diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/can.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/can.cpp
index 5a1105c..083f4f0 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/can.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/can.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 static constexpr can_err_mask_t kErrMask = CAN_ERR_MASK;
 
 base::unique_fd socket(const std::string& ifname) {
-    struct sockaddr_can addr = {};
+    sockaddr_can addr = {};
     addr.can_family = AF_CAN;
     addr.can_ifindex = nametoindex(ifname);
     if (addr.can_ifindex == 0) {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    if (0 != bind(sock.get(), reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&addr), sizeof(addr))) {
+    if (0 != bind(sock.get(), reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&addr), sizeof(addr))) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Can't bind to CAN interface " << ifname;
         return {};
     }
@@ -67,26 +67,25 @@
 }
 
 bool setBitrate(std::string ifname, uint32_t bitrate) {
-    struct can_bittiming bt = {};
+    can_bittiming bt = {};
     bt.bitrate = bitrate;
 
-    nl::MessageFactory<struct ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
+    nl::MessageFactory<ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
 
-    const auto ifidx = nametoindex(ifname);
-    if (ifidx == 0) {
+    req->ifi_index = nametoindex(ifname);
+    if (req->ifi_index == 0) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Can't find interface " << ifname;
         return false;
     }
-    req.data().ifi_index = ifidx;
 
     {
-        auto linkinfo = req.nest(IFLA_LINKINFO);
-        req.addattr(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "can");
+        auto linkinfo = req.addNested(IFLA_LINKINFO);
+        req.add(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "can");
         {
-            auto infodata = req.nest(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
+            auto infodata = req.addNested(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
             /* For CAN FD, it would require to add IFLA_CAN_DATA_BITTIMING
              * and IFLA_CAN_CTRLMODE as well. */
-            req.addattr(IFLA_CAN_BITTIMING, bt);
+            req.add(IFLA_CAN_BITTIMING, bt);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/include/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/include/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.h
index 9a26ff1..70cb688 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/include/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/include/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <array>
 #include <optional>
+#include <set>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace android::netdevice {
@@ -53,14 +54,34 @@
 std::optional<bool> isUp(std::string ifname);
 
 /**
- * Checks, if the network interface exists and is up.
- *
- * This is a convenience function to call both exists() and isUp().
- *
- * \param ifname Interface to check
- * \return true if the interface is up, false otherwise
+ * Interface condition to wait for.
  */
-bool existsAndIsUp(const std::string& ifname);
+enum class WaitCondition {
+    /**
+     * Interface is present (but not necessarily up).
+     */
+    PRESENT,
+
+    /**
+     * Interface is up.
+     */
+    PRESENT_AND_UP,
+
+    /**
+     * Interface is down or not present (disconnected) at all.
+     */
+    DOWN_OR_GONE,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Listens for interface changes until anticipated condition takes place.
+ *
+ * \param ifnames List of interfaces to watch for.
+ * \param cnd Awaited condition.
+ * \param allOf true if all interfaces need to satisfy the condition, false if only one satistying
+ *        interface should stop the wait.
+ */
+void waitFor(std::set<std::string> ifnames, WaitCondition cnd, bool allOf = true);
 
 /**
  * Brings network interface up.
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.cpp
index e2ba2cb..4c5b309 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/libnetdevice.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 
+#include <sstream>
+
 namespace android::netdevice {
 
 void useSocketDomain(int domain) {
@@ -37,16 +39,6 @@
     return nametoindex(ifname) != 0;
 }
 
-std::optional<bool> isUp(std::string ifname) {
-    auto ifr = ifreqs::fromName(ifname);
-    if (!ifreqs::send(SIOCGIFFLAGS, ifr)) return std::nullopt;
-    return ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP;
-}
-
-bool existsAndIsUp(const std::string& ifname) {
-    return exists(ifname) && isUp(ifname).value_or(false);
-}
-
 bool up(std::string ifname) {
     auto ifr = ifreqs::fromName(ifname);
     if (!ifreqs::send(SIOCGIFFLAGS, ifr)) return false;
@@ -62,13 +54,13 @@
 }
 
 bool add(std::string dev, std::string type) {
-    nl::MessageFactory<struct ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK,
-                                             NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_ACK);
-    req.addattr(IFLA_IFNAME, dev);
+    nl::MessageFactory<ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK,
+                                      NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_ACK);
+    req.add(IFLA_IFNAME, dev);
 
     {
-        auto linkinfo = req.nest(IFLA_LINKINFO);
-        req.addattr(IFLA_INFO_KIND, type);
+        auto linkinfo = req.addNested(IFLA_LINKINFO);
+        req.add(IFLA_INFO_KIND, type);
     }
 
     nl::Socket sock(NETLINK_ROUTE);
@@ -76,8 +68,8 @@
 }
 
 bool del(std::string dev) {
-    nl::MessageFactory<struct ifinfomsg> req(RTM_DELLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
-    req.addattr(IFLA_IFNAME, dev);
+    nl::MessageFactory<ifinfomsg> req(RTM_DELLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK);
+    req.add(IFLA_IFNAME, dev);
 
     nl::Socket sock(NETLINK_ROUTE);
     return sock.send(req) && sock.receiveAck(req);
@@ -102,6 +94,97 @@
     return ifreqs::send(SIOCSIFHWADDR, ifr);
 }
 
+std::optional<bool> isUp(std::string ifname) {
+    auto ifr = ifreqs::fromName(ifname);
+    if (!ifreqs::send(SIOCGIFFLAGS, ifr)) return std::nullopt;
+    return ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP;
+}
+
+struct WaitState {
+    bool present;
+    bool up;
+
+    bool satisfied(WaitCondition cnd) const {
+        switch (cnd) {
+            case WaitCondition::PRESENT:
+                if (present) return true;
+                break;
+            case WaitCondition::PRESENT_AND_UP:
+                if (present && up) return true;
+                break;
+            case WaitCondition::DOWN_OR_GONE:
+                if (!present || !up) return true;
+                break;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+static std::string toString(WaitCondition cnd) {
+    switch (cnd) {
+        case WaitCondition::PRESENT:
+            return "become present";
+        case WaitCondition::PRESENT_AND_UP:
+            return "come up";
+        case WaitCondition::DOWN_OR_GONE:
+            return "go down";
+    }
+}
+
+static std::string toString(const std::set<std::string>& ifnames) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    std::copy(ifnames.begin(), ifnames.end(), std::ostream_iterator<std::string>(ss, ","));
+    auto str = ss.str();
+    str.pop_back();
+    return str;
+}
+
+void waitFor(std::set<std::string> ifnames, WaitCondition cnd, bool allOf) {
+    nl::Socket sock(NETLINK_ROUTE, 0, RTMGRP_LINK);
+
+    using StatesMap = std::map<std::string, WaitState>;
+    StatesMap states = {};
+    for (const auto ifname : ifnames) {
+        const auto present = exists(ifname);
+        const auto up = present && isUp(ifname).value_or(false);
+        states[ifname] = {present, up};
+    }
+
+    const auto mapConditionChecker = [cnd](const StatesMap::iterator::value_type& it) {
+        return it.second.satisfied(cnd);
+    };
+    const auto isFullySatisfied = [&states, allOf, mapConditionChecker]() {
+        if (allOf) {
+            return std::all_of(states.begin(), states.end(), mapConditionChecker);
+        } else {
+            return std::any_of(states.begin(), states.end(), mapConditionChecker);
+        }
+    };
+
+    if (isFullySatisfied()) return;
+
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "Waiting for " << (allOf ? "" : "any of ") << toString(ifnames) << " to "
+               << toString(cnd);
+    for (const auto rawMsg : sock) {
+        const auto msg = nl::Message<ifinfomsg>::parse(rawMsg, {RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_DELLINK});
+        if (!msg.has_value()) continue;
+
+        const auto ifname = msg->attributes.get<std::string>(IFLA_IFNAME);
+        if (ifnames.count(ifname) == 0) continue;
+
+        const bool present = (msg->header.nlmsg_type != RTM_DELLINK);
+        const bool up = present && (msg->data.ifi_flags & IFF_UP) != 0;
+        states[ifname] = {present, up};
+
+        if (isFullySatisfied()) {
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "Finished waiting for " << (allOf ? "" : "some of ") << toString(ifnames)
+                       << " to " << toString(cnd);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Can't read Netlink socket";
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::netdevice
 
 bool operator==(const android::netdevice::hwaddr_t lhs, const unsigned char rhs[ETH_ALEN]) {
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/vlan.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/vlan.cpp
index 33dc029..ee02f7b 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/vlan.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnetdevice/vlan.cpp
@@ -33,18 +33,18 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    nl::MessageFactory<struct ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK,
-                                             NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_ACK);
-    req.addattr(IFLA_IFNAME, vlan);
-    req.addattr<uint32_t>(IFLA_LINK, ethidx);
+    nl::MessageFactory<ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK,
+                                      NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_ACK);
+    req.add(IFLA_IFNAME, vlan);
+    req.add<uint32_t>(IFLA_LINK, ethidx);
 
     {
-        auto linkinfo = req.nest(IFLA_LINKINFO);
-        req.addattr(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "vlan");
+        auto linkinfo = req.addNested(IFLA_LINKINFO);
+        req.add(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "vlan");
 
         {
-            auto linkinfo = req.nest(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
-            req.addattr(IFLA_VLAN_ID, id);
+            auto linkinfo = req.addNested(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
+            req.add(IFLA_VLAN_ID, id);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Attributes.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Attributes.cpp
index c101647..620f57b 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Attributes.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Attributes.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@
 template <>
 std::string Attributes::parse(Buffer<nlattr> buf) {
     const auto rawString = buf.data<char>().getRaw();
-    return std::string(rawString.ptr(), rawString.len());
+    std::string str(rawString.ptr(), rawString.len());
+
+    str.erase(std::find(str.begin(), str.end(), '\0'), str.end());
+
+    return str;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/MessageFactory.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/MessageFactory.cpp
index 0c6a331..6f35897 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/MessageFactory.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/MessageFactory.cpp
@@ -17,41 +17,36 @@
 #include <libnl++/MessageFactory.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libnl++/bits.h>
 
-// for RTA_ macros missing from NLA_ definitions
-#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+namespace android::nl {
 
-namespace android::nl::impl {
-
-static struct nlattr* nlmsg_tail(struct nlmsghdr* n) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<struct nlattr*>(  //
-            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(n) + NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len));
+static nlattr* tail(nlmsghdr* msg) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<nlattr*>(uintptr_t(msg) + impl::align(msg->nlmsg_len));
 }
 
-struct nlattr* addattr_l(struct nlmsghdr* n, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type, const void* data,
-                         size_t dataLen) {
-    size_t newLen = NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_SPACE(dataLen);
+nlattr* MessageFactoryBase::add(nlmsghdr* msg, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type, const void* data,
+                                size_t dataLen) {
+    const auto totalAttrLen = impl::space<nlattr>(dataLen);
+    const auto newLen = impl::align(msg->nlmsg_len) + totalAttrLen;
     if (newLen > maxLen) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "addattr_l failed - exceeded maxLen: " << newLen << " > " << maxLen;
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Can't add attribute of size " << dataLen  //
+                   << " - exceeded maxLen: " << newLen << " > " << maxLen;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
-    auto attr = nlmsg_tail(n);
-    attr->nla_len = RTA_SPACE(dataLen);
+    auto attr = tail(msg);
+    attr->nla_len = totalAttrLen;
     attr->nla_type = type;
-    if (dataLen > 0) memcpy(RTA_DATA(attr), data, dataLen);
+    if (dataLen > 0) memcpy(impl::data<nlattr, void>(attr), data, dataLen);
 
-    n->nlmsg_len = newLen;
+    msg->nlmsg_len = newLen;
     return attr;
 }
 
-struct nlattr* addattr_nest(struct nlmsghdr* n, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type) {
-    return addattr_l(n, maxLen, type, nullptr, 0);
+void MessageFactoryBase::closeNested(nlmsghdr* msg, nlattr* nested) {
+    if (nested == nullptr) return;
+    nested->nla_len = uintptr_t(tail(msg)) - uintptr_t(nested);
 }
 
-void addattr_nest_end(struct nlmsghdr* n, struct nlattr* nest) {
-    size_t nestLen = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(nlmsg_tail(n)) - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(nest);
-    nest->nla_len = nestLen;
-}
-
-}  // namespace android::nl::impl
+}  // namespace android::nl
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Socket.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Socket.cpp
index 1a34df8..08683ca 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Socket.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/Socket.cpp
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@
 
 bool Socket::send(const Buffer<nlmsghdr>& msg, const sockaddr_nl& sa) {
     if constexpr (kSuperVerbose) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << (mFailed ? "(not) " : "") << "sending Netlink message ("  //
-                     << msg->nlmsg_pid << " -> " << sa.nl_pid << "): " << toString(msg, mProtocol);
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << (mFailed ? "(not) " : "") << "sending to " << sa.nl_pid << ": "
+                     << toString(msg, mProtocol);
     }
     if (mFailed) return false;
 
@@ -68,6 +68,16 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Socket::increaseReceiveBuffer(size_t maxSize) {
+    if (maxSize == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Maximum receive size should not be zero";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (mReceiveBuffer.size() < maxSize) mReceiveBuffer.resize(maxSize);
+    return true;
+}
+
 std::optional<Buffer<nlmsghdr>> Socket::receive(size_t maxSize) {
     return receiveFrom(maxSize).first;
 }
@@ -75,11 +85,7 @@
 std::pair<std::optional<Buffer<nlmsghdr>>, sockaddr_nl> Socket::receiveFrom(size_t maxSize) {
     if (mFailed) return {std::nullopt, {}};
 
-    if (maxSize == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Maximum receive size should not be zero";
-        return {std::nullopt, {}};
-    }
-    if (mReceiveBuffer.size() < maxSize) mReceiveBuffer.resize(maxSize);
+    if (!increaseReceiveBuffer(maxSize)) return {std::nullopt, {}};
 
     sockaddr_nl sa = {};
     socklen_t saLen = sizeof(sa);
@@ -97,8 +103,7 @@
 
     Buffer<nlmsghdr> msg(reinterpret_cast<nlmsghdr*>(mReceiveBuffer.data()), bytesReceived);
     if constexpr (kSuperVerbose) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << "received (" << sa.nl_pid << " -> " << msg->nlmsg_pid << "):"  //
-                     << toString(msg, mProtocol);
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "received from " << sa.nl_pid << ": " << toString(msg, mProtocol);
     }
     return {msg, sa};
 }
@@ -121,19 +126,16 @@
 
 std::optional<Buffer<nlmsghdr>> Socket::receive(const std::set<nlmsgtype_t>& msgtypes,
                                                 size_t maxSize) {
-    while (!mFailed) {
-        const auto msgBuf = receive(maxSize);
-        if (!msgBuf.has_value()) return std::nullopt;
+    if (mFailed || !increaseReceiveBuffer(maxSize)) return std::nullopt;
 
-        for (const auto rawMsg : *msgBuf) {
-            if (msgtypes.count(rawMsg->nlmsg_type) == 0) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Received (and ignored) unexpected Netlink message of type "
-                             << rawMsg->nlmsg_type;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            return rawMsg;
+    for (const auto rawMsg : *this) {
+        if (msgtypes.count(rawMsg->nlmsg_type) == 0) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Received (and ignored) unexpected Netlink message of type "
+                         << rawMsg->nlmsg_type;
+            continue;
         }
+
+        return rawMsg;
     }
 
     return std::nullopt;
@@ -151,4 +153,47 @@
     return sa.nl_pid;
 }
 
+Socket::receive_iterator::receive_iterator(Socket& socket, bool end)
+    : mSocket(socket), mIsEnd(end) {
+    if (!end) receive();
+}
+
+Socket::receive_iterator Socket::receive_iterator::operator++() {
+    CHECK(!mIsEnd) << "Trying to increment end iterator";
+    ++mCurrent;
+    if (mCurrent.isEnd()) receive();
+    return *this;
+}
+
+bool Socket::receive_iterator::operator==(const receive_iterator& other) const {
+    if (mIsEnd != other.mIsEnd) return false;
+    if (mIsEnd && other.mIsEnd) return true;
+    return mCurrent == other.mCurrent;
+}
+
+const Buffer<nlmsghdr>& Socket::receive_iterator::operator*() const {
+    CHECK(!mIsEnd) << "Trying to dereference end iterator";
+    return *mCurrent;
+}
+
+void Socket::receive_iterator::receive() {
+    CHECK(!mIsEnd) << "Trying to receive on end iterator";
+    CHECK(mCurrent.isEnd()) << "Trying to receive without draining previous read";
+
+    const auto buf = mSocket.receive();
+    if (buf.has_value()) {
+        mCurrent = buf->begin();
+    } else {
+        mIsEnd = true;
+    }
+}
+
+Socket::receive_iterator Socket::begin() {
+    return {*this, false};
+}
+
+Socket::receive_iterator Socket::end() {
+    return {*this, true};
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::nl
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.cpp
index 74eee24..23c2d94 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.cpp
@@ -32,9 +32,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-std::string sanitize(std::string str) {
-    str.erase(std::find(str.begin(), str.end(), '\0'), str.end());
-
+std::string printableOnly(std::string str) {
     const auto isInvalid = [](char c) { return !isprint(c); };
     std::replace_if(str.begin(), str.end(), isInvalid, '?');
 
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.h
index 1d9dbab..38263c5 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/common.h
@@ -37,11 +37,14 @@
 unsigned int nametoindex(const std::string& ifname);
 
 /**
- * Sanitize a string of unknown contents.
+ * Filter a string against non-printable characters.
  *
- * Trims the string to the first '\0' character and replaces all non-printable characters with '?'.
+ * Replaces all non-printable characters with '?'.
+ *
+ * \param str String to filter.
+ * \return Filtered string.
  */
-std::string sanitize(std::string str);
+std::string printableOnly(std::string str);
 
 /**
  * Calculates a (optionally running) CRC16 checksum.
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Buffer.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Buffer.h
index a6f8f7a..bf83fbc 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Buffer.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Buffer.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <libnl++/bits.h>
 
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@
 namespace android::nl {
 
 /**
- * Buffer wrapper containing netlink structure (e.g. struct nlmsghdr, struct nlattr).
+ * Buffer wrapper containing netlink structure (e.g. nlmsghdr, nlattr).
  *
  * This is a C++-style, memory safe(r) and generic implementation of linux/netlink.h macros.
  *
@@ -43,15 +44,6 @@
  */
 template <typename T>
 class Buffer {
-    // The following definitions are C++ equivalents of NLMSG_* macros from linux/netlink.h
-
-    static constexpr size_t alignto = NLMSG_ALIGNTO;
-    static_assert(NLMSG_ALIGNTO == NLA_ALIGNTO);
-
-    static constexpr size_t align(size_t ptr) { return (ptr + alignto - 1) & ~(alignto - 1); }
-
-    static constexpr size_t hdrlen = align(sizeof(T));
-
   public:
     /**
      * Constructs empty buffer of size 0.
@@ -96,35 +88,35 @@
 
     template <typename D>
     const Buffer<D> data(size_t offset = 0) const {
-        // Equivalent to NLMSG_DATA(hdr) + NLMSG_ALIGN(offset)
-        const D* dptr = reinterpret_cast<const D*>(uintptr_t(mData) + hdrlen + align(offset));
-        return {dptr, dataEnd()};
+        return {impl::data<const T, const D>(mData, offset), dataEnd()};
     }
 
     class iterator {
       public:
         iterator() : mCurrent(nullptr, size_t(0)) {
-            CHECK(!mCurrent.ok()) << "end() iterator should indicate it's beyond end";
+            CHECK(isEnd()) << "end() iterator should indicate it's beyond end";
         }
         iterator(const Buffer<T>& buf) : mCurrent(buf) {}
 
         iterator operator++() {
             // mBufferEnd stays the same
             mCurrent.mData = reinterpret_cast<const T*>(  //
-                    uintptr_t(mCurrent.mData) + align(mCurrent.declaredLength()));
+                    uintptr_t(mCurrent.mData) + impl::align(mCurrent.declaredLength()));
 
             return *this;
         }
 
         bool operator==(const iterator& other) const {
             // all iterators beyond end are the same
-            if (!mCurrent.ok() && !other.mCurrent.ok()) return true;
+            if (isEnd() && other.isEnd()) return true;
 
             return uintptr_t(other.mCurrent.mData) == uintptr_t(mCurrent.mData);
         }
 
         const Buffer<T>& operator*() const { return mCurrent; }
 
+        bool isEnd() const { return !mCurrent.ok(); }
+
       protected:
         Buffer<T> mCurrent;
     };
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/MessageFactory.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/MessageFactory.h
index 5272577..c3d72c5 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/MessageFactory.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/MessageFactory.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <libnl++/Buffer.h>
 #include <libnl++/types.h>
 
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
@@ -25,131 +26,140 @@
 
 namespace android::nl {
 
-/** Implementation details, do not use outside MessageFactory template. */
-namespace impl {
-
-struct nlattr* addattr_l(struct nlmsghdr* n, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type, const void* data,
-                         size_t dataLen);
-struct nlattr* addattr_nest(struct nlmsghdr* n, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type);
-void addattr_nest_end(struct nlmsghdr* n, struct nlattr* nest);
-
-}  // namespace impl
+class MessageFactoryBase {
+  protected:
+    static nlattr* add(nlmsghdr* msg, size_t maxLen, nlattrtype_t type, const void* data,
+                       size_t dataLen);
+    static void closeNested(nlmsghdr* msg, nlattr* nested);
+};
 
 /**
  * Wrapper around NETLINK_ROUTE messages, to build them in C++ style.
  *
- * \param T specific message header (such as struct ifinfomsg)
- * \param BUFSIZE how much space to reserve for payload (not counting the header size)
+ * \param T Message payload type (such as ifinfomsg).
+ * \param BUFSIZE how much space to reserve for attributes.
  */
 template <class T, unsigned int BUFSIZE = 128>
-struct MessageFactory {
-    struct RequestData {
-        struct nlmsghdr nlmsg;
+class MessageFactory : private MessageFactoryBase {
+    struct alignas(NLMSG_ALIGNTO) Message {
+        nlmsghdr header;
         T data;
-        char buf[BUFSIZE];
+        uint8_t attributesBuffer[BUFSIZE];
     };
 
-    static constexpr size_t totalLength = sizeof(RequestData);
-
+  public:
     /**
      * Create empty message.
      *
-     * \param type Message type (such as RTM_NEWLINK)
-     * \param flags Message flags (such as NLM_F_REQUEST)
+     * \param type Message type (such as RTM_NEWLINK).
+     * \param flags Message flags (such as NLM_F_REQUEST).
      */
-    MessageFactory(nlmsgtype_t type, uint16_t flags) {
-        mRequest.nlmsg.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(mRequest.data));
-        mRequest.nlmsg.nlmsg_type = type;
-        mRequest.nlmsg.nlmsg_flags = flags;
+    MessageFactory(nlmsgtype_t type, uint16_t flags)
+        : header(mMessage.header), data(mMessage.data) {
+        mMessage.header.nlmsg_len = offsetof(Message, attributesBuffer);
+        mMessage.header.nlmsg_type = type;
+        mMessage.header.nlmsg_flags = flags;
     }
 
-    /** \return pointer to raw netlink message header. */
-    struct nlmsghdr* header() {
-        return &mRequest.nlmsg;
-    }
-    /** Reference to message-specific header. */
-    T& data() { return mRequest.data; }
-
     /**
-     * Adds an attribute of a simple type.
+     * Netlink message header.
      *
-     * If this method fails (i.e. due to insufficient space), the message will be marked
-     * as bad (\see isGood).
+     * This is a generic Netlink header containing information such as message flags.
+     */
+    nlmsghdr& header;
+
+    /**
+     * Netlink message data.
+     *
+     * This is a payload specific to a given message type.
+     */
+    T& data;
+
+    T* operator->() { return &mMessage.data; }
+
+    /**
+     * Build netlink message.
+     *
+     * In fact, this operation is almost a no-op, since the factory builds the message in a single
+     * buffer, using native data structures.
+     *
+     * A likely failure case is when the BUFSIZE template parameter is too small to acommodate
+     * added attributes. In such a case, please increase this parameter.
+     *
+     * \return Netlink message or std::nullopt in case of failure.
+     */
+    std::optional<Buffer<nlmsghdr>> build() const {
+        if (!mIsGood) return std::nullopt;
+        return {{&mMessage.header, mMessage.header.nlmsg_len}};
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an attribute of a trivially copyable type.
+     *
+     * Template specializations may extend this function for other types, such as std::string.
+     *
+     * If this method fails (i.e. due to insufficient space), a warning will be printed to the log
+     * and the message will be marked as bad, causing later \see build call to fail.
      *
      * \param type attribute type (such as IFLA_IFNAME)
      * \param attr attribute data
      */
     template <class A>
-    void addattr(nlattrtype_t type, const A& attr) {
-        if (!mIsGood) return;
-        auto ap = impl::addattr_l(&mRequest.nlmsg, sizeof(mRequest), type, &attr, sizeof(attr));
-        if (ap == nullptr) mIsGood = false;
+    void add(nlattrtype_t type, const A& attr) {
+        add(type, &attr, sizeof(attr));
     }
 
     template <>
-    void addattr(nlattrtype_t type, const std::string& s) {
-        if (!mIsGood) return;
-        auto ap = impl::addattr_l(&mRequest.nlmsg, sizeof(mRequest), type, s.c_str(), s.size() + 1);
-        if (ap == nullptr) mIsGood = false;
+    void add(nlattrtype_t type, const std::string& s) {
+        add(type, s.c_str(), s.size() + 1);
     }
 
-    /** Guard class to frame nested attributes. See nest(int). */
-    struct Nest {
-        Nest(MessageFactory& req, nlattrtype_t type) : mReq(req), mAttr(req.nestStart(type)) {}
-        ~Nest() { mReq.nestEnd(mAttr); }
+    /** Guard class to frame nested attributes. \see addNested(nlattrtype_t). */
+    class [[nodiscard]] NestedGuard {
+      public:
+        NestedGuard(MessageFactory & req, nlattrtype_t type) : mReq(req), mAttr(req.add(type)) {}
+        ~NestedGuard() { closeNested(&mReq.mMessage.header, mAttr); }
 
       private:
         MessageFactory& mReq;
-        struct nlattr* mAttr;
+        nlattr* mAttr;
 
-        DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Nest);
+        DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NestedGuard);
     };
 
     /**
      * Add nested attribute.
      *
      * The returned object is a guard for auto-nesting children inside the argument attribute.
-     * When the Nest object goes out of scope, the nesting attribute is closed.
+     * When the guard object goes out of scope, the nesting attribute is closed.
      *
      * Example usage nesting IFLA_CAN_BITTIMING inside IFLA_INFO_DATA, which is nested
      * inside IFLA_LINKINFO:
-     *    MessageFactory<struct ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST);
+     *    MessageFactory<ifinfomsg> req(RTM_NEWLINK, NLM_F_REQUEST);
      *    {
-     *        auto linkinfo = req.nest(IFLA_LINKINFO);
-     *        req.addattr(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "can");
+     *        auto linkinfo = req.addNested(IFLA_LINKINFO);
+     *        req.add(IFLA_INFO_KIND, "can");
      *        {
-     *            auto infodata = req.nest(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
-     *            req.addattr(IFLA_CAN_BITTIMING, bitTimingStruct);
+     *            auto infodata = req.addNested(IFLA_INFO_DATA);
+     *            req.add(IFLA_CAN_BITTIMING, bitTimingStruct);
      *        }
      *    }
      *    // use req
      *
      * \param type attribute type (such as IFLA_LINKINFO)
      */
-    Nest nest(int type) { return Nest(*this, type); }
-
-    /**
-     * Indicates, whether the message is in a good state.
-     *
-     * The bad state is usually a result of payload buffer being too small.
-     * You can modify BUFSIZE template parameter to fix this.
-     */
-    bool isGood() const { return mIsGood; }
+    NestedGuard addNested(nlattrtype_t type) { return {*this, type}; }
 
   private:
+    Message mMessage = {};
     bool mIsGood = true;
-    RequestData mRequest = {};
 
-    struct nlattr* nestStart(nlattrtype_t type) {
+    nlattr* add(nlattrtype_t type, const void* data = nullptr, size_t len = 0) {
         if (!mIsGood) return nullptr;
-        auto attr = impl::addattr_nest(&mRequest.nlmsg, sizeof(mRequest), type);
+        auto attr = MessageFactoryBase::add(&mMessage.header, sizeof(mMessage), type, data, len);
         if (attr == nullptr) mIsGood = false;
         return attr;
     }
-
-    void nestEnd(struct nlattr* nest) {
-        if (mIsGood && nest != nullptr) impl::addattr_nest_end(&mRequest.nlmsg, nest);
-    }
 };
 
 }  // namespace android::nl
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Socket.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Socket.h
index 16b63f5..c69523d 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Socket.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/Socket.h
@@ -76,13 +76,12 @@
      */
     template <typename T, unsigned BUFSIZE>
     bool send(MessageFactory<T, BUFSIZE>& req, const sockaddr_nl& sa) {
-        if (!req.isGood()) return false;
+        req.header.nlmsg_seq = mSeq + 1;
 
-        const auto nlmsg = req.header();
-        nlmsg->nlmsg_seq = mSeq + 1;
+        const auto msg = req.build();
+        if (!msg.has_value()) return false;
 
-        // With MessageFactory<>, we trust nlmsg_len to be correct.
-        return send({nlmsg, nlmsg->nlmsg_len}, sa);
+        return send(*msg, sa);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@
      */
     template <typename T, unsigned BUFSIZE>
     bool receiveAck(MessageFactory<T, BUFSIZE>& req) {
-        return receiveAck(req.header()->nlmsg_seq);
+        return receiveAck(req.header.nlmsg_seq);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -174,6 +173,42 @@
      */
     std::optional<unsigned> getPid();
 
+    /**
+     * Live iterator continuously receiving messages from Netlink socket.
+     *
+     * Iteration ends when socket fails to receive a buffer.
+     *
+     * Example:
+     * ```
+     *     nl::Socket sock(NETLINK_ROUTE, 0, RTMGRP_LINK);
+     *     for (const auto rawMsg : sock) {
+     *         const auto msg = nl::Message<ifinfomsg>::parse(rawMsg, {RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_DELLINK});
+     *         if (!msg.has_value()) continue;
+     *
+     *         LOG(INFO) << msg->attributes.get<std::string>(IFLA_IFNAME)
+     *                   << " is " << ((msg->data.ifi_flags & IFF_UP) ? "up" : "down");
+     *     }
+     *     LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to read from Netlink socket";
+     * ```
+     */
+    class receive_iterator {
+      public:
+        receive_iterator(Socket& socket, bool end);
+
+        receive_iterator operator++();
+        bool operator==(const receive_iterator& other) const;
+        const Buffer<nlmsghdr>& operator*() const;
+
+      private:
+        Socket& mSocket;
+        bool mIsEnd;
+        Buffer<nlmsghdr>::iterator mCurrent;
+
+        void receive();
+    };
+    receive_iterator begin();
+    receive_iterator end();
+
   private:
     const int mProtocol;
     base::unique_fd mFd;
@@ -182,6 +217,7 @@
     bool mFailed = false;
     uint32_t mSeq = 0;
 
+    bool increaseReceiveBuffer(size_t maxSize);
     std::optional<Buffer<nlmsghdr>> receive(const std::set<nlmsgtype_t>& msgtypes, size_t maxSize);
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Socket);
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/bits.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/bits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c8f1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/bits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+
+namespace android::nl::impl {
+
+// The following definitions are C++ equivalents of NLMSG_* macros from linux/netlink.h.
+
+/**
+ * Equivalent to NLMSG_ALIGNTO.
+ */
+constexpr size_t alignto = NLMSG_ALIGNTO;
+static_assert(NLMSG_ALIGNTO == NLA_ALIGNTO);
+
+/**
+ * Equivalent to NLMSG_ALIGN(len).
+ */
+constexpr size_t align(size_t len) {
+    return (len + alignto - 1) & ~(alignto - 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Equivalent to NLMSG_SPACE(len).
+ */
+template <typename H>
+constexpr size_t space(size_t len) {
+    return align(align(sizeof(H)) + len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Equivalent to NLMSG_DATA(hdr) + NLMSG_ALIGN(offset).
+ */
+template <typename H, typename D>
+constexpr D* data(H* header, size_t offset = 0) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<D*>(uintptr_t(header) + space<H>(offset));
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::nl::impl
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/printer.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/printer.h
index 53a06d8..3570918 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/printer.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/include/libnl++/printer.h
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@
  * \param printPayload True will stringify message data, false will only stringify the header(s).
  * \return Stringified message.
  */
-std::string toString(const Buffer<nlmsghdr> hdr, int protocol, bool printPayload = false);
+std::string toString(const Buffer<nlmsghdr> hdr, int protocol, bool printPayload = true);
 
 }  // namespace android::nl
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/printer.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/printer.cpp
index 9735db1..e6cada2 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/printer.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/printer.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
 
 namespace android::nl {
 
-static void flagsToStream(std::stringstream& ss, __u16 nlmsg_flags) {
+static void flagsToStream(std::stringstream& ss, __u16 nlmsg_flags, protocols::MessageGenre genre) {
     bool first = true;
     auto printFlag = [&ss, &first, &nlmsg_flags](__u16 flag, const std::string& name) {
-        if (!(nlmsg_flags & flag)) return;
+        if ((nlmsg_flags & flag) != flag) return;
         nlmsg_flags &= ~flag;
 
         if (first) {
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 
         ss << name;
     };
+
     printFlag(NLM_F_REQUEST, "REQUEST");
     printFlag(NLM_F_MULTI, "MULTI");
     printFlag(NLM_F_ACK, "ACK");
@@ -49,11 +50,29 @@
     printFlag(NLM_F_DUMP_INTR, "DUMP_INTR");
     printFlag(NLM_F_DUMP_FILTERED, "DUMP_FILTERED");
 
-    // TODO(twasilczyk): print flags depending on request type
-    printFlag(NLM_F_ROOT, "ROOT-REPLACE");
-    printFlag(NLM_F_MATCH, "MATCH-EXCL");
-    printFlag(NLM_F_ATOMIC, "ATOMIC-CREATE");
-    printFlag(NLM_F_APPEND, "APPEND");
+    switch (genre) {
+        case protocols::MessageGenre::UNKNOWN:
+            break;
+        case protocols::MessageGenre::GET:
+            printFlag(NLM_F_DUMP, "DUMP");  // ROOT | MATCH
+            printFlag(NLM_F_ROOT, "ROOT");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_MATCH, "MATCH");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_ATOMIC, "ATOMIC");
+            break;
+        case protocols::MessageGenre::NEW:
+            printFlag(NLM_F_REPLACE, "REPLACE");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_EXCL, "EXCL");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_CREATE, "CREATE");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_APPEND, "APPEND");
+            break;
+        case protocols::MessageGenre::DELETE:
+            printFlag(NLM_F_NONREC, "NONREC");
+            break;
+        case protocols::MessageGenre::ACK:
+            printFlag(NLM_F_CAPPED, "CAPPED");
+            printFlag(NLM_F_ACK_TLVS, "ACK_TLVS");
+            break;
+    }
 
     if (nlmsg_flags != 0) {
         if (!first) ss << '|';
@@ -100,7 +119,7 @@
         }
         case DataType::String: {
             const auto str = attr.data<char>().getRaw();
-            ss << '"' << sanitize({str.ptr(), str.len()}) << '"';
+            ss << '"' << printableOnly({str.ptr(), str.len()}) << '"';
             break;
         }
         case DataType::Uint:
@@ -128,27 +147,26 @@
     }
     protocols::NetlinkProtocol& protocolDescr = *protocolMaybe;
 
-    auto msgDescMaybe = protocolDescr.getMessageDescriptor(hdr->nlmsg_type);
-    const auto msgTypeName = msgDescMaybe.has_value()
-                                     ? msgDescMaybe->get().getMessageName(hdr->nlmsg_type)
-                                     : std::to_string(hdr->nlmsg_type);
+    const auto msgDescMaybe = protocolDescr.getMessageDescriptor(hdr->nlmsg_type);
+    const auto msgDetails =
+            protocols::MessageDescriptor::getMessageDetails(msgDescMaybe, hdr->nlmsg_type);
 
     ss << "nlmsg{" << protocolDescr.getName() << " ";
 
     ss << "hdr={";
-    ss << "type=" << msgTypeName;
+    ss << "type=" << msgDetails.name;
     if (hdr->nlmsg_flags != 0) {
         ss << ", flags=";
-        flagsToStream(ss, hdr->nlmsg_flags);
+        flagsToStream(ss, hdr->nlmsg_flags, msgDetails.genre);
     }
     if (hdr->nlmsg_seq != 0) ss << ", seq=" << hdr->nlmsg_seq;
     if (hdr->nlmsg_pid != 0) ss << ", pid=" << hdr->nlmsg_pid;
     ss << ", len=" << hdr->nlmsg_len;
-
     ss << ", crc=" << std::hex << std::setw(4) << crc16(hdr.data<uint8_t>()) << std::dec;
-    ss << "} ";
+    ss << '}';
 
     if (!printPayload) return ss.str();
+    ss << ' ';
 
     if (!msgDescMaybe.has_value()) {
         toStream(ss, hdr.data<uint8_t>());
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.cpp
index dc56643..c93d865 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.cpp
@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@
     return find(nla_type)->second;
 }
 
-MessageDescriptor::MessageDescriptor(const std::string& name, const MessageTypeMap&& messageTypes,
+MessageDescriptor::MessageDescriptor(const std::string& name,
+                                     const MessageDetailsMap&& messageDetails,
                                      const AttributeMap&& attrTypes, size_t contentsSize)
     : mName(name),
       mContentsSize(contentsSize),
-      mMessageTypes(messageTypes),
+      mMessageDetails(messageDetails),
       mAttributeMap(attrTypes) {}
 
 MessageDescriptor::~MessageDescriptor() {}
@@ -45,18 +46,25 @@
     return mContentsSize;
 }
 
-const MessageDescriptor::MessageTypeMap& MessageDescriptor::getMessageTypeMap() const {
-    return mMessageTypes;
+const MessageDescriptor::MessageDetailsMap& MessageDescriptor::getMessageDetailsMap() const {
+    return mMessageDetails;
 }
 
 const AttributeMap& MessageDescriptor::getAttributeMap() const {
     return mAttributeMap;
 }
 
-const std::string MessageDescriptor::getMessageName(nlmsgtype_t msgtype) const {
-    const auto it = mMessageTypes.find(msgtype);
-    if (it == mMessageTypes.end()) return "?";
+MessageDescriptor::MessageDetails MessageDescriptor::getMessageDetails(nlmsgtype_t msgtype) const {
+    const auto it = mMessageDetails.find(msgtype);
+    if (it == mMessageDetails.end()) return {std::to_string(msgtype), MessageGenre::UNKNOWN};
     return it->second;
 }
 
+MessageDescriptor::MessageDetails MessageDescriptor::getMessageDetails(
+        const std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<const MessageDescriptor>>& msgDescMaybe,
+        nlmsgtype_t msgtype) {
+    if (msgDescMaybe.has_value()) return msgDescMaybe->get().getMessageDetails(msgtype);
+    return {std::to_string(msgtype), protocols::MessageGenre::UNKNOWN};
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::nl::protocols
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.h
index ef73d09..bd0e60f 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/MessageDefinition.h
@@ -68,30 +68,53 @@
 };
 
 /**
+ * General message type's kind.
+ *
+ * For example, RTM_NEWLINK is a NEW kind. For details, please see "Flags values"
+ * section in linux/netlink.h.
+ */
+enum class MessageGenre {
+    UNKNOWN,
+    GET,
+    NEW,
+    DELETE,
+    ACK,
+};
+
+/**
  * Message family descriptor.
  *
  * Describes the structure of all message types with the same header and attributes.
  */
 class MessageDescriptor {
-  protected:
-    typedef std::map<nlmsgtype_t, std::string> MessageTypeMap;
-
-    MessageDescriptor(const std::string& name, const MessageTypeMap&& messageTypes,
-                      const AttributeMap&& attrTypes, size_t contentsSize);
+  public:
+    struct MessageDetails {
+        std::string name;
+        MessageGenre genre;
+    };
+    typedef std::map<nlmsgtype_t, MessageDetails> MessageDetailsMap;
 
   public:
     virtual ~MessageDescriptor();
 
     size_t getContentsSize() const;
-    const MessageTypeMap& getMessageTypeMap() const;
+    const MessageDetailsMap& getMessageDetailsMap() const;
     const AttributeMap& getAttributeMap() const;
-    const std::string getMessageName(nlmsgtype_t msgtype) const;
+    MessageDetails getMessageDetails(nlmsgtype_t msgtype) const;
     virtual void dataToStream(std::stringstream& ss, const Buffer<nlmsghdr> hdr) const = 0;
 
+    static MessageDetails getMessageDetails(
+            const std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<const MessageDescriptor>>& msgDescMaybe,
+            nlmsgtype_t msgtype);
+
+  protected:
+    MessageDescriptor(const std::string& name, const MessageDetailsMap&& messageDetails,
+                      const AttributeMap&& attrTypes, size_t contentsSize);
+
   private:
     const std::string mName;
     const size_t mContentsSize;
-    const MessageTypeMap mMessageTypes;
+    const MessageDetailsMap mMessageDetails;
     const AttributeMap mAttributeMap;
 };
 
@@ -103,11 +126,11 @@
 template <typename T>
 class MessageDefinition : public MessageDescriptor {
   public:
-    MessageDefinition(
+    MessageDefinition(  //
             const std::string& name,
-            const std::initializer_list<MessageDescriptor::MessageTypeMap::value_type> messageTypes,
+            const std::initializer_list<MessageDescriptor::MessageDetailsMap::value_type> msgDet,
             const std::initializer_list<AttributeMap::value_type> attrTypes = {})
-        : MessageDescriptor(name, messageTypes, attrTypes, sizeof(T)) {}
+        : MessageDescriptor(name, msgDet, attrTypes, sizeof(T)) {}
 
     void dataToStream(std::stringstream& ss, const Buffer<nlmsghdr> hdr) const override {
         const auto& [ok, msg] = hdr.data<T>().getFirst();
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.cpp
index 4b795d9..cd2e8c6 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace android::nl::protocols {
 
-NetlinkProtocol::NetlinkProtocol(int protocol, const std::string name,
+NetlinkProtocol::NetlinkProtocol(int protocol, const std::string& name,
                                  const MessageDescriptorList&& messageDescrs)
     : mProtocol(protocol), mName(name), mMessageDescrs(toMap(messageDescrs, protocol)) {}
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
         const NetlinkProtocol::MessageDescriptorList& descrs, int protocol) {
     MessageDescriptorMap map;
     for (const auto& descr : descrs) {
-        for (const auto& [mtype, mname] : descr->getMessageTypeMap()) {
+        for (const auto& [mtype, mdet] : descr->getMessageDetailsMap()) {
             map.emplace(mtype, descr);
         }
     }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     };
 
     for (const auto& descr : baseDescriptors) {
-        for (const auto& [mtype, mname] : descr->getMessageTypeMap()) {
+        for (const auto& [mtype, mdet] : descr->getMessageDetailsMap()) {
             map.emplace(mtype, descr);
         }
     }
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.h
index 81a0a65..c969547 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/NetlinkProtocol.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
   protected:
     typedef std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const MessageDescriptor>> MessageDescriptorList;
 
-    NetlinkProtocol(int protocol, const std::string name,
+    NetlinkProtocol(int protocol, const std::string& name,
                     const MessageDescriptorList&& messageDescrs);
 
   private:
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Empty.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Empty.cpp
index dbf10d4..8a672d3 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Empty.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Empty.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
 
 // clang-format off
 Empty::Empty() : MessageDefinition<char>("nlmsg", {
-    {NLMSG_NOOP, "NOOP"},
-    {NLMSG_DONE, "DONE"},
-    {NLMSG_OVERRUN, "OVERRUN"},
+    {NLMSG_NOOP, {"NOOP", MessageGenre::UNKNOWN}},
+    {NLMSG_DONE, {"DONE", MessageGenre::UNKNOWN}},
+    {NLMSG_OVERRUN, {"OVERRUN", MessageGenre::UNKNOWN}},
 }) {}
 // clang-format on
 
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Error.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Error.cpp
index 1d6bd1c..44708a3 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Error.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/common/Error.cpp
@@ -22,15 +22,21 @@
 
 namespace android::nl::protocols::base {
 
+using DataType = AttributeDefinition::DataType;
+
 // clang-format off
 Error::Error(int protocol) : MessageDefinition<nlmsgerr>("nlmsg", {
-    {NLMSG_ERROR, "ERROR"},
+    {NLMSG_ERROR, {"ERROR", MessageGenre::ACK}},
+}, {
+    {NLMSGERR_ATTR_MSG, {"MSG", DataType::String}},
+    {NLMSGERR_ATTR_OFFS, {"OFFS", DataType::Uint}},
+    {NLMSGERR_ATTR_COOKIE, {"COOKIE", DataType::Raw}},
 }), mProtocol(protocol) {}
 // clang-format on
 
 void Error::toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const nlmsgerr& data) const {
     ss << "nlmsgerr{error=" << data.error
-       << ", msg=" << toString({&data.msg, sizeof(data.msg)}, mProtocol) << "}";
+       << ", msg=" << toString({&data.msg, sizeof(data.msg)}, mProtocol, false) << "}";
 }
 
 }  // namespace android::nl::protocols::base
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.cpp
index 5203368..134638e 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.cpp
@@ -19,13 +19,14 @@
 namespace android::nl::protocols::generic {
 
 GenericMessageBase::GenericMessageBase(
-        nlmsgtype_t msgtype, std::string msgname,
+        nlmsgtype_t msgtype, const std::string&& msgname,
         const std::initializer_list<GenericCommandNameMap::value_type> commandNames,
         const std::initializer_list<AttributeMap::value_type> attrTypes)
-    : MessageDefinition<struct genlmsghdr>(msgname, {{msgtype, msgname}}, attrTypes),
+    : MessageDefinition<genlmsghdr>(msgname, {{msgtype, {msgname, MessageGenre::UNKNOWN}}},
+                                    attrTypes),
       mCommandNames(commandNames) {}
 
-void GenericMessageBase::toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const struct genlmsghdr& data) const {
+void GenericMessageBase::toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const genlmsghdr& data) const {
     ss << "genlmsghdr{";
     if (mCommandNames.count(data.cmd) == 0) {
         ss << "cmd=" << unsigned(data.cmd);
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.h
index f3b0b31..443f10c 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/generic/GenericMessageBase.h
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@
 
 namespace android::nl::protocols::generic {
 
-class GenericMessageBase : public MessageDefinition<struct genlmsghdr> {
+class GenericMessageBase : public MessageDefinition<genlmsghdr> {
   public:
     typedef std::map<uint8_t, std::string> GenericCommandNameMap;
 
     GenericMessageBase(
-            nlmsgtype_t msgtype, std::string msgname,
+            nlmsgtype_t msgtype, const std::string&& msgname,
             const std::initializer_list<GenericCommandNameMap::value_type> commandNames = {},
             const std::initializer_list<AttributeMap::value_type> attrTypes = {});
 
-    void toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const struct genlmsghdr& data) const override;
+    void toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const genlmsghdr& data) const override;
 
   private:
     const GenericCommandNameMap mCommandNames;
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.cpp b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.cpp
index 26d3e3e..7db487a 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.cpp
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.cpp
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
 using DataType = AttributeDefinition::DataType;
 
 // clang-format off
-Link::Link() : MessageDefinition<struct ifinfomsg>("link", {
-    {RTM_NEWLINK, "NEWLINK"},
-    {RTM_DELLINK, "DELLINK"},
-    {RTM_GETLINK, "GETLINK"},
+Link::Link() : MessageDefinition<ifinfomsg>("link", {
+    {RTM_NEWLINK, {"NEWLINK", MessageGenre::NEW}},
+    {RTM_DELLINK, {"DELLINK", MessageGenre::DELETE}},
+    {RTM_GETLINK, {"GETLINK", MessageGenre::GET}},
 }, {
     {IFLA_ADDRESS, {"ADDRESS"}},
     {IFLA_BROADCAST, {"BROADCAST"}},
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 }) {}
 // clang-format off
 
-void Link::toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const struct ifinfomsg& data) const {
+void Link::toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const ifinfomsg& data) const {
     ss << "ifinfomsg{"
        << "family=" << unsigned(data.ifi_family) << ", type=" << data.ifi_type
        << ", index=" << data.ifi_index << ", flags=" << data.ifi_flags
diff --git a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.h b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.h
index 4ea3eba..ecfefc9 100644
--- a/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.h
+++ b/automotive/can/1.0/default/libnl++/protocols/route/Link.h
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@
 
 namespace android::nl::protocols::route {
 
-class Link : public MessageDefinition<struct ifinfomsg> {
+class Link : public MessageDefinition<ifinfomsg> {
   public:
     Link();
-    void toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const struct ifinfomsg& data) const override;
+    void toStream(std::stringstream& ss, const ifinfomsg& data) const override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace android::nl::protocols::route
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.0/default/EvsCamera.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.0/default/EvsCamera.cpp
index e0782ec..0daea5a 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.0/default/EvsCamera.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.0/default/EvsCamera.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 
     mDescription.cameraId = id;
 
-    // Set up dummy data for testing
+    // Set up mock data for testing
     if (mDescription.cameraId == kCameraName_Backup) {
         mWidth  = 640;          // full NTSC/VGA
         mHeight = 480;          // full NTSC/VGA
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 7fe7a33..ad607d8 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
 TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, CameraStreamBuffering) {
     ALOGI("Starting CameraStreamBuffering test");
 
-    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and less than crazy)
+    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and not too big)
     static const unsigned int kBuffersToHold = 6;
 
     // Get the camera list
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
         sp<IEvsCamera> pCam = pEnumerator->openCamera(cam.cameraId);
         ASSERT_NE(pCam, nullptr);
 
-        // Ask for a crazy number of buffers in flight to ensure it errors correctly
+        // Ask for a very large number of buffers in flight to ensure it errors correctly
         Return<EvsResult> badResult = pCam->setMaxFramesInFlight(0xFFFFFFFF);
         EXPECT_EQ(EvsResult::BUFFER_NOT_AVAILABLE, badResult);
 
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/ConfigManager.h b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/ConfigManager.h
index 870af1c..b0b2670 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/ConfigManager.h
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/ConfigManager.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
         }
 
         /*
-         * List of supported controls that the master client can program.
+         * List of supported controls that the primary client can program.
          * Paraemters are stored with its valid range
          */
         unordered_map<CameraParam,
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsEnumerator.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsEnumerator.cpp
index 117ee7a..d066471 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsEnumerator.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsEnumerator.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 
     // Add ultrasonics array desc.
     sUltrasonicsArrayRecordList.emplace_back(
-            EvsUltrasonicsArray::GetDummyArrayDesc("front_array"));
+            EvsUltrasonicsArray::GetMockArrayDesc("front_array"));
 }
 
 
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.cpp
index bc69aa4..ebd47c6 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-void fillDummyArrayDesc(UltrasonicsArrayDesc& arrayDesc) {
+void fillMockArrayDesc(UltrasonicsArrayDesc& arrayDesc) {
     arrayDesc.maxReadingsPerSensorCount = kMaxReadingsPerSensor;
     arrayDesc.maxReceiversCount = kMaxReceiversCount;
 
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-// Fills dataFrameDesc with dummy data.
-bool fillDummyDataFrame(UltrasonicsDataFrameDesc& dataFrameDesc, sp<IMemory> pIMemory) {
+// Fills dataFrameDesc with mock data.
+bool fillMockDataFrame(UltrasonicsDataFrameDesc& dataFrameDesc, sp<IMemory> pIMemory) {
     dataFrameDesc.timestampNs = elapsedRealtimeNano();
 
     const std::vector<uint8_t> transmittersIdList = {0};
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@
     : mFramesAllowed(0), mFramesInUse(0), mStreamState(STOPPED) {
     LOG(DEBUG) << "EvsUltrasonicsArray instantiated";
 
-    // Set up dummy data for description.
+    // Set up mock data for description.
     mArrayDesc.ultrasonicsArrayId = deviceName;
-    fillDummyArrayDesc(mArrayDesc);
+    fillMockArrayDesc(mArrayDesc);
 
     // Assign allocator.
     mShmemAllocator = IAllocator::getService("ashmem");
@@ -182,10 +182,10 @@
     mStreamState = DEAD;
 }
 
-UltrasonicsArrayDesc EvsUltrasonicsArray::GetDummyArrayDesc(const char* deviceName) {
+UltrasonicsArrayDesc EvsUltrasonicsArray::GetMockArrayDesc(const char* deviceName) {
     UltrasonicsArrayDesc ultrasonicsArrayDesc;
     ultrasonicsArrayDesc.ultrasonicsArrayId = deviceName;
-    fillDummyArrayDesc(ultrasonicsArrayDesc);
+    fillMockArrayDesc(ultrasonicsArrayDesc);
     return ultrasonicsArrayDesc;
 }
 
@@ -497,17 +497,17 @@
 
         if (timeForFrame) {
             // Assemble the buffer description we'll transmit below
-            UltrasonicsDataFrameDesc dummyDataFrameDesc;
-            dummyDataFrameDesc.dataFrameId = idx;
-            dummyDataFrameDesc.waveformsData = mDataFrames[idx].sharedMemory.hidlMemory;
+            UltrasonicsDataFrameDesc mockDataFrameDesc;
+            mockDataFrameDesc.dataFrameId = idx;
+            mockDataFrameDesc.waveformsData = mDataFrames[idx].sharedMemory.hidlMemory;
 
-            // Fill dummy waveform data.
-            fillDummyDataFrame(dummyDataFrameDesc, mDataFrames[idx].sharedMemory.pIMemory);
+            // Fill mock waveform data.
+            fillMockDataFrame(mockDataFrameDesc, mDataFrames[idx].sharedMemory.pIMemory);
 
             // Issue the (asynchronous) callback to the client -- can't be holding the lock
-            auto result = mStream->deliverDataFrame(dummyDataFrameDesc);
+            auto result = mStream->deliverDataFrame(mockDataFrameDesc);
             if (result.isOk()) {
-                LOG(DEBUG) << "Delivered data frame id: " << dummyDataFrameDesc.dataFrameId;
+                LOG(DEBUG) << "Delivered data frame id: " << mockDataFrameDesc.dataFrameId;
             } else {
                 // This can happen if the client dies and is likely unrecoverable.
                 // To avoid consuming resources generating failing calls, we stop sending
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.h b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.h
index 7a41012..88aa600 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.h
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/default/EvsUltrasonicsArray.h
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     static sp<EvsUltrasonicsArray> Create(const char* deviceName);
 
     // Returns a ultrasonics array descriptor filled with sample data.
-    static UltrasonicsArrayDesc GetDummyArrayDesc(const char* id);
+    static UltrasonicsArrayDesc GetMockArrayDesc(const char* id);
 
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EvsUltrasonicsArray);
     virtual ~EvsUltrasonicsArray() override;
diff --git a/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index 4398fb1..638ecd5 100644
--- a/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/evs/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalEvsV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
 TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, CameraStreamBuffering) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Starting CameraStreamBuffering test";
 
-    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and less than crazy)
+    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and not too big)
     static const unsigned int kBuffersToHold = 6;
 
     // Get the camera list
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@
         // Store a camera handle for a clean-up
         activeCameras.push_back(pCam);
 
-        // Ask for a crazy number of buffers in flight to ensure it errors correctly
+        // Ask for a very large number of buffers in flight to ensure it errors correctly
         Return<EvsResult> badResult = pCam->setMaxFramesInFlight(0xFFFFFFFF);
         EXPECT_EQ(EvsResult::BUFFER_NOT_AVAILABLE, badResult);
 
@@ -930,12 +930,12 @@
 
 
 /*
- * CameraMasterRelease
- * Verify that non-master client gets notified when the master client either
+ * CameraPrimaryClientRelease
+ * Verify that non-primary client gets notified when the primary client either
  * terminates or releases a role.
  */
-TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, CameraMasterRelease) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Starting CameraMasterRelease test";
+TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, CameraPrimaryClientRelease) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Starting CameraPrimaryClientRelease test";
 
     if (mIsHwModule) {
         // This test is not for HW module implementation.
@@ -961,57 +961,57 @@
         }
 
         // Create two camera clients.
-        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamMaster =
+        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamPrimary =
             IEvsCamera_1_1::castFrom(pEnumerator->openCamera_1_1(cam.v1.cameraId, nullCfg))
             .withDefault(nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NE(pCamMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(pCamPrimary, nullptr);
 
         // Store a camera handle for a clean-up
-        activeCameras.push_back(pCamMaster);
+        activeCameras.push_back(pCamPrimary);
 
-        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamNonMaster =
+        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamSecondary =
             IEvsCamera_1_1::castFrom(pEnumerator->openCamera_1_1(cam.v1.cameraId, nullCfg))
             .withDefault(nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NE(pCamNonMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(pCamSecondary, nullptr);
 
         // Store a camera handle for a clean-up
-        activeCameras.push_back(pCamNonMaster);
+        activeCameras.push_back(pCamSecondary);
 
         // Set up per-client frame receiver objects which will fire up its own thread
-        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerMaster =
-            new FrameHandler(pCamMaster, cam,
+        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerPrimary =
+            new FrameHandler(pCamPrimary, cam,
                              nullptr,
                              FrameHandler::eAutoReturn);
-        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerMaster, nullptr);
-        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerNonMaster =
-            new FrameHandler(pCamNonMaster, cam,
+        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerPrimary, nullptr);
+        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerSecondary =
+            new FrameHandler(pCamSecondary, cam,
                              nullptr,
                              FrameHandler::eAutoReturn);
-        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerNonMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerSecondary, nullptr);
 
-        // Set one client as the master
-        EvsResult result = pCamMaster->setMaster();
+        // Set one client as the primary client
+        EvsResult result = pCamPrimary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_TRUE(result == EvsResult::OK);
 
-        // Try to set another client as the master.
-        result = pCamNonMaster->setMaster();
+        // Try to set another client as the primary client.
+        result = pCamSecondary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_TRUE(result == EvsResult::OWNERSHIP_LOST);
 
-        // Start the camera's video stream via a master client.
-        bool startResult = frameHandlerMaster->startStream();
+        // Start the camera's video stream via a primary client client.
+        bool startResult = frameHandlerPrimary->startStream();
         ASSERT_TRUE(startResult);
 
         // Ensure the stream starts
-        frameHandlerMaster->waitForFrameCount(1);
+        frameHandlerPrimary->waitForFrameCount(1);
 
         // Start the camera's video stream via another client
-        startResult = frameHandlerNonMaster->startStream();
+        startResult = frameHandlerSecondary->startStream();
         ASSERT_TRUE(startResult);
 
         // Ensure the stream starts
-        frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForFrameCount(1);
+        frameHandlerSecondary->waitForFrameCount(1);
 
-        // Non-master client expects to receive a master role relesed
+        // Non-primary client expects to receive a primary client role relesed
         // notification.
         EvsEventDesc aTargetEvent  = {};
         EvsEventDesc aNotification = {};
@@ -1020,14 +1020,14 @@
         std::mutex eventLock;
         std::condition_variable eventCond;
         std::thread listener = std::thread(
-            [&aNotification, &frameHandlerNonMaster, &listening, &eventCond]() {
+            [&aNotification, &frameHandlerSecondary, &listening, &eventCond]() {
                 // Notify that a listening thread is running.
                 listening = true;
                 eventCond.notify_all();
 
                 EvsEventDesc aTargetEvent;
                 aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::MASTER_RELEASED;
-                if (!frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification, true)) {
+                if (!frameHandlerSecondary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification, true)) {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                 }
 
@@ -1043,8 +1043,8 @@
         }
         lock.unlock();
 
-        // Release a master role.
-        pCamMaster->unsetMaster();
+        // Release a primary client role.
+        pCamPrimary->unsetMaster();
 
         // Join a listening thread.
         if (listener.joinable()) {
@@ -1055,24 +1055,24 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsEventType::MASTER_RELEASED,
                   static_cast<EvsEventType>(aNotification.aType));
 
-        // Non-master becomes a master.
-        result = pCamNonMaster->setMaster();
+        // Non-primary becomes a primary client.
+        result = pCamSecondary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_TRUE(result == EvsResult::OK);
 
-        // Previous master client fails to become a master.
-        result = pCamMaster->setMaster();
+        // Previous primary client fails to become a primary client.
+        result = pCamPrimary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_TRUE(result == EvsResult::OWNERSHIP_LOST);
 
         listening = false;
         listener = std::thread(
-            [&aNotification, &frameHandlerMaster, &listening, &eventCond]() {
+            [&aNotification, &frameHandlerPrimary, &listening, &eventCond]() {
                 // Notify that a listening thread is running.
                 listening = true;
                 eventCond.notify_all();
 
                 EvsEventDesc aTargetEvent;
                 aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::MASTER_RELEASED;
-                if (!frameHandlerMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification, true)) {
+                if (!frameHandlerPrimary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification, true)) {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                 }
 
@@ -1087,8 +1087,8 @@
         }
         lock.unlock();
 
-        // Closing current master client.
-        frameHandlerNonMaster->shutdown();
+        // Closing current primary client.
+        frameHandlerSecondary->shutdown();
 
         // Join a listening thread.
         if (listener.joinable()) {
@@ -1100,11 +1100,11 @@
                   static_cast<EvsEventType>(aNotification.aType));
 
         // Closing streams.
-        frameHandlerMaster->shutdown();
+        frameHandlerPrimary->shutdown();
 
         // Explicitly release the camera
-        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamMaster);
-        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamNonMaster);
+        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamPrimary);
+        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamSecondary);
         activeCameras.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@
 
 /*
  * MultiCameraParameter:
- * Verify that master and non-master clients behave as expected when they try to adjust
+ * Verify that primary and non-primary clients behave as expected when they try to adjust
  * camera parameters.
  */
 TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, MultiCameraParameter) {
@@ -1142,88 +1142,88 @@
         }
 
         // Create two camera clients.
-        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamMaster =
+        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamPrimary =
             IEvsCamera_1_1::castFrom(pEnumerator->openCamera_1_1(cam.v1.cameraId, nullCfg))
             .withDefault(nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NE(pCamMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(pCamPrimary, nullptr);
 
         // Store a camera handle for a clean-up
-        activeCameras.push_back(pCamMaster);
+        activeCameras.push_back(pCamPrimary);
 
-        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamNonMaster =
+        sp<IEvsCamera_1_1> pCamSecondary =
             IEvsCamera_1_1::castFrom(pEnumerator->openCamera_1_1(cam.v1.cameraId, nullCfg))
             .withDefault(nullptr);
-        ASSERT_NE(pCamNonMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(pCamSecondary, nullptr);
 
         // Store a camera handle for a clean-up
-        activeCameras.push_back(pCamNonMaster);
+        activeCameras.push_back(pCamSecondary);
 
         // Get the parameter list
-        std::vector<CameraParam> camMasterCmds, camNonMasterCmds;
-        pCamMaster->getParameterList([&camMasterCmds](hidl_vec<CameraParam> cmdList) {
-                camMasterCmds.reserve(cmdList.size());
+        std::vector<CameraParam> camPrimaryCmds, camSecondaryCmds;
+        pCamPrimary->getParameterList([&camPrimaryCmds](hidl_vec<CameraParam> cmdList) {
+                camPrimaryCmds.reserve(cmdList.size());
                 for (auto &&cmd : cmdList) {
-                    camMasterCmds.push_back(cmd);
+                    camPrimaryCmds.push_back(cmd);
                 }
             }
         );
 
-        pCamNonMaster->getParameterList([&camNonMasterCmds](hidl_vec<CameraParam> cmdList) {
-                camNonMasterCmds.reserve(cmdList.size());
+        pCamSecondary->getParameterList([&camSecondaryCmds](hidl_vec<CameraParam> cmdList) {
+                camSecondaryCmds.reserve(cmdList.size());
                 for (auto &&cmd : cmdList) {
-                    camNonMasterCmds.push_back(cmd);
+                    camSecondaryCmds.push_back(cmd);
                 }
             }
         );
 
-        if (camMasterCmds.size() < 1 ||
-            camNonMasterCmds.size() < 1) {
+        if (camPrimaryCmds.size() < 1 ||
+            camSecondaryCmds.size() < 1) {
             // Skip a camera device if it does not support any parameter.
             continue;
         }
 
         // Set up per-client frame receiver objects which will fire up its own thread
-        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerMaster =
-            new FrameHandler(pCamMaster, cam,
+        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerPrimary =
+            new FrameHandler(pCamPrimary, cam,
                              nullptr,
                              FrameHandler::eAutoReturn);
-        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerMaster, nullptr);
-        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerNonMaster =
-            new FrameHandler(pCamNonMaster, cam,
+        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerPrimary, nullptr);
+        sp<FrameHandler> frameHandlerSecondary =
+            new FrameHandler(pCamSecondary, cam,
                              nullptr,
                              FrameHandler::eAutoReturn);
-        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerNonMaster, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_NE(frameHandlerSecondary, nullptr);
 
-        // Set one client as the master
-        EvsResult result = pCamMaster->setMaster();
+        // Set one client as the primary client.
+        EvsResult result = pCamPrimary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
-        // Try to set another client as the master.
-        result = pCamNonMaster->setMaster();
+        // Try to set another client as the primary client.
+        result = pCamSecondary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OWNERSHIP_LOST, result);
 
-        // Start the camera's video stream via a master client.
-        bool startResult = frameHandlerMaster->startStream();
+        // Start the camera's video stream via a primary client client.
+        bool startResult = frameHandlerPrimary->startStream();
         ASSERT_TRUE(startResult);
 
         // Ensure the stream starts
-        frameHandlerMaster->waitForFrameCount(1);
+        frameHandlerPrimary->waitForFrameCount(1);
 
         // Start the camera's video stream via another client
-        startResult = frameHandlerNonMaster->startStream();
+        startResult = frameHandlerSecondary->startStream();
         ASSERT_TRUE(startResult);
 
         // Ensure the stream starts
-        frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForFrameCount(1);
+        frameHandlerSecondary->waitForFrameCount(1);
 
         int32_t val0 = 0;
         std::vector<int32_t> values;
         EvsEventDesc aNotification0 = {};
         EvsEventDesc aNotification1 = {};
-        for (auto &cmd : camMasterCmds) {
+        for (auto &cmd : camPrimaryCmds) {
             // Get a valid parameter value range
             int32_t minVal, maxVal, step;
-            pCamMaster->getIntParameterRange(
+            pCamPrimary->getIntParameterRange(
                 cmd,
                 [&minVal, &maxVal, &step](int32_t val0, int32_t val1, int32_t val2) {
                     minVal = val0;
@@ -1236,7 +1236,7 @@
             if (cmd == CameraParam::ABSOLUTE_FOCUS) {
                 // Try to turn off auto-focus
                 values.clear();
-                pCamMaster->setIntParameter(CameraParam::AUTO_FOCUS, 0,
+                pCamPrimary->setIntParameter(CameraParam::AUTO_FOCUS, 0,
                                    [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                        result = status;
                                        if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@
             std::condition_variable eventCond;
             std::thread listener0 = std::thread(
                 [cmd, val0,
-                 &aNotification0, &frameHandlerMaster, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
+                 &aNotification0, &frameHandlerPrimary, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
                     listening0 = true;
                     if (listening1) {
                         eventCond.notify_all();
@@ -1271,14 +1271,14 @@
                     aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::PARAMETER_CHANGED;
                     aTargetEvent.payload[0] = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmd);
                     aTargetEvent.payload[1] = val0;
-                    if (!frameHandlerMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0)) {
+                    if (!frameHandlerPrimary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0)) {
                         LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                     }
                 }
             );
             std::thread listener1 = std::thread(
                 [cmd, val0,
-                 &aNotification1, &frameHandlerNonMaster, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
+                 &aNotification1, &frameHandlerSecondary, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
                     listening1 = true;
                     if (listening0) {
                         eventCond.notify_all();
@@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@
                     aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::PARAMETER_CHANGED;
                     aTargetEvent.payload[0] = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmd);
                     aTargetEvent.payload[1] = val0;
-                    if (!frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification1)) {
+                    if (!frameHandlerSecondary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification1)) {
                         LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                     }
                 }
@@ -1305,7 +1305,7 @@
 
             // Try to program a parameter
             values.clear();
-            pCamMaster->setIntParameter(cmd, val0,
+            pCamPrimary->setIntParameter(cmd, val0,
                                      [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                          result = status;
                                          if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1345,9 +1345,9 @@
             }
 
             // Clients expects to receive a parameter change notification
-            // whenever a master client adjusts it.
+            // whenever a primary client client adjusts it.
             values.clear();
-            pCamMaster->getIntParameter(cmd,
+            pCamPrimary->getIntParameter(cmd,
                                      [&result, &values](auto status, auto readValues) {
                                          result = status;
                                          if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1362,9 +1362,9 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // Try to adjust a parameter via non-master client
+        // Try to adjust a parameter via non-primary client
         values.clear();
-        pCamNonMaster->setIntParameter(camNonMasterCmds[0], val0,
+        pCamSecondary->setIntParameter(camSecondaryCmds[0], val0,
                                     [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                         result = status;
                                         if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1375,21 +1375,21 @@
                                     });
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::INVALID_ARG, result);
 
-        // Non-master client attemps to be a master
-        result = pCamNonMaster->setMaster();
+        // Non-primary client attempts to be a primary client
+        result = pCamSecondary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OWNERSHIP_LOST, result);
 
-        // Master client retires from a master role
+        // Primary client retires from a primary client role
         bool listening = false;
         std::condition_variable eventCond;
         std::thread listener = std::thread(
-            [&aNotification0, &frameHandlerNonMaster, &listening, &eventCond]() {
+            [&aNotification0, &frameHandlerSecondary, &listening, &eventCond]() {
                 listening = true;
                 eventCond.notify_all();
 
                 EvsEventDesc aTargetEvent;
                 aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::MASTER_RELEASED;
-                if (!frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0, true)) {
+                if (!frameHandlerSecondary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0, true)) {
                     LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                 }
             }
@@ -1403,7 +1403,7 @@
         }
         lock.unlock();
 
-        result = pCamMaster->unsetMaster();
+        result = pCamPrimary->unsetMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
         if (listener.joinable()) {
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@
 
         // Try to adjust a parameter after being retired
         values.clear();
-        pCamMaster->setIntParameter(camMasterCmds[0], val0,
+        pCamPrimary->setIntParameter(camPrimaryCmds[0], val0,
                                  [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                      result = status;
                                      if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1425,15 +1425,15 @@
                                  });
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::INVALID_ARG, result);
 
-        // Non-master client becomes a master
-        result = pCamNonMaster->setMaster();
+        // Non-primary client becomes a primary client
+        result = pCamSecondary->setMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
-        // Try to adjust a parameter via new master client
-        for (auto &cmd : camNonMasterCmds) {
+        // Try to adjust a parameter via new primary client
+        for (auto &cmd : camSecondaryCmds) {
             // Get a valid parameter value range
             int32_t minVal, maxVal, step;
-            pCamNonMaster->getIntParameterRange(
+            pCamSecondary->getIntParameterRange(
                 cmd,
                 [&minVal, &maxVal, &step](int32_t val0, int32_t val1, int32_t val2) {
                     minVal = val0;
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@
             if (cmd == CameraParam::ABSOLUTE_FOCUS) {
                 // Try to turn off auto-focus
                 values.clear();
-                pCamNonMaster->setIntParameter(CameraParam::AUTO_FOCUS, 0,
+                pCamSecondary->setIntParameter(CameraParam::AUTO_FOCUS, 0,
                                    [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                        result = status;
                                        if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@
             bool listening1 = false;
             std::condition_variable eventCond;
             std::thread listener0 = std::thread(
-                [&cmd, &val0, &aNotification0, &frameHandlerMaster, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
+                [&]() {
                     listening0 = true;
                     if (listening1) {
                         eventCond.notify_all();
@@ -1481,13 +1481,13 @@
                     aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::PARAMETER_CHANGED;
                     aTargetEvent.payload[0] = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmd);
                     aTargetEvent.payload[1] = val0;
-                    if (!frameHandlerMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0)) {
+                    if (!frameHandlerPrimary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification0)) {
                         LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                     }
                 }
             );
             std::thread listener1 = std::thread(
-                [&cmd, &val0, &aNotification1, &frameHandlerNonMaster, &listening0, &listening1, &eventCond]() {
+                [&]() {
                     listening1 = true;
                     if (listening0) {
                         eventCond.notify_all();
@@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@
                     aTargetEvent.aType = EvsEventType::PARAMETER_CHANGED;
                     aTargetEvent.payload[0] = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmd);
                     aTargetEvent.payload[1] = val0;
-                    if (!frameHandlerNonMaster->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification1)) {
+                    if (!frameHandlerSecondary->waitForEvent(aTargetEvent, aNotification1)) {
                         LOG(WARNING) << "A timer is expired before a target event is fired.";
                     }
                 }
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@
 
             // Try to program a parameter
             values.clear();
-            pCamNonMaster->setIntParameter(cmd, val0,
+            pCamSecondary->setIntParameter(cmd, val0,
                                         [&result, &values](auto status, auto effectiveValues) {
                                             result = status;
                                             if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1526,9 +1526,9 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
             // Clients expects to receive a parameter change notification
-            // whenever a master client adjusts it.
+            // whenever a primary client client adjusts it.
             values.clear();
-            pCamNonMaster->getIntParameter(cmd,
+            pCamSecondary->getIntParameter(cmd,
                                         [&result, &values](auto status, auto readValues) {
                                             result = status;
                                             if (status == EvsResult::OK) {
@@ -1567,17 +1567,17 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // New master retires from a master role
-        result = pCamNonMaster->unsetMaster();
+        // New primary client retires from the role
+        result = pCamSecondary->unsetMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
         // Shutdown
-        frameHandlerMaster->shutdown();
-        frameHandlerNonMaster->shutdown();
+        frameHandlerPrimary->shutdown();
+        frameHandlerSecondary->shutdown();
 
         // Explicitly release the camera
-        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamMaster);
-        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamNonMaster);
+        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamPrimary);
+        pEnumerator->closeCamera(pCamSecondary);
         activeCameras.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@
 /*
  * HighPriorityCameraClient:
  * EVS client, which owns the display, is priortized and therefore can take over
- * a master role from other EVS clients without the display.
+ * a primary client role from other EVS clients without the display.
  */
 TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, HighPriorityCameraClient) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Starting HighPriorityCameraClient test";
@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@
         frameHandler0->waitForFrameCount(1);
         frameHandler1->waitForFrameCount(1);
 
-        // Client 1 becomes a master and programs a parameter.
+        // Client 1 becomes a primary client and programs a parameter.
         EvsResult result = EvsResult::OK;
         // Get a valid parameter value range
         int32_t minVal, maxVal, step;
@@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@
             }
         );
 
-        // Client1 becomes a master
+        // Client1 becomes a primary client
         result = pCam1->setMaster();
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, result);
 
@@ -1820,7 +1820,7 @@
         }
         lock.unlock();
 
-        // Client 0 steals a master role
+        // Client 0 steals a primary client role
         ASSERT_EQ(EvsResult::OK, pCam0->forceMaster(pDisplay));
 
         // Join a listener
@@ -2241,7 +2241,7 @@
 TEST_P(EvsHidlTest, CameraStreamExternalBuffering) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Starting CameraStreamExternalBuffering test";
 
-    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and less than crazy)
+    // Arbitrary constant (should be > 1 and not too big)
     static const unsigned int kBuffersToHold = 6;
 
     // Get the camera list
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e354634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// User HAL helper library.
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-user-hal-helper-lib",
+    defaults: ["vhal_v2_0_defaults"],
+    vendor: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "UserHalHelper.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: [
+        ".",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-utils-unit-tests",
+    defaults: ["vhal_v2_0_defaults"],
+    vendor: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "tests/UserHalHelper_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.automotive.vehicle@2.0-user-hal-helper-lib",
+        "libgmock",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+}
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33b3948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#define LOG_TAG "UserHalHelper"
+
+#include "UserHalHelper.h"
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/SystemClock.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+namespace user_hal_helper {
+namespace {
+
+using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::Result;
+
+static constexpr const char* kSeparator = "||";
+static const size_t kNumFieldsPerUserInfo = 2;
+static const size_t kNumFieldsPerSetAssociation = 2;
+
+template <typename T>
+Result<T> verifyAndCast(int32_t value) {
+    T castValue = static_cast<T>(value);
+    const auto iter = hidl_enum_range<T>();
+    if (castValue < *iter.begin() || castValue > *std::prev(iter.end())) {
+        return Error() << "Value " << value << " not in range [" << toString(*iter.begin()) << ", "
+                       << toString(*std::prev(iter.end())) << "]";
+    }
+    for (const auto& v : hidl_enum_range<T>()) {
+        if (castValue == v) {
+            return castValue;
+        }
+    }
+    return Error() << "Value " << value << " not in enum values";
+}
+
+Result<void> verifyPropValue(const VehiclePropValue& propValue, VehicleProperty vehicleProperty,
+                             size_t minInt32Values) {
+    auto prop = verifyAndCast<VehicleProperty>(propValue.prop);
+    if (!prop.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Invalid vehicle property: " << prop.error();
+    }
+    if (*prop != vehicleProperty) {
+        return Error() << "Mismatching " << toString(vehicleProperty) << " request, received "
+                       << toString(*prop) << " property";
+    }
+    if (propValue.value.int32Values.size() < minInt32Values) {
+        return Error() << "Int32Values must have at least " << minInt32Values
+                       << " values, received " << propValue.value.int32Values.size();
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> parseUserInfo(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& int32Values, size_t startPos,
+                           UserInfo* userInfo) {
+    if (int32Values.size() < startPos + kNumFieldsPerUserInfo) {
+        return Error() << "Int32Values must have at least " << startPos + 2 << " values, received "
+                       << int32Values.size();
+    }
+    userInfo->userId = int32Values[startPos];
+    auto userFlags = verifyAndCast<UserFlags>(int32Values[startPos + 1]);
+    if (!userFlags.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Invalid user flags: " << userFlags.error();
+    }
+    userInfo->flags = *userFlags;
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> parseUsersInfo(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& int32Values, size_t startPos,
+                            UsersInfo* usersInfo) {
+    if (int32Values.size() < startPos + 3) {
+        return Error() << "Int32Values must have at least " << startPos + 3 << " values, received "
+                       << int32Values.size();
+    }
+    auto ret = parseUserInfo(int32Values, startPos, &usersInfo->currentUser);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    usersInfo->numberUsers = int32Values[startPos + 2];
+    usersInfo->existingUsers.resize(usersInfo->numberUsers);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(usersInfo->numberUsers); ++i) {
+        ret = parseUserInfo(int32Values, startPos + 3 + (kNumFieldsPerUserInfo * i),
+                            &usersInfo->existingUsers[i]);
+        if (!ret.ok()) {
+            return Error() << "Failed to parse existing user '" << i << "' info: " << ret.error();
+        }
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> parseUserAssociationTypes(
+        const hidl_vec<int32_t>& int32Values, size_t startPos, size_t numberAssociationTypes,
+        hidl_vec<UserIdentificationAssociationType>* associationTypes) {
+    size_t minInt32Values = startPos + numberAssociationTypes;
+    if (int32Values.size() < minInt32Values) {
+        return Error() << "Int32Values must have at least " << minInt32Values
+                       << " values, received " << int32Values.size();
+    }
+    associationTypes->resize(numberAssociationTypes);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(numberAssociationTypes); ++i) {
+        size_t pos = startPos + i;
+        auto type = verifyAndCast<UserIdentificationAssociationType>(int32Values[pos]);
+        if (!type.ok()) {
+            return Error() << "Invalid association type in query '" << i << "': " << type.error();
+        }
+        (*associationTypes)[i] = *type;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+Result<void> parseUserAssociations(const hidl_vec<int32_t>& int32Values, size_t startPos,
+                                   size_t numberAssociations,
+                                   hidl_vec<UserIdentificationSetAssociation>* associations) {
+    size_t minInt32Values = startPos + (numberAssociations * kNumFieldsPerSetAssociation);
+    if (int32Values.size() < minInt32Values) {
+        return Error() << "Int32Values must have at least " << minInt32Values
+                       << " values, received " << int32Values.size();
+    }
+    associations->resize(numberAssociations);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(numberAssociations); ++i) {
+        size_t pos = startPos + (kNumFieldsPerSetAssociation * i);
+        auto type = verifyAndCast<UserIdentificationAssociationType>(int32Values[pos]);
+        if (!type.ok()) {
+            return Error() << "Invalid association type in request '" << i << "': " << type.error();
+        }
+        (*associations)[i].type = *type;
+        auto value = verifyAndCast<UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue>(int32Values[pos + 1]);
+        if (!value.ok()) {
+            return Error() << "Invalid association set value in request '" << i
+                           << "': " << value.error();
+        }
+        (*associations)[i].value = *value;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<InitialUserInfoRequest> toInitialUserInfoRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::INITIAL_USER_INFO, 2);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    InitialUserInfoRequest request;
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    auto requestType = verifyAndCast<InitialUserInfoRequestType>(propValue.value.int32Values[1]);
+    if (!requestType.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Invalid InitialUserInfoRequestType: " << requestType.error();
+    }
+    request.requestType = *requestType;
+    ret = parseUsersInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 2, &request.usersInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse users info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+Result<SwitchUserRequest> toSwitchUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER, 2);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    SwitchUserRequest request;
+    auto messageType = verifyAndCast<SwitchUserMessageType>(propValue.value.int32Values[1]);
+    if (!messageType.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Invalid SwitchUserMessageType: " << messageType.error();
+    }
+    if (*messageType != SwitchUserMessageType::LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH &&
+        *messageType != SwitchUserMessageType::ANDROID_SWITCH &&
+        *messageType != SwitchUserMessageType::ANDROID_POST_SWITCH) {
+        return Error() << "Invalid " << toString(*messageType) << " from Android System";
+    }
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    request.messageType = *messageType;
+    ret = parseUserInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 2, &request.targetUser);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse target user info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    ret = parseUsersInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 4, &request.usersInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse users info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+Result<CreateUserRequest> toCreateUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::CREATE_USER, 1);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    CreateUserRequest request;
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    ret = parseUserInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 1, &request.newUserInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse new user info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    request.newUserName = propValue.value.stringValue;
+    ret = parseUsersInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 3, &request.usersInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse users info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+Result<RemoveUserRequest> toRemoveUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::REMOVE_USER, 1);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    RemoveUserRequest request;
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    ret = parseUserInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 1, &request.removedUserInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse removed user info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    ret = parseUsersInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 3, &request.usersInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse users info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+Result<UserIdentificationGetRequest> toUserIdentificationGetRequest(
+        const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION, 4);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    UserIdentificationGetRequest request;
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    ret = parseUserInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 1, &request.userInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse user info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    request.numberAssociationTypes = propValue.value.int32Values[3];
+    ret = parseUserAssociationTypes(propValue.value.int32Values, 4, request.numberAssociationTypes,
+                                    &request.associationTypes);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse UserIdentificationAssociationType: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+Result<UserIdentificationSetRequest> toUserIdentificationSetRequest(
+        const VehiclePropValue& propValue) {
+    auto ret = verifyPropValue(propValue, VehicleProperty::USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION, 4);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return ret.error();
+    }
+    UserIdentificationSetRequest request;
+    request.requestId = propValue.value.int32Values[0];
+    ret = parseUserInfo(propValue.value.int32Values, 1, &request.userInfo);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse user info: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    request.numberAssociations = propValue.value.int32Values[3];
+    ret = parseUserAssociations(propValue.value.int32Values, 4, request.numberAssociations,
+                                &request.associations);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        return Error() << "Failed to parse UserIdentificationSetAssociation: " << ret.error();
+    }
+    return request;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const SwitchUserRequest& request) {
+    if (request.messageType != SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_REQUEST) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid %s message type %s from HAL", toString(VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER).c_str(),
+              toString(request.messageType).c_str());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    auto propValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue());
+    propValue->prop = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER);
+    propValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    propValue->value.int32Values.resize(3);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(request.requestId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[1] = static_cast<int32_t>(request.messageType);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[2] = static_cast<int32_t>(request.targetUser.userId);
+    return propValue;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const InitialUserInfoResponse& response) {
+    auto propValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue());
+    propValue->prop = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::INITIAL_USER_INFO);
+    propValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    propValue->value.int32Values.resize(4);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.requestId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[1] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.action);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[2] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.userToSwitchOrCreate.userId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[3] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.userToSwitchOrCreate.flags);
+    propValue->value.stringValue = std::string(response.userLocales) + std::string(kSeparator) +
+                                   std::string(response.userNameToCreate);
+    return propValue;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const SwitchUserResponse& response) {
+    auto propValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue());
+    propValue->prop = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER);
+    propValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    propValue->value.int32Values.resize(3);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.requestId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[1] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.messageType);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[2] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.status);
+    if (response.status == SwitchUserStatus::FAILURE) {
+        propValue->value.stringValue = response.errorMessage;
+    }
+    return propValue;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const CreateUserResponse& response) {
+    auto propValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue());
+    propValue->prop = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::CREATE_USER);
+    propValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    propValue->value.int32Values.resize(2);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.requestId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[1] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.status);
+    if (response.status == CreateUserStatus::FAILURE) {
+        propValue->value.stringValue = response.errorMessage;
+    }
+    return propValue;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const UserIdentificationResponse& response) {
+    auto propValue = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue());
+    propValue->prop = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION);
+    propValue->timestamp = elapsedRealtimeNano();
+    propValue->value.int32Values.resize(2 + (response.numberAssociation * 2));
+    propValue->value.int32Values[0] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.requestId);
+    propValue->value.int32Values[1] = static_cast<int32_t>(response.numberAssociation);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(response.numberAssociation); ++i) {
+        size_t int32ValuesPos = 2 + (2 * i);
+        propValue->value.int32Values[int32ValuesPos] =
+                static_cast<int32_t>(response.associations[i].type);
+        propValue->value.int32Values[int32ValuesPos + 1] =
+                static_cast<int32_t>(response.associations[i].value);
+    }
+    if (!response.errorMessage.empty()) {
+        propValue->value.stringValue = response.errorMessage;
+    }
+    return propValue;
+}
+
+}  // namespace user_hal_helper
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bee34cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/UserHalHelper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_UserHalHelper_H_
+#define android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_UserHalHelper_H_
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/2.0/types.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+namespace user_hal_helper {
+
+// Below functions parse VehiclePropValues to the respective User HAL request structs. On success,
+// these functions return the User HAL struct. Otherwise, they return the error.
+android::base::Result<InitialUserInfoRequest> toInitialUserInfoRequest(
+        const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+android::base::Result<SwitchUserRequest> toSwitchUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+android::base::Result<CreateUserRequest> toCreateUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+android::base::Result<RemoveUserRequest> toRemoveUserRequest(const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+android::base::Result<UserIdentificationGetRequest> toUserIdentificationGetRequest(
+        const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+android::base::Result<UserIdentificationSetRequest> toUserIdentificationSetRequest(
+        const VehiclePropValue& propValue);
+
+// Below functions convert the User HAL structs to VehiclePropValues. On success, these functions
+// return the pointer to VehiclePropValue. Otherwise, they return nullptr.
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const SwitchUserRequest& request);
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const InitialUserInfoResponse& response);
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const SwitchUserResponse& response);
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const CreateUserResponse& response);
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> toVehiclePropValue(const UserIdentificationResponse& response);
+
+}  // namespace user_hal_helper
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // android_hardware_automotive_vehicle_V2_0_impl_UserHalHelper_H_
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/tests/UserHalHelper_test.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/tests/UserHalHelper_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7da87a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/utils/tests/UserHalHelper_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "UserHalHelper.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace automotive {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+namespace user_hal_helper {
+
+namespace {
+
+using testing::Eq;
+using testing::Gt;
+using testing::IsNull;
+using testing::NotNull;
+using testing::Pointee;
+
+constexpr int32_t INITIAL_USER_INFO = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::INITIAL_USER_INFO);
+constexpr int32_t SWITCH_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::SWITCH_USER);
+constexpr int32_t CREATE_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::CREATE_USER);
+constexpr int32_t REMOVE_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::REMOVE_USER);
+constexpr int32_t USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(VehicleProperty::USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION);
+
+constexpr int32_t FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(InitialUserInfoRequestType::FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA);
+constexpr int32_t LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(SwitchUserMessageType::LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH);
+constexpr int32_t VEHICLE_REQUEST = static_cast<int32_t>(SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_REQUEST);
+
+constexpr int32_t GUEST_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(UserFlags::GUEST);
+constexpr int32_t NONE_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(UserFlags::NONE);
+constexpr int32_t SYSTEM_USER = static_cast<int32_t>(UserFlags::SYSTEM);
+
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB);
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1 =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1);
+
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_SET_CURRENT_USER =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER);
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_UNSET_CURRENT_USER =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue::DISASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER);
+
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_CURRENT_USER =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER);
+constexpr int32_t USER_ID_ASSOC_NO_USER =
+        static_cast<int32_t>(UserIdentificationAssociationValue::NOT_ASSOCIATED_ANY_USER);
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestToInitialUserInfoRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER,
+                                      10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+    InitialUserInfoRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .requestType = InitialUserInfoRequestType::FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA,
+            .usersInfo = {{10, UserFlags::NONE},
+                          2,
+                          {{0, UserFlags::SYSTEM}, {10, UserFlags::NONE}}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToInitialUserInfoRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INT32_MAX,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER,
+                                      10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToInitialUserInfoRequestWithInvalidRequestType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, INT32_MAX, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10,
+                                      NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on invalid request type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToInitialUserInfoRequestWithInvalidUserFlag) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER,
+                                      10, INT32_MAX}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on invalid user flags";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToInitialUserInfoRequestWithIncompleteUsersInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondUserInfo{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0,
+                                      SYSTEM_USER /*Missing 2nd UserInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValueMissingSecondUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second user info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingUsersInfo{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, FIRST_BOOT_AFTER_OTA, /*Missing UsersInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toInitialUserInfoRequest(propValueMissingUsersInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing users info";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestToSwitchUserRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2,
+                                      0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+    SwitchUserRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH,
+            .targetUser = {0, UserFlags::SYSTEM},
+            .usersInfo = {{10, UserFlags::NONE},
+                          2,
+                          {{0, UserFlags::SYSTEM}, {10, UserFlags::NONE}}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToSwitchUserRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2,
+                                      0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToSwitchUserRequestWithInvalidMessageType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueIncompatibleMessageType{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, VEHICLE_REQUEST, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0,
+                                      SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValueIncompatibleMessageType);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on incompatible message type";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueInvalidMessageType{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, INT32_MAX, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0,
+                                      SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValueInvalidMessageType);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on invalid message type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToSwitchUserRequestWithIncompleteUsersInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondUserInfo{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2,
+                                      0, SYSTEM_USER,
+                                      /*Missing 2nd UserInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValueMissingSecondUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second user info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingUsersInfo{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH, 0, SYSTEM_USER,
+                                      /*Missing UsersInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValueMissingUsersInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing users info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingTargetUser{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, LEGACY_ANDROID_SWITCH, /*Missing target UserInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toSwitchUserRequest(propValueMissingTargetUser);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing target user info";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestToCreateUserRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = CREATE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 11, GUEST_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10,
+                                      NONE_USER},
+                      .stringValue = "Guest11"},
+    };
+    CreateUserRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .newUserInfo = {11, UserFlags::GUEST},
+            .newUserName = "Guest11",
+            .usersInfo = {{10, UserFlags::NONE},
+                          2,
+                          {{0, UserFlags::SYSTEM}, {10, UserFlags::NONE}}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toCreateUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToCreateUserRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 11, GUEST_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10,
+                                      NONE_USER},
+                      .stringValue = "Guest11"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toCreateUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToCreateUserRequestWithIncompleteUsersInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondUserInfo{
+            .prop = CREATE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 11, GUEST_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0,
+                                      SYSTEM_USER /*Missing 2nd UserInfo*/},
+                      .stringValue = "Guest11"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toCreateUserRequest(propValueMissingSecondUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second user info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingUsersInfo{
+            .prop = CREATE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 11, GUEST_USER, /*Missing UsersInfo*/},
+                      .stringValue = "Guest11"},
+    };
+
+    actual = toCreateUserRequest(propValueMissingUsersInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing users info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingCreateUserInfo{
+            .prop = CREATE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, /*Missing create UserInfo*/}, .stringValue = "Guest11"},
+    };
+
+    actual = toCreateUserRequest(propValueMissingCreateUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing create user info";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestToRemoveUserRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = REMOVE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10,
+                                      NONE_USER}},
+    };
+    RemoveUserRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .removedUserInfo = {10, UserFlags::NONE},
+            .usersInfo = {{10, UserFlags::NONE},
+                          2,
+                          {{0, UserFlags::SYSTEM}, {10, UserFlags::NONE}}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toRemoveUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToRemoveUserRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0, SYSTEM_USER, 10,
+                                      NONE_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toRemoveUserRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToRemoveUserRequestWithIncompleteUsersInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondUserInfo{
+            .prop = REMOVE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 10, NONE_USER, 2, 0,
+                                      SYSTEM_USER /*Missing 2nd UserInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toRemoveUserRequest(propValueMissingSecondUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second user info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingUsersInfo{
+            .prop = REMOVE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, /*Missing UsersInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toRemoveUserRequest(propValueMissingUsersInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing users info";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingRemoveUserInfo{
+            .prop = REMOVE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, /*Missing remove UserInfo*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toRemoveUserRequest(propValueMissingRemoveUserInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing remove user info";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationGetRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1}},
+    };
+    UserIdentificationGetRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .userInfo = {10, UserFlags::NONE},
+            .numberAssociationTypes = 2,
+            .associationTypes = {UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB,
+                                 UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationGetRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationGetRequestWithInvalidAssociationTypes) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 1, INT32_MAX}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on invalid association type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationGetRequestWithIncompleteAssociationTypes) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondAssociationType{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB /*Missing 2nd association type*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValueMissingSecondAssociationType);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second association type";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingNumberAssociationTypes{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, /*Missing number association types*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValueMissingNumberAssociationTypes);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing number association types";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationGetRequestWithMissingUserInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, /*Missing user info*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationGetRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing UserInfo";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestToUserIdentificationSetRequest) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_SET_CURRENT_USER, USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_UNSET_CURRENT_USER}},
+    };
+    UserIdentificationSetRequest expected{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .userInfo = {10, UserFlags::NONE},
+            .numberAssociations = 2,
+            .associations = {{UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB,
+                              UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue::ASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER},
+                             {UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1,
+                              UserIdentificationAssociationSetValue::DISASSOCIATE_CURRENT_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValue);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(actual.ok()) << actual.error().message();
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual.value(), Eq(expected));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationSetRequestWithMismatchingPropType) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_SET_CURRENT_USER, USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_UNSET_CURRENT_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on mismatching property type";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationSetRequestWithInvalidAssociations) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueInvalidAssociationType{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 1, INT32_MAX,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_SET_CURRENT_USER}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValueInvalidAssociationType);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on invalid association type";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueInvalidAssociationValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB, INT32_MAX}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValueInvalidAssociationValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing number association types";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationSetRequestWithIncompleteAssociations) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingSecondAssociationType{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_SET_CURRENT_USER,
+                                      /*Missing 2nd association*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValueMissingSecondAssociationType);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing second association type";
+
+    VehiclePropValue propValueMissingNumberAssociationTypes{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 10, NONE_USER, /*Missing number associations*/}},
+    };
+
+    actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValueMissingNumberAssociationTypes);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing number association types";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsToUserIdentificationSetRequestWithMissingUserInfo) {
+    VehiclePropValue propValue{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, /*Missing user info*/}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toUserIdentificationSetRequest(propValue);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(actual.ok()) << "No error returned on missing UserInfo";
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestSwitchUserRequestToVehiclePropValue) {
+    SwitchUserRequest request{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_REQUEST,
+            .targetUser = {11, UserFlags::GUEST},
+    };
+    VehiclePropValue expected{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23,
+                                      static_cast<int32_t>(SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_REQUEST),
+                                      11}},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(request);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(actual, NotNull());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual->timestamp, Gt(0));
+    // Don't rely on real timestamp in tests as the expected and actual objects won't have the same
+    // timestamps. Thus remove the timestamps before comparing them.
+    actual->timestamp = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointee(Eq(expected)));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestFailsSwitchUserRequestToVehiclePropValueWithIncompatibleMessageType) {
+    SwitchUserRequest request{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_RESPONSE,
+            .targetUser = {11, UserFlags::GUEST},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(request);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, IsNull());
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestInitialUserInfoResponseToVehiclePropValue) {
+    InitialUserInfoResponse response{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .action = InitialUserInfoResponseAction::CREATE,
+            .userToSwitchOrCreate = {11, UserFlags::GUEST},
+            .userLocales = "en-US,pt-BR",
+            .userNameToCreate = "Owner",
+    };
+    VehiclePropValue expected{
+            .prop = INITIAL_USER_INFO,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23,
+                                      static_cast<int32_t>(InitialUserInfoResponseAction::CREATE),
+                                      11, GUEST_USER},
+                      .stringValue = "en-US,pt-BR||Owner"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(response);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(actual, NotNull());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual->timestamp, Gt(0));
+    actual->timestamp = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointee(Eq(expected)));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestSwitchUserResponseToVehiclePropValue) {
+    SwitchUserResponse response{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .messageType = SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_RESPONSE,
+            .status = SwitchUserStatus::FAILURE,
+            .errorMessage = "random error",
+    };
+    VehiclePropValue expected{
+            .prop = SWITCH_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23,
+                                      static_cast<int32_t>(SwitchUserMessageType::VEHICLE_RESPONSE),
+                                      static_cast<int32_t>(SwitchUserStatus::FAILURE)},
+                      .stringValue = "random error"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(response);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(actual, NotNull());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual->timestamp, Gt(0));
+    actual->timestamp = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointee(Eq(expected)));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestCreateUserResponseToVehiclePropValue) {
+    CreateUserResponse response{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .status = CreateUserStatus::FAILURE,
+            .errorMessage = "random error",
+    };
+    VehiclePropValue expected{
+            .prop = CREATE_USER,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, static_cast<int32_t>(CreateUserStatus::FAILURE)},
+                      .stringValue = "random error"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(response);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(actual, NotNull());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual->timestamp, Gt(0));
+    actual->timestamp = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointee(Eq(expected)));
+}
+
+TEST(UserHalHelperTest, TestUserIdentificationResponseToVehiclePropValue) {
+    UserIdentificationResponse response{
+            .requestId = 23,
+            .numberAssociation = 2,
+            .associations = {{UserIdentificationAssociationType::KEY_FOB,
+                              UserIdentificationAssociationValue::ASSOCIATED_CURRENT_USER},
+                             {UserIdentificationAssociationType::CUSTOM_1,
+                              UserIdentificationAssociationValue::NOT_ASSOCIATED_ANY_USER}},
+            .errorMessage = "random error",
+    };
+    VehiclePropValue expected{
+            .prop = USER_IDENTIFICATION_ASSOCIATION,
+            .value = {.int32Values = {23, 2, USER_ID_ASSOC_KEY_FOB, USER_ID_ASSOC_CURRENT_USER,
+                                      USER_ID_ASSOC_CUSTOM_1, USER_ID_ASSOC_NO_USER},
+                      .stringValue = "random error"},
+    };
+
+    auto actual = toVehiclePropValue(response);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(actual, NotNull());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual->timestamp, Gt(0));
+    actual->timestamp = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Pointee(Eq(expected)));
+}
+
+}  // namespace user_hal_helper
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace automotive
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
index 384edf3..832c419 100644
--- a/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/2.4/vts/functional/VtsHalCameraProviderV2_4TargetTest.cpp
@@ -4453,9 +4453,12 @@
                             nullptr};
         } else {
             allocateGraphicBuffer(testStream.width, testStream.height,
-                    android_convertGralloc1To0Usage(halStreamConfig.streams[0].producerUsage,
-                        halStreamConfig.streams[0].consumerUsage),
-                    halStreamConfig.streams[0].overrideFormat, &buffer_handle);
+                                  /* We don't look at halStreamConfig.streams[0].consumerUsage
+                                   * since that is 0 for output streams
+                                   */
+                                  android_convertGralloc1To0Usage(
+                                          halStreamConfig.streams[0].producerUsage, bufferUsage),
+                                  halStreamConfig.streams[0].overrideFormat, &buffer_handle);
             outputBuffer = {halStreamConfig.streams[0].id,
                             bufferId,
                             buffer_handle,
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/1.0/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test_utils.cpp b/wifi/hostapd/1.0/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test_utils.cpp
index 3ddb2b3..75d6252 100644
--- a/wifi/hostapd/1.0/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test_utils.cpp
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/1.0/vts/functional/hostapd_hidl_test_utils.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
 #include <android/hidl/manager/1.0/IServiceManager.h>
-#include <android/hidl/manager/1.0/IServiceNotification.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
 
 #include <wifi_system/hostapd_manager.h>
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::hostapd::V1_0::IHostapd;
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::ChipModeId;
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::V1_0::IWifiChip;
-using ::android::hidl::manager::V1_0::IServiceNotification;
 using ::android::wifi_system::HostapdManager;
 using ::android::wifi_system::SupplicantManager;
 
@@ -68,55 +66,6 @@
 }
 }  // namespace
 
-// Utility class to wait for wpa_hostapd's HIDL service registration.
-class ServiceNotificationListener : public IServiceNotification {
-   public:
-    Return<void> onRegistration(const hidl_string& fully_qualified_name,
-                                const hidl_string& instance_name,
-                                bool pre_existing) override {
-        if (pre_existing) {
-            return Void();
-        }
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        registered_.push_back(std::string(fully_qualified_name.c_str()) + "/" +
-                              instance_name.c_str());
-        lock.unlock();
-        condition_.notify_one();
-        return Void();
-    }
-
-    bool registerForHidlServiceNotifications(const std::string& instance_name) {
-        if (!IHostapd::registerForNotifications(instance_name, this)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        configureRpcThreadpool(2, false);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool waitForHidlService(uint32_t timeout_in_millis,
-                            const std::string& instance_name) {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        condition_.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::milliseconds(timeout_in_millis),
-                            [&]() { return registered_.size() >= 1; });
-        if (registered_.size() != 1) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        std::string expected_registered =
-            std::string(IHostapd::descriptor) + "/" + instance_name;
-        if (registered_[0] != expected_registered) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Expected: " << expected_registered
-                       << ", Got: " << registered_[0];
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-   private:
-    std::vector<std::string> registered_{};
-    std::mutex mutex_;
-    std::condition_variable condition_;
-};
-
 void stopSupplicantIfNeeded(const std::string& instance_name) {
     SupplicantManager supplicant_manager;
     if (supplicant_manager.IsSupplicantRunning()) {
@@ -139,16 +88,11 @@
     const std::string& hostapd_instance_name) {
     initilializeDriverAndFirmware(wifi_instance_name);
 
-    android::sp<ServiceNotificationListener> notification_listener =
-        new ServiceNotificationListener();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(notification_listener->registerForHidlServiceNotifications(
-        hostapd_instance_name));
-
     HostapdManager hostapd_manager;
     ASSERT_TRUE(hostapd_manager.StartHostapd());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-        notification_listener->waitForHidlService(500, hostapd_instance_name));
+    // Wait for hostapd service to come up.
+    IHostapd::getService(hostapd_instance_name);
 }
 
 bool is_1_1(const sp<IHostapd>& hostapd) {
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/1.0/vts/functional/supplicant_hidl_test_utils.cpp b/wifi/supplicant/1.0/vts/functional/supplicant_hidl_test_utils.cpp
index addf066..5e7a371 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/1.0/vts/functional/supplicant_hidl_test_utils.cpp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/1.0/vts/functional/supplicant_hidl_test_utils.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 
 #include <android/hidl/manager/1.0/IServiceManager.h>
-#include <android/hidl/manager/1.0/IServiceNotification.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
 
 #include <wifi_system/interface_tool.h>
@@ -45,7 +44,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::V1_0::IfaceType;
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::V1_0::SupplicantStatus;
 using ::android::hardware::wifi::supplicant::V1_0::SupplicantStatusCode;
-using ::android::hidl::manager::V1_0::IServiceNotification;
 using ::android::wifi_system::InterfaceTool;
 using ::android::wifi_system::SupplicantManager;
 
@@ -120,55 +118,6 @@
 }
 }  // namespace
 
-// Utility class to wait for wpa_supplicant's HIDL service registration.
-class ServiceNotificationListener : public IServiceNotification {
-   public:
-    Return<void> onRegistration(const hidl_string& fully_qualified_name,
-                                const hidl_string& instance_name,
-                                bool pre_existing) override {
-        if (pre_existing) {
-            return Void();
-        }
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        registered_.push_back(std::string(fully_qualified_name.c_str()) + "/" +
-                              instance_name.c_str());
-        lock.unlock();
-        condition_.notify_one();
-        return Void();
-    }
-
-    bool registerForHidlServiceNotifications(const std::string& instance_name) {
-        if (!ISupplicant::registerForNotifications(instance_name, this)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        configureRpcThreadpool(2, false);
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    bool waitForHidlService(uint32_t timeout_in_millis,
-                            const std::string& instance_name) {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-        condition_.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::milliseconds(timeout_in_millis),
-                            [&]() { return registered_.size() >= 1; });
-        if (registered_.size() != 1) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        std::string exptected_registered =
-            std::string(ISupplicant::descriptor) + "/" + instance_name;
-        if (registered_[0] != exptected_registered) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Expected: " << exptected_registered
-                       << ", Got: " << registered_[0];
-            return false;
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-   private:
-    std::vector<std::string> registered_{};
-    std::mutex mutex_;
-    std::condition_variable condition_;
-};
-
 void stopSupplicant() { stopSupplicant(""); }
 
 void stopSupplicant(const std::string& wifi_instance_name) {
@@ -184,17 +133,12 @@
     const std::string& supplicant_instance_name) {
     initilializeDriverAndFirmware(wifi_instance_name);
 
-    android::sp<ServiceNotificationListener> notification_listener =
-        new ServiceNotificationListener();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(notification_listener->registerForHidlServiceNotifications(
-        supplicant_instance_name));
-
     SupplicantManager supplicant_manager;
     ASSERT_TRUE(supplicant_manager.StartSupplicant());
     ASSERT_TRUE(supplicant_manager.IsSupplicantRunning());
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(notification_listener->waitForHidlService(
-        500, supplicant_instance_name));
+    // Wait for supplicant service to come up.
+    ISupplicant::getService(supplicant_instance_name);
 }
 
 bool is_1_1(const sp<ISupplicant>& supplicant) {