diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
index c228ef7..f57a668 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,16 @@
  */
 class HmacKeySharingTest : public KeymasterHidlTest {
    protected:
+     const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& allKeymasters() {
+         if (all_keymasters_.empty()) {
+             auto names = android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor);
+             for (const auto& name : names) {
+                 all_keymasters_.push_back(IKeymasterDevice::getService(name));
+             }
+         }
+         return all_keymasters_;
+     }
+
     struct GetParamsResult {
         ErrorCode error;
         HmacSharingParameters params;
@@ -99,8 +109,13 @@
             EXPECT_EQ(expected, response.sharing_check) << "Sharing check values should match.";
         }
     }
+
+  private:
+    static std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
 };
 
+std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> HmacKeySharingTest::all_keymasters_;
+
 TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, GetParameters) {
     auto result1 = getHmacSharingParameters(keymaster());
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, result1.error);
@@ -115,26 +130,26 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmac) {
-    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
-    ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
-        << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
+    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters());
+    ASSERT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), params.size())
+            << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
 
     auto nonces = copyNonces(params);
-    EXPECT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), nonces.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), nonces.size());
     std::sort(nonces.begin(), nonces.end());
     std::unique(nonces.begin(), nonces.end());
-    EXPECT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), nonces.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), nonces.size());
 
-    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
     ASSERT_GT(responses.size(), 0U);
     verifyResponses(responses[0].sharing_check, responses);
 
     // Do it a second time.  Should get the same answers.
-    params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
-    ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
-        << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
+    params = getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters());
+    ASSERT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), params.size())
+            << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
 
-    responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
     ASSERT_GT(responses.size(), 0U);
     ASSERT_EQ(32U, responses[0].sharing_check.size());
     verifyResponses(responses[0].sharing_check, responses);
@@ -160,15 +175,16 @@
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
     // (barring crashes :-/) re-run the unmodified agreement process on our way out.
-    auto fixup_hmac = finally(
-        [&]() { computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters())); });
+    auto fixup_hmac = finally([&]() {
+        computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters()));
+    });
 
-    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
-    ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
-        << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
+    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters());
+    ASSERT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), params.size())
+            << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
 
     // All should be well in the normal case
-    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
 
     ASSERT_GT(responses.size(), 0U);
     HidlBuf correct_response = responses[0].sharing_check;
@@ -181,7 +197,7 @@
     uint8_t bit_to_tweak = rand() % 8;
     params[param_to_tweak].nonce[byte_to_tweak] ^= (1 << bit_to_tweak);
 
-    responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < responses.size(); ++i) {
         if (i == param_to_tweak) {
             EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT, responses[i].error)
@@ -199,15 +215,16 @@
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
     // (barring crashes :-/) re-run the unmodified agreement process on our way out.
-    auto fixup_hmac = finally(
-        [&]() { computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters())); });
+    auto fixup_hmac = finally([&]() {
+        computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters()));
+    });
 
-    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
-    ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
-        << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
+    auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(allKeymasters());
+    ASSERT_EQ(allKeymasters().size(), params.size())
+            << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
 
     // All should be well in the normal case
-    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    auto responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
 
     ASSERT_GT(responses.size(), 0U);
     HidlBuf correct_response = responses[0].sharing_check;
@@ -223,7 +240,7 @@
     }
     to_tweak[0]++;
 
-    responses = computeSharedHmac(all_keymasters(), params);
+    responses = computeSharedHmac(allKeymasters(), params);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < responses.size(); ++i) {
         if (i == param_to_tweak) {
             EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT, responses[i].error)
@@ -236,10 +253,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        PerInstance, HmacKeySharingTest,
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
-        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(HmacKeySharingTest);
 
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
index 1fbd721..5d0e262 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
@@ -42,39 +42,27 @@
 
 namespace test {
 
+using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;
+
 void KeymasterHidlTest::InitializeKeymaster() {
-    service_name_ = GetParam();
-    keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(service_name_);
+    keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(keymaster_, nullptr);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(keymaster_
-                    ->getHardwareInfo([&](SecurityLevel securityLevel, const hidl_string& name,
-                                          const hidl_string& author) {
-                        securityLevel_ = securityLevel;
-                        name_ = name;
-                        author_ = author;
-                    })
-                    .isOk());
+                        ->getHardwareInfo([&](SecurityLevel securityLevel, const hidl_string& name,
+                                              const hidl_string& author) {
+                            securityLevel_ = securityLevel;
+                            name_ = name;
+                            author_ = author;
+                        })
+                        .isOk());
 }
 
-void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUpTestCase() {
+void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUp() {
     InitializeKeymaster();
 
     os_version_ = support::getOsVersion();
     os_patch_level_ = support::getOsPatchlevel();
-
-    auto service_manager = android::hidl::manager::V1_0::IServiceManager::getService();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, service_manager.get());
-    all_keymasters_.push_back(keymaster_);
-    service_manager->listByInterface(
-        IKeymasterDevice::descriptor, [&](const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& names) {
-            for (auto& name : names) {
-                if (name == service_name_) continue;
-                auto keymaster = IKeymasterDevice::getService(name);
-                ASSERT_NE(keymaster, nullptr);
-                all_keymasters_.push_back(keymaster);
-            }
-        });
 }
 
 ErrorCode KeymasterHidlTest::GenerateKey(const AuthorizationSet& key_desc, HidlBuf* key_blob,
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
index f7d6da2..faa7c75 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
@@ -18,8 +18,9 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/IKeymasterDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/types.h>
-
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <keymasterV4_0/authorization_set.h>
 
@@ -33,13 +34,13 @@
 namespace test {
 
 using ::android::sp;
-using ::std::string;
 using hidl::base::V1_0::DebugInfo;
+using ::std::string;
 
 class HidlBuf : public hidl_vec<uint8_t> {
     typedef hidl_vec<uint8_t> super;
 
-   public:
+  public:
     HidlBuf() {}
     HidlBuf(const super& other) : super(other) {}
     HidlBuf(super&& other) : super(std::move(other)) {}
@@ -68,20 +69,16 @@
 
 class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
-    void SetUp();
+    void SetUp() override;
     void TearDown() override {
         if (key_blob_.size()) {
             CheckedDeleteKey();
         }
         AbortIfNeeded();
-        keymaster_.clear();
-        all_keymasters_.clear();
     }
 
     void InitializeKeymaster();
-
     IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
-    const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& all_keymasters() { return all_keymasters_; }
     uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
     uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
 
@@ -207,18 +204,22 @@
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics_;
     OperationHandle op_handle_ = kOpHandleSentinel;
 
-   private:
-     sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
-     std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
-     uint32_t os_version_;
-     uint32_t os_patch_level_;
+  private:
+    sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
+    uint32_t os_version_;
+    uint32_t os_patch_level_;
 
-     SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
-     hidl_string name_;
-     hidl_string author_;
-     string service_name_;
+    SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
+    hidl_string name_;
+    hidl_string author_;
 };
 
+#define INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(name)                                             \
+    INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, name,                                           \
+                             testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames( \
+                                     IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),                      \
+                             android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString)
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
index 693f4ae..bab1439 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
@@ -185,10 +185,7 @@
               memcmp(result1.token.mac.data(), result2.token.mac.data(), result1.token.mac.size()));
 }
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        PerInstance, VerificationTokenTest,
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
-        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(VerificationTokenTest);
 
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 66132ad..d9131f5 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -840,6 +840,8 @@
                               .Authorization(TAG_MIN_MAC_LENGTH, 128)));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(NewKeyGenerationTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest SigningOperationsTest;
 
 /*
@@ -1509,6 +1511,8 @@
     }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(SigningOperationsTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest VerificationOperationsTest;
 
 /*
@@ -1749,6 +1753,8 @@
     CheckedDeleteKey(&verification_key);
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(VerificationOperationsTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest ExportKeyTest;
 
 /*
@@ -1828,6 +1834,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_FORMAT, ExportKey(KeyFormat::RAW, &export_data));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(ExportKeyTest);
+
 class ImportKeyTest : public KeymasterHidlTest {
    public:
     template <TagType tag_type, Tag tag, typename ValueT>
@@ -2093,6 +2101,8 @@
     VerifyMessage(message, signature, AuthorizationSetBuilder().Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(ImportKeyTest);
+
 auto wrapped_key = hex2str(
     "3082017902010004820100934bf94e2aa28a3f83c9f79297250262fbe3276b5a1c91159bbfa3ef8957aac84b59b30b"
     "455a79c2973480823d8b3863c3deef4a8e243590268d80e18751a0e130f67ce6a1ace9f79b95e097474febc981195b"
@@ -2214,6 +2224,8 @@
                       .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_OAEP)));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(ImportWrappedKeyTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest EncryptionOperationsTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4111,6 +4123,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(message, plaintext);
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(EncryptionOperationsTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest MaxOperationsTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4166,6 +4180,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::KEY_MAX_OPS_EXCEEDED, Begin(KeyPurpose::SIGN, params));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(MaxOperationsTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest AddEntropyTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4196,6 +4212,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf(string(2 * 1024, 'a'))));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(AddEntropyTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest AttestationTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4373,6 +4391,8 @@
                         &cert_chain));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(AttestationTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest KeyDeletionTest;
 
 /**
@@ -4478,6 +4498,8 @@
     }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(KeyDeletionTest);
+
 using UpgradeKeyTest = KeymasterHidlTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4497,6 +4519,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(result, std::make_pair(ErrorCode::OK, HidlBuf()));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(UpgradeKeyTest);
+
 using ClearOperationsTest = KeymasterHidlTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4572,6 +4596,8 @@
     }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(ClearOperationsTest);
+
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest TransportLimitTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4624,44 +4650,7 @@
     CheckedDeleteKey();
 }
 
-static const auto kKeymasterDeviceChoices =
-        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor));
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, NewKeyGenerationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportWrappedKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SigningOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, VerificationOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ExportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, EncryptionOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, MaxOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AddEntropyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AttestationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeyDeletionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, TransportLimitTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
-                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+INSTANTIATE_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST(TransportLimitTest);
 
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
diff --git a/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/EarlyBootKeyTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/EarlyBootKeyTest.cpp
index 4a19010..d1978a9 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/EarlyBootKeyTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.1/vts/functional/EarlyBootKeyTest.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@
 
 namespace android::hardware::keymaster::V4_1::test {
 
-// TODO(swillden): Put tests here.
+
 
 }  // namespace android::hardware::keymaster::V4_1::test