diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
index 5539177..26c88b2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/EffectContext.cpp
@@ -63,13 +63,18 @@
 }
 
 void EffectContext::dupeFmqWithReopen(IEffect::OpenEffectReturn* effectRet) {
+    const size_t inBufferSizeInFloat = mCommon.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize / sizeof(float);
+    const size_t outBufferSizeInFloat =
+            mCommon.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize / sizeof(float);
+    const size_t bufferSize = std::max(inBufferSizeInFloat, outBufferSizeInFloat);
     if (!mInputMQ) {
-        mInputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(mCommon.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize /
-                                            sizeof(float));
+        mInputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(inBufferSizeInFloat);
     }
     if (!mOutputMQ) {
-        mOutputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(mCommon.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize /
-                                             sizeof(float));
+        mOutputMQ = std::make_shared<DataMQ>(outBufferSizeInFloat);
+    }
+    if (mWorkBuffer.size() != bufferSize) {
+        mWorkBuffer.resize(bufferSize);
     }
     dupeFmq(effectRet);
 }
@@ -222,8 +227,6 @@
     }
 
     if (needUpdateMq) {
-        mWorkBuffer.resize(std::max(common.input.frameCount * mInputFrameSize / sizeof(float),
-                                    common.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize / sizeof(float)));
         return notifyDataMqUpdate();
     }
     return RetCode::SUCCESS;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
index c14d06e..45ce5ef 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioMMapPolicy;
@@ -1200,7 +1201,9 @@
     }
 
     if (in_requested.gain.has_value()) {
-        // Let's pretend that gain can always be applied.
+        if (!setAudioPortConfigGain(*portIt, in_requested.gain.value())) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
+        }
         out_suggested->gain = in_requested.gain.value();
     }
 
@@ -1242,6 +1245,52 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+bool Module::setAudioPortConfigGain(const AudioPort& port, const AudioGainConfig& gainRequested) {
+    auto& ports = getConfig().ports;
+    if (gainRequested.index < 0 || gainRequested.index >= (int)port.gains.size()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gains for port " << port.id << " is undefined";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int stepValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].stepValue;
+    if (stepValue == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": port gain step value is 0";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int minValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].minValue;
+    int maxValue = port.gains[gainRequested.index].maxValue;
+    if (gainRequested.values[0] > maxValue || gainRequested.values[0] < minValue) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gain value " << gainRequested.values[0]
+                   << " out of range of min and max gain config";
+        return false;
+    }
+    int gainIndex = (gainRequested.values[0] - minValue) / stepValue;
+    int totalSteps = (maxValue - minValue) / stepValue;
+    if (totalSteps == 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": difference between port gain min value " << minValue
+                   << " and max value " << maxValue << " is less than step value " << stepValue;
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Root-power quantities are used in curve:
+    // 10^((minMb / 100 + (maxMb / 100 - minMb / 100) * gainIndex / totalSteps) / (10 * 2))
+    // where 100 is the conversion from mB to dB, 10 comes from the log 10 conversion from power
+    // ratios, and 2 means are the square of amplitude.
+    float gain =
+            pow(10, (minValue + (maxValue - minValue) * (gainIndex / (float)totalSteps)) / 2000);
+    if (gain < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": gain " << gain << " is less than 0";
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const auto& route : getConfig().routes) {
+        if (route.sinkPortId != port.id) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (const auto sourcePortId : route.sourcePortIds) {
+            mStreams.setGain(sourcePortId, gain);
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Module::resetAudioPatch(int32_t in_patchId) {
     auto& patches = getConfig().patches;
     auto patchIt = findById<AudioPatch>(patches, in_patchId);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
index eecc972..de66293 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,17 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
+namespace {
+
+template <typename MQTypeError>
+auto fmqErrorHandler(const char* mqName) {
+    return [m = std::string(mqName)](MQTypeError fmqError, std::string&& errorMessage) {
+        CHECK_EQ(fmqError, MQTypeError::NONE) << m << ": " << errorMessage;
+    };
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
 void StreamContext::fillDescriptor(StreamDescriptor* desc) {
     if (mCommandMQ) {
         desc->command = mCommandMQ->dupeDesc();
@@ -332,11 +343,7 @@
 bool StreamInWorkerLogic::read(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
-    StreamContext::DataMQ::Error fmqError = StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE;
-    std::string fmqErrorMsg;
-    const size_t byteCount = std::min(
-            {clientSize, dataMQ->availableToWrite(&fmqError, &fmqErrorMsg), mDataBufferSize});
-    CHECK(fmqError == StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE) << fmqErrorMsg;
+    const size_t byteCount = std::min({clientSize, dataMQ->availableToWrite(), mDataBufferSize});
     const bool isConnected = mIsConnected;
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     size_t actualFrameCount = 0;
@@ -612,10 +619,7 @@
 bool StreamOutWorkerLogic::write(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     StreamContext::DataMQ* const dataMQ = mContext->getDataMQ();
-    StreamContext::DataMQ::Error fmqError = StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE;
-    std::string fmqErrorMsg;
-    const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead(&fmqError, &fmqErrorMsg);
-    CHECK(fmqError == StreamContext::DataMQ::Error::NONE) << fmqErrorMsg;
+    const size_t readByteCount = dataMQ->availableToRead();
     const size_t frameSize = mContext->getFrameSize();
     bool fatal = false;
     int32_t latency = mContext->getNominalLatencyMs();
@@ -719,6 +723,14 @@
             LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": invalid worker tid: " << workerTid;
         }
     }
+    getContext().getCommandMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+            fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::CommandMQ::Error>("CommandMQ"));
+    getContext().getReplyMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+            fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::ReplyMQ::Error>("ReplyMQ"));
+    if (getContext().getDataMQ() != nullptr) {
+        getContext().getDataMQ()->setErrorHandler(
+                fmqErrorHandler<StreamContext::DataMQ::Error>("DataMQ"));
+    }
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -843,6 +855,11 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::setGain(float gain) {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": gain " << gain;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamCommonImpl::bluetoothParametersUpdated() {
     LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
index 8ba15a8..0052889 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/StreamSwitcher.cpp
@@ -260,4 +260,12 @@
     return mStream->bluetoothParametersUpdated();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamSwitcher::setGain(float gain) {
+    if (mStream == nullptr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": stream was closed";
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_STATE);
+    }
+    return mStream->setGain(gain);
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
index f548903..c77bfca 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@
     }
     decltype(mAlsaDeviceProxies) alsaDeviceProxies;
     for (const auto& device : getDeviceProfiles()) {
+        if ((device.direction == PCM_OUT && mIsInput) ||
+            (device.direction == PCM_IN && !mIsInput)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         alsa::DeviceProxy proxy;
         if (device.isExternal) {
             // Always ask alsa configure as required since the configuration should be supported
@@ -92,6 +96,9 @@
         }
         alsaDeviceProxies.push_back(std::move(proxy));
     }
+    if (alsaDeviceProxies.empty()) {
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
     mAlsaDeviceProxies = std::move(alsaDeviceProxies);
     return ::android::OK;
 }
@@ -110,6 +117,7 @@
                                 mReadWriteRetries);
         maxLatency = proxy_get_latency(mAlsaDeviceProxies[0].get());
     } else {
+        alsa::applyGain(buffer, mGain, bytesToTransfer, mConfig.value().format, mConfig->channels);
         for (auto& proxy : mAlsaDeviceProxies) {
             proxy_write_with_retries(proxy.get(), buffer, bytesToTransfer, mReadWriteRetries);
             maxLatency = std::max(maxLatency, proxy_get_latency(proxy.get()));
@@ -159,4 +167,9 @@
     mAlsaDeviceProxies.clear();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamAlsa::setGain(float gain) {
+    mGain = gain;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
index 8eaf162..10374f2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioFormatType.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/PcmType.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <audio_utils/primitives.h>
+#include <cutils/compiler.h>
 
 #include "Utils.h"
 #include "core-impl/utils.h"
@@ -343,4 +345,68 @@
     return findValueOrDefault(getAudioFormatDescriptorToPcmFormatMap(), aidl, PCM_FORMAT_INVALID);
 }
 
+void applyGain(void* buffer, float gain, size_t bytesToTransfer, enum pcm_format pcmFormat,
+               int channelCount) {
+    if (channelCount != 1 && channelCount != 2) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": unsupported channel count " << channelCount;
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!getPcmFormatToAudioFormatDescMap().contains(pcmFormat)) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << __func__ << ": unsupported pcm format " << pcmFormat;
+        return;
+    }
+    const float unityGainFloat = 1.0f;
+    if (std::abs(gain - unityGainFloat) < 1e-6) {
+        return;
+    }
+    int numFrames;
+    switch (pcmFormat) {
+        case PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE: {
+            const uint16_t unityGainQ4_12 = u4_12_from_float(unityGainFloat);
+            const uint16_t vl = u4_12_from_float(gain);
+            const uint32_t vrl = (vl << 16) | vl;
+            if (channelCount == 2) {
+                numFrames = bytesToTransfer / sizeof(uint32_t);
+                uint32_t* intBuffer = (uint32_t*)buffer;
+                if (CC_UNLIKELY(vl > unityGainQ4_12)) {
+                    // volume is boosted, so we might need to clamp even though
+                    // we process only one track.
+                    do {
+                        int32_t l = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        int32_t r = mulRL(0, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        l = clamp16(l);
+                        r = clamp16(r);
+                        *intBuffer++ = (r << 16) | (l & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        int32_t l = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        int32_t r = mulRL(0, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = (r << 16) | (l & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                }
+            } else {
+                numFrames = bytesToTransfer / sizeof(uint16_t);
+                int16_t* intBuffer = (int16_t*)buffer;
+                if (CC_UNLIKELY(vl > unityGainQ4_12)) {
+                    // volume is boosted, so we might need to clamp even though
+                    // we process only one track.
+                    do {
+                        int32_t mono = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = clamp16(mono);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                } else {
+                    do {
+                        int32_t mono = mulRL(1, *intBuffer, vrl) >> 12;
+                        *intBuffer++ = static_cast<int16_t>(mono & 0xFFFF);
+                    } while (--numFrames);
+                }
+            }
+        } break;
+        default:
+            // TODO(336370745): Implement gain for other supported formats
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::alsa
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
index 980f685..a97ea10 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/Utils.h
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@
     AlsaProxy mProxy;
 };
 
+void applyGain(void* buffer, float gain, size_t bytesToTransfer, enum pcm_format pcmFormat,
+               int channelCount);
 ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout getChannelLayoutMaskFromChannelCount(
         unsigned int channelCount, int isInput);
 ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout getChannelIndexMaskFromChannelCount(
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
index 00eeb4e..8548aff 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
@@ -263,6 +263,9 @@
             ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig* out_suggested, bool* applied);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus updateStreamsConnectedState(const AudioPatch& oldPatch,
                                                    const AudioPatch& newPatch);
+    bool setAudioPortConfigGain(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort& port,
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig& gainRequested);
 };
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Module::Type t);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
index 100b4c8..5dca739 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioIoFlags.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/AudioOffloadInfo.h>
 #include <aidl/android/media/audio/common/MicrophoneInfo.h>
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <error/expected_utils.h>
 #include <fmq/AidlMessageQueue.h>
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
@@ -342,6 +343,7 @@
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus setConnectedDevices(
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices) = 0;
     virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() = 0;
+    virtual ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) = 0;
 };
 
 // This is equivalent to automatically generated 'IStreamCommonDelegator' but uses
@@ -443,6 +445,7 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
             override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     static StreamWorkerInterface::CreateInstance getDefaultInWorkerCreator() {
@@ -609,6 +612,12 @@
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
 
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) {
+        auto s = mStream.lock();
+        if (s) return s->setGain(gain);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
   private:
     std::weak_ptr<StreamCommonInterface> mStream;
     ndk::SpAIBinder mStreamBinder;
@@ -644,6 +653,12 @@
         return isOk ? ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok()
                     : ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
     }
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(int32_t portId, float gain) {
+        if (auto it = mStreams.find(portId); it != mStreams.end()) {
+            return it->second.setGain(gain);
+        }
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
 
   private:
     // Maps port ids and port config ids to streams. Multimap because a port
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
index 0356946..8bdf208 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
                                  int32_t* latencyMs) override;
     ::android::status_t refinePosition(StreamDescriptor::Position* position) override;
     void shutdown() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     // Called from 'start' to initialize 'mAlsaDeviceProxies', the vector must be non-empty.
@@ -58,6 +59,9 @@
     const int mReadWriteRetries;
     // All fields below are only used on the worker thread.
     std::vector<alsa::DeviceProxy> mAlsaDeviceProxies;
+
+  private:
+    std::atomic<float> mGain = 1.0;
 };
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
index 8d5c57d..600c377 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
 
 class StreamPrimary : public StreamAlsa {
   public:
-    StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
+    StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
+                  const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices);
 
     ::android::status_t start() override;
     ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
@@ -39,6 +40,11 @@
     int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
     long mFramesSinceStart = 0;
     bool mSkipNextTransfer = false;
+
+  private:
+    static std::pair<int, int> getCardAndDeviceId(
+            const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices);
+    const std::pair<int, int> mCardAndDeviceId;
 };
 
 class StreamInPrimary final : public StreamIn, public StreamSwitcher, public StreamInHwGainHelper {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
index 5764ad6..2d75e85 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamSwitcher.h
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@
             const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
             override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus bluetoothParametersUpdated() override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus setGain(float gain) override;
 
   protected:
     // Since switching a stream requires closing down the current stream, StreamSwitcher
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
index 498f029..801bbb8 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@
  */
 
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_StreamPrimary"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 #include <error/Result.h>
@@ -28,6 +32,7 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
@@ -36,9 +41,15 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-StreamPrimary::StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+const static constexpr std::pair<int, int> kDefaultCardAndDeviceId = {
+        primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard, primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice};
+
+StreamPrimary::StreamPrimary(
+        StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata,
+        const std::vector<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice>& devices)
     : StreamAlsa(context, metadata, 3 /*readWriteRetries*/),
-      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()) {
+      mIsAsynchronous(!!getContext().getAsyncCallback()),
+      mCardAndDeviceId(getCardAndDeviceId(devices)) {
     context->startStreamDataProcessor();
 }
 
@@ -92,17 +103,27 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> StreamPrimary::getDeviceProfiles() {
-    static const std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> kBuiltInSource{
-            alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard,
-                                .device = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice,
-                                .direction = PCM_IN,
+    return {alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = mCardAndDeviceId.first,
+                                .device = mCardAndDeviceId.second,
+                                .direction = mIsInput ? PCM_IN : PCM_OUT,
                                 .isExternal = false}};
-    static const std::vector<alsa::DeviceProfile> kBuiltInSink{
-            alsa::DeviceProfile{.card = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaCard,
-                                .device = primary::PrimaryMixer::kAlsaDevice,
-                                .direction = PCM_OUT,
-                                .isExternal = false}};
-    return mIsInput ? kBuiltInSource : kBuiltInSink;
+}
+
+std::pair<int, int> StreamPrimary::getCardAndDeviceId(const std::vector<AudioDevice>& devices) {
+    if (devices.empty() || devices[0].address.getTag() != AudioDeviceAddress::id) {
+        return kDefaultCardAndDeviceId;
+    }
+    std::string deviceAddress = devices[0].address.get<AudioDeviceAddress::id>();
+    std::pair<int, int> cardAndDeviceId;
+    if (const size_t suffixPos = deviceAddress.rfind("CARD_");
+        suffixPos == std::string::npos ||
+        sscanf(deviceAddress.c_str() + suffixPos, "CARD_%d_DEV_%d", &cardAndDeviceId.first,
+               &cardAndDeviceId.second) != 2) {
+        return kDefaultCardAndDeviceId;
+    }
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": parsed with card id " << cardAndDeviceId.first << ", device id "
+               << cardAndDeviceId.second;
+    return cardAndDeviceId;
 }
 
 StreamInPrimary::StreamInPrimary(StreamContext&& context, const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
@@ -144,7 +165,7 @@
                 new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(context, metadata));
     }
     return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata));
+            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata, devices));
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamInPrimary::getHwGain(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
@@ -215,7 +236,7 @@
                 new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamStub>(context, metadata));
     }
     return std::unique_ptr<StreamCommonInterfaceEx>(
-            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata));
+            new InnerStreamWrapper<StreamPrimary>(context, metadata, devices));
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus StreamOutPrimary::getHwVolume(std::vector<float>* _aidl_return) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index cbd42c0..85d400e 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -136,6 +136,9 @@
     name: "VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest",
     defaults: ["VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libaudioutils",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
index 0fa170f..01f73fc 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/EffectHelper.h
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@
     return prefix;
 }
 
+static constexpr float kMaxAudioSampleValue = 1;
+
 class EffectHelper {
   public:
     void create(std::shared_ptr<IFactory> factory, std::shared_ptr<IEffect>& effect,
@@ -413,6 +415,19 @@
         }
     }
 
+    // Fill inputBuffer with random values between -maxAudioSampleValue to maxAudioSampleValue
+    void generateInputBuffer(std::vector<float>& inputBuffer, size_t startPosition, bool isStrip,
+                             size_t channelCount,
+                             float maxAudioSampleValue = kMaxAudioSampleValue) {
+        size_t increment = isStrip ? 1 /*Fill input at all the channels*/
+                                   : channelCount /*Fill input at only one channel*/;
+
+        for (size_t i = startPosition; i < inputBuffer.size(); i += increment) {
+            inputBuffer[i] =
+                    ((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) * maxAudioSampleValue;
+        }
+    }
+
     // Generate multitone input between -1 to +1 using testFrequencies
     void generateMultiTone(const std::vector<int>& testFrequencies, std::vector<float>& input,
                            const int samplingFrequency) {
@@ -454,6 +469,17 @@
         mOutputSamples = common.output.frameCount * mOutputFrameSize / sizeof(float);
     }
 
+    void generateInput(std::vector<float>& input, float inputFrequency, float samplingFrequency,
+                       size_t inputSize = 0) {
+        if (inputSize == 0 || inputSize > input.size()) {
+            inputSize = input.size();
+        }
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < inputSize; i++) {
+            input[i] = sin(2 * M_PI * inputFrequency * i / samplingFrequency);
+        }
+    }
+
     bool mIsSpatializer;
     Descriptor mDescriptor;
     size_t mInputFrameSize, mOutputFrameSize;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
index 8d430de..9fe5801 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDualMonoMode;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioLatencyMode;
@@ -450,6 +451,7 @@
     // This is implemented by the 'StreamFixture' utility class.
     static constexpr int kNegativeTestBufferSizeFrames = 256;
     static constexpr int kDefaultLargeBufferSizeFrames = 48000;
+    static constexpr int32_t kAidlVersion3 = 3;
 
     void SetUpImpl(const std::string& moduleName, bool setUpDebug = true) {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectToService(moduleName, setUpDebug));
@@ -478,6 +480,7 @@
         if (setUpDebug) {
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
         }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(module->getInterfaceVersion(&aidlVersion).isOk());
     }
 
     void RestartService() {
@@ -490,6 +493,7 @@
         if (setUpDebug) {
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDebug());
         }
+        ASSERT_TRUE(module->getInterfaceVersion(&aidlVersion).isOk());
     }
 
     void SetUpDebug() {
@@ -577,6 +581,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<WithDebugFlags> debug;
     std::vector<AudioPort> initialPorts;
     std::vector<AudioRoute> initialRoutes;
+    int32_t aidlVersion;
 };
 
 class WithDevicePortConnectedState {
@@ -1821,6 +1826,46 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(AudioCoreModule, SetAudioPortConfigInvalidPortAudioGain) {
+    if (aidlVersion < kAidlVersion3) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skip for audio HAL version lower than " << kAidlVersion3;
+    }
+    std::vector<AudioPort> ports;
+    ASSERT_IS_OK(module->getAudioPorts(&ports));
+    bool atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain = false;
+    for (const auto port : ports) {
+        AudioPortConfig portConfig;
+        portConfig.portId = port.id;
+        if (port.gains.empty()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain = true;
+        int index = 0;
+        ASSERT_NE(0, port.gains[index].stepValue) << "Invalid audio port config gain step 0";
+        portConfig.gain->index = index;
+        AudioGainConfig invalidGainConfig;
+
+        int invalidGain = port.gains[index].maxValue + port.gains[index].stepValue;
+        invalidGainConfig.values.push_back(invalidGain);
+        portConfig.gain.emplace(invalidGainConfig);
+        bool applied = true;
+        AudioPortConfig suggestedConfig;
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                      module->setAudioPortConfig(portConfig, &suggestedConfig, &applied))
+                << "invalid port gain " << invalidGain << " lower than min gain";
+
+        invalidGain = port.gains[index].minValue - port.gains[index].stepValue;
+        invalidGainConfig.values[0] = invalidGain;
+        portConfig.gain.emplace(invalidGainConfig);
+        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                      module->setAudioPortConfig(portConfig, &suggestedConfig, &applied))
+                << "invalid port gain " << invalidGain << "higher than max gain";
+    }
+    if (!atLeastOnePortWithNonemptyGain) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "No audio port contains non-empty gain configuration";
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_P(AudioCoreModule, TryConnectMissingDevice) {
     // Limit checks to connection types that are known to be detectable by HAL implementations.
     static const std::set<std::string> kCheckedConnectionTypes{
@@ -3072,8 +3117,8 @@
 static bool skipStreamIoTestForMixPortConfig(const AudioPortConfig& portConfig) {
     return (portConfig.flags.value().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::input &&
             isAnyBitPositionFlagSet(portConfig.flags.value().template get<AudioIoFlags::input>(),
-                                    {AudioInputFlags::VOIP_TX, AudioInputFlags::HW_HOTWORD,
-                                     AudioInputFlags::HOTWORD_TAP})) ||
+                                    {AudioInputFlags::MMAP_NOIRQ, AudioInputFlags::VOIP_TX,
+                                     AudioInputFlags::HW_HOTWORD, AudioInputFlags::HOTWORD_TAP})) ||
            (portConfig.flags.value().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::output &&
             isAnyBitPositionFlagSet(
                     portConfig.flags.value().template get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
@@ -3131,11 +3176,8 @@
         EXPECT_FALSE(mWorker->hasError()) << mWorker->getError();
         EXPECT_EQ("", mWorkerDriver->getUnexpectedStateTransition());
         if (validatePosition) {
-            if (IOTraits<Stream>::is_input &&
-                !mStream->getStreamContext()->isMmapped() /*TODO(b/274456992) remove*/) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(mWorkerDriver->hasObservablePositionIncrease());
-                EXPECT_TRUE(mWorkerDriver->hasHardwarePositionIncrease());
-            }
+            EXPECT_TRUE(mWorkerDriver->hasObservablePositionIncrease());
+            EXPECT_TRUE(mWorkerDriver->hasHardwarePositionIncrease());
             EXPECT_FALSE(mWorkerDriver->hasObservableRetrogradePosition());
             EXPECT_FALSE(mWorkerDriver->hasHardwareRetrogradePosition());
         }
@@ -4097,8 +4139,7 @@
         EXPECT_FALSE(worker.hasError()) << worker.getError();
         EXPECT_EQ("", driver.getUnexpectedStateTransition());
         if (ValidatePosition(stream.getDevice())) {
-            if (validatePositionIncrease &&
-                !stream.getStreamContext()->isMmapped() /*TODO(b/274456992) remove*/) {
+            if (validatePositionIncrease) {
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasObservablePositionIncrease());
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasHardwarePositionIncrease());
             }
@@ -4132,8 +4173,7 @@
         EXPECT_FALSE(worker.hasError()) << worker.getError();
         EXPECT_EQ("", driver.getUnexpectedStateTransition());
         if (ValidatePosition(stream.getDevice())) {
-            if (validatePositionIncrease &&
-                !stream.getStreamContext()->isMmapped() /*TODO(b/274456992) remove*/) {
+            if (validatePositionIncrease) {
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasObservablePositionIncrease());
                 EXPECT_TRUE(driver.hasHardwarePositionIncrease());
             }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
index a1491e6..bf22839 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDownmixTargetTest.cpp
@@ -149,22 +149,6 @@
         mOutputBuffer.resize(mOutputBufferSize);
     }
 
-    // Generate mInputBuffer values between -kMaxDownmixSample to kMaxDownmixSample
-    void generateInputBuffer(size_t position, bool isStrip) {
-        size_t increment;
-        if (isStrip)
-            // Fill input at all the channels
-            increment = 1;
-        else
-            // Fill input at only one channel
-            increment = mInputChannelCount;
-
-        for (size_t i = position; i < mInputBuffer.size(); i += increment) {
-            mInputBuffer[i] =
-                    ((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) * kMaxDownmixSample;
-        }
-    }
-
     bool isLayoutValid(int32_t inputLayout) {
         if (inputLayout & kMaxChannelMask) {
             return false;
@@ -365,7 +349,8 @@
 
     for (int32_t channel : supportedChannels) {
         size_t position = std::distance(supportedChannels.begin(), supportedChannels.find(channel));
-        generateInputBuffer(position, false /*isStripe*/);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, position, false /*isStripe*/,
+                            mInputChannelCount /*channelCount*/, kMaxDownmixSample);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
                 processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
         validateOutput(channel, position);
@@ -417,7 +402,8 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setParameters(Downmix::Type::STRIP));
 
     // Generate input buffer, call process and compare outputs
-    generateInputBuffer(0 /*position*/, true /*isStripe*/);
+    generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0 /*position*/, true /*isStripe*/,
+                        mInputChannelCount /*channelCount*/, kMaxDownmixSample);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect, &mOpenEffectReturn));
     validateOutput();
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
index 154a5af..2802bf9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
@@ -21,11 +21,13 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_enums.h>
+#include <audio_utils/power.h>
 
 #include "EffectHelper.h"
 
 using namespace android;
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getChannelCount;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::HapticGenerator;
@@ -34,41 +36,15 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Parameter;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::testing::detail::TestExecutionTracer;
 
-/**
- * Here we focus on specific parameter checking, general IEffect interfaces testing performed in
- * VtsAudioEffectTargetTest.
- */
-enum ParamName {
-    PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME,
-    PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ID,
-    PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_VIBRATOR_SCALE,
-    PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_SCALE_FACTOR,
-    PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ADAPTIVE_SCALE_FACTOR,
-    PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_RESONANT_FREQUENCY,
-    PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_Q_FACTOR,
-    PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_MAX_AMPLITUDE,
-};
-using HapticGeneratorParamTestParam =
-        std::tuple<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>, int,
-                   HapticGenerator::VibratorScale, float, float, float, float, float>;
-
-/*
- * Testing parameter range, assuming the parameter supported by effect is in this range.
- * Parameter should be within the valid range defined in the documentation,
- * for any supported value test expects EX_NONE from IEffect.setParameter(),
- * otherwise expect EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT.
- */
-
-// TODO : Update the test values once range/capability is updated by implementation
 const int MIN_ID = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
 const int MAX_ID = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
 const float MIN_FLOAT = std::numeric_limits<float>::min();
 const float MAX_FLOAT = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
 
-const std::vector<int> kHapticScaleIdValues = {MIN_ID, 0, MAX_ID};
-const std::vector<HapticGenerator::VibratorScale> kVibratorScaleValues = {
+std::vector<HapticGenerator::VibratorScale> kScaleValues = {
         ndk::enum_range<HapticGenerator::VibratorScale>().begin(),
         ndk::enum_range<HapticGenerator::VibratorScale>().end()};
+
 const std::vector<float> kScaleFactorValues = {HapticGenerator::HapticScale::UNDEFINED_SCALE_FACTOR,
                                                0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, MAX_FLOAT};
 const std::vector<float> kAdaptiveScaleFactorValues = {
@@ -80,396 +56,392 @@
 
 constexpr int HAPTIC_SCALE_FACTORS_EFFECT_MIN_VERSION = 3;
 
-class HapticGeneratorParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HapticGeneratorParamTestParam>,
-                                 public EffectHelper {
+static const std::vector<int32_t> kHapticOutputLayouts = {
+        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_MONO_HAPTIC_A, AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_MONO_HAPTIC_AB,
+        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO_HAPTIC_A, AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO_HAPTIC_AB};
+
+class HapticGeneratorHelper : public EffectHelper {
   public:
-    HapticGeneratorParamTest()
-        : mParamHapticScaleId(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ID>(GetParam())),
-          mParamVibratorScale(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_VIBRATOR_SCALE>(GetParam())),
-          mParamScaleFactor(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_SCALE_FACTOR>(GetParam())),
-          mParamAdaptiveScaleFactor(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ADAPTIVE_SCALE_FACTOR>(GetParam())),
-          mParamResonantFrequency(
-                  std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_RESONANT_FREQUENCY>(GetParam())),
-          mParamQFactor(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_Q_FACTOR>(GetParam())),
-          mParamMaxAmplitude(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_MAX_AMPLITUDE>(GetParam())) {
-        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
-    }
-    void SetUp() override {
+    void SetUpHapticGenerator(int32_t chMask = AudioChannelLayout::CHANNEL_HAPTIC_A) {
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mFactory);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(create(mFactory, mEffect, mDescriptor));
         EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getInterfaceVersion(&mEffectInterfaceVersion));
 
+        AudioChannelLayout layout =
+                AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(chMask);
+
         Parameter::Common common = createParamCommon(
-                0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
-                kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
+                0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, kSamplingFrequency /* iSampleRate */,
+                kSamplingFrequency /* oSampleRate */, kFrameCount /* iFrameCount */,
+                kFrameCount /* oFrameCount */, layout, layout);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &ret, EX_NONE));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
     }
 
-    void TearDown() override {
+    void TearDownHapticGenerator() {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
+        ret = IEffect::OpenEffectReturn{};
     }
 
-    static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
-    std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
-    std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
-    Descriptor mDescriptor;
-    int mEffectInterfaceVersion;
-    int mParamHapticScaleId = 0;
-    HapticGenerator::VibratorScale mParamVibratorScale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::MUTE;
-    float mParamScaleFactor = HapticGenerator::HapticScale::UNDEFINED_SCALE_FACTOR;
-    float mParamAdaptiveScaleFactor = HapticGenerator::HapticScale::UNDEFINED_SCALE_FACTOR;
-    float mParamResonantFrequency = 0;
-    float mParamQFactor = 0;
-    float mParamMaxAmplitude = 0;
+    Parameter createScaleParam(const std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale>& hapticScales) {
+        return Parameter::make<Parameter::specific>(
+                Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>(
+                        HapticGenerator::make<HapticGenerator::hapticScales>(hapticScales)));
+    }
 
-    void SetAndGetHapticGeneratorParameters() {
-        for (auto& it : mTags) {
-            auto& tag = std::get<ParamTestEnum::PARAM_TEST_TAG>(it);
-            auto& setHg = std::get<ParamTestEnum::PARAM_TEST_TARGET>(it);
+    Parameter createVibratorParam(HapticGenerator::VibratorInformation vibrationInfo) {
+        return Parameter::make<Parameter::specific>(
+                Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>(
+                        HapticGenerator::make<HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo>(vibrationInfo)));
+    }
 
-            // set parameter
-            Parameter expectParam;
-            Parameter::Specific specific;
-            specific.set<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>(setHg);
-            expectParam.set<Parameter::specific>(specific);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->setParameter(expectParam)) << expectParam.toString();
-
+    void setAndVerifyParameter(Parameter hapticParameter, HapticGenerator::Tag tag,
+                               binder_exception_t expected = EX_NONE) {
+        EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->setParameter(hapticParameter))
+                << hapticParameter.toString();
+        if (expected == EX_NONE) {
             // get parameter
             Parameter getParam;
-            Parameter::Id id;
-            HapticGenerator::Id hgId;
-            hgId.set<HapticGenerator::Id::commonTag>(tag);
-            id.set<Parameter::Id::hapticGeneratorTag>(hgId);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam));
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectParam, getParam) << expectParam.toString() << "\n"
-                                             << getParam.toString();
+            auto second = Parameter::Id::make<Parameter::Id::hapticGeneratorTag>(
+                    HapticGenerator::Id::make<HapticGenerator::Id::commonTag>(
+                            HapticGenerator::Tag(tag)));
+            // If the set is successful, get param should match
+            EXPECT_STATUS(expected, mEffect->getParameter(second, &getParam));
+            EXPECT_EQ(hapticParameter, getParam) << "\nexpectedParam:" << hapticParameter.toString()
+                                                 << "\ngetParam:" << getParam.toString();
         }
     }
 
-    void addHapticScaleParam(int id, HapticGenerator::VibratorScale scale, float scaleFactor,
-                             float adaptiveScaleFactor) {
-        HapticGenerator setHg;
-        std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> hapticScales;
-        if (mEffectInterfaceVersion >= HAPTIC_SCALE_FACTORS_EFFECT_MIN_VERSION) {
-            hapticScales = {{.id = id,
-                             .scale = scale,
-                             .scaleFactor = scaleFactor,
-                             .adaptiveScaleFactor = adaptiveScaleFactor}};
-        } else {
-            hapticScales = {{.id = id, .scale = scale}};
-        }
-        setHg.set<HapticGenerator::hapticScales>(hapticScales);
-        mTags.push_back({HapticGenerator::hapticScales, setHg});
+    HapticGenerator::VibratorInformation createVibratorInfo(float resonantFrequency, float qFactor,
+                                                            float amplitude) {
+        return HapticGenerator::VibratorInformation(resonantFrequency, qFactor, amplitude);
     }
 
-    void addVibratorInformationParam(float resonantFrequencyHz, float qFactor, float maxAmplitude) {
-        HapticGenerator hg;
-        HapticGenerator::VibratorInformation vibrationInfo = {
-                .resonantFrequencyHz = resonantFrequencyHz,
-                .qFactor = qFactor,
-                .maxAmplitude = maxAmplitude};
-        hg.set<HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo>(vibrationInfo);
-        mTags.push_back({HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo, hg});
-    }
-
-  private:
-    enum ParamTestEnum { PARAM_TEST_TAG, PARAM_TEST_TARGET };
-    std::vector<std::tuple<HapticGenerator::Tag, HapticGenerator>> mTags;
-
-    void CleanUp() { mTags.clear(); }
-};
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorParamTest, SetAndGetHapticScale) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam(mParamHapticScaleId, mParamVibratorScale,
-                                                mParamScaleFactor, mParamAdaptiveScaleFactor));
-    SetAndGetHapticGeneratorParameters();
-}
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorParamTest, SetAndGetMultipleHapticScales) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam(mParamHapticScaleId, mParamVibratorScale,
-                                                mParamScaleFactor, mParamAdaptiveScaleFactor));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam(mParamHapticScaleId, mParamVibratorScale,
-                                                mParamScaleFactor, mParamAdaptiveScaleFactor));
-    SetAndGetHapticGeneratorParameters();
-}
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorParamTest, SetAndGetVibratorInformation) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addVibratorInformationParam(mParamResonantFrequency, mParamQFactor,
-                                                        mParamMaxAmplitude));
-    SetAndGetHapticGeneratorParameters();
-}
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        HapticGeneratorValidTest, HapticGeneratorParamTest,
-        ::testing::Combine(testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
-                                   IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator())),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kHapticScaleIdValues),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kVibratorScaleValues),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kScaleFactorValues),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kAdaptiveScaleFactorValues),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kResonantFrequencyValues),
-                           testing::ValuesIn(kQFactorValues), testing::ValuesIn(kMaxAmplitude)),
-        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorParamTest::ParamType>& info) {
-            auto descriptor = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(info.param).second;
-            std::string hapticScaleID = std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ID>(info.param));
-            std::string hapticScaleVibScale = std::to_string(
-                    static_cast<int>(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_VIBRATOR_SCALE>(info.param)));
-            std::string hapticScaleFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_SCALE_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ADAPTIVE_SCALE_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string resonantFrequency = std::to_string(
-                    std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_RESONANT_FREQUENCY>(info.param));
-            std::string qFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_Q_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string maxAmplitude =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_MAX_AMPLITUDE>(info.param));
-            std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor) + "_hapticScaleId" + hapticScaleID +
-                               "_hapticScaleVibScale" + hapticScaleVibScale + "_hapticScaleFactor" +
-                               hapticScaleFactor + "_hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor" +
-                               hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor + "_resonantFrequency" +
-                               resonantFrequency + "_qFactor" + qFactor + "_maxAmplitude" +
-                               maxAmplitude;
-            std::replace_if(
-                    name.begin(), name.end(), [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
-            return name;
-        });
-
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        HapticGeneratorInvalidTest, HapticGeneratorParamTest,
-        ::testing::Combine(testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
-                                   IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator())),
-                           testing::Values(MIN_ID),
-                           testing::Values(HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::NONE),
-                           testing::Values(HapticGenerator::HapticScale::UNDEFINED_SCALE_FACTOR),
-                           testing::Values(HapticGenerator::HapticScale::UNDEFINED_SCALE_FACTOR),
-                           testing::Values(MIN_FLOAT), testing::Values(MIN_FLOAT),
-                           testing::Values(MIN_FLOAT)),
-        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorParamTest::ParamType>& info) {
-            auto descriptor = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(info.param).second;
-            std::string hapticScaleID = std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ID>(info.param));
-            std::string hapticScaleVibScale = std::to_string(
-                    static_cast<int>(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_VIBRATOR_SCALE>(info.param)));
-            std::string hapticScaleFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_SCALE_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_HAPTIC_SCALE_ADAPTIVE_SCALE_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string resonantFrequency = std::to_string(
-                    std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_RESONANT_FREQUENCY>(info.param));
-            std::string qFactor =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_Q_FACTOR>(info.param));
-            std::string maxAmplitude =
-                    std::to_string(std::get<PARAM_VIBRATION_INFORMATION_MAX_AMPLITUDE>(info.param));
-            std::string name = "Implementor_" + descriptor.common.implementor + "_name_" +
-                               descriptor.common.name + "_UUID_" +
-                               toString(descriptor.common.id.uuid) + "_hapticScaleId" +
-                               hapticScaleID + "_hapticScaleVibScale" + hapticScaleVibScale +
-                               "_hapticScaleFactor" + hapticScaleFactor +
-                               "_hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor" + hapticAdaptiveScaleFactor +
-                               "_resonantFrequency" + resonantFrequency + "_qFactor" + qFactor +
-                               "_maxAmplitude" + maxAmplitude;
-            std::replace_if(
-                    name.begin(), name.end(), [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
-            return name;
-        });
-GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(HapticGeneratorParamTest);
-
-// Test HapticScale[] hapticScales parameter
-using HapticGeneratorScalesTestParam = std::tuple<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>>;
-class HapticGeneratorScalesTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HapticGeneratorScalesTestParam>,
-                                  public EffectHelper {
-  public:
-    HapticGeneratorScalesTest() {
-        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
-    }
-
-    void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mFactory);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(create(mFactory, mEffect, mDescriptor));
-
-        Parameter::Common common = createParamCommon(
-                0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
-                kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &ret, EX_NONE));
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
-    }
-
-    void TearDown() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
-        CleanUp();
-    }
-
-    static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
+    static const long kFrameCount = 10000;
+    static constexpr int kSamplingFrequency = 44100;
+    static constexpr int kDefaultScaleID = 0;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultMaxAmp = 1;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultResonantFrequency = 150;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultQfactor = 8;
+    static constexpr HapticGenerator::VibratorScale kDefaultScale =
+            HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::NONE;
     std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
     std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
-    Descriptor mDescriptor;
-
-    void addHapticScaleParam(std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> scales) {
-        mHapticScales.push_back(HapticGenerator::make<HapticGenerator::hapticScales>(scales));
-        for (const auto& scale : scales) {
-            expectMap.insert_or_assign(scale.id, scale.scale);
-        }
-    }
-
-    void SetHapticScaleParameters() {
-        // std::unordered_set<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> target;
-        for (auto& it : mHapticScales) {
-            Parameter::Specific specific =
-                    Parameter::Specific::make<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>(it);
-            Parameter param = Parameter::make<Parameter::specific>(specific);
-            EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->setParameter(param)) << param.toString();
-        }
-    }
-
-    void checkHapticScaleParameter() {
-        // get parameter
-        Parameter targetParam;
-        HapticGenerator::Id hgId = HapticGenerator::Id::make<HapticGenerator::Id::commonTag>(
-                HapticGenerator::hapticScales);
-        Parameter::Id id = Parameter::Id::make<Parameter::Id::hapticGeneratorTag>(hgId);
-        EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &targetParam));
-        ASSERT_EQ(Parameter::specific, targetParam.getTag());
-        Parameter::Specific specific = targetParam.get<Parameter::specific>();
-        ASSERT_EQ(Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator, specific.getTag());
-        HapticGenerator hg = specific.get<Parameter::Specific::hapticGenerator>();
-        ASSERT_EQ(HapticGenerator::hapticScales, hg.getTag());
-        std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> scales = hg.get<HapticGenerator::hapticScales>();
-        ASSERT_EQ(scales.size(), expectMap.size());
-        for (const auto& scale : scales) {
-            auto itor = expectMap.find(scale.id);
-            ASSERT_NE(expectMap.end(), itor);
-            ASSERT_EQ(scale.scale, itor->second);
-            expectMap.erase(scale.id);
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(0ul, expectMap.size());
-    }
-
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScaleWithMinId;
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScaleWithMinIdNew;
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScale;
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScaleNew;
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScaleWithMaxId;
-    const static HapticGenerator::HapticScale kHapticScaleWithMaxIdNew;
-
-    std::vector<HapticGenerator> mHapticScales;
-
-    void CleanUp() {
-        mHapticScales.clear();
-        expectMap.clear();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::map<int /* trackID */, HapticGenerator::VibratorScale> expectMap;
+    IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
+    Parameter mHapticSpecificParameter;
+    Parameter::Id mHapticIdParameter;
+    int mEffectInterfaceVersion;
 };
 
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScaleWithMinId = {
-        .id = MIN_ID, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::MUTE};
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScaleWithMinIdNew = {
-        .id = MIN_ID, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::VERY_LOW};
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScale = {
-        .id = 1, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::LOW};
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScaleNew = {
-        .id = 1, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::NONE};
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScaleWithMaxId = {
-        .id = MAX_ID, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::VERY_HIGH};
-const HapticGenerator::HapticScale HapticGeneratorScalesTest::kHapticScaleWithMaxIdNew = {
-        .id = MAX_ID, .scale = HapticGenerator::VibratorScale::MUTE};
+/**
+ *Tests do the following:
+ * -Testing parameter range supported by the effect.
+ * -For any supported value test expects EX_NONE from IEffect.setParameter(),
+ *  otherwise expect EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT.
+ * -Validating the effect by comparing the output energies of the supported parameters.
+ **/
 
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetAndUpdateOne) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleNew}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
+using EffectInstance = std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>;
 
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMinIdNew}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
+class HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<EffectInstance>,
+                                      public HapticGeneratorHelper {
+  public:
+    HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest() { std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = GetParam(); }
+    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpHapticGenerator()); }
+    void TearDown() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TearDownHapticGenerator()); }
+};
 
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxIdNew}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest, SetAndGetScales) {
+    std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> hapticScales;
+    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(kScaleValues.size()); i++) {
+        hapticScales.push_back({.id = i, .scale = kScaleValues[i]});
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            setAndVerifyParameter(createScaleParam(hapticScales), HapticGenerator::hapticScales));
 }
 
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetAndUpdateVector) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam(
-            {kHapticScaleNew, kHapticScaleWithMaxIdNew, kHapticScaleWithMinIdNew}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest, SetAndGetScaleFactors) {
+    if (mEffectInterfaceVersion < HAPTIC_SCALE_FACTORS_EFFECT_MIN_VERSION) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping HapticGenerator ScaleFactors test for effect version "
+                     << std::to_string(mEffectInterfaceVersion);
+    }
 
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
+    std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> hapticScales;
+    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(kScaleFactorValues.size()); i++) {
+        hapticScales.push_back(
+                {.id = i, .scale = kScaleValues[0], .scaleFactor = kScaleFactorValues[i]});
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            setAndVerifyParameter(createScaleParam(hapticScales), HapticGenerator::hapticScales));
 }
 
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetAndUpdateMultipleVector) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam(
-            {kHapticScaleNew, kHapticScaleWithMaxIdNew, kHapticScaleWithMinIdNew}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest, SetAndGetAdaptiveScaleFactors) {
+    if (mEffectInterfaceVersion < HAPTIC_SCALE_FACTORS_EFFECT_MIN_VERSION) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping HapticGenerator AdaptiveScaleFactors test for effect version "
+                     << std::to_string(mEffectInterfaceVersion);
+    }
 
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
-}
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetOneAndAddMoreVector) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
-}
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetMultipleAndAddOneVector) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScale}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
-}
-
-TEST_P(HapticGeneratorScalesTest, SetMultipleVectorRepeat) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            addHapticScaleParam({kHapticScaleWithMaxId, kHapticScale, kHapticScaleWithMinId}));
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetHapticScaleParameters());
-
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkHapticScaleParameter());
+    std::vector<HapticGenerator::HapticScale> hapticScales;
+    for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(kAdaptiveScaleFactorValues.size()); i++) {
+        hapticScales.push_back({.id = i,
+                                .scale = kScaleValues[0],
+                                .scaleFactor = kScaleFactorValues[3],
+                                .adaptiveScaleFactor = kAdaptiveScaleFactorValues[i]});
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            setAndVerifyParameter(createScaleParam(hapticScales), HapticGenerator::hapticScales));
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
-        HapticGeneratorScalesTest, HapticGeneratorScalesTest,
+        HapticGeneratorValidTest, HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
+                IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator())),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest::ParamType>& info) {
+            auto descriptor = info.param;
+            return getPrefix(descriptor.second);
+        });
+
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(HapticGeneratorScaleParamTest);
+
+enum VibratorParamName {
+    VIBRATOR_PARAM_INSTANCE,
+    VIBRATOR_PARAM_RESONANT_FREQUENCY,
+    VIBRATOR_PARAM_Q_FACTOR,
+    VIBRATOR_PARAM_MAX_AMPLITUDE,
+};
+
+using HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoTestParam = std::tuple<EffectInstance, float, float, float>;
+
+class HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoTestParam>,
+      public HapticGeneratorHelper {
+  public:
+    HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest()
+        : mParamResonantFrequency(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_RESONANT_FREQUENCY>(GetParam())),
+          mParamQFactor(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_Q_FACTOR>(GetParam())),
+          mParamMaxAmplitude(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_MAX_AMPLITUDE>(GetParam())) {
+        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_INSTANCE>(GetParam());
+    }
+    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpHapticGenerator()); }
+    void TearDown() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TearDownHapticGenerator()); }
+
+    float mParamResonantFrequency = kDefaultResonantFrequency;
+    float mParamQFactor = kDefaultQfactor;
+    float mParamMaxAmplitude = kDefaultMaxAmp;
+};
+
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest, SetAndGetVibratorInformation) {
+    auto vibratorInfo =
+            createVibratorInfo(mParamResonantFrequency, mParamQFactor, mParamMaxAmplitude);
+    if (isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo, mDescriptor)) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo),
+                                                      HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo),
+                                                      HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo,
+                                                      EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT));
+    }
+}
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        HapticGeneratorValidTest, HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest,
         ::testing::Combine(testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
-                IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator()))),
-        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorScalesTest::ParamType>& info) {
-            auto descriptor = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(info.param).second;
-            std::string name = "Implementor_" + descriptor.common.implementor + "_name_" +
-                               descriptor.common.name + "_UUID_" +
-                               toString(descriptor.common.id.uuid);
+                                   IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator())),
+                           testing::ValuesIn(kResonantFrequencyValues),
+                           testing::ValuesIn(kQFactorValues), testing::ValuesIn(kMaxAmplitude)),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorVibratorInfoParamTest::ParamType>& info) {
+            auto descriptor = std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_INSTANCE>(info.param).second;
+            std::string resonantFrequency =
+                    std::to_string(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_RESONANT_FREQUENCY>(info.param));
+            std::string qFactor = std::to_string(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_Q_FACTOR>(info.param));
+            std::string maxAmplitude =
+                    std::to_string(std::get<VIBRATOR_PARAM_MAX_AMPLITUDE>(info.param));
+            std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor) + "_resonantFrequency" + resonantFrequency +
+                               "_qFactor" + qFactor + "_maxAmplitude" + maxAmplitude;
             std::replace_if(
                     name.begin(), name.end(), [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
             return name;
         });
-GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(HapticGeneratorScalesTest);
+
+/**
+ * The data tests do the following
+ * -Generate test input.
+ * -Check if the parameters are supported. Skip the unsupported parameter values.
+ * -Validate increase in haptic output energy energy.
+ **/
+
+enum DataTestParam { EFFECT_INSTANCE, LAYOUT };
+using HapticGeneratorDataTestParam = std::tuple<EffectInstance, int32_t>;
+
+class HapticGeneratorDataTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HapticGeneratorDataTestParam>,
+                                public HapticGeneratorHelper {
+  public:
+    HapticGeneratorDataTest() : mChMask(std::get<LAYOUT>(GetParam())) {
+        std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<EFFECT_INSTANCE>(GetParam());
+        mAudioChannelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(mChMask),
+                                ~AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_HAPTIC_AB);
+        mHapticChannelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(mChMask),
+                                AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_HAPTIC_AB);
+
+        mAudioSamples = kFrameCount * mAudioChannelCount;
+        mHapticSamples = kFrameCount * mHapticChannelCount;
+        mInput.resize(mHapticSamples + mAudioSamples, 0);
+        mOutput.resize(mHapticSamples + mAudioSamples, 0);
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpHapticGenerator(mChMask)); }
+    void TearDown() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TearDownHapticGenerator()); }
+
+    void generateSinePeriod() {
+        size_t cycleSize = kSamplingFrequency / kInputFrequency;
+        size_t startSize = 0;
+        while (startSize < mAudioSamples) {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < cycleSize; i++) {
+                mInput[i + startSize] = sin(2 * M_PI * kInputFrequency * i / kSamplingFrequency);
+            }
+            startSize += mAudioSamples / 4;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setBaseVibratorParam() {
+        auto vibratorInfo =
+                createVibratorInfo(kDefaultResonantFrequency, kDefaultQfactor, kDefaultMaxAmp);
+        if (isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo, mDescriptor)) {
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo),
+                                                          HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+        } else {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Invalid base vibrator values, skipping the test\n";
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setBaseScaleParam() {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(
+                createScaleParam({HapticGenerator::HapticScale(kDefaultScaleID, kDefaultScale)}),
+                HapticGenerator::hapticScales));
+    }
+
+    void validateIncreasingEnergy(HapticGenerator::Tag tag) {
+        float baseEnergy = -1;
+        for (auto param : mHapticParam) {
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(param, tag));
+            SCOPED_TRACE("Param: " + param.toString());
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, mOutput, mEffect, &ret));
+            float hapticOutputEnergy = audio_utils_compute_energy_mono(
+                    mOutput.data() + mAudioSamples, AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM_FLOAT, mHapticSamples);
+            EXPECT_GT(hapticOutputEnergy, baseEnergy);
+            baseEnergy = hapticOutputEnergy;
+        }
+    }
+
+    float findAbsMax(auto begin, auto end) {
+        return *std::max_element(begin, end,
+                                 [](float a, float b) { return std::abs(a) < std::abs(b); });
+    }
+
+    void findMaxAmplitude() {
+        for (float amp = 0.1; amp <= 1; amp += 0.1) {
+            auto vibratorInfo = createVibratorInfo(kDefaultResonantFrequency, kDefaultQfactor, amp);
+            if (!isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo,
+                                                                           mDescriptor)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setAndVerifyParameter(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo),
+                                                          HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInput, mOutput, mEffect, &ret));
+            float outAmplitude = findAbsMax(mOutput.begin() + mAudioSamples, mOutput.end());
+            if (outAmplitude > mMaxAmplitude) {
+                mMaxAmplitude = outAmplitude;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    const int kInputFrequency = 1000;
+    float mMaxAmplitude = 0;
+    size_t mHapticSamples;
+    int32_t mChMask;
+    int32_t mAudioChannelCount;
+    int32_t mHapticChannelCount;
+    size_t mAudioSamples;
+    float mBaseHapticOutputEnergy;
+    std::vector<Parameter> mHapticParam;
+    // both input and output buffer includes audio and haptic samples
+    std::vector<float> mInput;
+    std::vector<float> mOutput;
+};
+
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorDataTest, IncreasingVibratorScaleTest) {
+    generateInput(mInput, kInputFrequency, kSamplingFrequency, mAudioSamples);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBaseVibratorParam());
+    for (HapticGenerator::VibratorScale scale : kScaleValues) {
+        mHapticParam.push_back(
+                createScaleParam({HapticGenerator::HapticScale(kDefaultScaleID, scale)}));
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(validateIncreasingEnergy(HapticGenerator::hapticScales));
+}
+
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorDataTest, IncreasingMaxAmplitudeTest) {
+    generateInput(mInput, kInputFrequency, kSamplingFrequency, mAudioSamples);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBaseScaleParam());
+    findMaxAmplitude();
+    std::vector<float> increasingAmplitudeValues = {0.25f * mMaxAmplitude, 0.5f * mMaxAmplitude,
+                                                    0.75f * mMaxAmplitude, mMaxAmplitude};
+    for (float amplitude : increasingAmplitudeValues) {
+        auto vibratorInfo =
+                createVibratorInfo(kDefaultResonantFrequency, kDefaultQfactor, amplitude);
+        if (!isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo, mDescriptor)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        mHapticParam.push_back(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo));
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(validateIncreasingEnergy(HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+}
+
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorDataTest, DescreasingResonantFrequencyTest) {
+    std::vector<float> descreasingResonantFrequency = {800, 600, 400, 200};
+    generateInput(mInput, kInputFrequency, kSamplingFrequency, mAudioSamples);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBaseScaleParam());
+    for (float resonantFrequency : descreasingResonantFrequency) {
+        auto vibratorInfo = createVibratorInfo(resonantFrequency, kDefaultQfactor, kDefaultMaxAmp);
+        if (!isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo, mDescriptor)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        mHapticParam.push_back(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo));
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(validateIncreasingEnergy(HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+}
+
+TEST_P(HapticGeneratorDataTest, IncreasingQfactorTest) {
+    std::vector<float> increasingQfactor = {16, 24, 32, 40};
+    generateSinePeriod();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBaseScaleParam());
+    for (float qFactor : increasingQfactor) {
+        auto vibratorInfo = createVibratorInfo(kDefaultResonantFrequency, qFactor, kDefaultMaxAmp);
+        if (!isParameterValid<HapticGenerator, Range::hapticGenerator>(vibratorInfo, mDescriptor)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        mHapticParam.push_back(createVibratorParam(vibratorInfo));
+    }
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(validateIncreasingEnergy(HapticGenerator::vibratorInfo));
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        DataTest, HapticGeneratorDataTest,
+        ::testing::Combine(testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
+                                   IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidHapticGenerator())),
+                           testing::ValuesIn(kHapticOutputLayouts)),
+        [](const testing::TestParamInfo<HapticGeneratorDataTest::ParamType>& info) {
+            auto descriptor = std::get<EFFECT_INSTANCE>(info.param).second;
+            std::string layout = "0x" + std::format("{:x}", std::get<LAYOUT>(info.param));
+            std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor) + "_layout_" + layout;
+            return name;
+        });
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(HapticGeneratorDataTest);
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
index 1fe8beb..4c868a9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalLoudnessEnhancerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Parameter;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::testing::detail::TestExecutionTracer;
 
-static constexpr float kMaxAudioSample = 1;
 static constexpr int kZeroGain = 0;
 static constexpr int kMaxGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
 static constexpr int kMinGain = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
@@ -154,12 +153,14 @@
   public:
     LoudnessEnhancerDataTest() {
         std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = GetParam();
-        mBufferSize = kFrameCount *
-                      getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
-                              AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
-        generateInputBuffer();
+        size_t channelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
+                        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
+        mBufferSizeInFrames = kFrameCount * channelCount;
+        mInputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0, true, channelCount, kMaxAudioSampleValue);
 
-        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSize);
+        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -177,14 +178,6 @@
         TearDownLoudnessEnhancer();
     }
 
-    // Fill inputBuffer with random values between -kMaxAudioSample to kMaxAudioSample
-    void generateInputBuffer() {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < mBufferSize; i++) {
-            mInputBuffer.push_back(((static_cast<float>(std::rand()) / RAND_MAX) * 2 - 1) *
-                                   kMaxAudioSample);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Add gains to the mInputBuffer and store processed output to mOutputBuffer
     void processAndWriteToOutput() {
         // Check AidlMessageQueues are not null
@@ -220,7 +213,7 @@
     }
 
     void assertSequentialGains(const std::vector<int>& gainValues, bool isIncreasing) {
-        std::vector<float> baseOutput(mBufferSize);
+        std::vector<float> baseOutput(mBufferSizeInFrames);
 
         // Process a reference output buffer with 0 gain which gives compressed input values
         binder_exception_t expected;
@@ -257,7 +250,7 @@
 
     std::vector<float> mInputBuffer;
     std::vector<float> mOutputBuffer;
-    size_t mBufferSize;
+    size_t mBufferSizeInFrames;
 };
 
 TEST_P(LoudnessEnhancerDataTest, IncreasingGains) {
@@ -296,10 +289,10 @@
     setParameters(kMaxGain, expected);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput());
 
-    // Validate that mOutputBuffer reaches to kMaxAudioSample for INT_MAX gain
+    // Validate that mOutputBuffer reaches to kMaxAudioSampleValue for INT_MAX gain
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mOutputBuffer.size(); i++) {
         if (mInputBuffer[i] != 0) {
-            EXPECT_NEAR(kMaxAudioSample, abs(mOutputBuffer[i]), kAbsError);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(kMaxAudioSampleValue, abs(mOutputBuffer[i]), kAbsError);
         } else {
             ASSERT_EQ(mOutputBuffer[i], mInputBuffer[i]);
         }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
index f215a8e..f89cb40 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalVisualizerTargetTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 using namespace android;
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::getChannelCount;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::getEffectTypeUuidVisualizer;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect;
@@ -56,6 +57,15 @@
           mMeasurementMode(std::get<PARAM_MEASUREMENT_MODE>(GetParam())),
           mLatency(std::get<PARAM_LATENCY>(GetParam())) {
         std::tie(mFactory, mDescriptor) = std::get<PARAM_INSTANCE_NAME>(GetParam());
+
+        size_t channelCount =
+                getChannelCount(AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(
+                        AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_STEREO));
+        mBufferSizeInFrames = kInputFrameCount * channelCount;
+        mInputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
+        generateInputBuffer(mInputBuffer, 0, true, channelCount, kMaxAudioSampleValue);
+
+        mOutputBuffer.resize(mBufferSizeInFrames);
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
@@ -65,14 +75,15 @@
         Parameter::Common common = createParamCommon(
                 0 /* session */, 1 /* ioHandle */, 44100 /* iSampleRate */, 44100 /* oSampleRate */,
                 kInputFrameCount /* iFrameCount */, kOutputFrameCount /* oFrameCount */);
-        IEffect::OpenEffectReturn ret;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &ret, EX_NONE));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(open(mEffect, common, std::nullopt, &mOpenEffectReturn, EX_NONE));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mEffect);
+        mVersion = EffectFactoryHelper::getHalVersion(mFactory);
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(close(mEffect));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(destroy(mFactory, mEffect));
+        mOpenEffectReturn = IEffect::OpenEffectReturn{};
     }
 
     static const long kInputFrameCount = 0x100, kOutputFrameCount = 0x100;
@@ -83,6 +94,12 @@
     Visualizer::ScalingMode mScalingMode = Visualizer::ScalingMode::NORMALIZED;
     Visualizer::MeasurementMode mMeasurementMode = Visualizer::MeasurementMode::NONE;
     int mLatency = 0;
+    int mVersion = 0;
+    std::vector<float> mInputBuffer;
+    std::vector<float> mOutputBuffer;
+    size_t mBufferSizeInFrames;
+    IEffect::OpenEffectReturn mOpenEffectReturn;
+    bool mAllParamsValid = true;
 
     void SetAndGetParameters() {
         for (auto& it : mCommonTags) {
@@ -94,6 +111,7 @@
             ASSERT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getDescriptor(&desc));
             const bool valid = isParameterValid<Visualizer, Range::visualizer>(vs, desc);
             const binder_exception_t expected = valid ? EX_NONE : EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
+            if (expected == EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT) mAllParamsValid = false;
 
             // set parameter
             Parameter expectParam;
@@ -153,23 +171,50 @@
 };
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetCaptureSize) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetScalingMode) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetMeasurementMode) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
 }
 
 TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, SetAndGetLatency) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
-    SetAndGetParameters();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
+}
+
+TEST_P(VisualizerParamTest, testCaptureSampleBufferSizeAndOutput) {
+    SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addCaptureSizeParam(mCaptureSize));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addScalingModeParam(mScalingMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addMeasurementModeParam(mMeasurementMode));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addLatencyParam(mLatency));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetAndGetParameters());
+
+    Parameter getParam;
+    Parameter::Id id;
+    Visualizer::Id vsId;
+    vsId.set<Visualizer::Id::commonTag>(Visualizer::captureSampleBuffer);
+    id.set<Parameter::Id::visualizerTag>(vsId);
+    EXPECT_STATUS(EX_NONE, mEffect->getParameter(id, &getParam)) << " with: " << id.toString();
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(processAndWriteToOutput(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer, mEffect,
+                                                    &mOpenEffectReturn, mVersion));
+    ASSERT_EQ(mInputBuffer, mOutputBuffer);
+
+    if (mAllParamsValid) {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> captureBuffer = getParam.get<Parameter::specific>()
+                                                     .get<Parameter::Specific::visualizer>()
+                                                     .get<Visualizer::captureSampleBuffer>();
+        ASSERT_EQ((size_t)mCaptureSize, captureBuffer.size());
+    }
 }
 
 std::vector<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>> kDescPair;
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
index de0e398..8ef440d 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/emu_metadata/android.hardware.automotive.vehicle-types-meta.json
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@
             {
                 "name": "AP_POWER_STATE_REQ",
                 "value": 289475072,
-                "description": "Property to control power state of application processor\nIt is assumed that AP's power state is controlled by a separate power controller.\nFor configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.\nint32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state, 0 if not used."
+                "description": "Property to control power state of application processor\nIt is assumed that AP's power state is controlled by a separate power controller.\nFor configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.\nconfigArray[0] : Bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag, 0x0 if not used, 0x1 for enabling suspend to ram, 0x2 for supporting powering on AP from off state after timeout. 0x4 for enabling suspend to disk,\nint32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state, 0 if not used."
             },
             {
                 "name": "AP_POWER_STATE_REPORT",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/Android.bp
index abf15c5..90ea027 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/JsonConfigLoader/test/Android.bp
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
         "VehicleHalJsonConfigLoader",
         "VehicleHalUtils",
         "libgtest",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     defaults: ["VehicleHalDefaults"],
@@ -43,8 +41,6 @@
         "VehicleHalJsonConfigLoaderEnableTestProperties",
         "VehicleHalUtils",
         "libgtest",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     defaults: ["VehicleHalDefaults"],
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/TEST_MAPPING b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15ac9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+    "ravenwood-presubmit": [
+        {
+            "name": "CarServiceHostUnitTest",
+            "host": true
+        }
+    ]
+}
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
index 2d1e9ab..489d638 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/config/DefaultProperties.json
@@ -3195,19 +3195,22 @@
             }
         },
         {
-            "property": "VehicleProperty::DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS",
+            "property": "VehicleProperty::PER_DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS"
+        },
+        {
+            "property": "VehicleProperty::PER_DISPLAY_MAX_BRIGHTNESS",
             "defaultValue": {
                 "int32Values": [
+                    0,
+                    100,
+                    1,
+                    100,
+                    2,
+                    100,
+                    3,
                     100
                 ]
-            },
-            "areas": [
-                {
-                    "areaId": 0,
-                    "minInt32Value": 0,
-                    "maxInt32Value": 100
-                }
-            ]
+            }
         },
         {
             "property": "VehicleProperty::VALET_MODE_ENABLED",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/test/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/test/Android.bp
index 52014fb..a88913e 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/test/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/default_config/test/Android.bp
@@ -29,13 +29,11 @@
         "VehicleHalUtils",
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
+        "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "IVehicleGeneratedHeaders-V4",
     ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libjsoncpp",
-    ],
     data: [
         ":VehicleHalDefaultProperties_JSON",
     ],
@@ -52,6 +50,7 @@
         "VehicleHalUtils",
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
+        "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-DENABLE_VEHICLE_HAL_TEST_PROPERTIES",
@@ -59,9 +58,6 @@
     header_libs: [
         "IVehicleGeneratedHeaders-V4",
     ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libjsoncpp",
-    ],
     data: [
         ":VehicleHalDefaultProperties_JSON",
         ":VehicleHalTestProperties_JSON",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/GeneratorHub/test/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/GeneratorHub/test/Android.bp
index 4bc0b12..0d814ea 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/GeneratorHub/test/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/GeneratorHub/test/Android.bp
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@
         "VehicleHalUtils",
         "FakeVehicleHalValueGenerators",
         "FakeObd2Frame",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
         "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     data: [
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
index ec69894..5916307 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/include/FakeVehicleHardware.h
@@ -56,6 +56,13 @@
     FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir, std::string overrideConfigDir,
                         bool forceOverride);
 
+    // s2rS2dConfig is the config for whether S2R or S2D is supported, must be a bit flag combining
+    // values from VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.
+    // The default implementation is reading this from system property:
+    // "ro.vendor.fake_vhal.ap_power_state_req.config".
+    FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir, std::string overrideConfigDir,
+                        bool forceOverride, int32_t s2rS2dConfig);
+
     ~FakeVehicleHardware();
 
     // Get all the property configs.
@@ -193,7 +200,7 @@
     // provides power controlling related properties.
     std::string mPowerControllerServiceAddress = "";
 
-    void init();
+    void init(int32_t s2rS2dConfig);
     // Stores the initial value to property store.
     void storePropInitialValue(const ConfigDeclaration& config);
     // The callback that would be called when a vehicle property value change happens.
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
index 54dcca2..6695d7a 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/src/FakeVehicleHardware.cpp
@@ -348,6 +348,13 @@
 
 FakeVehicleHardware::FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir,
                                          std::string overrideConfigDir, bool forceOverride)
+    : FakeVehicleHardware(defaultConfigDir, overrideConfigDir, forceOverride,
+                          /*s2rS2dConfig=*/
+                          GetIntProperty(POWER_STATE_REQ_CONFIG_PROPERTY, /*default_value=*/0)) {}
+
+FakeVehicleHardware::FakeVehicleHardware(std::string defaultConfigDir,
+                                         std::string overrideConfigDir, bool forceOverride,
+                                         int32_t s2rS2dConfig)
     : mValuePool(std::make_unique<VehiclePropValuePool>()),
       mServerSidePropStore(new VehiclePropertyStore(mValuePool)),
       mDefaultConfigDir(defaultConfigDir),
@@ -360,7 +367,7 @@
       mPendingGetValueRequests(this),
       mPendingSetValueRequests(this),
       mForceOverride(forceOverride) {
-    init();
+    init(s2rS2dConfig);
 }
 
 FakeVehicleHardware::~FakeVehicleHardware() {
@@ -388,7 +395,7 @@
     return configsByPropId;
 }
 
-void FakeVehicleHardware::init() {
+void FakeVehicleHardware::init(int32_t s2rS2dConfig) {
     maybeGetGrpcServiceInfo(&mPowerControllerServiceAddress);
 
     for (auto& [_, configDeclaration] : loadConfigDeclarations()) {
@@ -396,8 +403,7 @@
         VehiclePropertyStore::TokenFunction tokenFunction = nullptr;
 
         if (cfg.prop == toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_STATE_REQ)) {
-            int config = GetIntProperty(POWER_STATE_REQ_CONFIG_PROPERTY, /*default_value=*/0);
-            cfg.configArray[0] = config;
+            cfg.configArray[0] = s2rS2dConfig;
         } else if (cfg.prop == OBD2_FREEZE_FRAME) {
             tokenFunction = [](const VehiclePropValue& propValue) { return propValue.timestamp; };
         }
@@ -1047,6 +1053,10 @@
     VhalResult<void> isAdasPropertyAvailableResult;
     VhalResult<bool> isCruiseControlTypeStandardResult;
     switch (propId) {
+        case toInt(VehicleProperty::DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS):
+        case toInt(VehicleProperty::PER_DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS):
+            ALOGD("DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS: %s", value.toString().c_str());
+            return {};
         case toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_STATE_REPORT):
             *isSpecialValue = true;
             return setApPowerStateReport(value);
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
index 9f002dd..62c1147 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/Android.bp
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@
         "FakeUserHal",
         "libgtest",
         "libgmock",
+        "libjsoncpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libgrpc++",
-        "libjsoncpp",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-full",
     ],
     data: [
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
index 95647df..f6098ca 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/fake_impl/hardware/test/FakeVehicleHardwareTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <FakeUserHal.h>
 #include <PropertyUtils.h>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleApPowerStateShutdownParam.h>
 #include <android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/TestVendorProperty.h>
 
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SetValueResult;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::StatusCode;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::SubscribeOptions;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReport;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateReq;
 using ::aidl::android::hardware::automotive::vehicle::VehicleApPowerStateShutdownParam;
@@ -3863,6 +3865,25 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(FakeVehicleHardwareTest, testOverrideApPowerStateReqConfig) {
+    auto hardware = std::make_unique<FakeVehicleHardware>(
+            android::base::GetExecutableDirectory(),
+            /*overrideConfigDir=*/"",
+            /*forceOverride=*/false,
+            toInt(VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag::ENABLE_DEEP_SLEEP_FLAG) |
+                    toInt(VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag::ENABLE_HIBERNATION_FLAG));
+
+    std::vector<VehiclePropConfig> configs = hardware->getAllPropertyConfigs();
+
+    for (const auto& config : configs) {
+        if (config.prop != toInt(VehicleProperty::AP_POWER_STATE_REQ)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        ASSERT_EQ(config.configArray[0], 0x5);
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
 }  // namespace fake
 }  // namespace vehicle
 }  // namespace automotive
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/proto/Android.bp b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/proto/Android.bp
index 1d35e0c..0d3df49 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/proto/Android.bp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl/impl/proto/Android.bp
@@ -115,6 +115,10 @@
     host_supported: true,
     vendor_available: true,
     product_available: true,
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "//apex_available:anyapex",
+    ],
     exported_include_dirs: ["."],
     proto_flags: [
         "-I external/protobuf/src",
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
index 0863adf..e5c09b0 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/aidl_property/android/hardware/automotive/vehicle/VehicleProperty.aidl
@@ -1677,6 +1677,12 @@
      * For configuration information, VehiclePropConfig.configArray must have bit flag combining
      * values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag.
      *
+     *   configArray[0] : Bit flag combining values in VehicleApPowerStateConfigFlag,
+     *                    0x0 if not used,
+     *                    0x1 for enabling suspend to ram,
+     *                    0x2 for supporting powering on AP from off state after timeout.
+     *                    0x4 for enabling suspend to disk,
+     *
      *   int32Values[0] : VehicleApPowerStateReq enum value
      *   int32Values[1] : additional parameter relevant for each state,
      *                    0 if not used.
diff --git a/biometrics/common/aidl/Android.bp b/biometrics/common/aidl/Android.bp
index 854bd4a..8c9a357 100644
--- a/biometrics/common/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/biometrics/common/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
                 "//apex_available:platform",
             ],
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
         {
diff --git a/biometrics/common/config/include/config/Config.h b/biometrics/common/config/include/config/Config.h
index 0367832..b1affdc 100644
--- a/biometrics/common/config/include/config/Config.h
+++ b/biometrics/common/config/include/config/Config.h
@@ -100,7 +100,11 @@
         } else if (std::holds_alternative<OptIntVec>(v)) {
             for (auto x : std::get<OptIntVec>(v))
                 if (x.has_value()) os << x.value() << " ";
+        } else if (std::holds_alternative<OptString>(v)) {
+            OptString ov = std::get<OptString>(v);
+            if (ov.has_value()) os << ov.value();
         }
+
         return os.str();
     }
     std::string toString() const {
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/Android.bp b/biometrics/face/aidl/Android.bp
index fadcde7..54d01a7 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face",
     vendor_available: true,
     srcs: [
-        "android/hardware/biometrics/face/**/*.aidl",
+        "android/hardware/biometrics/face/*.aidl",
     ],
     imports: [
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4",
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@
             additional_shared_libraries: [
                 "libnativewindow",
             ],
+            apex_available: [
+                "//apex_available:platform",
+                "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
+            ],
         },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
@@ -74,5 +78,39 @@
 
     ],
     frozen: true,
+}
 
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal",
+    srcs: [
+        "android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/*.aidl",
+    ],
+    imports: [
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4",
+        "android.hardware.keymaster-V4",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face-V4",
+    ],
+    vendor_available: true,
+    unstable: true,
+    backend: {
+        java: {
+            platform_apis: true,
+        },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        cpp: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        ndk: {
+            additional_shared_libraries: [
+                "libnativewindow",
+            ],
+            apex_available: [
+                "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
+                "//apex_available:platform",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+    frozen: false,
 }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/ISession.aidl b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/ISession.aidl
index 26cb361..0dbf052 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/ISession.aidl
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/ISession.aidl
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
      * Note that this interface allows multiple in-flight challenges. Invoking generateChallenge
      * twice does not invalidate the first challenge. The challenge is invalidated only when:
      *   1) Its lifespan exceeds the challenge timeout defined in the TEE.
-     *   2) IFingerprint#revokeChallenge is invoked
+     *   2) IFace#revokeChallenge is invoked
      *
      * For example, the following is a possible table of valid challenges:
      * ----------------------------------------------
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode.aidl b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a254120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal;
+
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.AcquiredInfo;
+
+/**
+ * @hide
+ */
+union AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode {
+    /**
+     * Acquired info as specified in AcqauiredInfo.aidl
+     */
+    AcquiredInfo acquiredInfo = AcquiredInfo.UNKNOWN;
+
+    /**
+     * Vendor specific code
+     */
+    int vendorCode;
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/EnrollmentProgressStep.aidl b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/EnrollmentProgressStep.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fbcf5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/EnrollmentProgressStep.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal;
+
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal.AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode;
+
+/**
+ * @hide
+ */
+parcelable EnrollmentProgressStep {
+    /**
+     * The duration of the enrollment step in milli-seconds
+     */
+    int durationMs;
+
+    /**
+     * The sequence of acquired info and vendor code to be issued by HAL during the step.
+     * The codes are evenly spread over the duration
+     */
+    AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode[] acquiredInfoAndVendorCodes;
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/IVirtualHal.aidl b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/IVirtualHal.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d3d934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/IVirtualHal.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal;
+
+import android.hardware.biometrics.common.SensorStrength;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.FaceSensorType;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.IFace;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal.AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal.NextEnrollment;
+
+/**
+ * @hide
+ */
+interface IVirtualHal {
+    /**
+     * The operation failed due to invalid input parameters, the error messages should
+     * gives more details
+     */
+    const int STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * Set Face Virtual HAL behavior parameters
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * setEnrollments
+     *
+     * Set the ids of the faces that were currently enrolled in the Virtual HAL,
+     *
+     * @param ids ids can contain 1 or more ids, each must be larger than 0
+     */
+    void setEnrollments(in int[] id);
+
+    /**
+     * setEnrollmentHit
+     *
+     * Set current face enrollment ids in Face Virtual HAL,
+     *
+     * @param ids ids can contain 1 or more ids, each must be larger than 0
+     */
+    void setEnrollmentHit(in int hit_id);
+
+    /**
+     * setNextEnrollment
+     *
+     * Set the next enrollment behavior
+     *
+     * @param next_enrollment specifies enrollment id, progress stages and final result
+     */
+    void setNextEnrollment(in NextEnrollment next_enrollment);
+
+    /**
+     * setAuthenticatorId
+     *
+     * Set authenticator id in virtual HAL, the id is returned in ISession#AuthenticatorId() call
+     *
+     * @param id authenticator id value, only applied to the sensor with SensorStrength::STRONG.
+     */
+    void setAuthenticatorId(in long id);
+
+    /**
+     * setChallenge
+     *
+     * Set the challenge generated by the virtual HAL, which is returned in
+     * ISessionCallback#onChallengeGenerated()
+     *
+     * @param challenge
+     */
+    void setChallenge(in long challenge);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationAuthenticateFails
+     *
+     * Set whether to force authentication to fail. If true, the virtual hal will report failure on
+     * authentication attempt until it is set to false
+     *
+     * @param fail  if true, then the next authentication will fail
+     */
+    void setOperationAuthenticateFails(in boolean fail);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationAuthenticateLatency
+     *
+     * Set authentication latency in the virtual hal in a fixed value (single element) or random
+     * values (two elements representing the bound values)
+     * The latency simulates the delay from the time framework requesting HAL to authetication to
+     * the time when HAL is ready to perform authentication operations.
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in array falls in any of
+     * the following conditions
+     *   1. the array contains no element
+     *   2. the array contains more than two elements
+     *   3. the array contains any negative value
+     * The accompanying error message gives more detail
+     *
+     * @param latencyMs[]  value(s) are in milli-seconds
+     */
+    void setOperationAuthenticateLatency(in int[] latencyMs);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationAuthenticateDuration
+     *
+     * Set authentication duration covering the HAL authetication from start to end, including
+     * face capturing, and matching, acquired info reporting. In case a sequence of acquired
+     * info code are specified via setOperationAuthenticateAcquired(), the reporting is evenly
+     * distributed over the duration.
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in value is negative
+     *
+     * @param duration  value is in milli-seconds
+     */
+    void setOperationAuthenticateDuration(in int durationMs);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationAuthenticateError
+     *
+     * Force authentication to error out for non-zero error
+     * Check
+     * hardware/interfaces/biometrics/face/aidl/default/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/Error.aidl
+     * for valid error codes
+     *
+     * @param error if error < 1000
+     *                  non-vendor error
+     *              else
+     *                  vendor error
+     */
+    void setOperationAuthenticateError(in int error);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationAuthenticateAcquired
+     *
+     * Set one of more acquired info codes for the virtual hal to report during authentication
+     * Check
+     * hardware/interfaces/biometrics/face/aidl/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/AcquiredInfo.aidl
+     * for valid acquired info codes
+     *
+     * @param acquired[], one or more acquired info codes
+     */
+    void setOperationAuthenticateAcquired(in AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode[] acquired);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationEnrollLatency
+     *
+     * Set enrollment latency in the virtual hal in a fixed value (single element) or random
+     * values (two elements representing the bound values)
+     * The latency simulates the delay from the time framework requesting HAL to enroll to the
+     * time when HAL is ready to perform enrollment operations.
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in array falls in any of
+     * the following conditions
+     *   1. the array contains no element
+     *   2. the array contains more than two elements
+     *   3. the array contains any negative value
+     * The accompanying error message gives more detail
+     *
+     * @param latencyMs[]  value(s) are in milli-seconds
+     */
+    void setOperationEnrollLatency(in int[] latencyMs);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationDetectInteractionLatency
+     *
+     * Set detect interaction latency in the virtual hal in a fixed value (single element) or random
+     * values (two elements representing the bound values)
+     * The latency simulates the delay from the time framework requesting HAL to detect interaction
+     * to the time when HAL is ready to perform detect interaction operations.
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in array falls in any of
+     * the following conditions
+     *   1. the array contains no element
+     *   2. the array contains more than two elements
+     *   3. the array contains any negative value
+     * The accompanying error message gives more detail
+     *
+     * @param latencyMs[]  value(s) are in milli-seconds
+     */
+    void setOperationDetectInteractionLatency(in int[] latencyMs);
+
+    /**
+     * setOperationDetectInteractionFails
+     *
+     * Force detect interaction operation to fail
+     */
+    void setOperationDetectInteractionFails(in boolean error);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockout
+     *
+     * Whether to force to lockout on authentcation operation. If true, the virtual hal will report
+     * permanent lockout in processing authentication requrest, regardless of whether
+     * setLockoutEnable(true) is called or not.
+     *
+     * @param lockout, set to true if lockout is desired
+     */
+    void setLockout(in boolean lockout);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockoutEnable
+     *
+     * Whether to enable authentication-fail-based lockout tracking or not. The lock tracking
+     * includes both timed-based (aka temporary) lockout and permanent lockout.
+     *
+     * @param enable, set true to enable the lockout tracking
+     */
+    void setLockoutEnable(in boolean enable);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockoutTimedEnable
+     *
+     * Whether to enable authentication-fail-based time-based-lockout tracking or not.
+     *
+     * @param enable, set true to enable the time-basedlockout tracking
+     */
+    void setLockoutTimedEnable(in boolean enable);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockoutTimedThreshold
+     *
+     * Set the number of consecutive authentication failures that triggers the timed-based lock to
+     * occur
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in value is negative
+     *
+     * @param threshold, the number of consecutive failures
+     */
+    void setLockoutTimedThreshold(in int threshold);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockoutTimedDuration
+     *
+     * Set the duration to expire timed-based lock during which there is no authentication failure
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in value is negative
+     *
+     * @param duration, in milli-seconds
+     */
+    void setLockoutTimedDuration(in int durationMs);
+
+    /**
+     * setLockoutPermanentThreshold
+     *
+     * Set the number of consecutive authentication failures that triggers the permanent lock to
+     * occur
+     *
+     * This method fails with STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETERS if the passed-in value is negative
+     *
+     * @param threshold, the number of consecutive failures
+     */
+    void setLockoutPermanentThreshold(in int threshold);
+
+    /**
+     * resetConfigurations
+     *
+     * Reset all virtual hal configurations to default values
+     */
+    void resetConfigurations();
+
+    /**
+     * setType
+     *
+     * Configure virtual face sensor type
+     *
+     * @param type, sensor type as specified in FaceSensorType.aidl
+     *
+     */
+    void setType(in FaceSensorType type);
+
+    /**
+     *  setSensorStrength
+     *
+     *  Configure virtual face sensor strength
+     *
+     * @param sensor strength as specified in common/SensorStrength.aidl
+     */
+    void setSensorStrength(in SensorStrength strength);
+
+    /**
+     * getFaceHal
+     *
+     * @return IFace interface associated with IVirtualHal instance
+     */
+    IFace getFaceHal();
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/NextEnrollment.aidl b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/NextEnrollment.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3547a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/NextEnrollment.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal;
+
+/**
+ * @hide
+ */
+parcelable NextEnrollment {
+    /**
+     *  Identifier of the next enrollment if successful
+     */
+    int id;
+
+    /**
+     *  Specification of the progress steps of the next enrollment, each step consists of duration
+     *  and sequence of acquired info codes to be generated by HAL.
+     *  See EnrollmentProgressStep.aidl for more details
+     */
+    android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal.EnrollmentProgressStep[] progressSteps;
+
+    /**
+     * Success or failure of the next enrollment
+     */
+    boolean result = true;
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/README.md b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf1a4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+The aidl files in this directory are used to control/configure face virtual hal
+via IVirtualHal interface
+
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Android.bp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 685639c..bed0405 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -9,21 +9,13 @@
 }
 
 filegroup {
-    name: "face-example.rc",
-    srcs: ["face-example.rc"],
+    name: "face-virtual.rc",
+    srcs: ["face-virtual.rc"],
 }
 
-filegroup {
-    name: "face-example.xml",
-    srcs: ["face-example.xml"],
-}
-
-cc_binary {
-    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.example",
-    relative_install_path: "hw",
-    init_rc: [":face-example.rc"],
-    vintf_fragments: [":face-example.xml"],
-    vendor: true,
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.lib",
+    vendor_available: true,
 
     shared_libs: [
         "libbinder_ndk",
@@ -32,32 +24,80 @@
     ],
     srcs: [
         "FakeLockoutTracker.cpp",
-        "main.cpp",
         "Face.cpp",
         "FakeFaceEngine.cpp",
         "Session.cpp",
+        "FaceConfig.cpp",
+        "VirtualHal.cpp",
+        "main.cpp",
     ],
     include_dirs: [
         "frameworks/native/aidl/gui",
     ],
     stl: "c++_static",
-    static_libs: [
+    whole_static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.config",
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common.thread",
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common.util",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal-ndk",
         "android.hardware.biometrics.face-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.keymaster-V4-ndk",
         "libandroid.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps",
         "libbase",
     ],
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.example",
+    system_ext_specific: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativewindow",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.lib",
+    ],
+    installable: false, // install APEX instead
+    apex_available: [
+        "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.default",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    init_rc: ["face-default.rc"],
+    vintf_fragments: ["face-default.xml"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativewindow",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.lib",
+    ],
 }
 
 sysprop_library {
     name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps",
     srcs: ["face.sysprop"],
-    property_owner: "Vendor",
-    vendor: true,
+    property_owner: "Platform",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -66,6 +106,7 @@
         "tests/FakeFaceEngineTest.cpp",
         "FakeFaceEngine.cpp",
         "FakeLockoutTracker.cpp",
+        "FaceConfig.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -81,6 +122,8 @@
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.keymaster-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common.util",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.config",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.thread",
     ],
     vendor: true,
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
@@ -92,6 +135,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "tests/FakeLockoutTrackerTest.cpp",
         "FakeLockoutTracker.cpp",
+        "FaceConfig.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -107,8 +151,45 @@
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.keymaster-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.biometrics.common.util",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.config",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.thread",
     ],
     vendor: true,
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     require_root: true,
 }
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualHalTest",
+    srcs: [
+        "tests/VirtualHalTest.cpp",
+        "FakeLockoutTracker.cpp",
+        "Face.cpp",
+        "FakeFaceEngine.cpp",
+        "Session.cpp",
+        "VirtualHal.cpp",
+        "FaceConfig.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libnativewindow",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        "frameworks/native/aidl/gui",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common-V4-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.config",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.thread",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.common.util",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face-V4-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.keymaster-V4-ndk",
+        "libandroid.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal-ndk",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    require_root: true,
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.cpp
index 5ae0df6..1543007 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.cpp
@@ -34,9 +34,7 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
 
 const int kSensorId = 4;
-const common::SensorStrength kSensorStrength = FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorStrength();
 const int kMaxEnrollmentsPerUser = 5;
-const FaceSensorType kSensorType = FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorType();
 const bool kHalControlsPreview = true;
 const std::string kHwComponentId = "faceSensor";
 const std::string kHardwareVersion = "vendor/model/revision";
@@ -62,13 +60,13 @@
 
     common::CommonProps commonProps;
     commonProps.sensorId = kSensorId;
-    commonProps.sensorStrength = kSensorStrength;
+    commonProps.sensorStrength = FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorStrength();
     commonProps.maxEnrollmentsPerUser = kMaxEnrollmentsPerUser;
     commonProps.componentInfo = {std::move(hw_component_info), std::move(sw_component_info)};
 
     SensorProps props;
     props.commonProps = std::move(commonProps);
-    props.sensorType = kSensorType;
+    props.sensorType = FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorType();
     props.halControlsPreview = kHalControlsPreview;
     props.enrollPreviewWidth = 1080;
     props.enrollPreviewHeight = 1920;
@@ -141,6 +139,30 @@
     return STATUS_OK;
 }
 
+const char* Face::type2String(FaceSensorType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case FaceSensorType::RGB:
+            return "rgb";
+        case FaceSensorType::IR:
+            return "ir";
+        default:
+            return "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+const char* Face::strength2String(common::SensorStrength strength) {
+    switch (strength) {
+        case common::SensorStrength::STRONG:
+            return "STRONG";
+        case common::SensorStrength::WEAK:
+            return "WEAK";
+        case common::SensorStrength::CONVENIENCE:
+            return "CONVENIENCE";
+        default:
+            return "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
 void Face::onHelp(int fd) {
     dprintf(fd, "Virtual Face HAL commands:\n");
     dprintf(fd, "         help: print this help\n");
@@ -167,7 +189,6 @@
     RESET_CONFIG_O(lockout);
     RESET_CONFIG_O(operation_authenticate_fails);
     RESET_CONFIG_O(operation_detect_interaction_fails);
-    RESET_CONFIG_O(operation_enroll_fails);
     RESET_CONFIG_V(operation_authenticate_latency);
     RESET_CONFIG_V(operation_detect_interaction_latency);
     RESET_CONFIG_V(operation_enroll_latency);
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.h b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.h
index 93fddb0..dbe6341 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.h
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/Face.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/BnFace.h>
+#include "FaceConfig.h"
 #include "Session.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
@@ -33,9 +34,20 @@
     binder_status_t dump(int fd, const char** args, uint32_t numArgs);
     binder_status_t handleShellCommand(int in, int out, int err, const char** argv, uint32_t argc);
 
+    static FaceConfig& cfg() {
+        static FaceConfig* cfg = nullptr;
+        if (cfg == nullptr) {
+            cfg = new FaceConfig();
+            cfg->init();
+        }
+        return *cfg;
+    }
+    void resetConfigToDefault();
+    static const char* type2String(FaceSensorType type);
+    static const char* strength2String(common::SensorStrength strength);
+
   private:
     std::shared_ptr<Session> mSession;
-    void resetConfigToDefault();
     void onHelp(int);
 };
 
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a91d7cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "FaceConfig"
+
+#include "FaceConfig.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include <face.sysprop.h>
+
+using namespace ::android::face::virt;
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
+
+// Wrapper to system property access functions
+#define CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(_NAME_, _T_)           \
+    ConfigValue _NAME_##Getter() {                          \
+        return FaceHalProperties::_NAME_();                 \
+    }                                                       \
+    bool _NAME_##Setter(const ConfigValue& v) {             \
+        return FaceHalProperties::_NAME_(std::get<_T_>(v)); \
+    }
+
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(type, OptString)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(enrollments, OptIntVec)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(enrollment_hit, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(next_enrollment, OptString)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(authenticator_id, OptInt64)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(challenge, OptInt64)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(strength, OptString)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_authenticate_fails, OptBool)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_authenticate_latency, OptIntVec)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_authenticate_duration, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_authenticate_error, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_authenticate_acquired, OptString)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_enroll_latency, OptIntVec)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_detect_interaction_fails, OptBool)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(operation_detect_interaction_latency, OptIntVec)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout, OptBool)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout_enable, OptBool)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout_timed_enable, OptBool)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout_timed_threshold, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout_timed_duration, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(lockout_permanent_threshold, OptInt32)
+CREATE_GETTER_SETTER_WRAPPER(features, OptIntVec)
+
+// Name, Getter, Setter, Parser and default value
+#define NGS(_NAME_) #_NAME_, _NAME_##Getter, _NAME_##Setter
+static Config::Data configData[] = {
+        {NGS(type), &Config::parseString, "rgb"},
+        {NGS(enrollments), &Config::parseIntVec, ""},
+        {NGS(enrollment_hit), &Config::parseInt32, "0"},
+        {NGS(next_enrollment), &Config::parseString,
+         "1:1000-[21,7,1,1103],1500-[1108,1],2000-[1113,1],2500-[1118,1]:true"},
+        {NGS(authenticator_id), &Config::parseInt64, "0"},
+        {NGS(challenge), &Config::parseInt64, ""},
+        {NGS(strength), &Config::parseString, "strong"},
+        {NGS(operation_authenticate_fails), &Config::parseBool, "false"},
+        {NGS(operation_authenticate_latency), &Config::parseIntVec, ""},
+        {NGS(operation_authenticate_duration), &Config::parseInt32, "500"},
+        {NGS(operation_authenticate_error), &Config::parseInt32, "0"},
+        {NGS(operation_authenticate_acquired), &Config::parseString, ""},
+        {NGS(operation_enroll_latency), &Config::parseIntVec, ""},
+        {NGS(operation_detect_interaction_latency), &Config::parseIntVec, ""},
+        {NGS(operation_detect_interaction_fails), &Config::parseBool, "false"},
+        {NGS(lockout), &Config::parseBool, "false"},
+        {NGS(lockout_enable), &Config::parseBool, "false"},
+        {NGS(lockout_timed_enable), &Config::parseBool, "false"},
+        {NGS(lockout_timed_threshold), &Config::parseInt32, "3"},
+        {NGS(lockout_timed_duration), &Config::parseInt32, "10000"},
+        {NGS(lockout_permanent_threshold), &Config::parseInt32, "5"},
+        {NGS(features), &Config::parseIntVec, ""}};
+
+Config::Data* FaceConfig::getConfigData(int* size) {
+    *size = sizeof(configData) / sizeof(configData[0]);
+    return configData;
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.h b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64b62e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FaceConfig.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "config/Config.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
+
+class FaceConfig : public Config {
+    Config::Data* getConfigData(int* size) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeFaceEngine.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeFaceEngine.cpp
index bf75874..70d9f2d 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeFaceEngine.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeFaceEngine.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <face.sysprop.h>
 
+#include "Face.h"
 #include "util/CancellationSignal.h"
 #include "util/Util.h"
 
@@ -31,23 +32,23 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
 
 FaceSensorType FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorType() {
-    std::string type = FaceHalProperties::type().value_or("");
+    std::string type = Face::cfg().get<std::string>("type");
     if (type == "IR") {
         return FaceSensorType::IR;
     } else {
-        FaceHalProperties::type("RGB");
+        Face::cfg().set<std::string>("type", "RGB");
         return FaceSensorType::RGB;
     }
 }
 
 common::SensorStrength FakeFaceEngine::GetSensorStrength() {
-    std::string strength = FaceHalProperties::strength().value_or("");
+    std::string strength = Face::cfg().get<std::string>("strength");
     if (strength == "convenience") {
         return common::SensorStrength::CONVENIENCE;
     } else if (strength == "weak") {
         return common::SensorStrength::WEAK;
     } else {
-        FaceHalProperties::strength("strong");
+        // Face::cfg().set<std::string>("strength", "strong");
         return common::SensorStrength::STRONG;
     }
 }
@@ -56,13 +57,13 @@
     BEGIN_OP(0);
     std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> dist;
     auto challenge = dist(mRandom);
-    FaceHalProperties::challenge(challenge);
+    Face::cfg().set<int64_t>("challenge", challenge);
     cb->onChallengeGenerated(challenge);
 }
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::revokeChallengeImpl(ISessionCallback* cb, int64_t challenge) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
-    FaceHalProperties::challenge({});
+    Face::cfg().set<int64_t>("challenge", 0);
     cb->onChallengeRevoked(challenge);
 }
 void FakeFaceEngine::getEnrollmentConfigImpl(ISessionCallback* /*cb*/,
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@
                                 EnrollmentType /*enrollmentType*/,
                                 const std::vector<Feature>& /*features*/,
                                 const std::future<void>& cancel) {
-    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_enroll_latency()));
+    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_enroll_latency")));
 
     // Do proper HAT verification in the real implementation.
     if (hat.mac.empty()) {
@@ -80,18 +81,19 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    // Format: <id>:<progress_ms-[acquiredInfo,...],...:<success>
-    // ------:-----------------------------------------:--------------
-    //          |           |                              |--->enrollment success (true/false)
-    //          |           |--> progress_steps
+    // Format:
+    //    <id>:<progress_ms-[acquiredInfo,...],...:<success>
+    //    -------:--------------------------------------------------:--------------
+    //          |           |                                                   |--->enrollment
+    //          success (true/false) |           |--> progress_steps
     //          |
     //          |-->enrollment id
     //
     //
-    //   progress_steps
+    //   progress_steps:
     //        <progress_duration>-[acquiredInfo,...]+
     //        ----------------------------  ---------------------
-    //                 |                            |-> sequence of acquiredInfo code
+    //                 |                              |-> sequence of acquiredInfo code
     //                 | --> time duration of the step in ms
     //
     //        E.g.   1:2000-[21,1108,5,6,1],1000-[1113,4,1]:true
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@
     //
     std::string defaultNextEnrollment =
             "1:1000-[21,7,1,1103],1500-[1108,1],2000-[1113,1],2500-[1118,1]:true";
-    auto nextEnroll = FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment().value_or(defaultNextEnrollment);
+    auto nextEnroll = Face::cfg().get<std::string>("next_enrollment");
     auto parts = Util::split(nextEnroll, ":");
     if (parts.size() != 3) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: invalid next_enrollment:" << nextEnroll;
@@ -137,19 +139,19 @@
 
         if (left == 0 && !IS_TRUE(parts[2])) {  // end and failed
             LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: requested by caller: " << nextEnroll;
-            FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment({});
+            Face::cfg().setopt<OptString>("next_enrollment", std::nullopt);
             cb->onError(Error::UNABLE_TO_PROCESS, 0 /* vendorCode */);
         } else {  // progress and update props if last time
             LOG(INFO) << "onEnroll: " << enrollmentId << " left: " << left;
             if (left == 0) {
-                auto enrollments = FaceHalProperties::enrollments();
+                auto enrollments = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments");
                 enrollments.emplace_back(enrollmentId);
-                FaceHalProperties::enrollments(enrollments);
-                FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment({});
+                Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", enrollments);
+                Face::cfg().setopt<OptString>("next_enrollment", std::nullopt);
                 // change authenticatorId after new enrollment
-                auto id = FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id().value_or(0);
+                auto id = Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id");
                 auto newId = id + 1;
-                FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id(newId);
+                Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", newId);
                 LOG(INFO) << "Enrolled: " << enrollmentId;
             }
             cb->onEnrollmentProgress(enrollmentId, left);
@@ -159,10 +161,12 @@
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::authenticateImpl(ISessionCallback* cb, int64_t /*operationId*/,
                                       const std::future<void>& cancel) {
-    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_authenticate_latency()));
+    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_authenticate_latency")));
 
-    auto id = FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit().value_or(0);
-    auto enrolls = FaceHalProperties::enrollments();
+    // SLEEP_MS(3000);  //emulate hw HAL
+
+    auto id = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit");
+    auto enrolls = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments");
     auto isEnrolled = std::find(enrolls.begin(), enrolls.end(), id) != enrolls.end();
 
     auto vec2str = [](std::vector<AcquiredInfo> va) {
@@ -192,10 +196,12 @@
     }
 
     int64_t now = Util::getSystemNanoTime();
-    int64_t duration =
-            FaceHalProperties::operation_authenticate_duration().value_or(defaultAuthDuration);
-    auto acquired =
-            FaceHalProperties::operation_authenticate_acquired().value_or(defaultAcquiredInfo);
+    int64_t duration = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("operation_authenticate_duration");
+    auto acquired = Face::cfg().get<std::string>("operation_authenticate_acquired");
+    if (acquired.empty()) {
+        Face::cfg().set<std::string>("operation_authenticate_acquired", defaultAcquiredInfo);
+        acquired = defaultAcquiredInfo;
+    }
     auto acquiredInfos = Util::parseIntSequence(acquired);
     int N = acquiredInfos.size();
 
@@ -211,21 +217,21 @@
 
     int i = 0;
     do {
-        if (FaceHalProperties::lockout().value_or(false)) {
+        if (Face::cfg().get<bool>("lockout")) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: lockout";
             cb->onLockoutPermanent();
             cb->onError(Error::HW_UNAVAILABLE, 0 /* vendorError */);
             return;
         }
 
-        if (FaceHalProperties::operation_authenticate_fails().value_or(false)) {
+        if (Face::cfg().get<bool>("operation_authenticate_fails")) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: operation_authenticate_fails";
             mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(cb);
             cb->onAuthenticationFailed();
             return;
         }
 
-        auto err = FaceHalProperties::operation_authenticate_error().value_or(0);
+        auto err = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("operation_authenticate_error");
         if (err != 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: operation_authenticate_error";
             auto ec = convertError(err);
@@ -249,6 +255,15 @@
             LOG(INFO) << "AcquiredInfo:" << i << ": (" << (int)ac.first << "," << (int)ac.second
                       << ")";
             i++;
+
+            // the captured face id may change during authentication period
+            auto idnew = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit");
+            if (id != idnew) {
+                isEnrolled = std::find(enrolls.begin(), enrolls.end(), idnew) != enrolls.end();
+                LOG(INFO) << "enrollment_hit changed from " << id << " to " << idnew;
+                id = idnew;
+                break;
+            }
         }
 
         SLEEP_MS(duration / N);
@@ -292,9 +307,9 @@
 }
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::detectInteractionImpl(ISessionCallback* cb, const std::future<void>& cancel) {
-    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency()));
+    BEGIN_OP(getLatency(Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency")));
 
-    if (FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_fails().value_or(false)) {
+    if (Face::cfg().get<bool>("operation_detect_interaction_fails")) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: operation_detect_interaction_fails";
         cb->onError(Error::VENDOR, 0 /* vendorError */);
         return;
@@ -306,8 +321,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    auto id = FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit().value_or(0);
-    auto enrolls = FaceHalProperties::enrollments();
+    auto id = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit");
+    auto enrolls = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments");
     auto isEnrolled = std::find(enrolls.begin(), enrolls.end(), id) != enrolls.end();
     if (id <= 0 || !isEnrolled) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Fail: not enrolled";
@@ -321,7 +336,7 @@
 void FakeFaceEngine::enumerateEnrollmentsImpl(ISessionCallback* cb) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
     std::vector<int32_t> enrollments;
-    for (const auto& enrollmentId : FaceHalProperties::enrollments()) {
+    for (const auto& enrollmentId : Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments")) {
         if (enrollmentId) {
             enrollments.push_back(*enrollmentId);
         }
@@ -334,20 +349,20 @@
     BEGIN_OP(0);
 
     std::vector<std::optional<int32_t>> newEnrollments;
-    for (const auto& enrollment : FaceHalProperties::enrollments()) {
+    for (const auto& enrollment : Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments")) {
         auto id = enrollment.value_or(0);
         if (std::find(enrollmentIds.begin(), enrollmentIds.end(), id) == enrollmentIds.end()) {
             newEnrollments.emplace_back(id);
         }
     }
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments(newEnrollments);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", newEnrollments);
     cb->onEnrollmentsRemoved(enrollmentIds);
 }
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::getFeaturesImpl(ISessionCallback* cb) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
 
-    if (FaceHalProperties::enrollments().empty()) {
+    if (Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments").empty()) {
         cb->onError(Error::UNABLE_TO_PROCESS, 0 /* vendorCode */);
         return;
     }
@@ -365,7 +380,7 @@
                                     Feature feature, bool enabled) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
 
-    if (FaceHalProperties::enrollments().empty()) {
+    if (Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments").empty()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set feature, enrollments are empty";
         cb->onError(Error::UNABLE_TO_PROCESS, 0 /* vendorCode */);
         return;
@@ -377,7 +392,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    auto features = FaceHalProperties::features();
+    auto features = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("features");
 
     auto itr = std::find_if(features.begin(), features.end(), [feature](const auto& theFeature) {
         return *theFeature == (int)feature;
@@ -389,7 +404,7 @@
         features.push_back((int)feature);
     }
 
-    FaceHalProperties::features(features);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("features", features);
     cb->onFeatureSet(feature);
 }
 
@@ -399,22 +414,22 @@
     if (GetSensorStrength() != common::SensorStrength::STRONG) {
         cb->onAuthenticatorIdRetrieved(0);
     } else {
-        cb->onAuthenticatorIdRetrieved(FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id().value_or(0));
+        cb->onAuthenticatorIdRetrieved(Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id"));
     }
 }
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::invalidateAuthenticatorIdImpl(ISessionCallback* cb) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
-    int64_t authenticatorId = FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id().value_or(0);
+    int64_t authenticatorId = Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id");
     int64_t newId = authenticatorId + 1;
-    FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id(newId);
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", newId);
     cb->onAuthenticatorIdInvalidated(newId);
 }
 
 void FakeFaceEngine::resetLockoutImpl(ISessionCallback* cb,
                                       const keymaster::HardwareAuthToken& /*hat*/) {
     BEGIN_OP(0);
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout(false);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", false);
     mLockoutTracker.reset();
     cb->onLockoutCleared();
 }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeLockoutTracker.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeLockoutTracker.cpp
index 70bf08e..35d7c28 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeLockoutTracker.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/FakeLockoutTracker.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "FakeLockoutTracker.h"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <face.sysprop.h>
+#include "Face.h"
 #include "util/Util.h"
 
 using namespace ::android::face::virt;
@@ -36,15 +37,15 @@
 }
 
 void FakeLockoutTracker::addFailedAttempt(ISessionCallback* cb) {
-    bool lockoutEnabled = FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable().value_or(false);
-    bool timedLockoutenabled = FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_enable().value_or(false);
+    bool lockoutEnabled = Face::cfg().get<bool>("lockout_enable");
+    bool timedLockoutenabled = Face::cfg().get<bool>("lockout_timed_enable");
     if (lockoutEnabled) {
         mFailedCount++;
         mTimedFailedCount++;
         mLastFailedTime = Util::getSystemNanoTime();
-        int32_t lockoutTimedThreshold = FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_threshold().value_or(3);
+        int32_t lockoutTimedThreshold = Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_threshold");
         int32_t lockoutPermanetThreshold =
-                FaceHalProperties::lockout_permanent_threshold().value_or(5);
+                Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("lockout_permanent_threshold");
         if (mFailedCount >= lockoutPermanetThreshold) {
             mCurrentMode = LockoutMode::kPermanent;
             LOG(ERROR) << "FakeLockoutTracker: lockoutPermanent";
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
 }
 
 int32_t FakeLockoutTracker::getTimedLockoutDuration() {
-    return FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_duration().value_or(10 * 1000);
+    return Face::cfg().get<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_duration");
 }
 
 int64_t FakeLockoutTracker::getLockoutTimeLeft() {
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52ac23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "VirtualHal.h"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include "util/CancellationSignal.h"
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "FaceVirtualHalAidl"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
+using AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode = virtualhal::AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode;
+using Tag = AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::Tag;
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setEnrollments(const std::vector<int32_t>& enrollments) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", intVec2OptIntVec(enrollments));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setEnrollmentHit(int32_t enrollment_hit) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", enrollment_hit);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setNextEnrollment(
+        const ::aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::NextEnrollment& next_enrollment) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    std::ostringstream os;
+    os << next_enrollment.id << ":";
+
+    int stepSize = next_enrollment.progressSteps.size();
+    for (int i = 0; i < stepSize; i++) {
+        auto& step = next_enrollment.progressSteps[i];
+        os << step.durationMs;
+        int acSize = step.acquiredInfoAndVendorCodes.size();
+        for (int j = 0; j < acSize; j++) {
+            if (j == 0) os << "-[";
+            auto& acquiredInfoAndVendorCode = step.acquiredInfoAndVendorCodes[j];
+            if (acquiredInfoAndVendorCode.getTag() == AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::vendorCode)
+                os << acquiredInfoAndVendorCode.get<Tag::vendorCode>();
+            else if (acquiredInfoAndVendorCode.getTag() == AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::acquiredInfo)
+                os << (int)acquiredInfoAndVendorCode.get<Tag::acquiredInfo>();
+            else
+                LOG(FATAL) << "ERROR: wrong AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode union tag";
+            if (j == acSize - 1)
+                os << "]";
+            else
+                os << ",";
+        }
+        if (i == stepSize - 1)
+            os << ":";
+        else
+            os << ",";
+    }
+
+    os << (next_enrollment.result ? "true" : "false");
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("next_enrollment", os.str());
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setAuthenticatorId(int64_t in_id) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int64_t>("authenticator_id", in_id);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setChallenge(int64_t in_challenge) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int64_t>("challenge", in_challenge);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateFails(bool in_fail) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("operation_authenticate_fails", in_fail);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateLatency(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = sanityCheckLatency(in_latency);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_authenticate_latency", intVec2OptIntVec(in_latency));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateDuration(int32_t in_duration) {
+    if (in_duration < 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Error: duration can not be negative"));
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int32_t>("operation_authenticate_duration", in_duration);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateError(int32_t in_error) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int32_t>("operation_authenticate_error", in_error);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateAcquired(
+        const std::vector<AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode>& in_acquired) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_authenticate_acquired",
+                                  acquiredInfoVec2OptIntVec(in_acquired));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationEnrollLatency(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = sanityCheckLatency(in_latency);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_enroll_latency", intVec2OptIntVec(in_latency));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationDetectInteractionLatency(
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = sanityCheckLatency(in_latency);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interact_latency",
+                                  intVec2OptIntVec(in_latency));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setOperationDetectInteractionFails(bool in_fails) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("operation_detect_interaction_fails", in_fails);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockout(bool in_lockout) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", in_lockout);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockoutEnable(bool in_enable) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", in_enable);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockoutTimedEnable(bool in_enable) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_timed_enable", in_enable);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockoutTimedThreshold(int32_t in_threshold) {
+    if (in_threshold < 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Error: threshold can not be negative"));
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int32_t>("lockout_timed_threshold", in_threshold);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockoutTimedDuration(int32_t in_duration) {
+    if (in_duration < 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Error: duration can not be negative"));
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int32_t>("lockout_timed_duration", in_duration);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setLockoutPermanentThreshold(int32_t in_threshold) {
+    if (in_threshold < 0) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Error: threshold can not be negative"));
+    }
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<int32_t>("lockout_permanent_threshold", in_threshold);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::resetConfigurations() {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().init();
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setType(
+        ::aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::FaceSensorType in_type) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("type", Face::type2String(in_type));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::setSensorStrength(common::SensorStrength in_strength) {
+    Face::cfg().sourcedFromAidl();
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("strength", Face::strength2String(in_strength));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+OptIntVec VirtualHal::intVec2OptIntVec(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_vec) {
+    OptIntVec optIntVec;
+    std::transform(in_vec.begin(), in_vec.end(), std::back_inserter(optIntVec),
+                   [](int value) { return std::optional<int>(value); });
+    return optIntVec;
+}
+
+OptIntVec VirtualHal::acquiredInfoVec2OptIntVec(
+        const std::vector<AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode>& in_vec) {
+    OptIntVec optIntVec;
+    std::transform(in_vec.begin(), in_vec.end(), std::back_inserter(optIntVec),
+                   [](AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode ac) {
+                       int value;
+                       if (ac.getTag() == AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::acquiredInfo)
+                           value = (int)ac.get<Tag::acquiredInfo>();
+                       else if (ac.getTag() == AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::vendorCode)
+                           value = ac.get<Tag::vendorCode>();
+                       else
+                           LOG(FATAL) << "ERROR: wrong AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode tag";
+                       return std::optional<int>(value);
+                   });
+    return optIntVec;
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::sanityCheckLatency(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) {
+    if (in_latency.size() == 0 || in_latency.size() > 2) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER,
+                "Error: input input array must contain 1 or 2 elements"));
+    }
+
+    for (auto x : in_latency) {
+        if (x < 0) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                    IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER,
+                    "Error: input data must not be negative"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+::ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHal::getFaceHal(std::shared_ptr<IFace>* pFace) {
+    *pFace = mFp;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.h b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ac552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/VirtualHal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/virtualhal/BnVirtualHal.h>
+
+#include "Face.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
+using namespace virtualhal;
+class VirtualHal : public BnVirtualHal {
+  public:
+    VirtualHal(std::shared_ptr<Face> fp) : mFp(fp) {}
+
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setEnrollments(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_id) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setEnrollmentHit(int32_t in_hit_id) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setNextEnrollment(
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::NextEnrollment& in_next_enrollment)
+            override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setAuthenticatorId(int64_t in_id) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setChallenge(int64_t in_challenge) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationAuthenticateFails(bool in_fail) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationAuthenticateLatency(
+            const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationAuthenticateDuration(int32_t in_duration) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationAuthenticateError(int32_t in_error) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationAuthenticateAcquired(
+            const std::vector<AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode>& in_acquired) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationEnrollLatency(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationDetectInteractionLatency(
+            const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setOperationDetectInteractionFails(bool in_fails) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockout(bool in_lockout) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockoutEnable(bool in_enable) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockoutTimedEnable(bool in_enable) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockoutTimedThreshold(int32_t in_threshold) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockoutTimedDuration(int32_t in_duration) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLockoutPermanentThreshold(int32_t in_threshold) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus resetConfigurations() override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setType(
+            ::aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::FaceSensorType in_type) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setSensorStrength(common::SensorStrength in_strength) override;
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getFaceHal(std::shared_ptr<IFace>* _aidl_return);
+
+  private:
+    OptIntVec intVec2OptIntVec(const std::vector<int32_t>& intVec);
+    OptIntVec acquiredInfoVec2OptIntVec(const std::vector<AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode>& intVec);
+    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus sanityCheckLatency(const std::vector<int32_t>& in_latency);
+    std::shared_ptr<Face> mFp;
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/apex/Android.bp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/apex/Android.bp
index 86c4e12..c4632d4 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/apex/Android.bp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
     key: "com.android.hardware.key",
     certificate: ":com.android.hardware.certificate",
     updatable: false,
-    vendor: true,
+    system_ext_specific: true,
 
     binaries: [
         // hal
@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@
     ],
     prebuilts: [
         // init_rc
-        "face-example-apex.rc",
-        // vintf_fragment
-        "face-example-apex.xml",
+        "face-virtual-apex.rc",
     ],
 
     overrides: [
@@ -42,21 +40,7 @@
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "face-example-apex.rc",
-    src: ":gen-face-example-apex.rc",
-    installable: false,
-}
-
-genrule {
-    name: "gen-face-example-apex.rc",
-    srcs: [":face-example.rc"],
-    out: ["face-example-apex.rc"],
-    cmd: "sed -e 's@/vendor/bin/@/apex/com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual/bin/@' $(in) > $(out)",
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "face-example-apex.xml",
-    src: ":face-example.xml",
-    sub_dir: "vintf",
+    name: "face-virtual-apex.rc",
+    src: ":face-virtual.rc",
     installable: false,
 }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/api/android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps-current.txt b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/api/android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps-current.txt
index e69de29..6ad579c 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/api/android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps-current.txt
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/api/android.hardware.biometrics.face.VirtualProps-current.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+props {
+  owner: Vendor
+  module: "android.face.virt.FaceHalProperties"
+  prop {
+    api_name: "authenticator_id"
+    type: Long
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.authenticator_id"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "challenge"
+    type: Long
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.challenge"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "enrollment_hit"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.enrollment_hit"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "enrollments"
+    type: IntegerList
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.enrollments"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "features"
+    type: IntegerList
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.features"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout"
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.lockout"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout_enable"
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_enable"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout_permanent_threshold"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_permanent_threshold"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout_timed_duration"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_duration"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout_timed_enable"
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_enable"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "lockout_timed_threshold"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_threshold"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "next_enrollment"
+    type: String
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.next_enrollment"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_authenticate_acquired"
+    type: String
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_acquired"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_authenticate_duration"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_duration"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_authenticate_error"
+    type: Integer
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_error"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_authenticate_fails"
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_fails"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_authenticate_latency"
+    type: IntegerList
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_latency"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_detect_interaction_fails"
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_detect_interaction_fails"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_detect_interaction_latency"
+    type: IntegerList
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_detect_interaction_latency"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "operation_enroll_latency"
+    type: IntegerList
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_enroll_latency"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "strength"
+    type: String
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.strength"
+    enum_values: "convenience|weak|strong"
+  }
+  prop {
+    api_name: "type"
+    type: String
+    access: ReadWrite
+    prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.type"
+    enum_values: "IR|RGB"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.rc b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ce4249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+service vendor.face-default /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.default default
+    class hal
+    user nobody
+    group nobody
+    interface aidl android.hardware.biometrics.face.IFace/default
+    oneshot
+    disabled
+
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.xml b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.xml
similarity index 81%
rename from biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.xml
rename to biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.xml
index 2b39b3d..94569de 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.xml
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-default.xml
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
     <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.biometrics.face</name>
         <version>4</version>
-        <fqname>IFace/virtual</fqname>
+        <fqname>IFace/default</fqname>
     </hal>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.rc b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.rc
deleted file mode 100644
index b0d82c6..0000000
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-example.rc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-service vendor.face-example /vendor/bin/hw/android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.example
-    class hal
-    user nobody
-    group nobody
-    interface aidl android.hardware.biometrics.face.IFace/virtual
-    oneshot
-    disabled
-
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-virtual.rc b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-virtual.rc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fb0a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face-virtual.rc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+service face-virtual /apex/com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual/bin/hw/android.hardware.biometrics.face-service.example virtual
+    class hal
+    user nobody
+    group nobody
+    interface aidl android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtualhal.IVirtualHal/virtual
+    oneshot
+    disabled
+
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face.sysprop b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face.sysprop
index 997fd67..ec2b92b 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face.sysprop
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/face.sysprop
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.type"
     type: String
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     enum_values: "IR|RGB"
     api_name: "type"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.strength"
     type: String
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     enum_values: "convenience|weak|strong"
     api_name: "strength"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.enrollments"
     type: IntegerList
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "enrollments"
 }
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.features"
     type: IntegerList
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "features"
 }
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.enrollment_hit"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "enrollment_hit"
 }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.next_enrollment"
     type: String
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "next_enrollment"
 }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.authenticator_id"
     type: Long
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "authenticator_id"
 }
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.challenge"
     type: Long
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "challenge"
 }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.lockout"
     type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout"
 }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_fails"
     type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_authenticate_fails"
 }
@@ -105,27 +105,18 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_detect_interaction_fails"
     type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_detect_interaction_fails"
 }
 
-# force all enroll operations to fail
-prop {
-    prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_enroll_fails"
-    type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
-    access: ReadWrite
-    api_name: "operation_enroll_fails"
-}
-
 # add a latency to authentication operations
 # Note that this latency is the initial authentication latency that occurs before
 # the HAL will send AcquiredInfo::START and AcquiredInfo::FIRST_FRAME_RECEIVED
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_latency"
     type: IntegerList
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_authenticate_latency"
 }
@@ -134,7 +125,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_detect_interaction_latency"
     type: IntegerList
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_detect_interaction_latency"
 }
@@ -143,7 +134,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_enroll_latency"
     type: IntegerList
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_enroll_latency"
 }
@@ -153,7 +144,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_duration"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_authenticate_duration"
 }
@@ -162,7 +153,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_error"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_authenticate_error"
 }
@@ -171,7 +162,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "vendor.face.virtual.operation_authenticate_acquired"
     type: String
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "operation_authenticate_acquired"
 }
@@ -180,7 +171,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_enable"
     type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout_enable"
 }
@@ -189,7 +180,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_enable"
     type: Boolean
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout_timed_enable"
 }
@@ -198,7 +189,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_threshold"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout_timed_threshold"
 }
@@ -207,7 +198,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_timed_duration"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout_timed_duration"
 }
@@ -216,7 +207,7 @@
 prop {
     prop_name: "persist.vendor.face.virtual.lockout_permanent_threshold"
     type: Integer
-    scope: Internal
+    scope: Public
     access: ReadWrite
     api_name: "lockout_permanent_threshold"
 }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/main.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/main.cpp
index 38e1c63..75a4479 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/main.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/main.cpp
@@ -14,25 +14,49 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "FaceVirtualHal"
+
 #include "Face.h"
+#include "VirtualHal.h"
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_process.h>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::Face;
+using aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face::VirtualHal;
 
-int main() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Face HAL started";
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Missing argument -> exiting, Valid arguments:[default|virtual]";
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+    LOG(INFO) << "Face HAL started: " << argv[1];
     ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0);
     std::shared_ptr<Face> hal = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<Face>();
+    std::shared_ptr<VirtualHal> hal_vhal = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<VirtualHal>(hal);
 
-    const std::string instance = std::string(Face::descriptor) + "/virtual";
-    binder_status_t status =
-            AServiceManager_registerLazyService(hal->asBinder().get(), instance.c_str());
-    CHECK_EQ(status, STATUS_OK);
+    if (strcmp(argv[1], "default") == 0) {
+        const std::string instance = std::string(Face::descriptor) + "/default";
+        auto binder = hal->asBinder();
+        binder_status_t status =
+                AServiceManager_registerLazyService(binder.get(), instance.c_str());
+        CHECK_EQ(status, STATUS_OK);
+        LOG(INFO) << "started IFace/default";
+    } else if (strcmp(argv[1], "virtual") == 0) {
+        const std::string instance = std::string(VirtualHal::descriptor) + "/virtual";
+        auto binder = hal_vhal->asBinder();
+        binder_status_t status =
+                AServiceManager_registerLazyService(binder.get(), instance.c_str());
+        CHECK_EQ(status, STATUS_OK);
+        LOG(INFO) << "started IVirtualHal/virtual";
+    } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unexpected argument: " << argv[1];
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
     AServiceManager_forceLazyServicesPersist(true);
 
     ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool();
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;  // should not reach
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;  // should not reach here
 }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeFaceEngineTest.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeFaceEngineTest.cpp
index 8c39b58..d448532 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeFaceEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeFaceEngineTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/biometrics/face/BnSessionCallback.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
+#include "Face.h"
 #include "FakeFaceEngine.h"
 #include "util/Util.h"
 
@@ -141,12 +142,12 @@
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
-        FaceHalProperties::enrollments({});
-        FaceHalProperties::challenge({});
-        FaceHalProperties::features({});
-        FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id({});
-        FaceHalProperties::strength("");
-        FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency({});
+        Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {});
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("challenge", 0);
+        Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("features", {});
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", 0);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::string>("strength", "");
+        Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency", {});
     }
 
     FakeFaceEngine mEngine;
@@ -160,81 +161,83 @@
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, GenerateChallenge) {
     mEngine.generateChallengeImpl(mCallback.get());
-    ASSERT_EQ(FaceHalProperties::challenge().value(), mCallback->mLastChallenge);
+    ASSERT_EQ(Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("challenge"), mCallback->mLastChallenge);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, RevokeChallenge) {
-    auto challenge = FaceHalProperties::challenge().value_or(10);
+    auto challenge = Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("challenge");
     mEngine.revokeChallengeImpl(mCallback.get(), challenge);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(FaceHalProperties::challenge().has_value());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("challenge"));
     ASSERT_EQ(challenge, mCallback->mLastChallengeRevoked);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, ResetLockout) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", true);
     mEngine.resetLockoutImpl(mCallback.get(), {});
     ASSERT_FALSE(mCallback->mLockoutPermanent);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(FaceHalProperties::lockout().value_or(true));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Face::cfg().get<bool>("lockout"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, AuthenticatorId) {
-    FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id(50);
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", 50);
     mEngine.getAuthenticatorIdImpl(mCallback.get());
     ASSERT_EQ(50, mCallback->mLastAuthenticatorId);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mCallback->mAuthenticatorIdInvalidated);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, GetAuthenticatorIdWeakReturnsZero) {
-    FaceHalProperties::strength("weak");
-    FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id(500);
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("strength", "weak");
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", 500);
     mEngine.getAuthenticatorIdImpl(mCallback.get());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mCallback->mLastAuthenticatorId);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mCallback->mAuthenticatorIdInvalidated);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, AuthenticatorIdInvalidate) {
-    FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id(500);
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id", 500);
     mEngine.invalidateAuthenticatorIdImpl(mCallback.get());
-    ASSERT_NE(500, FaceHalProperties::authenticator_id().value());
+    ASSERT_NE(500, Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id"));
     ASSERT_TRUE(mCallback->mAuthenticatorIdInvalidated);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, Enroll) {
-    FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment("1,0:1000-[21,5,6,7,1],1100-[1118,1108,1]:true");
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("next_enrollment",
+                                 "1,0:1000-[21,5,6,7,1],1100-[1118,1108,1]:true");
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.enrollImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, {} /*enrollmentType*/, {} /*features*/,
                        mCancel.get_future());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment().has_value());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, FaceHalProperties::enrollments().size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, FaceHalProperties::enrollments()[0].value());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Face::cfg().getopt<OptString>("next_enrollment").has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments").size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments")[0].value());
     ASSERT_EQ(1, mCallback->mLastEnrolled);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mCallback->mRemaining);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, EnrollFails) {
-    FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment("1,0:1000-[21,5,6,7,1],1100-[1118,1108,1]:false");
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("next_enrollment",
+                                 "1,0:1000-[21,5,6,7,1],1100-[1118,1108,1]:false");
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.enrollImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, {} /*enrollmentType*/, {} /*features*/,
                        mCancel.get_future());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment().has_value());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, FaceHalProperties::enrollments().size());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Face::cfg().getopt<OptString>("next_enrollment").has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments").size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, EnrollCancel) {
-    FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment("1:2000-[21,8,9],300:false");
+    Face::cfg().set<std::string>("next_enrollment", "1:2000-[21,8,9],300:false");
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mCancel.set_value();
     mEngine.enrollImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, {} /*enrollmentType*/, {} /*features*/,
                        mCancel.get_future());
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::CANCELED, mCallback->mError);
     ASSERT_EQ(-1, mCallback->mLastEnrolled);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, FaceHalProperties::enrollments().size());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(FaceHalProperties::next_enrollment().has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments").size());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("next_enrollment").empty());
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, Authenticate) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({100});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(100);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {100});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 100);
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0 /* operationId*/, mCancel.get_future());
 
     ASSERT_EQ(100, mCallback->mLastAuthenticated);
@@ -242,32 +245,32 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, AuthenticateCancel) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({100});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(100);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {100});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 100);
     mCancel.set_value();
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0 /* operationId*/, mCancel.get_future());
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::CANCELED, mCallback->mError);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, AuthenticateFailedForUnEnrolled) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({3});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(100);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {3});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 100);
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0 /* operationId*/, mCancel.get_future());
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::TIMEOUT, mCallback->mError);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mCallback->mAuthenticateFailed);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, DetectInteraction) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({100});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(100);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {100});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 100);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mCallback->mInteractionDetectedCount);
     mEngine.detectInteractionImpl(mCallback.get(), mCancel.get_future());
     ASSERT_EQ(1, mCallback->mInteractionDetectedCount);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, DetectInteractionCancel) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({100});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(100);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {100});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 100);
     mCancel.set_value();
     mEngine.detectInteractionImpl(mCallback.get(), mCancel.get_future());
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::CANCELED, mCallback->mError);
@@ -279,7 +282,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, SetFeature) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({1});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {1});
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_ATTENTION, true);
     auto features = mCallback->mFeatures;
@@ -294,7 +297,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, ToggleFeature) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({1});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {1});
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_ATTENTION, true);
     mEngine.getFeaturesImpl(mCallback.get());
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, TurningOffNonExistentFeatureDoesNothing) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({1});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {1});
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_ATTENTION, false);
     mEngine.getFeaturesImpl(mCallback.get());
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, SetMultipleFeatures) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({1});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {1});
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_ATTENTION, true);
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_DIVERSE_POSES, true);
@@ -335,7 +338,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, SetMultipleFeaturesAndTurnOffSome) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({1});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {1});
     keymaster::HardwareAuthToken hat{.mac = {2, 4}};
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_ATTENTION, true);
     mEngine.setFeatureImpl(mCallback.get(), hat, Feature::REQUIRE_DIVERSE_POSES, true);
@@ -352,7 +355,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, Enumerate) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({120, 3});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {120, 3});
     mEngine.enumerateEnrollmentsImpl(mCallback.get());
     auto enrolls = mCallback->mLastEnrollmentsEnumerated;
     ASSERT_FALSE(enrolls.empty());
@@ -361,7 +364,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, RemoveEnrollments) {
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({120, 3, 100});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {120, 3, 100});
     mEngine.removeEnrollmentsImpl(mCallback.get(), {120, 100});
     mEngine.enumerateEnrollmentsImpl(mCallback.get());
     auto enrolls = mCallback->mLastEnrollmentsEnumerated;
@@ -372,9 +375,9 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, ResetLockoutWithAuth) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout(true);
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollments({33});
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(33);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", true);
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments", {33});
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 33);
     auto cancelFuture = mCancel.get_future();
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0 /* operationId*/, cancelFuture);
 
@@ -382,28 +385,30 @@
 
     mEngine.resetLockoutImpl(mCallback.get(), {} /* hat */);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mCallback->mLockoutPermanent);
-    FaceHalProperties::enrollment_hit(33);
+    Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("enrollment_hit", 33);
     mEngine.authenticateImpl(mCallback.get(), 0 /* operationId*/, cancelFuture);
     ASSERT_EQ(33, mCallback->mLastAuthenticated);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mCallback->mAuthenticateFailed);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, LatencyDefault) {
-    FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency({});
-    ASSERT_EQ(DEFAULT_LATENCY,
-              mEngine.getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency()));
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency", {});
+    ASSERT_EQ(DEFAULT_LATENCY, mEngine.getLatency(Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>(
+                                       "operation_detect_interaction_latency")));
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, LatencyFixed) {
-    FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency({10});
-    ASSERT_EQ(10, mEngine.getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency()));
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency", {10});
+    ASSERT_EQ(10, mEngine.getLatency(
+                          Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency")));
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeFaceEngineTest, LatencyRandom) {
-    FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency({1, 1000});
+    Face::cfg().setopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency", {1, 1000});
     std::set<int32_t> latencySet;
     for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-        auto x = mEngine.getLatency(FaceHalProperties::operation_detect_interaction_latency());
+        auto x = mEngine.getLatency(
+                Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_detect_interaction_latency"));
         ASSERT_TRUE(x >= 1 && x <= 1000);
         latencySet.insert(x);
     }
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeLockoutTrackerTest.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeLockoutTrackerTest.cpp
index fa07d1d..8564f6b 100644
--- a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeLockoutTrackerTest.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/FakeLockoutTrackerTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
+#include "Face.h"
 #include "FakeLockoutTracker.h"
 #include "util/Util.h"
 
@@ -103,19 +104,21 @@
     static constexpr int32_t LOCKOUT_TIMED_DURATION = 100;
 
     void SetUp() override {
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_threshold(LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_duration(LOCKOUT_TIMED_DURATION);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_permanent_threshold(LOCKOUT_PERMANENT_THRESHOLD);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_threshold", LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_duration", LOCKOUT_TIMED_DURATION);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_permanent_threshold", LOCKOUT_PERMANENT_THRESHOLD);
+        Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", false);
+        Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", false);
         mCallback = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<TestSessionCallback>();
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
         // reset to default
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_threshold(5);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_duration(20);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_permanent_threshold(10000);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(false);
-        FaceHalProperties::lockout(false);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_threshold", 5);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_timed_duration", 20);
+        Face::cfg().set<std::int32_t>("lockout_permanent_threshold", 10000);
+        Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", false);
+        Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout", false);
     }
 
     FakeLockoutTracker mLockoutTracker;
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, addFailedAttemptDisable) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(false);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", false);
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD + 1; i++)
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(mCallback.get());
     ASSERT_EQ(mLockoutTracker.getMode(), FakeLockoutTracker::LockoutMode::kNone);
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, addFailedAttemptPermanent) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", true);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mLockoutTracker.checkIfLockout(mCallback.get()));
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_PERMANENT_THRESHOLD - 1; i++)
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(mCallback.get());
@@ -145,8 +148,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, addFailedAttemptLockoutTimed) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(true);
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_enable(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_timed_enable", true);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mLockoutTracker.checkIfLockout(mCallback.get()));
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD; i++)
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(mCallback.get());
@@ -168,8 +171,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, addFailedAttemptLockout_TimedThenPermanent) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(true);
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_enable(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_timed_enable", true);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mLockoutTracker.checkIfLockout(mCallback.get()));
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD; i++)
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(mCallback.get());
@@ -182,8 +185,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, addFailedAttemptLockoutTimedTwice) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(true);
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_timed_enable(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_timed_enable", true);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mLockoutTracker.checkIfLockout(mCallback.get()));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mCallback->mLockoutTimed);
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_TIMED_THRESHOLD; i++)
@@ -198,7 +201,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FakeLockoutTrackerTest, resetLockout) {
-    FaceHalProperties::lockout_enable(true);
+    Face::cfg().set<bool>("lockout_enable", true);
     ASSERT_EQ(mLockoutTracker.getMode(), FakeLockoutTracker::LockoutMode::kNone);
     for (int i = 0; i < LOCKOUT_PERMANENT_THRESHOLD; i++)
         mLockoutTracker.addFailedAttempt(mCallback.get());
diff --git a/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/VirtualHalTest.cpp b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/VirtualHalTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f19805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/biometrics/face/aidl/default/tests/VirtualHalTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <face.sysprop.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include "Face.h"
+#include "VirtualHal.h"
+
+using namespace ::android::face::virt;
+using namespace ::aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face;
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face {
+
+class VirtualHalTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  public:
+    static const int32_t STATUS_FAILED_TO_SET_PARAMETER = 2;
+
+  protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        mHal = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<Face>();
+        mVhal = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<VirtualHal>(mHal);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mVhal != nullptr);
+        mHal->resetConfigToDefault();
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override { mHal->resetConfigToDefault(); }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<VirtualHal> mVhal;
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(const char* name,
+                                                       ndk::ScopedAStatus (VirtualHal::*f)(int32_t),
+                                                       const std::vector<int32_t>& in_good);
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<Face> mHal;
+};
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus VirtualHalTest::validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(
+        const char* name, ndk::ScopedAStatus (VirtualHal::*f)(int32_t),
+        const std::vector<int32_t>& in_params_good) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
+    for (auto& param : in_params_good) {
+        status = (*mVhal.*f)(param);
+        if (!status.isOk()) return status;
+        if (Face::cfg().get<int32_t>(name) != param) {
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                    VirtualHalTest::STATUS_FAILED_TO_SET_PARAMETER,
+                    "Error: fail to set non-negative parameter"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    int32_t old_param = Face::cfg().get<int32_t>(name);
+    status = (*mVhal.*f)(-1);
+    if (status.isOk()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                VirtualHalTest::STATUS_FAILED_TO_SET_PARAMETER, "Error: should return NOK"));
+    }
+    if (status.getServiceSpecificError() != IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                VirtualHalTest::STATUS_FAILED_TO_SET_PARAMETER,
+                "Error: unexpected return error code"));
+    }
+    if (Face::cfg().get<int32_t>(name) != old_param) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
+                VirtualHalTest::STATUS_FAILED_TO_SET_PARAMETER,
+                "Error: unexpected parameter change on failed attempt"));
+    }
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, init) {
+    mVhal->setLockout(false);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<bool>("lockout") == false);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("type") == "rgb");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("strength") == "strong");
+    std::int64_t id = Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::int64_t>("authenticator_id") == 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("enrollments") == OptIntVec());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, enrollment_hit_int32) {
+    mVhal->setEnrollmentHit(11);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<int32_t>("enrollment_hit") == 11);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, next_enrollment) {
+    struct {
+        std::string nextEnrollmentStr;
+        face::NextEnrollment nextEnrollment;
+    } testData[] = {
+            {"1:20:true", {1, {{20}}, true}},
+            {"1:50,60,70:true", {1, {{50}, {60}, {70}}, true}},
+            {"2:50-[21],60,70-[4,1002,1]:false",
+             {2,
+              {{50, {{AcquiredInfo::START}}},
+               {60},
+               {70, {{AcquiredInfo::TOO_DARK}, {1002}, {AcquiredInfo::GOOD}}}},
+              false}},
+    };
+
+    for (auto& d : testData) {
+        mVhal->setNextEnrollment(d.nextEnrollment);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("next_enrollment") == d.nextEnrollmentStr);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, authenticator_id_int64) {
+    mVhal->setAuthenticatorId(12345678900);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<int64_t>("authenticator_id") == 12345678900);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, opeationAuthenticateFails_bool) {
+    mVhal->setOperationAuthenticateFails(true);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<bool>("operation_authenticate_fails"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, operationAuthenticateAcquired_int32_vector) {
+    using Tag = AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode::Tag;
+    std::vector<AcquiredInfoAndVendorCode> ac{
+            {AcquiredInfo::START}, {AcquiredInfo::TOO_FAR}, {1023}};
+    mVhal->setOperationAuthenticateAcquired(ac);
+    OptIntVec ac_get = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_authenticate_acquired");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ac_get.size() == ac.size());
+    for (int i = 0; i < ac.size(); i++) {
+        int acCode = (ac[i].getTag() == Tag::acquiredInfo) ? (int)ac[i].get<Tag::acquiredInfo>()
+                                                           : ac[i].get<Tag::vendorCode>();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(acCode == ac_get[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, type) {
+    struct {
+        FaceSensorType type;
+        const char* typeStr;
+    } typeMap[] = {{FaceSensorType::RGB, "rgb"},
+                   {FaceSensorType::IR, "ir"},
+                   {FaceSensorType::UNKNOWN, "unknown"}};
+    for (auto const& x : typeMap) {
+        mVhal->setType(x.type);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("type") == x.typeStr);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, sensorStrength) {
+    struct {
+        common::SensorStrength strength;
+        const char* strengthStr;
+    } strengths[] = {{common::SensorStrength::CONVENIENCE, "CONVENIENCE"},
+                     {common::SensorStrength::WEAK, "WEAK"},
+                     {common::SensorStrength::STRONG, "STRONG"}};
+
+    for (auto const& x : strengths) {
+        mVhal->setSensorStrength(x.strength);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(Face::cfg().get<std::string>("strength") == x.strengthStr);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setLatency) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status;
+    std::vector<int32_t> in_lats[] = {{1}, {2, 3}, {5, 4}};
+    for (auto const& in_lat : in_lats) {
+        status = mVhal->setOperationAuthenticateLatency(in_lat);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+        OptIntVec out_lat = Face::cfg().getopt<OptIntVec>("operation_authenticate_latency");
+        ASSERT_TRUE(in_lat.size() == out_lat.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < in_lat.size(); i++) {
+            ASSERT_TRUE(in_lat[i] == out_lat[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int32_t> bad_in_lats[] = {{}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, -3}};
+    for (auto const& in_lat : bad_in_lats) {
+        status = mVhal->setOperationAuthenticateLatency(in_lat);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(!status.isOk());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(status.getServiceSpecificError() == IVirtualHal::STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setOperationAuthenticateDuration) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(
+            "operation_authenticate_duration", &IVirtualHal::setOperationAuthenticateDuration,
+            {0, 33});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setLockoutTimedDuration) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(
+            "lockout_timed_duration", &IVirtualHal::setLockoutTimedDuration, {0, 35});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setLockoutTimedThreshold) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(
+            "lockout_timed_threshold", &IVirtualHal::setLockoutTimedThreshold, {0, 36});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setLockoutPermanentThreshold) {
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = validateNonNegativeInputOfInt32(
+            "lockout_permanent_threshold", &IVirtualHal::setLockoutPermanentThreshold, {0, 37});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VirtualHalTest, setOthers) {
+    // Verify that there is no CHECK() failures
+    mVhal->setEnrollments({7, 6, 5});
+    mVhal->setChallenge(111222333444555666);
+    mVhal->setOperationAuthenticateError(4);
+    mVhal->setOperationEnrollLatency({4, 5});
+    mVhal->setLockout(false);
+    mVhal->setLockoutEnable(false);
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::biometrics::face
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/Android.bp b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/Android.bp
index c5b9937..9f9e723 100644
--- a/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/biometrics/fingerprint/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
                 "//apex_available:anyapex",
             ],
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
         {
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp b/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
index dcb5fac..fcf1649 100644
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/vts/VtsHalBluetoothTargetTest.cpp
@@ -988,7 +988,16 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(status, std::future_status::ready);
 }
 
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-001
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-002
+// @VsrTest = 5.3.14-004
 TEST_P(BluetoothAidlTest, Vsr_Bluetooth5Requirements) {
+  int api_level = get_vsr_api_level();
+  if (api_level < __ANDROID_API_U__) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "API level is lower than 34";
+    return;
+  }
+
   std::vector<uint8_t> version_event;
   send_and_wait_for_cmd_complete(ReadLocalVersionInformationBuilder::Create(),
                                  version_event);
@@ -998,10 +1007,12 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(version_view.IsValid());
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, version_view.GetStatus());
   auto version = version_view.GetLocalVersionInformation();
+
   if (version.hci_version_ < ::bluetooth::hci::HciVersion::V_5_0) {
-    // This test does not apply to controllers below 5.0
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Bluetooth version is lower than 5.0";
     return;
-  };
+  }
+
   // When HCI version is 5.0, LMP version must also be at least 5.0
   ASSERT_GE(static_cast<int>(version.lmp_version_),
             static_cast<int>(version.hci_version_));
@@ -1014,6 +1025,16 @@
           std::make_shared<std::vector<uint8_t>>(le_features_event)))));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features_view.IsValid());
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, le_features_view.GetStatus());
+
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-001] Must return TRUE for
+  //   - LE 2M PHY
+  //   - LE Coded PHY
+  //   - LE Advertising Extension
+  //   - LE Periodic Advertising
+  //   - LE Link Layer Privacy
   auto le_features = le_features_view.GetLeFeatures();
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features & static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LL_PRIVACY));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features & static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_2M_PHY));
@@ -1021,6 +1042,8 @@
               static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_CODED_PHY));
   ASSERT_TRUE(le_features &
               static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_EXTENDED_ADVERTISING));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(le_features &
+              static_cast<uint64_t>(LLFeaturesBits::LE_PERIODIC_ADVERTISING));
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> num_adv_set_event;
   send_and_wait_for_cmd_complete(
@@ -1034,6 +1057,10 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS, num_adv_set_view.GetStatus());
   auto num_adv_set = num_adv_set_view.GetNumberSupportedAdvertisingSets();
 
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-002] MUST support at least 10 advertising sets.
   if (isTv() && get_vsr_api_level() == __ANDROID_API_U__) {
     ASSERT_GE(num_adv_set, kMinLeAdvSetForBt5ForTv);
   } else {
@@ -1050,6 +1077,11 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(::bluetooth::hci::ErrorCode::SUCCESS,
             num_resolving_list_view.GetStatus());
   auto num_resolving_list = num_resolving_list_view.GetResolvingListSize();
+
+  // CHIPSETs that set ro.board.api_level to 34 and report 5.0 or higher for
+  // the Bluetooth version through the IBluetoothHci HAL:
+  //
+  // [VSR-5.3.14-004] MUST support a resolving list size of at least 8 entries.
   ASSERT_GE(num_resolving_list, kMinLeResolvingListForBt5);
 }
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
index a458c5b..c62784e 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioSession.cpp
@@ -145,6 +145,13 @@
                   << toString(session_type_);
         return;
       }
+    } else if (session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+               session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH) {
+      if (audio_config.getTag() != AudioConfiguration::pcmConfig) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid audio config type for SessionType ="
+                   << toString(session_type_);
+        return;
+      }
     } else {
       LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid SessionType ="
                  << toString(session_type_);
@@ -166,6 +173,13 @@
                   << toString(session_type_);
         return;
       }
+    } else if (session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+               session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH) {
+      if (audio_config.getTag() != AudioConfiguration::pcmConfig) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << " invalid audio config type for SessionType ="
+                   << toString(session_type_);
+        return;
+      }
     } else {
       LOG(ERROR) << __func__
                  << " invalid SessionType =" << toString(session_type_);
@@ -604,7 +618,9 @@
   if (session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
-      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
+      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -629,7 +645,9 @@
   if (session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
       session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
-      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
+      session_type_ == SessionType::A2DP_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_DECODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_ENCODING_DATAPATH ||
+      session_type_ == SessionType::HFP_SOFTWARE_DECODING_DATAPATH) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
index e0e3a0e..9fa4df2 100644
--- a/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/camera/provider/aidl/vts/VtsAidlHalCameraProvider_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -165,26 +165,21 @@
 
 // Validate the integrity of manual flash strength control metadata
 TEST_P(CameraAidlTest, validateManualFlashStrengthControlKeys) {
-    if (flags::camera_manual_flash_strength_control()) {
-        std::vector<std::string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
-        for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
-            ALOGI("validateManualFlashStrengthControlKeys: Testing camera device %s", name.c_str());
-            CameraMetadata meta;
-            std::shared_ptr<ICameraDevice> cameraDevice;
-            openEmptyDeviceSession(name, mProvider, &mSession /*out*/, &meta /*out*/,
-                    &cameraDevice /*out*/);
-            ndk::ScopedAStatus ret = cameraDevice->getCameraCharacteristics(&meta);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-            const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta =
-                    reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(meta.metadata.data());
-            verifyManualFlashStrengthControlCharacteristics(staticMeta);
-            ret = mSession->close();
-            mSession = nullptr;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
-        }
-    } else {
-        ALOGI("validateManualFlashStrengthControlKeys: Test skipped.\n");
-        GTEST_SKIP();
+    std::vector<std::string> cameraDeviceNames = getCameraDeviceNames(mProvider);
+    for (const auto& name : cameraDeviceNames) {
+        ALOGI("validateManualFlashStrengthControlKeys: Testing camera device %s", name.c_str());
+        CameraMetadata meta;
+        std::shared_ptr<ICameraDevice> cameraDevice;
+        openEmptyDeviceSession(name, mProvider, &mSession /*out*/, &meta /*out*/,
+                &cameraDevice /*out*/);
+        ndk::ScopedAStatus ret = cameraDevice->getCameraCharacteristics(&meta);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
+        const camera_metadata_t* staticMeta =
+                reinterpret_cast<const camera_metadata_t*>(meta.metadata.data());
+        verifyManualFlashStrengthControlCharacteristics(staticMeta);
+        ret = mSession->close();
+        mSession = nullptr;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/bump.py b/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
index 35633c1..4e3ceaa 100755
--- a/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/bump.py
@@ -111,6 +111,25 @@
             "kernel_configs", "-a", " ".join(next_kernel_configs), android_bp
         ])
 
+        # update the SYSTEM_MATRIX_DEPS variable and the phony module's
+        # product_variables entry.
+        lines = []
+        with open(android_bp) as f:
+            for line in f:
+              if f"    \"{self.device_module_name}\",\n" in line:
+                  lines.append(f"    \"{self.current_module_name}\",\n")
+
+              if f"                \"{self.current_module_name}\",\n" in line:
+                  lines.append(f"                \"{self.next_module_name}\",\n")
+              else:
+                  lines.append(line)
+
+        with open(android_bp, "w") as f:
+            f.write("".join(lines))
+
+
+    # This Android.mk file may be deprecated soon and the functionality is
+    # replaced by the soong phony module system_compatibility_matrix.xml.
     def edit_android_mk(self):
         android_mk = self.interfaces_dir / "compatibility_matrices/Android.mk"
         lines = []
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202504.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202504.xml
index ed45c1b..d8a4050 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202504.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.202504.xml
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl" updatable-via-apex="true">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
-        <version>1-2</version>
+        <version>2-3</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IWifi</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="aidl">
         <name>android.hardware.wifi.supplicant</name>
-        <version>2-3</version>
+        <version>3-4</version>
         <interface>
             <name>ISupplicant</name>
             <instance>default</instance>
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index 6d5a9a2..0dd8b32 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -474,6 +474,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, timeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -519,6 +523,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, timeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance to report empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
diff --git a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index 091b523..e4890a7 100644
--- a/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/aidl/vts/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -419,6 +419,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastMeasurement.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -479,6 +483,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastMeasurement.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
@@ -1335,7 +1343,10 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastMeasurement,
                                                       kFirstGnssMeasurementTimeoutSeconds));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
+        if (i > 2) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance for empty measurement
+            ASSERT_TRUE(lastMeasurement.measurements.size() > 0);
+        }
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
         checkGnssMeasurementClockFields(lastMeasurement);
@@ -1790,6 +1801,10 @@
         GnssData lastGnssData;
         ASSERT_TRUE(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.retrieve(lastGnssData, 10));
         EXPECT_EQ(callback->gnss_data_cbq_.calledCount(), i + 1);
+        if (i <= 2 && lastGnssData.measurements.size() == 0) {
+            // Allow 3 seconds tolerance to report empty measurement
+            continue;
+        }
         ASSERT_TRUE(lastGnssData.measurements.size() > 0);
 
         // Validity check GnssData fields
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 6a45987..9ce6eed 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.1/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5753bb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "hardware_interfaces_license",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DLOG_TAG=\"ComposerHal\"",
+    ],
+    srcs: ["service.cpp"],
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service.rc"],
+    header_libs: ["android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-passthrough"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-resources",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-resources",
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libfmq",
+        "libhardware",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "libhwc2on1adapter",
+        "libhwc2onfbadapter",
+        "liblog",
+        "libsync",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk b/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f7ef85..0000000
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/default/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_VENDOR_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Wall -Werror -DLOG_TAG=\"ComposerHal\"
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := service.cpp
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-service.rc
-LOCAL_HEADER_LIBRARIES := android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-passthrough
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1 \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2 \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-resources \
-        android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-resources \
-        libbase \
-        libbinder \
-        libcutils \
-        libfmq \
-        libhardware \
-        libhidlbase \
-        libhwc2on1adapter \
-        libhwc2onfbadapter \
-        liblog \
-        libsync \
-        libutils
-
-ifdef TARGET_USES_DISPLAY_RENDER_INTENTS
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DUSES_DISPLAY_RENDER_INTENTS
-endif
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 00f427a..cd47374 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.2/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index 5e9a287..1a9276c 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.3/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.3/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposer.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposerClient.h>
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
index eb35e5c..e981da6 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.4/utils/command-buffer/include/composer-command-buffer/2.4/ComposerCommandBuffer.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #warn "ComposerCommandBuffer.h included without LOG_TAG"
 #endif
 
-#undef LOG_NDEBUG
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.4/IComposer.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.4/IComposerClient.h>
diff --git a/keymaster/aidl/Android.bp b/keymaster/aidl/Android.bp
index 9f4e5cb..c101f56 100644
--- a/keymaster/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/keymaster/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -20,10 +20,14 @@
         },
         ndk: {
             apex_available: [
+                "com.android.hardware.biometrics.face.virtual",
                 "com.android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint.virtual",
                 "//apex_available:platform",
             ],
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
     versions_with_info: [
         {
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl b/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
index 92e0a9a..0261a0a 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
+++ b/nfc/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.nfc/current/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
@@ -49,4 +49,5 @@
   byte[] offHostRouteUicc;
   byte[] offHostRouteEse;
   byte defaultIsoDepRoute;
+  byte[] offHostSimPipeIds = {};
 }
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl b/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
index 1b4fcfb..870cdbd 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
+++ b/nfc/aidl/android/hardware/nfc/NfcConfig.aidl
@@ -86,4 +86,8 @@
      * Default IsoDep route. 0x00 if there aren't any. Refer to NCI spec.
      */
     byte defaultIsoDepRoute;
+    /**
+     * Pipe IDs for UICC. Empty if not available
+     */
+    byte[] offHostSimPipeIds = {};
 }
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
index 12f4364..6e6ca3e 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsAidlHalNfcTargetTest.cpp
@@ -423,6 +423,11 @@
         EXPECT_GE((uint8_t)configValue.defaultIsoDepRoute, MIN_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
         EXPECT_LE((uint8_t)configValue.defaultIsoDepRoute, MAX_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
     }
+    for (auto simPipeId : configValue.offHostSimPipeIds) {
+        LOG(INFO) << StringPrintf("offHostSimPipeId= %x", simPipeId);
+        EXPECT_GE(simPipeId, MIN_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
+        EXPECT_LE(simPipeId, MAX_OFFHOST_ROUTE_ID);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.cpp b/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.cpp
index 00db2b8..27aca60 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.cpp
+++ b/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.cpp
@@ -70,26 +70,60 @@
     };
 }
 
-aidl::CarrierRestrictions toAidl(const V1_0::CarrierRestrictions& cr) {
+static aidl::CarrierInfo toCarrierInfo(const aidl::Carrier& carrier) {
     return {
-            .allowedCarriers = toAidl(cr.allowedCarriers),
-            .excludedCarriers = toAidl(cr.excludedCarriers),
+            .mcc = carrier.mcc,
+            .mnc = carrier.mnc,
+    };
+}
+
+static std::vector<aidl::CarrierInfo> toCarrierInfos(const std::vector<aidl::Carrier>& carriers) {
+    std::vector<aidl::CarrierInfo> infos(carriers.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < carriers.size(); i++) {
+        infos[i] = toCarrierInfo(carriers[i]);
+    }
+    return infos;
+}
+
+V1_0::Carrier toHidl(const aidl::CarrierInfo& carrierInfo) {
+    return {
+            .mcc = carrierInfo.mcc,
+            .mnc = carrierInfo.mnc,
+    };
+}
+
+aidl::CarrierRestrictions toAidl(const V1_0::CarrierRestrictions& cr) {
+    auto allowedCarriers = toAidl(cr.allowedCarriers);
+    auto excludedCarriers = toAidl(cr.excludedCarriers);
+    return {
+            .allowedCarriers = allowedCarriers,
+            .excludedCarriers = excludedCarriers,
             .allowedCarriersPrioritized = true,
+            .allowedCarrierInfoList = toCarrierInfos(allowedCarriers),
+            .excludedCarrierInfoList = toCarrierInfos(excludedCarriers),
     };
 }
 
 aidl::CarrierRestrictions toAidl(const V1_4::CarrierRestrictionsWithPriority& cr) {
+    auto allowedCarriers = toAidl(cr.allowedCarriers);
+    auto excludedCarriers = toAidl(cr.excludedCarriers);
     return {
-            .allowedCarriers = toAidl(cr.allowedCarriers),
-            .excludedCarriers = toAidl(cr.excludedCarriers),
+            .allowedCarriers = allowedCarriers,
+            .excludedCarriers = excludedCarriers,
             .allowedCarriersPrioritized = cr.allowedCarriersPrioritized,
+            .allowedCarrierInfoList = toCarrierInfos(allowedCarriers),
+            .excludedCarrierInfoList = toCarrierInfos(excludedCarriers),
     };
 }
 
 V1_4::CarrierRestrictionsWithPriority toHidl(const aidl::CarrierRestrictions& cr) {
     return {
-            .allowedCarriers = toHidl(cr.allowedCarriers),
-            .excludedCarriers = toHidl(cr.excludedCarriers),
+            .allowedCarriers = (cr.allowedCarriers.size() > cr.allowedCarrierInfoList.size())
+                                       ? toHidl(cr.allowedCarriers)
+                                       : toHidl(cr.allowedCarrierInfoList),
+            .excludedCarriers = (cr.excludedCarriers.size() > cr.excludedCarrierInfoList.size())
+                                        ? toHidl(cr.excludedCarriers)
+                                        : toHidl(cr.excludedCarrierInfoList),
             .allowedCarriersPrioritized = cr.allowedCarriersPrioritized,
     };
 }
diff --git a/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.h b/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.h
index 54099b7..7774bee 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.h
+++ b/radio/aidl/compat/libradiocompat/sim/structs.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 ::aidl::android::hardware::radio::sim::Carrier toAidl(const V1_0::Carrier& carrier);
 V1_0::Carrier toHidl(const ::aidl::android::hardware::radio::sim::Carrier& carrier);
+V1_0::Carrier toHidl(const ::aidl::android::hardware::radio::sim::CarrierInfo& carrierInfo);
 
 ::aidl::android::hardware::radio::sim::CarrierRestrictions  //
 toAidl(const V1_0::CarrierRestrictions& cr);
diff --git a/radio/aidl/vts/radio_sim_test.cpp b/radio/aidl/vts/radio_sim_test.cpp
index 6ffe2c5..2823977 100644
--- a/radio/aidl/vts/radio_sim_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/aidl/vts/radio_sim_test.cpp
@@ -485,8 +485,10 @@
     } else {
         carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList.resize(1);
         carrierRestrictions.excludedCarrierInfoList.resize(0);
-        carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mcc = std::string("321");
-        carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mnc = std::string("654");
+        // TODO(b/365568518): change mcc/mnc to something else once CF fully supports
+        // setAllowedCarriers
+        carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mcc = std::string("123");
+        carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mnc = std::string("456");
         carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].spn = std::string("TestNetwork");
         carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].gid1 = std::string("BAE000000000000");
         carrierRestrictions.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].gid2 = std::string("AE0000000000000");
@@ -517,7 +519,7 @@
                 sleep(2);
                 updateSimCardStatus();
             }
-            // TODO: uncomment once CF fully supports setAllowedCarriers
+            // TODO(b/365568518): uncomment once CF fully supports setAllowedCarriers
             // EXPECT_EQ(CardStatus::STATE_RESTRICTED, cardStatus.cardState);
         }
 
@@ -545,19 +547,21 @@
         } else {
             ASSERT_EQ(1, radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList.size());
             EXPECT_EQ(0, radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.excludedCarrierInfoList.size());
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::string("321") ==
-                        radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mcc);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::string("654") ==
-                        radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mnc);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::string("BAE000000000000") ==
+            ASSERT_EQ(std::string("123"),
+                      radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mcc);
+            ASSERT_EQ(std::string("456"),
+                      radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].mnc);
+#if 0  // TODO(b/365568518): enable once CF fully supports setAllowedCarriers
+            ASSERT_EQ(std::string("BAE000000000000"),
                         radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].gid1);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::string("AE0000000000000") ==
+            ASSERT_EQ(std::string("AE0000000000000"),
                         radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].gid2);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(std::string("9987") ==
+            ASSERT_EQ(std::string("9987"),
                         radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarrierInfoList[0].imsiPrefix);
-            ASSERT_TRUE(radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarriersPrioritized);
             EXPECT_EQ(CarrierRestrictions::CarrierRestrictionStatus::RESTRICTED,
                       radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.status);
+#endif
+            ASSERT_TRUE(radioRsp_sim->carrierRestrictionsResp.allowedCarriersPrioritized);
             EXPECT_EQ(SimLockMultiSimPolicy::NO_MULTISIM_POLICY, radioRsp_sim->multiSimPolicyResp);
         }
         sleep(10);
diff --git a/secure_element/aidl/default/Android.bp b/secure_element/aidl/default/Android.bp
index b382822..6f5e5f7 100644
--- a/secure_element/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/secure_element/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
     prebuilts: [
         "secure_element.rc",
         "secure_element.xml",
-        "android.hardware.se.omapi.ese.prebuilt.xml", // <feature>
+        // TODO (b/289193458): Add this back when access control is implemented for cuttlefish.
+        // "android.hardware.se.omapi.ese.prebuilt.xml", // <feature>
     ],
 }
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
index 16a03dc..a679340 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/support/remote_prov_utils.cpp
@@ -1047,14 +1047,15 @@
         return diceContents.message() + "\n" + prettyPrint(diceCertChain);
     }
 
-    auto& udsPub = diceContents->back().pubKey;
+    auto udsPub = diceCertChain->get(0)->asMap()->encode();
+    auto& kmDiceKey = diceContents->back().pubKey;
 
     auto error = validateUdsCerts(*udsCerts, udsPub);
     if (!error.empty()) {
         return error;
     }
 
-    auto signedPayload = verifyAndParseCoseSign1(signedData, udsPub, {} /* aad */);
+    auto signedPayload = verifyAndParseCoseSign1(signedData, kmDiceKey, {} /* aad */);
     if (!signedPayload) {
         return signedPayload.message();
     }
diff --git a/security/rkp/OWNERS b/security/rkp/OWNERS
index d25977f..8f854b4 100644
--- a/security/rkp/OWNERS
+++ b/security/rkp/OWNERS
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 
 jbires@google.com
 sethmo@google.com
-trong@google.com
diff --git a/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl b/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
index 40cf685..7a02ff5 100644
--- a/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
+++ b/security/rkp/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/generateCertificateRequestV2.cddl
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
 UdsCertChain = [
     + X509Certificate       ; Root -> ... -> Leaf. "Root" is the vendor self-signed
-                            ; cert, "Leaf" contains UDS_Public. It's recommended to
+                            ; cert, "Leaf" contains UDS_Pub. It's recommended to
                             ; have at least 3 certificates in the chain.
                             ; The Root certificate is recommended to be generated in an air-gapped,
                             ; HSM-based secure environment. The intermediate signing keys may be
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 ; The DICE Chain contains measurements about the device firmware.
 ; The first entry in the DICE Chain is the UDS_Pub, encoded as a COSE_key. All entries
 ; after the first describe a link in the boot chain (e.g. bootloaders: BL1, BL2, ... BLN)
-; Note that there is no DiceChainEntry for UDS_pub, only a "bare" COSE_key.
+; Note that there is no DiceChainEntry for UDS_Pub, only a "bare" COSE_key.
 DiceCertChain = [
     PubKeyEd25519 / PubKeyECDSA256 / PubKeyECDSA384,  ; UDS_Pub
     + DiceChainEntry,               ; First CDI_Certificate -> Last CDI_Certificate
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
index a5aa2b4..71c6b4f 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common/code_utils.hpp"
+#include "openthread/error.h"
 #include "openthread/openthread-system.h"
 #include "platform-posix.h"
 
@@ -56,14 +57,9 @@
 
 otError SocketInterface::Init(ReceiveFrameCallback aCallback, void* aCallbackContext,
                               RxFrameBuffer& aFrameBuffer) {
-    otError error = OT_ERROR_NONE;
+    otError error = InitSocket();
 
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1, error = OT_ERROR_ALREADY);
-
-    WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
-
-    mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
+    VerifyOrExit(error == OT_ERROR_NONE);
 
     mReceiveFrameCallback = aCallback;
     mReceiveFrameContext = aCallbackContext;
@@ -155,9 +151,22 @@
 
     VerifyOrExit(!mIsHardwareResetting, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
 
-    WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
-    mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
-    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1, error = OT_ERROR_FAILED);
+exit:
+    return error;
+}
+
+otError SocketInterface::InitSocket() {
+    otError error = OT_ERROR_NONE;
+    int retries = 0;
+
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1, error = OT_ERROR_ALREADY);
+
+    while (retries++ < kMaxRetriesForSocketInit) {
+        WaitForSocketFileCreated(mRadioUrl.GetPath());
+        mSockFd = OpenFile(mRadioUrl);
+        VerifyOrExit(mSockFd == -1);
+    }
+    error = OT_ERROR_FAILED;
 
 exit:
     return error;
@@ -168,11 +177,16 @@
 
     assert(context != nullptr);
 
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
     FD_SET(mSockFd, &context->mReadFdSet);
 
     if (context->mMaxFd < mSockFd) {
         context->mMaxFd = mSockFd;
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 void SocketInterface::Process(const void* aMainloopContext) {
@@ -181,9 +195,14 @@
 
     assert(context != nullptr);
 
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
     if (FD_ISSET(mSockFd, &context->mReadFdSet)) {
         Read();
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 otError SocketInterface::HardwareReset(void) {
@@ -198,22 +217,24 @@
 
 void SocketInterface::Read(void) {
     uint8_t buffer[kMaxFrameSize];
+    ssize_t rval;
 
-    ssize_t rval = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mSockFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
+    VerifyOrExit(mSockFd != -1);
+
+    rval = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(mSockFd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
 
     if (rval > 0) {
         ProcessReceivedData(buffer, static_cast<uint16_t>(rval));
     } else if (rval < 0) {
         DieNow(OT_EXIT_ERROR_ERRNO);
     } else {
-        if (mIsHardwareResetting) {
-            LogInfo("Socket connection is closed due to hardware reset.");
-            ResetStates();
-        } else {
-            LogCrit("Socket connection is closed by remote.");
-            exit(OT_EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
+        LogWarn("Socket connection is closed by remote, isHardwareReset: %d", mIsHardwareResetting);
+        ResetStates();
+        InitSocket();
     }
+
+exit:
+    return;
 }
 
 void SocketInterface::Write(const uint8_t* aFrame, uint16_t aLength) {
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
index 494d76a..83c86e8 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/socket_interface.hpp
@@ -247,6 +247,15 @@
     otError WaitForHardwareResetCompletion(uint32_t aTimeoutMs);
 
     /**
+     * Initialize socket
+     *
+     * @retval TRUE  Socket initialization is successful.
+     * @retval FALSE Socket initialization is failed.
+     *
+     */
+    otError InitSocket();
+
+    /**
      * Reset socket interface to intitial state.
      *
      */
@@ -257,6 +266,7 @@
                                              ///< descriptor to become available.
         kMaxRetriesForSocketCloseCheck = 3,  ///< Maximum retry times for checking
                                              ///< if socket is closed.
+        kMaxRetriesForSocketInit = 3,        ///< Maximum retry times for socket initialization.
     };
 
     ReceiveFrameCallback mReceiveFrameCallback;
diff --git a/uwb/aidl/default/Android.bp b/uwb/aidl/default/Android.bp
index eba18cf..037eac3 100644
--- a/uwb/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/uwb/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@
     prefer_rlib: true,
     rustlibs: [
         "android.hardware.uwb-V1-rust",
-        "liblibc",
         "liblogger",
         "liblog_rust",
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libbinder_tokio_rs",
         "libtokio",
-        "libtokio_util",
         "libnix",
         "libanyhow",
-        "libpdl_runtime",
-        "libuwb_uci_packets",
     ],
     proc_macros: [
         "libasync_trait",
diff --git a/uwb/aidl/default/src/service.rs b/uwb/aidl/default/src/service.rs
index e97b291..80fa8af 100644
--- a/uwb/aidl/default/src/service.rs
+++ b/uwb/aidl/default/src/service.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 use android_hardware_uwb::aidl::android::hardware::uwb::IUwb::{self, IUwb as _};
 use android_hardware_uwb::binder;
 
-use tokio::runtime::Runtime;
-
 use std::env;
 use std::panic;
 
@@ -25,13 +23,12 @@
 
     log::info!("UWB HAL starting up");
 
-    // Create the tokio runtime
-    let rt = Runtime::new()?;
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new()?;
 
     let chips = env::args()
         .skip(1) // Skip binary name
         .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, arg)| uwb_chip::UwbChip::new(i.to_string(), arg));
+        .map(|(i, arg)| rt.block_on(uwb_chip::UwbChip::new(i.to_string(), arg)));
 
     binder::add_service(
         &format!("{}/default", IUwb::BpUwb::get_descriptor()),
diff --git a/uwb/aidl/default/src/uwb_chip.rs b/uwb/aidl/default/src/uwb_chip.rs
index 956cf6c..0ed05d8 100644
--- a/uwb/aidl/default/src/uwb_chip.rs
+++ b/uwb/aidl/default/src/uwb_chip.rs
@@ -7,126 +7,113 @@
 use binder::{DeathRecipient, IBinder, Result, Strong};
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use tokio::io::unix::AsyncFd;
-use tokio::select;
+use tokio::fs;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 
-use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
-use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
-use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
-
-use pdl_runtime::Packet;
-use uwb_uci_packets::{DeviceResetCmdBuilder, ResetConfig, UciControlPacket, UciControlPacketHal};
-
-enum State {
+enum ClientState {
     Closed,
     Opened {
         callbacks: Strong<dyn IUwbClientCallback>,
-        handle: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
-        serial: File,
-        death_recipient: DeathRecipient,
-        token: CancellationToken,
+        _death_recipient: DeathRecipient,
     },
 }
 
+struct ServiceState {
+    client_state: ClientState,
+    writer: fs::File,
+}
+
 pub struct UwbChip {
     name: String,
-    path: String,
-    state: Arc<Mutex<State>>,
+    _handle: tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>,
+    service_state: Arc<Mutex<ServiceState>>,
 }
 
-impl UwbChip {
-    pub fn new(name: String, path: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            path,
-            state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(State::Closed)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl State {
-    /// Terminate the reader task.
-    async fn close(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        if let State::Opened {
-            ref mut token,
-            ref callbacks,
-            ref mut death_recipient,
-            ref mut handle,
-            ref mut serial,
-        } = *self
-        {
-            log::info!("waiting for task cancellation");
-            callbacks.as_binder().unlink_to_death(death_recipient)?;
-            token.cancel();
-            handle.await.unwrap();
-            let packet: UciControlPacket = DeviceResetCmdBuilder {
-                reset_config: ResetConfig::UwbsReset,
-            }
-            .build()
-            .into();
-            // DeviceResetCmd need to be send to reset the device to stop all running
-            // activities on UWBS.
-            let packet_vec: Vec<UciControlPacketHal> = packet.into();
-            for hal_packet in packet_vec.into_iter() {
-                serial
-                    .write(&hal_packet.encode_to_vec().unwrap())
-                    .map(|written| written as i32)
-                    .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR)?;
-            }
-            consume_device_reset_rsp_and_ntf(
-                &mut serial
-                    .try_clone()
-                    .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR)?,
-            );
-            log::info!("task successfully cancelled");
-            callbacks.onHalEvent(UwbEvent::CLOSE_CPLT, UwbStatus::OK)?;
-            *self = State::Closed;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn consume_device_reset_rsp_and_ntf(reader: &mut File) {
-    // Poll the DeviceResetRsp and DeviceStatusNtf before hal is closed to prevent
-    // the host from getting response and notifications from a 'powered down' UWBS.
-    // Do nothing when these packets are received.
-    const DEVICE_RESET_RSP: [u8; 5] = [64, 0, 0, 1, 0];
-    const DEVICE_STATUS_NTF: [u8; 5] = [96, 1, 0, 1, 1];
-    let mut buffer = vec![0; DEVICE_RESET_RSP.len() + DEVICE_STATUS_NTF.len()];
-    read_exact(reader, &mut buffer).unwrap();
-
-    // Make sure received packets are the expected ones.
-    assert_eq!(&buffer[0..DEVICE_RESET_RSP.len()], &DEVICE_RESET_RSP);
-    assert_eq!(&buffer[DEVICE_RESET_RSP.len()..], &DEVICE_STATUS_NTF);
-}
-
-pub fn makeraw(file: File) -> io::Result<File> {
-    // Configure the file descriptor as raw fd.
+/// Configure a file descriptor as raw fd.
+pub fn makeraw(file: fs::File) -> std::io::Result<fs::File> {
     use nix::sys::termios::*;
     let mut attrs = tcgetattr(&file)?;
     cfmakeraw(&mut attrs);
     tcsetattr(&file, SetArg::TCSANOW, &attrs)?;
-
     Ok(file)
 }
 
-/// Wrapper around Read::read to handle EWOULDBLOCK.
-/// /!\ will actively wait for more data, make sure to call
-/// this method only when data is immediately expected.
-fn read_exact(file: &mut File, mut buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
-    while buf.len() > 0 {
-        match file.read(buf) {
-            Ok(0) => panic!("unexpectedly reached end of file"),
-            Ok(read_len) => buf = &mut buf[read_len..],
-            Err(err) if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => continue,
-            Err(err) => return Err(err),
+impl UwbChip {
+    pub async fn new(name: String, path: String) -> Self {
+        // Open the serial file and configure it as raw file
+        // descriptor.
+        let mut reader = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .create(false)
+            .open(&path)
+            .await
+            .and_then(makeraw)
+            .expect("failed to open the serial device");
+        let writer = reader
+            .try_clone()
+            .await
+            .expect("failed to clone serial for writing");
+
+        // Create the chip
+        let service_state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(ServiceState {
+            writer,
+            client_state: ClientState::Closed,
+        }));
+
+        // Spawn the task that will run the polling loop.
+        let handle = {
+            let service_state = service_state.clone();
+
+            tokio::task::spawn(async move {
+                log::info!("UCI reader task started");
+
+                const MESSAGE_TYPE_MASK: u8 = 0b11100000;
+                const DATA_MESSAGE_TYPE: u8 = 0b000;
+                const UCI_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 4;
+                const UCI_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+
+                let mut buffer = [0; UCI_BUFFER_SIZE];
+
+                loop {
+                    reader
+                        .read_exact(&mut buffer[0..UCI_HEADER_SIZE])
+                        .await
+                        .expect("failed to read uci header bytes");
+                    let common_header = buffer[0];
+                    let mt = (common_header & MESSAGE_TYPE_MASK) >> 5;
+                    let payload_length = if mt == DATA_MESSAGE_TYPE {
+                        u16::from_le_bytes([buffer[2], buffer[3]]) as usize
+                    } else {
+                        buffer[3] as usize
+                    };
+
+                    let total_packet_length = payload_length + UCI_HEADER_SIZE;
+                    reader
+                        .read_exact(&mut buffer[UCI_HEADER_SIZE..total_packet_length])
+                        .await
+                        .expect("failed to read uci payload bytes");
+
+                    log::debug!(" <-- {:?}", &buffer[0..total_packet_length]);
+
+                    let service_state = service_state.lock().await;
+                    if let ClientState::Opened { ref callbacks, .. } = service_state.client_state {
+                        callbacks
+                            .onUciMessage(&buffer[0..total_packet_length])
+                            .unwrap();
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            name,
+            _handle: handle,
+            service_state,
         }
     }
-    Ok(())
 }
-
 impl binder::Interface for UwbChip {}
 
 #[async_trait]
@@ -136,124 +123,30 @@
     }
 
     async fn open(&self, callbacks: &Strong<dyn IUwbClientCallback>) -> Result<()> {
-        log::debug!("open: {:?}", &self.path);
+        log::debug!("open");
 
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().await;
+        let mut service_state = self.service_state.lock().await;
 
-        if matches!(*state, State::Opened { .. }) {
+        if matches!(service_state.client_state, ClientState::Opened { .. }) {
             log::error!("the state is already opened");
             return Err(binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE.into());
         }
 
-        let serial = OpenOptions::new()
-            .read(true)
-            .write(true)
-            .create(false)
-            .custom_flags(libc::O_NONBLOCK)
-            .open(&self.path)
-            .and_then(makeraw)
-            .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR)?;
-
-        let state_death_recipient = self.state.clone();
-        let mut death_recipient = DeathRecipient::new(move || {
-            let mut state = state_death_recipient.blocking_lock();
-            log::info!("Uwb service has died");
-            if let State::Opened { ref mut token, .. } = *state {
-                token.cancel();
-                *state = State::Closed;
-            }
-        });
+        let mut death_recipient = {
+            let service_state = self.service_state.clone();
+            DeathRecipient::new(move || {
+                log::info!("Uwb service has died");
+                let mut service_state = service_state.blocking_lock();
+                service_state.client_state = ClientState::Closed;
+            })
+        };
 
         callbacks.as_binder().link_to_death(&mut death_recipient)?;
-
-        let token = CancellationToken::new();
-        let cloned_token = token.clone();
-
-        let client_callbacks = callbacks.clone();
-
-        let reader = serial
-            .try_clone()
-            .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR)?;
-
-        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn(async move {
-            log::info!("UCI reader task started");
-            let mut reader = AsyncFd::new(reader).unwrap();
-
-            loop {
-                const MESSAGE_TYPE_MASK: u8 = 0b11100000;
-                const DATA_MESSAGE_TYPE: u8 = 0b000;
-                const UWB_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 4;
-                let mut buffer = vec![0; UWB_HEADER_SIZE];
-
-                // The only time where the task can be safely
-                // cancelled is when no packet bytes have been read.
-                //
-                // - read_exact() cannot be used here since it is not
-                //   cancellation safe.
-                // - read() cannot be used because it cannot be cancelled:
-                //   the syscall is executed blocking on the threadpool
-                //   and completes after termination of the task when
-                //   the pipe receives more data.
-                let read_len = loop {
-                    // On some platforms, the readiness detecting mechanism
-                    // relies on edge-triggered notifications. This means that
-                    // the OS will only notify Tokio when the file descriptor
-                    // transitions from not-ready to ready. For this to work
-                    // you should first try to read or write and only poll for
-                    // readiness if that fails with an error of
-                    // std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock.
-                    match reader.get_mut().read(&mut buffer) {
-                        Ok(0) => {
-                            log::error!("file unexpectedly closed");
-                            return;
-                        }
-                        Ok(read_len) => break read_len,
-                        Err(err) if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => (),
-                        Err(_) => panic!("unexpected read failure"),
-                    }
-
-                    let mut guard = select! {
-                        _ = cloned_token.cancelled() => {
-                            log::info!("task is cancelled!");
-                            return;
-                        },
-                        result = reader.readable() => result.unwrap()
-                    };
-
-                    guard.clear_ready();
-                };
-
-                // Read the remaining header bytes, if truncated.
-                read_exact(reader.get_mut(), &mut buffer[read_len..]).unwrap();
-
-                let common_header = buffer[0];
-                let mt = (common_header & MESSAGE_TYPE_MASK) >> 5;
-                let payload_length = if mt == DATA_MESSAGE_TYPE {
-                    let payload_length_fields: [u8; 2] = buffer[2..=3].try_into().unwrap();
-                    u16::from_le_bytes(payload_length_fields) as usize
-                } else {
-                    buffer[3] as usize
-                };
-
-                let length = payload_length + UWB_HEADER_SIZE;
-                buffer.resize(length, 0);
-
-                // Read the payload bytes.
-                read_exact(reader.get_mut(), &mut buffer[UWB_HEADER_SIZE..]).unwrap();
-
-                log::debug!(" <-- {:?}", buffer);
-                client_callbacks.onUciMessage(&buffer).unwrap();
-            }
-        });
-
         callbacks.onHalEvent(UwbEvent::OPEN_CPLT, UwbStatus::OK)?;
 
-        *state = State::Opened {
+        service_state.client_state = ClientState::Opened {
             callbacks: callbacks.clone(),
-            handle: join_handle,
-            serial,
-            death_recipient,
-            token,
+            _death_recipient: death_recipient,
         };
 
         Ok(())
@@ -262,19 +155,42 @@
     async fn close(&self) -> Result<()> {
         log::debug!("close");
 
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().await;
+        let mut service_state = self.service_state.lock().await;
 
-        if let State::Opened { .. } = *state {
-            state.close().await
-        } else {
-            Err(binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE.into())
+        if matches!(service_state.client_state, ClientState::Closed) {
+            log::error!("the state is already closed");
+            return Err(binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE.into());
         }
+
+        // Send the command Device Reset to stop all running activities
+        // on the UWBS emulator. This is necessary because the emulator
+        // is otherwise not notified of the power down (the serial stays
+        // open).
+        //
+        // The response to the command will be dropped by the polling loop,
+        // as the callbacks will have been removed then.
+        let uci_core_device_reset_cmd = [0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00];
+
+        service_state
+            .writer
+            .write_all(&uci_core_device_reset_cmd)
+            .await
+            .expect("failed to write UCI Device Reset command");
+
+        if let ClientState::Opened { ref callbacks, .. } = service_state.client_state {
+            callbacks.onHalEvent(UwbEvent::CLOSE_CPLT, UwbStatus::OK)?;
+        }
+
+        service_state.client_state = ClientState::Closed;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     async fn coreInit(&self) -> Result<()> {
         log::debug!("coreInit");
 
-        if let State::Opened { ref callbacks, .. } = *self.state.lock().await {
+        let service_state = self.service_state.lock().await;
+
+        if let ClientState::Opened { ref callbacks, .. } = service_state.client_state {
             callbacks.onHalEvent(UwbEvent::POST_INIT_CPLT, UwbStatus::OK)?;
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -289,22 +205,27 @@
     }
 
     async fn getSupportedAndroidUciVersion(&self) -> Result<i32> {
+        log::debug!("getSupportedAndroidUciVersion");
+
         Ok(1)
     }
 
     async fn sendUciMessage(&self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<i32> {
         log::debug!("sendUciMessage");
 
-        if let State::Opened { ref mut serial, .. } = &mut *self.state.lock().await {
-            log::debug!(" --> {:?}", data);
-            let result = serial
-                .write_all(data)
-                .map(|_| data.len() as i32)
-                .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR.into());
-            log::debug!(" status: {:?}", result);
-            result
-        } else {
-            Err(binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE.into())
+        let mut service_state = self.service_state.lock().await;
+
+        if matches!(service_state.client_state, ClientState::Closed) {
+            log::error!("the state is not opened");
+            return Err(binder::ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE.into());
         }
+
+        log::debug!(" --> {:?}", data);
+        service_state
+            .writer
+            .write_all(data)
+            .await
+            .map(|_| data.len() as i32)
+            .map_err(|_| binder::StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR.into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/Android.bp b/wifi/aidl/Android.bp
index 392d2e9..b77e935 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@
         },
 
     ],
-    frozen: true,
+    frozen: false,
 }
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi/current/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl b/wifi/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi/current/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
index 5ed7517..5fe7c53 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi/current/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
+++ b/wifi/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi/current/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
     SET_AFC_CHANNEL_ALLOWANCE = (1 << 7) /* 128 */,
     T2LM_NEGOTIATION = (1 << 8) /* 256 */,
     SET_VOIP_MODE = (1 << 9) /* 512 */,
+    MLO_SAP = (1 << 10) /* 1024 */,
   }
   @VintfStability
   parcelable ChipConcurrencyCombinationLimit {
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl b/wifi/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
index d12d26c..4e418d8 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
+++ b/wifi/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/IWifiChip.aidl
@@ -87,6 +87,10 @@
          * Chip supports voip mode setting.
          */
         SET_VOIP_MODE = 1 << 9,
+        /**
+         * Chip supports Wi-Fi 7 MLO SoftAp.
+         */
+        MLO_SAP = 1 << 10,
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/Android.bp b/wifi/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 3fcb77f..0711bde 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
         "libwifi-hal",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "libxml2",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
     ],
 
     export_include_dirs: ["."],
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
         "libwifi-hal",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "libxml2",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
     ],
     static_libs: ["android.hardware.wifi-service-lib"],
     init_rc: ["android.hardware.wifi-service.rc"],
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
         "libwifi-hal",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "libxml2",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
     ],
     static_libs: ["android.hardware.wifi-service-lib"],
     init_rc: ["android.hardware.wifi-service-lazy.rc"],
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.wifi-service-lib",
     ],
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
index d99edaa..0455be7 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/aidl_struct_util.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@
             return IWifiChip::FeatureSetMask::SET_AFC_CHANNEL_ALLOWANCE;
         case WIFI_FEATURE_SET_VOIP_MODE:
             return IWifiChip::FeatureSetMask::SET_VOIP_MODE;
+        case WIFI_FEATURE_MLO_SAP:
+            return IWifiChip::FeatureSetMask::MLO_SAP;
     };
     CHECK(false) << "Unknown legacy feature: " << feature;
     return {};
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/default/android.hardware.wifi-service.xml b/wifi/aidl/default/android.hardware.wifi-service.xml
index 3b68c8e..9bfffb6 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/default/android.hardware.wifi-service.xml
+++ b/wifi/aidl/default/android.hardware.wifi-service.xml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <manifest version="1.0" type="device">
 	<hal format="aidl">
 		<name>android.hardware.wifi</name>
-		<version>2</version>
+		<version>3</version>
 		<fqname>IWifi/default</fqname>
 	</hal>
 </manifest>
diff --git a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 9994d09..66eb970 100644
--- a/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
index bf1b0d0..b1c9c5d 100644
--- a/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/hostapd/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
         "android.hardware.wifi@1.5",
         "android.hardware.wifi@1.6",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "libwifi-system",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
diff --git a/wifi/legacy_headers/include/hardware_legacy/wifi_hal.h b/wifi/legacy_headers/include/hardware_legacy/wifi_hal.h
index 9baa2c7..c68cdf6 100644
--- a/wifi/legacy_headers/include/hardware_legacy/wifi_hal.h
+++ b/wifi/legacy_headers/include/hardware_legacy/wifi_hal.h
@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@
 #define WIFI_FEATURE_ROAMING_MODE_CONTROL   (uint64_t)0x800000000 // Support for configuring roaming mode
 #define WIFI_FEATURE_SET_VOIP_MODE          (uint64_t)0x1000000000 // Support Voip mode setting
 #define WIFI_FEATURE_CACHED_SCAN_RESULTS    (uint64_t)0x2000000000 // Support cached scan result report
+#define WIFI_FEATURE_MLO_SAP (uint64_t)0x4000000000                // Support MLO SoftAp
 // Add more features here
 
 #define IS_MASK_SET(mask, flags)        (((flags) & (mask)) == (mask))
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/Android.bp b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/Android.bp
index b7242ed..8d16cb7 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -71,5 +71,5 @@
         },
 
     ],
-    frozen: true,
+    frozen: false,
 }
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi.supplicant/current/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi.supplicant/current/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
index 330f2aa..6bae4cf 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi.supplicant/current/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/aidl_api/android.hardware.wifi.supplicant/current/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
@@ -41,4 +41,5 @@
   TRUST_ON_FIRST_USE = (1 << 4) /* 16 */,
   SET_TLS_MINIMUM_VERSION = (1 << 5) /* 32 */,
   TLS_V1_3 = (1 << 6) /* 64 */,
+  RSN_OVERRIDING = (1 << 7) /* 128 */,
 }
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
index a9434c4..b6e57c6 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/android/hardware/wifi/supplicant/WpaDriverCapabilitiesMask.aidl
@@ -50,4 +50,8 @@
      * TLS V1.3
      */
     TLS_V1_3 = 1 << 6,
+    /**
+     * RSN Overriding
+     */
+    RSN_OVERRIDING = 1 << 7,
 }
diff --git a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 4166850..8bfe805 100644
--- a/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/supplicant/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.0",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.1",
-        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V3-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V4-ndk",
         "libwifi-system",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_5TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiSupplicantV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -84,14 +84,14 @@
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.0",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.1",
-        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V3-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V4-ndk",
         "libwifi-system",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_5TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiSupplicantV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
     ],
     test_suites: [
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.0",
         "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.1",
-        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V3-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi.supplicant-V4-ndk",
         "libwifi-system",
         "libwifi-system-iface",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiV1_5TargetTestUtil",
         "VtsHalWifiSupplicantV1_0TargetTestUtil",
         "android.hardware.wifi.common-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.wifi-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.wifi-V3-ndk",
         "VtsHalWifiTargetTestUtil",
     ],
     test_suites: [