.reset(new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(mContext, mMetadata));
+            mIsStubStream = true;
+        }
+        // The delegate is null because StreamSwitcher handles IStreamCommon methods by itself.
+        if (ndk::ScopedAStatus status = mStream->initInstance(nullptr); !status.isOk()) {
+            // Need to close the current failed stream, and report an error.
+            // Since we can't operate without a stream implementation, put a stub in.
+            RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(closeCurrentStream(false /*validateStreamState*/));
+            mStream.reset(new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(mContext, mMetadata));
+            (void)mStream->initInstance(nullptr);
+            (void)mStream->setConnectedDevices(devices);
+            return status;
+        }
+    }
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStream->setConnectedDevices(devices));
+    if (behavior == CREATE_NEW_STREAM) {
+        // These updates are less critical, only log warning on failure.
+        if (mHwAvSyncId.has_value()) {
+            if (auto status = mStream->updateHwAvSyncId(*mHwAvSyncId); !status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": could not update HW AV Sync for a new stream: "
+                             << status.getDescription();
+            }
+        }
+        for (const auto& vndParam : mMissedParameters) {
+            if (auto status = mStream->setVendorParameters(vndParam.first, vndParam.second);
+                !status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": error while setting parameters for a new stream: "
+                             << status.getDescription();
+            }
+        }
+        mMissedParameters.clear();
+        for (const auto& effect : mEffects) {
+            if (auto status = mStream->addEffect(effect); !status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": error while adding effect for a new stream: "
+                             << status.getDescription();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
index f0393e3..126c033 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.cpp
@@ -14,44 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_AlsaMixer"
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 
+#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_AlsaMixer"
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
 
 #include "Mixer.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa {
 
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MixerControl::MixerControl(struct mixer_ctl* ctl)
-    : mCtl(ctl),
-      mNumValues(mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl)),
-      mMinValue(mixer_ctl_get_range_min(ctl)),
-      mMaxValue(mixer_ctl_get_range_max(ctl)) {}
-
-unsigned int MixerControl::getNumValues() const {
-    return mNumValues;
-}
-
-int MixerControl::getMaxValue() const {
-    return mMaxValue;
-}
-
-int MixerControl::getMinValue() const {
-    return mMinValue;
-}
-
-int MixerControl::setArray(const void* array, size_t count) {
-    const std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    return mixer_ctl_set_array(mCtl, array, count);
-}
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 // static
 const std::map<Mixer::Control, std::vector<Mixer::ControlNamesAndExpectedCtlType>>
         Mixer::kPossibleControls = {
@@ -60,18 +33,20 @@
                 {Mixer::HW_VOLUME,
                  {{"Headphone Playback Volume", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_INT},
                   {"Headset Playback Volume", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_INT},
-                  {"PCM Playback Volume", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_INT}}}};
+                  {"PCM Playback Volume", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_INT}}},
+                {Mixer::MIC_SWITCH, {{"Capture Switch", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_BOOL}}},
+                {Mixer::MIC_GAIN, {{"Capture Volume", MIXER_CTL_TYPE_INT}}}};
 
 // static
-std::map<Mixer::Control, std::shared_ptr<MixerControl>> Mixer::initializeMixerControls(
-        struct mixer* mixer) {
-    std::map<Mixer::Control, std::shared_ptr<MixerControl>> mixerControls;
+Mixer::Controls Mixer::initializeMixerControls(struct mixer* mixer) {
+    if (mixer == nullptr) return {};
+    Controls mixerControls;
     std::string mixerCtlNames;
     for (const auto& [control, possibleCtls] : kPossibleControls) {
         for (const auto& [ctlName, expectedCtlType] : possibleCtls) {
             struct mixer_ctl* ctl = mixer_get_ctl_by_name(mixer, ctlName.c_str());
             if (ctl != nullptr && mixer_ctl_get_type(ctl) == expectedCtlType) {
-                mixerControls.emplace(control, std::make_unique<MixerControl>(ctl));
+                mixerControls.emplace(control, ctl);
                 if (!mixerCtlNames.empty()) {
                     mixerCtlNames += ",";
                 }
@@ -84,71 +59,141 @@
     return mixerControls;
 }
 
-Mixer::Mixer(struct mixer* mixer)
-    : mMixer(mixer), mMixerControls(initializeMixerControls(mMixer)) {}
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, Mixer::Control c) {
+    switch (c) {
+        case Mixer::Control::MASTER_SWITCH:
+            s << "master mute";
+            break;
+        case Mixer::Control::MASTER_VOLUME:
+            s << "master volume";
+            break;
+        case Mixer::Control::HW_VOLUME:
+            s << "volume";
+            break;
+        case Mixer::Control::MIC_SWITCH:
+            s << "mic mute";
+            break;
+        case Mixer::Control::MIC_GAIN:
+            s << "mic gain";
+            break;
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+Mixer::Mixer(int card) : mMixer(mixer_open(card)), mMixerControls(initializeMixerControls(mMixer)) {
+    if (!isValid()) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to open mixer for card=" << card;
+    }
+}
 
 Mixer::~Mixer() {
-    mixer_close(mMixer);
+    if (isValid()) {
+        std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+        mixer_close(mMixer);
+    }
 }
 
-namespace {
-
-int volumeFloatToInteger(float fValue, int maxValue, int minValue) {
-    return minValue + std::ceil((maxValue - minValue) * fValue);
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMasterMute(bool muted) {
-    auto it = mMixerControls.find(Mixer::MASTER_SWITCH);
-    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
-    }
-    const int numValues = it->second->getNumValues();
-    std::vector<int> values(numValues, muted ? 0 : 1);
-    if (int err = it->second->setArray(values.data(), numValues); err != 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set master mute, err=" << err;
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-    }
-    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    return setMixerControlMute(MASTER_SWITCH, muted);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMasterVolume(float volume) {
-    auto it = mMixerControls.find(Mixer::MASTER_VOLUME);
-    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
-    }
-    const int numValues = it->second->getNumValues();
-    std::vector<int> values(numValues, volumeFloatToInteger(volume, it->second->getMaxValue(),
-                                                            it->second->getMinValue()));
-    if (int err = it->second->setArray(values.data(), numValues); err != 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set master volume, err=" << err;
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
-    }
-    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    return setMixerControlVolume(MASTER_VOLUME, volume);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMicGain(float gain) {
+    return setMixerControlVolume(MIC_GAIN, gain);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMicMute(bool muted) {
+    return setMixerControlMute(MIC_SWITCH, muted);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setVolumes(const std::vector<float>& volumes) {
+    if (!isValid()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
     auto it = mMixerControls.find(Mixer::HW_VOLUME);
     if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
     }
-    const int numValues = it->second->getNumValues();
-    if (numValues < 0) {
-        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": negative number of values: " << numValues;
-    }
-    const int maxValue = it->second->getMaxValue();
-    const int minValue = it->second->getMinValue();
-    std::vector<int> values;
-    size_t i = 0;
-    for (; i < static_cast<size_t>(numValues) && i < values.size(); ++i) {
-        values.emplace_back(volumeFloatToInteger(volumes[i], maxValue, minValue));
-    }
-    if (int err = it->second->setArray(values.data(), values.size()); err != 0) {
+    std::vector<int> percents;
+    std::transform(
+            volumes.begin(), volumes.end(), std::back_inserter(percents),
+            [](float volume) -> int { return std::floor(std::clamp(volume, 0.0f, 1.0f) * 100); });
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(it->second, percents); err != 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set volume, err=" << err;
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
     }
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMixerControlMute(Mixer::Control ctl, bool muted) {
+    if (!isValid()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    auto it = mMixerControls.find(ctl);
+    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    }
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    if (int err = setMixerControlValue(it->second, muted ? 0 : 1); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set " << ctl << " to " << muted << ", err=" << err;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Mixer::setMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float volume) {
+    if (!isValid()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    auto it = mMixerControls.find(ctl);
+    if (it == mMixerControls.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    }
+    volume = std::clamp(volume, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    std::lock_guard l(mMixerAccess);
+    if (int err = setMixerControlPercent(it->second, std::floor(volume * 100)); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to set " << ctl << " to " << volume << ", err=" << err;
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+int Mixer::setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int percent) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
+    for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
+        if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_percent(ctl, id, percent); error != 0) {
+            ret = error;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int Mixer::setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, const std::vector<int>& percents) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
+    for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
+        if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_percent(ctl, id, id < percents.size() ? percents[id] : 0);
+            error != 0) {
+            ret = error;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int Mixer::setMixerControlValue(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int value) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    const unsigned int n = mixer_ctl_get_num_values(ctl);
+    for (unsigned int id = 0; id < n; id++) {
+        if (int error = mixer_ctl_set_value(ctl, id, value); error != 0) {
+            ret = error;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
index de9e6f4..78728c2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Mixer.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <iostream>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -31,34 +32,17 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa {
 
-class MixerControl {
-  public:
-    explicit MixerControl(struct mixer_ctl* ctl);
-
-    unsigned int getNumValues() const;
-    int getMaxValue() const;
-    int getMinValue() const;
-    int setArray(const void* array, size_t count);
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    // The mixer_ctl object is owned by ALSA and will be released when the mixer is closed.
-    struct mixer_ctl* mCtl GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    const unsigned int mNumValues;
-    const int mMinValue;
-    const int mMaxValue;
-};
-
 class Mixer {
   public:
-    explicit Mixer(struct mixer* mixer);
-
+    explicit Mixer(int card);
     ~Mixer();
 
     bool isValid() const { return mMixer != nullptr; }
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMasterMute(bool muted);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setMasterVolume(float volume);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setMicGain(float gain);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setMicMute(bool muted);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setVolumes(const std::vector<float>& volumes);
 
   private:
@@ -66,17 +50,32 @@
         MASTER_SWITCH,
         MASTER_VOLUME,
         HW_VOLUME,
+        MIC_SWITCH,
+        MIC_GAIN,
     };
     using ControlNamesAndExpectedCtlType = std::pair<std::string, enum mixer_ctl_type>;
-    static const std::map<Control, std::vector<ControlNamesAndExpectedCtlType>> kPossibleControls;
-    static std::map<Control, std::shared_ptr<MixerControl>> initializeMixerControls(
-            struct mixer* mixer);
+    using Controls = std::map<Control, struct mixer_ctl*>;
 
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, Control);
+    static const std::map<Control, std::vector<ControlNamesAndExpectedCtlType>> kPossibleControls;
+    static Controls initializeMixerControls(struct mixer* mixer);
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setMixerControlMute(Control ctl, bool muted);
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setMixerControlVolume(Control ctl, float volume);
+
+    int setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int percent) REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
+    int setMixerControlPercent(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, const std::vector<int>& percents)
+            REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
+    int setMixerControlValue(struct mixer_ctl* ctl, int value) REQUIRES(mMixerAccess);
+
+    // Since ALSA functions do not use internal locking, enforce thread safety at our level.
+    std::mutex mMixerAccess;
     // The mixer object is owned by ALSA and will be released when the mixer is closed.
-    struct mixer* mMixer;
+    struct mixer* const mMixer;
     // `mMixerControls` will only be initialized in constructor. After that, it wil only be
-    // read but not be modified.
-    const std::map<Control, std::shared_ptr<MixerControl>> mMixerControls;
+    // read but not be modified. Each mixer_ctl object is owned by ALSA, it's life span is
+    // the same as of the mixer itself.
+    const Controls mMixerControls;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
index 17c7feb..00a7a84 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
@@ -27,16 +27,32 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamAlsa::StreamAlsa(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context)
-    : StreamCommonImpl(metadata, std::move(context)),
+StreamAlsa::StreamAlsa(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata, int readWriteRetries)
+    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
       mFrameSizeBytes(getContext().getFrameSize()),
       mIsInput(isInput(metadata)),
-      mConfig(alsa::getPcmConfig(getContext(), mIsInput)) {}
+      mConfig(alsa::getPcmConfig(getContext(), mIsInput)),
+      mReadWriteRetries(readWriteRetries) {}
 
 ::android::status_t StreamAlsa::init() {
     return mConfig.has_value() ? ::android::OK : ::android::NO_INIT;
 }
 
+::android::status_t StreamAlsa::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
+    usleep(1000);
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamAlsa::flush() {
+    usleep(1000);
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t StreamAlsa::pause() {
+    usleep(1000);
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
 ::android::status_t StreamAlsa::standby() {
     mAlsaDeviceProxies.clear();
     return ::android::OK;
@@ -45,27 +61,21 @@
 ::android::status_t StreamAlsa::start() {
     decltype(mAlsaDeviceProxies) alsaDeviceProxies;
     for (const auto& device : getDeviceProfiles()) {
-        auto profile = alsa::readAlsaDeviceInfo(device);
-        if (!profile.has_value()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": unable to read device info, device address=" << device;
-            return ::android::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        alsa::DeviceProxy proxy;
+        if (device.isExternal) {
+            // Always ask alsa configure as required since the configuration should be supported
+            // by the connected device. That is guaranteed by `setAudioPortConfig` and
+            // `setAudioPatch`.
+            proxy = alsa::openProxyForExternalDevice(
+                    device, const_cast<struct pcm_config*>(&mConfig.value()),
+                    true /*require_exact_match*/);
+        } else {
+            proxy = alsa::openProxyForAttachedDevice(
+                    device, const_cast<struct pcm_config*>(&mConfig.value()),
+                    getContext().getBufferSizeInFrames());
         }
-
-        auto proxy = alsa::makeDeviceProxy();
-        // Always ask for alsa configure as required since the configuration should be supported
-        // by the connected device. That is guaranteed by `setAudioPortConfig` and `setAudioPatch`.
-        if (int err = proxy_prepare(proxy.get(), &profile.value(),
-                                    const_cast<struct pcm_config*>(&mConfig.value()),
-                                    true /*require_exact_match*/);
-            err != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": fail to prepare for device address=" << device
-                       << " error=" << err;
-            return ::android::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
-        }
-        if (int err = proxy_open(proxy.get()); err != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to open device, address=" << device
-                       << " error=" << err;
-            return ::android::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        if (!proxy) {
+            return ::android::NO_INIT;
         }
         alsaDeviceProxies.push_back(std::move(proxy));
     }
@@ -83,11 +93,12 @@
             return ::android::NO_INIT;
         }
         // For input case, only support single device.
-        proxy_read(mAlsaDeviceProxies[0].get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer);
+        proxy_read_with_retries(mAlsaDeviceProxies[0].get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer,
+                                mReadWriteRetries);
         maxLatency = proxy_get_latency(mAlsaDeviceProxies[0].get());
     } else {
         for (auto& proxy : mAlsaDeviceProxies) {
-            proxy_write(proxy.get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer);
+            proxy_write_with_retries(proxy.get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer, mReadWriteRetries);
             maxLatency = std::max(maxLatency, proxy_get_latency(proxy.get()));
         }
     }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
index 162f852..20f7797 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@
     }
     return DeviceProfile{.card = alsaAddress[0],
                          .device = alsaAddress[1],
-                         .direction = isInput ? PCM_IN : PCM_OUT};
+                         .direction = isInput ? PCM_IN : PCM_OUT,
+                         .isExternal = !audioDevice.type.connection.empty()};
 }
 
 std::optional<DeviceProfile> getDeviceProfile(
@@ -269,6 +270,57 @@
     });
 }
 
+DeviceProxy openProxyForAttachedDevice(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile,
+                                       struct pcm_config* pcmConfig, size_t bufferFrameCount) {
+    if (deviceProfile.isExternal) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": called for an external device, address=" << deviceProfile;
+    }
+    alsa_device_profile profile;
+    profile_init(&profile, deviceProfile.direction);
+    profile.card = deviceProfile.card;
+    profile.device = deviceProfile.device;
+    if (!profile_fill_builtin_device_info(&profile, pcmConfig, bufferFrameCount)) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": failed to init for built-in device, address=" << deviceProfile;
+    }
+    auto proxy = makeDeviceProxy();
+    if (int err = proxy_prepare_from_default_config(proxy.get(), &profile); err != 0) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": fail to prepare for device address=" << deviceProfile
+                   << " error=" << err;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (int err = proxy_open(proxy.get()); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to open device, address=" << deviceProfile
+                   << " error=" << err;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return proxy;
+}
+
+DeviceProxy openProxyForExternalDevice(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile,
+                                       struct pcm_config* pcmConfig, bool requireExactMatch) {
+    if (!deviceProfile.isExternal) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": called for an attached device, address=" << deviceProfile;
+    }
+    auto profile = readAlsaDeviceInfo(deviceProfile);
+    if (!profile.has_value()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": unable to read device info, device address=" << deviceProfile;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    auto proxy = makeDeviceProxy();
+    if (int err = proxy_prepare(proxy.get(), &profile.value(), pcmConfig, requireExactMatch);
+        err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": fail to prepare for device address=" << deviceProfile
+                   << " error=" << err;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (int err = proxy_open(proxy.get()); err != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to open device, address=" << deviceProfile
+                   << " error=" << err;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return proxy;
+}
+
 std::optional<alsa_device_profile> readAlsaDeviceInfo(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile) {
     alsa_device_profile profile;
     profile_init(&profile, deviceProfile.direction);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
index c1b9b38..615e657 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     int card;
     int device;
     int direction; /* PCM_OUT or PCM_IN */
+    bool isExternal;
 };
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const DeviceProfile& device);
 using DeviceProxyDeleter = std::function<void(alsa_device_proxy*)>;
@@ -60,6 +61,10 @@
 std::optional<struct pcm_config> getPcmConfig(const StreamContext& context, bool isInput);
 std::vector<int> getSampleRatesFromProfile(const alsa_device_profile* profile);
 DeviceProxy makeDeviceProxy();
+DeviceProxy openProxyForAttachedDevice(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile,
+                                       struct pcm_config* pcmConfig, size_t bufferFrameCount);
+DeviceProxy openProxyForExternalDevice(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile,
+                                       struct pcm_config* pcmConfig, bool requireExactMatch);
 std::optional<alsa_device_profile> readAlsaDeviceInfo(const DeviceProfile& deviceProfile);
 
 ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
index 1b31691..2421b59 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ChildInterface.h
@@ -35,14 +35,20 @@
     }
     ChildInterface& operator=(std::shared_ptr<C>&& c) {
         this->first = std::move(c);
-        this->second = this->first->asBinder();
-        AIBinder_setMinSchedulerPolicy(this->second.get(), SCHED_NORMAL, ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
         return *this;
     }
     explicit operator bool() const { return !!this->first; }
     C& operator*() const { return *(this->first); }
     C* operator->() const { return this->first; }
-    std::shared_ptr<C> getPtr() const { return this->first; }
+    // Use 'getInstance' when returning the interface instance.
+    std::shared_ptr<C> getInstance() {
+        if (this->second.get() == nullptr) {
+            this->second = this->first->asBinder();
+            AIBinder_setMinSchedulerPolicy(this->second.get(), SCHED_NORMAL,
+                                           ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
+        }
+        return this->first;
+    }
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
index 294cc0e..539221d 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
@@ -159,13 +159,13 @@
     // The following virtual functions are intended for vendor extension via inheritance.
 
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) = 0;
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus createOutputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) = 0;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
index bc808ab..6264237 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getTelephony(std::shared_ptr<ITelephony>* _aidl_return) override;
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createOutputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
index ccfcdd9..e87be3d 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@
 
     // Module interfaces
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createOutputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleStub.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleStub.h
index 59c343f..4f77161 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleStub.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleStub.h
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getBluetoothLe(std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothLe>* _aidl_return) override;
 
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createOutputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleUsb.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleUsb.h
index e6b3e66..a296b8c 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleUsb.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModuleUsb.h
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@
 
     // Module interfaces
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createOutputStream(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo,
             std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
index e64c578..fa2b760 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 
+#include "core-impl/ChildInterface.h"
 #include "core-impl/utils.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
@@ -65,7 +66,8 @@
             DataMQ;
 
     // Ensure that this value is not used by any of StreamDescriptor.State enums
-    static constexpr int32_t STATE_CLOSED = -1;
+    static constexpr StreamDescriptor::State STATE_CLOSED =
+            static_cast<StreamDescriptor::State>(-1);
 
     struct DebugParameters {
         // An extra delay for transient states, in ms.
@@ -112,7 +114,8 @@
           mDataMQ(std::move(other.mDataMQ)),
           mAsyncCallback(std::move(other.mAsyncCallback)),
           mOutEventCallback(std::move(other.mOutEventCallback)),
-          mDebugParameters(std::move(other.mDebugParameters)) {}
+          mDebugParameters(std::move(other.mDebugParameters)),
+          mFrameCount(other.mFrameCount) {}
     StreamContext& operator=(StreamContext&& other) {
         mCommandMQ = std::move(other.mCommandMQ);
         mInternalCommandCookie = other.mInternalCommandCookie;
@@ -127,11 +130,13 @@
         mAsyncCallback = std::move(other.mAsyncCallback);
         mOutEventCallback = std::move(other.mOutEventCallback);
         mDebugParameters = std::move(other.mDebugParameters);
+        mFrameCount = other.mFrameCount;
         return *this;
     }
 
     void fillDescriptor(StreamDescriptor* desc);
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> getAsyncCallback() const { return mAsyncCallback; }
+    size_t getBufferSizeInFrames() const;
     ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout getChannelLayout() const {
         return mChannelLayout;
     }
@@ -154,7 +159,12 @@
     int getTransientStateDelayMs() const { return mDebugParameters.transientStateDelayMs; }
     int getSampleRate() const { return mSampleRate; }
     bool isValid() const;
+    // 'reset' is called on a Binder thread when closing the stream. Does not use
+    // locking because it only cleans MQ pointers which were also set on the Binder thread.
     void reset();
+    // 'advanceFrameCount' and 'getFrameCount' are only called on the worker thread.
+    long advanceFrameCount(size_t increase) { return mFrameCount += increase; }
+    long getFrameCount() const { return mFrameCount; }
 
   private:
     std::unique_ptr<CommandMQ> mCommandMQ;
@@ -170,6 +180,7 @@
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> mAsyncCallback;
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> mOutEventCallback;  // Only used by output streams
     DebugParameters mDebugParameters;
+    long mFrameCount = 0;
 };
 
 // This interface provides operations of the stream which are executed on the worker thread.
@@ -195,26 +206,23 @@
 
 class StreamWorkerCommonLogic : public ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamLogic {
   public:
-    bool isClosed() const {
-        return static_cast<int32_t>(mState.load()) == StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED;
+    bool isClosed() const { return mState == StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED; }
+    StreamDescriptor::State setClosed() {
+        auto prevState = mState.exchange(StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED);
+        if (prevState != StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED) {
+            mStatePriorToClosing = prevState;
+        }
+        return mStatePriorToClosing;
     }
-    void setClosed() { mState = static_cast<StreamDescriptor::State>(StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED); }
     void setIsConnected(bool connected) { mIsConnected = connected; }
 
   protected:
     using DataBufferElement = int8_t;
 
-    StreamWorkerCommonLogic(const StreamContext& context, DriverInterface* driver)
-        : mDriver(driver),
-          mInternalCommandCookie(context.getInternalCommandCookie()),
-          mFrameSize(context.getFrameSize()),
-          mCommandMQ(context.getCommandMQ()),
-          mReplyMQ(context.getReplyMQ()),
-          mDataMQ(context.getDataMQ()),
-          mAsyncCallback(context.getAsyncCallback()),
-          mTransientStateDelayMs(context.getTransientStateDelayMs()),
-          mForceTransientBurst(context.getForceTransientBurst()),
-          mForceSynchronousDrain(context.getForceSynchronousDrain()) {}
+    StreamWorkerCommonLogic(StreamContext* context, DriverInterface* driver)
+        : mContext(context),
+          mDriver(driver),
+          mTransientStateDelayMs(context->getTransientStateDelayMs()) {}
     std::string init() override;
     void populateReply(StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply, bool isConnected) const;
     void populateReplyWrongState(StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply,
@@ -224,38 +232,35 @@
         mTransientStateStart = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
     }
 
+    // The context is only used for reading, except for updating the frame count,
+    // which happens on the worker thread only.
+    StreamContext* const mContext;
     DriverInterface* const mDriver;
+    // This is the state the stream was in before being closed. It is retrieved by the main
+    // thread after joining the worker thread.
+    StreamDescriptor::State mStatePriorToClosing = StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY;
     // Atomic fields are used both by the main and worker threads.
     std::atomic<bool> mIsConnected = false;
     static_assert(std::atomic<StreamDescriptor::State>::is_always_lock_free);
     std::atomic<StreamDescriptor::State> mState = StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY;
-    // All fields are used on the worker thread only.
-    const int mInternalCommandCookie;
-    const size_t mFrameSize;
-    StreamContext::CommandMQ* const mCommandMQ;
-    StreamContext::ReplyMQ* const mReplyMQ;
-    StreamContext::DataMQ* const mDataMQ;
-    std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> mAsyncCallback;
+    // All fields below are used on the worker thread only.
     const std::chrono::duration<int, std::milli> mTransientStateDelayMs;
     std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> mTransientStateStart;
-    const bool mForceTransientBurst;
-    const bool mForceSynchronousDrain;
     // We use an array and the "size" field instead of a vector to be able to detect
     // memory allocation issues.
     std::unique_ptr<DataBufferElement[]> mDataBuffer;
     size_t mDataBufferSize;
-    long mFrameCount = 0;
 };
 
 // This interface is used to decouple stream implementations from a concrete StreamWorker
 // implementation.
 struct StreamWorkerInterface {
-    using CreateInstance = std::function<StreamWorkerInterface*(const StreamContext& context,
-                                                                DriverInterface* driver)>;
+    using CreateInstance =
+            std::function<StreamWorkerInterface*(StreamContext* context, DriverInterface* driver)>;
     virtual ~StreamWorkerInterface() = default;
     virtual bool isClosed() const = 0;
     virtual void setIsConnected(bool isConnected) = 0;
-    virtual void setClosed() = 0;
+    virtual StreamDescriptor::State setClosed() = 0;
     virtual bool start() = 0;
     virtual void stop() = 0;
 };
@@ -266,11 +271,11 @@
     using WorkerImpl = ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamWorker<WorkerLogic>;
 
   public:
-    StreamWorkerImpl(const StreamContext& context, DriverInterface* driver)
+    StreamWorkerImpl(StreamContext* context, DriverInterface* driver)
         : WorkerImpl(context, driver) {}
     bool isClosed() const override { return WorkerImpl::isClosed(); }
     void setIsConnected(bool isConnected) override { WorkerImpl::setIsConnected(isConnected); }
-    void setClosed() override { WorkerImpl::setClosed(); }
+    StreamDescriptor::State setClosed() override { return WorkerImpl::setClosed(); }
     bool start() override {
         return WorkerImpl::start(WorkerImpl::kThreadName, ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
     }
@@ -280,7 +285,7 @@
 class StreamInWorkerLogic : public StreamWorkerCommonLogic {
   public:
     static const std::string kThreadName;
-    StreamInWorkerLogic(const StreamContext& context, DriverInterface* driver)
+    StreamInWorkerLogic(StreamContext* context, DriverInterface* driver)
         : StreamWorkerCommonLogic(context, driver) {}
 
   protected:
@@ -294,8 +299,9 @@
 class StreamOutWorkerLogic : public StreamWorkerCommonLogic {
   public:
     static const std::string kThreadName;
-    StreamOutWorkerLogic(const StreamContext& context, DriverInterface* driver)
-        : StreamWorkerCommonLogic(context, driver), mEventCallback(context.getOutEventCallback()) {}
+    StreamOutWorkerLogic(StreamContext* context, DriverInterface* driver)
+        : StreamWorkerCommonLogic(context, driver),
+          mEventCallback(context->getOutEventCallback()) {}
 
   protected:
     Status cycle() override;
@@ -409,16 +415,17 @@
 };
 
 // The implementation of DriverInterface must be provided by each concrete stream implementation.
+// Note that StreamCommonImpl does not own the context. This is to support swapping on the fly
+// implementations of the stream while keeping the same IStreamIn/Out instance. It's that instance
+// who must be owner of the context.
 class StreamCommonImpl : virtual public StreamCommonInterface, virtual public DriverInterface {
   public:
-    StreamCommonImpl(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context,
+    StreamCommonImpl(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
                      const StreamWorkerInterface::CreateInstance& createWorker)
-        : mMetadata(metadata),
-          mContext(std::move(context)),
-          mWorker(createWorker(mContext, this)) {}
-    StreamCommonImpl(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context)
+        : mContext(*context), mMetadata(metadata), mWorker(createWorker(context, this)) {}
+    StreamCommonImpl(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
         : StreamCommonImpl(
-                  metadata, std::move(context),
+                  context, metadata,
                   isInput(metadata) ? getDefaultInWorkerCreator() : getDefaultOutWorkerCreator()) {}
     ~StreamCommonImpl();
 
@@ -450,23 +457,23 @@
 
   protected:
     static StreamWorkerInterface::CreateInstance getDefaultInWorkerCreator() {
-        return [](const StreamContext& ctx, DriverInterface* driver) -> StreamWorkerInterface* {
+        return [](StreamContext* ctx, DriverInterface* driver) -> StreamWorkerInterface* {
             return new StreamInWorker(ctx, driver);
         };
     }
     static StreamWorkerInterface::CreateInstance getDefaultOutWorkerCreator() {
-        return [](const StreamContext& ctx, DriverInterface* driver) -> StreamWorkerInterface* {
+        return [](StreamContext* ctx, DriverInterface* driver) -> StreamWorkerInterface* {
             return new StreamOutWorker(ctx, driver);
         };
     }
 
+    virtual void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State statePriorToClosing) = 0;
     void stopWorker();
 
+    const StreamContext& mContext;
     Metadata mMetadata;
-    StreamContext mContext;
     std::unique_ptr<StreamWorkerInterface> mWorker;
-    std::shared_ptr<StreamCommonDelegator> mCommon;
-    ndk::SpAIBinder mCommonBinder;
+    ChildInterface<StreamCommonDelegator> mCommon;
     ConnectedDevices mConnectedDevices;
 };
 
@@ -474,6 +481,8 @@
 // concrete input/output stream implementations.
 class StreamIn : virtual public StreamCommonInterface, public BnStreamIn {
   protected:
+    void defaultOnClose();
+
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getStreamCommon(std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon>* _aidl_return) override {
         return getStreamCommonCommon(_aidl_return);
     }
@@ -493,14 +502,17 @@
 
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
 
-    explicit StreamIn(
-            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
+    StreamIn(StreamContext&& context,
+             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
 
+    StreamContext mContext;
     const std::map<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice, std::string> mMicrophones;
 };
 
 class StreamOut : virtual public StreamCommonInterface, public BnStreamOut {
   protected:
+    void defaultOnClose();
+
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getStreamCommon(std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon>* _aidl_return) override {
         return getStreamCommonCommon(_aidl_return);
     }
@@ -534,10 +546,12 @@
 
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
 
-    explicit StreamOut(const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
-                               offloadInfo);
+    StreamOut(StreamContext&& context,
+              const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
+                      offloadInfo);
 
-    std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo> mOffloadInfo;
+    StreamContext mContext;
+    const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo> mOffloadInfo;
     std::optional<::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::AudioOffloadMetadata> mOffloadMetadata;
 };
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
index 5744d66..f98a922 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
@@ -31,9 +31,12 @@
 // provide necessary overrides for all interface methods omitted here.
 class StreamAlsa : public StreamCommonImpl {
   public:
-    StreamAlsa(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context);
+    StreamAlsa(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata, int readWriteRetries);
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
     ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
+    ::android::status_t flush() override;
+    ::android::status_t pause() override;
     ::android::status_t standby() override;
     ::android::status_t start() override;
     ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@
     const size_t mFrameSizeBytes;
     const bool mIsInput;
     const std::optional<struct pcm_config> mConfig;
+    const int mReadWriteRetries;
     // All fields below are only used on the worker thread.
     std::vector<alsa::DeviceProxy> mAlsaDeviceProxies;
 };
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
index 1bca910..b39583e 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 class StreamRemoteSubmix : public StreamCommonImpl {
   public:
-    StreamRemoteSubmix(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context);
+    StreamRemoteSubmix(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
 
     ::android::status_t init() override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
@@ -72,28 +72,32 @@
     static constexpr int kReadAttemptSleepUs = 5000;
 };
 
-class StreamInRemoteSubmix final : public StreamRemoteSubmix, public StreamIn {
+class StreamInRemoteSubmix final : public StreamIn, public StreamRemoteSubmix {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamInRemoteSubmix(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
 
   private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getActiveMicrophones(
             std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return)
             override;
 };
 
-class StreamOutRemoteSubmix final : public StreamRemoteSubmix, public StreamOut {
+class StreamOutRemoteSubmix final : public StreamOut, public StreamRemoteSubmix {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamOutRemoteSubmix(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
             const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                     offloadInfo);
+
+  private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
index 6b1b2dd..a8a3fc4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamStub.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 
 class StreamStub : public StreamCommonImpl {
   public:
-    StreamStub(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context);
+    StreamStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
     ::android::status_t init() override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
@@ -43,22 +43,28 @@
     bool mIsStandby = true;       // Used for validating the state machine logic.
 };
 
-class StreamInStub final : public StreamStub, public StreamIn {
+class StreamInStub final : public StreamIn, public StreamStub {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamInStub(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
+
+  private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 };
 
-class StreamOutStub final : public StreamStub, public StreamOut {
+class StreamOutStub final : public StreamOut, public StreamStub {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
-    StreamOutStub(const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
-                  StreamContext&& context,
+    StreamOutStub(StreamContext&& context,
+                  const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                   const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                           offloadInfo);
+
+  private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e462481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "Stream.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+// 'StreamSwitcher' is implementation of 'StreamCommonInterface' which allows
+// dynamically switching the underlying stream implementation based on currently
+// connected devices. This is achieved by replacing inheritance from
+// 'StreamCommonImpl' with owning an instance of it. StreamSwitcher must be
+// extended in order to supply the logic for choosing the stream
+// implementation. When there are no connected devices, for instance, upon the
+// creation, the StreamSwitcher engages an instance of a stub stream in order to
+// keep serving requests coming via 'StreamDescriptor'.
+//
+// StreamSwitcher implements the 'IStreamCommon' interface directly, with
+// necessary delegation to the current stream implementation. While the stub
+// stream is engaged, any requests made via 'IStreamCommon' (parameters, effects
+// setting, etc) are postponed and only delivered on device connection change
+// to the "real" stream implementation provided by the extending class. This is why
+// the behavior of StreamSwitcher in the "stub" state is not identical to behavior
+// of 'StreamStub'. It can become a full substitute for 'StreamStub' once
+// device connection change event occurs and the extending class returns
+// 'LEAVE_CURRENT_STREAM' from 'switchCurrentStream' method.
+//
+// There is a natural limitation that the current stream implementation may only
+// be switched when the stream is in the 'STANDBY' state. Thus, when the event
+// to switch the stream occurs, the current stream is stopped and joined, and
+// its last state is validated. Since the change of the set of connected devices
+// normally occurs on patch updates, if the stream was not in standby, this is
+// reported to the caller of 'IModule.setAudioPatch' as the 'EX_ILLEGAL_STATE'
+// error.
+//
+// The simplest use case, when the implementor just needs to emulate the legacy HAL API
+// behavior of receiving the connected devices upon stream creation, the implementation
+// of the extending class can look as follows. We assume that 'StreamLegacy' implementation
+// is the one requiring to know connected devices on creation:
+//
+//   class StreamLegacy : public StreamCommonImpl {
+//     public:
+//       StreamLegacy(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
+//                    const std::vector<AudioDevice>& devices);
+//   };
+//
+//   class StreamOutLegacy final : public StreamOut, public StreamSwitcher {
+//     public:
+//       StreamOutLegacy(StreamContext&& context, metatadata etc.)
+//     private:
+//       DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(const std::vector<AudioDevice>&) override {
+//           // This implementation effectively postpones stream creation until
+//           // receiving the first call to 'setConnectedDevices' with a non-empty list.
+//           return isStubStream() ? DeviceSwitchBehavior::CREATE_NEW_STREAM :
+//               DeviceSwitchBehavior::USE_CURRENT_STREAM;
+//       }
+//       std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
+//               const std::vector<AudioDevice>& devices,
+//               StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) override {
+//           return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamLegacy>(
+//               context, metadata, devices));
+//       }
+//       void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
+//   }
+//
+
+class StreamCommonInterfaceEx : virtual public StreamCommonInterface {
+  public:
+    virtual StreamDescriptor::State getStatePriorToClosing() const = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class InnerStreamWrapper : public T, public StreamCommonInterfaceEx {
+  public:
+    InnerStreamWrapper(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) : T(context, metadata) {}
+    StreamDescriptor::State getStatePriorToClosing() const override { return mStatePriorToClosing; }
+
+  private:
+    // Do not need to do anything on close notification from the inner stream
+    // because StreamSwitcher handles IStreamCommon::close by itself.
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State statePriorToClosing) override {
+        mStatePriorToClosing = statePriorToClosing;
+    }
+
+    StreamDescriptor::State mStatePriorToClosing = StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY;
+};
+
+class StreamSwitcher : virtual public StreamCommonInterface {
+  public:
+    StreamSwitcher(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus close() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus prepareToClose() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus updateHwAvSyncId(int32_t in_hwAvSyncId) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getVendorParameters(const std::vector<std::string>& in_ids,
+                                           std::vector<VendorParameter>* _aidl_return) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setVendorParameters(const std::vector<VendorParameter>& in_parameters,
+                                           bool in_async) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus addEffect(
+            const std::shared_ptr<::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect>& in_effect)
+            override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus removeEffect(
+            const std::shared_ptr<::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect>& in_effect)
+            override;
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getStreamCommonCommon(std::shared_ptr<IStreamCommon>* _aidl_return) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus updateMetadataCommon(const Metadata& metadata) override;
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus initInstance(
+            const std::shared_ptr<StreamCommonInterface>& delegate) override;
+    const StreamContext& getContext() const override;
+    bool isClosed() const override;
+    const ConnectedDevices& getConnectedDevices() const override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
+            override;
+
+  protected:
+    // Since switching a stream requires closing down the current stream, StreamSwitcher
+    // asks the extending class its intent on the connected devices change.
+    enum DeviceSwitchBehavior {
+        // Continue using the current stream implementation. If it's the stub implementation,
+        // StreamSwitcher starts treating the stub stream as a "real" implementation,
+        // without effectively closing it and starting again.
+        USE_CURRENT_STREAM,
+        // This is the normal case when the extending class provides a "real" implementation
+        // which is not a stub implementation.
+        CREATE_NEW_STREAM,
+        // This is the case when the extending class wants to revert back to the initial
+        // condition of using a stub stream provided by the StreamSwitcher. This behavior
+        // is only allowed when the list of connected devices is empty.
+        SWITCH_TO_STUB_STREAM,
+        // Use when the set of devices is not supported by the extending class. This returns
+        // 'EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION' from 'setConnectedDevices'.
+        UNSUPPORTED_DEVICES,
+    };
+    // StreamSwitcher will call these methods from 'setConnectedDevices'. If the switch behavior
+    // is 'CREATE_NEW_STREAM', the 'createwNewStream' function will be called (with the same
+    // device vector) for obtaining a new stream implementation, assuming that closing
+    // the current stream was a success.
+    virtual DeviceSwitchBehavior switchCurrentStream(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) = 0;
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> createNewStream(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices,
+            StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata) = 0;
+    virtual void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State streamPriorToClosing) = 0;
+
+    bool isStubStream() const { return mIsStubStream; }
+    StreamCommonInterfaceEx* getCurrentStream() const { return mStream.get(); }
+
+  private:
+    using VndParam = std::pair<std::vector<VendorParameter>, bool /*isAsync*/>;
+
+    static constexpr bool isValidClosingStreamState(StreamDescriptor::State state) {
+        return state == StreamDescriptor::State::STANDBY || state == StreamDescriptor::State::ERROR;
+    }
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus closeCurrentStream(bool validateStreamState);
+
+    // StreamSwitcher does not own the context.
+    StreamContext* mContext;
+    Metadata mMetadata;
+    ChildInterface<StreamCommonDelegator> mCommon;
+    // The current stream.
+    std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx> mStream;
+    // Indicates whether 'mCurrentStream' is a stub stream implementation
+    // maintained by StreamSwitcher until the extending class provides a "real"
+    // implementation. The invariant of this state is that there are no connected
+    // devices.
+    bool mIsStubStream = true;
+    // Storage for the data from commands received via 'IStreamCommon'.
+    std::optional<int32_t> mHwAvSyncId;
+    std::vector<VndParam> mMissedParameters;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect>> mEffects;
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamUsb.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamUsb.h
index 44f742a..74e30ff 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamUsb.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamUsb.h
@@ -28,11 +28,8 @@
 
 class StreamUsb : public StreamAlsa {
   public:
-    StreamUsb(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context);
+    StreamUsb(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
-    ::android::status_t flush() override;
-    ::android::status_t pause() override;
     ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
                                  int32_t* latencyMs) override;
 
@@ -47,29 +44,31 @@
     std::atomic<bool> mConnectedDevicesUpdated = false;
 };
 
-class StreamInUsb final : public StreamUsb, public StreamIn {
+class StreamInUsb final : public StreamIn, public StreamUsb {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
     StreamInUsb(
-            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo>& microphones);
 
   private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getActiveMicrophones(
             std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return)
             override;
 };
 
-class StreamOutUsb final : public StreamUsb, public StreamOut {
+class StreamOutUsb final : public StreamOut, public StreamUsb {
   public:
     friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
-    StreamOutUsb(const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
-                 StreamContext&& context,
+    StreamOutUsb(StreamContext&& context,
+                 const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                  const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
                          offloadInfo);
 
   private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus setHwVolume(const std::vector<float>& in_channelVolumes) override;
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
index 2b79f51..9be7837 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -56,16 +56,16 @@
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleRemoteSubmix::createInputStream(
-        const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+        StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
         const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones, std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamInRemoteSubmix>(result, sinkMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamInRemoteSubmix>(result, std::move(context), sinkMetadata,
                                                       microphones);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleRemoteSubmix::createOutputStream(
-        const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+        StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
         const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo, std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutRemoteSubmix>(result, sourceMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutRemoteSubmix>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
                                                        offloadInfo);
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
index 6d5185b..9537ebc 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamRemoteSubmix::StreamRemoteSubmix(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context)
-    : StreamCommonImpl(metadata, std::move(context)),
-      mPortId(context.getPortId()),
+StreamRemoteSubmix::StreamRemoteSubmix(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
+      mPortId(context->getPortId()),
       mIsInput(isInput(metadata)) {
-    mStreamConfig.frameSize = context.getFrameSize();
-    mStreamConfig.format = context.getFormat();
-    mStreamConfig.channelLayout = context.getChannelLayout();
-    mStreamConfig.sampleRate = context.getSampleRate();
+    mStreamConfig.frameSize = context->getFrameSize();
+    mStreamConfig.format = context->getFormat();
+    mStreamConfig.channelLayout = context->getChannelLayout();
+    mStreamConfig.sampleRate = context->getSampleRate();
 }
 
 std::mutex StreamRemoteSubmix::sSubmixRoutesLock;
@@ -353,10 +353,11 @@
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
-StreamInRemoteSubmix::StreamInRemoteSubmix(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
-                                           StreamContext&& context,
+StreamInRemoteSubmix::StreamInRemoteSubmix(StreamContext&& context,
+                                           const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                            const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
-    : StreamRemoteSubmix(sinkMetadata, std::move(context)), StreamIn(microphones) {}
+    : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones),
+      StreamRemoteSubmix(&(StreamIn::mContext), sinkMetadata) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInRemoteSubmix::getActiveMicrophones(
         std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return) {
@@ -365,9 +366,10 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-StreamOutRemoteSubmix::StreamOutRemoteSubmix(const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
-                                             StreamContext&& context,
+StreamOutRemoteSubmix::StreamOutRemoteSubmix(StreamContext&& context,
+                                             const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                                              const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
-    : StreamRemoteSubmix(sourceMetadata, std::move(context)), StreamOut(offloadInfo) {}
+    : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
+      StreamRemoteSubmix(&(StreamOut::mContext), sourceMetadata) {}
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp
index 8f5b8cb..ddac64d 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::r_submix {
 
 // Verify a submix input or output stream can be opened.
-bool SubmixRoute::isStreamConfigValid(bool isInput, const AudioConfig streamConfig) {
+bool SubmixRoute::isStreamConfigValid(bool isInput, const AudioConfig& streamConfig) {
     // If the stream is already open, don't open it again.
     // ENABLE_LEGACY_INPUT_OPEN is default behaviour
     if (!isInput && isStreamOutOpen()) {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 
 // Compare this stream config with existing pipe config, returning false if they do *not*
 // match, true otherwise.
-bool SubmixRoute::isStreamConfigCompatible(const AudioConfig streamConfig) {
+bool SubmixRoute::isStreamConfigCompatible(const AudioConfig& streamConfig) {
     if (streamConfig.channelLayout != mPipeConfig.channelLayout) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": channel count mismatch, stream channels = "
                    << streamConfig.channelLayout.toString()
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 
 // If SubmixRoute doesn't exist for a port, create a pipe for the submix audio device of size
 // buffer_size_frames and store config of the submix audio device.
-::android::status_t SubmixRoute::createPipe(const AudioConfig streamConfig) {
+::android::status_t SubmixRoute::createPipe(const AudioConfig& streamConfig) {
     const int channelCount = getChannelCount(streamConfig.channelLayout);
     const audio_format_t audioFormat = VALUE_OR_RETURN_STATUS(
             aidl2legacy_AudioFormatDescription_audio_format_t(streamConfig.format));
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@
 
     if (isInput) {
         mStreamInStandby = true;
-    } else {
+    } else if (!mStreamOutStandby) {
         mStreamOutStandby = true;
-        mStreamOutStandbyTransition = !mStreamOutStandbyTransition;
+        mStreamOutStandbyTransition = true;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
index 5f7ea75..1a98df2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/SubmixRoute.h
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@
         return mSource;
     }
 
-    bool isStreamConfigValid(bool isInput, const AudioConfig streamConfig);
+    bool isStreamConfigValid(bool isInput, const AudioConfig& streamConfig);
     void closeStream(bool isInput);
-    ::android::status_t createPipe(const AudioConfig streamConfig);
+    ::android::status_t createPipe(const AudioConfig& streamConfig);
     void exitStandby(bool isInput);
     bool hasAtleastOneStreamOpen();
     int notifyReadError();
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
     long updateReadCounterFrames(size_t frameCount);
 
   private:
-    bool isStreamConfigCompatible(const AudioConfig streamConfig);
+    bool isStreamConfigCompatible(const AudioConfig& streamConfig);
 
     std::mutex mLock;
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/ModuleStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ModuleStub.cpp
index a600752..9f6e0b4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/ModuleStub.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ModuleStub.cpp
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@
     if (!mBluetooth) {
         mBluetooth = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<Bluetooth>();
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mBluetooth.getPtr();
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetooth: " << _aidl_return->get();
+    *_aidl_return = mBluetooth.getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+               << ": returning instance of IBluetooth: " << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@
     if (!mBluetoothA2dp) {
         mBluetoothA2dp = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<BluetoothA2dp>();
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothA2dp.getPtr();
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothA2dp: " << _aidl_return->get();
+    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothA2dp.getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothA2dp: "
+               << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -55,23 +57,24 @@
     if (!mBluetoothLe) {
         mBluetoothLe = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<BluetoothLe>();
     }
-    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothLe.getPtr();
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": returning instance of IBluetoothLe: " << _aidl_return->get();
+    *_aidl_return = mBluetoothLe.getInstance();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+               << ": returning instance of IBluetoothLe: " << _aidl_return->get()->asBinder().get();
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleStub::createInputStream(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
-                                                 StreamContext&& context,
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleStub::createInputStream(StreamContext&& context,
+                                                 const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                                  const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
                                                  std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamInStub>(result, sinkMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamInStub>(result, std::move(context), sinkMetadata,
                                               microphones);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleStub::createOutputStream(
-        const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+        StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
         const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo, std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutStub>(result, sourceMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutStub>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
                                                offloadInfo);
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
index 2dcf4d4..66f4605 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamStub::StreamStub(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context)
-    : StreamCommonImpl(metadata, std::move(context)),
+StreamStub::StreamStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata),
       mFrameSizeBytes(getContext().getFrameSize()),
       mSampleRate(getContext().getSampleRate()),
       mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()),
@@ -118,12 +118,13 @@
     mIsInitialized = false;
 }
 
-StreamInStub::StreamInStub(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+StreamInStub::StreamInStub(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                            const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
-    : StreamStub(sinkMetadata, std::move(context)), StreamIn(microphones) {}
+    : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones), StreamStub(&(StreamIn::mContext), sinkMetadata) {}
 
-StreamOutStub::StreamOutStub(const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+StreamOutStub::StreamOutStub(StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                              const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
-    : StreamStub(sourceMetadata, std::move(context)), StreamOut(offloadInfo) {}
+    : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
+      StreamStub(&(StreamOut::mContext), sourceMetadata) {}
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/usb/ModuleUsb.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/usb/ModuleUsb.cpp
index a812e4d..f926e09 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/usb/ModuleUsb.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/usb/ModuleUsb.cpp
@@ -68,22 +68,22 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleUsb::createInputStream(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
-                                                StreamContext&& context,
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleUsb::createInputStream(StreamContext&& context,
+                                                const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                                 const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
                                                 std::shared_ptr<StreamIn>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamInUsb>(result, sinkMetadata, std::move(context), microphones);
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamInUsb>(result, std::move(context), sinkMetadata, microphones);
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleUsb::createOutputStream(const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
-                                                 StreamContext&& context,
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ModuleUsb::createOutputStream(StreamContext&& context,
+                                                 const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                                                  const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo,
                                                  std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) {
     if (offloadInfo.has_value()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": offload is not supported";
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
     }
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutUsb>(result, sourceMetadata, std::move(context),
+    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutUsb>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
                                               offloadInfo);
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/usb/StreamUsb.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/usb/StreamUsb.cpp
index da0ad11..9684a87 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/usb/StreamUsb.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/usb/StreamUsb.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamUsb::StreamUsb(const Metadata& metadata, StreamContext&& context)
-    : StreamAlsa(metadata, std::move(context)) {}
+StreamUsb::StreamUsb(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+    : StreamAlsa(context, metadata, 1 /*readWriteRetries*/) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamUsb::setConnectedDevices(
         const std::vector<AudioDevice>& connectedDevices) {
@@ -55,28 +55,13 @@
         }
         connectedDeviceProfiles.push_back(*profile);
     }
-    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(StreamCommonImpl::setConnectedDevices(connectedDevices));
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(setConnectedDevices(connectedDevices));
     std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
     mConnectedDeviceProfiles = std::move(connectedDeviceProfiles);
     mConnectedDevicesUpdated.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamUsb::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
-    usleep(1000);
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamUsb::flush() {
-    usleep(1000);
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
-::android::status_t StreamUsb::pause() {
-    usleep(1000);
-    return ::android::OK;
-}
-
 ::android::status_t StreamUsb::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
                                         int32_t* latencyMs) {
     if (mConnectedDevicesUpdated.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
@@ -98,9 +83,9 @@
     return connectedDevices;
 }
 
-StreamInUsb::StreamInUsb(const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+StreamInUsb::StreamInUsb(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                          const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones)
-    : StreamUsb(sinkMetadata, std::move(context)), StreamIn(microphones) {}
+    : StreamIn(std::move(context), microphones), StreamUsb(&(StreamIn::mContext), sinkMetadata) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInUsb::getActiveMicrophones(
         std::vector<MicrophoneDynamicInfo>* _aidl_return __unused) {
@@ -108,10 +93,10 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
 }
 
-StreamOutUsb::StreamOutUsb(const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata, StreamContext&& context,
+StreamOutUsb::StreamOutUsb(StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
                            const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
-    : StreamUsb(sourceMetadata, std::move(context)),
-      StreamOut(offloadInfo),
+    : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
+      StreamUsb(&(StreamOut::mContext), sourceMetadata),
       mChannelCount(getChannelCount(getContext().getChannelLayout())) {}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutUsb::getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/usb/UsbAlsaMixerControl.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/usb/UsbAlsaMixerControl.cpp
index 769d739..0a49446 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/usb/UsbAlsaMixerControl.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/usb/UsbAlsaMixerControl.cpp
@@ -33,12 +33,10 @@
                                                    bool connected) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": card=" << card << ", connected=" << connected;
     if (connected) {
-        struct mixer* mixer = mixer_open(card);
-        if (mixer == nullptr) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": failed to open mixer for card=" << card;
+        auto alsaMixer = std::make_shared<alsa::Mixer>(card);
+        if (!alsaMixer->isValid()) {
             return;
         }
-        auto alsaMixer = std::make_shared<alsa::Mixer>(mixer);
         alsaMixer->setMasterMute(masterMuted);
         alsaMixer->setMasterVolume(masterVolume);
         const std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
index 0f6cac8..7d88810 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
      *  int32Values[4] = wheel base
      *  int32Values[5] = track width front
      *  int32Values[6] = track width rear
-     *  int32Values[7] = curb to curb turning radius
+     *  int32Values[7] = curb to curb turning diameter
      *
      * @change_mode VehiclePropertyChangeMode.STATIC
      * @access VehiclePropertyAccess.READ
diff --git a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/FakeFingerprintEngine.cpp b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/FakeFingerprintEngine.cpp
index 9757287..ec28846 100644
--- a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/FakeFingerprintEngine.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/FakeFingerprintEngine.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@
                                        const keymaster::HardwareAuthToken& hat,
                                        const std::future<void>& cancel) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
+
+    // Do proper HAT verification in the real implementation.
+    if (hat.mac.empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: hat";
+        cb->onError(Error::UNABLE_TO_PROCESS, 0 /* vendorError */);
+        return;
+    }
+
     updateContext(WorkMode::kEnroll, cb, const_cast<std::future<void>&>(cancel), 0, hat);
 }
 
@@ -112,17 +120,10 @@
 }
 
 bool FakeFingerprintEngine::onEnrollFingerDown(ISessionCallback* cb,
-                                               const keymaster::HardwareAuthToken& hat,
+                                               const keymaster::HardwareAuthToken&,
                                                const std::future<void>& cancel) {
     BEGIN_OP(getLatency(FingerprintHalProperties::operation_enroll_latency()));
 
-    // Do proper HAT verification in the real implementation.
-    if (hat.mac.empty()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: hat";
-        cb->onError(Error::UNABLE_TO_PROCESS, 0 /* vendorError */);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     // Force error-out
     auto err = FingerprintHalProperties::operation_enroll_error().value_or(0);
     if (err != 0) {
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@
         cb->onAuthenticationFailed();
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt();
         checkSensorLockout(cb);
-        return true;
+        return false;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/tests/FakeFingerprintEngineTest.cpp b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/tests/FakeFingerprintEngineTest.cpp
index e7e8a47..bc235a6 100644
--- a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/tests/FakeFingerprintEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/default/tests/FakeFingerprintEngineTest.cpp
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0, mCancel.get_future());
     mEngine.fingerDownAction();
     ASSERT_TRUE(mCallback->mAuthenticateFailed);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mEngine.getWorkMode(), FakeFingerprintEngine::WorkMode::kAuthenticate);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFingerprintEngineTest, AuthenticateLockout) {
diff --git a/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.cpp b/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.cpp
index c0c475a..8584921 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.cpp
+++ b/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@
 }
 
 BroadcastRadio::~BroadcastRadio() {
-    mThread.reset();
+    mTuningThread.reset();
+    mProgramListThread.reset();
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::getAmFmRegionConfig(bool full, AmFmRegionConfig* returnConfigs) {
@@ -239,7 +240,7 @@
         callback->onCurrentProgramInfoChanged(programInfo);
     };
     auto cancelTask = [program, callback]() { callback->onTuneFailed(Result::CANCELED, program); };
-    mThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kTuneDelayTimeMs);
+    mTuningThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kTuneDelayTimeMs);
 
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
@@ -267,7 +268,7 @@
 
             callback->onTuneFailed(Result::TIMEOUT, {});
         };
-        mThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kSeekDelayTimeMs);
+        mTuningThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kSeekDelayTimeMs);
 
         return ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@
         }
         callback->onCurrentProgramInfoChanged(programInfo);
     };
-    mThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kSeekDelayTimeMs);
+    mTuningThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kSeekDelayTimeMs);
 
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
@@ -355,15 +356,15 @@
         callback->onCurrentProgramInfoChanged(programInfo);
     };
     auto cancelTask = [callback]() { callback->onTuneFailed(Result::CANCELED, {}); };
-    mThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kStepDelayTimeMs);
+    mTuningThread->schedule(task, cancelTask, kStepDelayTimeMs);
 
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
 void BroadcastRadio::cancelLocked() {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": cancelling current operations...";
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": cancelling current tuning operations...";
 
-    mThread->cancelAll();
+    mTuningThread->cancelAll();
     if (mCurrentProgram.primaryId.type != IdentifierType::INVALID) {
         mIsTuneCompleted = true;
     }
@@ -388,6 +389,8 @@
 
     lock_guard<mutex> lk(mMutex);
 
+    cancelProgramListUpdateLocked();
+
     const auto& list = mVirtualRadio.getProgramList();
     vector<VirtualProgram> filteredList;
     std::copy_if(list.begin(), list.end(), std::back_inserter(filteredList), filterCb);
@@ -410,31 +413,43 @@
 
         callback->onProgramListUpdated(chunk);
     };
-    mThread->schedule(task, kListDelayTimeS);
+    mProgramListThread->schedule(task, kListDelayTimeS);
 
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+void BroadcastRadio::cancelProgramListUpdateLocked() {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": cancelling current program list update operations...";
+    mProgramListThread->cancelAll();
+}
+
 ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::stopProgramListUpdates() {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": requested program list updates to stop...";
-    // TODO(b/243681584) Implement stop program list updates method
+    lock_guard<mutex> lk(mMutex);
+    cancelProgramListUpdateLocked();
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::isConfigFlagSet(ConfigFlag flag, [[maybe_unused]] bool* returnIsSet) {
+ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::isConfigFlagSet(ConfigFlag flag, bool* returnIsSet) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": flag = " << toString(flag);
 
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": getting ConfigFlag is not supported";
-    return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
-            resultToInt(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED), "getting ConfigFlag is not supported");
+    int flagBit = static_cast<int>(flag);
+    lock_guard<mutex> lk(mMutex);
+    *returnIsSet = ((mConfigFlagValues >> flagBit) & 1) == 1;
+    return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::setConfigFlag(ConfigFlag flag, bool value) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": flag = " << toString(flag) << ", value = " << value;
 
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": setting ConfigFlag is not supported";
-    return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
-            resultToInt(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED), "setting ConfigFlag is not supported");
+    int flagBitMask = 1 << (static_cast<int>(flag));
+    lock_guard<mutex> lk(mMutex);
+    if (value) {
+        mConfigFlagValues |= flagBitMask;
+    } else {
+        mConfigFlagValues &= ~flagBitMask;
+    }
+    return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
 ScopedAStatus BroadcastRadio::setParameters(
diff --git a/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.h b/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.h
index 1c85ddc..0f818ce 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.h
+++ b/broadcastradio/aidl/default/BroadcastRadio.h
@@ -68,16 +68,22 @@
     const VirtualRadio& mVirtualRadio;
     std::mutex mMutex;
     AmFmRegionConfig mAmFmConfig GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    std::unique_ptr<::android::WorkerThread> mThread GUARDED_BY(mMutex) =
+    std::unique_ptr<::android::WorkerThread> mTuningThread GUARDED_BY(mMutex) =
+            std::unique_ptr<::android::WorkerThread>(new ::android::WorkerThread());
+    std::unique_ptr<::android::WorkerThread> mProgramListThread GUARDED_BY(mMutex) =
             std::unique_ptr<::android::WorkerThread>(new ::android::WorkerThread());
     bool mIsTuneCompleted GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = true;
     Properties mProperties GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     ProgramSelector mCurrentProgram GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = {};
     std::shared_ptr<ITunerCallback> mCallback GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
+    // Bitmap for all ConfigFlag values
+    int mConfigFlagValues GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = 0;
+
     std::optional<AmFmBandRange> getAmFmRangeLocked() const;
     void cancelLocked();
     ProgramInfo tuneInternalLocked(const ProgramSelector& sel);
+    void cancelProgramListUpdateLocked();
 
     binder_status_t cmdHelp(int fd) const;
     binder_status_t cmdTune(int fd, const char** args, uint32_t numArgs);
diff --git a/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/src/VtsHalBroadcastradioAidlTargetTest.cpp b/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/src/VtsHalBroadcastradioAidlTargetTest.cpp
index 8bee1b2..790d60b 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/src/VtsHalBroadcastradioAidlTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/src/VtsHalBroadcastradioAidlTargetTest.cpp
@@ -997,13 +997,12 @@
     LOG(DEBUG) << "SetConfigFlags Test";
 
     auto get = [&](ConfigFlag flag) -> bool {
-        bool* gotValue = nullptr;
+        bool gotValue;
 
-        auto halResult = mModule->isConfigFlagSet(flag, gotValue);
+        auto halResult = mModule->isConfigFlagSet(flag, &gotValue);
 
-        EXPECT_FALSE(gotValue == nullptr);
         EXPECT_TRUE(halResult.isOk());
-        return *gotValue;
+        return gotValue;
     };
 
     auto notSupportedError = resultToInt(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED);
diff --git a/camera/device/default/Android.bp b/camera/device/default/Android.bp
index b577597..b9f10d6 100644
--- a/camera/device/default/Android.bp
+++ b/camera/device/default/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@
 
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "camera.device-external-impl",
-    defaults: ["hidl_defaults"],
+    defaults: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-ndk_shared",
+        "hidl_defaults",
+    ],
     proprietary: true,
     srcs: [
         "ExternalCameraDevice.cpp",
@@ -38,7 +41,6 @@
         "android.hardware.camera.common-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.camera.device-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/Android.bp b/cas/aidl/default/Android.bp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 3c16d57..6ce5681
--- a/cas/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/cas/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
     defaults: ["cas_service_example_defaults"],
     init_rc: ["cas-default-lazy.rc"],
     cflags: ["-DLAZY_SERVICE"],
+    overrides: ["android.hardware.cas-service.example"],
 }
 
 cc_fuzz {
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/CasImpl.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/CasImpl.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/CasImpl.h b/cas/aidl/default/CasImpl.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/DescramblerImpl.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/DescramblerImpl.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/DescramblerImpl.h b/cas/aidl/default/DescramblerImpl.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/FactoryLoader.h b/cas/aidl/default/FactoryLoader.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/MediaCasService.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/MediaCasService.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/MediaCasService.h b/cas/aidl/default/MediaCasService.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/SharedLibrary.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/SharedLibrary.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/SharedLibrary.h b/cas/aidl/default/SharedLibrary.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/TypeConvert.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/TypeConvert.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/TypeConvert.h b/cas/aidl/default/TypeConvert.h
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/android.hardware.cas-service.xml b/cas/aidl/default/android.hardware.cas-service.xml
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/cas-default-lazy.rc b/cas/aidl/default/cas-default-lazy.rc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/cas-default.rc b/cas/aidl/default/cas-default.rc
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/fuzzer.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/fuzzer.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/cas/aidl/default/service.cpp b/cas/aidl/default/service.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
index 204b83b..bb7637a 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.4.xml
@@ -281,9 +281,15 @@
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
index bbf7055..dad1558 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.5.xml
@@ -319,11 +319,21 @@
         <version>1.0-1</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
index 1b812ed..23f634d 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.6.xml
@@ -368,11 +368,21 @@
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
index 4419796..33c3148 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.7.xml
@@ -430,11 +430,21 @@
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.media.omx</name>
         <version>1.0</version>
         <interface>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
index 4aa832b..04a4674 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.8.xml
@@ -361,10 +361,20 @@
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
     <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.memtrack</name>
         <version>1</version>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
index 559e7c2..5bcb349 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.9.xml
@@ -257,9 +257,6 @@
     <!-- Either the native or the HIDL mapper HAL must exist on the device -->
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.graphics.mapper</name>
-        <!-- New, non-Go devices should use 4.0, tested in vts_treble_vintf_vendor_test -->
-        <version>2.1</version>
-        <version>3.0</version>
         <version>4.0</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IMapper</name>
@@ -352,10 +349,20 @@
         <version>1.0-2</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IComponentStore</name>
+            <instance>software</instance>
             <regex-instance>default[0-9]*</regex-instance>
             <regex-instance>vendor[0-9]*_software</regex-instance>
         </interface>
     </hal>
+    <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
+        <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IConfigurable</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+            <instance>software</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
     <hal format="aidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.media.c2</name>
         <version>1</version>
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp b/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
index f3374c3..fc3a8b3 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/exclude/fcm_exclude.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/Android.bp
index 9eb23fa..4052003 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/Android.bp
@@ -29,20 +29,15 @@
     vendor_available: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libcutils",
         "libhardware", // TODO remove hwcomposer2.h dependency
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
+        "libui",
         "libutils",
     ],
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libhardware",
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/ComposerResources.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/ComposerResources.cpp
index e52bf71..80bfb7a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/ComposerResources.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/ComposerResources.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 #include "composer-resources/2.1/ComposerResources.h"
 
+#include <ui/GraphicBufferMapper.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -25,23 +27,10 @@
 namespace V2_1 {
 namespace hal {
 
+ComposerHandleImporter::ComposerHandleImporter() : mMapper{GraphicBufferMapper::get()} {}
+
 bool ComposerHandleImporter::init() {
-    mMapper4 = mapper::V4_0::IMapper::getService();
-    if (mMapper4) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    ALOGI_IF(!mMapper4, "failed to get mapper 4.0 service, falling back to mapper 3.0");
-
-    mMapper3 = mapper::V3_0::IMapper::getService();
-    if (mMapper3) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    ALOGI_IF(!mMapper3, "failed to get mapper 3.0 service, falling back to mapper 2.0");
-
-    mMapper2 = mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
-    ALOGE_IF(!mMapper2, "failed to get mapper 2.0 service");
-
-    return mMapper2 != nullptr;
+    return true;
 }
 
 Error ComposerHandleImporter::importBuffer(const native_handle_t* rawHandle,
@@ -51,51 +40,17 @@
         return Error::NONE;
     }
 
-    const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
-    if (mMapper2) {
-        mapper::V2_0::Error error;
-        mMapper2->importBuffer(rawHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpBufferHandle) {
-            error = tmpError;
-            bufferHandle = static_cast<const native_handle_t*>(tmpBufferHandle);
-        });
-        if (error != mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE) {
-            return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
-        }
+    status_t status = mMapper.importBufferNoValidate(rawHandle, outBufferHandle);
+    if (status == STATUS_OK) {
+        return Error::NONE;
+    } else {
+        return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
     }
-    if (mMapper3) {
-        mapper::V3_0::Error error;
-        mMapper3->importBuffer(rawHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpBufferHandle) {
-            error = tmpError;
-            bufferHandle = static_cast<const native_handle_t*>(tmpBufferHandle);
-        });
-        if (error != mapper::V3_0::Error::NONE) {
-            return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
-        }
-    }
-    if (mMapper4) {
-        mapper::V4_0::Error error;
-        mMapper4->importBuffer(rawHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpBufferHandle) {
-            error = tmpError;
-            bufferHandle = static_cast<const native_handle_t*>(tmpBufferHandle);
-        });
-        if (error != mapper::V4_0::Error::NONE) {
-            return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
-        }
-    }
-
-    *outBufferHandle = bufferHandle;
-    return Error::NONE;
 }
 
 void ComposerHandleImporter::freeBuffer(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle) {
     if (bufferHandle) {
-        if (mMapper2) {
-            mMapper2->freeBuffer(static_cast<void*>(const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle)));
-        } else if (mMapper3) {
-            mMapper3->freeBuffer(static_cast<void*>(const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle)));
-        } else if (mMapper4) {
-            mMapper4->freeBuffer(static_cast<void*>(const_cast<native_handle_t*>(bufferHandle)));
-        }
+        mMapper.freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/include/composer-resources/2.1/ComposerResources.h b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/include/composer-resources/2.1/ComposerResources.h
index de78a59..9838118 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/include/composer-resources/2.1/ComposerResources.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/resources/include/composer-resources/2.1/ComposerResources.h
@@ -27,12 +27,10 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.1/types.h>
 
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/IMapper.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/4.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 namespace android {
+class GraphicBufferMapper;
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
 namespace composer {
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@
 // wrapper for IMapper to import buffers and sideband streams
 class ComposerHandleImporter {
   public:
+    ComposerHandleImporter();
     bool init();
 
     Error importBuffer(const native_handle_t* rawHandle, const native_handle_t** outBufferHandle);
@@ -50,9 +49,7 @@
     void freeStream(const native_handle_t* streamHandle);
 
   private:
-    sp<mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mMapper2;
-    sp<mapper::V3_0::IMapper> mMapper3;
-    sp<mapper::V4_0::IMapper> mMapper4;
+    GraphicBufferMapper& mMapper;
 };
 
 class ComposerHandleCache {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
index 7b6a0e6..3bc127f 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
     defaults: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
         "hidl_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
@@ -34,18 +33,15 @@
         "GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp",
         "TestCommandReader.cpp",
     ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libui",
+    ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libgtest",
     ],
     export_static_lib_headers: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
index 4603dd1..8b89784 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
@@ -308,113 +308,6 @@
     writer->reset();
 }
 
-NativeHandleWrapper::~NativeHandleWrapper() {
-    if (mHandle) {
-        mGralloc.freeBuffer(mHandle);
-    }
-}
-
-Gralloc::Gralloc() {
-    [this] {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc4 = std::make_shared<Gralloc4>(
-                                        /*aidlAllocatorServiceName*/ IAllocator::descriptor +
-                                                std::string("/default"),
-                                        /*hidlAllocatorServiceName*/ "default",
-                                        /*mapperServiceName*/ "default",
-                                        /*errOnFailure=*/false));
-        if (!mGralloc4->hasAllocator() || mGralloc4->getMapper() == nullptr) {
-            mGralloc4 = nullptr;
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc3 = std::make_shared<Gralloc3>("default", "default",
-                                                                           /*errOnFailure=*/false));
-            if (mGralloc3->getAllocator() == nullptr || mGralloc3->getMapper() == nullptr) {
-                mGralloc3 = nullptr;
-                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc2 = std::make_shared<Gralloc2>());
-            }
-        }
-    }();
-}
-
-const NativeHandleWrapper Gralloc::allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                            PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import,
-                                            uint32_t* outStride) {
-    const native_handle_t* handle;
-    if (mGralloc4) {
-        IMapper4::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
-        info.usage = usage;
-        handle = mGralloc4->allocate(info, import, outStride);
-    } else if (mGralloc3) {
-        IMapper3::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
-        info.usage = usage;
-        handle = mGralloc3->allocate(info, import, outStride);
-    } else {
-        IMapper2::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = format;
-        info.usage = usage;
-        handle = mGralloc2->allocate(info, import, outStride);
-    }
-    return NativeHandleWrapper(*this, handle);
-}
-
-void* Gralloc::lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
-                    const AccessRegion& accessRegionRect, int acquireFence) {
-    if (mGralloc4) {
-        IMapper4::Rect accessRegion;
-        accessRegion.left = accessRegionRect.left;
-        accessRegion.top = accessRegionRect.top;
-        accessRegion.width = accessRegionRect.width;
-        accessRegion.height = accessRegionRect.height;
-        return mGralloc4->lock(bufferHandle, cpuUsage, accessRegion, acquireFence);
-    } else if (mGralloc3) {
-        IMapper3::Rect accessRegion;
-        accessRegion.left = accessRegionRect.left;
-        accessRegion.top = accessRegionRect.top;
-        accessRegion.width = accessRegionRect.width;
-        accessRegion.height = accessRegionRect.height;
-        int32_t bytesPerPixel;
-        int32_t bytesPerStride;
-        return mGralloc3->lock(bufferHandle, cpuUsage, accessRegion, acquireFence, &bytesPerPixel,
-                               &bytesPerStride);
-    } else {
-        IMapper2::Rect accessRegion;
-        accessRegion.left = accessRegionRect.left;
-        accessRegion.top = accessRegionRect.top;
-        accessRegion.width = accessRegionRect.width;
-        accessRegion.height = accessRegionRect.height;
-        return mGralloc2->lock(bufferHandle, cpuUsage, accessRegion, acquireFence);
-    }
-}
-
-int Gralloc::unlock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle) {
-    if (mGralloc4) {
-        return mGralloc4->unlock(bufferHandle);
-    } else if (mGralloc3) {
-        return mGralloc3->unlock(bufferHandle);
-    } else {
-        return mGralloc2->unlock(bufferHandle);
-    }
-}
-
-void Gralloc::freeBuffer(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle) {
-    if (mGralloc4) {
-        mGralloc4->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
-    } else if (mGralloc3) {
-        mGralloc3->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
-    } else {
-        mGralloc2->freeBuffer(bufferHandle);
-    }
-}
-
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace composer
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
index f8ea661..c0aacb5 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h
@@ -25,9 +25,6 @@
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.1/IComposer.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/TestCommandReader.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
@@ -43,13 +40,6 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::Dataspace;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::Hdr;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
-using IMapper2 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper;
-using IMapper3 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper;
-using IMapper4 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V4_0::IMapper;
-using Gralloc2 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using Gralloc3 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using Gralloc4 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V4_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using IAllocator = aidl::android::hardware::graphics::allocator::IAllocator;
 
 class ComposerClient;
 
@@ -129,52 +119,6 @@
     const sp<IComposerClient> mClient;
 };
 
-class AccessRegion {
-  public:
-    int32_t left;
-    int32_t top;
-    int32_t width;
-    int32_t height;
-};
-
-class Gralloc;
-
-// RAII wrapper around native_handle_t*
-class NativeHandleWrapper {
-  public:
-    NativeHandleWrapper(Gralloc& gralloc, const native_handle_t* handle)
-        : mGralloc(gralloc), mHandle(handle) {}
-
-    ~NativeHandleWrapper();
-
-    const native_handle_t* get() { return mHandle; }
-
-  private:
-    Gralloc& mGralloc;
-    const native_handle_t* mHandle;
-};
-
-class Gralloc {
-  public:
-    explicit Gralloc();
-
-    const NativeHandleWrapper allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                       PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
-                                       uint32_t* outStride = nullptr);
-
-    void* lock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint64_t cpuUsage,
-               const AccessRegion& accessRegionRect, int acquireFence);
-
-    int unlock(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle);
-
-    void freeBuffer(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle);
-
-  protected:
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc2> mGralloc2 = nullptr;
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc3> mGralloc3 = nullptr;
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc4> mGralloc4 = nullptr;
-};
-
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace composer
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 0f6d7e8..0706341 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     name: "VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest",
     defaults: [
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
     ],
     tidy_timeout_srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp"],
@@ -38,22 +37,12 @@
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libfmq",
         "libsync",
+        "libui",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
     ],
     header_libs: [
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
index 9444d89..b67cfc2 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@
 #include <hardware/hwcomposer2.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -52,7 +50,6 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::Dataspace;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::Transform;
-using GrallocError = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error;
 
 class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
@@ -651,7 +648,6 @@
     void SetUp() override {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::SetUp());
 
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
         Config activeConfig = mComposerClient->getActiveConfig(mPrimaryDisplay);
         mDisplayWidth = mComposerClient->getDisplayAttribute(mPrimaryDisplay, activeConfig,
                                                              IComposerClient::Attribute::WIDTH);
@@ -666,13 +662,17 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
-    NativeHandleWrapper allocate() { return allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight); }
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocate() { return allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight); }
 
-    NativeHandleWrapper allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
-        uint64_t usage =
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocate(int32_t width, int32_t height) {
+        auto result = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(
+                width, height, static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::RGBA_8888), /*layerCount*/ 1,
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN |
-                                      BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY);
-        return mGralloc->allocate(width, height, 1, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
+                                      BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY));
+        if (result->initCheck() != STATUS_OK) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return result;
     }
 
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
@@ -681,9 +681,6 @@
     std::unique_ptr<TestCommandReader> mReader;
     int32_t mDisplayWidth;
     int32_t mDisplayHeight;
-
-   private:
-     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -729,11 +726,11 @@
         display = mComposerClient->createVirtualDisplay(64, 64, PixelFormat::IMPLEMENTATION_DEFINED,
                                                         kBufferSlotCount, &format));
 
-    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> handle;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(handle.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(allocate())));
+    auto handle = allocate();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(handle);
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(display);
-    mWriter->setOutputBuffer(0, handle->get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setOutputBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
     execute();
 }
 
@@ -802,7 +799,7 @@
     mWriter->setLayerZOrder(10);
     mWriter->setLayerBlendMode(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
     mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, displayFrame));
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
     mWriter->validateDisplay();
@@ -820,7 +817,7 @@
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     auto handle2 = allocate();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle2.get());
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle2.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle2->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
     mWriter->presentDisplay();
     execute();
@@ -840,7 +837,7 @@
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR);
     mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(displayFrame);
     mWriter->setLayerPlaneAlpha(1);
@@ -881,7 +878,7 @@
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
     execute();
 }
 
@@ -905,7 +902,7 @@
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
     mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(displayFrame);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle1.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle1->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
     mWriter->validateDisplay();
     execute();
@@ -928,7 +925,7 @@
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
     mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(displayFrame);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(1, handle2.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(1, handle2->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
     mWriter->validateDisplay();
     execute();
@@ -951,7 +948,7 @@
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     mWriter->setLayerCompositionType(IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
     mWriter->setLayerDisplayFrame(displayFrame);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(2, handle3.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(2, handle3->handle, -1);
     mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
     mWriter->validateDisplay();
     execute();
@@ -968,10 +965,10 @@
     // Ensure we can clear multiple buffer slots and then restore the active buffer at the end
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, clearSlotBuffer.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, clearSlotBuffer->handle, -1);
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(1, clearSlotBuffer.get(), -1);
+    mWriter->setLayerBuffer(1, clearSlotBuffer->handle, -1);
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
     mWriter->setLayerBuffer(2, nullptr, -1);
@@ -1113,7 +1110,7 @@
 
     mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
     mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-    mWriter->setLayerSidebandStream(handle.get());
+    mWriter->setLayerSidebandStream(handle->handle);
     execute();
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/Android.bp
index d11592f..a923923 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-vts",
     defaults: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer3-ndk_static",
         "hidl_defaults",
         "librenderengine_deps",
@@ -42,7 +41,6 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
         "libarect",
         "libgtest",
         "libmath",
@@ -50,15 +48,10 @@
         "librenderengine",
         "libshaders",
         "libtonemap",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
     ],
     export_static_lib_headers: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-command-buffer",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
index d4f0281..d041064 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ComposerVts.cpp
@@ -179,66 +179,6 @@
     return matrix;
 }
 
-Gralloc::Gralloc() {
-    [this] {
-        ALOGD("Attempting to initialize gralloc4");
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc4 = std::make_shared<Gralloc4>(
-                                        /*aidlAllocatorServiceName*/ IAllocator::descriptor +
-                                                std::string("/default"),
-                                        /*hidlAllocatorServiceName*/ "default",
-                                        /*mapperServiceName*/ "default",
-                                        /*errOnFailure=*/false));
-        if (mGralloc4->getMapper() == nullptr || !mGralloc4->hasAllocator()) {
-            mGralloc4 = nullptr;
-            ALOGD("Failed to initialize gralloc4, initializing gralloc3");
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc3 = std::make_shared<Gralloc3>("default", "default",
-                                                                           /*errOnFailure=*/false));
-            if (mGralloc3->getMapper() == nullptr || mGralloc3->getAllocator() == nullptr) {
-                mGralloc3 = nullptr;
-                ALOGD("Failed to initialize gralloc3, initializing gralloc2_1");
-                mGralloc2_1 = std::make_shared<Gralloc2_1>(/*errOnFailure*/ false);
-                if (!mGralloc2_1->getMapper()) {
-                    mGralloc2_1 = nullptr;
-                    ALOGD("Failed to initialize gralloc2_1, initializing gralloc2");
-                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc2 = std::make_shared<Gralloc2>());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }();
-}
-
-bool Gralloc::validateBufferSize(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint32_t width,
-                                 uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount, PixelFormat format,
-                                 uint64_t usage, uint32_t stride) {
-    if (mGralloc4) {
-        IMapper4::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
-        info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc4->validateBufferSize(bufferHandle, info, stride);
-    } else if (mGralloc3) {
-        IMapper3::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat>(format);
-        info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc3->validateBufferSize(bufferHandle, info, stride);
-    } else if (mGralloc2_1) {
-        IMapper2_1::BufferDescriptorInfo info{};
-        info.width = width;
-        info.height = height;
-        info.layerCount = layerCount;
-        info.format = static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_1::PixelFormat>(format);
-        info.usage = usage;
-        return mGralloc2_1->validateBufferSize(bufferHandle, info, stride);
-    } else {
-        return true;
-    }
-}
-
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_2
 }  // namespace composer
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
index a1794af..9ba34f1 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
@@ -187,12 +187,11 @@
 }
 
 ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
-                               const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width,
-                               uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace) {
+                               uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+                               Dataspace dataspace) {
     mDisplay = display;
 
     mComposerClient = client;
-    mGralloc = gralloc;
 
     mPixelFormat = pixelFormat;
     mDataspace = dataspace;
@@ -202,20 +201,12 @@
     mLayerCount = 1;
     mFormat = mPixelFormat;
     mUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE);
-
-    mAccessRegion.top = 0;
-    mAccessRegion.left = 0;
-    mAccessRegion.width = width;
-    mAccessRegion.height = height;
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::setReadbackBuffer() {
-    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
-            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
-                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
-    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
-                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBufferHandle->get(), -1));
+    mBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight, (int32_t)mFormat, mLayerCount, mUsage);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, mBuffer->initCheck());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mDisplay, mBuffer->handle, -1));
 }
 
 void ReadbackBuffer::checkReadbackBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
@@ -223,15 +214,14 @@
     int32_t fenceHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(mDisplay, &fenceHandle));
 
-    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, fenceHandle);
+    void* bufData = nullptr;
+    int32_t stride = mBuffer->stride;
+    status_t status = mBuffer->lockAsync(mUsage, &bufData, fenceHandle);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, status);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGB_888 || mPixelFormat == PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
-    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, mStride, mWidth, mHeight,
+    ReadbackHelper::compareColorBuffers(expectedColors, bufData, stride, mWidth, mHeight,
                                         mPixelFormat);
-    int32_t unlockFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
-    if (unlockFence != -1) {
-        sync_wait(unlockFence, -1);
-        close(unlockFence);
-    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(STATUS_OK, mBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
 void TestColorLayer::write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) {
@@ -251,12 +241,10 @@
 }
 
 TestBufferLayer::TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
-                                 const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc,
                                  TestRenderEngine& renderEngine, Display display, int32_t width,
                                  int32_t height, PixelFormat format,
                                  IComposerClient::Composition composition)
     : TestLayer{client, display}, mRenderEngine(renderEngine) {
-    mGralloc = gralloc;
     mComposition = composition;
     mWidth = width;
     mHeight = height;
@@ -265,11 +253,6 @@
     mUsage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN |
                                    BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::GPU_TEXTURE);
 
-    mAccessRegion.top = 0;
-    mAccessRegion.left = 0;
-    mAccessRegion.width = width;
-    mAccessRegion.height = height;
-
     setSourceCrop({0, 0, (float)width, (float)height});
 }
 
@@ -277,15 +260,13 @@
     TestLayer::write(writer);
     writer->setLayerCompositionType(mComposition);
     writer->setLayerVisibleRegion(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, mDisplayFrame));
-    if (mBufferHandle != nullptr) writer->setLayerBuffer(0, mBufferHandle->get(), mFillFence);
+    if (mBuffer) writer->setLayerBuffer(0, mBuffer->handle, -1);
 }
 
 LayerSettings TestBufferLayer::toRenderEngineLayerSettings() {
     LayerSettings layerSettings = TestLayer::toRenderEngineLayerSettings();
     layerSettings.source.buffer.buffer = std::make_shared<renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture>(
-            new GraphicBuffer(mBufferHandle->get(), GraphicBuffer::CLONE_HANDLE, mWidth, mHeight,
-                              static_cast<int32_t>(mFormat), 1, mUsage, mStride),
-            mRenderEngine.getInternalRenderEngine(),
+            mBuffer, mRenderEngine.getInternalRenderEngine(),
             renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
 
     layerSettings.source.buffer.usePremultipliedAlpha =
@@ -304,24 +285,18 @@
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::fillBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors) {
-    void* bufData = mGralloc->lock(mBufferHandle->get(), mUsage, mAccessRegion, -1);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mWidth, mHeight, mStride, bufData, mFormat, expectedColors));
-    mFillFence = mGralloc->unlock(mBufferHandle->get());
-    if (mFillFence != -1) {
-        sync_wait(mFillFence, -1);
-        close(mFillFence);
-    }
+    void* bufData = nullptr;
+    status_t status = mBuffer->lock(mUsage, &bufData);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, status);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mWidth, mHeight, mBuffer->stride, bufData,
+                                                       mFormat, expectedColors));
+    EXPECT_EQ(STATUS_OK, mBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::setBuffer(std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> colors) {
-    mBufferHandle.reset(new Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper(
-            mGralloc->allocate(mWidth, mHeight, mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage,
-                               /*import*/ true, &mStride)));
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mBufferHandle->get());
+    mBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mWidth, mHeight, (int32_t)mFormat, mLayerCount, mUsage);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, mBuffer->initCheck());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBuffer(colors));
-    ASSERT_NE(false, mGralloc->validateBufferSize(mBufferHandle->get(), mWidth, mHeight,
-                                                  mLayerCount, mFormat, mUsage, mStride));
 }
 
 void TestBufferLayer::setDataspace(Dataspace dataspace,
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index 1700b2a..62974f8 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 namespace V2_2 {
 namespace vts {
 
-using mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 using renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using renderengine::LayerSettings;
 using renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
index 02d7bdb..3e26d94 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.2/IComposerClient.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/ComposerVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -41,14 +40,6 @@
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using common::V1_1::RenderIntent;
-using IMapper2_1 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
-using IMapper3 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper;
-using IMapper4 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V4_0::IMapper;
-using Gralloc2 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using Gralloc2_1 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::vts::Gralloc;
-using Gralloc3 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using Gralloc4 = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V4_0::vts::Gralloc;
-using IAllocator = aidl::android::hardware::graphics::allocator::IAllocator;
 
 class ComposerClient;
 
@@ -92,28 +83,6 @@
     const sp<IComposerClient> mClient;
 };
 
-class Gralloc : public V2_1::vts::Gralloc {
-  public:
-    using NativeHandleWrapper = V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
-
-    Gralloc();
-    const NativeHandleWrapper allocate(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                       PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage, bool import = true,
-                                       uint32_t* outStride = nullptr) {
-        return V2_1::vts::Gralloc::allocate(
-                width, height, layerCount,
-                static_cast<android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat>(format), usage,
-                import, outStride);
-    }
-
-    bool validateBufferSize(const native_handle_t* bufferHandle, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                            uint32_t layerCount, PixelFormat format, uint64_t usage,
-                            uint32_t stride);
-
-  protected:
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc2_1> mGralloc2_1 = nullptr;
-};
-
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_2
 }  // namespace composer
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
index 58efde9..aa6932a 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/GraphicsComposerCallback.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/TestCommandReader.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -38,12 +37,9 @@
 using common::V1_1::BufferUsage;
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
-using IMapper2_1 = mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
-using Gralloc2_1 = mapper::V2_1::vts::Gralloc;
 using renderengine::LayerSettings;
 using V2_1::Display;
 using V2_1::Layer;
-using V2_1::vts::AccessRegion;
 using V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader;
 
 static const IComposerClient::Color BLACK = {0, 0, 0, 0xff};
@@ -113,9 +109,8 @@
 class TestBufferLayer : public TestLayer {
   public:
     TestBufferLayer(
-            const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client, const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc,
-            TestRenderEngine& renderEngine, Display display, int32_t width, int32_t height,
-            PixelFormat format,
+            const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client, TestRenderEngine& renderEngine,
+            Display display, int32_t width, int32_t height, PixelFormat format,
             IComposerClient::Composition composition = IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
     void write(const std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase>& writer) override;
@@ -135,15 +130,11 @@
     uint32_t mLayerCount;
     PixelFormat mFormat;
     uint64_t mUsage;
-    AccessRegion mAccessRegion;
-    uint32_t mStride;
 
   protected:
     IComposerClient::Composition mComposition;
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     TestRenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
-    int32_t mFillFence;
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
 };
 
 class ReadbackHelper {
@@ -179,9 +170,8 @@
 
 class ReadbackBuffer {
   public:
-    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client,
-                   const std::shared_ptr<Gralloc>& gralloc, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                   PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
+    ReadbackBuffer(Display display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient>& client, uint32_t width,
+                   uint32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat, Dataspace dataspace);
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
@@ -193,13 +183,10 @@
     uint32_t mLayerCount;
     PixelFormat mFormat;
     uint64_t mUsage;
-    AccessRegion mAccessRegion;
-    uint32_t mStride;
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc::NativeHandleWrapper> mBufferHandle = nullptr;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
     PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
     Dataspace mDataspace;
     Display mDisplay;
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     std::shared_ptr<ComposerClient> mComposerClient;
 };
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/RenderEngineVts.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/RenderEngineVts.h
index 26027d3..09b89ff 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/RenderEngineVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/vts/include/composer-vts/2.2/RenderEngineVts.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
@@ -34,10 +33,8 @@
 namespace V2_2 {
 namespace vts {
 
-using mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 using renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs;
-using vts::Gralloc;
 
 class TestRenderEngine {
   public:
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 3476376..a781712 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     name: "VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest",
     defaults: [
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer3-ndk_static",
         "librenderengine_deps",
     ],
@@ -54,24 +53,13 @@
         "libsync",
         "libui",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
         "libgtest",
         "librenderengine",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
index e2a0f4d..fa1d588 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
@@ -45,9 +44,7 @@
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using V2_1::Config;
 using V2_1::Display;
-using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 using V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader;
-using vts::Gralloc;
 
 class GraphicsCompositionTestBase : public ::testing::Test {
   protected:
@@ -79,7 +76,6 @@
         // set up command writer/reader and gralloc
         mWriter = std::make_shared<CommandWriterBase>(1024);
         mReader = std::make_unique<TestCommandReader>();
-        mGralloc = std::make_shared<Gralloc>();
 
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(mPrimaryDisplay, PowerMode::ON));
 
@@ -143,7 +139,6 @@
     std::vector<ColorMode> mTestColorModes;
     std::shared_ptr<CommandWriterBase> mWriter;
     std::unique_ptr<TestCommandReader> mReader;
-    std::shared_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
     std::unique_ptr<TestRenderEngine> mTestRenderEngine;
 
     bool mHasReadbackBuffer;
@@ -220,7 +215,7 @@
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -272,7 +267,7 @@
 
         mWriter->selectDisplay(mPrimaryDisplay);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
@@ -285,9 +280,9 @@
                                        {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight},
                                        BLUE);
 
-        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
-                mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
+                                                       mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                                                       mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), mWriter);
@@ -352,15 +347,16 @@
         // This following buffer call should have no effect
         uint64_t usage =
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN);
-        NativeHandleWrapper bufferHandle =
-                mGralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, bufferHandle.get(), -1);
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(
+                mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, (int32_t)PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, 1, usage);
+        ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, buffer->initCheck());
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, buffer->handle, -1);
 
         // expected color for each pixel
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, coloredSquare, BLUE);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -419,16 +415,16 @@
                                        {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight},
                                        BLUE);
 
-        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
-                mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16);
+        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
+                                                       mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                                                       mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), mWriter);
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -462,25 +458,20 @@
             }
 
             // create client target buffer
-            uint32_t clientStride;
-            NativeHandleWrapper clientBufferHandle =
-                    mGralloc->allocate(layer->mWidth, layer->mHeight, layer->mLayerCount,
-                                       clientFormat, clientUsage, /*import*/ true, &clientStride);
-            ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle.get());
+            sp<GraphicBuffer> clientBuffer =
+                    sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(layer->mWidth, layer->mHeight, (int32_t)clientFormat,
+                                            layer->mLayerCount, clientUsage);
+            ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, clientBuffer->initCheck());
 
-            void* clientBufData =
-                    mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle.get(), clientUsage, layer->mAccessRegion, -1);
+            void* clientBufData = nullptr;
+            ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, clientBuffer->lock(clientUsage, &clientBufData));
 
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(layer->mWidth, layer->mHeight,
-                                                               clientStride, clientBufData,
+                                                               clientBuffer->stride, clientBufData,
                                                                clientFormat, expectedColors));
-            int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle.get());
-            if (clientFence != -1) {
-                sync_wait(clientFence, -1);
-                close(clientFence);
-            }
+            clientBuffer->unlock();
 
-            mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle.get(), clientFence, clientDataspace,
+            mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBuffer->handle, -1, clientDataspace,
                                      std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, damage));
 
             layer->setToClientComposition(mWriter);
@@ -531,12 +522,12 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth,
                                        {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, RED);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         auto deviceLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
                 mDisplayHeight / 2, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> deviceColors(deviceLayer->mWidth *
                                                          deviceLayer->mHeight);
@@ -573,8 +564,8 @@
         }
 
         auto clientLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, clientWidth,
-                clientHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16, IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+                mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, clientWidth, clientHeight,
+                PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16, IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
         IComposerClient::Rect clientFrame = {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight};
         clientLayer->setDisplayFrame(clientFrame);
         clientLayer->setZOrder(0);
@@ -590,27 +581,22 @@
         }
         // create client target buffer
         ASSERT_EQ(1, mReader->mCompositionChanges[0].second);
-        uint32_t clientStride;
-        NativeHandleWrapper clientBufferHandle =
-                mGralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, clientLayer->mLayerCount,
-                                   clientFormat, clientUsage, /*import*/ true, &clientStride);
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, clientBufferHandle.get());
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> clientBuffer =
+                sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, (int32_t)clientFormat,
+                                        clientLayer->mLayerCount, clientUsage);
+        ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, clientBuffer->initCheck());
 
-        void* clientBufData = mGralloc->lock(clientBufferHandle.get(), clientUsage,
-                                             {0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, -1);
+        void* clientBufData = nullptr;
+        ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, clientBuffer->lock(clientUsage, &clientBufData));
 
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> clientColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(clientColors, mDisplayWidth, clientFrame, RED);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ReadbackHelper::fillBuffer(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight,
-                                                           clientStride, clientBufData,
+                                                           clientBuffer->stride, clientBufData,
                                                            clientFormat, clientColors));
-        int clientFence = mGralloc->unlock(clientBufferHandle.get());
-        if (clientFence != -1) {
-            sync_wait(clientFence, -1);
-            close(clientFence);
-        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(STATUS_OK, clientBuffer->unlock());
 
-        mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBufferHandle.get(), clientFence, clientDataspace,
+        mWriter->setClientTarget(0, clientBuffer->handle, -1, clientDataspace,
                                  std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, clientFrame));
         clientLayer->setToClientComposition(mWriter);
         mWriter->validateDisplay();
@@ -655,9 +641,9 @@
         std::vector<IComposerClient::Color> expectedColors(mDisplayWidth * mDisplayHeight);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, redRect, RED);
 
-        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
-                mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
+                                                       mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                                                       mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), mWriter);
@@ -665,7 +651,7 @@
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -742,7 +728,7 @@
 
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TestLayer>> layers = {layer};
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
 
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
@@ -803,9 +789,9 @@
                                        {0, mDisplayHeight / 2, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight},
                                        BLUE);
 
-        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
-                mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
+                                                       mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                                                       mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode), mWriter);
@@ -819,7 +805,7 @@
         // update expected colors to match crop
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth,
                                        {0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight}, BLUE);
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(layers);
@@ -886,7 +872,7 @@
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, blueRect, BLUE);
         ReadbackHelper::fillColorsArea(expectedColors, mDisplayWidth, redRect, RED);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -955,9 +941,9 @@
         backgroundLayer->setZOrder(0);
         backgroundLayer->setColor(mBackgroundColor);
 
-        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
-                mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine, mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
-                mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
+        auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
+                                                       mPrimaryDisplay, mDisplayWidth,
+                                                       mDisplayHeight, PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mWriter);
@@ -1043,7 +1029,7 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
@@ -1102,7 +1088,7 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::COVERAGE);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
@@ -1153,7 +1139,7 @@
         setUpLayers(IComposerClient::BlendMode::PREMULTIPLIED);
         setExpectedColors(expectedColors);
 
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         writeLayers(mLayers);
@@ -1193,7 +1179,7 @@
         IComposerClient::Rect blueRect = {mSideLength / 2, mSideLength / 2, mSideLength,
                                           mSideLength};
 
-        mLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, mGralloc, *mTestRenderEngine,
+        mLayer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine,
                                                    mPrimaryDisplay, mSideLength, mSideLength,
                                                    PixelFormat::RGBA_8888);
         mLayer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, mSideLength, mSideLength});
@@ -1236,7 +1222,7 @@
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
         mLayer->setTransform(Transform::FLIP_H);
@@ -1291,7 +1277,7 @@
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
@@ -1346,7 +1332,7 @@
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Readback not supported or unsupported pixelFormat/dataspace";
             return;
         }
-        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mGralloc, mDisplayWidth,
+        ReadbackBuffer readbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, mComposerClient, mDisplayWidth,
                                       mDisplayHeight, mPixelFormat, mDataspace);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
index 13ae089..2bd287b 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_2TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/GraphicsComposerCallback.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/TestCommandReader.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.2/ComposerVts.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@
 using common::V1_1::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using common::V1_1::RenderIntent;
-using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 
 class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
@@ -141,8 +139,6 @@
     void SetUp() override {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::SetUp());
 
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-
         mWriter = std::make_unique<CommandWriterBase>(1024);
         mReader = std::make_unique<V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader>();
     }
@@ -152,20 +148,10 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
-    NativeHandleWrapper allocate() {
-        uint64_t usage =
-                static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
-        return mGralloc->allocate(/*width*/ 64, /*height*/ 64, /*layerCount*/ 1,
-                                  PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, usage);
-    }
-
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
 
     std::unique_ptr<CommandWriterBase> mWriter;
     std::unique_ptr<V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader> mReader;
-
-   private:
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -437,13 +423,11 @@
     uint64_t usage =
             static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
-    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(
-            gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, mReadbackPixelFormat, usage))));
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight,
+                                                       (int32_t)mReadbackPixelFormat, 1, usage);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, buffer->initCheck());
 
-    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, buffer->get(), -1);
+    mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(mPrimaryDisplay, buffer->handle, -1);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -460,14 +444,12 @@
     uint64_t usage =
             static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> gralloc;
-    std::unique_ptr<NativeHandleWrapper> buffer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(gralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(buffer.reset(new NativeHandleWrapper(
-            gralloc->allocate(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, 1, mReadbackPixelFormat, usage))));
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight,
+                                                       (int32_t)mReadbackPixelFormat, 1, usage);
+    ASSERT_EQ(STATUS_OK, buffer->initCheck());
 
-    Error error =
-            mComposerClient->getRaw()->setReadbackBuffer(mInvalidDisplayId, buffer->get(), nullptr);
+    Error error = mComposerClient->getRaw()->setReadbackBuffer(mInvalidDisplayId, buffer->handle,
+                                                               nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::BAD_DISPLAY, error);
 }
 
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/vts/Android.bp
index b372804..99429db 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3-vts",
     defaults: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
         "hidl_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 13f2b11..0d3c27d 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     name: "VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest",
     defaults: [
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
     ],
     tidy_timeout_srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp"],
@@ -40,25 +39,14 @@
         "libhidlbase",
         "libsync",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
     ],
     header_libs: [
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
index ecfe66c..c072ef0 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_3TargetTest.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/GraphicsComposerCallback.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.1/TestCommandReader.h>
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -43,7 +41,6 @@
 using common::V1_2::ColorMode;
 using common::V1_2::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
-using V2_2::vts::Gralloc;
 
 class GraphicsComposerHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
@@ -128,8 +125,6 @@
     void SetUp() override {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerHidlTest::SetUp());
 
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-
         mWriter = std::make_unique<CommandWriterBase>(1024);
         mReader = std::make_unique<V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader>();
     }
@@ -143,9 +138,6 @@
 
     std::unique_ptr<CommandWriterBase> mWriter;
     std::unique_ptr<V2_1::vts::TestCommandReader> mReader;
-
-   private:
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/vts/Android.bp
index d2b2ffa..c39b5eb1 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4-vts",
     defaults: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
         "hidl_defaults",
     ],
     srcs: [
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
index b4ab259..52624b4 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     name: "VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest",
     defaults: [
         "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator-ndk_static",
     ],
     tidy_timeout_srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp"],
@@ -38,16 +37,10 @@
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libfmq",
         "libsync",
+        "libui",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
@@ -56,10 +49,6 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
     ],
     header_libs: [
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index dac46f9..7ae917b 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsComposerV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.4/ComposerVts.h>
 #include <composer-vts/2.4/GraphicsComposerCallback.h>
@@ -30,9 +29,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/4.0/MapperVts.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -51,9 +48,7 @@
 using common::V1_2::Dataspace;
 using common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
 using V2_1::Layer;
-using V2_1::vts::NativeHandleWrapper;
 using V2_2::Transform;
-using V2_2::vts::Gralloc;
 
 using ContentType = IComposerClient::ContentType;
 using DisplayCapability = IComposerClient::DisplayCapability;
@@ -103,8 +98,6 @@
         }
         mComposerCallback->setVsyncAllowed(false);
 
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>());
-
         mWriter = std::make_unique<CommandWriterBase>(1024);
         mReader = std::make_unique<TestCommandReader>();
     }
@@ -157,12 +150,15 @@
 
     void execute() { mComposerClient->execute(mReader.get(), mWriter.get()); }
 
-    NativeHandleWrapper allocate(int32_t width, int32_t height) {
-        return mGralloc->allocate(
-                width, height, /*layerCount*/ 1,
-                static_cast<common::V1_1::PixelFormat>(PixelFormat::RGBA_8888),
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> allocate(int32_t width, int32_t height) {
+        auto result = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(
+                width, height, static_cast<int32_t>(PixelFormat::RGBA_8888), /*layerCount*/ 1,
                 static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_WRITE_OFTEN | BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN |
                                       BufferUsage::COMPOSER_OVERLAY));
+        if (result->initCheck() != STATUS_OK) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return result;
     }
 
     struct TestParameters {
@@ -256,7 +252,6 @@
     std::unique_ptr<CommandWriterBase> mWriter;
     std::unique_ptr<TestCommandReader> mReader;
     sp<GraphicsComposerCallback> mComposerCallback;
-    std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> mGralloc;
 };
 
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerHidlTest, getDisplayCapabilitiesBadDisplay) {
@@ -458,7 +453,7 @@
         mWriter->setLayerBlendMode(IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE);
         mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(
                 std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, display.getFrameRect()));
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
         mWriter->setLayerDataspace(Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
         mWriter->validateDisplay();
@@ -476,7 +471,7 @@
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, handle.get());
 
         mWriter->selectLayer(layer);
-        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle.get(), -1);
+        mWriter->setLayerBuffer(0, handle->handle, -1);
         mWriter->setLayerSurfaceDamage(std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
         mWriter->validateDisplay();
         execute();
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/aidl/Android.bp
index 88abb73..c105ad4 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
                 enabled: true,
             },
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
         {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
index 662240e..cce35e7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
@@ -45,4 +45,5 @@
   boolean acceptDisplayChanges;
   boolean presentDisplay;
   boolean presentOrValidateDisplay;
+  int frameIntervalNs;
 }
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
index 908842a..040afd7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
   @nullable android.hardware.graphics.composer3.DisplayConfiguration.Dpi dpi;
   int configGroup;
   int vsyncPeriod;
+  @nullable android.hardware.graphics.composer3.VrrConfig vrrConfig;
   parcelable Dpi {
     float x;
     float y;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
index 6d2b485..bc27cc7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
@@ -85,7 +85,8 @@
   android.hardware.graphics.common.HdrConversionCapability[] getHdrConversionCapabilities();
   android.hardware.graphics.common.Hdr setHdrConversionStrategy(in android.hardware.graphics.common.HdrConversionStrategy conversionStrategy);
   void setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(long display, boolean enabled);
-  android.hardware.graphics.composer3.DisplayConfiguration[] getDisplayConfigurations(long display);
+  android.hardware.graphics.composer3.DisplayConfiguration[] getDisplayConfigurations(long display, int maxFrameIntervalNs);
+  oneway void notifyExpectedPresent(long display, in android.hardware.graphics.composer3.ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime, int frameIntervalNs);
   const int EX_BAD_CONFIG = 1;
   const int EX_BAD_DISPLAY = 2;
   const int EX_BAD_LAYER = 3;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb2569f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.graphics.composer3/current/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL file. Do not edit it manually. There are
+// two cases:
+// 1). this is a frozen version file - do not edit this in any case.
+// 2). this is a 'current' file. If you make a backwards compatible change to
+//     the interface (from the latest frozen version), the build system will
+//     prompt you to update this file with `m <name>-update-api`.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible change to any AIDL file built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.hardware.graphics.composer3;
+@VintfStability
+parcelable VrrConfig {
+  int minFrameIntervalNs;
+  @nullable android.hardware.graphics.composer3.VrrConfig.FrameIntervalPowerHint[] frameIntervalPowerHints;
+  @nullable android.hardware.graphics.composer3.VrrConfig.NotifyExpectedPresentConfig notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
+  parcelable FrameIntervalPowerHint {
+    int frameIntervalNs;
+    int averageRefreshPeriodNs;
+  }
+  parcelable NotifyExpectedPresentConfig {
+    int notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs;
+    int notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness.aidl
index ea54a89..0bd72a3 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness.aidl
@@ -39,14 +39,12 @@
     /**
      * The stage in which dimming operations should be performed when compositing
      * the client target.
+     *
      * Note that with a COLORIMETRIC RenderIntent, DimmingSpace must be LINEAR. That is, dimming
-     * is defined to occur in linear space.
-     * However, some composer implementations may, with other vendor-defined RenderIntents,
-     * configure their hardware such as image quality adjustments is intended to occur after
-     * composition. In this scenario, if the dimming operation were applied in linear space,
-     * then the resulting dimming operation may comepl those image quality adjustments to
-     * incorrectly alter the gamma curve. To avoid this issue, those implementations must opt to
-     * dim in gamma space.
+     * is defined to occur in linear space. However, some composer implementations may, with
+     * other vendor-defined RenderIntents, apply certain image quality adjustments that are
+     * sensitive to gamma shift when dimming in linear space. To avoid this issue, those
+     * implementations must opt to dim in gamma space.
      */
     DimmingStage dimmingStage;
 }
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
index 4f69aee..02c1389 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayCommand.aidl
@@ -174,4 +174,15 @@
      * or perform a VALIDATE_DISPLAY action instead.
      */
     boolean presentOrValidateDisplay;
+
+    /**
+     * If a value greater than 0 is set, it provides a hint about the next frame(s)
+     * cadence. This parameter represents the time in nanoseconds of when to expect the
+     * next frames to arrive. For example. frameIntervalNs=33333333 indicates that the
+     * cadence of the next frames is 30Hz.
+     *
+     * The implementation should take the necessary steps to present the next frames as
+     * close as possible to the cadence.
+     */
+    int frameIntervalNs;
 }
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
index b0095d2..791078d 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/DisplayConfiguration.aidl
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 package android.hardware.graphics.composer3;
+import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.VrrConfig;
 
 @VintfStability
 parcelable DisplayConfiguration {
@@ -60,4 +61,10 @@
      * must be signaled on a vsync boundary.
      */
     int vsyncPeriod;
+
+    /**
+     * Represents the specific configurations for VRR (Variable Refresh Rate) display modes.
+     * Non-VRR modes should set this to null.
+     */
+    @nullable VrrConfig vrrConfig;
 }
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
index cb4b9fb..725c947 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/IComposerClient.aidl
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import android.hardware.graphics.common.HdrConversionStrategy;
 import android.hardware.graphics.common.Transform;
 import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.ClientTargetProperty;
+import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.ClockMonotonicTimestamp;
 import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.ColorMode;
 import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.CommandResultPayload;
 import android.hardware.graphics.composer3.ContentType;
@@ -878,8 +879,38 @@
      * getDisplayConfigs should return at least one config.
      *
      * @param display is the display for which the configurations are requested.
+     * @param maxFrameIntervalNs refers to the largest frameInterval to be set for
+     * VrrConfig.frameIntervalPowerHints in nanoseconds
      *
      * @see getDisplayConfigs
      */
-    DisplayConfiguration[] getDisplayConfigurations(long display);
+    DisplayConfiguration[] getDisplayConfigurations(long display, int maxFrameIntervalNs);
+
+    /**
+     * Provides an early hint for a frame that is likely to be presented.
+     * This is used for the implementation to take the necessary steps to ensure that
+     * the next frame(s) could be presented as close as possible to the expectedPresentTime and
+     * according to the frameIntervalNs cadence.
+     * See DisplayCommand.expectedPresentTime and DisplayCommand.frameIntervalNs.
+     *
+     * The framework will call this function based on the parameters specified in
+     * DisplayConfiguration.VrrConfig:
+     * - notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs specifies the idle time from the previous present command
+     * where the framework must send the early hint for the next frame.
+     * - notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs specifies minimal time that framework must send
+     * the early hint before the next frame.
+     *
+     * The framework can omit calling this API when the next present command matches
+     * the cadence of the previous present command frameIntervalNs.
+     *
+     * If DisplayConfiguration.notifyExpectedPresentConfig is null, this function will never be
+     * called.
+     *
+     * @param display is the display for which the notifyExpectedPresent is called.
+     * @param expectedPresentTime is the expectedPresentTime that will be provided in the next
+     * present command
+     * @param frameIntervalNs is a hint about the cadence of the next frames in nanoseconds.
+     */
+    oneway void notifyExpectedPresent(
+            long display, in ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime, int frameIntervalNs);
 }
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b241ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/android/hardware/graphics/composer3/VrrConfig.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.graphics.composer3;
+
+@VintfStability
+parcelable VrrConfig {
+    /**
+     * The minimal time (in nanoseconds) that needs to pass between the previously presented frame
+     * and when the next frame can be presented.
+     */
+    int minFrameIntervalNs;
+
+    /**
+     * An optional mapping between frame intervals, and the physical display refresh period on
+     * average. This provides useful information to the framework when picking a specific frame rate
+     * (which is a divisor of the vsync rate) about the real display refresh rate, which could be
+     * used for power optimizations. The implementation should populate this map for frame rates
+     * that requires the display to run at a higher refresh rate due to self refresh frames. The
+     * lowest frame rate provided should be according to the parameter `maxFrameIntervalNs`
+     * specified in IComposerClient.getDisplayConfigurations, as the framework would generally not
+     * try to run at a lower frame rate.
+     */
+    parcelable FrameIntervalPowerHint {
+        int frameIntervalNs;
+        int averageRefreshPeriodNs;
+    }
+    @nullable FrameIntervalPowerHint[] frameIntervalPowerHints;
+
+    parcelable NotifyExpectedPresentConfig {
+        /**
+         * The minimal time in nanoseconds that IComposerClient.notifyExpectedPresent needs to be
+         * called ahead of an expectedPresentTime provided on a presentDisplay command.
+         */
+        int notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs;
+
+        /**
+         * The time in nanoseconds that represents a timeout from the previous presentDisplay, which
+         * after this point the display needs a call to IComposerClient.notifyExpectedPresent before
+         * sending the next frame. If set to 0, there is no need to call
+         * IComposerClient.notifyExpectedPresent for timeout.
+         */
+        int notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parameters for when to call IComposerClient.notifyExpectedPresent.
+     *
+     * When set to null, the framework will not call IComposerClient.notifyExpectedPresent.
+     */
+    @nullable NotifyExpectedPresentConfig notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index 88b5de4..e60e1a7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -55,13 +55,6 @@
         "libhidlbase",
         "libprocessgroup",
         "libtinyxml2",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
         "libvndksupport",
     ],
     header_libs: [
@@ -71,13 +64,6 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.common.fmq-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0-vts",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
         "libarect",
         "libbase",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
index ee9f0d5..d5602c1 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ComposerClientReader.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer3/ComposerClientWriter.h>
-#include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <memory>
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@
 using ::android::renderengine::LayerSettings;
 using common::Dataspace;
 using common::PixelFormat;
-using IMapper2_1 = ::android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 
 static const Color BLACK = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
 static const Color RED = {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f};
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
index 66779c8..19e8a9b 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
 
-using ::android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 using ::android::renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using ::android::renderengine::LayerSettings;
 using ::android::renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h
index 43d3a42..612f0ea 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h
@@ -15,13 +15,11 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
-#include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 #include <math/half.h>
 #include <math/vec3.h>
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
 
-using ::android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::IMapper;
 using ::android::renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using ::android::renderengine::ExternalTexture;
 using ::android::renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp
index bf42d88..11b995e 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp
@@ -312,7 +312,14 @@
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>>
 VtsComposerClient::getDisplayConfigurations(int64_t display) {
     std::vector<DisplayConfiguration> outConfigs;
-    return {mComposerClient->getDisplayConfigurations(display, &outConfigs), outConfigs};
+    return {mComposerClient->getDisplayConfigurations(display, kMaxFrameIntervalNs, &outConfigs),
+            outConfigs};
+}
+
+ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::notifyExpectedPresent(int64_t display,
+                                                       ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime,
+                                                       int frameIntervalNs) {
+    return mComposerClient->notifyExpectedPresent(display, expectedPresentTime, frameIntervalNs);
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayVsyncPeriod(int64_t display) {
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h
index 1add23c..20dc733 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h
@@ -145,6 +145,10 @@
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>> getDisplayConfigurations(
             int64_t display);
 
+    ScopedAStatus notifyExpectedPresent(int64_t display,
+                                        ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime,
+                                        int frameIntervalNs);
+
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> getDisplayVsyncPeriod(int64_t display);
 
     ScopedAStatus setAutoLowLatencyMode(int64_t display, bool isEnabled);
@@ -192,6 +196,8 @@
 
     std::vector<RefreshRateChangedDebugData> takeListOfRefreshRateChangedDebugData();
 
+    static constexpr int32_t kMaxFrameIntervalNs = 50000000;  // 20fps
+
   private:
     void addDisplayConfigs(VtsDisplay*, const std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>&);
     ScopedAStatus addDisplayConfigLegacy(VtsDisplay*, int32_t config);
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
index b047220..269abd1 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -129,33 +129,20 @@
         return {false, graphicBuffer};
     }
 
-    uint64_t getStableDisplayId(int64_t display) {
-        const auto& [status, identification] =
-                mComposerClient->getDisplayIdentificationData(display);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-
-        if (const auto info = ::android::parseDisplayIdentificationData(
-                    static_cast<uint8_t>(identification.port), identification.data)) {
-            return info->id.value;
-        }
-
-        return ::android::PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(static_cast<uint8_t>(identification.port))
-                .value;
-    }
-
     // Gets the per-display XML config
     std::unique_ptr<tinyxml2::XMLDocument> getDisplayConfigXml(int64_t display) {
-        std::stringstream pathBuilder;
-        pathBuilder << "/vendor/etc/displayconfig/display_id_" << getStableDisplayId(display)
-                    << ".xml";
-        const std::string path = pathBuilder.str();
-        auto document = std::make_unique<tinyxml2::XMLDocument>();
-        const tinyxml2::XMLError error = document->LoadFile(path.c_str());
-        if (error == tinyxml2::XML_SUCCESS) {
+
+        if (auto document = getDisplayConfigXmlByStableId(getStableDisplayId(display));
+                document != nullptr) {
             return document;
-        } else {
-            return nullptr;
         }
+
+        // Fallback to looking up a per-port config if no config exists for the full ID
+        if (auto document = getDisplayConfigXmlByPort(getPort(display)); document != nullptr) {
+            return document;
+        }
+
+        return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Gets the max display brightness for this display.
@@ -256,6 +243,53 @@
             }
         }
     }
+
+    uint8_t getPort(int64_t display) {
+        const auto& [status, identification] =
+                mComposerClient->getDisplayIdentificationData(display);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+        return static_cast<uint8_t>(identification.port);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t getStableDisplayId(int64_t display) {
+        const auto& [status, identification] =
+                mComposerClient->getDisplayIdentificationData(display);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+
+        if (const auto info = ::android::parseDisplayIdentificationData(
+                    static_cast<uint8_t>(identification.port), identification.data)) {
+            return info->id.value;
+        }
+
+        return ::android::PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(static_cast<uint8_t>(identification.port))
+                .value;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<tinyxml2::XMLDocument> loadXml(const std::string& path) {
+        auto document = std::make_unique<tinyxml2::XMLDocument>();
+        const tinyxml2::XMLError error = document->LoadFile(path.c_str());
+        if (error != tinyxml2::XML_SUCCESS) {
+            ALOGD("%s: Failed to load config file: %s", __func__, path.c_str());
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+
+        ALOGD("%s: Successfully loaded config file: %s", __func__, path.c_str());
+        return document;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<tinyxml2::XMLDocument> getDisplayConfigXmlByPort(uint8_t port) {
+        std::stringstream pathBuilder;
+        pathBuilder << "/vendor/etc/displayconfig/display_port_" << static_cast<uint32_t>(port)
+                    << ".xml";
+        return loadXml(pathBuilder.str());
+    }
+
+    std::unique_ptr<tinyxml2::XMLDocument> getDisplayConfigXmlByStableId(uint64_t stableId) {
+        std::stringstream pathBuilder;
+        pathBuilder << "/vendor/etc/displayconfig/display_id_" << stableId
+                    << ".xml";
+       return loadXml(pathBuilder.str());
+    }
 };
 
 class GraphicsCompositionTest : public GraphicsCompositionTestBase,
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
index d559213..90944d5 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -1234,6 +1234,43 @@
                 EXPECT_NE(-1, displayConfig.dpi->x);
                 EXPECT_NE(-1, displayConfig.dpi->y);
             }
+            if (displayConfig.vrrConfig) {
+                const auto& vrrConfig = *displayConfig.vrrConfig;
+                EXPECT_GE(vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs, displayConfig.vsyncPeriod);
+
+                const auto verifyFrameIntervalIsDivisorOfVsync = [&](int32_t frameIntervalNs) {
+                    constexpr auto kThreshold = 0.05f;  // 5%
+                    const auto ratio =
+                            static_cast<float>(frameIntervalNs) / displayConfig.vsyncPeriod;
+                    return ratio - std::round(ratio) <= kThreshold;
+                };
+
+                EXPECT_TRUE(verifyFrameIntervalIsDivisorOfVsync(vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs));
+
+                if (vrrConfig.frameIntervalPowerHints) {
+                    const auto& frameIntervalPowerHints = *vrrConfig.frameIntervalPowerHints;
+                    EXPECT_FALSE(frameIntervalPowerHints.empty());
+
+                    const auto minFrameInterval = *min_element(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
+                                                               frameIntervalPowerHints.cend());
+                    EXPECT_LE(minFrameInterval->frameIntervalNs,
+                              VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
+
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(std::all_of(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
+                                            frameIntervalPowerHints.cend(),
+                                            [&](const auto& frameIntervalPowerHint) {
+                                                return verifyFrameIntervalIsDivisorOfVsync(
+                                                        frameIntervalPowerHint->frameIntervalNs);
+                                            }));
+                }
+
+                if (vrrConfig.notifyExpectedPresentConfig) {
+                    const auto& notifyExpectedPresentConfig =
+                            *vrrConfig.notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
+                    EXPECT_GT(0, notifyExpectedPresentConfig.notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs);
+                    EXPECT_GE(0, notifyExpectedPresentConfig.notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1312,6 +1349,17 @@
     }
 }
 
+// TODO(b/291792736) Add detailed VTS test cases for NotifyExpectedPresent
+TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlV3Test, NotifyExpectedPresent) {
+    for (const auto& display : mDisplays) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient
+                            ->notifyExpectedPresent(display.getDisplayId(),
+                                                    ClockMonotonicTimestamp{0},
+                                                    std::chrono::nanoseconds{8ms}.count())
+                            .isOk());
+    }
+}
+
 // Tests for Command.
 class GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest : public GraphicsComposerAidlTest {
   protected:
diff --git a/health/utils/libhealthloop/include/health/HealthLoop.h b/health/utils/libhealthloop/include/health/HealthLoop.h
index 54b2740..fc3066e 100644
--- a/health/utils/libhealthloop/include/health/HealthLoop.h
+++ b/health/utils/libhealthloop/include/health/HealthLoop.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 #pragma once
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index e25249b..4a0be56 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
         <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="300000" /> <!-- 5 min -->
         <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_2TargetTest" />
     </test>
 </configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index 44b7419..a2cd791 100644
--- a/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.3/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
         <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="300000" /> <!-- 5 min -->
         <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_3TargetTest" />
     </test>
 </configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
index d0843e6..54051ed 100644
--- a/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/radio/1.4/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
         <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="300000" /> <!-- 5 min -->
         <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_4TargetTest" />
     </test>
 </configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3617c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="token" value="SIM_CARD" />
+
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="300000" /> <!-- 5 min -->
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/radio/1.6/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/radio/1.6/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3ecdb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.6/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalRadioV1_6TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="token" value="SIM_CARD" />
+
+    <!-- TODO: b/154638140, b/152655658: bad interactions -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.MultiSimPreparer" />
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalRadioV1_6TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalRadioV1_6TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="300000" /> <!-- 5 min -->
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalRadioV1_6TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/security/rkp/README.md b/security/rkp/README.md
index f8e1d5e..8cd1582 100644
--- a/security/rkp/README.md
+++ b/security/rkp/README.md
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 * Degenerate DICE (Phase 1): A TEE root of trust key pair is used to sign
   certificate requests; a single self-signed certificate signifies this phase.
 * DICE (Phase 2): A hardware root of trust key pair is only accessible to ROM
-  code; the boot process follows the [Android Profile for
+  or ROM extension code; the boot process follows the [Android Profile for
   DICE](#android-profile-for-dice).
 * SoC vendor certified DICE (Phase 3): This is identical to Phase 2, except the
   SoC vendor also does the UDS\_pub extraction or certification in their
diff --git a/sensors/aidl/default/Sensor.cpp b/sensors/aidl/default/Sensor.cpp
index 3bdd8b6..ca3eb14 100644
--- a/sensors/aidl/default/Sensor.cpp
+++ b/sensors/aidl/default/Sensor.cpp
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
     mSensorInfo.fifoReservedEventCount = 0;
     mSensorInfo.fifoMaxEventCount = 0;
     mSensorInfo.requiredPermission = "";
-    mSensorInfo.flags = 0;
+    mSensorInfo.flags = static_cast<uint32_t>(SensorInfo::SENSOR_FLAG_BITS_DATA_INJECTION);
 };
 
 void MagnetometerSensor::readEventPayload(EventPayload& payload) {
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
     mSensorInfo.fifoReservedEventCount = 0;
     mSensorInfo.fifoMaxEventCount = 0;
     mSensorInfo.requiredPermission = "";
-    mSensorInfo.flags = 0;
+    mSensorInfo.flags = static_cast<uint32_t>(SensorInfo::SENSOR_FLAG_BITS_DATA_INJECTION);
 };
 
 void GyroSensor::readEventPayload(EventPayload& payload) {
diff --git a/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp b/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
index 618acbb..456aee7 100644
--- a/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalSensorsTargetTest.cpp
@@ -921,9 +921,15 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        // Skip sensors with no events
+        const std::vector<Event> events = callback.getEvents(sensor.sensorHandle);
+        if (events.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         // Ensure that the first event received is not stale by ensuring that its timestamp is
         // sufficiently different from the previous event
-        const Event newEvent = callback.getEvents(sensor.sensorHandle).front();
+        const Event newEvent = events.front();
         std::chrono::milliseconds delta =
                 duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(std::chrono::nanoseconds(
                         newEvent.timestamp - lastEventTimestampMap[sensor.sensorHandle]));
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h b/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
index aa6e881..b381580 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/2_X/VtsHalSensorsV2_XTargetTest.h
@@ -806,9 +806,15 @@
             continue;
         }
 
+        // Skip sensors with no events
+        const std::vector<EventType> events = callback.getEvents(sensor.sensorHandle);
+        if (events.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
         // Ensure that the first event received is not stale by ensuring that its timestamp is
         // sufficiently different from the previous event
-        const EventType newEvent = callback.getEvents(sensor.sensorHandle).front();
+        const EventType newEvent = events.front();
         milliseconds delta = duration_cast<milliseconds>(
                 nanoseconds(newEvent.timestamp - lastEventTimestampMap[sensor.sensorHandle]));
         milliseconds sensorMinDelay = duration_cast<milliseconds>(microseconds(sensor.minDelay));
diff --git a/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 049ec73..00943fd 100644
--- a/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/vr/1.0/IVr.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <hardware/vr.h>
 #include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
diff --git a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index cc1d284..0000000
--- a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-package {
-    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
-    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
-    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
-    // to get the below license kinds:
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    default_applicable_licenses: ["hardware_interfaces_license"],
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest",
-    defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
-    srcs: ["VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp"],
-    static_libs: ["android.hardware.weaver@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts"],
-}
diff --git a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 66465a9..0000000
--- a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <android/hardware/weaver/1.0/IWeaver.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
-#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
-
-#include <limits>
-
-using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::IWeaver;
-using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverConfig;
-using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverReadStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverReadResponse;
-using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::sp;
-
-const std::vector<uint8_t> KEY{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> WRONG_KEY{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> VALUE{16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> OTHER_VALUE{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 255, 255};
-
-struct WeaverHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
-    virtual void SetUp() override {
-        weaver = IWeaver::getService(GetParam());
-        ASSERT_NE(weaver, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    virtual void TearDown() override {}
-
-    sp<IWeaver> weaver;
-};
-
-/*
- * Checks config values are suitably large
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, GetConfig) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    auto ret = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        callbackCalled = true;
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    EXPECT_GE(config.slots, 16u);
-    EXPECT_GE(config.keySize, 16u);
-    EXPECT_GE(config.valueSize, 16u);
-}
-
-/*
- * Gets the config twice and checks they are the same
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, GettingConfigMultipleTimesGivesSameResult) {
-    WeaverConfig config1;
-    WeaverConfig config2;
-
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    auto ret = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        callbackCalled = true;
-        status = s;
-        config1 = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    callbackCalled = false;
-    ret = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        callbackCalled = true;
-        status = s;
-        config2 = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(config1, config2);
-}
-
-/*
- * Gets the number of slots from the config and writes a key and value to the last one
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WriteToLastSlot) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    const uint32_t lastSlot = config.slots - 1;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(lastSlot, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(writeRet, WeaverStatus::OK);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Reads the slot with the same key and receives the value that was previously written
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WriteFollowedByReadGivesTheSameValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto ret = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(ret, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    const auto readRet = weaver->read(slotId, KEY, [&](WeaverReadStatus s, WeaverReadResponse r) {
-        callbackCalled = true;
-        status = s;
-        readValue = r.value;
-        timeout = r.timeout;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
-    EXPECT_EQ(readValue, VALUE);
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Overwrites the slot with a new key and value
- * Reads the slot with the new key and receives the new value
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, OverwritingSlotUpdatesTheValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto initialWriteRet = weaver->write(slotId, WRONG_KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(initialWriteRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(initialWriteRet, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    const auto overwriteRet = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, OTHER_VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(overwriteRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(overwriteRet, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    const auto readRet = weaver->read(slotId, KEY, [&](WeaverReadStatus s, WeaverReadResponse r) {
-        callbackCalled = true;
-        status = s;
-        readValue = r.value;
-        timeout = r.timeout;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
-    EXPECT_EQ(readValue, OTHER_VALUE);
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Reads the slot with a different key so does not receive the value
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WriteFollowedByReadWithWrongKeyDoesNotGiveTheValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto ret = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(ret, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(slotId, WRONG_KEY, [&](WeaverReadStatus s, WeaverReadResponse r) {
-            callbackCalled = true;
-            status = s;
-            readValue = r.value;
-        });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::INCORRECT_KEY);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing to an invalid slot fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WritingToInvalidSlotFails) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    if (config.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(config.slots, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(writeRet, WeaverStatus::FAILED);
-}
-
-/*
- * Reading from an invalid slot fails rather than incorrect key
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, ReadingFromInvalidSlotFails) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    if (config.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
-        return;
-    }
-
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    WeaverReadStatus readStatus;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(config.slots, KEY, [&](WeaverReadStatus s, WeaverReadResponse r) {
-            callbackCalled = true;
-            readStatus = s;
-            readValue = r.value;
-            timeout = r.timeout;
-        });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(readStatus, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing a key that is too large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WriteWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config.keySize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(slotId, bigKey, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(writeRet, WeaverStatus::FAILED);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing a value that is too large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, WriteWithTooLargeValueFails) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigValue(config.valueSize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, bigValue);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(writeRet, WeaverStatus::FAILED);
-}
-
-/*
- * Reading with a key that is loo large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverHidlTest, ReadWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
-    WeaverStatus status;
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig([&](WeaverStatus s, WeaverConfig c) {
-        status = s;
-        config = c;
-    });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, WeaverStatus::OK);
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config.keySize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    bool callbackCalled = false;
-    WeaverReadStatus readStatus;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(slotId, bigKey, [&](WeaverReadStatus s, WeaverReadResponse r) {
-            callbackCalled = true;
-            readStatus = s;
-            readValue = r.value;
-            timeout = r.timeout;
-        });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(callbackCalled);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(readStatus, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-}
-
-GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(WeaverHidlTest);
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        PerInstance, WeaverHidlTest,
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IWeaver::descriptor)),
-        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/weaver/aidl/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp b/weaver/aidl/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f016515..0000000
--- a/weaver/aidl/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,287 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
-#include <aidl/Vintf.h>
-
-#include <aidl/android/hardware/weaver/IWeaver.h>
-#include <android/binder_manager.h>
-#include <android/binder_process.h>
-
-#include <limits>
-
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::IWeaver;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverConfig;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverReadResponse;
-using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverReadStatus;
-
-using ::ndk::SpAIBinder;
-
-const std::vector<uint8_t> KEY{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> WRONG_KEY{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> VALUE{16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
-const std::vector<uint8_t> OTHER_VALUE{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 255, 255};
-
-struct WeaverAidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
-    virtual void SetUp() override {
-        weaver = IWeaver::fromBinder(
-            SpAIBinder(AServiceManager_waitForService(GetParam().c_str())));
-        ASSERT_NE(weaver, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    virtual void TearDown() override {}
-
-    std::shared_ptr<IWeaver> weaver;
-};
-
-/*
- * Checks config values are suitably large
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, GetConfig) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-
-    auto ret = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_GE(config.slots, 16u);
-    EXPECT_GE(config.keySize, 16u);
-    EXPECT_GE(config.valueSize, 16u);
-}
-
-/*
- * Gets the config twice and checks they are the same
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, GettingConfigMultipleTimesGivesSameResult) {
-    WeaverConfig config1;
-    WeaverConfig config2;
-
-    auto ret = weaver->getConfig(&config1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-
-    ret = weaver->getConfig(&config2);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(config1, config2);
-}
-
-/*
- * Gets the number of slots from the config and writes a key and value to the last one
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WriteToLastSlot) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    const uint32_t lastSlot = config.slots - 1;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(lastSlot, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Reads the slot with the same key and receives the value that was previously written
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WriteFollowedByReadGivesTheSameValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto ret = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-
-    WeaverReadResponse response;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    const auto readRet = weaver->read(slotId, KEY, &response);
-
-    readValue = response.value;
-    timeout = response.timeout;
-    status = response.status;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(readValue, VALUE);
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-    EXPECT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Overwrites the slot with a new key and value
- * Reads the slot with the new key and receives the new value
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, OverwritingSlotUpdatesTheValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto initialWriteRet = weaver->write(slotId, WRONG_KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(initialWriteRet.isOk());
-
-    const auto overwriteRet = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, OTHER_VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(overwriteRet.isOk());
-
-    WeaverReadResponse response;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    const auto readRet = weaver->read(slotId, KEY, &response);
-
-    readValue = response.value;
-    timeout = response.timeout;
-    status = response.status;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(readValue, OTHER_VALUE);
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-    EXPECT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writes a key and value to a slot
- * Reads the slot with a different key so does not receive the value
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WriteFollowedByReadWithWrongKeyDoesNotGiveTheValue) {
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto ret = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-
-    WeaverReadResponse response;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(slotId, WRONG_KEY, &response);
-
-    readValue = response.value;
-    status = response.status;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::INCORRECT_KEY);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing to an invalid slot fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WritingToInvalidSlotFails) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    if (config.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(config.slots, KEY, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
-}
-
-/*
- * Reading from an invalid slot fails rather than incorrect key
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, ReadingFromInvalidSlotFails) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    if (config.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
-        return;
-    }
-
-    WeaverReadResponse response;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(config.slots, KEY, &response);
-
-    readValue = response.value;
-    timeout = response.timeout;
-    status = response.status;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-    EXPECT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing a key that is too large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WriteWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config.keySize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(slotId, bigKey, VALUE);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
-}
-
-/*
- * Writing a value that is too large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, WriteWithTooLargeValueFails) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigValue(config.valueSize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    const auto writeRet = weaver->write(slotId, KEY, bigValue);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
-}
-
-/*
- * Reading with a key that is loo large fails
- */
-TEST_P(WeaverAidlTest, ReadWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
-    WeaverConfig config;
-    const auto configRet = weaver->getConfig(&config);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(configRet.isOk());
-
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config.keySize + 1);
-
-    constexpr uint32_t slotId = 0;
-    WeaverReadResponse response;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> readValue;
-    uint32_t timeout;
-    WeaverReadStatus status;
-    const auto readRet =
-        weaver->read(slotId, bigKey, &response);
-
-    readValue = response.value;
-    timeout = response.timeout;
-    status = response.status;
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
-    EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
-    EXPECT_EQ(status, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
-}
-
-GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(WeaverAidlTest);
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        PerInstance, WeaverAidlTest,
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IWeaver::descriptor)),
-        android::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(1);
-    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
-    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-}
diff --git a/weaver/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/weaver/vts/Android.bp
similarity index 92%
rename from weaver/aidl/vts/Android.bp
rename to weaver/vts/Android.bp
index 557fe47..ee03b28 100644
--- a/weaver/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/weaver/vts/Android.bp
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libbase",
     ],
-    static_libs: ["android.hardware.weaver-V2-ndk"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.weaver-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.weaver@1.0",
+    ],
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
         "vts",
diff --git a/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp b/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..754d467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/weaver/vts/VtsHalWeaverTargetTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <aidl/Gtest.h>
+#include <aidl/Vintf.h>
+
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/weaver/IWeaver.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <android/hardware/weaver/1.0/IWeaver.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+
+#include <limits>
+
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::IWeaver;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverConfig;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverReadResponse;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::weaver::WeaverReadStatus;
+
+using HidlIWeaver = ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::IWeaver;
+using HidlWeaverConfig = ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverConfig;
+using HidlWeaverReadStatus = ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverReadStatus;
+using HidlWeaverReadResponse = ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverReadResponse;
+using HidlWeaverStatus = ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverStatus;
+
+const std::string kSlotMapFile = "/metadata/password_slots/slot_map";
+const std::vector<uint8_t> KEY{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16};
+const std::vector<uint8_t> WRONG_KEY{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+const std::vector<uint8_t> VALUE{16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
+const std::vector<uint8_t> OTHER_VALUE{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 255, 255};
+
+class WeaverAdapter {
+  public:
+    virtual ~WeaverAdapter() {}
+    virtual bool isReady() = 0;
+    virtual ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getConfig(WeaverConfig* _aidl_return) = 0;
+    virtual ::ndk::ScopedAStatus read(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                                      WeaverReadResponse* _aidl_return) = 0;
+    virtual ::ndk::ScopedAStatus write(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                                       const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_value) = 0;
+};
+
+class WeaverAidlAdapter : public WeaverAdapter {
+  public:
+    WeaverAidlAdapter(const std::string& param)
+        : aidl_weaver_(IWeaver::fromBinder(
+                  ::ndk::SpAIBinder(AServiceManager_waitForService(param.c_str())))) {}
+    ~WeaverAidlAdapter() {}
+
+    bool isReady() { return aidl_weaver_ != nullptr; }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getConfig(WeaverConfig* _aidl_return) {
+        return aidl_weaver_->getConfig(_aidl_return);
+    }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus read(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                              WeaverReadResponse* _aidl_return) {
+        return aidl_weaver_->read(in_slotId, in_key, _aidl_return);
+    }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus write(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                               const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_value) {
+        return aidl_weaver_->write(in_slotId, in_key, in_value);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<IWeaver> aidl_weaver_;
+};
+
+class WeaverHidlAdapter : public WeaverAdapter {
+  public:
+    WeaverHidlAdapter(const std::string& param) : hidl_weaver_(HidlIWeaver::getService(param)) {}
+    ~WeaverHidlAdapter() {}
+
+    bool isReady() { return hidl_weaver_ != nullptr; }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getConfig(WeaverConfig* _aidl_return) {
+        bool callbackCalled = false;
+        HidlWeaverStatus status;
+        HidlWeaverConfig config;
+        auto ret = hidl_weaver_->getConfig([&](HidlWeaverStatus s, HidlWeaverConfig c) {
+            callbackCalled = true;
+            status = s;
+            config = c;
+        });
+        if (!ret.isOk() || !callbackCalled || status != HidlWeaverStatus::OK) {
+            return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromStatus(STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+        }
+        _aidl_return->slots = config.slots;
+        _aidl_return->keySize = config.keySize;
+        _aidl_return->valueSize = config.valueSize;
+        return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus read(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                              WeaverReadResponse* _aidl_return) {
+        bool callbackCalled = false;
+        HidlWeaverReadStatus status;
+        std::vector<uint8_t> value;
+        uint32_t timeout;
+        auto ret = hidl_weaver_->read(in_slotId, in_key,
+                                      [&](HidlWeaverReadStatus s, HidlWeaverReadResponse r) {
+                                          callbackCalled = true;
+                                          status = s;
+                                          value = r.value;
+                                          timeout = r.timeout;
+                                      });
+        if (!ret.isOk() || !callbackCalled) {
+            return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromStatus(STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+        }
+        switch (status) {
+            case HidlWeaverReadStatus::OK:
+                _aidl_return->status = WeaverReadStatus::OK;
+                break;
+            case HidlWeaverReadStatus::FAILED:
+                _aidl_return->status = WeaverReadStatus::FAILED;
+                break;
+            case HidlWeaverReadStatus::INCORRECT_KEY:
+                _aidl_return->status = WeaverReadStatus::INCORRECT_KEY;
+                break;
+            case HidlWeaverReadStatus::THROTTLE:
+                _aidl_return->status = WeaverReadStatus::THROTTLE;
+                break;
+            default:
+                ADD_FAILURE() << "Unknown HIDL read status: " << static_cast<uint32_t>(status);
+                _aidl_return->status = WeaverReadStatus::FAILED;
+                break;
+        }
+        _aidl_return->value = value;
+        _aidl_return->timeout = timeout;
+        return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus write(int32_t in_slotId, const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_key,
+                               const std::vector<uint8_t>& in_value) {
+        auto status = hidl_weaver_->write(in_slotId, in_key, in_value);
+        switch (status) {
+            case HidlWeaverStatus::OK:
+                return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+            case HidlWeaverStatus::FAILED:
+                return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromStatus(STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+            default:
+                ADD_FAILURE() << "Unknown HIDL write status: " << status.description();
+                return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromStatus(STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+        }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    android::sp<HidlIWeaver> hidl_weaver_;
+};
+
+class WeaverTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override;
+    void TearDown() override {}
+    void FindFreeSlots();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<WeaverAdapter> weaver_;
+    WeaverConfig config_;
+    uint32_t first_free_slot_;
+    uint32_t last_free_slot_;
+};
+
+void WeaverTest::SetUp() {
+    std::string api, instance_name;
+    std::tie(api, instance_name) = GetParam();
+    if (api == "hidl") {
+        weaver_.reset(new WeaverHidlAdapter(instance_name));
+    } else if (api == "aidl") {
+        weaver_.reset(new WeaverAidlAdapter(instance_name));
+    } else {
+        FAIL() << "Bad test parameterization";
+    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(weaver_->isReady());
+
+    auto ret = weaver_->getConfig(&config_);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+    ASSERT_GT(config_.slots, 0);
+    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "WeaverConfig: slots=" << config_.slots << ", keySize=" << config_.keySize
+                     << ", valueSize=" << config_.valueSize;
+
+    FindFreeSlots();
+    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "First free slot is " << first_free_slot_ << ", last free slot is "
+                     << last_free_slot_;
+}
+
+void WeaverTest::FindFreeSlots() {
+    // Determine which Weaver slots are in use by the system. These slots can't be used by the test.
+    std::set<uint32_t> used_slots;
+    if (access(kSlotMapFile.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+        std::string contents;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(kSlotMapFile, &contents))
+                << "Failed to read " << kSlotMapFile;
+        for (const auto& line : android::base::Split(contents, "\n")) {
+            auto trimmed_line = android::base::Trim(line);
+            if (trimmed_line[0] == '#' || trimmed_line[0] == '\0') continue;
+            auto slot_and_user = android::base::Split(trimmed_line, "=");
+            uint32_t slot;
+            ASSERT_TRUE(slot_and_user.size() == 2 &&
+                        android::base::ParseUint(slot_and_user[0], &slot))
+                    << "Error parsing " << kSlotMapFile << " at \"" << line << "\"";
+            GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Slot " << slot << " is in use by " << slot_and_user[1];
+            ASSERT_LT(slot, config_.slots);
+            used_slots.insert(slot);
+        }
+    }
+    // Starting in Android 14, the system will always use at least one Weaver slot if Weaver is
+    // supported at all.  Make sure we saw at least one.
+    // TODO: uncomment after Android 14 is merged into AOSP
+    // ASSERT_FALSE(used_slots.empty())
+    //<< "Could not determine which Weaver slots are in use by the system";
+
+    // Find the first free slot.
+    int found = 0;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < config_.slots; i++) {
+        if (used_slots.find(i) == used_slots.end()) {
+            first_free_slot_ = i;
+            found++;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    // Find the last free slot.
+    for (uint32_t i = config_.slots; i > 0; i--) {
+        if (used_slots.find(i - 1) == used_slots.end()) {
+            last_free_slot_ = i - 1;
+            found++;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(found, 2) << "All Weaver slots are already in use by the system";
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks config values are suitably large
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, GetConfig) {
+    EXPECT_GE(config_.slots, 16u);
+    EXPECT_GE(config_.keySize, 16u);
+    EXPECT_GE(config_.valueSize, 16u);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Gets the config twice and checks they are the same
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, GettingConfigMultipleTimesGivesSameResult) {
+    WeaverConfig config2;
+
+    auto ret = weaver_->getConfig(&config2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(config_, config2);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writes a key and value to the last free slot
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WriteToLastSlot) {
+    const auto writeRet = weaver_->write(last_free_slot_, KEY, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writes a key and value to a slot
+ * Reads the slot with the same key and receives the value that was previously written
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WriteFollowedByReadGivesTheSameValue) {
+    const uint32_t slotId = first_free_slot_;
+    const auto ret = weaver_->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+
+    WeaverReadResponse response;
+    const auto readRet = weaver_->read(slotId, KEY, &response);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.value, VALUE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.timeout, 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writes a key and value to a slot
+ * Overwrites the slot with a new key and value
+ * Reads the slot with the new key and receives the new value
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, OverwritingSlotUpdatesTheValue) {
+    const uint32_t slotId = first_free_slot_;
+    const auto initialWriteRet = weaver_->write(slotId, WRONG_KEY, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(initialWriteRet.isOk());
+
+    const auto overwriteRet = weaver_->write(slotId, KEY, OTHER_VALUE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(overwriteRet.isOk());
+
+    WeaverReadResponse response;
+    const auto readRet = weaver_->read(slotId, KEY, &response);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.value, OTHER_VALUE);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.timeout, 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.status, WeaverReadStatus::OK);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writes a key and value to a slot
+ * Reads the slot with a different key so does not receive the value
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WriteFollowedByReadWithWrongKeyDoesNotGiveTheValue) {
+    const uint32_t slotId = first_free_slot_;
+    const auto writeRet = weaver_->write(slotId, KEY, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(writeRet.isOk());
+
+    WeaverReadResponse response;
+    const auto readRet = weaver_->read(slotId, WRONG_KEY, &response);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(response.value.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.status, WeaverReadStatus::INCORRECT_KEY);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writing to an invalid slot fails
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WritingToInvalidSlotFails) {
+    if (config_.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto writeRet = weaver_->write(config_.slots, KEY, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reading from an invalid slot fails rather than incorrect key
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, ReadingFromInvalidSlotFails) {
+    if (config_.slots == std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+        // If there are no invalid slots then pass
+        return;
+    }
+
+    WeaverReadResponse response;
+    const auto readRet = weaver_->read(config_.slots, KEY, &response);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(response.value.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.timeout, 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.status, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writing a key that is too large fails
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WriteWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config_.keySize + 1);
+
+    const auto writeRet = weaver_->write(first_free_slot_, bigKey, VALUE);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Writing a value that is too large fails
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, WriteWithTooLargeValueFails) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bigValue(config_.valueSize + 1);
+
+    const auto writeRet = weaver_->write(first_free_slot_, KEY, bigValue);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(writeRet.isOk());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reading with a key that is too large fails
+ */
+TEST_P(WeaverTest, ReadWithTooLargeKeyFails) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bigKey(config_.keySize + 1);
+
+    WeaverReadResponse response;
+    const auto readRet = weaver_->read(first_free_slot_, bigKey, &response);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(readRet.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(response.value.empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.timeout, 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(response.status, WeaverReadStatus::FAILED);
+}
+
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(WeaverTest);
+
+// Instantiate the test for each HIDL Weaver service.
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerHidlInstance, WeaverTest,
+        testing::Combine(testing::Values("hidl"),
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 HidlIWeaver::descriptor))),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>>& info) {
+            return android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString(
+                    testing::TestParamInfo<std::string>{std::get<1>(info.param), info.index});
+        });
+
+// Instantiate the test for each AIDL Weaver service.
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerAidlInstance, WeaverTest,
+        testing::Combine(testing::Values("aidl"),
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IWeaver::descriptor))),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>>& info) {
+            // This name_generator makes the instance name be included in the test case names, e.g.
+            // "PerAidlInstance/WeaverTest#GetConfig/0_android_hardware_weaver_IWeaver_default"
+            // instead of "PerAidlInstance/WeaverTest#GetConfig/0".
+            return android::PrintInstanceNameToString(
+                    testing::TestParamInfo<std::string>{std::get<1>(info.param), info.index});
+        });
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(1);
+    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}