diff --git a/configstore/utils/Android.bp b/configstore/utils/Android.bp
index 93e52f1..0d626a5 100644
--- a/configstore/utils/Android.bp
+++ b/configstore/utils/Android.bp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
     vndk: {
         enabled: true,
     },
+    double_loadable: true,
     defaults: ["hidl_defaults"],
 
     srcs: [ "ConfigStoreUtils.cpp" ],
diff --git a/current.txt b/current.txt
index 990afcd..fe76327 100644
--- a/current.txt
+++ b/current.txt
@@ -238,10 +238,16 @@
 619600109232ed64b827c8a11beed8070b1827ae464547d7aa146cf0473b4bca android.hardware.cas.native@1.0::IDescrambler
 0a159f81359cd4f71bbe00972ee8403ea79351fb7c0cd48be72ebb3e424dbaef android.hardware.radio@1.0::types
 09342041e17c429fce0034b9096d17849122111436a5f0053e7e59500e1cb89c android.hardware.media.omx@1.0::IOmxStore
-246a56d37d57a47224562c9d077b4a2886ce6242b9311bd98a17325944c280d7 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::types
 93eb3757ceaf21590fa4cd1d4a7dfe3b3794af5396100a6d25630879352abce9 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IDevice
 f66f9a38541bf92001d3adcce678cd7e3da2262124befb460b1c9aea9492813b android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IExecutionCallback
 953607822954435874f4b81686440a604e2a88cdd2d9164c6293f3d5772510d7 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IPreparedModel
 73e03573494ba96f0e711ab7f1956c5b2d54c3da690cd7ecf4d6d0f287447730 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IPreparedModelCallback
+246a56d37d57a47224562c9d077b4a2886ce6242b9311bd98a17325944c280d7 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::types
 f4945e397b5dea41bb64518dfde59be71245d8a125fd1e0acffeb57ac7b08fed android.hardware.thermal@1.1::IThermal
 c8bc853546dd55584611def2a9fa1d99f657e3366c976d2f60fe6b8aa6d2cb87 android.hardware.thermal@1.1::IThermalCallback
+
+# Future changes to HALs
+5804ca86611d72e5481f022b3a0c1b334217f2e4988dad25730c42af2d1f4d1c android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IDevice
+12e8dca4ab7d8aadd0ef8f1b438021938e2396139e85db2ed65783b08800aa52 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::IExecutionCallback
+702f9a4cd3b7486a4b04f7155b737757ac2ca4b3548976d5782ad3cae9ff9780 android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0::types
+
diff --git a/health/2.0/README b/health/2.0/README
index 49b2b1e..7381cc3 100644
--- a/health/2.0/README
+++ b/health/2.0/README
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Upgrading from health@1.0 HAL
 
-0. Remove android.hardware.health@1.0* from PRDOUCT_PACKAGES
+0. Remove android.hardware.health@1.0* from PRODUCT_PACKAGES
    in device/<manufacturer>/<device>/device.mk
 
 1. If the device does not have a vendor-specific libhealthd AND does not
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/IDevice.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.0/IDevice.hal
index 49c2967..62fb2ba 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/IDevice.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/IDevice.hal
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     /**
      * Gets the supported operations in a model.
      *
-     * getSupportedSubgraph indicates which operations of a model are fully
+     * getSupportedOperations indicates which operations of a model are fully
      * supported by the vendor driver. If an operation may not be supported for
      * any reason, getSupportedOperations must return false for that operation.
      *
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.hal
index ef0f454..9c06166 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.hal
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
      * ErrorStatus resulting from the execution. If the asynchronous task
      * is not launched, notify must be invoked with the appropriate error.
      *
-     * @return param Error status returned from launching the asynchronous task
+     * @param status Error status returned from launching the asynchronous task
      *               (if the launch fails) or from the asynchronous task itself
      *               (if the launch succeeds). Must be:
      *               - NONE if the asynchronous execution was successful
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.hal
index 8779723..8c07fcc 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.hal
@@ -24,38 +24,40 @@
  * Types prefaced with TENSOR_* must be used for tensor data (i.e., tensors
  * with at least one dimension). Types not prefaced by TENSOR_* represent
  * scalar values and must have no dimensions.
+ *
+ * Although many types are defined, most operators accept just a few
+ * types. Most used are {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32},
+ * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM},
+ * and {@link OperandType::INT32}.
  */
 enum OperandType : int32_t {
-    /**
-     * The following entries are used to declare scalars.
-     */
+    /** A 32 bit floating point scalar value. */
     FLOAT32             = 0,
+    /** A signed 32 bit integer scalar value. */
     INT32               = 1,
+    /** An unsigned 32 bit integer scalar value. */
     UINT32              = 2,
 
-    /**
-     * The following entries are used to declare tensors.
-     */
+    /** A tensor of 32 bit floating point values. */
     TENSOR_FLOAT32      = 3,
+    /** A tensor of 32 bit integer values. */
     TENSOR_INT32        = 4,
-
-    /**
-     * A tensor of 8 bit integers that represent real numbers.
+    /** A tensor of 8 bit integers that represent real numbers.
      *
      * Attached to this tensor are two numbers that can be used to convert the
      * 8 bit integer to the real value and vice versa. These two numbers are:
-     * - scale: a 32 bit floating point value
-     * - zero_value: a 32 bit integer
+     * - scale: a 32 bit floating point value greater than zero.
+     * - zeroPoint: a 32 bit integer, in range [0, 255].
      *
      * The formula is:
-     * real_value = (integer_value - zero_value) * scale.
+     * real_value = (integer_value - zeroPoint) * scale.
      */
     TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM = 5,
 
-    /**
-     * The following entries are OEM specific operand types.
-     */
+    /** OEM specific scalar value. */
     OEM                 = 10000,
+
+    /** A tensor of OEM specific values. */
     TENSOR_OEM_BYTE     = 10001,
 };
 
@@ -66,9 +68,9 @@
  */
 enum OperationType : int32_t {
     /**
-     * Adds two tensors, elment-wise.
+     * Adds two tensors, element-wise.
      *
-     * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions.  The output
+     * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions. The output
      * is the sum of both input tensors, optionally modified by an activation function.
      *
      * Two dimensions are compatible when:
@@ -79,21 +81,25 @@
      * It starts with the trailing dimensions, and works its way forward.
      *
      * Example:
-     *     input1.dimension =    {4, 1, 2}
+     *
+     *     input1.dimension = {4, 1, 2}
      *     input2.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 1}
      *     output.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 2}
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor.
-     * 1: A tensor of the same type, and compatible dimensions as input0.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * * 0: A tensor.
+     * * 1: A tensor of the same type, and compatible dimensions as input0.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The sum, a tensor of the same type as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The sum, a tensor of the same type as input0.
      */
     ADD = 0,
 
@@ -102,29 +108,50 @@
      *
      * The output dimensions are functions of the filter dimensions, stride, and padding.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[batch, row, col, channel] =
      *         sum_{i, j}(input[batch, row + i, col + j, channel]) / sum(1)
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
-     * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
      *
-     * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
-     * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
-     * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" (i.e., Num_samples, Height, Width, and Channels)
+     * data layout.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
+     * Both explicit padding and implicit padding are supported.
+     *
+     * Inputs (explicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Inputs (implicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the implicit padding scheme, has to be one of the
+     *      following values: {0 (NONE), 1 (SAME), 2 (VALID)}.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
      */
     AVERAGE_POOL_2D = 1,
 
@@ -134,19 +161,21 @@
      * The input tensors must have identical type and the same dimensions except the
      * dimension along the concatenation axis.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0 ~ n: The list on n input tensors, of shape [D0, D1, ..., Daxis(i), ..., Dm]
-     * n+1: An INT32 value, specifying the concatenation axis.
-     * n+2: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * * 0 ~ n-1: The list of n input tensors, of shape [D0, D1, ..., Daxis(i), ..., Dm].
+     *            For inputs of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, all
+     *            input tensors must have the same scale and zeroPoint.
+     * * n: An INT32 value, specifying the concatenation axis.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output, a tensor of the same type as the input tensors.
-          The output shape is [D0, D1, ..., sum(Daxis(i)), ..., Dm].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output, a tensor of the same type as the input tensors.
+     *      The output shape is [D0, D1, ..., sum(Daxis(i)), ..., Dm].
      */
     CONCATENATION = 2,
 
@@ -158,7 +187,8 @@
      *
      * The output dimensions are functions of the filter dimensions, stride, and padding.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[batch, row, col, channel] =
      *         sum_{i, j} (
      *             input[batch, row + i, col + j, k] *
@@ -166,77 +196,135 @@
      *             bias[channel]
      *         )
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
-     * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
-     * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [depth_out, filter_height, filter_width, depth_in],
-     *    specifying the filter.
-     * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
-     *    also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
-     *    should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * Both explicit padding and implicit padding are supported.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth_out].
+     * Inputs (explicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [depth_out, filter_height, filter_width, depth_in],
+     *      specifying the filter.
+     * * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
+     *      also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
+     *      should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, with zeroPoint of 0 and
+     *      bias_scale == input_scale * filter_scale.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Inputs (implicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [depth_out, filter_height, filter_width, depth_in],
+     *      specifying the filter.
+     * * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
+     *      also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
+     *      should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, with zeroPoint of 0 and
+     *      bias_scale == input_scale * filter_scale.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the implicit padding scheme, has to be one of the
+     *      following values: {0 (NONE), 1 (SAME), 2 (VALID)}.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth_out].
+     *      For output tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the following
+     *      condition must be satisfied: output_scale > input_scale * filter_scale.
      */
     CONV_2D = 3,
 
     /**
-     * Performs an depthwise 2-D convolution operation.
+     * Performs a depthwise 2-D convolution operation.
      *
      * Given an input tensor of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in] and a filter
-     * tensor of shape [depth_out, filter_height, filter_width, depth_in] containing
-     * in_channels convolutional filters of depth 1, DEPTHWISE_CONV applies a different
+     * tensor of shape [1, filter_height, filter_width, depth_out] containing
+     * depth_out convolutional filters of depth 1, DEPTHWISE_CONV applies a different
      * filter to each input channel (expanding from 1 channel to channel_multiplier channels
      * for each), then concatenates the results together.
      *
      * The output has depth_out = depth_in * depth_multiplier channels.
      * The output dimensions are functions of the filter dimensions, stride, and padding.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[b, i, j, k * channel_multiplier + q] =
      *         sum_{di, dj} (
      *             input[b, strides[1] * i + di, strides[2] * j + dj, k] *
-     *             filter[di, dj, k, q]
+     *             filter[1, di, dj, k * channel_multiplier + q]
      *         )
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
-     * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
-     * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [1, filter_height, filter_width, depth_out],
-     *    specifying the filter.
-     * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
-     *    also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
-     *    should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 9: An INT32 value, specifying the depthwise multiplier.
-     * 10: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * Both explicit padding and implicit padding are supported.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth_out].
+     * Inputs (explicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [1, filter_height, filter_width, depth_out],
+     *      specifying the filter.
+     * * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
+     *      also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
+     *      should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, with zeroPoint of 0 and
+     *      bias_scale == input_scale * filter_scale.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 9: An INT32 value, specifying the depthwise multiplier.
+     * * 10: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *       Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Inputs (implicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: A 4-D tensor, of shape [1, filter_height, filter_width, depth_out],
+     *      specifying the filter.
+     * * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [depth_out], specifying the bias.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
+     *      also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
+     *      should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, with zeroPoint of 0 and
+     *      bias_scale == input_scale * filter_scale.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the implicit padding scheme, has to be one of the
+     *      following values: {0 (NONE), 1 (SAME), 2 (VALID)}.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the depthwise multiplier.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *       Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth_out].
+     *      For output tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the following
+     *      condition must be satisfied: output_scale > input_scale * filter_scale.
      */
     DEPTHWISE_CONV_2D = 4,
 
@@ -254,18 +342,20 @@
      * input_height * block_size.
      * The depth of the input tensor must be divisible by block_size * block_size
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the block_size. block_size must be >=1 and
-     *    block_size * block_size must be a divisor of the input depth.
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the block_size. block_size must be >=1 and
+     *      block_size * block_size must be a divisor of the input depth.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batch, height*block_size, width*block_size,
-     *    depth/(block_size*block_size)].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batch, height*block_size, width*block_size,
+     *      depth/(block_size*block_size)].
      */
     DEPTH_TO_SPACE = 5,
 
@@ -273,53 +363,69 @@
      * Dequantizes the input tensor.
      *
      * The formula is:
-     *     output = (input - zero_value) * scale.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *     output = (input - zeroPoint) * scale.
+     *
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor of type {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}.
+     * * 0: A tensor of type {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0, but with type
-          {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0, but with type
+     *      {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
      */
     DEQUANTIZE = 6,
 
     /**
-     * Looks up items from a given tensor.
+     * Looks up sub-tensors in the input tensor.
      *
-     * Each item in the output is a raw copy of the corresponding item in
-     * the input “values”. If the the given “lookup” indices are out of bounds,
-     * the op will fail and an error will be reported.
+     * This operator takes for input a tensor of values (Values) and
+     * a one-dimensional tensor of selection indices (Lookups).
+     * The output tensor is the concatenation of sub-tensors of Values as
+     * selected by Lookups.
+     *
+     * Think of Values as being sliced along its first dimension:
+     * The entries in Lookups select which slices are concatenated together
+     * to create the output tensor.
+     *
+     * For example, if Values has shape of [40, 200, 300] and
+     * Lookups has shape of [3], all three values found in Lookups are
+     * expected to be between 0 and 39. The resulting tensor must
+     * have shape of [3, 200, 300].
+     *
+     * If a value in Lookups is out of bounds, the operation must fail
+     * and an error must be reported.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * * 0: Values. An n-D tensor of any type X (where n >= 2). E.g., if n is 2,
-     *      then the shape would be [lookup_dimension, values_dimension], where
-     *      “lookup_dimension” corresponds to the indexing dimension in the lookup
-     *      table, and “values_dimension” to the contents.
-     * * 1: Lookups. An 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [lookup_size], where
-     *      “lookup_size” is the number of elements to look for, and each entry
-     *      corresponds to the first dimension of the “values” tensor.
+     * * 0: Lookups. A 1-D tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32} type.
+     *      The values are indices into the first dimension of Values.
+     * * 1: Values. An n-D tensor, where n >= 2, from which sub-tensors are
+     *      extracted.
      *
      * Output:
-     * * 0: A n-D tensor of type X and the same rank and shape as the “values”
-     *      tensor, except for the first dimension which has size “lookup_size”.
+     * * 0: A n-D tensor with the same rank and shape as the Values
+     *      tensor, except for the first dimension which has the same size
+     *      as Lookups' only dimension.
      */
     EMBEDDING_LOOKUP = 7,
 
     /**
      * Computes element-wise floor() on the input tensor.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor.
+     * * 0: A tensor.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output, a tensor of the same type and dimensions as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor, of the same type and dimensions as the input tensor.
      */
     FLOOR = 8,
 
@@ -328,66 +434,104 @@
      * tensor with each element in the output tensor.
      *
      * This layer implements the operation:
+     *
      *     outputs = activation(inputs * weights’ + bias)
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input. If rank is greater than 2, then it gets flattened to
-     *    a 2-D Tensor. The 2-D Tensor is handled as if dimensions corresponded to shape
-     *    [batch_size, input_size], where “batch_size” corresponds to the batching dimension,
-     *    and “input_size” is the size of the input.
-     * 1: A 2-D tensor, specifying the weights, of shape [num_units, input_size], where “num_units”
-     *    corresponds to the number of output nodes.
-     * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [num_units], specifying the bias.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
-     *    also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
-     *    For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
-     *    should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input. If rank is greater than 2, then it gets flattened to
+     *      a 2-D Tensor. The 2-D Tensor is handled as if dimensions corresponded to shape
+     *      [batch_size, input_size], where “batch_size” corresponds to the batching dimension,
+     *      and “input_size” is the size of the input.
+     * * 1: A 2-D tensor, specifying the weights, of shape [num_units, input_size], where
+     *      "num_units" corresponds to the number of output nodes.
+     * * 2: A 1-D tensor, of shape [num_units], specifying the bias.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32} type, the bias should
+     *      also be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}.
+     *      For input tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the bias
+     *      should be of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, with zeroPoint of 0 and
+     *      bias_scale == input_scale * filter_scale.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
+     *      For output tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the following
+     *      condition must be satisfied: output_scale > input_scale * filter_scale.
      */
     FULLY_CONNECTED = 9,
 
     /**
-     * Looks up values of a hash table with given keys.
+     * Looks up sub-tensors in the input tensor using a key-value map.
+     *
+     * This operator takes for input a tensor of values (Values),
+     * a one-dimensional tensor of selection values (Lookups) and
+     * a one-dimensional tensor that maps these values to Values
+     * indexes. The output tensor is the concatenation of sub-tensors of
+     * Values as selected by Lookups via Keys.
+     *
+     * Think of Values as being sliced along its outer-most dimension.
+     * The output is a concatenation of selected slices, with one slice
+     * for each entry of Lookups. The slice selected is the one at the
+     * same index as the Maps entry that matches the value in Lookups.
+     *
+     * For a hit, the corresponding sub-tensor of Values is included
+     * in the Output tensor. For a miss, the corresponding sub-tensor in
+     * Output must have zero values.
+     *
+     * For example, if Values has shape of [40, 200, 300],
+     * Keys should have a shape of [40]. If Lookups tensor has shape
+     * of [3], three slices are being concatenated, so the resulting tensor
+     * must have the shape of [3, 200, 300]. If the first entry in Lookups
+     * has the value 123456, that value must be located in Keys tensor.
+     * If the sixth entry of Keys contains 123456, the sixth slice of Values
+     * must be selected. If no entry in Keys has 123456, a slice of zeroes
+     * must be concatenated.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * * 0: Lookups. A 1-D int32 tensor with shape [ k ].
-     * * 1: Keys. A 1-D int32 tensor with shape [ n ], *MUST* be sorted in
-     *      ascending order.
-     * * 2: Values. A tensor with shape [ n … ].
+     * * 0: Lookups. A 1-D {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32} tensor with shape [ k ].
+     * * 1: Keys. A 1-D {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32} tensor with shape [ n ];
+     *      Keys and Values pair represent a map, i.e., the ith element
+     *      in Keys (Keys[i]) is the key to select the ith sub-tensor
+     *      in Values (Values[i]), where 0 <= i <= n-1.
+     *      Keys tensor *MUST* be sorted in ascending order.
+     * * 2: Values. A tensor with shape of [ n, … ]; i.e., the first dimension must be n.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * * 0: Output. A tensor with shape [ k …].
-     * * 1: Hits. A uint8 tensor with shape [ k ] indicates whether the lookup
-     *      hits or not.
+     * * 1: Hits. A boolean tensor with shape [ k ] indicates whether the lookup
+     *      hits (True) or not (False).
+     *      Stored as {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} with offset 0 and scale 1.0f.
+     *      A non-zero byte represents True, a hit. A zero indicates otherwise.
      */
     HASHTABLE_LOOKUP = 10,
 
     /**
-     * Applies L2 normalization along a the depth dimension.
+     * Applies L2 normalization along the depth dimension.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[batch, row, col, channel] =
      *         input[batch, row, col, channel] /
      *         sqrt(sum_{c} pow(input[batch, row, col, c], 2))
      *
-     * For x with more dimensions, independently normalizes each 1-D slice along dimension dim.
+     * For input tensor with more dimensions, independently normalizes each 1-D slice along dimension dim.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
+     * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout (i.e., Num_samples, Height, Width, and Channels).
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth].
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
      */
     L2_NORMALIZATION = 11,
 
@@ -396,28 +540,48 @@
      *
      * The output dimensions are functions of the filter dimensions, stride, and padding.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[batch, row, col, channel] =
      *         sqrt(sum_{i, j} pow(input[batch, row + i, col + j, channel], 2) / sum(1))
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
-     * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
-     * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
-     * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * Both explicit padding and implicit padding are supported.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
+     * Inputs (explicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Inputs (implicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the implicit padding scheme, has to be one of the
+     *      following values: {0 (NONE), 1 (SAME), 2 (VALID)}.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
      */
     L2_POOL_2D = 12,
 
@@ -428,41 +592,49 @@
      * dimension), and each vector is normalized independently. Within a given vector,
      * each component is divided by the weighted, squared sum of inputs within depth_radius.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     sqr_sum[a, b, c, d] =
      *         sum(pow(input[a, b, c, d - depth_radius : d + depth_radius + 1], 2)
      *     output = input / pow((bias + alpha * sqr_sum), beta)
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the radius of the normalization window.
-     * 2: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the bias, must not be zero.
-     * 3: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the scale factor, alpha.
-     * 4: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the exponent, beta.
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the radius of the normalization window.
+     * * 2: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the bias, must not be zero.
+     * * 3: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the scale factor, alpha.
+     * * 4: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the exponent, beta.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
      */
     LOCAL_RESPONSE_NORMALIZATION = 13,
 
     /**
      * Computes sigmoid activation on the input tensor element-wise.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output = 1 / (1 + exp(-input))
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     *      For {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type,
+     *      the scale must be 1.f / 256 and the zeroPoint must be 0.
      */
     LOGISTIC = 14,
 
@@ -501,102 +673,165 @@
     LSH_PROJECTION = 15,
 
     /**
-     * Long short-term memory unit (LSTM) recurrent network layer.
+     * Performs a single time step in a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) layer
      *
-     * The default non-peephole implementation is based on:
-     * http://deeplearning.cs.cmu.edu/pdfs/Hochreiter97_lstm.pdf
+     * The LSTM operation is described by the following equations.
+     *
+     * \f{eqnarray*}{
+     * i_t =& \sigma(W_{xi}x_t+W_{hi}h_{t-1}+W_{ci}C_{t-1}+b_i) & \\
+     * f_t =& \sigma(W_{xf}x_t+W_{hf}h_{t-1}+W_{cf}C_{t-1}+b_f) & \\
+     * C_t =& clip(f_t \odot C_{t-1} + i_t \odot g(W_{xc}x_t+W_{hc}h_{t-1}+b_c),\ t_{cell})& \\
+     * o_t =& \sigma(W_{xo}x_t+W_{ho}h_{t-1}+W_{co}C_t+b_o)& \\
+     *      & clip(W_{proj}(o_t \odot g(C_t))+b_{proj},\ t_{proj}) & if\ there\ is\ a\ projection; \\
+     * h_t =& & \\
+     *      & o_t \odot g(C_t) & otherwise. \\
+     * \f}
+     * Where:
+     * * \f$x_t\f$ is the input,
+     * * \f$i_t\f$ is the input gate,
+     * * \f$f_t\f$ is the forget gate,
+     * * \f$C_t\f$ is the cell state,
+     * * \f$o_t\f$ is the output,
+     * * \f$h_t\f$ is the output state,
+     * * \f$\sigma\f$ is the logistic sigmoid function,
+     * * \f$g\f$ is the cell input and cell output activation function, usually \f$tahn\f$,
+     * * \f$W_{xi}\f$ is the input-to-input weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{hi}\f$ is the recurrent to input weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{ci}\f$ is the cell-to-input weight matrix,
+     * * \f$b_i\f$ is the input gate bias,
+     * * \f$W_{xf}\f$ is the input-to-forget weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{hf}\f$ is the recurrent-to-forget weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{cf}\f$ is the cell-to-forget weight matrix,
+     * * \f$b_f\f$ is the forget gate bias,
+     * * \f$W_{xc}\f$ is the input-to-cell weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{hc}\f$ is the recurrent-to-cell weight matrix,
+     * * \f$b_c\f$ is the cell bias,
+     * * \f$W_{xo}\f$ is the input-to-output weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{ho}\f$ is the recurrent-to-output weight matrix,
+     * * \f$W_{co}\f$ is the cell-to-output weight matrix,
+     * * \f$b_o\f$ is the output gate bias,
+     * * \f$W_{proj}\f$ is the projection weight matrix,
+     * * \f$b_{proj}\f$ is the projection bias,
+     * * \f$t_{cell}\f$ is the threshold for clipping the cell state, and
+     * * \f$t_{proj}\f$ is the threshold for clipping the projected output.
+     * * \f$\odot\f$ is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard_product_(matrices)">
+     *   Hadamard product</a> that takes two matrices and produces another
+     *   matrix, each element of which is the product of the corresponding
+     *   elements of the input matrices.
+     *
+     * The operation has the following independently optional inputs:
+     * * The input-to-input weights (\f$W_{xi}\f$), recurrent-to-input weights (\f$W_{hi}\f$),
+     *   cell-to-input (\f$W_{ci}\f$) weights, and input gate bias (\f$b_i\f$) either all have values,
+     *   or none of them have values (i.e., all set to null). If they have no
+     *   values, coupling of input and forget gates (CIFG) is used, in which case
+     *   the input gate (\f$i_t\f$) is calculated using the following equation instead.
+     *   \f{eqnarray*}{
+     *   i_t = 1 - f_t
+     *   \f}
+     * * The cell-to-input weights (\f$W_{ci}\f$), cell-to-forget weights (\f$W_{cf}\f$), and cell-to-output
+     *   weights (\f$W_{co}\f$) either all have values or none of them have values.
+     *   If they have values, the peephole optimization is used.
+     * * The projection weights (\f$W_{proj}\f$) is required only for the recurrent projection
+     *   layer, and should otherwise have no value.
+     * * The projection bias (\f$b_{proj}\f$) may (but not required to) have a value if the
+     *   recurrent projection layer exists, and should otherwise have no value.
+     *
+     * References:
+     *
+     * The default non-peephole non-CIFG implementation is based on:
+     * http://www.bioinf.jku.at/publications/older/2604.pdf
      * S. Hochreiter and J. Schmidhuber. "Long Short-Term Memory". Neural
      * Computation, 9(8):1735-1780, 1997.
      *
-     * The peephole implementation is based on:
+     * The peephole implementation and projection layer is based on:
      * https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/43905.pdf
      * Hasim Sak, Andrew Senior, and Francoise Beaufays. "Long short-term memory
      * recurrent neural network architectures for large scale acoustic modeling."
      * INTERSPEECH, 2014.
+     * (However, the concept of peephole optimization was introduced in work
+     * prior to this paper.)
      *
      * The coupling of input and forget gate (CIFG) is based on:
      * http://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.04069.pdf
      * Greff et al. "LSTM: A Search Space Odyssey"
      *
-     * The class has the following independently optional inputs:
-     * * If input gate (if CIFG): “input_to_forget_weights”,
-     *   “recurrent_to_input_weights”, “cell_to_input_weights”, “input_gate_bias”.
-     * * If no peephole connections: “cell_to_input_weights”,
-     *   “cell_to_forget_weights”, “cell_to_output_weights”.
-     * * If no projection layer: “projection_weights” and “projection_bias”.
-     * * If no projection bias: “projection_bias”.
-     *
-     * Supported tensor types:
+     * Supported tensor types (type T):
      * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * * 0: Input.
+     * * 0: The input (\f$x_t\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, input_size], where
      *      “batch_size” corresponds to the batching dimension, and “input_size”
      *      is the size of the input.
-     * * 1: input_to_input_weights.
+     * * 1: The input-to-input weights (\f$W_{xi}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, input_size], where
      *      “num_units” corresponds to the number of cell units.
-     * * 2: input_to_forget_weights.
+     * * 2: The input-to-forget weights (\f$W_{xf}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, input_size].
-     * * 3: input_to_cell_weights.
+     * * 3: The input-to-cell weights (\f$W_{xc}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, input_size].
-     * * 4: input_to_output_weights.
+     * * 4: The input-to-output weights (\f$W_{xo}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, input_size].
-     * * 5: recurrent_to_input_weights.
+     * * 5: The recurrent-to-input weights (\f$W_{hi}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, output_size], where
      *      “output_size” corresponds to either the number of cell units (i.e.,
      *      “num_units”), or the second dimension of the “projection_weights”, if
      *      defined.
-     * * 6: recurrent_to_forget_weights.
+     * * 6: The recurrent-to-forget weights (\f$W_{hf}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, output_size].
-     * * 7: recurrent_to_cell_weights.
+     * * 7: The recurrent-to-cell weights (\f$W_{hc}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, output_size].
-     * * 8: recurrent_to_output_weights.
+     * * 8: The recurrent-to-output weights (\f$W_{ho}\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, output_size].
-     * * 9: cell_to_input_weights.
+     * * 9: The cell-to-input weights (\f$W_{ci}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 10:cell_to_forget_weights.
+     * * 10:The cell-to-forget weights (\f$W_{cf}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 11:cell_to_output_weights.
+     * * 11:The cell-to-output weights (\f$W_{co}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 12:input_gate_bias.
+     * * 12:The input gate bias (\f$b_i\f$). Optional.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 13:forget_gate_bias.
+     * * 13:The forget gate bias (\f$b_f\f$).
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 14:cell_bias.
+     * * 14:The cell bias (\f$b_c\f$).
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 15:output_gate_bias.
+     * * 15:The output gate bias (\f$b_o\f$).
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     * * 16:projection_weights.
+     * * 16:The projection weights (\f$W_{proj}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [output_size, num_units].
-     * * 17:projection_bias.
+     * * 17:The projection bias (\f$b_{proj}\f$). Optional.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [output_size].
-     *
-     * Parameters:
-     * * 18:fused_activation_function.
-     *      An (optional) ActivationFunctionType indicating the activation
-     *      function.
-     *      If “NONE” is specified then it results in a linear activation.
-     * * 19:cell_clip.
-     *      A clipping threshold for the cell state, such that values are bound
+     * * 18:The output state (in) (\f$h_{t-1}\f$).
+     *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, output_size].
+     * * 19:The cell state (in) (\f$C_{t-1}\f$).
+     *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
+     * * 20:The activation function (\f$g\f$).
+     *      A value indicating the activation function:
+     *      <ul>
+     *      <li>0: None;
+     *      <li>1: Relu;
+     *      <li>3: Relu6;
+     *      <li>4: Tanh;
+     *      <li>6: Sigmoid.
+     *      </ul>
+     * * 21:The clipping threshold (\f$t_{cell}\f$) for the cell state, such that values are bound
      *      within [-cell_clip, cell_clip]. If set to 0.0 then clipping is
      *      disabled.
-     * * 20:proj_clip.
-     *      A clipping threshold for the output from the projection layer, such
+     * * 22:The clipping threshold (\f$t_{proj}\f$) for the output from the projection layer, such
      *      that values are bound within [-proj_clip, proj_clip]. If set to 0.0
      *      then clipping is disabled.
      *
      * Outputs:
-     * * 0: scratch_buffer.
-     *      A 3-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_cell, 4].
-     * * 1: output_state.
+     * * 0: The scratch buffer.
+     *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units * 4] with
+     *      CIFG, or [batch_size, num_units * 3] without CIFG.
+     * * 1: The output state (out) (\f$h_t\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, output_size].
-     * * 2: cell_state.
+     * * 2: The cell state (out) (\f$C_t\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
-     * * 3: output.
+     * * 3: The output (\f$o_t\f$).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, output_size]. This is
-     *      effectively the same as the current “output_state” value.
+     *      effectively the same as the current “output state (out)” value.
      */
     LSTM = 16,
 
@@ -605,36 +840,56 @@
      *
      * The output dimensions are functions of the filter dimensions, stride, and padding.
      *
-     * The values in output Tensor is computed as:
+     * The values in the output tensor are computed as:
+     *
      *     output[batch, row, col, channel] =
      *         max_{i, j} (input[batch, row + i, col + j, channel])
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
-     * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘width’ dimension.
-     * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the output stride in the ‘height’ dimension.
-     * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
-     * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
-     * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * Both explicit padding and implicit padding are supported.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
+     * Inputs (explicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the left, in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the right,in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the top, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the padding on the bottom, in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 7: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 8: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 9: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Inputs (implicit padding):
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the implicit padding scheme, has to be one of the
+     *      following values: {0 (NONE), 1 (SAME), 2 (VALID)}.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘width’ dimension.
+     * * 3: An INT32 value, specifying the stride when walking through input
+     *      in the ‘height’ dimension.
+     * * 4: An INT32 value, specifying the filter width.
+     * * 5: An INT32 value, specifying the filter height.
+     * * 6: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     *
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, out_height, out_width, depth].
      */
     MAX_POOL_2D = 17,
 
     /**
-     * Multiplies two tensors, elment-wise.
+     * Multiplies two tensors, element-wise.
      *
-     * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions.  The output
+     * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions. The output
      * is the product of both input tensors, optionally modified by an activation function.
      *
      * Two dimensions are compatible when:
@@ -644,71 +899,85 @@
      * The size of the resulting output is the maximum size along each dimension of the
      * input operands. It starts with the trailing dimensions, and works its way forward.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor.
-     * 1: A tensor of the same type, and compatible dimensions as input0.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
-     *    Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
+     * * 0: A tensor.
+     * * 1: A tensor of the same type, and compatible dimensions as input0.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, and has to be one of the {@link FusedActivationFunc} values.
+     *      Specifies the activation to invoke on the result of each addition.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The product, a tensor of the same type as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The product, a tensor of the same type as input0.
+     *      For output tensor of {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type, the following
+     *      condition must be satisfied: output_scale > input1_scale * input2_scale.
      */
     MUL = 18,
 
     /**
      * Computes rectified linear activation on the input tensor element-wise.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output = max(0, input)
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
      */
     RELU = 19,
 
     /**
      * Computes rectified linear 1 activation on the input tensor element-wise.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output = min(1.f, max(-1.f, input))
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
      */
     RELU1 = 20,
 
     /**
      * Computes rectified linear 6 activation on the input tensor element-wise.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output = min(6, max(0, input))
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
      */
     RELU6 = 21,
 
@@ -718,36 +987,41 @@
      * Given tensor, this operation returns a tensor that has the same values as tensor,
      * but with a newly specified shape.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the tensor to be reshaped.
-     * 1: A 1-D tensor of type {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, defining the shape
-     *    of the output tensor. The number of elements implied by shape must be the same
-     *    as the number of elements in the input tensor.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the tensor to be reshaped.
+     * * 1: A 1-D tensor of type {@link OperandType::TENSOR_INT32}, defining the shape
+     *      of the output tensor. The number of elements implied by shape must be the same
+     *      as the number of elements in the input tensor.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor, of shape specified by the input shape.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor, of shape specified by the input shape.
      */
     RESHAPE = 22,
 
     /**
      * Resizes images to given size using the bilinear interpretation.
      *
-     * Resized images will be distorted if their original aspect ratio is not the same as input.
+     * Resized images must be distorted if their output aspect ratio is not the same as
+     * input aspect ratio.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the output width of the output tensor.
-     * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the output height of the output tensor.
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the output height of the output tensor.
+     * * 2: An INT32 value, specifying the output width of the output tensor.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, new_height, new_width, depth].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, new_height, new_width, depth].
      */
     RESIZE_BILINEAR = 23,
 
@@ -766,7 +1040,7 @@
      * * “activation” is the function passed as the “fused_activation_function”
      *   argument (if not “NONE”).
      *
-     * Supported tensor types:
+     * Supported tensor types (Type T):
      * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
      *
      * Inputs:
@@ -782,21 +1056,18 @@
      *      corresponding to the weights from each unit.
      * * 3: bias.
      *      A 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     *
-     *    For FLOAT32 input tensor, bias must also be FLOAT32.
-     *    For UINT8 input tensor, bias must be INT32.
-     *
-     * Parameters
-     * * 4: fused_activation_function.
-     *      An (optional) ActivationFunctionType indicating the activation
+     * * 4: hidden state (in).
+     *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
+     * * 5: fused_activation_function.
+     *      An optional {@link FusedActivationFunc} value indicating the activation
      *      function. If “NONE” is specified then it results in a linear
      *      activation.
      *
-     * * 5: Hidden state.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: hidden state (out).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
      *
-     * Outputs:
-     * * 0: output.
+     * * 1: output.
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units]. This is
      *      effectively the same as the current state value.
      */
@@ -806,21 +1077,26 @@
      * Computes the softmax activation on the input tensor element-wise, per batch, by
      * normalizing the input vector so the maximum coefficient is zero.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output[batch, i] =
      *         exp((input[batch, i] - max(input[batch, :])) * beta) /
      *         sum_{k}{exp((input[batch, k] - max(input[batch, :])) * beta)}
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 2 or 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 2-D or 4-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be reshaped.
-     * 1: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the scaling factor for the exponent, beta.
+     * * 0: A 2-D or 4-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be reshaped.
+     * * 1: A FLOAT32 value, specifying the positive scaling factor for the exponent, beta.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     *      For {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM} type,
+     *      the scale must be 1.f / 256 and the zeroPoint must be 0.
      */
     SOFTMAX = 25,
 
@@ -837,18 +1113,20 @@
      * The depth of the output tensor is input_depth * block_size * block_size.
      * The input tensor's height and width must be divisible by block_size.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: 4, with "NHWC" data layout.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
-     * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the block_size. block_size must be >=1 and
-     *    block_size must be a divisor of both the input height and width.
+     * * 0: A 4-D tensor, of shape [batches, height, width, depth_in], specifying the input.
+     * * 1: An INT32 value, specifying the block_size. block_size must be >=1 and
+     *      block_size must be a divisor of both the input height and width.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batch, height/block_size, width/block_size,
-     *    depth*block_size*block_size].
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output 4-D tensor, of shape [batch, height/block_size, width/block_size,
+     *      depth*block_size*block_size].
      */
     SPACE_TO_DEPTH = 26,
 
@@ -872,8 +1150,8 @@
      *
      * Specifically, for rank 1, this layer implements the operation:
      *
-     *    memory = push(conv1d(inputs, weights_feature, feature_dim, "VALID"));
-     *    outputs = activation(memory * weights_time + bias);
+     *     memory = push(conv1d(inputs, weights_feature, feature_dim, "PADDING_VALID"));
+     *     outputs = activation(memory * weights_time + bias);
      *
      * Where:
      * * “weights_feature” is a weights matrix that processes the inputs (by
@@ -890,7 +1168,7 @@
      * Each rank adds a dimension to the weights matrices by means of stacking
      * the filters.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types:
+     * Supported tensor types (type T):
      * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
      *
      * Inputs:
@@ -905,20 +1183,17 @@
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units, memory_size], where
      *      “memory_size” corresponds to the fixed-size of the memory.
      * * 3: bias.
-     *      A optional 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
-     *
-     *    For FLOAT32 input tensor, bias must also be FLOAT32.
-     *    For UINT8 input tensor, bias must be INT32.
-     *
-     * Parameters:
-     * * 4: rank.
+     *      An optional 1-D tensor of type T, of shape [num_units].
+     * * 4: state (in).
+     *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, (memory_size - 1) * num_units * rank].
+     * * 5: rank.
      *      The rank of the SVD approximation.
-     * * 5: fused_activation_function.
-     *      An (optional) ActivationFunctionType indicating the activation function.
+     * * 6: fused_activation_function.
+     *      An optional {@link FusedActivationFunc} value indicating the activation function.
      *      If “NONE” is specified then it results in a linear activation.
      *
      * Outputs:
-     * * 0: state.
+     * * 0: state (out).
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, (memory_size - 1) * num_units * rank].
      * * 1: output.
      *      A 2-D tensor of type T, of shape [batch_size, num_units].
@@ -928,17 +1203,20 @@
     /**
      * Computes hyperbolic tangent of input tensor element-wise.
      *
-     * In details:
+     * The output is calculated using this formula:
+     *
      *     output = tanh(input)
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4.
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
+     * * 0: A tensor, specifying the input.
      *
-     * Ouputs:
-     * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
+     * Outputs:
+     * * 0: The output tensor of same shape as input0.
      */
     TANH = 28,
 
@@ -965,8 +1243,8 @@
  */
 enum OperandLifeTime : int32_t {
     /**
-     * The operand is internal to the model.  It's created by an operation
-     * and consumed by other operations.
+     * The operand is internal to the model. It's created by an operation and
+     * consumed by other operations.
      */
     TEMPORARY_VARIABLE,
 
@@ -1079,7 +1357,11 @@
     vec<uint32_t> dimensions;
 
     /**
-     * The number of operations that use this operand as input.
+     * The number of times this operand appears as an operation input.
+     *
+     * (For example, if this operand appears once in one operation's
+     * input list, and three times in another operation's input list,
+     * then numberOfConsumers = 4.)
      */
     uint32_t numberOfConsumers;
 
@@ -1106,7 +1388,7 @@
     /**
      * Where to find the data for this operand.
      * If the lifetime is TEMPORARY_VARIABLE, MODEL_INPUT, MODEL_OUTPUT, or NO_VALUE:
-     * - All the fields will be 0.
+     * - All the fields must be 0.
      * If the lifetime is CONSTANT_COPY:
      * - location.poolIndex is 0.
      * - location.offset is the offset in bytes into Model.operandValues.
@@ -1214,7 +1496,7 @@
      * Updated dimension information.
      *
      * If dimensions.size() > 0, dimension information was provided along with the
-     * argument.  This can be the case for models that accept inputs of varying size.
+     * argument. This can be the case for models that accept inputs of varying size.
      * This can't change the rank, just the value of the dimensions that were
      * unspecified in the model.
      */
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 54dd14a..e28113b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
     name: "VtsHalNeuralnetworksTest_utils",
     srcs: [
         "Callbacks.cpp",
-        "Models.cpp",
         "GeneratedTestHarness.cpp",
     ],
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
@@ -41,14 +40,17 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0TargetTest",
     srcs: [
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.cpp",
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0BasicTest.cpp",
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0GeneratedTest.cpp",
+        "BasicTests.cpp",
+        "GeneratedTests.cpp",
+        "ValidateModel.cpp",
+        "ValidateRequest.cpp",
+        "ValidationTests.cpp",
+        "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp",
     ],
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0",
         "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.neuralnetworks@1.0",
         "android.hidl.allocator@1.0",
         "android.hidl.memory@1.0",
         "libhidlmemory",
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..945c406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_0 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+// create device test
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
+
+// status test
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, StatusTest) {
+    Return<DeviceStatus> status = device->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DeviceStatus::AVAILABLE, static_cast<DeviceStatus>(status));
+}
+
+// initialization
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, GetCapabilitiesTest) {
+    Return<void> ret =
+        device->getCapabilities([](ErrorStatus status, const Capabilities& capabilities) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.execTime);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.powerUsage);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.execTime);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.powerUsage);
+        });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Callbacks.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Callbacks.h
index 0e2ffb3..570a4fb 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Callbacks.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Callbacks.h
@@ -17,14 +17,6 @@
 namespace V1_0 {
 namespace implementation {
 
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_array;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::sp;
-
 /**
  * The CallbackBase class is used internally by the NeuralNetworks runtime to
  * synchronize between different threads. An asynchronous task is launched
@@ -38,10 +30,6 @@
  * "notify". This "notify" call awakens any client threads waiting on the
  * callback object.
  *
- * callback object. When the asynchronous task has finished its workload or has
- * failed to launch, it must immediately call "notify", awakening any client
- * threads waiting on the callback object.
- *
  * The CallbackBase class implements some of the base synchronization common to
  * both PrepareModelCallback and ExecutionCallback. For consistency, any HIDL
  * callback class must inherit from CallbackBase as well as the HIDL callback
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
index 8646a4c..ed1fb94 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Execute(sp<V1_0::IDevice>& device, std::function<V1_0::Model(void)> create_model,
+void Execute(const sp<V1_0::IDevice>& device, std::function<V1_0::Model(void)> create_model,
              std::function<bool(int)> is_ignored,
              const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>& examples) {
     V1_0::Model model = create_model();
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
     EvaluatePreparedModel(preparedModel, is_ignored, examples);
 }
 
-void Execute(sp<V1_1::IDevice>& device, std::function<V1_1::Model(void)> create_model,
+void Execute(const sp<V1_1::IDevice>& device, std::function<V1_1::Model(void)> create_model,
              std::function<bool(int)> is_ignored,
              const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>& examples) {
     V1_1::Model model = create_model();
@@ -242,8 +242,8 @@
     // launch prepare model
     sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus =
-        device->prepareModel_1_1(model, preparedModelCallback);
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel_1_1(
+        model, ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER, preparedModelCallback);
     ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
 
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0GeneratedTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp
similarity index 61%
rename from neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0GeneratedTest.cpp
rename to neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp
index b99aef7..2107333 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0GeneratedTest.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp
@@ -16,47 +16,33 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h"
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
 #include "Callbacks.h"
 #include "TestHarness.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
 #include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
 
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IDevice;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IPreparedModel;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Capabilities;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::DeviceStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::FusedActivationFunc;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Model;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperationType;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::PerformanceInfo;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace neuralnetworks {
 
 namespace generated_tests {
 using ::generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
-extern void Execute(sp<IDevice>&, std::function<Model(void)>, std::function<bool(int)>,
-                    const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>&);
+extern void Execute(const sp<V1_0::IDevice>&, std::function<V1_0::Model(void)>,
+                    std::function<bool(int)>, const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>&);
 }  // namespace generated_tests
 
 namespace V1_0 {
 namespace vts {
 namespace functional {
+
 using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
 using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using ::android::nn::allocateSharedMemory;
 
 // Mixed-typed examples
 typedef generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType MixedTypedExample;
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 180286a..0000000
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
-
-#include "Models.h"
-#include "Utils.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
-#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
-#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
-#include <vector>
-
-using ::android::sp;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace neuralnetworks {
-
-// create a valid model
-V1_1::Model createValidTestModel_1_1() {
-    const std::vector<float> operand2Data = {5.0f, 6.0f, 7.0f, 8.0f};
-    const uint32_t size = operand2Data.size() * sizeof(float);
-
-    const uint32_t operand1 = 0;
-    const uint32_t operand2 = 1;
-    const uint32_t operand3 = 2;
-    const uint32_t operand4 = 3;
-
-    const std::vector<Operand> operands = {
-        {
-            .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
-            .dimensions = {1, 2, 2, 1},
-            .numberOfConsumers = 1,
-            .scale = 0.0f,
-            .zeroPoint = 0,
-            .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
-            .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
-        },
-        {
-            .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
-            .dimensions = {1, 2, 2, 1},
-            .numberOfConsumers = 1,
-            .scale = 0.0f,
-            .zeroPoint = 0,
-            .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
-            .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = size},
-        },
-        {
-            .type = OperandType::INT32,
-            .dimensions = {},
-            .numberOfConsumers = 1,
-            .scale = 0.0f,
-            .zeroPoint = 0,
-            .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::CONSTANT_COPY,
-            .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = size, .length = sizeof(int32_t)},
-        },
-        {
-            .type = OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32,
-            .dimensions = {1, 2, 2, 1},
-            .numberOfConsumers = 0,
-            .scale = 0.0f,
-            .zeroPoint = 0,
-            .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT,
-            .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
-        },
-    };
-
-    const std::vector<Operation> operations = {{
-        .type = OperationType::ADD, .inputs = {operand1, operand2, operand3}, .outputs = {operand4},
-    }};
-
-    const std::vector<uint32_t> inputIndexes = {operand1};
-    const std::vector<uint32_t> outputIndexes = {operand4};
-    std::vector<uint8_t> operandValues(
-        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(operand2Data.data()),
-        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(operand2Data.data()) + size);
-    int32_t activation[1] = {static_cast<int32_t>(FusedActivationFunc::NONE)};
-    operandValues.insert(operandValues.end(), reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&activation[0]),
-                         reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(&activation[1]));
-
-    const std::vector<hidl_memory> pools = {};
-
-    return {
-        .operands = operands,
-        .operations = operations,
-        .inputIndexes = inputIndexes,
-        .outputIndexes = outputIndexes,
-        .operandValues = operandValues,
-        .pools = pools,
-    };
-}
-
-// create first invalid model
-V1_1::Model createInvalidTestModel1_1_1() {
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_1();
-    model.operations[0].type = static_cast<OperationType>(0xDEADBEEF); /* INVALID */
-    return model;
-}
-
-// create second invalid model
-V1_1::Model createInvalidTestModel2_1_1() {
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_1();
-    const uint32_t operand1 = 0;
-    const uint32_t operand5 = 4;  // INVALID OPERAND
-    model.inputIndexes = std::vector<uint32_t>({operand1, operand5 /* INVALID OPERAND */});
-    return model;
-}
-
-V1_0::Model createValidTestModel_1_0() {
-    V1_1::Model model = createValidTestModel_1_1();
-    return nn::convertToV1_0(model);
-}
-
-V1_0::Model createInvalidTestModel1_1_0() {
-    V1_1::Model model = createInvalidTestModel1_1_1();
-    return nn::convertToV1_0(model);
-}
-
-V1_0::Model createInvalidTestModel2_1_0() {
-    V1_1::Model model = createInvalidTestModel2_1_1();
-    return nn::convertToV1_0(model);
-}
-
-// create a valid request
-Request createValidTestRequest() {
-    std::vector<float> inputData = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f};
-    std::vector<float> outputData = {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f};
-    const uint32_t INPUT = 0;
-    const uint32_t OUTPUT = 1;
-
-    // prepare inputs
-    uint32_t inputSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(inputData.size() * sizeof(float));
-    uint32_t outputSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(outputData.size() * sizeof(float));
-    std::vector<RequestArgument> inputs = {{
-        .location = {.poolIndex = INPUT, .offset = 0, .length = inputSize}, .dimensions = {},
-    }};
-    std::vector<RequestArgument> outputs = {{
-        .location = {.poolIndex = OUTPUT, .offset = 0, .length = outputSize}, .dimensions = {},
-    }};
-    std::vector<hidl_memory> pools = {nn::allocateSharedMemory(inputSize),
-                                      nn::allocateSharedMemory(outputSize)};
-    if (pools[INPUT].size() == 0 || pools[OUTPUT].size() == 0) {
-        return {};
-    }
-
-    // load data
-    sp<IMemory> inputMemory = mapMemory(pools[INPUT]);
-    sp<IMemory> outputMemory = mapMemory(pools[OUTPUT]);
-    if (inputMemory.get() == nullptr || outputMemory.get() == nullptr) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    float* inputPtr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(static_cast<void*>(inputMemory->getPointer()));
-    float* outputPtr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(static_cast<void*>(outputMemory->getPointer()));
-    if (inputPtr == nullptr || outputPtr == nullptr) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    inputMemory->update();
-    outputMemory->update();
-    std::copy(inputData.begin(), inputData.end(), inputPtr);
-    std::copy(outputData.begin(), outputData.end(), outputPtr);
-    inputMemory->commit();
-    outputMemory->commit();
-
-    return {.inputs = inputs, .outputs = outputs, .pools = pools};
-}
-
-// create first invalid request
-Request createInvalidTestRequest1() {
-    Request request = createValidTestRequest();
-    const uint32_t INVALID = 2;
-    std::vector<float> inputData = {1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f, 4.0f};
-    uint32_t inputSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(inputData.size() * sizeof(float));
-    request.inputs[0].location = {
-        .poolIndex = INVALID /* INVALID */, .offset = 0, .length = inputSize};
-    return request;
-}
-
-// create second invalid request
-Request createInvalidTestRequest2() {
-    Request request = createValidTestRequest();
-    request.inputs[0].dimensions = std::vector<uint32_t>({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} /* INVALID */);
-    return request;
-}
-
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.h
index 9398235..a1fbe92 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/Models.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,29 +14,187 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#ifndef VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_0_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
+#define VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_0_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
+
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
+#include "TestHarness.h"
+
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_0 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
 
-// create V1_1 model
-V1_1::Model createValidTestModel_1_1();
-V1_1::Model createInvalidTestModel1_1_1();
-V1_1::Model createInvalidTestModel2_1_1();
+using MixedTypedExample = generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
 
-// create V1_0 model
-V1_0::Model createValidTestModel_1_0();
-V1_0::Model createInvalidTestModel1_1_0();
-V1_0::Model createInvalidTestModel2_1_0();
+#define FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(FN)                          \
+    FN(add_broadcast_quant8)                             \
+    FN(add)                                              \
+    FN(add_quant8)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_3)                                 \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_4)                                 \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_5)                                 \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_3)                                \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_4)                                \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_5)                                \
+    FN(concat_float_1)                                   \
+    FN(concat_float_2)                                   \
+    FN(concat_float_3)                                   \
+    FN(concat_quant8_1)                                  \
+    FN(concat_quant8_2)                                  \
+    FN(concat_quant8_3)                                  \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_SAME)                                \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_VALID)                               \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_SAME)                                \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_VALID)                               \
+    FN(conv_float_2)                                     \
+    FN(conv_float_channels)                              \
+    FN(conv_float_channels_weights_as_inputs)            \
+    FN(conv_float_large)                                 \
+    FN(conv_float_large_weights_as_inputs)               \
+    FN(conv_float)                                       \
+    FN(conv_float_weights_as_inputs)                     \
+    FN(conv_quant8_2)                                    \
+    FN(conv_quant8_channels)                             \
+    FN(conv_quant8_channels_weights_as_inputs)           \
+    FN(conv_quant8_large)                                \
+    FN(conv_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)              \
+    FN(conv_quant8)                                      \
+    FN(conv_quant8_overflow)                             \
+    FN(conv_quant8_overflow_weights_as_inputs)           \
+    FN(conv_quant8_weights_as_inputs)                    \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_1)                           \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_2)                           \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_3)                           \
+    FN(depth_to_space_quant8_1)                          \
+    FN(depth_to_space_quant8_2)                          \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_2)                         \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_2)                   \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_2_weights_as_inputs) \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large)                     \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_weights_as_inputs)   \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float)                           \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_weights_as_inputs)         \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_2)                        \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_large)                    \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)  \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8)                          \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_weights_as_inputs)        \
+    FN(depthwise_conv)                                   \
+    FN(dequantize)                                       \
+    FN(embedding_lookup)                                 \
+    FN(floor)                                            \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_2)                          \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_large)                      \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_large_weights_as_inputs)    \
+    FN(fully_connected_float)                            \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_weights_as_inputs)          \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_2)                         \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_large)                     \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)   \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8)                           \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_weights_as_inputs)         \
+    FN(hashtable_lookup_float)                           \
+    FN(hashtable_lookup_quant8)                          \
+    FN(l2_normalization_2)                               \
+    FN(l2_normalization_large)                           \
+    FN(l2_normalization)                                 \
+    FN(l2_pool_float_2)                                  \
+    FN(l2_pool_float_large)                              \
+    FN(l2_pool_float)                                    \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_1)                      \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_2)                      \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_3)                      \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_4)                      \
+    FN(logistic_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(logistic_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(logistic_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(logistic_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(lsh_projection_2)                                 \
+    FN(lsh_projection)                                   \
+    FN(lsh_projection_weights_as_inputs)                 \
+    FN(lstm2)                                            \
+    FN(lstm2_state2)                                     \
+    FN(lstm2_state)                                      \
+    FN(lstm3)                                            \
+    FN(lstm3_state2)                                     \
+    FN(lstm3_state3)                                     \
+    FN(lstm3_state)                                      \
+    FN(lstm)                                             \
+    FN(lstm_state2)                                      \
+    FN(lstm_state)                                       \
+    FN(max_pool_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(max_pool_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(max_pool_float_3)                                 \
+    FN(max_pool_float_4)                                 \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_3)                                \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_4)                                \
+    FN(mobilenet_224_gender_basic_fixed)                 \
+    FN(mobilenet_quantized)                              \
+    FN(mul_broadcast_quant8)                             \
+    FN(mul)                                              \
+    FN(mul_quant8)                                       \
+    FN(mul_relu)                                         \
+    FN(relu1_float_1)                                    \
+    FN(relu1_float_2)                                    \
+    FN(relu1_quant8_1)                                   \
+    FN(relu1_quant8_2)                                   \
+    FN(relu6_float_1)                                    \
+    FN(relu6_float_2)                                    \
+    FN(relu6_quant8_1)                                   \
+    FN(relu6_quant8_2)                                   \
+    FN(relu_float_1)                                     \
+    FN(relu_float_2)                                     \
+    FN(relu_quant8_1)                                    \
+    FN(relu_quant8_2)                                    \
+    FN(reshape)                                          \
+    FN(reshape_quant8)                                   \
+    FN(reshape_quant8_weights_as_inputs)                 \
+    FN(reshape_weights_as_inputs)                        \
+    FN(resize_bilinear_2)                                \
+    FN(resize_bilinear)                                  \
+    FN(rnn)                                              \
+    FN(rnn_state)                                        \
+    FN(softmax_float_1)                                  \
+    FN(softmax_float_2)                                  \
+    FN(softmax_quant8_1)                                 \
+    FN(softmax_quant8_2)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_1)                           \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_2)                           \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_3)                           \
+    FN(space_to_depth_quant8_1)                          \
+    FN(space_to_depth_quant8_2)                          \
+    FN(svdf2)                                            \
+    FN(svdf)                                             \
+    FN(svdf_state)                                       \
+    FN(tanh)
 
-// create the request
-V1_0::Request createValidTestRequest();
-V1_0::Request createInvalidTestRequest1();
-V1_0::Request createInvalidTestRequest2();
+#define FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS(function) \
+    namespace function {                            \
+    extern std::vector<MixedTypedExample> examples; \
+    Model createTestModel();                        \
+    }
 
+FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS)
+
+#undef FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace neuralnetworks
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_0_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f0697e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+#include "Callbacks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_0 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+
+///////////////////////// UTILITY FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////
+
+static void validateGetSupportedOperations(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message,
+                                           const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [getSupportedOperations]");
+
+    Return<void> ret =
+        device->getSupportedOperations(model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
+        });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+}
+
+static void validatePrepareModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message,
+                                 const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [prepareModel]");
+
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
+
+    preparedModelCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
+    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
+}
+
+// Primary validation function. This function will take a valid model, apply a
+// mutation to it to invalidate the model, then pass it to interface calls that
+// use the model. Note that the model here is passed by value, and any mutation
+// to the model does not leave this function.
+static void validate(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message, V1_0::Model model,
+                     const std::function<void(Model*)>& mutation) {
+    mutation(&model);
+    validateGetSupportedOperations(device, message, model);
+    validatePrepareModel(device, message, model);
+}
+
+// Delete element from hidl_vec. hidl_vec doesn't support a "remove" operation,
+// so this is efficiently accomplished by moving the element to the end and
+// resizing the hidl_vec to one less.
+template <typename Type>
+static void hidl_vec_removeAt(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, uint32_t index) {
+    if (vec) {
+        std::rotate(vec->begin() + index, vec->begin() + index + 1, vec->end());
+        vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
+    // assume vec is valid
+    const uint32_t index = vec->size();
+    vec->resize(index + 1);
+    (*vec)[index] = value;
+    return index;
+}
+
+static uint32_t addOperand(Model* model) {
+    return hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands,
+                              {
+                                  .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                                  .dimensions = {},
+                                  .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                                  .scale = 0.0f,
+                                  .zeroPoint = 0,
+                                  .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                                  .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+                              });
+}
+
+static uint32_t addOperand(Model* model, OperandLifeTime lifetime) {
+    uint32_t index = addOperand(model);
+    model->operands[index].numberOfConsumers = 1;
+    model->operands[index].lifetime = lifetime;
+    return index;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static const int32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::FLOAT32) - 1,              // lower bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM) + 1,  // upper bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::OEM) - 1,                  // lower bound OEM
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE) + 1,      // upper bound OEM
+};
+
+static void mutateOperandTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        for (int32_t invalidOperandType : invalidOperandTypes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandTypeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " set to value " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidOperandType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidOperandType](Model* model) {
+                model->operands[operand].type = static_cast<OperandType>(invalidOperandType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND RANK /////////////////////////
+
+static uint32_t getInvalidRank(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+            return 1;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandRankTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const uint32_t invalidRank = getInvalidRank(model.operands[operand].type);
+        const std::string message = "mutateOperandRankTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                                    " has rank of " + std::to_string(invalidRank);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidRank](Model* model) {
+            model->operands[operand].dimensions = std::vector<uint32_t>(invalidRank, 0);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND SCALE /////////////////////////
+
+static float getInvalidScale(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+            return 1.0f;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return -1.0f;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return 0.0f;
+        default:
+            return 0.0f;
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandScaleTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const float invalidScale = getInvalidScale(model.operands[operand].type);
+        const std::string message = "mutateOperandScaleTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                                    " has scale of " + std::to_string(invalidScale);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidScale](Model* model) {
+            model->operands[operand].scale = invalidScale;
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND ZERO POINT /////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<int32_t> getInvalidZeroPoints(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return {1};
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return {-1, 256};
+        default:
+            return {};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandZeroPointTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<int32_t> invalidZeroPoints =
+            getInvalidZeroPoints(model.operands[operand].type);
+        for (int32_t invalidZeroPoint : invalidZeroPoints) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandZeroPointTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has zero point of " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidZeroPoint);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidZeroPoint](Model* model) {
+                model->operands[operand].zeroPoint = invalidZeroPoint;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
+
+// TODO: Operand::lifetime
+// TODO: Operand::location
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperand(Operand* operand, OperandType type) {
+    Operand newOperand = *operand;
+    newOperand.type = type;
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions = hidl_vec<uint32_t>();
+            newOperand.scale = 0.0f;
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.scale = 0.0f;
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.scale = operand->scale != 0.0f ? operand->scale : 1.0f;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::OEM:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE:
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    *operand = newOperand;
+}
+
+static bool mutateOperationOperandTypeSkip(size_t operand, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    // LSH_PROJECTION's second argument is allowed to have any type. This is the
+    // only operation that currently has a type that can be anything independent
+    // from any other type. Changing the operand type to any other type will
+    // result in a valid model for LSH_PROJECTION. If this is the case, skip the
+    // test.
+    for (const Operation& operation : model.operations) {
+        if (operation.type == OperationType::LSH_PROJECTION && operand == operation.inputs[1]) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        if (mutateOperationOperandTypeSkip(operand, model)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (OperandType invalidOperandType : hidl_enum_iterator<OperandType>{}) {
+            // Do not test OEM types
+            if (invalidOperandType == model.operands[operand].type ||
+                invalidOperandType == OperandType::OEM ||
+                invalidOperandType == OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationOperandTypeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " set to type " +
+                                        toString(invalidOperandType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidOperandType](Model* model) {
+                mutateOperand(&model->operands[operand], invalidOperandType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static const int32_t invalidOperationTypes[] = {
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::ADD) - 1,            // lower bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::TANH) + 1,           // upper bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::OEM_OPERATION) - 1,  // lower bound OEM
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::OEM_OPERATION) + 1,  // upper bound OEM
+};
+
+static void mutateOperationTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (int32_t invalidOperationType : invalidOperationTypes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationTypeTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " set to value " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidOperationType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, invalidOperationType](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].type =
+                    static_cast<OperationType>(invalidOperationType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION INPUT OPERAND INDEX /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                                 const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const uint32_t invalidOperand = model.operands.size();
+        for (size_t input = 0; input < model.operations[operation].inputs.size(); ++input) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " input " +
+                                        std::to_string(input);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, input, invalidOperand](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].inputs[input] = invalidOperand;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION OUTPUT OPERAND INDEX /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                                  const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const uint32_t invalidOperand = model.operands.size();
+        for (size_t output = 0; output < model.operations[operation].outputs.size(); ++output) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " output " +
+                                        std::to_string(output);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, output, invalidOperand](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].outputs[output] = invalidOperand;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
+    if (vec) {
+        // remove elements matching "value"
+        auto last = std::remove(vec->begin(), vec->end(), value);
+        vec->resize(std::distance(vec->begin(), last));
+
+        // decrement elements exceeding "value"
+        std::transform(vec->begin(), vec->end(), vec->begin(),
+                       [value](uint32_t v) { return v > value ? v-- : v; });
+    }
+}
+
+static void removeOperand(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
+    hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operands, index);
+    for (Operation& operation : model->operations) {
+        removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&operation.inputs, index);
+        removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&operation.outputs, index);
+    }
+    removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&model->inputIndexes, index);
+    removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&model->outputIndexes, index);
+}
+
+static void removeOperandTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOperandTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand);
+        validate(device, message, model,
+                 [operand](Model* model) { removeOperand(model, operand); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperation(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
+    for (uint32_t operand : model->operations[index].inputs) {
+        model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers--;
+    }
+    hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations, index);
+}
+
+static void removeOperationTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOperationTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model,
+                 [operation](Model* model) { removeOperation(model, operation); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION INPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperationInputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t input = 0; input < model.operations[operation].inputs.size(); ++input) {
+            const V1_0::Operation& op = model.operations[operation];
+            // CONCATENATION has at least 2 inputs, with the last element being
+            // INT32. Skip this test if removing one of CONCATENATION's
+            // inputs still produces a valid model.
+            if (op.type == V1_0::OperationType::CONCATENATION && op.inputs.size() > 2 &&
+                input != op.inputs.size() - 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const std::string message = "removeOperationInputTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + ", input " +
+                                        std::to_string(input);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, input](Model* model) {
+                uint32_t operand = model->operations[operation].inputs[input];
+                model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers--;
+                hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations[operation].inputs, input);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION OUTPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperationOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t output = 0; output < model.operations[operation].outputs.size(); ++output) {
+            const std::string message = "removeOperationOutputTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + ", output " +
+                                        std::to_string(output);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, output](Model* model) {
+                hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations[operation].outputs, output);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// MODEL VALIDATION /////////////////////////
+
+// TODO: remove model input
+// TODO: remove model output
+// TODO: add unused operation
+
+///////////////////////// ADD OPERATION INPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void addOperationInputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message = "addOperationInputTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+            uint32_t index = addOperand(model, OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations[operation].inputs, index);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->inputIndexes, index);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// ADD OPERATION OUTPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void addOperationOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message =
+            "addOperationOutputTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+            uint32_t index = addOperand(model, OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations[operation].outputs, index);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->outputIndexes, index);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
+
+void ValidationTest::validateModel(const V1_0::Model& model) {
+    mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    removeOperandTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationOutputTest(device, model);
+    addOperationInputTest(device, model);
+    addOperationOutputTest(device, model);
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08f2613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+#include "Callbacks.h"
+#include "TestHarness.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_0 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
+using generated_tests::MixedTyped;
+using generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
+using generated_tests::for_all;
+
+///////////////////////// UTILITY FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////
+
+static void createPreparedModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_0::Model& model,
+                                sp<IPreparedModel>* preparedModel) {
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel);
+
+    // see if service can handle model
+    bool fullySupportsModel = false;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsLaunchStatus = device->getSupportedOperations(
+        model, [&fullySupportsModel](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
+            ASSERT_NE(0ul, supported.size());
+            fullySupportsModel =
+                std::all_of(supported.begin(), supported.end(), [](bool valid) { return valid; });
+        });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsLaunchStatus.isOk());
+
+    // launch prepare model
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
+
+    // retrieve prepared model
+    preparedModelCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
+    *preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
+
+    // The getSupportedOperations call returns a list of operations that are
+    // guaranteed not to fail if prepareModel is called, and
+    // 'fullySupportsModel' is true i.f.f. the entire model is guaranteed.
+    // If a driver has any doubt that it can prepare an operation, it must
+    // return false. So here, if a driver isn't sure if it can support an
+    // operation, but reports that it successfully prepared the model, the test
+    // can continue.
+    if (!fullySupportsModel && prepareReturnStatus != ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
+        LOG(INFO) << "NN VTS: Unable to test Request validation because vendor service cannot "
+                     "prepare model that it does not support.";
+        std::cout << "[          ]   Unable to test Request validation because vendor service "
+                     "cannot prepare model that it does not support."
+                  << std::endl;
+        return;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, prepareReturnStatus);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
+}
+
+// Primary validation function. This function will take a valid request, apply a
+// mutation to it to invalidate the request, then pass it to interface calls
+// that use the request. Note that the request here is passed by value, and any
+// mutation to the request does not leave this function.
+static void validate(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const std::string& message,
+                     Request request, const std::function<void(Request*)>& mutation) {
+    mutation(&request);
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [execute]");
+
+    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
+
+    executionCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
+}
+
+// Delete element from hidl_vec. hidl_vec doesn't support a "remove" operation,
+// so this is efficiently accomplished by moving the element to the end and
+// resizing the hidl_vec to one less.
+template <typename Type>
+static void hidl_vec_removeAt(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, uint32_t index) {
+    if (vec) {
+        std::rotate(vec->begin() + index, vec->begin() + index + 1, vec->end());
+        vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
+    // assume vec is valid
+    const uint32_t index = vec->size();
+    vec->resize(index + 1);
+    (*vec)[index] = value;
+    return index;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE INPUT ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void removeInputTest(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const Request& request) {
+    for (size_t input = 0; input < request.inputs.size(); ++input) {
+        const std::string message = "removeInput: removed input " + std::to_string(input);
+        validate(preparedModel, message, request,
+                 [input](Request* request) { hidl_vec_removeAt(&request->inputs, input); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OUTPUT ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOutputTest(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const Request& request) {
+    for (size_t output = 0; output < request.outputs.size(); ++output) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOutput: removed Output " + std::to_string(output);
+        validate(preparedModel, message, request,
+                 [output](Request* request) { hidl_vec_removeAt(&request->outputs, output); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////////
+
+std::vector<Request> createRequests(const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>& examples) {
+    const uint32_t INPUT = 0;
+    const uint32_t OUTPUT = 1;
+
+    std::vector<Request> requests;
+
+    for (auto& example : examples) {
+        const MixedTyped& inputs = example.first;
+        const MixedTyped& outputs = example.second;
+
+        std::vector<RequestArgument> inputs_info, outputs_info;
+        uint32_t inputSize = 0, outputSize = 0;
+
+        // This function only partially specifies the metadata (vector of RequestArguments).
+        // The contents are copied over below.
+        for_all(inputs, [&inputs_info, &inputSize](int index, auto, auto s) {
+            if (inputs_info.size() <= static_cast<size_t>(index)) inputs_info.resize(index + 1);
+            RequestArgument arg = {
+                .location = {.poolIndex = INPUT, .offset = 0, .length = static_cast<uint32_t>(s)},
+                .dimensions = {},
+            };
+            RequestArgument arg_empty = {
+                .hasNoValue = true,
+            };
+            inputs_info[index] = s ? arg : arg_empty;
+            inputSize += s;
+        });
+        // Compute offset for inputs 1 and so on
+        {
+            size_t offset = 0;
+            for (auto& i : inputs_info) {
+                if (!i.hasNoValue) i.location.offset = offset;
+                offset += i.location.length;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Go through all outputs, initialize RequestArgument descriptors
+        for_all(outputs, [&outputs_info, &outputSize](int index, auto, auto s) {
+            if (outputs_info.size() <= static_cast<size_t>(index)) outputs_info.resize(index + 1);
+            RequestArgument arg = {
+                .location = {.poolIndex = OUTPUT, .offset = 0, .length = static_cast<uint32_t>(s)},
+                .dimensions = {},
+            };
+            outputs_info[index] = arg;
+            outputSize += s;
+        });
+        // Compute offset for outputs 1 and so on
+        {
+            size_t offset = 0;
+            for (auto& i : outputs_info) {
+                i.location.offset = offset;
+                offset += i.location.length;
+            }
+        }
+        std::vector<hidl_memory> pools = {nn::allocateSharedMemory(inputSize),
+                                          nn::allocateSharedMemory(outputSize)};
+        if (pools[INPUT].size() == 0 || pools[OUTPUT].size() == 0) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // map pool
+        sp<IMemory> inputMemory = mapMemory(pools[INPUT]);
+        if (inputMemory == nullptr) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        char* inputPtr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(static_cast<void*>(inputMemory->getPointer()));
+        if (inputPtr == nullptr) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // initialize pool
+        inputMemory->update();
+        for_all(inputs, [&inputs_info, inputPtr](int index, auto p, auto s) {
+            char* begin = (char*)p;
+            char* end = begin + s;
+            // TODO: handle more than one input
+            std::copy(begin, end, inputPtr + inputs_info[index].location.offset);
+        });
+        inputMemory->commit();
+
+        requests.push_back({.inputs = inputs_info, .outputs = outputs_info, .pools = pools});
+    }
+
+    return requests;
+}
+
+void ValidationTest::validateRequests(const V1_0::Model& model,
+                                      const std::vector<Request>& requests) {
+    // create IPreparedModel
+    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(createPreparedModel(device, model, &preparedModel));
+    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // validate each request
+    for (const Request& request : requests) {
+        removeInputTest(preparedModel, request);
+        removeOutputTest(preparedModel, request);
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98fc1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "Models.h"
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_0 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+// forward declarations
+std::vector<Request> createRequests(const std::vector<MixedTypedExample>& examples);
+
+// generate validation tests
+#define VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE(TestName)                                           \
+    TEST_F(ValidationTest, TestName) {                                            \
+        const Model model = TestName::createTestModel();                          \
+        const std::vector<Request> requests = createRequests(TestName::examples); \
+        validateModel(model);                                                     \
+        validateRequests(model, requests);                                        \
+    }
+
+FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE)
+
+#undef VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_0
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
similarity index 64%
rename from neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.cpp
rename to neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
index b14fb2c..1ff3b66 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
@@ -16,15 +16,7 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h"
-#include "Utils.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -33,11 +25,6 @@
 namespace vts {
 namespace functional {
 
-// allocator helper
-hidl_memory allocateSharedMemory(int64_t size) {
-    return nn::allocateSharedMemory(size);
-}
-
 // A class for test environment setup
 NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() {}
 
@@ -51,23 +38,49 @@
 }
 
 void NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::registerTestServices() {
-    registerTestService<V1_0::IDevice>();
+    registerTestService<IDevice>();
 }
 
 // The main test class for NEURALNETWORK HIDL HAL.
+NeuralnetworksHidlTest::NeuralnetworksHidlTest() {}
+
 NeuralnetworksHidlTest::~NeuralnetworksHidlTest() {}
 
 void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<V1_0::IDevice>(
+    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::SetUp();
+    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDevice>(
         NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, device.get());
 }
 
-void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::TearDown() {}
+void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::TearDown() {
+    device = nullptr;
+    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::TearDown();
+}
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
+    return os << toString(errorStatus);
+}
+
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus) {
+    return os << toString(deviceStatus);
+}
+
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace neuralnetworks
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
+
+using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance()->init(&argc, argv);
+
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
similarity index 60%
rename from neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h
rename to neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
index fbb1607..e79129b 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
@@ -18,16 +18,15 @@
 #define VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
 
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IDevice.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IPreparedModel.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IPreparedModelCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.h>
-#include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -36,47 +35,47 @@
 namespace vts {
 namespace functional {
 
-hidl_memory allocateSharedMemory(int64_t size);
-
 // A class for test environment setup
 class NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment);
     NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment();
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment(const NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment& operator=(const NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment& operator=(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&&) = delete;
+    ~NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() override;
 
    public:
-    ~NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() override;
     static NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment* getInstance();
     void registerTestServices() override;
 };
 
 // The main test class for NEURALNETWORKS HIDL HAL.
 class NeuralnetworksHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NeuralnetworksHidlTest);
+
    public:
+    NeuralnetworksHidlTest();
     ~NeuralnetworksHidlTest() override;
     void SetUp() override;
     void TearDown() override;
 
-    sp<V1_0::IDevice> device;
+   protected:
+    sp<IDevice> device;
 };
+
+// Tag for the validation tests
+class ValidationTest : public NeuralnetworksHidlTest {
+   protected:
+    void validateModel(const Model& model);
+    void validateRequests(const Model& model, const std::vector<Request>& request);
+};
+
+// Tag for the generated tests
+class GeneratedTest : public NeuralnetworksHidlTest {};
+
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
 
 // pretty-print values for error messages
-
-template <typename CharT, typename Traits>
-::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& operator<<(::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
-                                                V1_0::ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
-    return os << toString(errorStatus);
-}
-
-template <typename CharT, typename Traits>
-::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& operator<<(::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
-                                                V1_0::DeviceStatus deviceStatus) {
-    return os << toString(deviceStatus);
-}
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus);
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus);
 
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace neuralnetworks
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0BasicTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0BasicTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 59e5b80..0000000
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0BasicTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
-
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_0.h"
-
-#include "Callbacks.h"
-#include "Models.h"
-#include "TestHarness.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
-#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
-
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IDevice;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IPreparedModel;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Capabilities;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::DeviceStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::FusedActivationFunc;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Model;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperationType;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::PerformanceInfo;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace neuralnetworks {
-namespace V1_0 {
-namespace vts {
-namespace functional {
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
-
-static void doPrepareModelShortcut(const sp<IDevice>& device, sp<IPreparedModel>* preparedModel) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel);
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_0();
-
-    // see if service can handle model
-    bool fullySupportsModel = false;
-    Return<void> supportedOpsLaunchStatus = device->getSupportedOperations(
-        model, [&fullySupportsModel](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            ASSERT_NE(0ul, supported.size());
-            fullySupportsModel =
-                std::all_of(supported.begin(), supported.end(), [](bool valid) { return valid; });
-        });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsLaunchStatus.isOk());
-
-    // launch prepare model
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    // retrieve prepared model
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    *preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-
-    // The getSupportedOperations call returns a list of operations that are
-    // guaranteed not to fail if prepareModel is called, and
-    // 'fullySupportsModel' is true i.f.f. the entire model is guaranteed.
-    // If a driver has any doubt that it can prepare an operation, it must
-    // return false. So here, if a driver isn't sure if it can support an
-    // operation, but reports that it successfully prepared the model, the test
-    // can continue.
-    if (!fullySupportsModel && prepareReturnStatus != ErrorStatus::NONE) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
-        LOG(INFO) << "NN VTS: Early termination of test because vendor service cannot "
-                     "prepare model that it does not support.";
-        std::cout << "[          ]   Early termination of test because vendor service cannot "
-                     "prepare model that it does not support."
-                  << std::endl;
-        return;
-    }
-    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, prepareReturnStatus);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
-}
-
-// create device test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
-
-// status test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, StatusTest) {
-    Return<DeviceStatus> status = device->getStatus();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DeviceStatus::AVAILABLE, static_cast<DeviceStatus>(status));
-}
-
-// initialization
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, GetCapabilitiesTest) {
-    Return<void> ret =
-        device->getCapabilities([](ErrorStatus status, const Capabilities& capabilities) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.execTime);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.powerUsage);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.execTime);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.powerUsage);
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsPositiveTest) {
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_0();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            EXPECT_EQ(model.operations.size(), supported.size());
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsNegativeTest1) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel1_1_0();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
-            (void)supported;
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsNegativeTest2) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel2_1_0();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
-            (void)supported;
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// prepare simple model positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelPositiveTest) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel);
-}
-
-// prepare simple model negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelNegativeTest1) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel1_1_0();
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
-}
-
-// prepare simple model negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelNegativeTest2) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel2_1_0();
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
-}
-
-// execute simple graph positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphPositiveTest) {
-    std::vector<float> outputData = {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f};
-    std::vector<float> expectedData = {6.0f, 8.0f, 10.0f, 12.0f};
-    const uint32_t OUTPUT = 1;
-
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createValidTestRequest();
-
-    auto postWork = [&] {
-        sp<IMemory> outputMemory = mapMemory(request.pools[OUTPUT]);
-        if (outputMemory == nullptr) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        float* outputPtr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(static_cast<void*>(outputMemory->getPointer()));
-        if (outputPtr == nullptr) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        outputMemory->read();
-        std::copy(outputPtr, outputPtr + outputData.size(), outputData.begin());
-        outputMemory->commit();
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    executionCallback->on_finish(postWork);
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, executionReturnStatus);
-    EXPECT_EQ(expectedData, outputData);
-}
-
-// execute simple graph negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphNegativeTest1) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createInvalidTestRequest1();
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
-}
-
-// execute simple graph negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphNegativeTest2) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createInvalidTestRequest2();
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
-}
-
-}  // namespace functional
-}  // namespace vts
-}  // namespace V1_0
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
-
-using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance()->init(&argc, argv);
-
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.hal
index ca22555..1335bde 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.hal
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     /**
      * Gets the supported operations in a model.
      *
-     * getSupportedSubgraph indicates which operations of a model are fully
+     * getSupportedOperations indicates which operations of a model are fully
      * supported by the vendor driver. If an operation may not be supported for
      * any reason, getSupportedOperations must return false for that operation.
      *
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@
      * Multiple threads can call prepareModel on the same model concurrently.
      *
      * @param model The model to be prepared for execution.
+     * @param preference Indicates the intended execution behavior of a prepared
+     *                   model.
      * @param callback A callback object used to return the error status of
      *                 preparing the model for execution and the prepared model
      *                 if successful, nullptr otherwise. The callback object's
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@
      *                - INVALID_ARGUMENT if one of the input arguments is
      *                  invalid
      */
-    prepareModel_1_1(Model model, IPreparedModelCallback callback)
+    prepareModel_1_1(Model model, ExecutionPreference preference,
+                     IPreparedModelCallback callback)
           generates (ErrorStatus status);
 };
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.hal b/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.hal
index 1d470d6..8290fbb 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.hal
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.hal
@@ -27,25 +27,24 @@
  */
 enum OperationType : @1.0::OperationType {
     /**
-     * BatchToSpace for N-D tensors.
+     * BatchToSpace for N-dimensional tensors.
      *
-     * This operation reshapes the "batch" dimension 0 into M + 1 dimensions of shape
+     * This operation reshapes the batch dimension (dimension 0) into M + 1 dimensions of shape
      * block_shape + [batch], interleaves these blocks back into the grid defined by the
      * spatial dimensions [1, ..., M], to obtain a result with the same rank as the input.
-     * The spatial dimensions of this intermediate result are then optionally cropped
-     * according to the amount to crop to produce the output.
+     *
      * This is the reverse of SpaceToBatch.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
-     * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
+     * Supported tensor rank: 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
+     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be reshaped
      * 1: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the block sizes for each spatial dimension of the
      *    input tensor. All values must be >= 1.
-     * 2: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the amount to crop for each spatial diemension of the
-     *    input tensor. All values must be >= 0.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0.
@@ -53,9 +52,9 @@
     BATCH_TO_SPACE_ND = 29,
 
     /**
-     * Divides the second tensor from the first tensor, element-wise.
+     * Element-wise division of two tensors.
      *
-     * Takes two input tensors of identical OperandType and compatible dimensions. The output
+     * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions. The output
      * is the result of dividing the first input tensor by the second, optionally
      * modified by an activation function.
      *
@@ -71,7 +70,9 @@
      *     input2.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 1}
      *     output.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 2}
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
@@ -88,15 +89,17 @@
     /**
      * Computes the mean of elements across dimensions of a tensor.
      *
-     * Reduces input tensor along the dimensions given in axis. Unless keep_dims is true,
-     * the rank of the tensor is reduced by 1 for each entry in axis. If keep_dims is
-     * true, the reduced dimensions are retained with length 1.
+     * Reduces the input tensor along the given dimensions to reduce. Unless keep_dims
+     * is true, the rank of the tensor is reduced by 1 for each entry in axis.
+     * If keep_dims is true, the reduced dimensions are retained with length 1.
      *
-     * If axis has no entries, all dimensions are reduced, and a tensor with a single
-     * element is returned.
+     * If dimensions to reduce have no entries, all dimensions are reduced, and a tensor with
+     * a single element is returned.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
@@ -115,14 +118,18 @@
      *
      * This operation pads a tensor according to the specified paddings.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
-     * 1: A 2-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32. The paddings, before and after for each spatial dimension
-     *    of the input tensor.
+     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be padded.
+     * 1: A 2-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the paddings for each spatial dimension of the
+     *    input tensor. The shape of the tensor must be {rank(input0), 2}.
+     *    padding[i, 0] specifies the number of element to be padded in the front of dimension i.
+     *    padding[i, 1] specifies the number of element to be padded after the end of dimension i.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0.
@@ -130,7 +137,7 @@
     PAD = 32,
 
     /**
-     * SpaceToBatch for N-D tensors.
+     * SpaceToBatch for N-Dimensional tensors.
      *
      * This operation divides "spatial" dimensions [1, ..., M] of the input into a grid of blocks
      * of shape block_shape, and interleaves these blocks with the "batch" dimension (0) such that
@@ -139,16 +146,20 @@
      * batch position. Prior to division into blocks, the spatial dimensions of the input are
      * optionally zero padded according to paddings.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
-     * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
+     * Supported tensor rank: 4
      *
      * Inputs:
      * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
      * 1: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the block sizes for each spatial dimension of the
      *    input tensor. All values must be >= 1.
      * 2: A 2-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the paddings for each spatial diemension of the
-     *    input tensor. All values must be >= 0.
+     *    input tensor. All values must be >= 0. The shape of the tensor must be {rank(input0), 2}.
+     *    padding[i, 0] specifies the number of element to be padded in the front of dimension i.
+     *    padding[i, 1] specifies the number of element to be padded after the end of dimension i.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0.
@@ -160,17 +171,20 @@
      *
      * Given a tensor input, this operation returns a tensor of the same type with all
      * dimensions of size 1 removed. If you don't want to remove all size 1 dimensions,
-     * you can remove specific size 1 dimensions by specifying axis.
+     * you can remove specific size 1 dimensions by specifying the axes (input1).
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
-     * 1: An 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32. The dimensions to squeeze. If None (the default),
-     *    squeezes all dimensions. If specified, only squeezes the dimensions listed. The dimension
-     *    index starts at 0. It is an error to squeeze a dimension that is not 1.
+     * 0: An n-D tensor, the tensor to be squeezed.
+     * 1: An optional 1-D tensor of type TENSOR_INT32. The dimensions to squeeze. If specified
+     *    only squeezes the dimensions listed. Otherwise, squeezes all dimensions.
+     *    The dimension index starts at 0. An error must be reported if squeezing a dimension that
+     *    is not 1.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0. Contains the same data as input, but has one or more
@@ -181,23 +195,25 @@
     /**
      * Extracts a strided slice of a tensor.
      *
-     * This op extracts a slice of size (end-begin)/stride from the given input tensor.
-    *  Starting at the location specified by begin the slice continues by adding
+     * Roughly speaking, this op extracts a slice of size (end - begin) / stride from the given
+     * input tensor. Starting at the location specified by begin the slice continues by adding
      * stride to the index until all dimensions are not less than end. Note that a stride can
      * be negative, which causes a reverse slice.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
+     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be sliced.
      * 1: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the starts of the dimensions of the input
-     *    tensor to be sliced.
+     *    tensor to be sliced. The length must be of rank(input0).
      * 2: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the ends of the dimensions of the input
-     *    tensor to be sliced.
+     *    tensor to be sliced. The length must be of rank(input0).
      * 3: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the strides of the dimensions of the input
-     *    tensor to be sliced.
+     *    tensor to be sliced. The length must be of rank(input0).
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0.
@@ -205,7 +221,7 @@
     STRIDED_SLICE = 35,
 
     /**
-     * Subtracts the second tensor from the first tensor, element-wise.
+     * Element-wise subtraction of two tensors.
      *
      * Takes two input tensors of identical type and compatible dimensions. The output
      * is the result of subtracting the second input tensor from the first one, optionally
@@ -223,7 +239,9 @@
      *     input2.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 1}
      *     output.dimension = {5, 4, 3, 2}
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
@@ -240,18 +258,20 @@
     /**
      * Transposes the input tensor, permuting the dimensions according to the perm tensor.
      *
-     * The returned tensor's dimension i must correspond to the input dimension perm[i].
+     * The returned tensor's dimension i corresponds to the input dimension perm[i].
      * If perm is not given, it is set to (n-1...0), where n is the rank of the input tensor.
      * Hence by default, this operation performs a regular matrix transpose on 2-D input Tensors.
      *
-     * Supported tensor types: {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
-     *                         {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     * Supported tensor types:
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32}
+     * * {@link OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM}
+     *
      * Supported tensor rank: up to 4
      *
      * Inputs:
-     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the input.
-     * 1: A 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the permutation of the dimensions of the input
-     *    tensor.
+     * 0: An n-D tensor, specifying the tensor to be transposed.
+     * 1: An optional 1-D Tensor of type TENSOR_INT32, the permutation of the dimensions of the
+     *    input tensor.
      *
      * Outputs:
      * 0: A tensor of the same type as input0.
@@ -362,3 +382,24 @@
      */
     bool relaxComputationFloat32toFloat16;
 };
+
+/**
+ * Execution preferences.
+ */
+enum ExecutionPreference : int32_t {
+    /**
+     * Prefer executing in a way that minimizes battery drain.
+     * This is desirable for compilations that will be executed often.
+     */
+    LOW_POWER = 0,
+    /**
+     * Prefer returning a single answer as fast as possible, even if this causes
+     * more power consumption.
+     */
+    FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER = 1,
+    /**
+     * Prefer maximizing the throughput of successive frames, for example when
+     * processing successive frames coming from the camera.
+     */
+    SUSTAINED_SPEED = 2,
+};
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 623b441..f755c20 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1TargetTest",
     srcs: [
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.cpp",
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1BasicTest.cpp",
-        "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1GeneratedTest.cpp",
+        "BasicTests.cpp",
+        "GeneratedTests.cpp",
+        "ValidateModel.cpp",
+        "ValidateRequest.cpp",
+        "ValidationTests.cpp",
+        "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp",
     ],
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     static_libs: [
@@ -36,4 +39,13 @@
         "libneuralnetworks_generated_test_harness_headers",
         "libneuralnetworks_generated_tests",
     ],
+    // Bug: http://b/74200014 - Disable arm32 asan since it triggers internal
+    // error in ld.gold.
+    arch: {
+        arm: {
+            sanitize: {
+                never: true,
+            },
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed59a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/BasicTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_1 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+// create device test
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
+
+// status test
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, StatusTest) {
+    Return<DeviceStatus> status = device->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DeviceStatus::AVAILABLE, static_cast<DeviceStatus>(status));
+}
+
+// initialization
+TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, GetCapabilitiesTest) {
+    Return<void> ret =
+        device->getCapabilities_1_1([](ErrorStatus status, const Capabilities& capabilities) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.execTime);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.powerUsage);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.execTime);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.powerUsage);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.relaxedFloat32toFloat16Performance.execTime);
+            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.relaxedFloat32toFloat16Performance.powerUsage);
+        });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f1cc7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/GeneratedTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+#include "Callbacks.h"
+#include "TestHarness.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+
+namespace generated_tests {
+using ::generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
+extern void Execute(const sp<V1_1::IDevice>&, std::function<V1_1::Model(void)>,
+                    std::function<bool(int)>, const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>&);
+}  // namespace generated_tests
+
+namespace V1_1 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using ::android::nn::allocateSharedMemory;
+
+// Mixed-typed examples
+typedef generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType MixedTypedExample;
+
+// in frameworks/ml/nn/runtime/tests/generated/
+#include "all_generated_V1_0_vts_tests.cpp"
+#include "all_generated_V1_1_vts_tests.cpp"
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Models.h b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Models.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3cadb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/Models.h
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
+#define VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "TestHarness.h"
+
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_1 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using MixedTypedExample = generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
+
+#define FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(FN)                                \
+    FN(add)                                                    \
+    FN(add_broadcast_quant8)                                   \
+    FN(add_quant8)                                             \
+    FN(add_relaxed)                                            \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_1)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_1_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_2)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_2_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_3)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_3_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_4)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_4_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(avg_pool_float_5)                                       \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_1)                                      \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_2)                                      \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_3)                                      \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_4)                                      \
+    FN(avg_pool_quant8_5)                                      \
+    FN(batch_to_space)                                         \
+    FN(batch_to_space_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(batch_to_space_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(concat_float_1)                                         \
+    FN(concat_float_1_relaxed)                                 \
+    FN(concat_float_2)                                         \
+    FN(concat_float_2_relaxed)                                 \
+    FN(concat_float_3)                                         \
+    FN(concat_float_3_relaxed)                                 \
+    FN(concat_quant8_1)                                        \
+    FN(concat_quant8_2)                                        \
+    FN(concat_quant8_3)                                        \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_SAME)                                      \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_SAME_relaxed)                              \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_VALID)                                     \
+    FN(conv_1_h3_w2_VALID_relaxed)                             \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_SAME)                                      \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_SAME_relaxed)                              \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_VALID)                                     \
+    FN(conv_3_h3_w2_VALID_relaxed)                             \
+    FN(conv_float)                                             \
+    FN(conv_float_2)                                           \
+    FN(conv_float_channels)                                    \
+    FN(conv_float_channels_relaxed)                            \
+    FN(conv_float_channels_weights_as_inputs)                  \
+    FN(conv_float_channels_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)          \
+    FN(conv_float_large)                                       \
+    FN(conv_float_large_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(conv_float_large_weights_as_inputs)                     \
+    FN(conv_float_large_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)             \
+    FN(conv_float_relaxed)                                     \
+    FN(conv_float_weights_as_inputs)                           \
+    FN(conv_float_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)                   \
+    FN(conv_quant8)                                            \
+    FN(conv_quant8_2)                                          \
+    FN(conv_quant8_channels)                                   \
+    FN(conv_quant8_channels_weights_as_inputs)                 \
+    FN(conv_quant8_large)                                      \
+    FN(conv_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)                    \
+    FN(conv_quant8_overflow)                                   \
+    FN(conv_quant8_overflow_weights_as_inputs)                 \
+    FN(conv_quant8_weights_as_inputs)                          \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_1_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_2_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_3)                                 \
+    FN(depth_to_space_float_3_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(depth_to_space_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(depth_to_space_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(depthwise_conv)                                         \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float)                                 \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_2)                               \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large)                           \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_2)                         \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_2_weights_as_inputs)       \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_relaxed)                   \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_weights_as_inputs)         \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_large_weights_as_inputs_relaxed) \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_float_weights_as_inputs)               \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8)                                \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_2)                              \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_large)                          \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)        \
+    FN(depthwise_conv2d_quant8_weights_as_inputs)              \
+    FN(depthwise_conv_relaxed)                                 \
+    FN(dequantize)                                             \
+    FN(div)                                                    \
+    FN(embedding_lookup)                                       \
+    FN(embedding_lookup_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(floor)                                                  \
+    FN(floor_relaxed)                                          \
+    FN(fully_connected_float)                                  \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_2)                                \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_large)                            \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_large_weights_as_inputs)          \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_relaxed)                          \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_weights_as_inputs)                \
+    FN(fully_connected_float_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)        \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8)                                 \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_2)                               \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_large)                           \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_large_weights_as_inputs)         \
+    FN(fully_connected_quant8_weights_as_inputs)               \
+    FN(hashtable_lookup_float)                                 \
+    FN(hashtable_lookup_float_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(hashtable_lookup_quant8)                                \
+    FN(l2_normalization)                                       \
+    FN(l2_normalization_2)                                     \
+    FN(l2_normalization_large)                                 \
+    FN(l2_normalization_large_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(l2_normalization_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(l2_pool_float)                                          \
+    FN(l2_pool_float_2)                                        \
+    FN(l2_pool_float_large)                                    \
+    FN(l2_pool_float_relaxed)                                  \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_1)                            \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_1_relaxed)                    \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_2)                            \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_2_relaxed)                    \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_3)                            \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_3_relaxed)                    \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_4)                            \
+    FN(local_response_norm_float_4_relaxed)                    \
+    FN(logistic_float_1)                                       \
+    FN(logistic_float_1_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(logistic_float_2)                                       \
+    FN(logistic_float_2_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(logistic_quant8_1)                                      \
+    FN(logistic_quant8_2)                                      \
+    FN(lsh_projection)                                         \
+    FN(lsh_projection_2)                                       \
+    FN(lsh_projection_2_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(lsh_projection_relaxed)                                 \
+    FN(lsh_projection_weights_as_inputs)                       \
+    FN(lsh_projection_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)               \
+    FN(lstm)                                                   \
+    FN(lstm2)                                                  \
+    FN(lstm2_relaxed)                                          \
+    FN(lstm2_state)                                            \
+    FN(lstm2_state2)                                           \
+    FN(lstm2_state2_relaxed)                                   \
+    FN(lstm2_state_relaxed)                                    \
+    FN(lstm3)                                                  \
+    FN(lstm3_relaxed)                                          \
+    FN(lstm3_state)                                            \
+    FN(lstm3_state2)                                           \
+    FN(lstm3_state2_relaxed)                                   \
+    FN(lstm3_state3)                                           \
+    FN(lstm3_state3_relaxed)                                   \
+    FN(lstm3_state_relaxed)                                    \
+    FN(lstm_relaxed)                                           \
+    FN(lstm_state)                                             \
+    FN(lstm_state2)                                            \
+    FN(lstm_state2_relaxed)                                    \
+    FN(lstm_state_relaxed)                                     \
+    FN(max_pool_float_1)                                       \
+    FN(max_pool_float_1_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(max_pool_float_2)                                       \
+    FN(max_pool_float_2_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(max_pool_float_3)                                       \
+    FN(max_pool_float_3_relaxed)                               \
+    FN(max_pool_float_4)                                       \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_1)                                      \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_2)                                      \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_3)                                      \
+    FN(max_pool_quant8_4)                                      \
+    FN(mean)                                                   \
+    FN(mean_float_1)                                           \
+    FN(mean_float_2)                                           \
+    FN(mean_quant8_1)                                          \
+    FN(mean_quant8_2)                                          \
+    FN(mobilenet_224_gender_basic_fixed)                       \
+    FN(mobilenet_224_gender_basic_fixed_relaxed)               \
+    FN(mobilenet_quantized)                                    \
+    FN(mul)                                                    \
+    FN(mul_broadcast_quant8)                                   \
+    FN(mul_quant8)                                             \
+    FN(mul_relaxed)                                            \
+    FN(mul_relu)                                               \
+    FN(mul_relu_relaxed)                                       \
+    FN(pad)                                                    \
+    FN(pad_float_1)                                            \
+    FN(relu1_float_1)                                          \
+    FN(relu1_float_1_relaxed)                                  \
+    FN(relu1_float_2)                                          \
+    FN(relu1_float_2_relaxed)                                  \
+    FN(relu1_quant8_1)                                         \
+    FN(relu1_quant8_2)                                         \
+    FN(relu6_float_1)                                          \
+    FN(relu6_float_1_relaxed)                                  \
+    FN(relu6_float_2)                                          \
+    FN(relu6_float_2_relaxed)                                  \
+    FN(relu6_quant8_1)                                         \
+    FN(relu6_quant8_2)                                         \
+    FN(relu_float_1)                                           \
+    FN(relu_float_1_relaxed)                                   \
+    FN(relu_float_2)                                           \
+    FN(relu_quant8_1)                                          \
+    FN(relu_quant8_2)                                          \
+    FN(reshape)                                                \
+    FN(reshape_quant8)                                         \
+    FN(reshape_quant8_weights_as_inputs)                       \
+    FN(reshape_relaxed)                                        \
+    FN(reshape_weights_as_inputs)                              \
+    FN(reshape_weights_as_inputs_relaxed)                      \
+    FN(resize_bilinear)                                        \
+    FN(resize_bilinear_2)                                      \
+    FN(resize_bilinear_relaxed)                                \
+    FN(rnn)                                                    \
+    FN(rnn_relaxed)                                            \
+    FN(rnn_state)                                              \
+    FN(rnn_state_relaxed)                                      \
+    FN(softmax_float_1)                                        \
+    FN(softmax_float_1_relaxed)                                \
+    FN(softmax_float_2)                                        \
+    FN(softmax_float_2_relaxed)                                \
+    FN(softmax_quant8_1)                                       \
+    FN(softmax_quant8_2)                                       \
+    FN(space_to_batch)                                         \
+    FN(space_to_batch_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_batch_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_batch_float_3)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_batch_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(space_to_batch_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(space_to_batch_quant8_3)                                \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_1)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_1_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_2)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_2_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_3)                                 \
+    FN(space_to_depth_float_3_relaxed)                         \
+    FN(space_to_depth_quant8_1)                                \
+    FN(space_to_depth_quant8_2)                                \
+    FN(squeeze)                                                \
+    FN(squeeze_float_1)                                        \
+    FN(squeeze_quant8_1)                                       \
+    FN(strided_slice)                                          \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_1)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_10)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_2)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_3)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_4)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_5)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_6)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_7)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_8)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_float_9)                                  \
+    FN(strided_slice_qaunt8_10)                                \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_1)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_2)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_3)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_4)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_5)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_6)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_7)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_8)                                 \
+    FN(strided_slice_quant8_9)                                 \
+    FN(sub)                                                    \
+    FN(svdf)                                                   \
+    FN(svdf2)                                                  \
+    FN(svdf2_relaxed)                                          \
+    FN(svdf_relaxed)                                           \
+    FN(svdf_state)                                             \
+    FN(svdf_state_relaxed)                                     \
+    FN(tanh)                                                   \
+    FN(tanh_relaxed)                                           \
+    FN(transpose)                                              \
+    FN(transpose_float_1)                                      \
+    FN(transpose_quant8_1)
+
+#define FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS(function) \
+    namespace function {                            \
+    extern std::vector<MixedTypedExample> examples; \
+    Model createTestModel();                        \
+    }
+
+FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS)
+
+#undef FORWARD_DECLARE_GENERATED_OBJECTS
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_MODELS_H
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3aa55f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateModel.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+#include "Callbacks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_1 {
+
+using V1_0::IPreparedModel;
+using V1_0::Operand;
+using V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
+using V1_0::OperandType;
+
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+
+///////////////////////// UTILITY FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////
+
+static void validateGetSupportedOperations(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message,
+                                           const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [getSupportedOperations_1_1]");
+
+    Return<void> ret =
+        device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>&) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
+        });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+}
+
+static void validatePrepareModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message,
+                                 const V1_1::Model& model, ExecutionPreference preference) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [prepareModel_1_1]");
+
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus =
+        device->prepareModel_1_1(model, preference, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
+
+    preparedModelCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
+    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
+}
+
+static bool validExecutionPreference(ExecutionPreference preference) {
+    return preference == ExecutionPreference::LOW_POWER ||
+           preference == ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER ||
+           preference == ExecutionPreference::SUSTAINED_SPEED;
+}
+
+// Primary validation function. This function will take a valid model, apply a
+// mutation to it to invalidate the model, then pass it to interface calls that
+// use the model. Note that the model here is passed by value, and any mutation
+// to the model does not leave this function.
+static void validate(const sp<IDevice>& device, const std::string& message, V1_1::Model model,
+                     const std::function<void(Model*)>& mutation,
+                     ExecutionPreference preference = ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER) {
+    mutation(&model);
+    if (validExecutionPreference(preference)) {
+        validateGetSupportedOperations(device, message, model);
+    }
+    validatePrepareModel(device, message, model, preference);
+}
+
+// Delete element from hidl_vec. hidl_vec doesn't support a "remove" operation,
+// so this is efficiently accomplished by moving the element to the end and
+// resizing the hidl_vec to one less.
+template <typename Type>
+static void hidl_vec_removeAt(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, uint32_t index) {
+    if (vec) {
+        std::rotate(vec->begin() + index, vec->begin() + index + 1, vec->end());
+        vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
+    // assume vec is valid
+    const uint32_t index = vec->size();
+    vec->resize(index + 1);
+    (*vec)[index] = value;
+    return index;
+}
+
+static uint32_t addOperand(Model* model) {
+    return hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operands,
+                              {
+                                  .type = OperandType::INT32,
+                                  .dimensions = {},
+                                  .numberOfConsumers = 0,
+                                  .scale = 0.0f,
+                                  .zeroPoint = 0,
+                                  .lifetime = OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT,
+                                  .location = {.poolIndex = 0, .offset = 0, .length = 0},
+                              });
+}
+
+static uint32_t addOperand(Model* model, OperandLifeTime lifetime) {
+    uint32_t index = addOperand(model);
+    model->operands[index].numberOfConsumers = 1;
+    model->operands[index].lifetime = lifetime;
+    return index;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static const int32_t invalidOperandTypes[] = {
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::FLOAT32) - 1,              // lower bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM) + 1,  // upper bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::OEM) - 1,                  // lower bound OEM
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE) + 1,      // upper bound OEM
+};
+
+static void mutateOperandTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        for (int32_t invalidOperandType : invalidOperandTypes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandTypeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " set to value " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidOperandType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidOperandType](Model* model) {
+                model->operands[operand].type = static_cast<OperandType>(invalidOperandType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND RANK /////////////////////////
+
+static uint32_t getInvalidRank(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+            return 1;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandRankTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const uint32_t invalidRank = getInvalidRank(model.operands[operand].type);
+        const std::string message = "mutateOperandRankTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                                    " has rank of " + std::to_string(invalidRank);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidRank](Model* model) {
+            model->operands[operand].dimensions = std::vector<uint32_t>(invalidRank, 0);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND SCALE /////////////////////////
+
+static float getInvalidScale(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+            return 1.0f;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return -1.0f;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return 0.0f;
+        default:
+            return 0.0f;
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandScaleTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const float invalidScale = getInvalidScale(model.operands[operand].type);
+        const std::string message = "mutateOperandScaleTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand) +
+                                    " has scale of " + std::to_string(invalidScale);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidScale](Model* model) {
+            model->operands[operand].scale = invalidScale;
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERAND ZERO POINT /////////////////////////
+
+static std::vector<int32_t> getInvalidZeroPoints(OperandType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            return {1};
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            return {-1, 256};
+        default:
+            return {};
+    }
+}
+
+static void mutateOperandZeroPointTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::vector<int32_t> invalidZeroPoints =
+            getInvalidZeroPoints(model.operands[operand].type);
+        for (int32_t invalidZeroPoint : invalidZeroPoints) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperandZeroPointTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " has zero point of " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidZeroPoint);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidZeroPoint](Model* model) {
+                model->operands[operand].zeroPoint = invalidZeroPoint;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXTRA ??? /////////////////////////
+
+// TODO: Operand::lifetime
+// TODO: Operand::location
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE OPERATION OPERAND TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperand(Operand* operand, OperandType type) {
+    Operand newOperand = *operand;
+    newOperand.type = type;
+    switch (type) {
+        case OperandType::FLOAT32:
+        case OperandType::INT32:
+        case OperandType::UINT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions = hidl_vec<uint32_t>();
+            newOperand.scale = 0.0f;
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_FLOAT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.scale = 0.0f;
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_INT32:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.zeroPoint = 0;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_QUANT8_ASYMM:
+            newOperand.dimensions =
+                operand->dimensions.size() > 0 ? operand->dimensions : hidl_vec<uint32_t>({1});
+            newOperand.scale = operand->scale != 0.0f ? operand->scale : 1.0f;
+            break;
+        case OperandType::OEM:
+        case OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE:
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    *operand = newOperand;
+}
+
+static bool mutateOperationOperandTypeSkip(size_t operand, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    // LSH_PROJECTION's second argument is allowed to have any type. This is the
+    // only operation that currently has a type that can be anything independent
+    // from any other type. Changing the operand type to any other type will
+    // result in a valid model for LSH_PROJECTION. If this is the case, skip the
+    // test.
+    for (const Operation& operation : model.operations) {
+        if (operation.type == OperationType::LSH_PROJECTION && operand == operation.inputs[1]) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        if (mutateOperationOperandTypeSkip(operand, model)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (OperandType invalidOperandType : hidl_enum_iterator<OperandType>{}) {
+            // Do not test OEM types
+            if (invalidOperandType == model.operands[operand].type ||
+                invalidOperandType == OperandType::OEM ||
+                invalidOperandType == OperandType::TENSOR_OEM_BYTE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationOperandTypeTest: operand " +
+                                        std::to_string(operand) + " set to type " +
+                                        toString(invalidOperandType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operand, invalidOperandType](Model* model) {
+                mutateOperand(&model->operands[operand], invalidOperandType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION TYPE /////////////////////////
+
+static const int32_t invalidOperationTypes[] = {
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::ADD) - 1,            // lower bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::TRANSPOSE) + 1,      // upper bound fundamental
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::OEM_OPERATION) - 1,  // lower bound OEM
+    static_cast<int32_t>(OperationType::OEM_OPERATION) + 1,  // upper bound OEM
+};
+
+static void mutateOperationTypeTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (int32_t invalidOperationType : invalidOperationTypes) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationTypeTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " set to value " +
+                                        std::to_string(invalidOperationType);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, invalidOperationType](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].type =
+                    static_cast<OperationType>(invalidOperationType);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION INPUT OPERAND INDEX /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                                 const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const uint32_t invalidOperand = model.operands.size();
+        for (size_t input = 0; input < model.operations[operation].inputs.size(); ++input) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " input " +
+                                        std::to_string(input);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, input, invalidOperand](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].inputs[input] = invalidOperand;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE MODEL OPERATION OUTPUT OPERAND INDEX /////////////////////////
+
+static void mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(const sp<IDevice>& device,
+                                                  const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const uint32_t invalidOperand = model.operands.size();
+        for (size_t output = 0; output < model.operations[operation].outputs.size(); ++output) {
+            const std::string message = "mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + " output " +
+                                        std::to_string(output);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, output, invalidOperand](Model* model) {
+                model->operations[operation].outputs[output] = invalidOperand;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERAND FROM EVERYTHING /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(hidl_vec<uint32_t>* vec, uint32_t value) {
+    if (vec) {
+        // remove elements matching "value"
+        auto last = std::remove(vec->begin(), vec->end(), value);
+        vec->resize(std::distance(vec->begin(), last));
+
+        // decrement elements exceeding "value"
+        std::transform(vec->begin(), vec->end(), vec->begin(),
+                       [value](uint32_t v) { return v > value ? v-- : v; });
+    }
+}
+
+static void removeOperand(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
+    hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operands, index);
+    for (Operation& operation : model->operations) {
+        removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&operation.inputs, index);
+        removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&operation.outputs, index);
+    }
+    removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&model->inputIndexes, index);
+    removeValueAndDecrementGreaterValues(&model->outputIndexes, index);
+}
+
+static void removeOperandTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operand = 0; operand < model.operands.size(); ++operand) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOperandTest: operand " + std::to_string(operand);
+        validate(device, message, model,
+                 [operand](Model* model) { removeOperand(model, operand); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperation(Model* model, uint32_t index) {
+    for (uint32_t operand : model->operations[index].inputs) {
+        model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers--;
+    }
+    hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations, index);
+}
+
+static void removeOperationTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOperationTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model,
+                 [operation](Model* model) { removeOperation(model, operation); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION INPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperationInputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t input = 0; input < model.operations[operation].inputs.size(); ++input) {
+            const V1_1::Operation& op = model.operations[operation];
+            // CONCATENATION has at least 2 inputs, with the last element being
+            // INT32. Skip this test if removing one of CONCATENATION's
+            // inputs still produces a valid model.
+            if (op.type == V1_1::OperationType::CONCATENATION && op.inputs.size() > 2 &&
+                input != op.inputs.size() - 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const std::string message = "removeOperationInputTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + ", input " +
+                                        std::to_string(input);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, input](Model* model) {
+                uint32_t operand = model->operations[operation].inputs[input];
+                model->operands[operand].numberOfConsumers--;
+                hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations[operation].inputs, input);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OPERATION OUTPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOperationOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        for (size_t output = 0; output < model.operations[operation].outputs.size(); ++output) {
+            const std::string message = "removeOperationOutputTest: operation " +
+                                        std::to_string(operation) + ", output " +
+                                        std::to_string(output);
+            validate(device, message, model, [operation, output](Model* model) {
+                hidl_vec_removeAt(&model->operations[operation].outputs, output);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// MODEL VALIDATION /////////////////////////
+
+// TODO: remove model input
+// TODO: remove model output
+// TODO: add unused operation
+
+///////////////////////// ADD OPERATION INPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void addOperationInputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message = "addOperationInputTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+            uint32_t index = addOperand(model, OperandLifeTime::MODEL_INPUT);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations[operation].inputs, index);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->inputIndexes, index);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// ADD OPERATION OUTPUT /////////////////////////
+
+static void addOperationOutputTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (size_t operation = 0; operation < model.operations.size(); ++operation) {
+        const std::string message =
+            "addOperationOutputTest: operation " + std::to_string(operation);
+        validate(device, message, model, [operation](Model* model) {
+            uint32_t index = addOperand(model, OperandLifeTime::MODEL_OUTPUT);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->operations[operation].outputs, index);
+            hidl_vec_push_back(&model->outputIndexes, index);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// VALIDATE EXECUTION PREFERENCE /////////////////////////
+
+static const int32_t invalidExecutionPreferences[] = {
+    static_cast<int32_t>(ExecutionPreference::LOW_POWER) - 1,        // lower bound
+    static_cast<int32_t>(ExecutionPreference::SUSTAINED_SPEED) + 1,  // upper bound
+};
+
+static void mutateExecutionPreferenceTest(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    for (int32_t preference : invalidExecutionPreferences) {
+        const std::string message =
+            "mutateExecutionPreferenceTest: preference " + std::to_string(preference);
+        validate(device, message, model, [](Model*) {},
+                 static_cast<ExecutionPreference>(preference));
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////
+
+void ValidationTest::validateModel(const V1_1::Model& model) {
+    mutateOperandTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandRankTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandScaleTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperandZeroPointTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationOperandTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationTypeTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationInputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    mutateOperationOutputOperandIndexTest(device, model);
+    removeOperandTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationInputTest(device, model);
+    removeOperationOutputTest(device, model);
+    addOperationInputTest(device, model);
+    addOperationOutputTest(device, model);
+    mutateExecutionPreferenceTest(device, model);
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b42f561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidateRequest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+#include "Callbacks.h"
+#include "TestHarness.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_1 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
+using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
+using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
+using generated_tests::MixedTyped;
+using generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
+using generated_tests::for_all;
+
+///////////////////////// UTILITY FUNCTIONS /////////////////////////
+
+static void createPreparedModel(const sp<IDevice>& device, const V1_1::Model& model,
+                                sp<IPreparedModel>* preparedModel) {
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel);
+
+    // see if service can handle model
+    bool fullySupportsModel = false;
+    Return<void> supportedOpsLaunchStatus = device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
+        model, [&fullySupportsModel](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
+            ASSERT_NE(0ul, supported.size());
+            fullySupportsModel =
+                std::all_of(supported.begin(), supported.end(), [](bool valid) { return valid; });
+        });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsLaunchStatus.isOk());
+
+    // launch prepare model
+    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus = device->prepareModel_1_1(
+        model, ExecutionPreference::FAST_SINGLE_ANSWER, preparedModelCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
+
+    // retrieve prepared model
+    preparedModelCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
+    *preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
+
+    // The getSupportedOperations_1_1 call returns a list of operations that are
+    // guaranteed not to fail if prepareModel_1_1 is called, and
+    // 'fullySupportsModel' is true i.f.f. the entire model is guaranteed.
+    // If a driver has any doubt that it can prepare an operation, it must
+    // return false. So here, if a driver isn't sure if it can support an
+    // operation, but reports that it successfully prepared the model, the test
+    // can continue.
+    if (!fullySupportsModel && prepareReturnStatus != ErrorStatus::NONE) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
+        LOG(INFO) << "NN VTS: Unable to test Request validation because vendor service cannot "
+                     "prepare model that it does not support.";
+        std::cout << "[          ]   Unable to test Request validation because vendor service "
+                     "cannot prepare model that it does not support."
+                  << std::endl;
+        return;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, prepareReturnStatus);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
+}
+
+// Primary validation function. This function will take a valid request, apply a
+// mutation to it to invalidate the request, then pass it to interface calls
+// that use the request. Note that the request here is passed by value, and any
+// mutation to the request does not leave this function.
+static void validate(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const std::string& message,
+                     Request request, const std::function<void(Request*)>& mutation) {
+    mutation(&request);
+    SCOPED_TRACE(message + " [execute]");
+
+    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
+    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
+
+    executionCallback->wait();
+    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
+    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
+}
+
+// Delete element from hidl_vec. hidl_vec doesn't support a "remove" operation,
+// so this is efficiently accomplished by moving the element to the end and
+// resizing the hidl_vec to one less.
+template <typename Type>
+static void hidl_vec_removeAt(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, uint32_t index) {
+    if (vec) {
+        std::rotate(vec->begin() + index, vec->begin() + index + 1, vec->end());
+        vec->resize(vec->size() - 1);
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Type>
+static uint32_t hidl_vec_push_back(hidl_vec<Type>* vec, const Type& value) {
+    // assume vec is valid
+    const uint32_t index = vec->size();
+    vec->resize(index + 1);
+    (*vec)[index] = value;
+    return index;
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE INPUT ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void removeInputTest(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const Request& request) {
+    for (size_t input = 0; input < request.inputs.size(); ++input) {
+        const std::string message = "removeInput: removed input " + std::to_string(input);
+        validate(preparedModel, message, request,
+                 [input](Request* request) { hidl_vec_removeAt(&request->inputs, input); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////// REMOVE OUTPUT ////////////////////////////////////
+
+static void removeOutputTest(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const Request& request) {
+    for (size_t output = 0; output < request.outputs.size(); ++output) {
+        const std::string message = "removeOutput: removed Output " + std::to_string(output);
+        validate(preparedModel, message, request,
+                 [output](Request* request) { hidl_vec_removeAt(&request->outputs, output); });
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////////// ENTRY POINT //////////////////////////////////
+
+std::vector<Request> createRequests(const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>& examples) {
+    const uint32_t INPUT = 0;
+    const uint32_t OUTPUT = 1;
+
+    std::vector<Request> requests;
+
+    for (auto& example : examples) {
+        const MixedTyped& inputs = example.first;
+        const MixedTyped& outputs = example.second;
+
+        std::vector<RequestArgument> inputs_info, outputs_info;
+        uint32_t inputSize = 0, outputSize = 0;
+
+        // This function only partially specifies the metadata (vector of RequestArguments).
+        // The contents are copied over below.
+        for_all(inputs, [&inputs_info, &inputSize](int index, auto, auto s) {
+            if (inputs_info.size() <= static_cast<size_t>(index)) inputs_info.resize(index + 1);
+            RequestArgument arg = {
+                .location = {.poolIndex = INPUT, .offset = 0, .length = static_cast<uint32_t>(s)},
+                .dimensions = {},
+            };
+            RequestArgument arg_empty = {
+                .hasNoValue = true,
+            };
+            inputs_info[index] = s ? arg : arg_empty;
+            inputSize += s;
+        });
+        // Compute offset for inputs 1 and so on
+        {
+            size_t offset = 0;
+            for (auto& i : inputs_info) {
+                if (!i.hasNoValue) i.location.offset = offset;
+                offset += i.location.length;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Go through all outputs, initialize RequestArgument descriptors
+        for_all(outputs, [&outputs_info, &outputSize](int index, auto, auto s) {
+            if (outputs_info.size() <= static_cast<size_t>(index)) outputs_info.resize(index + 1);
+            RequestArgument arg = {
+                .location = {.poolIndex = OUTPUT, .offset = 0, .length = static_cast<uint32_t>(s)},
+                .dimensions = {},
+            };
+            outputs_info[index] = arg;
+            outputSize += s;
+        });
+        // Compute offset for outputs 1 and so on
+        {
+            size_t offset = 0;
+            for (auto& i : outputs_info) {
+                i.location.offset = offset;
+                offset += i.location.length;
+            }
+        }
+        std::vector<hidl_memory> pools = {nn::allocateSharedMemory(inputSize),
+                                          nn::allocateSharedMemory(outputSize)};
+        if (pools[INPUT].size() == 0 || pools[OUTPUT].size() == 0) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // map pool
+        sp<IMemory> inputMemory = mapMemory(pools[INPUT]);
+        if (inputMemory == nullptr) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        char* inputPtr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(static_cast<void*>(inputMemory->getPointer()));
+        if (inputPtr == nullptr) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // initialize pool
+        inputMemory->update();
+        for_all(inputs, [&inputs_info, inputPtr](int index, auto p, auto s) {
+            char* begin = (char*)p;
+            char* end = begin + s;
+            // TODO: handle more than one input
+            std::copy(begin, end, inputPtr + inputs_info[index].location.offset);
+        });
+        inputMemory->commit();
+
+        requests.push_back({.inputs = inputs_info, .outputs = outputs_info, .pools = pools});
+    }
+
+    return requests;
+}
+
+void ValidationTest::validateRequests(const V1_1::Model& model,
+                                      const std::vector<Request>& requests) {
+    // create IPreparedModel
+    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(createPreparedModel(device, model, &preparedModel));
+    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // validate each request
+    for (const Request& request : requests) {
+        removeInputTest(preparedModel, request);
+        removeOutputTest(preparedModel, request);
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c35ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/ValidationTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
+
+#include "Models.h"
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace neuralnetworks {
+namespace V1_1 {
+namespace vts {
+namespace functional {
+
+// forward declarations
+std::vector<Request> createRequests(const std::vector<MixedTypedExample>& examples);
+
+// generate validation tests
+#define VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE(TestName)                                           \
+    TEST_F(ValidationTest, TestName) {                                            \
+        const Model model = TestName::createTestModel();                          \
+        const std::vector<Request> requests = createRequests(TestName::examples); \
+        validateModel(model);                                                     \
+        validateRequests(model, requests);                                        \
+    }
+
+FOR_EACH_TEST_MODEL(VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE)
+
+#undef VTS_CURRENT_TEST_CASE
+
+}  // namespace functional
+}  // namespace vts
+}  // namespace V1_1
+}  // namespace neuralnetworks
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
similarity index 64%
rename from neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.cpp
rename to neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
index b1d3be7..62381e6 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.cpp
@@ -16,16 +16,7 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
 
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h"
-#include "Utils.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
-
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
+#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -34,11 +25,6 @@
 namespace vts {
 namespace functional {
 
-// allocator helper
-hidl_memory allocateSharedMemory(int64_t size) {
-    return nn::allocateSharedMemory(size);
-}
-
 // A class for test environment setup
 NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() {}
 
@@ -52,23 +38,49 @@
 }
 
 void NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::registerTestServices() {
-    registerTestService<V1_1::IDevice>();
+    registerTestService<IDevice>();
 }
 
 // The main test class for NEURALNETWORK HIDL HAL.
+NeuralnetworksHidlTest::NeuralnetworksHidlTest() {}
+
 NeuralnetworksHidlTest::~NeuralnetworksHidlTest() {}
 
 void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<V1_1::IDevice>(
+    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::SetUp();
+    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDevice>(
         NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, device.get());
 }
 
-void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::TearDown() {}
+void NeuralnetworksHidlTest::TearDown() {
+    device = nullptr;
+    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::TearDown();
+}
 
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
+
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
+    return os << toString(errorStatus);
+}
+
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus) {
+    return os << toString(deviceStatus);
+}
+
 }  // namespace V1_1
 }  // namespace neuralnetworks
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
+
+using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance()->init(&argc, argv);
+
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
similarity index 60%
rename from neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h
rename to neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
index 426246c..0050e52 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworks.h
@@ -17,65 +17,71 @@
 #ifndef VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_H
 #define VTS_HAL_NEURALNETWORKS_V1_1_H
 
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IExecutionCallback.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IPreparedModel.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/IPreparedModelCallback.h>
+#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
-#include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace neuralnetworks {
 namespace V1_1 {
+
+using V1_0::Request;
+using V1_0::DeviceStatus;
+using V1_0::ErrorStatus;
+
 namespace vts {
 namespace functional {
-hidl_memory allocateSharedMemory(int64_t size);
 
 // A class for test environment setup
 class NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment);
     NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment();
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment(const NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment& operator=(const NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&) = delete;
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment& operator=(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment&&) = delete;
+    ~NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() override;
 
    public:
-    ~NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment() override;
     static NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment* getInstance();
     void registerTestServices() override;
 };
 
 // The main test class for NEURALNETWORKS HIDL HAL.
 class NeuralnetworksHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NeuralnetworksHidlTest);
+
    public:
+    NeuralnetworksHidlTest();
     ~NeuralnetworksHidlTest() override;
     void SetUp() override;
     void TearDown() override;
 
-    sp<V1_1::IDevice> device;
+   protected:
+    sp<IDevice> device;
 };
+
+// Tag for the validation tests
+class ValidationTest : public NeuralnetworksHidlTest {
+   protected:
+    void validateModel(const Model& model);
+    void validateRequests(const Model& model, const std::vector<Request>& request);
+};
+
+// Tag for the generated tests
+class GeneratedTest : public NeuralnetworksHidlTest {};
+
 }  // namespace functional
 }  // namespace vts
 
 // pretty-print values for error messages
-
-template <typename CharT, typename Traits>
-::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& operator<<(::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
-                                                V1_0::ErrorStatus errorStatus) {
-    return os << toString(errorStatus);
-}
-
-template <typename CharT, typename Traits>
-::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& operator<<(::std::basic_ostream<CharT, Traits>& os,
-                                                V1_0::DeviceStatus deviceStatus) {
-    return os << toString(deviceStatus);
-}
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, ErrorStatus errorStatus);
+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, DeviceStatus deviceStatus);
 
 }  // namespace V1_1
 }  // namespace neuralnetworks
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1BasicTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1BasicTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 17f6744..0000000
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1BasicTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
-
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h"
-
-#include "Callbacks.h"
-#include "Models.h"
-#include "TestHarness.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
-#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
-#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
-
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IPreparedModel;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::DeviceStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::ErrorStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::FusedActivationFunc;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Operand;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperandType;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Request;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::Capabilities;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::IDevice;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::Model;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::Operation;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::OperationType;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace neuralnetworks {
-namespace V1_1 {
-namespace vts {
-namespace functional {
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
-
-static void doPrepareModelShortcut(const sp<IDevice>& device, sp<IPreparedModel>* preparedModel) {
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel);
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_1();
-
-    // see if service can handle model
-    bool fullySupportsModel = false;
-    Return<void> supportedOpsLaunchStatus = device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
-        model, [&fullySupportsModel](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            ASSERT_NE(0ul, supported.size());
-            fullySupportsModel =
-                std::all_of(supported.begin(), supported.end(), [](bool valid) { return valid; });
-        });
-    ASSERT_TRUE(supportedOpsLaunchStatus.isOk());
-
-    // launch prepare model
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus =
-        device->prepareModel_1_1(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    // retrieve prepared model
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    *preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-
-    // The getSupportedOperations call returns a list of operations that are
-    // guaranteed not to fail if prepareModel is called, and
-    // 'fullySupportsModel' is true i.f.f. the entire model is guaranteed.
-    // If a driver has any doubt that it can prepare an operation, it must
-    // return false. So here, if a driver isn't sure if it can support an
-    // operation, but reports that it successfully prepared the model, the test
-    // can continue.
-    if (!fullySupportsModel && prepareReturnStatus != ErrorStatus::NONE) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
-        LOG(INFO) << "NN VTS: Early termination of test because vendor service cannot "
-                     "prepare model that it does not support.";
-        std::cout << "[          ]   Early termination of test because vendor service cannot "
-                     "prepare model that it does not support."
-                  << std::endl;
-        return;
-    }
-    ASSERT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, prepareReturnStatus);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModel->get());
-}
-
-// create device test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, CreateDevice) {}
-
-// status test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, StatusTest) {
-    Return<DeviceStatus> status = device->getStatus();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DeviceStatus::AVAILABLE, static_cast<DeviceStatus>(status));
-}
-
-// initialization
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, GetCapabilitiesTest) {
-    Return<void> ret =
-        device->getCapabilities_1_1([](ErrorStatus status, const Capabilities& capabilities) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.execTime);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.float32Performance.powerUsage);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.execTime);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.quantized8Performance.powerUsage);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.relaxedFloat32toFloat16Performance.execTime);
-            EXPECT_LT(0.0f, capabilities.relaxedFloat32toFloat16Performance.powerUsage);
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsPositiveTest) {
-    Model model = createValidTestModel_1_1();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, status);
-            EXPECT_EQ(model.operations.size(), supported.size());
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsNegativeTest1) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel1_1_1();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
-            (void)supported;
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// supported operations negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SupportedOperationsNegativeTest2) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel2_1_1();
-    Return<void> ret = device->getSupportedOperations_1_1(
-        model, [&](ErrorStatus status, const hidl_vec<bool>& supported) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, status);
-            (void)supported;
-        });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-}
-
-// prepare simple model positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelPositiveTest) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel);
-}
-
-// prepare simple model negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelNegativeTest1) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel1_1_1();
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus =
-        device->prepareModel_1_1(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
-}
-
-// prepare simple model negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimplePrepareModelNegativeTest2) {
-    Model model = createInvalidTestModel2_1_1();
-    sp<PreparedModelCallback> preparedModelCallback = new PreparedModelCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, preparedModelCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> prepareLaunchStatus =
-        device->prepareModel_1_1(model, preparedModelCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(prepareLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(prepareLaunchStatus));
-
-    preparedModelCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus prepareReturnStatus = preparedModelCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, prepareReturnStatus);
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel = preparedModelCallback->getPreparedModel();
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, preparedModel.get());
-}
-
-// execute simple graph positive test
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphPositiveTest) {
-    std::vector<float> outputData = {-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f};
-    std::vector<float> expectedData = {6.0f, 8.0f, 10.0f, 12.0f};
-    const uint32_t OUTPUT = 1;
-
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createValidTestRequest();
-
-    auto postWork = [&] {
-        sp<IMemory> outputMemory = mapMemory(request.pools[OUTPUT]);
-        if (outputMemory == nullptr) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        float* outputPtr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(static_cast<void*>(outputMemory->getPointer()));
-        if (outputPtr == nullptr) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        outputMemory->read();
-        std::copy(outputPtr, outputPtr + outputData.size(), outputData.begin());
-        outputMemory->commit();
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    executionCallback->on_finish(postWork);
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::NONE, executionReturnStatus);
-    EXPECT_EQ(expectedData, outputData);
-}
-
-// execute simple graph negative test 1
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphNegativeTest1) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createInvalidTestRequest1();
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
-}
-
-// execute simple graph negative test 2
-TEST_F(NeuralnetworksHidlTest, SimpleExecuteGraphNegativeTest2) {
-    sp<IPreparedModel> preparedModel;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(doPrepareModelShortcut(device, &preparedModel));
-    if (preparedModel == nullptr) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Request request = createInvalidTestRequest2();
-
-    sp<ExecutionCallback> executionCallback = new ExecutionCallback();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, executionCallback.get());
-    Return<ErrorStatus> executeLaunchStatus = preparedModel->execute(request, executionCallback);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(executeLaunchStatus.isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, static_cast<ErrorStatus>(executeLaunchStatus));
-
-    executionCallback->wait();
-    ErrorStatus executionReturnStatus = executionCallback->getStatus();
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorStatus::INVALID_ARGUMENT, executionReturnStatus);
-}
-
-}  // namespace functional
-}  // namespace vts
-}  // namespace V1_1
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
-
-using android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::vts::functional::NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment;
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    NeuralnetworksHidlEnvironment::getInstance()->init(&argc, argv);
-
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1GeneratedTest.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1GeneratedTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 025d9fe..0000000
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1GeneratedTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "neuralnetworks_hidl_hal_test"
-
-#include "VtsHalNeuralnetworksV1_1.h"
-
-#include "Callbacks.h"
-#include "TestHarness.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/IDevice.h>
-#include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.1/types.h>
-#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
-#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
-
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::IPreparedModel;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Capabilities;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::DeviceStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::ErrorStatus;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::FusedActivationFunc;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Operand;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperandLifeTime;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::OperandType;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::Request;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::IDevice;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::Model;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::Operation;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_1::OperationType;
-using ::android::hardware::Return;
-using ::android::hardware::Void;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
-using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-using ::android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
-using ::android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
-using ::android::sp;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace hardware {
-namespace neuralnetworks {
-
-namespace generated_tests {
-using ::generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType;
-extern void Execute(sp<V1_1::IDevice>&, std::function<Model(void)>, std::function<bool(int)>,
-                    const std::vector<MixedTypedExampleType>&);
-}  // namespace generated_tests
-
-namespace V1_1 {
-namespace vts {
-namespace functional {
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::ExecutionCallback;
-using ::android::hardware::neuralnetworks::V1_0::implementation::PreparedModelCallback;
-
-// Mixed-typed examples
-typedef generated_tests::MixedTypedExampleType MixedTypedExample;
-
-// in frameworks/ml/nn/runtime/tests/generated/
-#include "all_generated_V1_0_vts_tests.cpp"
-#include "all_generated_V1_1_vts_tests.cpp"
-
-}  // namespace functional
-}  // namespace vts
-}  // namespace V1_1
-}  // namespace neuralnetworks
-}  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
index 8c4ccf6..2c1eb60 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_cell_broadcast.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setGsmBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo #1
     GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo gbSmsConfig1;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getGsmBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getGsmBroadcastConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getGsmBroadcastConfig(serial);
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     CdmaBroadcastSmsConfigInfo cbSmsConfig;
     cbSmsConfig.serviceCategory = 4096;
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaBroadcastConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaBroadcastConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaBroadcastConfig(serial);
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaBroadcastActivation() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaBroadcastActivation) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool activate = false;
 
     radio->setCdmaBroadcastActivation(serial, activate);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setGsmBroadcastActivation() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setGsmBroadcastActivation) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool activate = false;
 
     radio->setGsmBroadcastActivation(serial, activate);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
index 9496688..4f10f11 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_data.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getDataRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDataRegistrationState) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDataRegistrationState(serial);
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setupDataCall) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioTechnology radioTechnology = RadioTechnology::LTE;
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     radio->setupDataCall(serial, radioTechnology, dataProfileInfo, modemCognitive, roamingAllowed,
                          isRoaming);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(300));
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.deactivateDataCall() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deactivateDataCall) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int cid = 1;
     bool reasonRadioShutDown = false;
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getDataCallList() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDataCallList) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDataCallList(serial);
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setInitialAttachApn() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setInitialAttachApn) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
     memset(&dataProfileInfo, 0, sizeof(dataProfileInfo));
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setDataAllowed() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setDataAllowed) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool allow = true;
 
     radio->setDataAllowed(serial, allow);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setDataProfile() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setDataProfile) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a dataProfileInfo
     DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
index e6c8934..e6837ce 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_icc.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPinForApp() for the response returned
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPinForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPukForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPukForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPin2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPin2ForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.supplyIccPuk2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyIccPuk2ForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.changeIccPinForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPinForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.changeIccPin2ForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, changeIccPin2ForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong password and check PASSWORD_INCORRECT returned for 3GPP and
     // 3GPP2 apps only
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getImsiForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getImsiForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Check success returned while getting imsi for 3GPP and 3GPP2 apps only
     for (int i = 0; i < (int)cardStatus.applications.size(); i++) {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.iccIOForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccIOForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     for (int i = 0; i < (int)cardStatus.applications.size(); i++) {
         IccIo iccIo;
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.iccTransmitApduBasicChannel() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduBasicChannel) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SimApdu msg;
     memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
     msg.data = hidl_string();
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.iccOpenLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccOpenLogicalChannel) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int p2 = 0x04;
     // Specified in ISO 7816-4 clause 7.1.1 0x04 means that FCP template is requested.
     for (int i = 0; i < (int)cardStatus.applications.size(); i++) {
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.iccCloseLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccCloseLogicalChannel) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     // Try closing invalid channel and check INVALID_ARGUMENTS returned as error
     radio->iccCloseLogicalChannel(serial, 0);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SimApdu msg;
     memset(&msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
     msg.data = hidl_string();
@@ -284,17 +284,18 @@
  * Test IRadio.requestIccSimAuthentication() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestIccSimAuthentication) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Pass wrong challenge string and check RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS
-    // returned as error.
+    // or REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED returned as error.
     for (int i = 0; i < (int)cardStatus.applications.size(); i++) {
         radio->requestIccSimAuthentication(serial, 0, hidl_string("test"),
                                            cardStatus.applications[i].aidPtr);
         EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
         EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
         EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
-        EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, radioRsp->rspInfo.error);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
+                                                               RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
     }
 }
 
@@ -302,7 +303,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.supplyNetworkDepersonalization() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, supplyNetworkDepersonalization) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->supplyNetworkDepersonalization(serial, hidl_string("test"));
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
index 4574678..4331c06 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_ims.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getClir() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getClir) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getClir(serial);
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setClir() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setClir) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int32_t status = 1;
 
     radio->setClir(serial, status);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getFacilityLockForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getFacilityLockForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     std::string password = "";
     int32_t serviceClass = 1;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setFacilityLockForApp() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setFacilityLockForApp) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     bool lockState = false;
     std::string password = "";
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setBarringPassword() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setBarringPassword) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string facility = "";
     std::string oldPassword = "";
     std::string newPassword = "";
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getClip() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getClip) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getClip(serial);
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSuppServiceNotifications() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSuppServiceNotifications) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool enable = false;
 
     radio->setSuppServiceNotifications(serial, enable);
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.requestIsimAuthentication() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestIsimAuthentication) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::string challenge = "";
 
     radio->requestIsimAuthentication(serial, challenge);
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getImsRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getImsRegistrationState) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getImsRegistrationState(serial);
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
index e5268f6..6b7add5 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_misc.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getSignalStrength() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getSignalStrength) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getSignalStrength(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getVoiceRegistrationState() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRegistrationState) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getVoiceRegistrationState(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getOperator() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getOperator) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getOperator(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setRadioPower() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setRadioPower) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setRadioPower(serial, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getNetworkSelectionMode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getNetworkSelectionMode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getNetworkSelectionMode(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setNetworkSelectionModeManual() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setNetworkSelectionModeManual) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setNetworkSelectionModeManual(serial, "123456");
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getAvailableNetworks() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableNetworks) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAvailableNetworks(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(300));
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getBasebandVersion() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getBasebandVersion) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getBasebandVersion(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setBandMode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setBandMode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setBandMode(serial, RadioBandMode::BAND_MODE_USA);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getAvailableBandModes() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAvailableBandModes) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAvailableBandModes(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setPreferredNetworkType() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredNetworkType) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setPreferredNetworkType(serial, PreferredNetworkType::GSM_ONLY);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getPreferredNetworkType() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredNetworkType) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getPreferredNetworkType(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getNeighboringCids() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getNeighboringCids) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getNeighboringCids(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setLocationUpdates() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setLocationUpdates) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setLocationUpdates(serial, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaRoamingPreference() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaRoamingPreference) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCdmaRoamingPreference(serial, CdmaRoamingType::HOME_NETWORK);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaRoamingPreference() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaRoamingPreference) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaRoamingPreference(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getTTYMode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getTTYMode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getTTYMode(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setTTYMode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setTTYMode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setTTYMode(serial, TtyMode::OFF);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setPreferredVoicePrivacy() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setPreferredVoicePrivacy(serial, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getPreferredVoicePrivacy() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getPreferredVoicePrivacy) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getPreferredVoicePrivacy(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCDMASubscription() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCDMASubscription) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCDMASubscription(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getDeviceIdentity() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getDeviceIdentity) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getDeviceIdentity(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.exitEmergencyCallbackMode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, exitEmergencyCallbackMode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->exitEmergencyCallbackMode(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCdmaSubscriptionSource() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCdmaSubscriptionSource(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCdmaSubscriptionSource() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCdmaSubscriptionSource) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCdmaSubscriptionSource(serial, CdmaSubscriptionSource::RUIM_SIM);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getVoiceRadioTechnology() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getVoiceRadioTechnology) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getVoiceRadioTechnology(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCellInfoList() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCellInfoList) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCellInfoList(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCellInfoListRate() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCellInfoListRate) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // TODO(sanketpadawe): RIL crashes with value of rate = 10
     radio->setCellInfoListRate(serial, 10);
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.nvReadItem() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvReadItem) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->nvReadItem(serial, NvItem::LTE_BAND_ENABLE_25);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.nvWriteItem() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteItem) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     NvWriteItem item;
     memset(&item, 0, sizeof(item));
     item.value = hidl_string();
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.nvWriteCdmaPrl() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvWriteCdmaPrl) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     std::vector<uint8_t> prl = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
 
     radio->nvWriteCdmaPrl(serial, hidl_vec<uint8_t>(prl));
@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@
  * Test IRadio.nvResetConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, nvResetConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    radio->nvResetConfig(++serial, ResetNvType::ERASE);
+    radio->nvResetConfig(serial, ResetNvType::ERASE);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setUiccSubscription() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setUiccSubscription) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SelectUiccSub item;
     memset(&item, 0, sizeof(item));
 
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getHardwareConfig() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getHardwareConfig) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getHardwareConfig(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.requestShutdown() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, requestShutdown) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->requestShutdown(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getRadioCapability() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getRadioCapability) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getRadioCapability(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setRadioCapability() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setRadioCapability) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     RadioCapability rc;
     memset(&rc, 0, sizeof(rc));
     rc.logicalModemUuid = hidl_string();
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.startLceService() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, startLceService) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->startLceService(serial, 5, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.stopLceService() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, stopLceService) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->stopLceService(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.pullLceData() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, pullLceData) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->pullLceData(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getModemActivityInfo() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getModemActivityInfo) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getModemActivityInfo(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setAllowedCarriers() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setAllowedCarriers) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CarrierRestrictions carriers;
     memset(&carriers, 0, sizeof(carriers));
     carriers.allowedCarriers.resize(1);
@@ -778,12 +778,26 @@
                                      {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
     }
 
+    /* Setting to carrier restriction needs some time */
+    updateSimCardStatus();
+    auto startTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    while (cardStatus.cardState != CardState::RESTRICTED &&
+           std::chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now() - startTime)
+                   .count() < 10) {
+        /* Set 2 seconds as interval to check card status */
+        sleep(2);
+        updateSimCardStatus();
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::RESTRICTED, cardStatus.cardState);
+    sleep(10);
+
     /* Reset back to no carrier restriction */
     memset(&carriers, 0, sizeof(carriers));
     carriers.allowedCarriers.resize(0);
     carriers.excludedCarriers.resize(0);
 
-    radio->setAllowedCarriers(++serial, true, carriers);
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio->setAllowedCarriers(serial, true, carriers);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
@@ -792,13 +806,26 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
     }
+
+    /* Resetting back to no carrier restriction needs some time */
+    updateSimCardStatus();
+    startTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    while (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::RESTRICTED &&
+           std::chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now() - startTime)
+                   .count() < 10) {
+        /* Set 2 seconds as interval to check card status */
+        sleep(2);
+        updateSimCardStatus();
+    }
+    EXPECT_NE(CardState::RESTRICTED, cardStatus.cardState);
+    sleep(10);
 }
 
 /*
  * Test IRadio.getAllowedCarriers() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getAllowedCarriers) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getAllowedCarriers(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -815,7 +842,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendDeviceState() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendDeviceState) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendDeviceState(serial, DeviceStateType::POWER_SAVE_MODE, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -834,7 +861,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setIndicationFilter() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setIndicationFilter) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setIndicationFilter(serial, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -853,7 +880,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSimCardPower() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSimCardPower) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setSimCardPower(serial, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
index 469f03a..9e41429 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_sms.cpp
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendSms() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendSms) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     GsmSmsMessage msg;
     msg.smscPdu = "";
     msg.pdu = "01000b916105770203f3000006d4f29c3e9b01";
 
     radio->sendSms(serial, msg);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(300));
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendSMSExpectMore() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendSMSExpectMore) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     GsmSmsMessage msg;
     msg.smscPdu = "";
     msg.pdu = "01000b916105770203f3000006d4f29c3e9b01";
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
     // TODO(shuoq): add more test for this API when inserted sim card is
     // considered
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait(300));
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool success = true;
 
     radio->acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms(serial, success,
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool success = true;
     std::string ackPdu = "";
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendCdmaSms() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendCdmaSms) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
     CdmaSmsAddress cdmaSmsAddress;
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAck
     CdmaSmsAck cdmaSmsAck;
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendImsSms() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendImsSms) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
     CdmaSmsAddress cdmaSmsAddress;
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getSmscAddress() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getSmscAddress) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getSmscAddress(serial);
 
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSmscAddress() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setSmscAddress) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     hidl_string address = hidl_string("smscAddress");
 
     radio->setSmscAddress(serial, address);
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.writeSmsToSim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToSim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SmsWriteArgs smsWriteArgs;
     smsWriteArgs.status = SmsWriteArgsStatus::REC_UNREAD;
     smsWriteArgs.smsc = "";
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.deleteSmsOnSim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnSim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int index = 1;
 
     radio->deleteSmsOnSim(serial, index);
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.writeSmsToRuim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, writeSmsToRuim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
     CdmaSmsAddress cdmaSmsAddress;
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.deleteSmsOnRuim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, deleteSmsOnRuim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int index = 1;
 
     // Create a CdmaSmsAddress
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.reportSmsMemoryStatus() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, reportSmsMemoryStatus) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool available = true;
 
     radio->reportSmsMemoryStatus(serial, available);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
index 411d74c..a3b5029 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_stk.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendEnvelope() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelope) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
     std::string content = "";
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendTerminalResponseToSim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendTerminalResponseToSim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
     std::string commandResponse = "";
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool accept = false;
 
     radio->handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim(serial, accept);
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.reportStkServiceIsRunning() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, reportStkServiceIsRunning) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->reportStkServiceIsRunning(serial);
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
  * string.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendEnvelopeWithStatus) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     // Test with sending empty string
     std::string contents = "";
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index e3e7004..984fa1c 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -31,22 +31,21 @@
 
     radio->setResponseFunctions(radioRsp, radioInd);
 
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio->getIccCardStatus(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    updateSimCardStatus();
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp->rspInfo.serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp->rspInfo.error);
 
-    /* Vts Testing with Sim Absent only. This needs to be removed later in P when sim present
-     * scenarios will be tested. */
-    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::ABSENT, cardStatus.cardState);
+    /* Enforce Vts Testing with Sim Status Present only. */
+    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::PRESENT, cardStatus.cardState);
 }
 
-void RadioHidlTest::notify() {
+void RadioHidlTest::notify(int receivedSerial) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
-    count++;
-    cv.notify_one();
+    if (serial == receivedSerial) {
+        count++;
+        cv.notify_one();
+    }
 }
 
 std::cv_status RadioHidlTest::wait(int sec) {
@@ -62,4 +61,10 @@
     }
     count--;
     return status;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+void RadioHidlTest::updateSimCardStatus() {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio->getIccCardStatus(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
index 6b95ab0..e86f3ac 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_0.h
@@ -518,11 +518,17 @@
     std::condition_variable cv;
     int count;
 
+    /* Serial number for radio request */
+    int serial;
+
+    /* Update Sim Card Status */
+    void updateSimCardStatus();
+
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
 
     /* Used as a mechanism to inform the test about data/event callback */
-    void notify();
+    void notify(int receivedSerial);
 
     /* Test code calls this function to wait for response */
     std::cv_status wait(int sec = TIMEOUT_PERIOD);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
index b3d5648..4eddcf4 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_voice.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCurrentCalls() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCurrentCalls) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCurrentCalls(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.dial() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, dial) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Dial dialInfo;
     memset(&dialInfo, 0, sizeof(dialInfo));
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.hangup() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangup) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangup(serial, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.hangupWaitingOrBackground() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangupWaitingOrBackground) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangupWaitingOrBackground(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.hangupForegroundResumeBackground() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, hangupForegroundResumeBackground) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->hangupForegroundResumeBackground(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.conference() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, conference) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->conference(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.rejectCall() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, rejectCall) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->rejectCall(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getLastCallFailCause() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getLastCallFailCause) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getLastCallFailCause(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendUssd() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendUssd) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio->sendUssd(serial, hidl_string("test"));
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp->rspInfo.type);
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.cancelPendingUssd() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, cancelPendingUssd) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->cancelPendingUssd(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCallForwardStatus() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCallForwardStatus) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CallForwardInfo callInfo;
     memset(&callInfo, 0, sizeof(callInfo));
     callInfo.number = hidl_string();
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCallForward() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCallForward) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     CallForwardInfo callInfo;
     memset(&callInfo, 0, sizeof(callInfo));
     callInfo.number = hidl_string();
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getCallWaiting() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getCallWaiting) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getCallWaiting(serial, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCallWaiting() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setCallWaiting) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setCallWaiting(serial, true, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.acceptCall() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, acceptCall) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->acceptCall(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.separateConnection() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, separateConnection) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->separateConnection(serial, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.explicitCallTransfer() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, explicitCallTransfer) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->explicitCallTransfer(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendCDMAFeatureCode() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendCDMAFeatureCode) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendCDMAFeatureCode(serial, hidl_string());
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendDtmf) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendDtmf(serial, "1");
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.startDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, startDtmf) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->startDtmf(serial, "1");
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.stopDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, stopDtmf) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->stopDtmf(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setMute() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, setMute) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->setMute(serial, true);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.getMute() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, getMute) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->getMute(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.sendBurstDtmf() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest, sendBurstDtmf) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio->sendBurstDtmf(serial, "1", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
index 434d488..93d5557 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
@@ -24,69 +24,69 @@
                                                      const CardStatus& card_status) {
     rspInfo = info;
     cardStatus = card_status;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::supplyIccPinForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::supplyIccPukForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::supplyIccPin2ForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                         int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::supplyIccPuk2ForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                         int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::changeIccPinForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::changeIccPin2ForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                         int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::supplyNetworkDepersonalizationResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                                    int32_t /*remainingRetries*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getCurrentCallsResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<Call>& /*calls*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::dialResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -94,72 +94,72 @@
                                                   const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& imsi) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->imsi = imsi;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::hangupConnectionResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::hangupWaitingOrBackgroundResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::hangupForegroundResumeBackgroundResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActiveResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::conferenceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::rejectCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getLastCallFailCauseResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const LastCallFailCauseInfo& /*failCauseInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getSignalStrengthResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                       const SignalStrength& /*sig_strength*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const VoiceRegStateResult& /*voiceRegResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getDataRegistrationStateResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const DataRegStateResult& /*dataRegResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -168,19 +168,19 @@
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*shortName*/,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*numeric*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setRadioPowerResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendDtmfResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
                                             const SendSmsResult& sms) {
     rspInfo = info;
     sendSmsResult = sms;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -196,14 +196,14 @@
                                                       const SendSmsResult& sms) {
     rspInfo = info;
     sendSmsResult = sms;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setupDataCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                   const SetupDataCallResult& /*dcResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -211,32 +211,32 @@
                                                 const IccIoResult& iccIo) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->iccIoResult = iccIo;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendUssdResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::cancelPendingUssdResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getClirResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, int32_t /*n*/,
                                             int32_t /*m*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setClirResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -244,84 +244,84 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CallForwardInfo>&
     /*callForwardInfos*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCallForwardResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getCallWaitingResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, bool /*enable*/,
                                                    int32_t /*serviceClass*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCallWaitingResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSmsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::acceptCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::deactivateDataCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getFacilityLockForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                           int32_t /*response*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setFacilityLockForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                           int32_t /*retry*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setBarringPasswordResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getNetworkSelectionModeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                             bool /*manual*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setNetworkSelectionModeAutomaticResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setNetworkSelectionModeManualResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -329,50 +329,50 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<OperatorInfo>& /*networkInfos*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::startDtmfResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::stopDtmfResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getBasebandVersionResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*version*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::separateConnectionResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setMuteResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getMuteResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, bool /*enable*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getClipResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, ClipStatus /*status*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<SetupDataCallResult>& /*dcResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -397,26 +397,26 @@
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setSuppServiceNotificationsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::writeSmsToSimResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, int32_t index) {
     rspInfo = info;
     writeSmsToSimIndex = index;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::deleteSmsOnSimResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setBandModeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -424,46 +424,46 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<RadioBandMode>& /*bandModes*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendEnvelopeResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*commandResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendTerminalResponseToSimResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSimResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::explicitCallTransferResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setPreferredNetworkTypeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getPreferredNetworkTypeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                             PreferredNetworkType /*nw_type*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -471,69 +471,69 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<NeighboringCell>& /*cells*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setLocationUpdatesResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCdmaSubscriptionSourceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCdmaRoamingPreferenceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getCdmaRoamingPreferenceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                              CdmaRoamingType /*type*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setTTYModeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getTTYModeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, TtyMode /*mode*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setPreferredVoicePrivacyResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getPreferredVoicePrivacyResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                              bool /*enable*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendCDMAFeatureCodeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendBurstDtmfResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -541,13 +541,13 @@
                                                 const SendSmsResult& sms) {
     rspInfo = info;
     sendSmsResult = sms;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSmsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -555,19 +555,19 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& /*configs*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setGsmBroadcastConfigResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setGsmBroadcastActivationResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -575,19 +575,19 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CdmaBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& /*configs*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCdmaBroadcastConfigResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCdmaBroadcastActivationResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -598,20 +598,20 @@
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*min*/,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*prl*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::writeSmsToRuimResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, uint32_t index) {
     rspInfo = info;
     writeSmsToRuimIndex = index;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::deleteSmsOnRuimResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -621,13 +621,13 @@
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*esn*/,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*meid*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::exitEmergencyCallbackModeResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -635,79 +635,79 @@
                                                    const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& smsc) {
     rspInfo = info;
     smscAddress = smsc;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setSmscAddressResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::reportSmsMemoryStatusResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::reportStkServiceIsRunningResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getCdmaSubscriptionSourceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                               CdmaSubscriptionSource /*source*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::requestIsimAuthenticationResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*response*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPduResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendEnvelopeWithStatusResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                            const IccIoResult& /*iccIo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getVoiceRadioTechnologyResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                             RadioTechnology /*rat*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getCellInfoListResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& /*cellInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setCellInfoListRateResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setInitialAttachApnResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@
                                                             bool /*isRegistered*/,
                                                             RadioTechnologyFamily /*ratFamily*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@
                                                const SendSmsResult& sms) {
     rspInfo = info;
     sendSmsResult = sms;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@
                                                                 const IccIoResult& result) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->iccIoResult = result;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -740,13 +740,13 @@
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<int8_t>& /*selectResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->channelId = channelId;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::iccCloseLogicalChannelResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -754,44 +754,44 @@
                                                                   const IccIoResult& result) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->iccIoResult = result;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::nvReadItemResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*result*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::nvWriteItemResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::nvWriteCdmaPrlResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::nvResetConfigResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setUiccSubscriptionResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setDataAllowedResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@
     const RadioResponseInfo& info,
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<HardwareConfig>& /*config*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -807,68 +807,68 @@
                                                                 const IccIoResult& result) {
     rspInfo = info;
     this->iccIoResult = result;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setDataProfileResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::requestShutdownResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getRadioCapabilityResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        const RadioCapability& /*rc*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setRadioCapabilityResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        const RadioCapability& /*rc*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::startLceServiceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                     const LceStatusInfo& /*statusInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::stopLceServiceResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                    const LceStatusInfo& /*statusInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::pullLceDataResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                 const LceDataInfo& /*lceInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::getModemActivityInfoResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ActivityStatsInfo& /*activityInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setAllowedCarriersResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        int32_t /*numAllowed*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -876,25 +876,25 @@
                                                        bool /*allAllowed*/,
                                                        const CarrierRestrictions& /*carriers*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::sendDeviceStateResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setIndicationFilterResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse::setSimCardPowerResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_callback.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_callback.cpp
index fdcc15c..cce69d5 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_callback.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_callback.cpp
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@
 Return<void> SapCallback::connectResponse(int32_t token, SapConnectRsp /*sapConnectRsp*/,
                                           int32_t /*maxMsgSize*/) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> SapCallback::disconnectResponse(int32_t token) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
                                        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t>& /*apduRsp*/) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -49,21 +49,21 @@
     const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t>& /*atr*/) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> SapCallback::powerResponse(int32_t token, SapResultCode resultCode) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> SapCallback::resetSimResponse(int32_t token, SapResultCode resultCode) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
                                                            int32_t /*cardReaderStatus*/) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@
 Return<void> SapCallback::transferProtocolResponse(int32_t token, SapResultCode resultCode) {
     sapResponseToken = token;
     sapResultCode = resultCode;
-    parent.notify();
+    parent.notify(token);
     return Void();
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index d0788dd..da78f41 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
  * Test ISap.connectReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, connectReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int32_t maxMsgSize = 100;
 
     sap->connectReq(token, maxMsgSize);
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.disconnectReq() for the response returned
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, disconnectReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->disconnectReq(token);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.apduReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, apduReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SapApduType sapApduType = SapApduType::APDU;
     android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t> command = {};
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.transferAtrReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, transferAtrReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->transferAtrReq(token);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.powerReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, powerReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     bool state = true;
 
     sap->powerReq(token, state);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.resetSimReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, resetSimReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->resetSimReq(token);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.transferCardReaderStatusReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, transferCardReaderStatusReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     sap->transferCardReaderStatusReq(token);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setTransferProtocolReq() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(SapHidlTest, setTransferProtocolReq) {
-    int32_t token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    token = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     SapTransferProtocol sapTransferProtocol = SapTransferProtocol::T0;
 
     sap->setTransferProtocolReq(token, sapTransferProtocol);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 7720505..88fdd7b 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -30,23 +30,25 @@
 
 void SapHidlTest::TearDown() {}
 
-void SapHidlTest::notify() {
+void SapHidlTest::notify(int receivedToken) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
     count++;
-    cv.notify_one();
+    if (token == receivedToken) {
+        cv.notify_one();
     }
+}
 
-    std::cv_status SapHidlTest::wait() {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
+std::cv_status SapHidlTest::wait() {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
 
-        std::cv_status status = std::cv_status::no_timeout;
-        auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
-        while (count == 0) {
-            status = cv.wait_until(lock, now + std::chrono::seconds(TIMEOUT_PERIOD));
-            if (status == std::cv_status::timeout) {
-                return status;
-            }
+    std::cv_status status = std::cv_status::no_timeout;
+    auto now = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    while (count == 0) {
+        status = cv.wait_until(lock, now + std::chrono::seconds(TIMEOUT_PERIOD));
+        if (status == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+            return status;
         }
-        count--;
-        return status;
-    }
\ No newline at end of file
+    }
+    count--;
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
index fb142b7..8151b9d 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/sap_hidl_hal_utils.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
     virtual void TearDown() override;
 
     /* Used as a mechanism to inform the test about data/event callback */
-    void notify();
+    void notify(int receivedToken);
 
     /* Test code calls this function to wait for response */
     std::cv_status wait();
@@ -102,4 +102,7 @@
 
     /* Sap Callback object */
     sp<SapCallback> sapCb;
-};
\ No newline at end of file
+
+    /* Token for sap request */
+    int32_t token;
+};
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index 17c2a83..90077dc 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -21,18 +21,57 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSimCardPower() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setSimCardPower_1_1) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    /* Record the sim card state for the testing environment */
+    CardState cardStateForTest = cardStatus.cardState;
 
+    /* Test setSimCardPower power down */
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     radio_v1_1->setSimCardPower_1_1(serial, CardPowerState::POWER_DOWN);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.serial);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.error,
+                                 {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+                                  RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    /* Wait some time for setting sim power down and then verify it */
+    updateSimCardStatus();
+    auto startTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+    while (cardStatus.cardState != CardState::ABSENT &&
+           std::chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now() - startTime)
+                   .count() < 80) {
+        /* Set 2 seconds as interval to check card status */
+        sleep(2);
+        updateSimCardStatus();
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::ABSENT, cardStatus.cardState);
 
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(
-            CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.error,
-                             {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED,
-                              RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    /* Test setSimCardPower power up */
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_1->setSimCardPower_1_1(serial, CardPowerState::POWER_UP);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.serial);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.error,
+                                 {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+                                  RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+
+    /**
+     * If the sim card status for the testing environment is PRESENT,
+     * verify if sim status is reset back.
+     */
+    if (cardStateForTest == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        /* Wait some time for resetting back to sim power on and then verify it */
+        updateSimCardStatus();
+        startTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
+        while (cardStatus.cardState != CardState::PRESENT &&
+               std::chrono::duration_cast<chrono::seconds>(std::chrono::system_clock::now() -
+                                                           startTime)
+                       .count() < 80) {
+            /* Set 2 seconds as interval to check card status */
+            sleep(2);
+            updateSimCardStatus();
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(CardState::PRESENT, cardStatus.cardState);
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +79,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     NetworkScanRequest request;
     request.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT;
@@ -74,7 +113,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     NetworkScanRequest request;
     request.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT;
@@ -98,7 +137,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.stopNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopNetworkScan) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_1->stopNetworkScan(serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
@@ -117,7 +156,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     ImsiEncryptionInfo imsiInfo;
     imsiInfo.mcc = "310";
     imsiInfo.mnc = "004";
@@ -222,7 +261,7 @@
         }};
 
     for (auto req = requests.begin(); req != requests.end(); req++) {
-        int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+        serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
         radio_v1_1->startKeepalive(serial, *req);
         EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
         EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.type);
@@ -238,7 +277,7 @@
  * Test IRadio.stopKeepalive() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_1, stopKeepalive) {
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     radio_v1_1->stopKeepalive(serial, 0xBAD);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 488da2d..e18d075 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -32,22 +32,21 @@
 
     radio_v1_1->setResponseFunctions(radioRsp_v1_1, radioInd_v1_1);
 
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio_v1_1->getIccCardStatus(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    updateSimCardStatus();
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_1->rspInfo.error);
 
-    /* Vts Testing with Sim Absent only. This needs to be removed later in P when sim present
-     * scenarios will be tested. */
-    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::ABSENT, cardStatus.cardState);
+    /* Enforce Vts Testing with Sim Status Present only. */
+    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::PRESENT, cardStatus.cardState);
 }
 
-void RadioHidlTest_v1_1::notify() {
+void RadioHidlTest_v1_1::notify(int receivedSerial) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
-    count++;
-    cv.notify_one();
+    if (serial == receivedSerial) {
+        count++;
+        cv.notify_one();
+    }
 }
 
 std::cv_status RadioHidlTest_v1_1::wait(int sec) {
@@ -64,3 +63,9 @@
     count--;
     return status;
 }
+
+void RadioHidlTest_v1_1::updateSimCardStatus() {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_1->getIccCardStatus(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
index a081ab9..3f5e559 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_1.h
@@ -541,11 +541,17 @@
     std::condition_variable cv;
     int count;
 
+    /* Serial number for radio request */
+    int serial;
+
+    /* Update Sim Card Status */
+    void updateSimCardStatus();
+
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
 
     /* Used as a mechanism to inform the test about data/event callback */
-    void notify();
+    void notify(int receivedSerial);
 
     /* Test code calls this function to wait for response */
     std::cv_status wait(int sec = TIMEOUT_PERIOD);
diff --git a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
index 400ef3c..c2edde8 100644
--- a/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.1/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
                                                           const CardStatus& card_status) {
     rspInfo = info;
     cardStatus = card_status;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -661,25 +661,25 @@
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_1::setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryptionResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_1::setSimCardPowerResponse_1_1(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_1::startNetworkScanResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_1::stopNetworkScanResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -687,12 +687,12 @@
                                                         const KeepaliveStatus& status) {
     rspInfo = info;
     keepaliveStatus = status;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_1::stopKeepaliveResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_1.notify();
+    parent_v1_1.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/Android.bp b/radio/1.2/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8ff4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service",
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service.rc"],
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    vendor: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "Radio.cpp",
+        "radio-service.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libhidltransport",
+        "liblog",
+        "libutils",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.1",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service",
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service.rc"],
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    vendor: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "Sap.cpp",
+        "sap-service.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libhidltransport",
+        "liblog",
+        "libutils",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.radio@1.1",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/Radio.cpp b/radio/1.2/default/Radio.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73512e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/Radio.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include "Radio.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace radio {
+namespace V1_2 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+// Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadio follow.
+Return<void> Radio::setResponseFunctions(
+    const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioResponse>& radioResponse,
+    const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioIndication>& radioIndication) {
+    mRadioResponse = radioResponse;
+    mRadioIndication = radioIndication;
+    mRadioResponseV1_1 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadioResponse::castFrom(mRadioResponse)
+                             .withDefault(nullptr);
+    mRadioIndicationV1_1 =
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadioIndication::castFrom(mRadioIndication)
+            .withDefault(nullptr);
+    if (mRadioResponseV1_1 == nullptr || mRadioIndicationV1_1 == nullptr) {
+        mRadioResponseV1_1 = nullptr;
+        mRadioIndicationV1_1 = nullptr;
+    }
+    mRadioResponseV1_2 = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioResponse::castFrom(mRadioResponse)
+                             .withDefault(nullptr);
+    mRadioIndicationV1_2 =
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioIndication::castFrom(mRadioIndication)
+            .withDefault(nullptr);
+    if (mRadioResponseV1_2 == nullptr || mRadioIndicationV1_2 == nullptr) {
+        mRadioResponseV1_2 = nullptr;
+        mRadioIndicationV1_2 = nullptr;
+    }
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getIccCardStatus(int32_t serial) {
+    /**
+     * IRadio-defined request is called from the client and talk to the radio to get
+     * IRadioResponse-defined response or/and IRadioIndication-defined indication back to the
+     * client. This dummy implementation omits and replaces the design and implementation of vendor
+     * codes that needs to handle the receipt of the request and the return of the response from the
+     * radio; this just directly returns a dummy response back to the client.
+     */
+
+    ALOGD("Radio Request: getIccCardStatus is entering");
+
+    if (mRadioResponse != nullptr || mRadioResponseV1_1 != nullptr ||
+        mRadioResponseV1_2 != nullptr) {
+        // Dummy RadioResponseInfo as part of response to return in 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioResponseInfo info;
+        info.serial = serial;
+        info.type = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioResponseType::SOLICITED;
+        info.error = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioError::NONE;
+        /**
+         * In IRadio and IRadioResponse 1.2, getIccCardStatus can trigger radio to return
+         * getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2. In their 1.0 and 1.1, getIccCardStatus can trigger radio to
+         * return getIccCardStatusResponse.
+         */
+        if (mRadioResponseV1_2 != nullptr) {
+            // Dummy CardStatus as part of getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2 response to return
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CardStatus card_status;
+            card_status.base.cardState = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardState::ABSENT;
+            card_status.base.gsmUmtsSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            card_status.base.cdmaSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            mRadioResponseV1_2->getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2(info, card_status);
+            ALOGD("Radio Response: getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2 is sent");
+        } else if (mRadioResponseV1_1 != nullptr) {
+            // Dummy CardStatus as part of getIccCardStatusResponse response to return
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardStatus card_status_V1_0;
+            card_status_V1_0.cardState = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardState::ABSENT;
+            card_status_V1_0.gsmUmtsSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            card_status_V1_0.cdmaSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            mRadioResponseV1_1->getIccCardStatusResponse(info, card_status_V1_0);
+            ALOGD("Radio Response: getIccCardStatusResponse is sent");
+        } else {
+            // Dummy CardStatus as part of getIccCardStatusResponse response to return
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardStatus card_status_V1_0;
+            card_status_V1_0.cardState = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardState::ABSENT;
+            card_status_V1_0.gsmUmtsSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            card_status_V1_0.cdmaSubscriptionAppIndex = 0;
+            mRadioResponse->getIccCardStatusResponse(info, card_status_V1_0);
+            ALOGD("Radio Response: getIccCardStatusResponse is sent");
+        }
+    } else {
+        ALOGD("mRadioResponse, mRadioResponseV1_1, and mRadioResponseV1_2 are NULL");
+    }
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::supplyIccPinForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* pin */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::supplyIccPukForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* puk */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* pin */, const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::supplyIccPin2ForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* pin2 */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::supplyIccPuk2ForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* puk2 */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* pin2 */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::changeIccPinForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* oldPin */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* newPin */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::changeIccPin2ForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* oldPin2 */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* newPin2 */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::supplyNetworkDepersonalization(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                                   const hidl_string& /* netPin */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCurrentCalls(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::dial(int32_t /* serial */,
+                         const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial& /* dialInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getImsiForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::hangup(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* gsmIndex */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::hangupWaitingOrBackground(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::hangupForegroundResumeBackground(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::conference(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::rejectCall(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getLastCallFailCause(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getSignalStrength(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getVoiceRegistrationState(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getDataRegistrationState(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getOperator(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setRadioPower(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* on */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendDtmf(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* s */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendSms(int32_t /* serial */,
+                            const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmSmsMessage& /* message */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendSMSExpectMore(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmSmsMessage& /* message */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setupDataCall(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioTechnology /* radioTechnology */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& /* dataProfileInfo */,
+    bool /* modemCognitive */, bool /* roamingAllowed */, bool /* isRoaming */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::iccIOForApp(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IccIo& /* iccIo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendUssd(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* ussd */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::cancelPendingUssd(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getClir(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setClir(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* status */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCallForwardStatus(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CallForwardInfo& /* callInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCallForward(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CallForwardInfo& /* callInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCallWaiting(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* serviceClass */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCallWaiting(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* enable */,
+                                   int32_t /* serviceClass */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms(
+    int32_t /* serial */, bool /* success */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SmsAcknowledgeFailCause /* cause */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::acceptCall(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::deactivateDataCall(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* cid */,
+                                       bool /* reasonRadioShutDown */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getFacilityLockForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* facility */,
+                                          const hidl_string& /* password */,
+                                          int32_t /* serviceClass */,
+                                          const hidl_string& /* appId */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setFacilityLockForApp(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* facility */,
+                                          bool /* lockState */, const hidl_string& /* password */,
+                                          int32_t /* serviceClass */,
+                                          const hidl_string& /* appId */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setBarringPassword(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* facility */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* oldPassword */,
+                                       const hidl_string& /* newPassword */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getNetworkSelectionMode(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setNetworkSelectionModeManual(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                                  const hidl_string& /* operatorNumeric */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getAvailableNetworks(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::startDtmf(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* s */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::stopDtmf(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getBasebandVersion(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::separateConnection(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* gsmIndex */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setMute(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* enable */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getMute(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getClip(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getDataCallList(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setSuppServiceNotifications(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* enable */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::writeSmsToSim(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SmsWriteArgs& /* smsWriteArgs */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::deleteSmsOnSim(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* index */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setBandMode(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioBandMode /* mode */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getAvailableBandModes(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendEnvelope(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* command */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendTerminalResponseToSim(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                              const hidl_string& /* commandResponse */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* accept */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::explicitCallTransfer(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setPreferredNetworkType(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::PreferredNetworkType /* nwType */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getPreferredNetworkType(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getNeighboringCids(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setLocationUpdates(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* enable */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCdmaSubscriptionSource(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSubscriptionSource /* cdmaSub */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCdmaRoamingPreference(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaRoamingType /* type */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCdmaRoamingPreference(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setTTYMode(int32_t /* serial */,
+                               ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::TtyMode /* mode */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getTTYMode(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setPreferredVoicePrivacy(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* enable */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getPreferredVoicePrivacy(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendCDMAFeatureCode(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                        const hidl_string& /* featureCode */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendBurstDtmf(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* dtmf*/,
+                                  int32_t /*on*/, int32_t /*off */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendCdmaSms(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsMessage& /* sms */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsAck& /* smsAck */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getGsmBroadcastConfig(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setGsmBroadcastConfig(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& /* configInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setGsmBroadcastActivation(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* activate */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCdmaBroadcastConfig(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCdmaBroadcastConfig(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const hidl_vec<
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& /* configInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCdmaBroadcastActivation(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* activate */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCDMASubscription(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::writeSmsToRuim(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsWriteArgs& /* cdmaSms */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::deleteSmsOnRuim(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* index */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getDeviceIdentity(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::exitEmergencyCallbackMode(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getSmscAddress(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setSmscAddress(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* smsc */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::reportSmsMemoryStatus(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* available */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::reportStkServiceIsRunning(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCdmaSubscriptionSource(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::requestIsimAuthentication(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                              const hidl_string& /* challenge */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* success */,
+                                                     const hidl_string& /* ackPdu */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendEnvelopeWithStatus(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                           const hidl_string& /* contents */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getVoiceRadioTechnology(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getCellInfoList(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setCellInfoListRate(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /*rate */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setInitialAttachApn(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& /* dataProfileInfo */,
+    bool /* modemCognitive */, bool /* isRoaming */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getImsRegistrationState(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendImsSms(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ImsSmsMessage& /* message */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::iccTransmitApduBasicChannel(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SimApdu& /* message */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::iccOpenLogicalChannel(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_string& /* aid*/,
+                                          int32_t /*p2 */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::iccCloseLogicalChannel(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* channelId */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SimApdu& /* message */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::nvReadItem(int32_t /* serial */,
+                               ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::NvItem /* itemId */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::nvWriteItem(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::NvWriteItem& /* item */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::nvWriteCdmaPrl(int32_t /* serial */, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& /* prl */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::nvResetConfig(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                  ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ResetNvType /* resetType */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setUiccSubscription(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SelectUiccSub& /* uiccSub */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setDataAllowed(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* allow */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getHardwareConfig(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::requestIccSimAuthentication(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* authContext */,
+                                                const hidl_string& /* authData */,
+                                                const hidl_string& /* aid */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setDataProfile(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo>& /* profiles */,
+    bool /* isRoaming */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::requestShutdown(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getRadioCapability(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setRadioCapability(
+    int32_t /* serial */, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioCapability& /* rc */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::startLceService(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* reportInterval */,
+                                    bool /* pullMode */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::stopLceService(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::pullLceData(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getModemActivityInfo(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setAllowedCarriers(
+    int32_t /* serial */, bool /* allAllowed */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CarrierRestrictions& /* carriers */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::getAllowedCarriers(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::sendDeviceState(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DeviceStateType /* deviceStateType */,
+    bool /* state */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setIndicationFilter(int32_t /* serial */,
+                                        hidl_bitfield<IndicationFilter> /* indicationFilter */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setSimCardPower(int32_t /* serial */, bool /* powerUp */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::responseAcknowledgement() {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+// Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio follow.
+Return<void> Radio::setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::ImsiEncryptionInfo& /* imsiEncryptionInfo */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setSimCardPower_1_1(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::CardPowerState /* powerUp */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::startNetworkScan(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::NetworkScanRequest& /* request */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::stopNetworkScan(int32_t /* serial */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::startKeepalive(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::KeepaliveRequest& /* keepalive */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::stopKeepalive(int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* sessionHandle */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+// Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio follow.
+Return<void> Radio::startNetworkScan_1_2(
+    int32_t /* serial */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest& /* request */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setIndicationFilter_1_2(
+    int32_t /* serial */, hidl_bitfield<IndicationFilter> /* indicationFilter */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
+    int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /*hysteresisMs*/, int32_t /*hysteresisDb */,
+    const hidl_vec<int32_t>& /* thresholdsDbm */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork /* accessNetwork */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
+    int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /*hysteresisMs*/, int32_t /*hysteresisDlKbps*/,
+    int32_t /*hysteresisUlKbps */, const hidl_vec<int32_t>& /* thresholdsDownlinkKbps */,
+    const hidl_vec<int32_t>& /* thresholdsUplinkKbps */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork /* accessNetwork */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::setupDataCall_1_2(
+    int32_t /* serial */, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork /* accessNetwork */,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& /* dataProfileInfo */,
+    bool /* modemCognitive */, bool /* roamingAllowed */, bool /* isRoaming */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason /* reason */,
+    const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& /* addresses */, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& /* dnses */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Radio::deactivateDataCall_1_2(
+    int32_t /* serial */, int32_t /* cid */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason /* reason */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace radio
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/Radio.h b/radio/1.2/default/Radio.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb8ab5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/Radio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_RADIO_H
+#define ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_RADIO_H
+
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadio.h>
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioIndication.h>
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioResponse.h>
+#include <hidl/MQDescriptor.h>
+#include <hidl/Status.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace radio {
+namespace V1_2 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_array;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
+using ::android::hardware::Return;
+using ::android::hardware::Void;
+using ::android::sp;
+
+struct Radio : public IRadio {
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioResponse> mRadioResponse;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioIndication> mRadioIndication;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadioResponse> mRadioResponseV1_1;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadioIndication> mRadioIndicationV1_1;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioResponse> mRadioResponseV1_2;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioIndication> mRadioIndicationV1_2;
+
+    // Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadio follow.
+    Return<void> setResponseFunctions(
+        const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioResponse>& radioResponse,
+        const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IRadioIndication>& radioIndication) override;
+    Return<void> getIccCardStatus(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> supplyIccPinForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& pin,
+                                    const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> supplyIccPukForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& puk, const hidl_string& pin,
+                                    const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> supplyIccPin2ForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& pin2,
+                                     const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> supplyIccPuk2ForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& puk2,
+                                     const hidl_string& pin2, const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> changeIccPinForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& oldPin,
+                                    const hidl_string& newPin, const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> changeIccPin2ForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& oldPin2,
+                                     const hidl_string& newPin2, const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> supplyNetworkDepersonalization(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& netPin) override;
+    Return<void> getCurrentCalls(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> dial(int32_t serial,
+                      const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Dial& dialInfo) override;
+    Return<void> getImsiForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> hangup(int32_t serial, int32_t gsmIndex) override;
+    Return<void> hangupWaitingOrBackground(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> hangupForegroundResumeBackground(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> switchWaitingOrHoldingAndActive(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> conference(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> rejectCall(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getLastCallFailCause(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getSignalStrength(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getVoiceRegistrationState(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getDataRegistrationState(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getOperator(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setRadioPower(int32_t serial, bool on) override;
+    Return<void> sendDtmf(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& s) override;
+    Return<void> sendSms(int32_t serial,
+                         const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmSmsMessage& message) override;
+    Return<void> sendSMSExpectMore(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmSmsMessage& message) override;
+    Return<void> setupDataCall(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioTechnology radioTechnology,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& dataProfileInfo,
+        bool modemCognitive, bool roamingAllowed, bool isRoaming) override;
+    Return<void> iccIOForApp(int32_t serial,
+                             const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::IccIo& iccIo) override;
+    Return<void> sendUssd(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& ussd) override;
+    Return<void> cancelPendingUssd(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getClir(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setClir(int32_t serial, int32_t status) override;
+    Return<void> getCallForwardStatus(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CallForwardInfo& callInfo) override;
+    Return<void> setCallForward(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CallForwardInfo& callInfo) override;
+    Return<void> getCallWaiting(int32_t serial, int32_t serviceClass) override;
+    Return<void> setCallWaiting(int32_t serial, bool enable, int32_t serviceClass) override;
+    Return<void> acknowledgeLastIncomingGsmSms(
+        int32_t serial, bool success,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SmsAcknowledgeFailCause cause) override;
+    Return<void> acceptCall(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> deactivateDataCall(int32_t serial, int32_t cid, bool reasonRadioShutDown) override;
+    Return<void> getFacilityLockForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& facility,
+                                       const hidl_string& password, int32_t serviceClass,
+                                       const hidl_string& appId) override;
+    Return<void> setFacilityLockForApp(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& facility, bool lockState,
+                                       const hidl_string& password, int32_t serviceClass,
+                                       const hidl_string& appId) override;
+    Return<void> setBarringPassword(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& facility,
+                                    const hidl_string& oldPassword,
+                                    const hidl_string& newPassword) override;
+    Return<void> getNetworkSelectionMode(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setNetworkSelectionModeAutomatic(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setNetworkSelectionModeManual(int32_t serial,
+                                               const hidl_string& operatorNumeric) override;
+    Return<void> getAvailableNetworks(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> startDtmf(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& s) override;
+    Return<void> stopDtmf(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getBasebandVersion(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> separateConnection(int32_t serial, int32_t gsmIndex) override;
+    Return<void> setMute(int32_t serial, bool enable) override;
+    Return<void> getMute(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getClip(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getDataCallList(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setSuppServiceNotifications(int32_t serial, bool enable) override;
+    Return<void> writeSmsToSim(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SmsWriteArgs& smsWriteArgs) override;
+    Return<void> deleteSmsOnSim(int32_t serial, int32_t index) override;
+    Return<void> setBandMode(int32_t serial,
+                             ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioBandMode mode) override;
+    Return<void> getAvailableBandModes(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> sendEnvelope(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& command) override;
+    Return<void> sendTerminalResponseToSim(int32_t serial,
+                                           const hidl_string& commandResponse) override;
+    Return<void> handleStkCallSetupRequestFromSim(int32_t serial, bool accept) override;
+    Return<void> explicitCallTransfer(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setPreferredNetworkType(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::PreferredNetworkType nwType) override;
+    Return<void> getPreferredNetworkType(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getNeighboringCids(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setLocationUpdates(int32_t serial, bool enable) override;
+    Return<void> setCdmaSubscriptionSource(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSubscriptionSource cdmaSub) override;
+    Return<void> setCdmaRoamingPreference(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaRoamingType type) override;
+    Return<void> getCdmaRoamingPreference(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setTTYMode(int32_t serial,
+                            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::TtyMode mode) override;
+    Return<void> getTTYMode(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setPreferredVoicePrivacy(int32_t serial, bool enable) override;
+    Return<void> getPreferredVoicePrivacy(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> sendCDMAFeatureCode(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& featureCode) override;
+    Return<void> sendBurstDtmf(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& dtmf, int32_t on,
+                               int32_t off) override;
+    Return<void> sendCdmaSms(int32_t serial,
+                             const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsMessage& sms) override;
+    Return<void> acknowledgeLastIncomingCdmaSms(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsAck& smsAck) override;
+    Return<void> getGsmBroadcastConfig(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setGsmBroadcastConfig(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::GsmBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& configInfo)
+        override;
+    Return<void> setGsmBroadcastActivation(int32_t serial, bool activate) override;
+    Return<void> getCdmaBroadcastConfig(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setCdmaBroadcastConfig(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaBroadcastSmsConfigInfo>& configInfo)
+        override;
+    Return<void> setCdmaBroadcastActivation(int32_t serial, bool activate) override;
+    Return<void> getCDMASubscription(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> writeSmsToRuim(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CdmaSmsWriteArgs& cdmaSms) override;
+    Return<void> deleteSmsOnRuim(int32_t serial, int32_t index) override;
+    Return<void> getDeviceIdentity(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> exitEmergencyCallbackMode(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getSmscAddress(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setSmscAddress(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& smsc) override;
+    Return<void> reportSmsMemoryStatus(int32_t serial, bool available) override;
+    Return<void> reportStkServiceIsRunning(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getCdmaSubscriptionSource(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> requestIsimAuthentication(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& challenge) override;
+    Return<void> acknowledgeIncomingGsmSmsWithPdu(int32_t serial, bool success,
+                                                  const hidl_string& ackPdu) override;
+    Return<void> sendEnvelopeWithStatus(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& contents) override;
+    Return<void> getVoiceRadioTechnology(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getCellInfoList(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setCellInfoListRate(int32_t serial, int32_t rate) override;
+    Return<void> setInitialAttachApn(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& dataProfileInfo,
+        bool modemCognitive, bool isRoaming) override;
+    Return<void> getImsRegistrationState(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> sendImsSms(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ImsSmsMessage& message) override;
+    Return<void> iccTransmitApduBasicChannel(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SimApdu& message) override;
+    Return<void> iccOpenLogicalChannel(int32_t serial, const hidl_string& aid, int32_t p2) override;
+    Return<void> iccCloseLogicalChannel(int32_t serial, int32_t channelId) override;
+    Return<void> iccTransmitApduLogicalChannel(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SimApdu& message) override;
+    Return<void> nvReadItem(int32_t serial,
+                            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::NvItem itemId) override;
+    Return<void> nvWriteItem(int32_t serial,
+                             const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::NvWriteItem& item) override;
+    Return<void> nvWriteCdmaPrl(int32_t serial, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& prl) override;
+    Return<void> nvResetConfig(int32_t serial,
+                               ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ResetNvType resetType) override;
+    Return<void> setUiccSubscription(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SelectUiccSub& uiccSub) override;
+    Return<void> setDataAllowed(int32_t serial, bool allow) override;
+    Return<void> getHardwareConfig(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> requestIccSimAuthentication(int32_t serial, int32_t authContext,
+                                             const hidl_string& authData,
+                                             const hidl_string& aid) override;
+    Return<void> setDataProfile(
+        int32_t serial, const hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo>& profiles,
+        bool isRoaming) override;
+    Return<void> requestShutdown(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getRadioCapability(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setRadioCapability(
+        int32_t serial, const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::RadioCapability& rc) override;
+    Return<void> startLceService(int32_t serial, int32_t reportInterval, bool pullMode) override;
+    Return<void> stopLceService(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> pullLceData(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> getModemActivityInfo(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> setAllowedCarriers(
+        int32_t serial, bool allAllowed,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CarrierRestrictions& carriers) override;
+    Return<void> getAllowedCarriers(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> sendDeviceState(int32_t serial,
+                                 ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DeviceStateType deviceStateType,
+                                 bool state) override;
+    Return<void> setIndicationFilter(int32_t serial,
+                                     hidl_bitfield<IndicationFilter> indicationFilter) override;
+    Return<void> setSimCardPower(int32_t serial, bool powerUp) override;
+    Return<void> responseAcknowledgement() override;
+
+    // Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::IRadio follow.
+    Return<void> setCarrierInfoForImsiEncryption(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::ImsiEncryptionInfo& imsiEncryptionInfo) override;
+    Return<void> setSimCardPower_1_1(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::CardPowerState powerUp) override;
+    Return<void> startNetworkScan(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::NetworkScanRequest& request) override;
+    Return<void> stopNetworkScan(int32_t serial) override;
+    Return<void> startKeepalive(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::KeepaliveRequest& keepalive) override;
+    Return<void> stopKeepalive(int32_t serial, int32_t sessionHandle) override;
+
+    // Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio follow.
+    Return<void> startNetworkScan_1_2(
+        int32_t serial,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest& request) override;
+    Return<void> setIndicationFilter_1_2(int32_t serial,
+                                         hidl_bitfield<IndicationFilter> indicationFilter) override;
+    Return<void> setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
+        int32_t serial, int32_t hysteresisMs, int32_t hysteresisDb,
+        const hidl_vec<int32_t>& thresholdsDbm,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork) override;
+    Return<void> setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
+        int32_t serial, int32_t hysteresisMs, int32_t hysteresisDlKbps, int32_t hysteresisUlKbps,
+        const hidl_vec<int32_t>& thresholdsDownlinkKbps,
+        const hidl_vec<int32_t>& thresholdsUplinkKbps,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork) override;
+    Return<void> setupDataCall_1_2(
+        int32_t serial, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataProfileInfo& dataProfileInfo,
+        bool modemCognitive, bool roamingAllowed, bool isRoaming,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason,
+        const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& addresses, const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& dnses) override;
+    Return<void> deactivateDataCall_1_2(
+        int32_t serial, int32_t cid,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace radio
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_RADIO_H
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/Sap.cpp b/radio/1.2/default/Sap.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83efd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/Sap.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include "Sap.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace radio {
+namespace V1_2 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+// Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISap follow.
+Return<void> Sap::setCallback(
+    const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISapCallback>& sapCallback) {
+    mSapCallback = sapCallback;
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::connectReq(int32_t /* token */, int32_t /* maxMsgSize */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::disconnectReq(int32_t /* token */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::apduReq(int32_t /* token */,
+                          ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SapApduType /* type */,
+                          const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& /* command */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::transferAtrReq(int32_t /* token */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::powerReq(int32_t /* token */, bool /* state */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::resetSimReq(int32_t /* token */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::transferCardReaderStatusReq(int32_t /* token */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> Sap::setTransferProtocolReq(
+    int32_t /* token */,
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SapTransferProtocol /* transferProtocol */) {
+    // TODO implement
+    return Void();
+}
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace radio
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/Sap.h b/radio/1.2/default/Sap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..033e877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/Sap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#ifndef ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_SAP_H
+#define ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_SAP_H
+
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/ISap.h>
+#include <hidl/MQDescriptor.h>
+#include <hidl/Status.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace radio {
+namespace V1_2 {
+namespace implementation {
+
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_array;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_memory;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
+using ::android::hardware::Return;
+using ::android::hardware::Void;
+using ::android::sp;
+
+struct Sap : public ISap {
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISapCallback> mSapCallback;
+    // Methods from ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISap follow.
+    Return<void> setCallback(
+        const sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::ISapCallback>& sapCallback) override;
+    Return<void> connectReq(int32_t token, int32_t maxMsgSize) override;
+    Return<void> disconnectReq(int32_t token) override;
+    Return<void> apduReq(int32_t token, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SapApduType type,
+                         const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& command) override;
+    Return<void> transferAtrReq(int32_t token) override;
+    Return<void> powerReq(int32_t token, bool state) override;
+    Return<void> resetSimReq(int32_t token) override;
+    Return<void> transferCardReaderStatusReq(int32_t token) override;
+    Return<void> setTransferProtocolReq(
+        int32_t token,
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SapTransferProtocol transferProtocol) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace implementation
+}  // namespace V1_2
+}  // namespace radio
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_RADIO_V1_2_SAP_H
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service.rc b/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e126cd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+service vendor.radio-1-2 /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group system
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service.rc b/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..845e6e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+service vendor.sap-1-2 /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service
+    class hal
+    user system
+    group system
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/radio-service.cpp b/radio/1.2/default/radio-service.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae0d3d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/radio-service.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.radio@1.2-radio-service"
+
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadio.h>
+#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+
+#include "Radio.h"
+
+using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio;
+using android::hardware::radio::V1_2::implementation::Radio;
+using android::sp;
+using android::status_t;
+using android::OK;
+
+int main() {
+    configureRpcThreadpool(1, true);
+
+    sp<IRadio> radio = new Radio;
+    status_t status = radio->registerAsService();
+    ALOGW_IF(status != OK, "Could not register IRadio v1.2");
+    ALOGD("Default service is ready.");
+
+    joinRpcThreadpool();
+    return 1;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.2/default/sap-service.cpp b/radio/1.2/default/sap-service.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..796521d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/radio/1.2/default/sap-service.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.1 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.1
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.radio@1.2-sap-service"
+
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/ISap.h>
+#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+
+#include "Sap.h"
+
+using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
+using android::hardware::radio::V1_2::ISap;
+using android::hardware::radio::V1_2::implementation::Sap;
+using android::sp;
+using android::status_t;
+using android::OK;
+
+int main() {
+    configureRpcThreadpool(1, true);
+
+    sp<ISap> sap = new Sap;
+    status_t status = sap->registerAsService();
+    ALOGW_IF(status != OK, "Could not register ISap v1.2");
+    ALOGD("Default service is ready.");
+
+    joinRpcThreadpool();
+    return 1;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index ee130f8..9284fd8 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -23,17 +23,15 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
-        .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
-        .interval = 60,
-        .specifiers = {specifier}};
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+        .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT, .interval = 60, .specifiers = {specifier}};
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->startNetworkScan_1_2(serial, request);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
@@ -42,9 +40,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.serial);
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan, rspInfo.error = %s\n", toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE}));
     }
 }
@@ -53,11 +51,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid specifier.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
-        .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
-        .interval = 60};
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+                                                                    .interval = 60};
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->startNetworkScan_1_2(serial, request);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
@@ -67,10 +64,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -80,14 +77,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (lower boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 4,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -103,10 +100,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -116,14 +113,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid interval (upper boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 301,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -139,10 +136,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -152,14 +149,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (lower boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -175,10 +172,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -188,14 +185,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid max search time (upper boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -211,10 +208,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -224,14 +221,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (lower boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -247,10 +244,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -260,14 +257,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with invalid periodicity (upper boundary).
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -283,10 +280,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(
             CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
     }
@@ -296,14 +293,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -319,10 +316,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE}));
     }
 }
@@ -331,14 +328,14 @@
  * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan() with valid periodicity and plmns
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
         .radioAccessNetwork = RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
         .geranBands = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480},
         .channels = {1,2}};
 
-    V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanRequest request = {
         .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
         .interval = 60,
         .specifiers = {specifier},
@@ -355,10 +352,10 @@
 
     ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
           toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
                                      {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE}));
     }
 }
@@ -367,10 +364,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.setIndicationFilter_1_2()
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setIndicationFilter_1_2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    Return<void> res =
-        radio_v1_2->setIndicationFilter_1_2(serial, static_cast<int>(IndicationFilter::ALL));
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setIndicationFilter_1_2(
+        serial, static_cast<int>(::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IndicationFilter::ALL));
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -385,12 +382,12 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() with invalid hysteresisDb
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDb) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
         serial, 5000,
         10,  // hysteresisDb too large given threshold list deltas
-        {-109, -103, -97, -89}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+        {-109, -103, -97, -89}, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -405,10 +402,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() with empty parameters
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_EmptyParams) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(serial, 0, 0, {},
-                                                                      V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
+        serial, 0, 0, {}, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -423,10 +420,11 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for GERAN
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Geran) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
-        serial, 5000, 2, {-109, -103, -97, -89}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+        serial, 5000, 2, {-109, -103, -97, -89},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -441,10 +439,11 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for UTRAN
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Utran) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
-        serial, 5000, 2, {-110, -97, -73, -49, -25}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::UTRAN);
+        serial, 5000, 2, {-110, -97, -73, -49, -25},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::UTRAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -459,10 +458,11 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for EUTRAN
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Eutran) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
-        serial, 5000, 2, {-140, -128, -118, -108, -98, -44}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
+        serial, 5000, 2, {-140, -128, -118, -108, -98, -44},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -477,10 +477,11 @@
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria() for CDMA2000
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_Cdma2000) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria(
-        serial, 5000, 2, {-105, -90, -75, -65}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::CDMA2000);
+        serial, 5000, 2, {-105, -90, -75, -65},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::CDMA2000);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -495,12 +496,13 @@
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() invalid hysteresisDlKbps
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisDlKbps) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
         serial, 5000,
         5000,  // hysteresisDlKbps too big for thresholds delta
-        100, {1000, 5000, 10000, 20000}, {500, 1000, 5000, 10000}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+        100, {1000, 5000, 10000, 20000}, {500, 1000, 5000, 10000},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -515,12 +517,13 @@
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() invalid hysteresisUlKbps
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_invalidHysteresisUlKbps) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
         serial, 5000, 500,
         1000,  // hysteresisUlKbps too big for thresholds delta
-        {1000, 5000, 10000, 20000}, {500, 1000, 5000, 10000}, V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+        {1000, 5000, 10000, 20000}, {500, 1000, 5000, 10000},
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -535,10 +538,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() empty params
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_emptyParams) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(serial, 0, 0, 0, {}, {},
-                                                                    V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
+        serial, 0, 0, 0, {}, {}, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -553,11 +556,11 @@
  * Test IRadio.setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria() GERAN
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria_Geran) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->setLinkCapacityReportingCriteria(
         serial, 5000, 500, 100, {1000, 5000, 10000, 20000}, {500, 1000, 5000, 10000},
-        V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
@@ -572,9 +575,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.setupDataCall_1_2() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, setupDataCall_1_2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
 
-    V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork = V1_2::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN;
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork accessNetwork =
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN;
 
     DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
     memset(&dataProfileInfo, 0, sizeof(dataProfileInfo));
@@ -600,7 +604,8 @@
     bool roamingAllowed = false;
     bool isRoaming = false;
 
-    V1_2::DataRequestReason reason = V1_2::DataRequestReason::NORMAL;
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason =
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason::NORMAL;
     std::vector<hidl_string> addresses = {""};
     std::vector<hidl_string> dnses = {""};
 
@@ -613,12 +618,12 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.serial);
 
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
             radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
             {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
              RadioError::OP_NOT_ALLOWED_BEFORE_REG_TO_NW, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
             radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
             {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
@@ -630,9 +635,10 @@
  * Test IRadio.deactivateDataCall_1_2() for the response returned.
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, deactivateDataCall_1_2) {
-    const int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
     int cid = 1;
-    V1_2::DataRequestReason reason = V1_2::DataRequestReason::NORMAL;
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason =
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason::NORMAL;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->deactivateDataCall_1_2(serial, cid, reason);
     ASSERT_OK(res);
@@ -641,13 +647,13 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.serial);
 
-    if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+    if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
             radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
             {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::INVALID_CALL_ID,
              RadioError::INVALID_STATE, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
              RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED, RadioError::CANCELLED, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
-    } else if (cardStatus.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
             radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
             {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::INVALID_CALL_ID,
@@ -710,3 +716,33 @@
         radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
         {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::NOT_PROVISIONED}));
 }
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.getAvailableBandModes() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_2, getAvailableBandModes) {
+    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_2->getAvailableBandModes(serial);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("getAvailableBandModes, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(
+        CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error,
+                         {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::MODEM_ERR,
+                          RadioError::INTERNAL_ERR,
+                          // If REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED is returned, then it should also be returned
+                          // for setRandMode().
+                          RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    bool hasUnspecifiedBandMode = false;
+    if (radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error == RadioError::NONE) {
+        for (const RadioBandMode& mode : radioRsp_v1_2->radioBandModes) {
+            // Automatic mode selection must be supported
+            if (mode == RadioBandMode::BAND_MODE_UNSPECIFIED) hasUnspecifiedBandMode = true;
+        }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(hasUnspecifiedBandMode);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 4f05eff..fd1876e 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,19 @@
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest_v1_2::SetUp() {
-    radio_v1_2 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<V1_2::IRadio>(
-        hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME));
+    radio_v1_2 =
+        ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
+            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
+                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
+                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    if (radio_v1_2 == NULL) {
+        sleep(60);
+        radio_v1_2 = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
+            RadioHidlEnvironment::Instance()
+                ->getServiceName<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>(
+                    hidl_string(RADIO_SERVICE_NAME)));
+    }
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, radio_v1_2.get());
 
     radioRsp_v1_2 = new (std::nothrow) RadioResponse_v1_2(*this);
@@ -31,21 +42,24 @@
 
     radio_v1_2->setResponseFunctions(radioRsp_v1_2, radioInd_v1_2);
 
-    int serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
-    radio_v1_2->getIccCardStatus(serial);
-    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    updateSimCardStatus();
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.type);
     EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.serial);
     EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_2->rspInfo.error);
+
+    /* Enforce Vts Testing with Sim Status Present only. */
+    EXPECT_EQ(CardState::PRESENT, cardStatus.base.cardState);
 }
 
 /*
  * Notify that the response message is received.
  */
-void RadioHidlTest_v1_2::notify() {
+void RadioHidlTest_v1_2::notify(int receivedSerial) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
-    count_++;
-    cv_.notify_one();
+    if (serial == receivedSerial) {
+        count_++;
+        cv_.notify_one();
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -65,3 +79,9 @@
     count_--;
     return status;
 }
+
+void RadioHidlTest_v1_2::updateSimCardStatus() {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_2->getIccCardStatus(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
index ce46878..9086408 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
 
-#include <android/hardware/radio/1.1/IRadioIndication.h>
-#include <android/hardware/radio/1.1/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadio.h>
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioIndication.h>
+#include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/IRadioResponse.h>
 #include <android/hardware/radio/1.2/types.h>
 
 #include "vts_test_util.h"
 
-using namespace ::android::hardware::radio;
+using namespace ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2;
 using namespace ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1;
 using namespace ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0;
 
@@ -43,21 +43,24 @@
 #define RADIO_SERVICE_NAME "slot1"
 
 class RadioHidlTest_v1_2;
-extern CardStatus cardStatus;
+extern ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CardStatus cardStatus;
 
 /* Callback class for radio response v1_2*/
-class RadioResponse_v1_2 : public V1_1::IRadioResponse {
+class RadioResponse_v1_2 : public ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioResponse {
    protected:
     RadioHidlTest_v1_2& parent_v1_2;
 
    public:
+    hidl_vec<RadioBandMode> radioBandModes;
+
     RadioResponseInfo rspInfo;
 
     RadioResponse_v1_2(RadioHidlTest_v1_2& parent_v1_2);
     virtual ~RadioResponse_v1_2() = default;
 
-    Return<void> getIccCardStatusResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                          const CardStatus& cardStatus);
+    Return<void> getIccCardStatusResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardStatus& cardStatus);
 
     Return<void> supplyIccPinForAppResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                             int32_t remainingRetries);
@@ -80,8 +83,9 @@
     Return<void> supplyNetworkDepersonalizationResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                         int32_t remainingRetries);
 
-    Return<void> getCurrentCallsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                         const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<Call>& calls);
+    Return<void> getCurrentCallsResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Call>& calls);
 
     Return<void> dialResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
 
@@ -103,14 +107,17 @@
     Return<void> getLastCallFailCauseResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                               const LastCallFailCauseInfo& failCauseInfo);
 
-    Return<void> getSignalStrengthResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                           const SignalStrength& sigStrength);
+    Return<void> getSignalStrengthResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SignalStrength& sigStrength);
 
-    Return<void> getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                                   const VoiceRegStateResult& voiceRegResponse);
+    Return<void> getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::VoiceRegStateResult& voiceRegResponse);
 
-    Return<void> getDataRegistrationStateResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                                  const DataRegStateResult& dataRegResponse);
+    Return<void> getDataRegistrationStateResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataRegStateResult& dataRegResponse);
 
     Return<void> getOperatorResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                      const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& longName,
@@ -309,8 +316,9 @@
     Return<void> getVoiceRadioTechnologyResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                  RadioTechnology rat);
 
-    Return<void> getCellInfoListResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                         const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& cellInfo);
+    Return<void> getCellInfoListResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CellInfo>& cellInfo);
 
     Return<void> setCellInfoListRateResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
 
@@ -405,27 +413,33 @@
 
     Return<void> setLinkCapacityReportingCriteriaResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
 
-    Return<void> getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                              const CardStatus& card_status);
+    Return<void> getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CardStatus& card_status);
 
-    Return<void> getCurrentCallsResponse_1_2(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<Call>& calls);
+    Return<void> getCurrentCallsResponse_1_2(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::Call>& calls);
 
-    Return<void> getSignalStrengthResponse_1_2(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                               const SignalStrength& sig_strength);
+    Return<void> getSignalStrengthResponse_1_2(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::SignalStrength& sig_strength);
 
     Return<void> getCellInfoListResponse_1_2(
-        const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& cellInfo);
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CellInfo>& cellInfo);
 
     Return<void> getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse_1_2(
-        const RadioResponseInfo& info, const V1_2::VoiceRegStateResult& voiceRegResponse);
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::VoiceRegStateResult& voiceRegResponse);
 
     Return<void> getDataRegistrationStateResponse_1_2(
-        const RadioResponseInfo& info, const V1_2::DataRegStateResult& dataRegResponse);
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRegStateResult& dataRegResponse);
 };
 
 /* Callback class for radio indication */
-class RadioIndication_v1_2 : public V1_1::IRadioIndication {
+class RadioIndication_v1_2 : public ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadioIndication {
    protected:
     RadioHidlTest_v1_2& parent_v1_2;
 
@@ -434,26 +448,33 @@
     virtual ~RadioIndication_v1_2() = default;
 
     /* 1.2 Api */
-    Return<void> networkScanResult_1_2(RadioIndicationType type,
-                                       const V1_2::NetworkScanResult& result);
+    Return<void> networkScanResult_1_2(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanResult& result);
 
-    Return<void> cellInfoList_1_2(RadioIndicationType type,
-                                  const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<V1_2::CellInfo>& records);
+    Return<void> cellInfoList_1_2(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CellInfo>& records);
 
-    Return<void> currentLinkCapacityEstimate(RadioIndicationType type,
-                                             const V1_2::LinkCapacityEstimate& lce);
+    Return<void> currentLinkCapacityEstimate(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::LinkCapacityEstimate& lce);
 
     Return<void> currentPhysicalChannelConfigs(
         RadioIndicationType type,
-        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<V1_2::PhysicalChannelConfig>& configs);
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::PhysicalChannelConfig>& configs);
 
-    Return<void> currentSignalStrength_1_2(RadioIndicationType type,
-                                           const V1_2::SignalStrength& signalStrength);
+    Return<void> currentSignalStrength_1_2(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::SignalStrength& signalStrength);
 
     /* 1.1 Api */
     Return<void> carrierInfoForImsiEncryption(RadioIndicationType info);
 
-    Return<void> networkScanResult(RadioIndicationType type, const NetworkScanResult& result);
+    Return<void> networkScanResult(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::NetworkScanResult& result);
 
     Return<void> keepaliveStatus(RadioIndicationType type, const KeepaliveStatus& status);
 
@@ -479,8 +500,9 @@
                                   const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& nitzTime,
                                   uint64_t receivedTime);
 
-    Return<void> currentSignalStrength(RadioIndicationType type,
-                                       const SignalStrength& signalStrength);
+    Return<void> currentSignalStrength(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SignalStrength& signalStrength);
 
     Return<void> dataCallListChanged(
         RadioIndicationType type, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<SetupDataCallResult>& dcList);
@@ -538,8 +560,9 @@
 
     Return<void> voiceRadioTechChanged(RadioIndicationType type, RadioTechnology rat);
 
-    Return<void> cellInfoList(RadioIndicationType type,
-                              const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& records);
+    Return<void> cellInfoList(
+        RadioIndicationType type,
+        const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CellInfo>& records);
 
     Return<void> imsNetworkStateChanged(RadioIndicationType type);
 
@@ -566,6 +589,22 @@
                             const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& reason);
 };
 
+// Test environment for Radio HIDL HAL.
+class RadioHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static RadioHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static RadioHidlEnvironment* instance = new RadioHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
+        registerTestService<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio>();
+    }
+
+   private:
+    RadioHidlEnvironment() {}
+};
+
 // The main test class for Radio HIDL.
 class RadioHidlTest_v1_2 : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
    protected:
@@ -573,17 +612,23 @@
     std::condition_variable cv_;
     int count_;
 
+    /* Serial number for radio request */
+    int serial;
+
+    /* Update Sim Card Status */
+    void updateSimCardStatus();
+
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
 
     /* Used as a mechanism to inform the test about data/event callback */
-    void notify();
+    void notify(int receivedSerial);
 
     /* Test code calls this function to wait for response */
     std::cv_status wait();
 
     /* radio service handle */
-    sp<V1_2::IRadio> radio_v1_2;
+    sp<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::IRadio> radio_v1_2;
 
     /* radio response handle */
     sp<RadioResponse_v1_2> radioRsp_v1_2;
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
index 57f5cb0..eba9dc0 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
@@ -20,29 +20,33 @@
 
 /* 1.2 Apis */
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::networkScanResult_1_2(
-    RadioIndicationType /*type*/, const V1_2::NetworkScanResult& /*result*/) {
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::NetworkScanResult& /*result*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::cellInfoList_1_2(
     RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
-    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<V1_2::CellInfo>& /*records*/) {
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CellInfo>& /*records*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::currentLinkCapacityEstimate(
-    RadioIndicationType /*type*/, const V1_2::LinkCapacityEstimate& /*lce*/) {
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::LinkCapacityEstimate& /*lce*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::currentPhysicalChannelConfigs(
     RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
-    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<V1_2::PhysicalChannelConfig>& /*configs*/) {
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<
+        ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::PhysicalChannelConfig>& /*configs*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::currentSignalStrength_1_2(
-    RadioIndicationType /*type*/, const V1_2::SignalStrength& /*signalStrength*/) {
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::SignalStrength& /*signalStrength*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -51,8 +55,9 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::networkScanResult(RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
-                                                     const NetworkScanResult& /*result*/) {
+Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::networkScanResult(
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_1::NetworkScanResult& /*result*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -101,8 +106,9 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::currentSignalStrength(RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
-                                                         const SignalStrength& /*signalStrength*/) {
+Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::currentSignalStrength(
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SignalStrength& /*signalStrength*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -224,7 +230,8 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::cellInfoList(
-    RadioIndicationType /*type*/, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& /*records*/) {
+    RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CellInfo>& /*records*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -276,4 +283,4 @@
 Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_2::modemReset(RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
                                               const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*reason*/) {
     return Void();
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
index 9195689..f6bead2 100644
--- a/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.2/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@
 
 #include <radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_2.h>
 
-CardStatus cardStatus;
+::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CardStatus cardStatus;
 
 RadioResponse_v1_2::RadioResponse_v1_2(RadioHidlTest_v1_2& parent) : parent_v1_2(parent) {}
 
 /* 1.0 Apis */
-Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getIccCardStatusResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
-                                                          const CardStatus& /*card_status*/) {
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getIccCardStatusResponse(
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CardStatus& /*card_status*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getCurrentCallsResponse(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<Call>& /*calls*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::Call>& /*calls*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -107,18 +109,21 @@
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getSignalStrengthResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
-                                                           const SignalStrength& /*sig_strength*/) {
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getSignalStrengthResponse(
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::SignalStrength& /*sig_strength*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/, const VoiceRegStateResult& /*voiceRegResponse*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::VoiceRegStateResult& /*voiceRegResponse*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getDataRegistrationStateResponse(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/, const DataRegStateResult& /*dataRegResponse*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::DataRegStateResult& /*dataRegResponse*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -150,7 +155,7 @@
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::setupDataCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
                                                        const SetupDataCallResult& /*dcResponse*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +211,7 @@
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::deactivateDataCallResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -312,8 +317,10 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getAvailableBandModesResponse(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
-    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<RadioBandMode>& /*bandModes*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<RadioBandMode>& bandModes) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    radioBandModes = bandModes;
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -515,7 +522,7 @@
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getCellInfoListResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
-    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& /*cellInfo*/) {
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_0::CellInfo>& /*cellInfo*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -670,13 +677,13 @@
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::startNetworkScanResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::stopNetworkScanResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
@@ -693,52 +700,58 @@
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::setSignalStrengthReportingCriteriaResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::setLinkCapacityReportingCriteriaResponse(
     const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
-Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
-                                                              const CardStatus& card_status) {
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getIccCardStatusResponse_1_2(
+    const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CardStatus& card_status) {
     rspInfo = info;
     cardStatus = card_status;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getCurrentCallsResponse_1_2(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<Call>& /*calls*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::Call>& /*calls*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getSignalStrengthResponse_1_2(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& info, const SignalStrength& /*sig_strength*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::SignalStrength& /*sig_strength*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getCellInfoListResponse_1_2(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& info, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<CellInfo>& /*cellInfo*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::CellInfo>& /*cellInfo*/) {
     rspInfo = info;
-    parent_v1_2.notify();
+    parent_v1_2.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getVoiceRegistrationStateResponse_1_2(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/, const V1_2::VoiceRegStateResult& /*voiceRegResponse*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::VoiceRegStateResult& /*voiceRegResponse*/) {
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_2::getDataRegistrationStateResponse_1_2(
-    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/, const V1_2::DataRegStateResult& /*dataRegResponse*/) {
+    const RadioResponseInfo& /*info*/,
+    const ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRegStateResult& /*dataRegResponse*/) {
     return Void();
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file