diff --git a/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h b/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
index 52ae936..dc411ff 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/common/include/Utils.h
@@ -186,6 +186,12 @@
 
 template <typename E, typename U = std::underlying_type_t<E>,
           typename = std::enable_if_t<is_bit_position_enum<E>::value>>
+constexpr bool areAllBitPositionFlagsSet(U mask, std::initializer_list<E> flags) {
+    return (mask & makeBitPositionFlagMask<E>(flags)) == makeBitPositionFlagMask<E>(flags);
+}
+
+template <typename E, typename U = std::underlying_type_t<E>,
+          typename = std::enable_if_t<is_bit_position_enum<E>::value>>
 constexpr bool isAnyBitPositionFlagSet(U mask, std::initializer_list<E> flags) {
     return (mask & makeBitPositionFlagMask<E>(flags)) != 0;
 }
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 73d7626..14082eb 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -77,8 +77,10 @@
         "r_submix/ModuleRemoteSubmix.cpp",
         "r_submix/SubmixRoute.cpp",
         "r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp",
+        "stub/ApeHeader.cpp",
         "stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp",
         "stub/ModuleStub.cpp",
+        "stub/StreamOffloadStub.cpp",
         "stub/StreamStub.cpp",
         "usb/ModuleUsb.cpp",
         "usb/StreamUsb.cpp",
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
index f9fa799..077d80b 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Module.cpp
@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@
         return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
     }
     const auto& flags = portConfigIt->flags.value();
-    StreamContext::DebugParameters params{
-            mDebug.streamTransientStateDelayMs, mVendorDebug.forceTransientBurst,
-            mVendorDebug.forceSynchronousDrain, mVendorDebug.forceDrainToDraining};
+    StreamContext::DebugParameters params{mDebug.streamTransientStateDelayMs,
+                                          mVendorDebug.forceTransientBurst,
+                                          mVendorDebug.forceSynchronousDrain};
     std::unique_ptr<StreamContext::DataMQ> dataMQ = nullptr;
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> streamAsyncCallback = nullptr;
     std::shared_ptr<ISoundDose> soundDose;
@@ -1546,7 +1546,6 @@
 
 const std::string Module::VendorDebug::kForceTransientBurstName = "aosp.forceTransientBurst";
 const std::string Module::VendorDebug::kForceSynchronousDrainName = "aosp.forceSynchronousDrain";
-const std::string Module::VendorDebug::kForceDrainToDrainingName = "aosp.forceDrainToDraining";
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus Module::getVendorParameters(const std::vector<std::string>& in_ids,
                                                std::vector<VendorParameter>* _aidl_return) {
@@ -1561,10 +1560,6 @@
             VendorParameter forceSynchronousDrain{.id = id};
             forceSynchronousDrain.ext.setParcelable(Boolean{mVendorDebug.forceSynchronousDrain});
             _aidl_return->push_back(std::move(forceSynchronousDrain));
-        } else if (id == VendorDebug::kForceDrainToDrainingName) {
-            VendorParameter forceDrainToDraining{.id = id};
-            forceDrainToDraining.ext.setParcelable(Boolean{mVendorDebug.forceDrainToDraining});
-            _aidl_return->push_back(std::move(forceDrainToDraining));
         } else {
             allParametersKnown = false;
             LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << mType << ": unrecognized parameter \"" << id << "\"";
@@ -1605,10 +1600,6 @@
             if (!extractParameter<Boolean>(p, &mVendorDebug.forceSynchronousDrain)) {
                 return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
             }
-        } else if (p.id == VendorDebug::kForceDrainToDrainingName) {
-            if (!extractParameter<Boolean>(p, &mVendorDebug.forceDrainToDraining)) {
-                return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT);
-            }
         } else {
             allParametersKnown = false;
             LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << mType << ": unrecognized parameter \"" << p.id
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
index 3da6d48..2a1dba9 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/ModulePrimary.cpp
@@ -21,12 +21,16 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/ModulePrimary.h"
+#include "core-impl/StreamOffloadStub.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamPrimary.h"
 #include "core-impl/Telephony.h"
 
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::areAllBitPositionFlagsSet;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata;
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOutputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
@@ -43,6 +47,17 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::calculateBufferSizeFrames(
+        const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription& format,
+        int32_t latencyMs, int32_t sampleRateHz, int32_t* bufferSizeFrames) {
+    if (format.type != ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType::PCM &&
+        StreamOffloadStub::getSupportedEncodings().count(format.encoding)) {
+        *bufferSizeFrames = sampleRateHz / 2;  // 1/2 of a second.
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+    return Module::calculateBufferSizeFrames(format, latencyMs, sampleRateHz, bufferSizeFrames);
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::createInputStream(StreamContext&& context,
                                                     const SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
                                                     const std::vector<MicrophoneInfo>& microphones,
@@ -54,8 +69,18 @@
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ModulePrimary::createOutputStream(
         StreamContext&& context, const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
         const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo, std::shared_ptr<StreamOut>* result) {
-    return createStreamInstance<StreamOutPrimary>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
-                                                  offloadInfo);
+    if (!areAllBitPositionFlagsSet(
+                context.getFlags().get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
+                {AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD, AudioOutputFlags::NON_BLOCKING})) {
+        return createStreamInstance<StreamOutPrimary>(result, std::move(context), sourceMetadata,
+                                                      offloadInfo);
+    } else {
+        // "Stub" is used because there is no actual decoder. The stream just
+        // extracts the clip duration from the media file header and simulates
+        // playback over time.
+        return createStreamInstance<StreamOutOffloadStub>(result, std::move(context),
+                                                          sourceMetadata, offloadInfo);
+    }
 }
 
 int32_t ModulePrimary::getNominalLatencyMs(const AudioPortConfig&) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
index c138095..c6c1b5d 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/Stream.cpp
@@ -142,12 +142,16 @@
                    ", size in bytes: " + std::to_string(mDataBufferSize);
         }
     }
-    if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->init(); status != STATUS_OK) {
+    if (::android::status_t status = mDriver->init(this /*DriverCallbackInterface*/);
+        status != STATUS_OK) {
         return "Failed to initialize the driver: " + std::to_string(status);
     }
     return "";
 }
 
+void StreamWorkerCommonLogic::onBufferStateChange(size_t /*bufferFramesLeft*/) {}
+void StreamWorkerCommonLogic::onClipStateChange(size_t /*clipFramesLeft*/, bool /*hasNextClip*/) {}
+
 void StreamWorkerCommonLogic::populateReply(StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply,
                                             bool isConnected) const {
     static const StreamDescriptor::Position kUnknownPosition = {
@@ -381,48 +385,60 @@
 
 const std::string StreamOutWorkerLogic::kThreadName = "writer";
 
-StreamOutWorkerLogic::Status StreamOutWorkerLogic::cycle() {
-    if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING && mContext->getForceDrainToDraining() &&
-        mOnDrainReadyStatus == OnDrainReadyStatus::UNSENT) {
+void StreamOutWorkerLogic::onBufferStateChange(size_t bufferFramesLeft) {
+    const StreamDescriptor::State state = mState;
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": state: " << toString(state)
+               << ", bufferFramesLeft: " << bufferFramesLeft;
+    if (state == StreamDescriptor::State::TRANSFERRING) {
+        mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE;
         std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
         if (asyncCallback != nullptr) {
+            ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onTransferReady();
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onTransferReady: " << status;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void StreamOutWorkerLogic::onClipStateChange(size_t clipFramesLeft, bool hasNextClip) {
+    const DrainState drainState = mDrainState;
+    std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": drainState: " << drainState << "; clipFramesLeft "
+               << clipFramesLeft << "; hasNextClip? " << hasNextClip << "; asyncCallback? "
+               << (asyncCallback != nullptr);
+    if (drainState != DrainState::NONE && clipFramesLeft == 0) {
+        mState =
+                hasNextClip ? StreamDescriptor::State::TRANSFERRING : StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
+        mDrainState = DrainState::NONE;
+        if (drainState == DrainState::ALL && asyncCallback != nullptr) {
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": sending onDrainReady";
             ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onDrainReady();
             if (!status.isOk()) {
                 LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onDrainReady: " << status;
             }
-            // This sets the timeout for moving into IDLE on next iterations.
-            switchToTransientState(StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING);
-            mOnDrainReadyStatus = OnDrainReadyStatus::SENT;
         }
-    } else if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING ||
-               mState == StreamDescriptor::State::TRANSFERRING) {
+    } else if (drainState == DrainState::EN && clipFramesLeft > 0) {
+        // The stream state does not change, it is still draining.
+        mDrainState = DrainState::EN_SENT;
+        if (asyncCallback != nullptr) {
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": sending onDrainReady";
+            ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onDrainReady();
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onDrainReady: " << status;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+StreamOutWorkerLogic::Status StreamOutWorkerLogic::cycle() {
+    // Non-blocking mode is handled within 'onClipStateChange'
+    if (std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
+        mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING && asyncCallback == nullptr) {
         if (auto stateDurationMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                     std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - mTransientStateStart);
             stateDurationMs >= mTransientStateDelayMs) {
-            std::shared_ptr<IStreamCallback> asyncCallback = mContext->getAsyncCallback();
-            if (asyncCallback == nullptr) {
-                // In blocking mode, mState can only be DRAINING.
-                mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
-            } else {
-                // In a real implementation, the driver should notify the HAL about
-                // drain or transfer completion. In the stub, we switch unconditionally.
-                if (mState == StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING) {
-                    mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
-                    if (mOnDrainReadyStatus != OnDrainReadyStatus::SENT) {
-                        ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onDrainReady();
-                        if (!status.isOk()) {
-                            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onDrainReady: " << status;
-                        }
-                        mOnDrainReadyStatus = OnDrainReadyStatus::SENT;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    mState = StreamDescriptor::State::ACTIVE;
-                    ndk::ScopedAStatus status = asyncCallback->onTransferReady();
-                    if (!status.isOk()) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": error from onTransferReady: " << status;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
             if (mTransientStateDelayMs.count() != 0) {
                 LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": switched to state " << toString(mState)
                            << " after a timeout";
@@ -552,10 +568,9 @@
                             mState = StreamDescriptor::State::IDLE;
                         } else {
                             switchToTransientState(StreamDescriptor::State::DRAINING);
-                            mOnDrainReadyStatus =
-                                    mode == StreamDescriptor::DrainMode::DRAIN_EARLY_NOTIFY
-                                            ? OnDrainReadyStatus::UNSENT
-                                            : OnDrainReadyStatus::IGNORE;
+                            mDrainState = mode == StreamDescriptor::DrainMode::DRAIN_EARLY_NOTIFY
+                                                  ? DrainState::EN
+                                                  : DrainState::ALL;
                         }
                     } else {
                         LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": drain failed: " << status;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
index 210c26b..7a44cc7 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/alsa/StreamAlsa.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
     return source;
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamAlsa::init() {
+::android::status_t StreamAlsa::init(DriverCallbackInterface* /*callback*/) {
     return mConfig.has_value() ? ::android::OK : ::android::NO_INIT;
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
index 6e1a811..77ce121 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/bluetooth/StreamBluetooth.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     cleanupWorker();
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamBluetooth::init() {
+::android::status_t StreamBluetooth::init(DriverCallbackInterface*) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
     if (mBtDeviceProxy == nullptr) {
         // This is a normal situation in VTS tests.
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h
index 40a9fea..84f869a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h
@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 
 class DriverStubImpl : virtual public DriverInterface {
   public:
-    explicit DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context);
+    explicit DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context)
+        : DriverStubImpl(context, 500 /*asyncSleepTimeUs*/) {}
+    DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context, int asyncSleepTimeUs);
 
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
     ::android::status_t flush() override;
     ::android::status_t pause() override;
@@ -34,12 +36,14 @@
                                  int32_t* latencyMs) override;
     void shutdown() override;
 
-  private:
+  protected:
     const size_t mBufferSizeFrames;
     const size_t mFrameSizeBytes;
     const int mSampleRate;
     const bool mIsAsynchronous;
     const bool mIsInput;
+    const int32_t mMixPortHandle;
+    const int mAsyncSleepTimeUs;
     bool mIsInitialized = false;  // Used for validating the state machine logic.
     bool mIsStandby = true;       // Used for validating the state machine logic.
     int64_t mStartTimeNs = 0;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
index cbc13d1..6a43102 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Module.h
@@ -148,10 +148,8 @@
     struct VendorDebug {
         static const std::string kForceTransientBurstName;
         static const std::string kForceSynchronousDrainName;
-        static const std::string kForceDrainToDrainingName;
         bool forceTransientBurst = false;
         bool forceSynchronousDrain = false;
-        bool forceDrainToDraining = false;
     };
     // ids of device ports created at runtime via 'connectExternalDevice'.
     // Also stores a list of ids of mix ports with dynamic profiles that were populated from
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
index 82c8a03..a657dc5 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/ModulePrimary.h
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
   protected:
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getTelephony(std::shared_ptr<ITelephony>* _aidl_return) override;
 
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus calculateBufferSizeFrames(
+            const ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription& format,
+            int32_t latencyMs, int32_t sampleRateHz, int32_t* bufferSizeFrames) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputStream(
             StreamContext&& context,
             const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SinkMetadata& sinkMetadata,
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
index 304f9b7..f0139b4 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/Stream.h
@@ -78,10 +78,6 @@
         bool forceTransientBurst = false;
         // Force the "drain" command to be synchronous, going directly to the IDLE state.
         bool forceSynchronousDrain = false;
-        // Force the "drain early notify" command to keep the SM in the DRAINING state
-        // after sending 'onDrainReady' callback. The SM moves to IDLE after
-        // 'transientStateDelayMs'.
-        bool forceDrainToDraining = false;
     };
 
     StreamContext() = default;
@@ -123,7 +119,6 @@
     ::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags getFlags() const { return mFlags; }
     bool getForceTransientBurst() const { return mDebugParameters.forceTransientBurst; }
     bool getForceSynchronousDrain() const { return mDebugParameters.forceSynchronousDrain; }
-    bool getForceDrainToDraining() const { return mDebugParameters.forceDrainToDraining; }
     size_t getFrameSize() const;
     int getInternalCommandCookie() const { return mInternalCommandCookie; }
     int32_t getMixPortHandle() const { return mMixPortHandle; }
@@ -146,8 +141,8 @@
     // locking because it only cleans MQ pointers which were also set on the Binder thread.
     void reset();
     // 'advanceFrameCount' and 'getFrameCount' are only called on the worker thread.
-    long advanceFrameCount(size_t increase) { return mFrameCount += increase; }
-    long getFrameCount() const { return mFrameCount; }
+    int64_t advanceFrameCount(size_t increase) { return mFrameCount += increase; }
+    int64_t getFrameCount() const { return mFrameCount; }
 
   private:
     // Fields are non const to allow move assignment.
@@ -165,14 +160,30 @@
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> mOutEventCallback;  // Only used by output streams
     std::weak_ptr<sounddose::StreamDataProcessorInterface> mStreamDataProcessor;
     DebugParameters mDebugParameters;
-    long mFrameCount = 0;
+    int64_t mFrameCount = 0;
+};
+
+// Driver callbacks are executed on a dedicated thread, not on the worker thread.
+struct DriverCallbackInterface {
+    virtual ~DriverCallbackInterface() = default;
+    // Both callbacks are used to notify the worker about the progress of the playback
+    // offloaded to the DSP.
+
+    //   'bufferFramesLeft' is how many *encoded* frames are left in the buffer until
+    //    it depletes.
+    virtual void onBufferStateChange(size_t bufferFramesLeft) = 0;
+    //   'clipFramesLeft' is how many *decoded* frames are left until the end of the currently
+    //    playing clip. '0' frames left means that the clip has ended (by itself or due
+    //    to draining).
+    //   'hasNextClip' indicates whether the DSP has audio data for the next clip.
+    virtual void onClipStateChange(size_t clipFramesLeft, bool hasNextClip) = 0;
 };
 
 // This interface provides operations of the stream which are executed on the worker thread.
 struct DriverInterface {
     virtual ~DriverInterface() = default;
     // All the methods below are called on the worker thread.
-    virtual ::android::status_t init() = 0;  // This function is only called once.
+    virtual ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) = 0;  // Called once.
     virtual ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode mode) = 0;
     virtual ::android::status_t flush() = 0;
     virtual ::android::status_t pause() = 0;
@@ -194,7 +205,8 @@
     virtual void shutdown() = 0;  // This function is only called once.
 };
 
-class StreamWorkerCommonLogic : public ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamLogic {
+class StreamWorkerCommonLogic : public ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamLogic,
+                                public DriverCallbackInterface {
   public:
     bool isClosed() const { return mState == StreamContext::STATE_CLOSED; }
     StreamDescriptor::State setClosed() {
@@ -214,7 +226,13 @@
           mDriver(driver),
           mTransientStateDelayMs(context->getTransientStateDelayMs()) {}
     pid_t getTid() const;
+
+    // ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamLogic
     std::string init() override;
+    // DriverCallbackInterface
+    void onBufferStateChange(size_t bufferFramesLeft) override;
+    void onClipStateChange(size_t clipFramesLeft, bool hasNextClip) override;
+
     void populateReply(StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply, bool isConnected) const;
     void populateReplyWrongState(StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply,
                                  const StreamDescriptor::Command& command) const;
@@ -301,14 +319,17 @@
 
   protected:
     Status cycle() override;
+    // DriverCallbackInterface
+    void onBufferStateChange(size_t bufferFramesLeft) override;
+    void onClipStateChange(size_t clipFramesLeft, bool hasNextClip) override;
 
   private:
     bool write(size_t clientSize, StreamDescriptor::Reply* reply);
 
     std::shared_ptr<IStreamOutEventCallback> mEventCallback;
 
-    enum OnDrainReadyStatus : int32_t { IGNORE /*used for DRAIN_ALL*/, UNSENT, SENT };
-    OnDrainReadyStatus mOnDrainReadyStatus = OnDrainReadyStatus::IGNORE;
+    enum DrainState : int32_t { NONE, ALL, EN /*early notify*/, EN_SENT };
+    std::atomic<DrainState> mDrainState = DrainState::NONE;
 };
 using StreamOutWorker = StreamWorkerImpl<StreamOutWorkerLogic>;
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
index 7e0f0ac..c0dcb63 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamAlsa.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
     ~StreamAlsa();
 
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
     ::android::status_t flush() override;
     ::android::status_t pause() override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
index 357a546..2bdd6b2 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamBluetooth.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
     ~StreamBluetooth();
 
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface*) override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
     ::android::status_t flush() override;
     ::android::status_t pause() override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamOffloadStub.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamOffloadStub.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67abe95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamOffloadStub.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <mutex>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "core-impl/DriverStubImpl.h"
+#include "core-impl/Stream.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+struct DspSimulatorState {
+    const std::string formatEncoding;
+    const int sampleRate;
+    const int64_t earlyNotifyFrames;
+    const int64_t bufferNotifyFrames;
+    DriverCallbackInterface* callback = nullptr;  // set before starting DSP worker
+    std::mutex lock;
+    std::vector<int64_t> clipFramesLeft GUARDED_BY(lock);
+    int64_t bufferFramesLeft GUARDED_BY(lock);
+};
+
+class DspSimulatorLogic : public ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamLogic {
+  protected:
+    explicit DspSimulatorLogic(DspSimulatorState& sharedState) : mSharedState(sharedState) {}
+    std::string init() override;
+    Status cycle() override;
+
+  private:
+    DspSimulatorState& mSharedState;
+};
+
+class DspSimulatorWorker
+    : public ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamWorker<DspSimulatorLogic> {
+  public:
+    explicit DspSimulatorWorker(DspSimulatorState& sharedState)
+        : ::android::hardware::audio::common::StreamWorker<DspSimulatorLogic>(sharedState) {}
+};
+
+class DriverOffloadStubImpl : public DriverStubImpl {
+  public:
+    DriverOffloadStubImpl(const StreamContext& context);
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) override;
+    ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode drainMode) override;
+    ::android::status_t flush() override;
+    ::android::status_t pause() override;
+    ::android::status_t start() override;
+    ::android::status_t transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount, size_t* actualFrameCount,
+                                 int32_t* latencyMs) override;
+    void shutdown() override;
+
+  private:
+    ::android::status_t startWorkerIfNeeded();
+
+    DspSimulatorState mState;
+    DspSimulatorWorker mDspWorker;
+    bool mDspWorkerStarted = false;
+};
+
+class StreamOffloadStub : public StreamCommonImpl, public DriverOffloadStubImpl {
+  public:
+    static const std::set<std::string>& getSupportedEncodings();
+
+    StreamOffloadStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
+    ~StreamOffloadStub();
+};
+
+class StreamOutOffloadStub final : public StreamOut, public StreamOffloadStub {
+  public:
+    friend class ndk::SharedRefBase;
+    StreamOutOffloadStub(
+            StreamContext&& context,
+            const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
+            const std::optional<::aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>&
+                    offloadInfo);
+
+  private:
+    void onClose(StreamDescriptor::State) override { defaultOnClose(); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
index 4f19a46..06f8bc3 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamPrimary.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     StreamPrimary(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata);
 
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode mode) override;
     ::android::status_t flush() override;
     ::android::status_t pause() override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
index 5e52ad0..28a446a 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/include/core-impl/StreamRemoteSubmix.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     ~StreamRemoteSubmix();
 
     // Methods of 'DriverInterface'.
-    ::android::status_t init() override;
+    ::android::status_t init(DriverCallbackInterface*) override;
     ::android::status_t drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) override;
     ::android::status_t flush() override;
     ::android::status_t pause() override;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
index 46e384e..8455680 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/primary/StreamPrimary.cpp
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@
     context->startStreamDataProcessor();
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamPrimary::init() {
-    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStubDriver.init());
-    return StreamAlsa::init();
+::android::status_t StreamPrimary::init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(mStubDriver.init(callback));
+    return StreamAlsa::init(callback);
 }
 
 ::android::status_t StreamPrimary::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode mode) {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
index f8ead16..cc3c644 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/r_submix/StreamRemoteSubmix.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     cleanupWorker();
 }
 
-::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::init() {
+::android::status_t StreamRemoteSubmix::init(DriverCallbackInterface*) {
     mCurrentRoute = SubmixRoute::findOrCreateRoute(mDeviceAddress, mStreamConfig);
     if (mCurrentRoute == nullptr) {
         return ::android::NO_INIT;
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9112377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_OffloadStream"
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
+#include "ApeHeader.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kApeSignature1 = 0x2043414d;  // 'MAC ';
+static constexpr uint32_t kApeSignature2 = 0x4643414d;  // 'MACF';
+static constexpr uint16_t kMinimumVersion = 3980;
+
+void* findApeHeader(void* buffer, size_t bufferSizeBytes, ApeHeader** header) {
+    auto advanceBy = [&](size_t bytes) -> void* {
+        buffer = static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer) + bytes;
+        bufferSizeBytes -= bytes;
+        return buffer;
+    };
+
+    while (bufferSizeBytes >= sizeof(ApeDescriptor) + sizeof(ApeHeader)) {
+        ApeDescriptor* descPtr = static_cast<ApeDescriptor*>(buffer);
+        if (descPtr->signature != kApeSignature1 && descPtr->signature != kApeSignature2) {
+            advanceBy(sizeof(descPtr->signature));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (descPtr->version < kMinimumVersion) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Unsupported APE version: " << descPtr->version
+                       << ", minimum supported version: " << kMinimumVersion;
+            // Older versions only have a header, which is of the size similar to the modern header.
+            advanceBy(sizeof(ApeHeader));
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (descPtr->descriptorSizeBytes > bufferSizeBytes) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__
+                       << ": Invalid APE descriptor size: " << descPtr->descriptorSizeBytes
+                       << ", overruns remaining buffer size: " << bufferSizeBytes;
+            advanceBy(sizeof(ApeDescriptor));
+            continue;
+        }
+        advanceBy(descPtr->descriptorSizeBytes);
+        if (sizeof(ApeHeader) > bufferSizeBytes) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": APE header is incomplete, want: " << sizeof(ApeHeader)
+                       << " bytes, have: " << bufferSizeBytes;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        *header = static_cast<ApeHeader*>(buffer);
+        return advanceBy(sizeof(ApeHeader));
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.h b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df30335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/ApeHeader.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+// Simplified APE (Monkey Audio) header definition sufficient to figure out
+// the basic parameters of the encoded file. Only supports the "current"
+// versions of the header (>= 3980).
+
+#pragma pack(push, 4)
+
+// Only the beginning of the descriptor is needed to find the header which
+// follows the descriptor.
+struct ApeDescriptor {
+    uint32_t signature;  // 'MAC ' or 'MACF'
+    uint16_t version;
+    uint16_t padding;
+    uint32_t descriptorSizeBytes;
+    uint32_t headerSizeBytes;
+};
+
+struct ApeHeader {
+    uint16_t compressionLevel;
+    uint16_t flags;
+    uint32_t blocksPerFrame;   // "frames" are encoder frames, while "blocks" are audio frames
+    uint32_t lastFrameBlocks;  // number of "blocks" in the last encoder "frame"
+    uint32_t totalFrames;      // total number of encoder "frames"
+    uint16_t bitsPerSample;
+    uint16_t channelCount;
+    uint32_t sampleRate;
+};
+
+#pragma pack(pop)
+
+// Tries to find APE descriptor and header in the buffer. Returns the position
+// after the header or nullptr if it was not found.
+void* findApeHeader(void* buffer, size_t bufferSizeBytes, ApeHeader** header);
+
+// Clip duration in audio frames ("blocks" in the APE terminology).
+inline int64_t getApeClipDurationFrames(const ApeHeader* header) {
+    return header->totalFrames != 0
+                   ? (header->totalFrames - 1) * header->blocksPerFrame + header->lastFrameBlocks
+                   : 0;
+}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp
index beb0114..0d129e6 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/DriverStubImpl.cpp
@@ -24,19 +24,27 @@
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
 
-DriverStubImpl::DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context)
+DriverStubImpl::DriverStubImpl(const StreamContext& context, int asyncSleepTimeUs)
     : mBufferSizeFrames(context.getBufferSizeInFrames()),
       mFrameSizeBytes(context.getFrameSize()),
       mSampleRate(context.getSampleRate()),
       mIsAsynchronous(!!context.getAsyncCallback()),
-      mIsInput(context.isInput()) {}
+      mIsInput(context.isInput()),
+      mMixPortHandle(context.getMixPortHandle()),
+      mAsyncSleepTimeUs(asyncSleepTimeUs) {}
 
-::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::init() {
+#define LOG_ENTRY()                                                                          \
+    LOG(DEBUG) << "[" << (mIsInput ? "in" : "out") << "|ioHandle:" << mMixPortHandle << "] " \
+               << __func__;
+
+::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::init(DriverCallbackInterface* /*callback*/) {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     mIsInitialized = true;
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode) {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -46,14 +54,15 @@
             const size_t delayUs = static_cast<size_t>(
                     std::roundf(mBufferSizeFrames * kMicrosPerSecond / mSampleRate));
             usleep(delayUs);
-        } else {
-            usleep(500);
+        } else if (mAsyncSleepTimeUs) {
+            usleep(mAsyncSleepTimeUs);
         }
     }
     return ::android::OK;
 }
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::flush() {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -61,6 +70,7 @@
 }
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::pause() {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -68,6 +78,7 @@
 }
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::standby() {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -76,6 +87,7 @@
 }
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::start() {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -87,6 +99,7 @@
 
 ::android::status_t DriverStubImpl::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
                                              size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t*) {
+    // No LOG_ENTRY as this is called very often.
     if (!mIsInitialized) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << ": must not happen for an uninitialized driver";
     }
@@ -95,7 +108,7 @@
     }
     *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
     if (mIsAsynchronous) {
-        usleep(500);
+        if (mAsyncSleepTimeUs) usleep(mAsyncSleepTimeUs);
     } else {
         mFramesSinceStart += *actualFrameCount;
         const long bufferDurationUs = (*actualFrameCount) * MICROS_PER_SECOND / mSampleRate;
@@ -120,6 +133,7 @@
 }
 
 void DriverStubImpl::shutdown() {
+    LOG_ENTRY();
     mIsInitialized = false;
 }
 
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamOffloadStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamOffloadStub.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95cef35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamOffloadStub.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "AHAL_OffloadStream"
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <audio_utils/clock.h>
+#include <error/Result.h>
+#include <utils/SystemClock.h>
+
+#include "ApeHeader.h"
+#include "core-impl/StreamOffloadStub.h"
+
+using aidl::android::hardware::audio::common::SourceMetadata;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::MicrophoneInfo;
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core {
+
+std::string DspSimulatorLogic::init() {
+    return "";
+}
+
+DspSimulatorLogic::Status DspSimulatorLogic::cycle() {
+    std::vector<std::pair<int64_t, bool>> clipNotifies;
+    // Simulate playback.
+    const int64_t timeBeginNs = ::android::uptimeNanos();
+    usleep(1000);
+    const int64_t clipFramesPlayed =
+            (::android::uptimeNanos() - timeBeginNs) * mSharedState.sampleRate / NANOS_PER_SECOND;
+    const int64_t bufferFramesConsumed = clipFramesPlayed / 2;  // assume 1:2 compression ratio
+    int64_t bufferFramesLeft = 0;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard l(mSharedState.lock);
+        mSharedState.bufferFramesLeft =
+                mSharedState.bufferFramesLeft > bufferFramesConsumed
+                        ? mSharedState.bufferFramesLeft - bufferFramesConsumed
+                        : 0;
+        bufferFramesLeft = mSharedState.bufferFramesLeft;
+        int64_t framesPlayed = clipFramesPlayed;
+        while (framesPlayed > 0 && !mSharedState.clipFramesLeft.empty()) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": clips: "
+                         << ::android::internal::ToString(mSharedState.clipFramesLeft);
+            const bool hasNextClip = mSharedState.clipFramesLeft.size() > 1;
+            if (mSharedState.clipFramesLeft[0] > framesPlayed) {
+                mSharedState.clipFramesLeft[0] -= framesPlayed;
+                framesPlayed = 0;
+                if (mSharedState.clipFramesLeft[0] <= mSharedState.earlyNotifyFrames) {
+                    clipNotifies.emplace_back(mSharedState.clipFramesLeft[0], hasNextClip);
+                }
+            } else {
+                clipNotifies.emplace_back(0 /*clipFramesLeft*/, hasNextClip);
+                framesPlayed -= mSharedState.clipFramesLeft[0];
+                mSharedState.clipFramesLeft.erase(mSharedState.clipFramesLeft.begin());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (bufferFramesLeft <= mSharedState.bufferNotifyFrames) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": sending onBufferStateChange: " << bufferFramesLeft;
+        mSharedState.callback->onBufferStateChange(bufferFramesLeft);
+    }
+    for (const auto& notify : clipNotifies) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": sending onClipStateChange: " << notify.first << ", "
+                   << notify.second;
+        mSharedState.callback->onClipStateChange(notify.first, notify.second);
+    }
+    return Status::CONTINUE;
+}
+
+DriverOffloadStubImpl::DriverOffloadStubImpl(const StreamContext& context)
+    : DriverStubImpl(context, 0 /*asyncSleepTimeUs*/),
+      mState{context.getFormat().encoding, context.getSampleRate(),
+             250 /*earlyNotifyMs*/ * context.getSampleRate() / MILLIS_PER_SECOND,
+             static_cast<int64_t>(context.getBufferSizeInFrames()) / 2},
+      mDspWorker(mState) {
+    LOG_IF(FATAL, !mIsAsynchronous) << "The steam must be used in asynchronous mode";
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::init(DriverCallbackInterface* callback) {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(DriverStubImpl::init(callback));
+    if (!StreamOffloadStub::getSupportedEncodings().count(mState.formatEncoding)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": encoded format \"" << mState.formatEncoding
+                   << "\" is not supported";
+        return ::android::NO_INIT;
+    }
+    mState.callback = callback;
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::drain(StreamDescriptor::DrainMode drainMode) {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(DriverStubImpl::drain(drainMode));
+    std::lock_guard l(mState.lock);
+    if (!mState.clipFramesLeft.empty()) {
+        // Cut playback of the current clip.
+        mState.clipFramesLeft[0] = std::min(mState.earlyNotifyFrames * 2, mState.clipFramesLeft[0]);
+        if (drainMode == StreamDescriptor::DrainMode::DRAIN_ALL) {
+            // Make sure there are no clips after the current one.
+            mState.clipFramesLeft.resize(1);
+        }
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::flush() {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(DriverStubImpl::flush());
+    mDspWorker.pause();
+    {
+        std::lock_guard l(mState.lock);
+        mState.clipFramesLeft.clear();
+        mState.bufferFramesLeft = 0;
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::pause() {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(DriverStubImpl::pause());
+    mDspWorker.pause();
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::start() {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(DriverStubImpl::start());
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(startWorkerIfNeeded());
+    bool hasClips;  // Can be start after paused draining.
+    {
+        std::lock_guard l(mState.lock);
+        hasClips = !mState.clipFramesLeft.empty();
+        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+                   << ": clipFramesLeft: " << ::android::internal::ToString(mState.clipFramesLeft);
+    }
+    if (hasClips) {
+        mDspWorker.resume();
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::transfer(void* buffer, size_t frameCount,
+                                                    size_t* actualFrameCount, int32_t* latencyMs) {
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(
+            DriverStubImpl::transfer(buffer, frameCount, actualFrameCount, latencyMs));
+    RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(startWorkerIfNeeded());
+    // Scan the buffer for clip headers.
+    *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
+    while (buffer != nullptr && frameCount > 0) {
+        ApeHeader* apeHeader = nullptr;
+        void* prevBuffer = buffer;
+        buffer = findApeHeader(prevBuffer, frameCount * mFrameSizeBytes, &apeHeader);
+        if (buffer != nullptr && apeHeader != nullptr) {
+            // Frame count does not include the size of the header data.
+            const size_t headerSizeFrames =
+                    (static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer) - static_cast<uint8_t*>(prevBuffer)) /
+                    mFrameSizeBytes;
+            frameCount -= headerSizeFrames;
+            *actualFrameCount = frameCount;
+            // Stage the clip duration into the DSP worker's queue.
+            const int64_t clipDurationFrames = getApeClipDurationFrames(apeHeader);
+            const int32_t clipSampleRate = apeHeader->sampleRate;
+            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": found APE clip of " << clipDurationFrames << " frames, "
+                       << "sample rate: " << clipSampleRate;
+            if (clipSampleRate == mState.sampleRate) {
+                std::lock_guard l(mState.lock);
+                mState.clipFramesLeft.push_back(clipDurationFrames);
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": clip sample rate " << clipSampleRate
+                           << " does not match stream sample rate " << mState.sampleRate;
+            }
+        } else {
+            frameCount = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        std::lock_guard l(mState.lock);
+        mState.bufferFramesLeft = *actualFrameCount;
+    }
+    mDspWorker.resume();
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+void DriverOffloadStubImpl::shutdown() {
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": stopping the DSP simulator worker";
+    mDspWorker.stop();
+    DriverStubImpl::shutdown();
+}
+
+::android::status_t DriverOffloadStubImpl::startWorkerIfNeeded() {
+    if (!mDspWorkerStarted) {
+        // This is an "audio service thread," must have elevated priority.
+        if (!mDspWorker.start("dsp_sim", ANDROID_PRIORITY_URGENT_AUDIO)) {
+            return ::android::NO_INIT;
+        }
+        mDspWorkerStarted = true;
+    }
+    return ::android::OK;
+}
+
+// static
+const std::set<std::string>& StreamOffloadStub::getSupportedEncodings() {
+    static const std::set<std::string> kSupportedEncodings = {
+            "audio/x-ape",
+    };
+    return kSupportedEncodings;
+}
+
+StreamOffloadStub::StreamOffloadStub(StreamContext* context, const Metadata& metadata)
+    : StreamCommonImpl(context, metadata), DriverOffloadStubImpl(getContext()) {}
+
+StreamOffloadStub::~StreamOffloadStub() {
+    cleanupWorker();
+}
+
+StreamOutOffloadStub::StreamOutOffloadStub(StreamContext&& context,
+                                           const SourceMetadata& sourceMetadata,
+                                           const std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo>& offloadInfo)
+    : StreamOut(std::move(context), offloadInfo),
+      StreamOffloadStub(&mContextInstance, sourceMetadata) {}
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::audio::core
diff --git a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
index f6c87e1..2278880 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/default/stub/StreamStub.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <cmath>
-
 #define LOG_TAG "AHAL_Stream"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <audio_utils/clock.h>
 
 #include "core-impl/Module.h"
 #include "core-impl/StreamStub.h"
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index 14e70ef..f855038 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
         "-Wthread-safety",
         "-Wno-error=unused-parameter",
     ],
-    test_config_template: "VtsHalAudioTargetTestTemplate.xml",
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
         "vts",
@@ -60,6 +59,7 @@
     srcs: [
         ":effectCommonFile",
     ],
+    test_config_template: "VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTestTemplate.xml",
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -77,6 +77,11 @@
         "VtsHalAudioCoreConfigTargetTest.cpp",
         "VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp",
     ],
+    data: [
+        "data/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape",
+        "data/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape",
+    ],
+    test_config_template: "VtsHalAudioCoreTargetTestTemplate.xml",
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
index d24c4c8..7d4cc70 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.cpp
@@ -36,12 +36,10 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
-using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioEncapsulationMode;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioIoFlags;
-using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOutputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig;
@@ -51,26 +49,6 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::Int;
 
 // static
-std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo> ModuleConfig::generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(
-        const AudioPortConfig& portConfig) {
-    if (portConfig.flags.has_value() &&
-        portConfig.flags.value().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::Tag::output &&
-        isBitPositionFlagSet(portConfig.flags.value().get<AudioIoFlags::Tag::output>(),
-                             AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD)) {
-        AudioOffloadInfo offloadInfo;
-        offloadInfo.base.sampleRate = portConfig.sampleRate.value().value;
-        offloadInfo.base.channelMask = portConfig.channelMask.value();
-        offloadInfo.base.format = portConfig.format.value();
-        offloadInfo.bitRatePerSecond = 256000;                             // Arbitrary value.
-        offloadInfo.durationUs = std::chrono::microseconds(1min).count();  // Arbitrary value.
-        offloadInfo.usage = AudioUsage::MEDIA;
-        offloadInfo.encapsulationMode = AudioEncapsulationMode::NONE;
-        return offloadInfo;
-    }
-    return {};
-}
-
-// static
 std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>
 ModuleConfig::getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
         const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports,
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
index 27286e5..d45ccda 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/ModuleConfig.h
@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@
     using SrcSinkGroup =
             std::pair<aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::AudioRoute, std::vector<SrcSinkPair>>;
 
-    static std::optional<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo>
-    generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(
-            const aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPortConfig& portConfig);
-
     static std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort> getAudioPortsForDeviceTypes(
             const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort>& ports,
             const std::vector<aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType>& deviceTypes,
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
index 750e54d..21b7aff 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreModuleTargetTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <forward_list>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -81,12 +82,15 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::sounddose::ISoundDose;
 using aidl::android::hardware::common::fmq::SynchronizedReadWrite;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioChannelLayout;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioConfigBase;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioContentType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDevice;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceAddress;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDeviceType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioDualMonoMode;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioEncapsulationMode;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatDescription;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioFormatType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioGainConfig;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioInputFlags;
@@ -96,6 +100,7 @@
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioMMapPolicyInfo;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioMMapPolicyType;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioMode;
+using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOffloadInfo;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioOutputFlags;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPlaybackRate;
 using aidl::android::media::audio::common::AudioPort;
@@ -217,6 +222,59 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+static const AudioFormatDescription kApeFileAudioFormat = {.encoding = "audio/x-ape"};
+static const AudioChannelLayout kApeFileChannelMask =
+        AudioChannelLayout::make<AudioChannelLayout::layoutMask>(AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_MONO);
+struct MediaFileInfo {
+    std::string path;
+    int32_t bps;
+    int32_t durationMs;
+};
+static const std::map<AudioConfigBase, MediaFileInfo> kMediaFileDataInfos = {
+        {{44100, kApeFileChannelMask, kApeFileAudioFormat},
+         {"/data/local/tmp/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape", 217704, 3000}},
+        {{48000, kApeFileChannelMask, kApeFileAudioFormat},
+         {"/data/local/tmp/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape", 236256, 3000}},
+};
+
+std::optional<MediaFileInfo> getMediaFileInfoForConfig(const AudioConfigBase& config) {
+    const auto it = kMediaFileDataInfos.find(config);
+    if (it != kMediaFileDataInfos.end()) return it->second;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<MediaFileInfo> getMediaFileInfoForConfig(const AudioPortConfig& config) {
+    if (!config.sampleRate.has_value() || !config.format.has_value() ||
+        !config.channelMask.has_value()) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return getMediaFileInfoForConfig(AudioConfigBase{
+            config.sampleRate->value, config.channelMask.value(), config.format.value()});
+}
+
+std::optional<AudioOffloadInfo> generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(const AudioPortConfig& portConfig) {
+    if (portConfig.flags.has_value() &&
+        portConfig.flags.value().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::Tag::output &&
+        isBitPositionFlagSet(portConfig.flags.value().get<AudioIoFlags::Tag::output>(),
+                             AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD)) {
+        AudioOffloadInfo offloadInfo;
+        offloadInfo.base.sampleRate = portConfig.sampleRate.value().value;
+        offloadInfo.base.channelMask = portConfig.channelMask.value();
+        offloadInfo.base.format = portConfig.format.value();
+        if (auto info = getMediaFileInfoForConfig(portConfig); info.has_value()) {
+            offloadInfo.bitRatePerSecond = info->bps;
+            offloadInfo.durationUs = info->durationMs * 1000LL;
+        } else {
+            offloadInfo.bitRatePerSecond = 256000;                             // Arbitrary value.
+            offloadInfo.durationUs = std::chrono::microseconds(1min).count();  // Arbitrary value.
+        }
+        offloadInfo.usage = AudioUsage::MEDIA;
+        offloadInfo.encapsulationMode = AudioEncapsulationMode::NONE;
+        return offloadInfo;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
 // All 'With*' classes are move-only because they are associated with some
 // resource or state of a HAL module.
 class WithDebugFlags {
@@ -652,11 +710,14 @@
     typedef AidlMessageQueue<StreamDescriptor::Reply, SynchronizedReadWrite> ReplyMQ;
     typedef AidlMessageQueue<int8_t, SynchronizedReadWrite> DataMQ;
 
-    explicit StreamContext(const StreamDescriptor& descriptor)
+    explicit StreamContext(const StreamDescriptor& descriptor, const AudioConfigBase& config,
+                           AudioIoFlags flags)
         : mFrameSizeBytes(descriptor.frameSizeBytes),
+          mConfig(config),
           mCommandMQ(new CommandMQ(descriptor.command)),
           mReplyMQ(new ReplyMQ(descriptor.reply)),
           mBufferSizeFrames(descriptor.bufferSizeFrames),
+          mFlags(flags),
           mDataMQ(maybeCreateDataMQ(descriptor)),
           mIsMmapped(isMmapped(descriptor)),
           mSharedMemoryFd(maybeGetMmapFd(descriptor)) {
@@ -695,9 +756,12 @@
     size_t getBufferSizeBytes() const { return mFrameSizeBytes * mBufferSizeFrames; }
     size_t getBufferSizeFrames() const { return mBufferSizeFrames; }
     CommandMQ* getCommandMQ() const { return mCommandMQ.get(); }
+    const AudioConfigBase& getConfig() const { return mConfig; }
     DataMQ* getDataMQ() const { return mDataMQ.get(); }
+    AudioIoFlags getFlags() const { return mFlags; }
     size_t getFrameSizeBytes() const { return mFrameSizeBytes; }
     ReplyMQ* getReplyMQ() const { return mReplyMQ.get(); }
+    int getSampleRate() const { return mConfig.sampleRate; }
     bool isMmapped() const { return mIsMmapped; }
     int8_t* getMmapMemory() const { return mSharedMemory; }
 
@@ -722,9 +786,11 @@
     }
 
     const size_t mFrameSizeBytes;
+    const AudioConfigBase mConfig;
     std::unique_ptr<CommandMQ> mCommandMQ;
     std::unique_ptr<ReplyMQ> mReplyMQ;
     const size_t mBufferSizeFrames;
+    const AudioIoFlags mFlags;
     std::unique_ptr<DataMQ> mDataMQ;
     const bool mIsMmapped;
     const int32_t mSharedMemoryFd;
@@ -926,12 +992,19 @@
           mDriver(driver),
           mEventReceiver(eventReceiver),
           mIsMmapped(context.isMmapped()),
-          mSharedMemory(context.getMmapMemory()) {}
+          mSharedMemory(context.getMmapMemory()),
+          mIsCompressOffload(context.getFlags().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::output &&
+                             isBitPositionFlagSet(context.getFlags().get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
+                                                  AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD)),
+          mConfig(context.getConfig()) {}
     StreamContext::CommandMQ* getCommandMQ() const { return mCommandMQ; }
+    const AudioConfigBase& getConfig() const { return mConfig; }
     StreamContext::ReplyMQ* getReplyMQ() const { return mReplyMQ; }
     StreamContext::DataMQ* getDataMQ() const { return mDataMQ; }
     StreamLogicDriver* getDriver() const { return mDriver; }
     StreamEventReceiver* getEventReceiver() const { return mEventReceiver; }
+    int getSampleRate() const { return mConfig.sampleRate; }
+    bool isCompressOffload() const { return mIsCompressOffload; }
     bool isMmapped() const { return mIsMmapped; }
 
     std::string init() override {
@@ -940,6 +1013,10 @@
     }
     const std::vector<int8_t>& getData() const { return mData; }
     void fillData(int8_t filler) { std::fill(mData.begin(), mData.end(), filler); }
+    void loadData(std::ifstream& is, size_t* size) {
+        *size = std::min(*size, mData.size());
+        is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(mData.data()), *size);
+    }
     std::optional<StreamDescriptor::Command> maybeGetNextCommand(int* actualSize = nullptr) {
         TransitionTrigger trigger = mDriver->getNextTrigger(mData.size(), actualSize);
         if (StreamEventReceiver::Event* expEvent =
@@ -1002,6 +1079,8 @@
     int mLastEventSeq = StreamEventReceiver::kEventSeqInit;
     const bool mIsMmapped;
     int8_t* mSharedMemory = nullptr;
+    const bool mIsCompressOffload;
+    const AudioConfigBase mConfig;
 };
 
 class StreamReaderLogic : public StreamCommonLogic {
@@ -1102,6 +1181,24 @@
     const std::vector<int8_t>& getData() const { return StreamCommonLogic::getData(); }
 
   protected:
+    std::string init() override {
+        if (auto status = StreamCommonLogic::init(); !status.empty()) return status;
+        if (isCompressOffload()) {
+            const auto info = getMediaFileInfoForConfig(getConfig());
+            if (info) {
+                mCompressedMedia.open(info->path, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+                if (!mCompressedMedia.is_open()) {
+                    return std::string("failed to open media file \"") + info->path + "\"";
+                }
+                mCompressedMedia.seekg(0, mCompressedMedia.end);
+                mCompressedMediaSize = mCompressedMedia.tellg();
+                mCompressedMedia.seekg(0, mCompressedMedia.beg);
+                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": using media file \"" << info->path << "\", size "
+                           << mCompressedMediaSize << " bytes";
+            }
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
     Status cycle() override {
         if (getDriver()->done()) {
             LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": clean exit";
@@ -1115,13 +1212,31 @@
             LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": no next command";
             return Status::ABORT;
         }
-        if (actualSize != 0) {
+        if (actualSize > 0) {
             if (command.getTag() == StreamDescriptor::Command::burst) {
-                fillData(mBurstIteration);
-                if (mBurstIteration < std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()) {
-                    mBurstIteration++;
+                if (!isCompressOffload()) {
+                    fillData(mBurstIteration);
+                    if (mBurstIteration < std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()) {
+                        mBurstIteration++;
+                    } else {
+                        mBurstIteration = 0;
+                    }
                 } else {
-                    mBurstIteration = 0;
+                    fillData(0);
+                    size_t size = std::min(static_cast<size_t>(actualSize),
+                                           mCompressedMediaSize - mCompressedMediaPos);
+                    loadData(mCompressedMedia, &size);
+                    if (!mCompressedMedia.good()) {
+                        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": read failed";
+                        return Status::ABORT;
+                    }
+                    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": read from file " << size << " bytes";
+                    mCompressedMediaPos += size;
+                    if (mCompressedMediaPos >= mCompressedMediaSize) {
+                        mCompressedMedia.seekg(0, mCompressedMedia.beg);
+                        mCompressedMediaPos = 0;
+                        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": rewound to the beginning of the file";
+                    }
                 }
             }
             if (isMmapped() ? !writeDataToMmap() : !writeDataToMQ()) {
@@ -1185,6 +1300,9 @@
 
   private:
     int8_t mBurstIteration = 1;
+    std::ifstream mCompressedMedia;
+    size_t mCompressedMediaSize = 0;
+    size_t mCompressedMediaPos = 0;
 };
 using StreamWriter = StreamWorker<StreamWriterLogic>;
 
@@ -1293,7 +1411,13 @@
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mStream) << "port config id " << getPortId();
         EXPECT_GE(mDescriptor.bufferSizeFrames, bufferSizeFrames)
                 << "actual buffer size must be no less than requested";
-        mContext.emplace(mDescriptor);
+        const auto& config = mPortConfig.get();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(config.channelMask.has_value());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(config.format.has_value());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(config.sampleRate.has_value());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(config.flags.has_value());
+        const AudioConfigBase cfg{config.sampleRate->value, *config.channelMask, *config.format};
+        mContext.emplace(mDescriptor, cfg, config.flags.value());
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mContext.value().checkIsValid());
     }
     void SetUp(IModule* module, long bufferSizeFrames) {
@@ -1364,7 +1488,7 @@
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamArguments args;
     args.portConfigId = portConfig.id;
     args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig);
-    args.offloadInfo = ModuleConfig::generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig);
+    args.offloadInfo = generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig);
     args.bufferSizeFrames = bufferSizeFrames;
     auto callback = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<DefaultStreamCallback>();
     args.callback = callback;
@@ -3192,10 +3316,12 @@
                                     {AudioInputFlags::MMAP_NOIRQ, AudioInputFlags::VOIP_TX,
                                      AudioInputFlags::HW_HOTWORD, AudioInputFlags::HOTWORD_TAP})) ||
            (portConfig.flags.value().getTag() == AudioIoFlags::output &&
-            isAnyBitPositionFlagSet(
-                    portConfig.flags.value().template get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
-                    {AudioOutputFlags::MMAP_NOIRQ, AudioOutputFlags::VOIP_RX,
-                     AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD, AudioOutputFlags::INCALL_MUSIC}));
+            (isAnyBitPositionFlagSet(portConfig.flags.value().template get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
+                                     {AudioOutputFlags::MMAP_NOIRQ, AudioOutputFlags::VOIP_RX,
+                                      AudioOutputFlags::INCALL_MUSIC}) ||
+             (isBitPositionFlagSet(portConfig.flags.value().template get<AudioIoFlags::output>(),
+                                   AudioOutputFlags::COMPRESS_OFFLOAD) &&
+              !getMediaFileInfoForConfig(portConfig))));
 }
 
 // Certain types of devices can not be used without special preconditions.
@@ -3863,7 +3989,7 @@
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamArguments args;
     args.portConfigId = portConfig.id;
     args.sourceMetadata = GenerateSourceMetadata(portConfig);
-    args.offloadInfo = ModuleConfig::generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig);
+    args.offloadInfo = generateOffloadInfoIfNeeded(portConfig);
     args.bufferSizeFrames = stream.getPatch().minimumStreamBufferSizeFrames;
     aidl::android::hardware::audio::core::IModule::OpenOutputStreamReturn ret;
     EXPECT_STATUS(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, module->openOutputStream(args, &ret))
@@ -4185,18 +4311,6 @@
                     std::get<NAMED_CMD_DELAY_MS>(std::get<PARAM_CMD_SEQ>(GetParam()));
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(delayTransientStates.SetUp(module.get()));
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(runStreamIoCommands(portConfig));
-            if (aidlVersion >= kAidlVersion3 && isNonBlocking && !IOTraits<Stream>::is_input) {
-                // Also try running the same sequence with "aosp.forceDrainToDraining" set.
-                // This will only work with the default implementation. When it works, the stream
-                // tries always to move to the 'DRAINING' state after an "early notify" drain.
-                // This helps to check more paths for our test scenarios.
-                WithModuleParameter forceDrainToDraining("aosp.forceDrainToDraining",
-                                                         Boolean{true});
-                if (forceDrainToDraining.SetUpNoChecks(module.get(), true /*failureExpected*/)
-                            .isOk()) {
-                    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(runStreamIoCommands(portConfig));
-                }
-            }
             if (isNonBlocking) {
                 // Also try running the same sequence with "aosp.forceTransientBurst" set.
                 // This will only work with the default implementation. When it works, the stream
@@ -4744,9 +4858,14 @@
 std::shared_ptr<StateSequence> makeDrainEarlyOutCommands() {
     using State = StreamDescriptor::State;
     auto d = std::make_unique<StateDag>();
-    StateDag::Node last = d->makeFinalNode(State::IDLE);
-    StateDag::Node draining = d->makeNode(State::DRAINING, kDrainReadyEvent, last);
-    draining.children().push_back(d->makeNode(State::DRAINING, kGetStatusCommand, last));
+    // In the "early notify" case, the transition to the `IDLE` state following
+    // the 'onDrainReady' event can take some time. Waiting for an arbitrary amount
+    // of time may make the test fragile. Instead, for successful completion
+    // is registered if the stream has entered `IDLE` or `DRAINING` state.
+    StateDag::Node lastIdle = d->makeFinalNode(State::IDLE);
+    StateDag::Node lastDraining = d->makeFinalNode(State::DRAINING);
+    StateDag::Node draining =
+            d->makeNode(State::DRAINING, kDrainReadyEvent, lastIdle, lastDraining);
     StateDag::Node active = d->makeNode(State::ACTIVE, kDrainOutEarlyCommand, draining);
     StateDag::Node idle = d->makeNode(State::IDLE, kBurstCommand, active);
     idle.children().push_back(d->makeNode(State::TRANSFERRING, kTransferReadyEvent, active));
@@ -4893,7 +5012,7 @@
         std::make_tuple(std::string("Pause"), kAidlVersion1, 0, StreamTypeFilter::SYNC,
                         makePauseCommands(false, true), false /*validatePositionIncrease*/);
 static const NamedCommandSequence kPauseOutAsyncSeq =
-        std::make_tuple(std::string("Pause"), kAidlVersion1, kStreamTransientStateTransitionDelayMs,
+        std::make_tuple(std::string("Pause"), kAidlVersion3, kStreamTransientStateTransitionDelayMs,
                         StreamTypeFilter::ASYNC, makePauseCommands(false, false),
                         false /*validatePositionIncrease*/);
 
@@ -4998,9 +5117,8 @@
                                          kDrainOutSyncSeq, kDrainOutAsyncSeq,
                                          kDrainEarlyOutAsyncSeq, kDrainPauseOutSyncSeq,
                                          kDrainPauseOutAsyncSeq, kDrainEarlyPauseOutAsyncSeq,
-                                         kStandbyOutSyncSeq, kStandbyOutAsyncSeq,
-                                         kPauseOutSyncSeq,  // kPauseOutAsyncSeq,
-                                         kFlushOutSyncSeq, kFlushOutAsyncSeq,
+                                         kStandbyOutSyncSeq, kStandbyOutAsyncSeq, kPauseOutSyncSeq,
+                                         kPauseOutAsyncSeq, kFlushOutSyncSeq, kFlushOutAsyncSeq,
                                          kDrainPauseFlushOutSyncSeq, kDrainPauseFlushOutAsyncSeq),
                          testing::Values(false, true)),
         GetStreamIoTestName);
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreTargetTestTemplate.xml b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreTargetTestTemplate.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94db58d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioCoreTargetTestTemplate.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs {MODULE}.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer"/>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.StopServicesSetup"/>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="setprop vts.native_server.on 1"/>
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="setprop vts.native_server.on 0"/>
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="{MODULE}->/data/local/tmp/{MODULE}" />
+        <option name="push" value="sine882hz_44100_3s.ape->/data/local/tmp/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape" />
+        <option name="push" value="sine960hz_48000_3s.ape->/data/local/tmp/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="{MODULE}" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="30m" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioTargetTestTemplate.xml b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTestTemplate.xml
similarity index 100%
rename from audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioTargetTestTemplate.xml
rename to audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalAudioEffectTargetTestTemplate.xml
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDynamicsProcessingTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDynamicsProcessingTest.cpp
index 0d4c74e..2bb0a72 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDynamicsProcessingTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalDynamicsProcessingTest.cpp
@@ -120,6 +120,14 @@
 
     float calculateDb(const std::vector<float>& input, size_t startSamplePos);
 
+    void getMagnitudeValue(const std::vector<float>& output, std::vector<float>& bufferMag);
+
+    void checkInputAndOutputEquality(const std::vector<float>& outputMag);
+
+    void setUpDataTest(const std::vector<int>& testFrequencies, float fullScaleSineDb);
+
+    void createChannelConfig();
+
     // enqueue test parameters
     void addEngineConfig(const DynamicsProcessing::EngineArchitecture& cfg);
     void addPreEqChannelConfig(const std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::ChannelConfig>& cfg);
@@ -137,7 +145,24 @@
     static constexpr int kFrameCount = 2048;
     static constexpr int kInputFrequency = 1000;
     static constexpr size_t kStartIndex = 15 * kSamplingFrequency / 1000;  // skip 15ms
-    static constexpr float kToleranceDb = 0.05;
+    static constexpr float kToleranceDb = 0.5;
+    static constexpr int kNPointFFT = 1024;
+    static constexpr float kBinWidth = (float)kSamplingFrequency / kNPointFFT;
+    // Full scale sine wave with 1000 Hz frequency is -3 dB
+    static constexpr float kSineFullScaleDb = -3;
+    // Full scale sine wave with 100 Hz and 1000 Hz frequency is -6 dB
+    static constexpr float kSineMultitoneFullScaleDb = -6;
+    const std::vector<int> kCutoffFreqHz = {200 /*0th band cutoff*/, 2000 /*1st band cutoff*/};
+    std::vector<int> mMultitoneTestFrequencies = {100, 1000};
+    // Calculating normalizing factor by dividing the number of FFT points by half and the number of
+    // test frequencies. The normalization accounts for the FFT splitting the signal into positive
+    // and negative frequencies. Additionally, during multi-tone input generation, sample values are
+    // normalized to the range [-1, 1] by dividing them by the number of test frequencies.
+    float mNormalizingFactor = (kNPointFFT / (2 * mMultitoneTestFrequencies.size()));
+    std::vector<int> mBinOffsets;
+    std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::ChannelConfig> mChannelConfig;
+    std::vector<float> mInput;
+    float mInputDb;
     std::shared_ptr<IFactory> mFactory;
     std::shared_ptr<IEffect> mEffect;
     Descriptor mDescriptor;
@@ -416,6 +441,38 @@
     }
 }
 
+void DynamicsProcessingTestHelper::getMagnitudeValue(const std::vector<float>& output,
+                                                     std::vector<float>& bufferMag) {
+    std::vector<float> subOutput(output.begin() + kStartIndex, output.end());
+    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(calculateMagnitudeMono(bufferMag, subOutput, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT));
+}
+
+void DynamicsProcessingTestHelper::checkInputAndOutputEquality(
+        const std::vector<float>& outputMag) {
+    std::vector<float> inputMag(mBinOffsets.size());
+    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getMagnitudeValue(mInput, inputMag));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < inputMag.size(); i++) {
+        EXPECT_NEAR(calculateDb({inputMag[i] / mNormalizingFactor}),
+                    calculateDb({outputMag[i] / mNormalizingFactor}), kToleranceDb);
+    }
+}
+
+void DynamicsProcessingTestHelper::setUpDataTest(const std::vector<int>& testFrequencies,
+                                                 float fullScaleSineDb) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpDynamicsProcessingEffect());
+    SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            generateSineWave(testFrequencies, mInput, 1.0, kSamplingFrequency, mChannelLayout));
+    mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(mInputDb, fullScaleSineDb, kToleranceDb);
+}
+
+void DynamicsProcessingTestHelper::createChannelConfig() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < mChannelCount; i++) {
+        mChannelConfig.push_back(DynamicsProcessing::ChannelConfig(i, true));
+    }
+}
+
 void DynamicsProcessingTestHelper::addEngineConfig(
         const DynamicsProcessing::EngineArchitecture& cfg) {
     DynamicsProcessing dp;
@@ -527,6 +584,15 @@
                                              .postGainDb = postGainDb};
 }
 
+DynamicsProcessing::EqBandConfig creatEqBandConfig(int channel, int band, float cutOffFreqHz,
+                                                   float gainDb) {
+    return DynamicsProcessing::EqBandConfig{.channel = channel,
+                                            .band = band,
+                                            .enable = true,
+                                            .cutoffFrequencyHz = cutOffFreqHz,
+                                            .gainDb = gainDb};
+}
+
 /**
  * Test DynamicsProcessing Engine Configuration
  */
@@ -649,13 +715,7 @@
         mInput.resize(kFrameCount * mChannelCount);
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override {
-        SetUpDynamicsProcessingEffect();
-        SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(kInputFrequency /*Input Frequency*/, mInput, 1.0,
-                                                 kSamplingFrequency, mChannelLayout));
-        mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
-    }
+    void SetUp() override { setUpDataTest({static_cast<int>(kInputFrequency)}, kSineFullScaleDb); }
 
     void TearDown() override { TearDownDynamicsProcessingEffect(); }
 
@@ -665,8 +725,6 @@
     }
 
     std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::InputGain> mInputGain;
-    std::vector<float> mInput;
-    float mInputDb;
 };
 
 TEST_P(DynamicsProcessingInputGainDataTest, SetAndGetInputGain) {
@@ -785,14 +843,7 @@
         mInput.resize(mBufferSize);
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override {
-        SetUpDynamicsProcessingEffect();
-        SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                generateSineWave(kInputFrequency, mInput, 1.0, kSamplingFrequency, mChannelLayout));
-        mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
-        ASSERT_NEAR(mInputDb, kSineFullScaleDb, kToleranceDb);
-    }
+    void SetUp() override { setUpDataTest({static_cast<int>(kInputFrequency)}, kSineFullScaleDb); }
 
     void TearDown() override { TearDownDynamicsProcessingEffect(); }
 
@@ -825,11 +876,8 @@
     static constexpr float kDefaultThreshold = -10;
     static constexpr float kDefaultPostGain = 0;
     static constexpr float kInputFrequency = 1000;
-    // Full scale sine wave with 1000 Hz frequency is -3 dB
-    static constexpr float kSineFullScaleDb = -3;
+    static constexpr float kLimiterTestToleranceDb = 0.05;
     std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::LimiterConfig> mLimiterConfigList;
-    std::vector<float> mInput;
-    float mInputDb;
     int mBufferSize;
 };
 
@@ -849,7 +897,7 @@
         }
         float outputDb = calculateDb(output, kStartIndex);
         if (threshold >= mInputDb || kDefaultRatio == 1) {
-            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, outputDb, kToleranceDb);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, outputDb, kLimiterTestToleranceDb);
         } else {
             float calculatedThreshold = 0;
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(computeThreshold(kDefaultRatio, outputDb, calculatedThreshold));
@@ -876,7 +924,7 @@
         float outputDb = calculateDb(output, kStartIndex);
 
         if (kDefaultThreshold >= mInputDb) {
-            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, outputDb, kToleranceDb);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, outputDb, kLimiterTestToleranceDb);
         } else {
             float calculatedRatio = 0;
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(computeRatio(kDefaultThreshold, outputDb, calculatedRatio));
@@ -894,7 +942,7 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(kInputFrequency, mInput, dBToAmplitude(postGainDb),
                                                  kSamplingFrequency, mChannelLayout));
         mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
-        EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, kSineFullScaleDb - postGainDb, kToleranceDb);
+        EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, kSineFullScaleDb - postGainDb, kLimiterTestToleranceDb);
         for (int i = 0; i < mChannelCount; i++) {
             fillLimiterConfig(mLimiterConfigList, i, true, kDefaultLinkerGroup, kDefaultAttackTime,
                               kDefaultReleaseTime, 1, kDefaultThreshold, postGainDb);
@@ -904,7 +952,7 @@
             continue;
         }
         float outputDb = calculateDb(output, kStartIndex);
-        EXPECT_NEAR(outputDb, mInputDb + postGainDb, kToleranceDb)
+        EXPECT_NEAR(outputDb, mInputDb + postGainDb, kLimiterTestToleranceDb)
                 << "PostGain: " << postGainDb << ", OutputDb: " << outputDb;
     }
 }
@@ -927,7 +975,7 @@
         if (isEnabled) {
             EXPECT_NE(mInputDb, calculateDb(output, kStartIndex));
         } else {
-            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, calculateDb(output, kStartIndex), kToleranceDb);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, calculateDb(output, kStartIndex), kLimiterTestToleranceDb);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1025,13 +1073,9 @@
                       const EqBandConfigTestParams& params) {
     const std::vector<std::pair<int, float>> cutOffFreqs = std::get<EQ_BAND_CUT_OFF_FREQ>(params);
     int bandCount = cutOffFreqs.size();
-    cfgs.resize(bandCount);
     for (int i = 0; i < bandCount; i++) {
-        cfgs[i].channel = std::get<EQ_BAND_CHANNEL>(params);
-        cfgs[i].band = cutOffFreqs[i].first;
-        cfgs[i].enable = true /*Eqband Enable*/;
-        cfgs[i].cutoffFrequencyHz = cutOffFreqs[i].second;
-        cfgs[i].gainDb = std::get<EQ_BAND_GAIN>(params);
+        cfgs.push_back(creatEqBandConfig(std::get<EQ_BAND_CHANNEL>(params), cutOffFreqs[i].first,
+                                         cutOffFreqs[i].second, std::get<EQ_BAND_GAIN>(params)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1083,7 +1127,12 @@
                 {2, 6000},
                 {3, 10000},
                 {4, 16000},
-        },  // 5 bands
+                {5, 20000},
+                {6, 26000},
+                {7, 30000},
+                {8, 36000},
+                {9, 40000},
+        },  // 10 bands
         {
                 {0, 800},
                 {3, 15000},
@@ -1142,6 +1191,119 @@
         });
 GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(DynamicsProcessingTestEqBandConfig);
 
+class DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::pair<std::shared_ptr<IFactory>, Descriptor>>,
+      public DynamicsProcessingTestHelper {
+  public:
+    DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest()
+        : DynamicsProcessingTestHelper(GetParam(), AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_MONO) {
+        mInput.resize(kFrameCount * mChannelCount);
+        mBinOffsets.resize(mMultitoneTestFrequencies.size());
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                setUpDataTest(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, kSineMultitoneFullScaleDb));
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override { TearDownDynamicsProcessingEffect(); }
+
+    void addEqParam(bool isPreEq) {
+        createChannelConfig();
+        auto stage = isPreEq ? mEngineConfigPreset.preEqStage : mEngineConfigPreset.postEqStage;
+        stage.bandCount = mCfgs.size();
+        addEngineConfig(mEngineConfigPreset);
+        isPreEq ? addPreEqChannelConfig(mChannelConfig) : addPostEqChannelConfig(mChannelConfig);
+        isPreEq ? addPreEqBandConfigs(mCfgs) : addPostEqBandConfigs(mCfgs);
+    }
+
+    void setEqParamAndProcess(std::vector<float>& output, bool isPreEq) {
+        addEqParam(isPreEq);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setParamsAndProcess(mInput, output));
+    }
+
+    void fillEqBandConfig(std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::EqBandConfig>& cfgs, int channelIndex,
+                          int bandIndex, int cutOffFreqHz, float gainDb) {
+        cfgs.push_back(creatEqBandConfig(channelIndex, bandIndex, static_cast<float>(cutOffFreqHz),
+                                         gainDb));
+    }
+
+    void validateOutput(const std::vector<float>& output, float gainDb, size_t bandIndex) {
+        std::vector<float> outputMag(mBinOffsets.size());
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getMagnitudeValue(output, outputMag));
+        if (gainDb == 0) {
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkInputAndOutputEquality(outputMag));
+        } else if (gainDb > 0) {
+            // For positive gain, current band's magnitude is greater than the other band's
+            // magnitude
+            EXPECT_GT(outputMag[bandIndex], outputMag[bandIndex ^ 1]);
+        } else {
+            // For negative gain, current band's magnitude is less than the other band's magnitude
+            EXPECT_LT(outputMag[bandIndex], outputMag[bandIndex ^ 1]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void analyseMultiBandOutput(float gainDb, bool isPreEq) {
+        std::vector<float> output(mInput.size());
+        roundToFreqCenteredToFftBin(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, mBinOffsets, kBinWidth);
+        // Set Equalizer values for two bands
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kCutoffFreqHz.size(); i++) {
+            for (int channelIndex = 0; channelIndex < mChannelCount; channelIndex++) {
+                fillEqBandConfig(mCfgs, channelIndex, i, kCutoffFreqHz[i], gainDb);
+                fillEqBandConfig(mCfgs, channelIndex, i ^ 1, kCutoffFreqHz[i ^ 1], 0);
+            }
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setEqParamAndProcess(output, isPreEq));
+
+            if (isAllParamsValid()) {
+                ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(validateOutput(output, gainDb, i));
+            }
+            cleanUpEqConfig();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void cleanUpEqConfig() {
+        CleanUp();
+        mCfgs.clear();
+        mChannelConfig.clear();
+    }
+
+    const std::vector<float> kTestGainDbValues = {-200, -100, 0, 100, 200};
+    std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::EqBandConfig> mCfgs;
+};
+
+TEST_P(DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest, IncreasingPreEqGain) {
+    for (float gainDb : kTestGainDbValues) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, mInput,
+                                                 dBToAmplitude(gainDb), kSamplingFrequency,
+                                                 mChannelLayout));
+        cleanUpEqConfig();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(analyseMultiBandOutput(gainDb, true /*pre-equalizer*/));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest, IncreasingPostEqGain) {
+    for (float gainDb : kTestGainDbValues) {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, mInput,
+                                                 dBToAmplitude(gainDb), kSamplingFrequency,
+                                                 mChannelLayout));
+        cleanUpEqConfig();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(analyseMultiBandOutput(gainDb, false /*post-equalizer*/));
+    }
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(DynamicsProcessingTest, DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(EffectFactoryHelper::getAllEffectDescriptors(
+                                 IFactory::descriptor, getEffectTypeUuidDynamicsProcessing())),
+                         [](const auto& info) {
+                             auto descriptor = info.param;
+                             std::string name = getPrefix(descriptor.second);
+                             std::replace_if(
+                                     name.begin(), name.end(),
+                                     [](const char c) { return !std::isalnum(c); }, '_');
+                             return name;
+                         });
+GTEST_ALLOW_UNINSTANTIATED_PARAMETERIZED_TEST(DynamicsProcessingEqBandConfigDataTest);
+
 /**
  * Test DynamicsProcessing MbcBandConfig
  */
@@ -1254,24 +1416,18 @@
     DynamicsProcessingMbcBandConfigDataTest()
         : DynamicsProcessingTestHelper(GetParam(), AudioChannelLayout::LAYOUT_MONO) {
         mInput.resize(kFrameCount * mChannelCount);
-        mBinOffsets.resize(mTestFrequencies.size());
+        mBinOffsets.resize(mMultitoneTestFrequencies.size());
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
-        SetUpDynamicsProcessingEffect();
-        SKIP_TEST_IF_DATA_UNSUPPORTED(mDescriptor.common.flags);
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(mTestFrequencies, mInput, 1.0, kSamplingFrequency,
-                                                 mChannelLayout));
-        mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
-        ASSERT_NEAR(mInputDb, kFullScaleDb, kToleranceDb);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                setUpDataTest(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, kSineMultitoneFullScaleDb));
     }
 
     void TearDown() override { TearDownDynamicsProcessingEffect(); }
 
     void setMbcParamsAndProcess(std::vector<float>& output) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < mChannelCount; i++) {
-            mChannelConfig.push_back(DynamicsProcessing::ChannelConfig(i, true));
-        }
+        createChannelConfig();
         mEngineConfigPreset.mbcStage.bandCount = mCfgs.size();
         addEngineConfig(mEngineConfigPreset);
         addMbcChannelConfig(mChannelConfig);
@@ -1288,23 +1444,12 @@
                                            noiseGate, expanderRatio, preGain, postGain));
     }
 
-    void getMagnitudeValue(const std::vector<float>& output, std::vector<float>& bufferMag) {
-        std::vector<float> subOutput(output.begin() + kStartIndex, output.end());
-        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                calculateMagnitudeMono(bufferMag, subOutput, mBinOffsets, kNPointFFT));
-    }
-
     void validateOutput(const std::vector<float>& output, float threshold, float ratio,
                         size_t bandIndex) {
         std::vector<float> outputMag(mBinOffsets.size());
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getMagnitudeValue(output, outputMag));
         if (threshold >= mInputDb || ratio == 1) {
-            std::vector<float> inputMag(mBinOffsets.size());
-            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(getMagnitudeValue(mInput, inputMag));
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < inputMag.size(); i++) {
-                EXPECT_NEAR(calculateDb({inputMag[i] / mNormalizingFactor}),
-                            calculateDb({outputMag[i] / mNormalizingFactor}), kToleranceDb);
-            }
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkInputAndOutputEquality(outputMag));
         } else {
             // Current band's magnitude is less than the other band's magnitude
             EXPECT_LT(outputMag[bandIndex], outputMag[bandIndex ^ 1]);
@@ -1313,17 +1458,16 @@
 
     void analyseMultiBandOutput(float threshold, float ratio) {
         std::vector<float> output(mInput.size());
-        roundToFreqCenteredToFftBin(mTestFrequencies, mBinOffsets, kBinWidth);
-        std::vector<int> cutoffFreqHz = {200 /*0th band cutoff*/, 2000 /*1st band cutoff*/};
+        roundToFreqCenteredToFftBin(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, mBinOffsets, kBinWidth);
         // Set MBC values for two bands
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < cutoffFreqHz.size(); i++) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kCutoffFreqHz.size(); i++) {
             for (int channelIndex = 0; channelIndex < mChannelCount; channelIndex++) {
                 fillMbcBandConfig(mCfgs, channelIndex, threshold, ratio, kDefaultNoiseGateDb,
-                                  kDefaultExpanderRatio, i, cutoffFreqHz[i], kDefaultPreGainDb,
+                                  kDefaultExpanderRatio, i, kCutoffFreqHz[i], kDefaultPreGainDb,
                                   kDefaultPostGainDb);
                 fillMbcBandConfig(mCfgs, channelIndex, kDefaultThresholdDb, kDefaultRatio,
                                   kDefaultNoiseGateDb, kDefaultExpanderRatio, i ^ 1,
-                                  cutoffFreqHz[i ^ 1], kDefaultPreGainDb, kDefaultPostGainDb);
+                                  kCutoffFreqHz[i ^ 1], kDefaultPreGainDb, kDefaultPostGainDb);
             }
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setMbcParamsAndProcess(output));
 
@@ -1340,8 +1484,6 @@
         mChannelConfig.clear();
     }
 
-    static constexpr int kNPointFFT = 1024;
-    static constexpr float kToleranceDb = 0.5;
     static constexpr float kDefaultPostGainDb = 0;
     static constexpr float kDefaultPreGainDb = 0;
     static constexpr float kDefaultAttackTime = 0;
@@ -1351,20 +1493,7 @@
     static constexpr float kDefaultNoiseGateDb = -10;
     static constexpr float kDefaultExpanderRatio = 1;
     static constexpr float kDefaultRatio = 1;
-    static constexpr float kBinWidth = (float)kSamplingFrequency / kNPointFFT;
-    // Full scale sine wave with 100 Hz and 1000 Hz frequency is -6 dB
-    static constexpr float kFullScaleDb = -6;
-    std::vector<int> mTestFrequencies = {100, 1000};
-    // Calculating normalizing factor by dividing the number of FFT points by half and the number of
-    // test frequencies. The normalization accounts for the FFT splitting the signal into positive
-    // and negative frequencies. Additionally, during multi-tone input generation, sample values are
-    // normalized to the range [-1, 1] by dividing them by the number of test frequencies.
-    float mNormalizingFactor = (kNPointFFT / (2 * mTestFrequencies.size()));
     std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::MbcBandConfig> mCfgs;
-    std::vector<DynamicsProcessing::ChannelConfig> mChannelConfig;
-    std::vector<int> mBinOffsets;
-    std::vector<float> mInput;
-    float mInputDb;
 };
 
 TEST_P(DynamicsProcessingMbcBandConfigDataTest, IncreasingThreshold) {
@@ -1391,11 +1520,11 @@
     std::vector<float> postGainDbValues = {-55, -30, 0, 30, 55};
     std::vector<float> output(mInput.size());
     for (float postGainDb : postGainDbValues) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(mTestFrequencies, mInput,
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(generateSineWave(mMultitoneTestFrequencies, mInput,
                                                  dBToAmplitude(postGainDb), kSamplingFrequency,
                                                  mChannelLayout));
         mInputDb = calculateDb(mInput);
-        EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, kFullScaleDb - postGainDb, kToleranceDb);
+        EXPECT_NEAR(mInputDb, kSineMultitoneFullScaleDb - postGainDb, kToleranceDb);
         cleanUpMbcConfig();
         for (int i = 0; i < mChannelCount; i++) {
             fillMbcBandConfig(mCfgs, i, kDefaultThresholdDb, kDefaultRatio, kDefaultNoiseGateDb,
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
index 2802bf9..1b0b681 100644
--- a/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/VtsHalHapticGeneratorTargetTest.cpp
@@ -275,6 +275,9 @@
 enum DataTestParam { EFFECT_INSTANCE, LAYOUT };
 using HapticGeneratorDataTestParam = std::tuple<EffectInstance, int32_t>;
 
+// minimal HAL interface version to run the data path test
+constexpr int32_t kMinDataTestHalVersion = 3;
+
 class HapticGeneratorDataTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<HapticGeneratorDataTestParam>,
                                 public HapticGeneratorHelper {
   public:
@@ -293,7 +296,14 @@
         mOutput.resize(mHapticSamples + mAudioSamples, 0);
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpHapticGenerator(mChMask)); }
+    void SetUp() override {
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetUpHapticGenerator(mChMask));
+        if (int32_t version;
+            mEffect->getInterfaceVersion(&version).isOk() && version < kMinDataTestHalVersion) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping the data test for version: " << version << "\n";
+        }
+    }
+
     void TearDown() override { ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(TearDownHapticGenerator()); }
 
     void generateSinePeriod() {
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape b/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cefb15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine882hz_44100_3s.ape
Binary files differ
diff --git a/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape b/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..149c42a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/audio/aidl/vts/data/sine960hz_48000_3s.ape
Binary files differ
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Android.bp b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Android.bp
index cea085c..095bb86 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Android.bp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Android.bp
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@
         "libmedia_headers",
         "libmediautils_headers",
     ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
index 4a9e144..9896653 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
@@ -321,8 +321,8 @@
         status_t status = mProcessThread->join();
         ALOGE_IF(status, "processing thread exit error: %s", strerror(-status));
     }
-    if (mEfGroup) {
-        status_t status = EventFlag::deleteEventFlag(&mEfGroup);
+    if (EventFlag* evFlag = mEfGroup.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+        status_t status = EventFlag::deleteEventFlag(&evFlag);
         ALOGE_IF(status, "processing MQ event flag deletion error: %s", strerror(-status));
     }
     mInBuffer.clear();
@@ -437,6 +437,7 @@
 Result Effect::analyzeStatus(const char* funcName, const char* subFuncName,
                              const char* contextDescription, status_t status) {
     if (status != OK) {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
         ALOGW("Effect %p %s %s %s: %s", mHandle, funcName, subFuncName, contextDescription,
               strerror(-status));
     }
@@ -470,11 +471,14 @@
 
 Return<void> Effect::getConfigImpl(int commandCode, const char* commandName,
                                    GetConfigCallback _hidl_cb) {
-    RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(EffectConfig());
     uint32_t halResultSize = sizeof(effect_config_t);
     effect_config_t halConfig{};
-    status_t status =
-        (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, 0, NULL, &halResultSize, &halConfig);
+    status_t status = OK;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(EffectConfig());
+        status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, 0, NULL, &halResultSize, &halConfig);
+    }
     EffectConfig config;
     if (status == OK) {
         status = EffectUtils::effectConfigFromHal(halConfig, mIsInput, &config);
@@ -542,7 +546,10 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> Effect::prepareForProcessing(prepareForProcessing_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(StatusMQ::Descriptor());
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(StatusMQ::Descriptor());
+    }
     status_t status;
     // Create message queue.
     if (mStatusMQ) {
@@ -556,16 +563,21 @@
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, StatusMQ::Descriptor());
         return Void();
     }
-    status = EventFlag::createEventFlag(tempStatusMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &mEfGroup);
-    if (status != OK || !mEfGroup) {
+    EventFlag* evFlag = nullptr;
+    status = EventFlag::createEventFlag(tempStatusMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &evFlag);
+    if (status != OK || !evFlag) {
         ALOGE("failed creating event flag for status MQ: %s", strerror(-status));
         _hidl_cb(Result::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, StatusMQ::Descriptor());
         return Void();
     }
+    mEfGroup.store(evFlag, std::memory_order_release);
 
-    // Create and launch the thread.
-    mProcessThread = new ProcessThread(&mStopProcessThread, mHandle, &mHalInBufferPtr,
-                                       &mHalOutBufferPtr, tempStatusMQ.get(), mEfGroup, this);
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        // Create and launch the thread.
+        mProcessThread = new ProcessThread(&mStopProcessThread, mHandle, &mHalInBufferPtr,
+                                           &mHalOutBufferPtr, tempStatusMQ.get(), evFlag, this);
+    }
     status = mProcessThread->run("effect", PRIORITY_URGENT_AUDIO);
     if (status != OK) {
         ALOGW("failed to start effect processing thread: %s", strerror(-status));
@@ -575,11 +587,15 @@
 
     // For a spatializer effect, we perform scheduler adjustments to reduce glitches and power.
     // We do it here instead of the ProcessThread::threadLoop to ensure that mHandle is valid.
-    if (effect_descriptor_t halDescriptor{};
-        (*mHandle)->get_descriptor(mHandle, &halDescriptor) == NO_ERROR &&
-        memcmp(&halDescriptor.type, FX_IID_SPATIALIZER, sizeof(effect_uuid_t)) == 0) {
-        const status_t status = scheduler::updateSpatializerPriority(mProcessThread->getTid());
-        ALOGW_IF(status != OK, "Failed to update Spatializer priority");
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(StatusMQ::Descriptor());
+        if (effect_descriptor_t halDescriptor{};
+            (*mHandle)->get_descriptor(mHandle, &halDescriptor) == NO_ERROR &&
+            memcmp(&halDescriptor.type, FX_IID_SPATIALIZER, sizeof(effect_uuid_t)) == 0) {
+            const status_t status = scheduler::updateSpatializerPriority(mProcessThread->getTid());
+            ALOGW_IF(status != OK, "Failed to update Spatializer priority");
+        }
     }
 
     mStatusMQ = std::move(tempStatusMQ);
@@ -589,7 +605,10 @@
 
 Return<Result> Effect::setProcessBuffers(const AudioBuffer& inBuffer,
                                          const AudioBuffer& outBuffer) {
-    RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+    }
     AudioBufferManager& manager = AudioBufferManager::getInstance();
     sp<AudioBufferWrapper> tempInBuffer, tempOutBuffer;
     if (!manager.wrap(inBuffer, &tempInBuffer)) {
@@ -614,8 +633,12 @@
 }
 
 Result Effect::sendCommand(int commandCode, const char* commandName, uint32_t size, void* data) {
-    RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
-    status_t status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, 0, NULL);
+    status_t status = OK;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+        status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, 0, NULL);
+    }
     return analyzeCommandStatus(commandName, sContextCallToCommand, status);
 }
 
@@ -626,9 +649,13 @@
 
 Result Effect::sendCommandReturningData(int commandCode, const char* commandName, uint32_t size,
                                         void* data, uint32_t* replySize, void* replyData) {
-    RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
     uint32_t expectedReplySize = *replySize;
-    status_t status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, replySize, replyData);
+    status_t status = OK;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+        status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, replySize, replyData);
+    }
     if (status == OK && *replySize != expectedReplySize) {
         status = -ENODATA;
     }
@@ -651,8 +678,12 @@
                                                  uint32_t size, void* data, uint32_t* replySize,
                                                  void* replyData, uint32_t minReplySize,
                                                  CommandSuccessCallback onSuccess) {
-    RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
-    status_t status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, replySize, replyData);
+    status_t status = OK;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+        status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandCode, size, data, replySize, replyData);
+    }
     Result retval;
     if (status == OK && minReplySize >= sizeof(uint32_t) && *replySize >= minReplySize) {
         uint32_t commandStatus = *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(replyData);
@@ -860,10 +891,14 @@
 }
 
 Return<void> Effect::getDescriptor(getDescriptor_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(EffectDescriptor());
     effect_descriptor_t halDescriptor;
     memset(&halDescriptor, 0, sizeof(effect_descriptor_t));
-    status_t status = (*mHandle)->get_descriptor(mHandle, &halDescriptor);
+    status_t status = OK;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_RESULT_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED(EffectDescriptor());
+        status = (*mHandle)->get_descriptor(mHandle, &halDescriptor);
+    }
     EffectDescriptor descriptor;
     if (status == OK) {
         status = EffectUtils::effectDescriptorFromHal(halDescriptor, &descriptor);
@@ -874,10 +909,6 @@
 
 Return<void> Effect::command(uint32_t commandId, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& data,
                              uint32_t resultMaxSize, command_cb _hidl_cb) {
-    if (mHandle == kInvalidEffectHandle) {
-        _hidl_cb(-ENODATA, hidl_vec<uint8_t>());
-        return Void();
-    }
     uint32_t halDataSize;
     std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> halData = hidlVecToHal(data, &halDataSize);
     uint32_t halResultSize = resultMaxSize;
@@ -897,8 +928,15 @@
             }
             [[fallthrough]];  // allow 'gtid' overload (checked halDataSize and resultMaxSize).
         default:
-            status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandId, halDataSize, dataPtr, &halResultSize,
-                                         resultPtr);
+            {
+                std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+                if (mHandle == kInvalidEffectHandle) {
+                    _hidl_cb(-ENODATA, hidl_vec<uint8_t>());
+                    return Void();
+                }
+                status = (*mHandle)->command(mHandle, commandId, halDataSize, dataPtr,
+                                            &halResultSize, resultPtr);
+            }
             break;
     }
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> result;
@@ -967,11 +1005,17 @@
         return {Result::INVALID_STATE, kInvalidEffectHandle};
     }
     mStopProcessThread.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
-    if (mEfGroup) {
-        mEfGroup->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(MessageQueueFlagBits::REQUEST_QUIT));
+    EventFlag* evFlag = mEfGroup.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if (evFlag) {
+        evFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(
+            MessageQueueFlagBits::REQUEST_QUIT));
     }
-    effect_handle_t handle = mHandle;
-    mHandle = kInvalidEffectHandle;
+    effect_handle_t handle;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        handle = mHandle;
+        mHandle = kInvalidEffectHandle;
+    }
 #if MAJOR_VERSION <= 5
     return {Result::OK, handle};
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
@@ -984,7 +1028,10 @@
 }
 
 Return<Result> Effect::close() {
-    RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+        RETURN_IF_EFFECT_CLOSED();
+    }
     auto [result, _] = closeImpl();
     return result;
 }
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.h b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.h
index 2bcecec..cc76784 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.h
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <vector>
+#include <mutex>
 
 #include <fmq/EventFlag.h>
 #include <fmq/MessageQueue.h>
@@ -194,13 +195,14 @@
     static const char* sContextCallFunction;
 
     const bool mIsInput;
-    effect_handle_t mHandle;
+    std::mutex mLock;
+    effect_handle_t mHandle GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     sp<AudioBufferWrapper> mInBuffer;
     sp<AudioBufferWrapper> mOutBuffer;
     std::atomic<audio_buffer_t*> mHalInBufferPtr;
     std::atomic<audio_buffer_t*> mHalOutBufferPtr;
     std::unique_ptr<StatusMQ> mStatusMQ;
-    EventFlag* mEfGroup;
+    std::atomic<EventFlag*> mEfGroup;
     std::atomic<bool> mStopProcessThread;
     sp<Thread> mProcessThread;
 
diff --git a/automotive/can/OWNERS b/automotive/can/OWNERS
index ffa4828..b738dac 100644
--- a/automotive/can/OWNERS
+++ b/automotive/can/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-kevinme@google.com
 chrisweir@google.com
 twasilczyk@google.com
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/OWNERS b/automotive/vehicle/OWNERS
index f099287..066af9a 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/OWNERS
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/OWNERS
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 ericjeong@google.com
 shanyu@google.com
 
-# GRPC VHAL
-per-file aidl/impl/grpc/** =egranata@google.com
-
 # Property definition
 per-file aidl_property/** = tylertrephan@google.com
 per-file aidl/generated_lib/** = tylertrephan@google.com
diff --git a/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index d0edfad..ff4ce3d 100644
--- a/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -534,6 +534,8 @@
     // Check the loopback of the ACL packet
     ASSERT_TRUE(bluetooth_cb->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameAclEventReceived)
                     .no_timeout);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(acl_queue.empty());
+
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> acl_loopback = acl_queue.front();
     acl_queue.pop();
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/Android.bp b/bluetooth/aidl/Android.bp
index 4ee2f49..0daecf7 100644
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -16,6 +16,13 @@
     srcs: ["android/hardware/bluetooth/*.aidl"],
     stability: "vintf",
     backend: {
+        cpp: {
+            // FIXME should this be disabled?
+            // prefer NDK backend which can be used anywhere
+            // If you disable this, you also need to delete the C++
+            // translate code.
+            enabled: true,
+        },
         rust: {
             enabled: true,
         },
@@ -37,4 +44,5 @@
         },
     ],
     frozen: true,
+
 }
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/default/Android.bp b/bluetooth/aidl/default/Android.bp
index d3f6364..46a6983 100644
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -2,61 +2,58 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
 }
 
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libbluetoothhcihalimpl",
-    vendor_available: true,
-    host_supported: true,
-    srcs: [
-        "BluetoothHci.cpp",
-        "net_bluetooth_mgmt.cpp",
-    ],
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "android.hardware.bluetooth-service-build-defaults",
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
     ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libbluetooth_offload_hal_headers",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.bluetooth-V1-ndk",
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libutils",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.bluetooth.async",
         "android.hardware.bluetooth.hci",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
-        "libutils",
+        "libbluetooth_offload_hal",
     ],
 }
 
-rust_binary {
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libbluetoothhcihalimpl",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.bluetooth-service-build-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "BluetoothHci.cpp",
+        "net_bluetooth_mgmt.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
     name: "android.hardware.bluetooth-service.default",
-    crate_name: "bluetooth_hci_hal_server",
     relative_install_path: "hw",
     init_rc: ["bluetooth-service-default.rc"],
     vintf_fragments: [":manifest_android.hardware.bluetooth-service.default.xml"],
     vendor: true,
-    prefer_rlib: true,
-    srcs: ["main.rs"],
-    rustlibs: [
-        "android.hardware.bluetooth-V1-rust",
-        "libbluetooth_offload_hal",
-        "libbluetooth_offload_leaudio_hci",
-        "libbinder_rs",
-        "liblogger",
-        "liblog_rust",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.bluetooth.async",
-        "android.hardware.bluetooth.hci",
-        "libbluetoothhcihalimpl",
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.bluetooth-service-build-defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "service.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.bluetooth-V1-ndk",
         "libbase",
-        "libc++",
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libhidlbase",
         "libutils",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbluetoothhcihalimpl",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.cpp b/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.cpp
index bcdb67e..5ac3afe 100644
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,20 +16,18 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.bluetooth.service.default"
 
+#include "BluetoothHci.h"
+
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <hal/ffi.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <poll.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <termios.h>
 
-#include <future>
-#include <memory>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "async_fd_watcher.h"
-#include "h4_protocol.h"
 #include "log/log.h"
-#include "net_bluetooth_mgmt.h"
 
 namespace {
 int SetTerminalRaw(int fd) {
@@ -46,6 +44,7 @@
 
 using namespace ::android::hardware::bluetooth::hci;
 using namespace ::android::hardware::bluetooth::async;
+using aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::hal::Status;
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl {
 
@@ -62,298 +61,234 @@
   return str.compare(0, prefix.length(), prefix) == 0;
 }
 
-class Hal {
- public:
-  Hal(const std::string& dev_path = "/dev/hvc5") {
-    char property_bytes[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
-    property_get("vendor.ser.bt-uart", property_bytes, dev_path.c_str());
-    mDevPath = std::string(property_bytes);
-  }
+BluetoothHci::BluetoothHci(const std::string& dev_path) {
+  char property_bytes[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
+  property_get("vendor.ser.bt-uart", property_bytes, dev_path.c_str());
+  mDevPath = std::string(property_bytes);
+}
 
-  static void Initialize(void* instance,
-                         const struct hal_callbacks* callbacks) {
-    static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->Initialize(callbacks);
-  }
-
-  static void Close(void* instance) { static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->Close(); }
-
-  static void SendCommand(void* instance, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
-    static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->SendCommand(
-        std::vector<uint8_t>(data, data + len));
-  }
-
-  static void SendAcl(void* instance, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
-    static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->SendAcl(
-        std::vector<uint8_t>(data, data + len));
-  }
-
-  static void SendSco(void* instance, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
-    static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->SendSco(
-        std::vector<uint8_t>(data, data + len));
-  }
-
-  static void SendIso(void* instance, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
-    static_cast<Hal*>(instance)->SendIso(
-        std::vector<uint8_t>(data, data + len));
-  }
-
- private:
-  int getFdFromDevPath() {
-    int fd = open(mDevPath.c_str(), O_RDWR);
-    if (fd < 0) {
-      ALOGE("Could not connect to bt: %s (%s)", mDevPath.c_str(),
-            strerror(errno));
-      return fd;
-    }
-    if (int ret = SetTerminalRaw(fd) < 0) {
-      ALOGI("Could not make %s a raw terminal %d(%s)", mDevPath.c_str(), ret,
-            strerror(errno));
-    }
+int BluetoothHci::getFdFromDevPath() {
+  int fd = open(mDevPath.c_str(), O_RDWR);
+  if (fd < 0) {
+    ALOGE("Could not connect to bt: %s (%s)", mDevPath.c_str(),
+          strerror(errno));
     return fd;
   }
+  if (int ret = SetTerminalRaw(fd) < 0) {
+    ALOGI("Could not make %s a raw terminal %d(%s)", mDevPath.c_str(), ret,
+          strerror(errno));
+  }
+  return fd;
+}
 
-  void reset() {
-    // Send a reset command and wait until the command complete comes back.
+void BluetoothHci::reset() {
+  // Send a reset command and wait until the command complete comes back.
 
-    std::vector<uint8_t> reset = {0x03, 0x0c, 0x00};
+  std::vector<uint8_t> reset = {0x03, 0x0c, 0x00};
 
-    auto resetPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
-    auto resetFuture = resetPromise->get_future();
+  auto resetPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
+  auto resetFuture = resetPromise->get_future();
 
-    mH4 = std::make_shared<H4Protocol>(
-        mFd,
-        [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_command) {
-          ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with command type",
-                static_cast<int>(raw_command.size()));
-        },
-        [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_acl) {
-          ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with acl type",
-                static_cast<int>(raw_acl.size()));
-        },
-        [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_sco) {
-          ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with sco type",
-                static_cast<int>(raw_sco.size()));
-        },
-        [resetPromise](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_event) {
-          std::vector<uint8_t> reset_complete = {0x0e, 0x04, 0x01,
-                                                 0x03, 0x0c, 0x00};
-          bool valid = raw_event.size() == 6 &&
-                       raw_event[0] == reset_complete[0] &&
-                       raw_event[1] == reset_complete[1] &&
-                       // Don't compare the number of packets field.
-                       raw_event[3] == reset_complete[3] &&
-                       raw_event[4] == reset_complete[4] &&
-                       raw_event[5] == reset_complete[5];
-          if (valid) {
-            resetPromise->set_value();
-          } else {
-            ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with event type",
-                  static_cast<int>(raw_event.size()));
-          }
-        },
-        [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_iso) {
-          ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with iso type",
-                static_cast<int>(raw_iso.size()));
-        },
-        [this]() {
-          ALOGI("HCI socket device disconnected while waiting for reset");
-          mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
-        });
-    mFdWatcher.WatchFdForNonBlockingReads(mFd,
-                                          [this](int) { mH4->OnDataReady(); });
+  mH4 = std::make_shared<H4Protocol>(
+      mFd,
+      [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_command) {
+        ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with command type",
+              static_cast<int>(raw_command.size()));
+      },
+      [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_acl) {
+        ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with acl type",
+              static_cast<int>(raw_acl.size()));
+      },
+      [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_sco) {
+        ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with sco type",
+              static_cast<int>(raw_sco.size()));
+      },
+      [resetPromise](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_event) {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> reset_complete = {0x0e, 0x04, 0x01,
+                                               0x03, 0x0c, 0x00};
+        bool valid = raw_event.size() == 6 &&
+                     raw_event[0] == reset_complete[0] &&
+                     raw_event[1] == reset_complete[1] &&
+                     // Don't compare the number of packets field.
+                     raw_event[3] == reset_complete[3] &&
+                     raw_event[4] == reset_complete[4] &&
+                     raw_event[5] == reset_complete[5];
+        if (valid) {
+          resetPromise->set_value();
+        } else {
+          ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with event type",
+                static_cast<int>(raw_event.size()));
+        }
+      },
+      [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_iso) {
+        ALOGI("Discarding %d bytes with iso type",
+              static_cast<int>(raw_iso.size()));
+      },
+      [this]() {
+        ALOGI("HCI socket device disconnected while waiting for reset");
+        mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
+      });
+  mFdWatcher.WatchFdForNonBlockingReads(mFd,
+                                        [this](int) { mH4->OnDataReady(); });
 
-    if (!send(PacketType::COMMAND, reset)) {
-      ALOGE("Error sending reset command");
-    }
-    auto status = resetFuture.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
-    mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
-    if (status == std::future_status::ready) {
-      ALOGI("HCI Reset successful");
-    } else {
-      ALOGE("HCI Reset Response not received in one second");
-    }
-
-    resetPromise.reset();
+  send(PacketType::COMMAND, reset);
+  auto status = resetFuture.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+  mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
+  if (status == std::future_status::ready) {
+    ALOGI("HCI Reset successful");
+  } else {
+    ALOGE("HCI Reset Response not received in one second");
   }
 
-  void Initialize(const struct hal_callbacks* callbacks) {
-    ALOGI(__func__);
+  resetPromise.reset();
+}
 
-    HalState old_state = HalState::READY;
-    {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
-      if (mState != HalState::READY) {
-        old_state = mState;
-      } else {
-        mState = HalState::INITIALIZING;
-      }
-    }
+void BluetoothHci::initialize(
+    const std::shared_ptr<hal::IBluetoothHciCallbacks>& cb) {
+  ALOGI(__func__);
 
-    if (old_state != HalState::READY) {
-      ALOGE("initialize: Unexpected State %d", static_cast<int>(old_state));
-      Close();
-      callbacks->initialization_complete(callbacks->handle,
-                                         STATUS_ALREADY_INITIALIZED);
-      return;
-    }
-
-    mCallbacks = std::make_unique<struct hal_callbacks>(*callbacks);
-    management_.reset(new NetBluetoothMgmt);
-    mFd = management_->openHci();
-    if (mFd < 0) {
-      management_.reset();
-
-      ALOGI("Unable to open Linux interface, trying default path.");
-      mFd = getFdFromDevPath();
-      if (mFd < 0) {
-        mState = HalState::READY;
-        mCallbacks->initialization_complete(mCallbacks->handle,
-                                            STATUS_UNABLE_TO_OPEN_INTERFACE);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: HCI Reset on emulators since the bluetooth controller
-    // cannot be powered on/off during the HAL setup; and the stack
-    // might received spurious packets/events during boottime.
-    // Proper solution would be to use bt-virtio or vsock to better
-    // control the link to rootcanal and the controller lifetime.
-    const std::string kBoardProperty = "ro.product.board";
-    const std::string kCuttlefishBoard = "cutf";
-    auto board_name = GetSystemProperty(kBoardProperty);
-    if (board_name.has_value() &&
-        (starts_with(board_name.value(), "cutf") ||
-         starts_with(board_name.value(), "goldfish"))) {
-      reset();
-    }
-
-    mH4 = std::make_shared<H4Protocol>(
-        mFd,
-        [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& /* raw_command */) {
-          LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unexpected command!");
-        },
-        [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_acl) {
-          mCallbacks->acl_received(mCallbacks->handle, raw_acl.data(),
-                                   raw_acl.size());
-        },
-        [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_sco) {
-          mCallbacks->sco_received(mCallbacks->handle, raw_sco.data(),
-                                   raw_sco.size());
-        },
-        [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_event) {
-          mCallbacks->event_received(mCallbacks->handle, raw_event.data(),
-                                     raw_event.size());
-        },
-        [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_iso) {
-          mCallbacks->iso_received(mCallbacks->handle, raw_iso.data(),
-                                   raw_iso.size());
-        },
-        [this]() {
-          ALOGI("HCI socket device disconnected");
-          mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
-        });
-    mFdWatcher.WatchFdForNonBlockingReads(mFd,
-                                          [this](int) { mH4->OnDataReady(); });
-
-    {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
-      mState = HalState::ONE_CLIENT;
-    }
-
-    ALOGI("initialization complete");
-    mCallbacks->initialization_complete(mCallbacks->handle, STATUS_SUCCESS);
+  if (cb == nullptr) {
+    ALOGE("cb == nullptr! -> Unable to call initializationComplete(ERR)");
+    abort();
   }
 
-  void Close() {
-    ALOGI(__func__);
-    {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
-      if (mState != HalState::ONE_CLIENT) {
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mState == HalState::INITIALIZING,
-                            "mState is INITIALIZING");
-        ALOGI("Already closed");
-        return;
-      }
-      mCallbacks.reset();
-      mState = HalState::CLOSING;
-    }
-
-    mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
-
-    if (management_) {
-      management_->closeHci();
-    } else {
-      ::close(mFd);
-    }
-
-    {
-      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
-      mState = HalState::READY;
-      mH4 = nullptr;
-    }
-  }
-
-  void SendCommand(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
-    send(PacketType::COMMAND, data);
-  }
-  void SendAcl(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
-    send(PacketType::ACL_DATA, data);
-  }
-  void SendSco(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
-    send(PacketType::SCO_DATA, data);
-  }
-  void SendIso(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
-    send(PacketType::ISO_DATA, data);
-  }
-
-  bool send(PacketType type, const std::vector<uint8_t>& v) {
-    if (v.empty()) {
-      ALOGE("Packet is empty, no data was found to be sent");
-      return false;
-    }
-
+  HalState old_state = HalState::READY;
+  {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
-    if (mH4 == nullptr) {
-      ALOGE("Illegal State");
-      return false;
+    if (mState != HalState::READY) {
+      old_state = mState;
+    } else {
+      mState = HalState::INITIALIZING;
     }
-
-    mH4->Send(type, v);
-    return true;
   }
 
-  std::unique_ptr<struct hal_callbacks> mCallbacks;
-  std::string mDevPath;
-  int mFd{-1};
-  ::android::hardware::bluetooth::async::AsyncFdWatcher mFdWatcher;
-  std::shared_ptr<::android::hardware::bluetooth::hci::H4Protocol> mH4;
-  std::unique_ptr<NetBluetoothMgmt> management_{};
+  if (old_state != HalState::READY) {
+    ALOGE("initialize: Unexpected State %d", static_cast<int>(old_state));
+    close();
+    cb->initializationComplete(Status::ALREADY_INITIALIZED);
+  }
 
-  // Don't close twice or open before close is complete
-  std::mutex mStateMutex;
-  enum class HalState {
-    READY,
-    INITIALIZING,
-    ONE_CLIENT,
-    CLOSING,
-  } mState{HalState::READY};
-};
+  mCb = cb;
+  management_.reset(new NetBluetoothMgmt);
+  mFd = management_->openHci();
+  if (mFd < 0) {
+    management_.reset();
+
+    ALOGI("Unable to open Linux interface, trying default path.");
+    mFd = getFdFromDevPath();
+    if (mFd < 0) {
+      mState = HalState::READY;
+      cb->initializationComplete(Status::UNABLE_TO_OPEN_INTERFACE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO: HCI Reset on emulators since the bluetooth controller
+  // cannot be powered on/off during the HAL setup; and the stack
+  // might received spurious packets/events during boottime.
+  // Proper solution would be to use bt-virtio or vsock to better
+  // control the link to rootcanal and the controller lifetime.
+  const std::string kBoardProperty = "ro.product.board";
+  const std::string kCuttlefishBoard = "cutf";
+  auto board_name = GetSystemProperty(kBoardProperty);
+  if (board_name.has_value() && (
+        starts_with(board_name.value(), "cutf") ||
+        starts_with(board_name.value(), "goldfish"))) {
+    reset();
+  }
+
+  mH4 = std::make_shared<H4Protocol>(
+      mFd,
+      [](const std::vector<uint8_t>& /* raw_command */) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unexpected command!");
+      },
+      [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_acl) {
+        mCb->aclDataReceived(raw_acl);
+      },
+      [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_sco) {
+        mCb->scoDataReceived(raw_sco);
+      },
+      [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_event) {
+        mCb->hciEventReceived(raw_event);
+      },
+      [this](const std::vector<uint8_t>& raw_iso) {
+        mCb->isoDataReceived(raw_iso);
+      },
+      [this]() {
+        ALOGI("HCI socket device disconnected");
+        mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
+      });
+  mFdWatcher.WatchFdForNonBlockingReads(mFd,
+                                        [this](int) { mH4->OnDataReady(); });
+
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
+    mState = HalState::ONE_CLIENT;
+  }
+  ALOGI("initialization complete");
+  mCb->initializationComplete(Status::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::close() {
+  ALOGI(__func__);
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
+    if (mState != HalState::ONE_CLIENT) {
+      LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mState == HalState::INITIALIZING,
+                          "mState is INITIALIZING");
+      ALOGI("Already closed");
+    }
+    mState = HalState::CLOSING;
+  }
+
+  mFdWatcher.StopWatchingFileDescriptors();
+
+  if (management_) {
+    management_->closeHci();
+  } else {
+    ::close(mFd);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
+    mState = HalState::READY;
+    mH4 = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::clientDied() {
+  ALOGI(__func__);
+  close();
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::sendHciCommand(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) {
+  return send(PacketType::COMMAND, packet);
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::sendAclData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) {
+  return send(PacketType::ACL_DATA, packet);
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::sendScoData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) {
+  return send(PacketType::SCO_DATA, packet);
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::sendIsoData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) {
+  return send(PacketType::ISO_DATA, packet);
+}
+
+void BluetoothHci::send(PacketType type, const std::vector<uint8_t>& v) {
+  if (v.empty()) {
+    ALOGE("Packet is empty, no data was found to be sent");
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mStateMutex);
+  if (mH4 == nullptr) {
+    ALOGE("Illegal State");
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  mH4->Send(type, v);
+}
 
 }  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl
-
-extern "C" {
-
-using namespace aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl;
-
-struct hal_interface hal_new() {
-  return (struct hal_interface){
-      .handle = new Hal(),
-      .initialize = &Hal::Initialize,
-      .close = &Hal::Close,
-      .send_command = &Hal::SendCommand,
-      .send_acl = &Hal::SendAcl,
-      .send_sco = &Hal::SendSco,
-      .send_iso = &Hal::SendIso,
-  };
-}
-}
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.h b/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c31468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/default/BluetoothHci.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <hal/ffi.h>
+
+#include <future>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "async_fd_watcher.h"
+#include "h4_protocol.h"
+#include "net_bluetooth_mgmt.h"
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl {
+
+// This Bluetooth HAL implementation connects with a serial port at dev_path_.
+class BluetoothHci : public hal::IBluetoothHci {
+ public:
+  BluetoothHci(const std::string& dev_path = "/dev/hvc5");
+
+  void initialize(
+      const std::shared_ptr<hal::IBluetoothHciCallbacks>& cb) override;
+
+  void sendHciCommand(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) override;
+
+  void sendAclData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) override;
+
+  void sendScoData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) override;
+
+  void sendIsoData(const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet) override;
+
+  void close() override;
+
+  void clientDied() override;
+
+  static void OnPacketReady();
+
+  static BluetoothHci* get();
+
+ private:
+  int mFd{-1};
+  std::shared_ptr<hal::IBluetoothHciCallbacks> mCb = nullptr;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<::android::hardware::bluetooth::hci::H4Protocol> mH4;
+
+  std::string mDevPath;
+
+  ::android::hardware::bluetooth::async::AsyncFdWatcher mFdWatcher;
+
+  int getFdFromDevPath();
+  void send(::android::hardware::bluetooth::hci::PacketType type,
+            const std::vector<uint8_t>& packet);
+  std::unique_ptr<NetBluetoothMgmt> management_{};
+
+  // Send a reset command and discard all packets until a reset is received.
+  void reset();
+
+  // Don't close twice or open before close is complete
+  std::mutex mStateMutex;
+  enum class HalState {
+    READY,
+    INITIALIZING,
+    ONE_CLIENT,
+    CLOSING,
+  } mState{HalState::READY};
+};
+
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/default/main.rs b/bluetooth/aidl/default/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b30162a..0000000
--- a/bluetooth/aidl/default/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024, The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-use android_hardware_bluetooth::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::IBluetoothHci::{
-    self,
-    IBluetoothHci as _
-};
-use android_hardware_bluetooth::binder;
-use bluetooth_offload_hal::{ HciHalProxy, CInterface };
-use bluetooth_offload_leaudio_hci::LeAudioModuleBuilder;
-use log;
-use std::panic;
-
-fn new_hal() -> CInterface {
-    extern "C" { fn hal_new() -> CInterface; }
-    unsafe { hal_new() }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    logger::init(
-        logger::Config::default()
-            .with_max_level(log::LevelFilter::Debug)
-            .with_tag_on_device("android.hardware.bluetooth"),
-    );
-
-    panic::set_hook(Box::new(|panic_info| {
-        log::error!("{}", panic_info);
-    }));
-
-    log::info!("Bluetooth HAL starting up");
-
-    binder::ProcessState::set_thread_pool_max_thread_count(0);
-    binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();
-
-    binder::add_service(
-        &format!("{}/default", IBluetoothHci::BpBluetoothHci::get_descriptor()),
-        IBluetoothHci::BnBluetoothHci::new_binder(
-            HciHalProxy::new(
-                vec![ Box::new(LeAudioModuleBuilder {}) ],
-                new_hal()
-            ),
-            binder::BinderFeatures::default(),
-        ).as_binder()
-    ).expect("Failed to register service");
-
-    binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool();
-}
diff --git a/bluetooth/aidl/default/service.cpp b/bluetooth/aidl/default/service.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e1a22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bluetooth/aidl/default/service.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "aidl.android.hardware.bluetooth.service.default"
+
+#include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <android/binder_process.h>
+#include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
+#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+
+#include "BluetoothHci.h"
+
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::hal::IBluetoothHci_addService;
+using ::aidl::android::hardware::bluetooth::impl::BluetoothHci;
+using ::android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
+using ::android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
+
+int main(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
+  ALOGI("Bluetooth HAL starting");
+  if (!ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(0)) {
+    ALOGI("failed to set thread pool max thread count");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  IBluetoothHci_addService(new BluetoothHci());
+  ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool();
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/A2dpOffloadCodecSbc.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/A2dpOffloadCodecSbc.cpp
index 6b9046c..10c347b 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/A2dpOffloadCodecSbc.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/A2dpOffloadCodecSbc.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
   kBlockLength16
 };
 
-enum { kSubbands8 = kSubbands.first, kSubbands4 };
+enum { kSubbands4 = kSubbands.first, kSubbands8 };
 
 enum {
   kAllocationMethodSnr = kAllocationMethod.first,
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
   }
 
   min_bitpool = std::max(min_bitpool, uint8_t(lcaps.get(kMinimumBitpool)));
-  max_bitpool = std::max(max_bitpool, uint8_t(lcaps.get(kMaximumBitpool)));
+  max_bitpool = std::min(max_bitpool, uint8_t(lcaps.get(kMaximumBitpool)));
 
   if (hint) {
     min_bitpool =
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/BluetoothAudioProvider.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/BluetoothAudioProvider.cpp
index 8d03fae..d68113d 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/BluetoothAudioProvider.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/BluetoothAudioProvider.cpp
@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@
                        cookie);
 
   LOG(INFO) << __func__ << " - SessionType=" << toString(session_type_);
-  onSessionReady(_aidl_return);
-  return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+  return onSessionReady(_aidl_return);
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus BluetoothAudioProvider::endSession() {
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.cpp
index 3f1f5f6..3d7c376 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.cpp
@@ -123,40 +123,6 @@
   return (sessionType == session_type_);
 }
 
-std::string getSettingOutputString(
-    IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting& setting) {
-  std::stringstream ss;
-  std::string name = "";
-  if (!setting.sinkAseConfiguration.has_value() &&
-      !setting.sourceAseConfiguration.has_value())
-    return "";
-  std::vector<
-      std::optional<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting::AseDirectionConfiguration>>*
-      directionAseConfiguration;
-  if (setting.sinkAseConfiguration.has_value() &&
-      !setting.sinkAseConfiguration.value().empty())
-    directionAseConfiguration = &setting.sinkAseConfiguration.value();
-  else
-    directionAseConfiguration = &setting.sourceAseConfiguration.value();
-  for (auto& aseConfiguration : *directionAseConfiguration) {
-    if (aseConfiguration.has_value() &&
-        aseConfiguration.value().aseConfiguration.metadata.has_value()) {
-      for (auto& meta :
-           aseConfiguration.value().aseConfiguration.metadata.value()) {
-        if (meta.has_value() &&
-            meta.value().getTag() == MetadataLtv::vendorSpecific) {
-          auto k = meta.value().get<MetadataLtv::vendorSpecific>().opaqueValue;
-          name = std::string(k.begin(), k.end());
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  ss << "setting name: " << name << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
-  return ss.str();
-}
-
 ndk::ScopedAStatus LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider::startSession(
     const std::shared_ptr<IBluetoothAudioPort>& host_if,
     const AudioConfiguration& audio_config,
@@ -742,9 +708,11 @@
   return filtered_setting;
 }
 
-std::optional<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+std::optional<std::pair<
+    std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
 LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider::matchWithRequirement(
-    std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>&
+    std::vector<std::pair<
+        std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>&
         matched_ase_configuration_settings,
     const IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioConfigurationRequirement& requirement,
     bool isMatchContext, bool isExact, bool isMatchFlags) {
@@ -758,14 +726,15 @@
     if (!requirement.flags.has_value()) return std::nullopt;
     requirement_flags_bitmask = requirement.flags.value().bitmask;
   }
-  for (auto& setting : matched_ase_configuration_settings) {
+  for (auto& [setting_name, setting] : matched_ase_configuration_settings) {
     // Try to match context.
     if (isMatchContext) {
       if ((setting.audioContext.bitmask & requirement.audioContext.bitmask) !=
           requirement.audioContext.bitmask)
         continue;
-      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Setting with matched context: "
-                 << getSettingOutputString(setting);
+      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+                 << ": Setting with matched context: name: " << setting_name
+                 << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
     }
 
     // Try to match configuration flags
@@ -774,19 +743,20 @@
       if ((setting.flags.value().bitmask & requirement_flags_bitmask) !=
           requirement_flags_bitmask)
         continue;
-      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Setting with matched flags: "
-                 << getSettingOutputString(setting);
+      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+                 << ": Setting with matched flags: name: " << setting_name
+                 << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
     }
 
     auto filtered_ase_configuration_setting =
         getRequirementMatchedAseConfigurationSettings(setting, requirement,
                                                       isExact);
     if (filtered_ase_configuration_setting.has_value()) {
-      LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Result found: "
-                << getSettingOutputString(
-                       filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value());
+      LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Result found: name: " << setting_name
+                << ", setting: "
+                << filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value().toString();
       // Found a matched setting, ignore other settings
-      return filtered_ase_configuration_setting;
+      return {{setting_name, filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value()}};
     }
   }
   // If cannot satisfy this requirement, return nullopt
@@ -812,7 +782,8 @@
     std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>*
         _aidl_return) {
   // Get all configuration settings
-  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  std::vector<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
       ase_configuration_settings =
           BluetoothAudioCodecs::GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings();
 
@@ -822,15 +793,17 @@
   }
 
   // Matched ASE configuration with ignored audio context
-  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  std::vector<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
       sink_matched_ase_configuration_settings;
-  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  std::vector<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
       matched_ase_configuration_settings;
 
   // A setting must match both source and sink.
   // First filter all setting matched with sink capability
   if (in_remoteSinkAudioCapabilities.has_value()) {
-    for (auto& setting : ase_configuration_settings) {
+    for (auto& [setting_name, setting] : ase_configuration_settings) {
       for (auto& capability : in_remoteSinkAudioCapabilities.value()) {
         if (!capability.has_value()) continue;
         auto filtered_ase_configuration_setting =
@@ -838,7 +811,7 @@
                 setting, capability.value(), kLeAudioDirectionSink);
         if (filtered_ase_configuration_setting.has_value()) {
           sink_matched_ase_configuration_settings.push_back(
-              filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value());
+              {setting_name, filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value()});
         }
       }
     }
@@ -848,7 +821,8 @@
 
   // Combine filter every source capability
   if (in_remoteSourceAudioCapabilities.has_value()) {
-    for (auto& setting : sink_matched_ase_configuration_settings)
+    for (auto& [setting_name, setting] :
+         sink_matched_ase_configuration_settings)
       for (auto& capability : in_remoteSourceAudioCapabilities.value()) {
         if (!capability.has_value()) continue;
         auto filtered_ase_configuration_setting =
@@ -856,7 +830,7 @@
                 setting, capability.value(), kLeAudioDirectionSource);
         if (filtered_ase_configuration_setting.has_value()) {
           matched_ase_configuration_settings.push_back(
-              filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value());
+              {setting_name, filtered_ase_configuration_setting.value()});
         }
       }
   } else {
@@ -864,7 +838,11 @@
         sink_matched_ase_configuration_settings;
   }
 
-  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting> result;
+  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+      result_no_name;
+  std::vector<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
+      result;
   for (auto& requirement : in_requirements) {
     // For each requirement, try to match with a setting.
     // If we cannot match, return an empty result.
@@ -896,18 +874,19 @@
     if (!found) {
       LOG(ERROR) << __func__
                  << ": Cannot find any match for this requirement, exitting...";
-      result.clear();
-      *_aidl_return = result;
+      *_aidl_return = result_no_name;
       return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
   }
 
   LOG(INFO) << __func__
             << ": Found matches for all requirements, chosen settings:";
-  for (auto& setting : result) {
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << getSettingOutputString(setting);
+  for (auto& [setting_name, setting] : result) {
+    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": name: " << setting_name
+              << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
+    result_no_name.push_back(setting);
   }
-  *_aidl_return = result;
+  *_aidl_return = result_no_name;
   return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 };
 
@@ -937,7 +916,8 @@
     uint8_t direction,
     const IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseQosConfigurationRequirement&
         qosRequirement,
-    std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>& ase_configuration_settings,
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>&
+        ase_configuration_settings,
     bool isExact, bool isMatchFlags) {
   auto requirement_flags_bitmask = 0;
   if (isMatchFlags) {
@@ -955,13 +935,14 @@
     direction_qos_requirement = qosRequirement.sourceAseQosRequirement.value();
   }
 
-  for (auto& setting : ase_configuration_settings) {
+  for (auto& [setting_name, setting] : ase_configuration_settings) {
     // Context matching
     if ((setting.audioContext.bitmask & qosRequirement.audioContext.bitmask) !=
         qosRequirement.audioContext.bitmask)
       continue;
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Setting with matched context: "
-               << getSettingOutputString(setting);
+    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+               << ": Setting with matched context: name: " << setting_name
+               << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
 
     // Match configuration flags
     if (isMatchFlags) {
@@ -969,8 +950,9 @@
       if ((setting.flags.value().bitmask & requirement_flags_bitmask) !=
           requirement_flags_bitmask)
         continue;
-      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Setting with matched flags: "
-                 << getSettingOutputString(setting);
+      LOG(DEBUG) << __func__
+                 << ": Setting with matched flags: name: " << setting_name
+                 << ", setting: " << setting.toString();
     }
 
     // Get a list of all matched AseDirectionConfiguration
@@ -1041,7 +1023,8 @@
   IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseQosConfigurationPair result;
 
   // Get all configuration settings
-  std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  std::vector<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
       ase_configuration_settings =
           BluetoothAudioCodecs::GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings();
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.h b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.h
index 8c4f543..6d402a4 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.h
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/aidl/default/LeAudioOffloadAudioProvider.h
@@ -163,15 +163,19 @@
       uint8_t direction,
       const IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseQosConfigurationRequirement&
           qosRequirement,
-      std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>& ase_configuration_settings,
+      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>&
+          ase_configuration_settings,
       bool isExact, bool isMatchedFlag);
   bool isSubgroupConfigurationMatchedContext(
       AudioContext requirement_context,
       IBluetoothAudioProvider::BroadcastQuality quality,
       LeAudioBroadcastSubgroupConfiguration configuration);
-  std::optional<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  std::optional<std::pair<
+      std::string, IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
   matchWithRequirement(
-      std::vector<IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>&
+      std::vector<
+          std::pair<std::string,
+                    IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>&
           matched_ase_configuration_settings,
       const IBluetoothAudioProvider::LeAudioConfigurationRequirement&
           requirements,
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.cpp
index db2528e..89472e6 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.cpp
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
   return kDefaultOffloadHfpCodecInfo;
 }
 
-std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
 BluetoothAudioCodecs::GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings() {
   return AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::
       GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings();
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.h b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.h
index 0a1f708..c77de61 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.h
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothAudioCodecs.h
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
   static std::vector<CodecInfo> GetLeAudioOffloadCodecInfo(
       const SessionType& session_type);
 
-  static std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  static std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
   GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings();
 
   static std::vector<CodecInfo> GetHfpOffloadCodecInfo();
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.cpp b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.cpp
index 2474916..feb4cda 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.cpp
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@
                     ConfigurationFlags>>
     configurations_;
 
-std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting> ase_configuration_settings_;
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
+    ase_configuration_settings_;
 
 constexpr uint8_t kIsoDataPathHci = 0x00;
 constexpr uint8_t kIsoDataPathPlatformDefault = 0x01;
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@
 
 /* Implementation */
 
-std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
 AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings() {
   AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::LoadAudioSetConfigurationProviderJson();
   return ase_configuration_settings_;
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::populateAseConfiguration(
-    const std::string& name, LeAudioAseConfiguration& ase,
+    LeAudioAseConfiguration& ase,
     const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* flat_subconfig,
     const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg,
     ConfigurationFlags& configurationFlags) {
@@ -431,12 +432,6 @@
   }
   // Codec configuration data
   populateConfigurationData(ase, flat_subconfig->codec_configuration());
-  // Populate the config name for easier debug
-  auto meta = std::vector<std::optional<MetadataLtv>>();
-  MetadataLtv::VendorSpecific cfg_name;
-  cfg_name.opaqueValue = std::vector<uint8_t>(name.begin(), name.end());
-  meta.push_back(cfg_name);
-  ase.metadata = meta;
 }
 
 void AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::populateAseQosConfiguration(
@@ -507,7 +502,6 @@
 // Parse into AseDirectionConfiguration
 AseDirectionConfiguration
 AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::SetConfigurationFromFlatSubconfig(
-    const std::string& name,
     const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* flat_subconfig,
     const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg, CodecLocation location,
     ConfigurationFlags& configurationFlags) {
@@ -518,8 +512,7 @@
   LeAudioDataPathConfiguration path;
 
   // Translate into LeAudioAseConfiguration
-  populateAseConfiguration(name, ase, flat_subconfig, qos_cfg,
-                           configurationFlags);
+  populateAseConfiguration(ase, flat_subconfig, qos_cfg, configurationFlags);
 
   // Translate into LeAudioAseQosConfiguration
   populateAseQosConfiguration(qos, qos_cfg, ase,
@@ -553,15 +546,14 @@
 // Parse into AseDirectionConfiguration and the ConfigurationFlags
 // and put them in the given list.
 void AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson::processSubconfig(
-    const std::string& name,
     const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* subconfig,
     const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg,
     std::vector<std::optional<AseDirectionConfiguration>>&
         directionAseConfiguration,
     CodecLocation location, ConfigurationFlags& configurationFlags) {
   auto ase_cnt = subconfig->ase_cnt();
-  auto config = SetConfigurationFromFlatSubconfig(name, subconfig, qos_cfg,
-                                                  location, configurationFlags);
+  auto config = SetConfigurationFromFlatSubconfig(subconfig, qos_cfg, location,
+                                                  configurationFlags);
   directionAseConfiguration.push_back(config);
   // Put the same setting again.
   if (ase_cnt == 2) directionAseConfiguration.push_back(config);
@@ -646,11 +638,11 @@
     /* Load subconfigurations */
     for (auto subconfig : *codec_cfg->subconfigurations()) {
       if (subconfig->direction() == kLeAudioDirectionSink) {
-        processSubconfig(flat_cfg->name()->str(), subconfig, qos_sink_cfg,
-                         sinkAseConfiguration, location, configurationFlags);
+        processSubconfig(subconfig, qos_sink_cfg, sinkAseConfiguration,
+                         location, configurationFlags);
       } else {
-        processSubconfig(flat_cfg->name()->str(), subconfig, qos_source_cfg,
-                         sourceAseConfiguration, location, configurationFlags);
+        processSubconfig(subconfig, qos_source_cfg, sourceAseConfiguration,
+                         location, configurationFlags);
       }
     }
 
@@ -860,7 +852,7 @@
       setting.flags = flags;
       // Add to list of setting
       LOG(DEBUG) << "Pushing configuration to list: " << config_name;
-      ase_configuration_settings_.push_back(setting);
+      ase_configuration_settings_.push_back({config_name, setting});
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.h b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.h
index 8e12618..f115d61 100644
--- a/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.h
+++ b/bluetooth/audio/utils/aidl_session/BluetoothLeAudioAseConfigurationSettingProvider.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 
 class AudioSetConfigurationProviderJson {
  public:
-  static std::vector<LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>
+  static std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LeAudioAseConfigurationSetting>>
   GetLeAudioAseConfigurationSettings();
 
  private:
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
           flat_codec_specific_params);
 
   static void populateAseConfiguration(
-      const std::string& name, LeAudioAseConfiguration& ase,
+      LeAudioAseConfiguration& ase,
       const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* flat_subconfig,
       const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg,
       ConfigurationFlags& configurationFlags);
@@ -84,13 +84,11 @@
       uint8_t ase_channel_cnt);
 
   static AseDirectionConfiguration SetConfigurationFromFlatSubconfig(
-      const std::string& name,
       const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* flat_subconfig,
       const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg, CodecLocation location,
       ConfigurationFlags& configurationFlags);
 
   static void processSubconfig(
-      const std::string& name,
       const le_audio::AudioSetSubConfiguration* subconfig,
       const le_audio::QosConfiguration* qos_cfg,
       std::vector<std::optional<AseDirectionConfiguration>>&
diff --git a/bluetooth/socket/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/socket/LeCocCapabilities.aidl b/bluetooth/socket/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/socket/LeCocCapabilities.aidl
index 003da11..9cd63d6 100644
--- a/bluetooth/socket/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/socket/LeCocCapabilities.aidl
+++ b/bluetooth/socket/aidl/android/hardware/bluetooth/socket/LeCocCapabilities.aidl
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@
     /**
      * The value used by the Host stack for the local Maximum Packet Size shall be the value
      * LE_ACL_Data_Packet_Length returned by the controller in response to the command HCI LE Read
-     * Buffer Size. Then, the MPS size must be in range 1 to 255. We do not make the MPS
-     * configurable in HAL because using the maximum value does not require a large amount of
-     * memory.
+     * Buffer Size if Total_Num_LE_ACL_Data_Packets is not zero. The MPS shall be the value
+     * ACL_Data_Packet_Length returned in response to the command HCI Read Buffer Size if
+     * Total_Num_LE_ACL_Data_Packets is zero. We do not make the MPS configurable in HAL because
+     * using the maximum value does not require a large amount of memory.
      */
 }
diff --git a/broadcastradio/aidl/OWNERS b/broadcastradio/aidl/OWNERS
index 302fdd7..51a85e4 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/aidl/OWNERS
+++ b/broadcastradio/aidl/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 xuweilin@google.com
 oscarazu@google.com
 ericjeong@google.com
-keunyoung@google.com
diff --git a/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/OWNERS b/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/OWNERS
index 302fdd7..51a85e4 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/broadcastradio/aidl/vts/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 xuweilin@google.com
 oscarazu@google.com
 ericjeong@google.com
-keunyoung@google.com
diff --git a/configstore/OWNERS b/configstore/OWNERS
index 70ad434..74789b5 100644
--- a/configstore/OWNERS
+++ b/configstore/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 24939
 
-lpy@google.com
diff --git a/confirmationui/1.0/default/OWNERS b/confirmationui/1.0/default/OWNERS
index 17aed51..d8b8840 100644
--- a/confirmationui/1.0/default/OWNERS
+++ b/confirmationui/1.0/default/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 1124672
-jdanis@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/confirmationui/1.0/vts/OWNERS b/confirmationui/1.0/vts/OWNERS
index aa07242..b0ee996 100644
--- a/confirmationui/1.0/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/confirmationui/1.0/vts/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 # Bug component: 1124672
-jdanis@google.com
 swillden@google.com
 yim@google.com
diff --git a/confirmationui/support/OWNERS b/confirmationui/support/OWNERS
index 17aed51..d8b8840 100644
--- a/confirmationui/support/OWNERS
+++ b/confirmationui/support/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 1124672
-jdanis@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/gatekeeper/1.0/default/OWNERS b/gatekeeper/1.0/default/OWNERS
index c97fba6..d552a9a 100644
--- a/gatekeeper/1.0/default/OWNERS
+++ b/gatekeeper/1.0/default/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 1124862
-jdanis@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/gatekeeper/1.0/software/OWNERS b/gatekeeper/1.0/software/OWNERS
index c97fba6..d552a9a 100644
--- a/gatekeeper/1.0/software/OWNERS
+++ b/gatekeeper/1.0/software/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 1124862
-jdanis@google.com
 swillden@google.com
diff --git a/gnss/OWNERS b/gnss/OWNERS
index 57982e7..2c54f9f 100644
--- a/gnss/OWNERS
+++ b/gnss/OWNERS
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 gomo@google.com
 smalkos@google.com
-trong@google.com
 wyattriley@google.com
 yim@google.com
 yuhany@google.com
diff --git a/graphics/OWNERS b/graphics/OWNERS
index 1cb6015..9ba1ee0 100644
--- a/graphics/OWNERS
+++ b/graphics/OWNERS
@@ -5,6 +5,4 @@
 alecmouri@google.com
 chrisforbes@google.com
 jreck@google.com
-lpy@google.com
-scroggo@google.com
-sumir@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
+sumir@google.com
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1955fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package {
+    default_team: "trendy_team_android_core_graphics_stack",
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "hardware_interfaces_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    // SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libhwc_aidl_test",
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    defaults: [
+        "use_libaidlvintf_gtest_helper_static",
+        "librenderengine_deps",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-ndk_static",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer3-ndk_static",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "ComposerClientWrapper.cpp",
+        "GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp",
+        "Readback.cpp",
+        "RenderEngine.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libEGL",
+        "libGLESv2",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libfmq",
+        "libbase",
+        "libsync",
+        "libui",
+        "libgui",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer3-command-buffer",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.common.fmq-V1-ndk",
+        "libaidlcommonsupport",
+        "libarect",
+        "libbase",
+        "libfmq",
+        "libgtest",
+        "librenderengine",
+        "libsync",
+        "libsurfaceflinger_common",
+    ],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wconversion",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/ComposerClientWrapper.cpp
similarity index 65%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/ComposerClientWrapper.cpp
index 89ba2e6..a81af8f 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/ComposerClientWrapper.cpp
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "VtsComposerClient.h"
+#include "ComposerClientWrapper.h"
 #include <aidlcommonsupport/NativeHandle.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <log/log_main.h>
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "VtsComposerClient"
+#define LOG_TAG "ComposerClientWrapper"
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
-VtsComposerClient::VtsComposerClient(const std::string& name) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::ComposerClientWrapper(const std::string& name) {
     SpAIBinder binder(AServiceManager_waitForService(name.c_str()));
     ALOGE_IF(binder == nullptr, "Could not initialize the service binder");
     if (binder != nullptr) {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::createClient() {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::createClient() {
     if (mComposer == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("IComposer not initialized");
         return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificError(IComposerClient::INVALID_CONFIGURATION);
@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@
     return mComposerClient->registerCallback(mComposerCallback);
 }
 
-bool VtsComposerClient::tearDown(ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
-    return verifyComposerCallbackParams() && destroyAllLayers(writer);
+bool ComposerClientWrapper::tearDown(
+        std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters) {
+    return verifyComposerCallbackParams() && destroyAllLayers(displayWriters);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getInterfaceVersion() const {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getInterfaceVersion() const {
     int32_t version = 1;
     if (!mComposerClient) {
         return {ScopedAStatus{nullptr}, version};
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@
     return {std::move(status), version};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, VirtualDisplay> VtsComposerClient::createVirtualDisplay(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, VirtualDisplay> ComposerClientWrapper::createVirtualDisplay(
         int32_t width, int32_t height, PixelFormat pixelFormat, int32_t bufferSlotCount) {
     VirtualDisplay outVirtualDisplay;
     auto status = mComposerClient->createVirtualDisplay(width, height, pixelFormat, bufferSlotCount,
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@
             outVirtualDisplay};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::destroyVirtualDisplay(int64_t display) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::destroyVirtualDisplay(int64_t display) {
     auto status = mComposerClient->destroyVirtualDisplay(display);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         return status;
@@ -96,9 +97,9 @@
     return status;
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int64_t> VtsComposerClient::createLayer(int64_t display,
-                                                                 int32_t bufferSlotCount,
-                                                                 ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int64_t> ComposerClientWrapper::createLayer(int64_t display,
+                                                                     int32_t bufferSlotCount,
+                                                                     ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
     if (mSupportsBatchedCreateLayer) {
         int64_t layer = mNextLayerHandle++;
         writer->setLayerLifecycleBatchCommandType(display, layer,
@@ -116,8 +117,8 @@
     return {addLayerToDisplayResources(display, outLayer), outLayer};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::destroyLayer(int64_t display, int64_t layer,
-                                              ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::destroyLayer(int64_t display, int64_t layer,
+                                                  ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
     if (mSupportsBatchedCreateLayer) {
         writer->setLayerLifecycleBatchCommandType(display, layer,
                                                   LayerLifecycleBatchCommandType::DESTROY);
@@ -132,27 +133,27 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getActiveConfig(int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getActiveConfig(int64_t display) {
     int32_t outConfig;
     return {mComposerClient->getActiveConfig(display, &outConfig), outConfig};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setActiveConfig(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config) {
-    auto status = mComposerClient->setActiveConfig(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config);
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setActiveConfig(DisplayWrapper* display, int32_t config) {
+    auto status = mComposerClient->setActiveConfig(display->getDisplayId(), config);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         return status;
     }
-    return updateDisplayProperties(vtsDisplay, config);
+    return updateDisplayProperties(display, config);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setPeakRefreshRateConfig(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay) {
-    const auto displayId = vtsDisplay->getDisplayId();
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setPeakRefreshRateConfig(DisplayWrapper* display) {
+    const auto displayId = display->getDisplayId();
     auto [activeStatus, activeConfig] = getActiveConfig(displayId);
     EXPECT_TRUE(activeStatus.isOk());
-    auto peakDisplayConfig = vtsDisplay->getDisplayConfig(activeConfig);
+    auto peakDisplayConfig = display->getDisplayConfig(activeConfig);
     auto peakConfig = activeConfig;
 
-    const auto displayConfigs = vtsDisplay->getDisplayConfigs();
+    const auto displayConfigs = display->getDisplayConfigs();
     for (const auto [config, displayConfig] : displayConfigs) {
         if (displayConfig.configGroup == peakDisplayConfig.configGroup &&
             displayConfig.vsyncPeriod < peakDisplayConfig.vsyncPeriod) {
@@ -160,10 +161,10 @@
             peakConfig = config;
         }
     }
-    return setActiveConfig(vtsDisplay, peakConfig);
+    return setActiveConfig(display, peakConfig);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayAttribute(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayAttribute(
         int64_t display, int32_t config, DisplayAttribute displayAttribute) {
     int32_t outDisplayAttribute;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayAttribute(display, config, displayAttribute,
@@ -171,58 +172,59 @@
             outDisplayAttribute};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setPowerMode(int64_t display, PowerMode powerMode) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setPowerMode(int64_t display, PowerMode powerMode) {
     return mComposerClient->setPowerMode(display, powerMode);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setVsync(int64_t display, bool enable) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setVsync(int64_t display, bool enable) {
     return mComposerClient->setVsyncEnabled(display, enable);
 }
 
-void VtsComposerClient::setVsyncAllowed(bool isAllowed) {
+void ComposerClientWrapper::setVsyncAllowed(bool isAllowed) {
     mComposerCallback->setVsyncAllowed(isAllowed);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<float>> VtsComposerClient::getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<float>> ComposerClientWrapper::getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(
         Dataspace dataspace) {
     std::vector<float> outMatrix;
     return {mComposerClient->getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(dataspace, &outMatrix), outMatrix};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<CommandResultPayload>> VtsComposerClient::executeCommands(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<CommandResultPayload>> ComposerClientWrapper::executeCommands(
         const std::vector<DisplayCommand>& commands) {
     std::vector<CommandResultPayload> outResultPayload;
     return {mComposerClient->executeCommands(commands, &outResultPayload),
             std::move(outResultPayload)};
 }
 
-std::optional<VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline> VtsComposerClient::takeLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline() {
+std::optional<VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline>
+ComposerClientWrapper::takeLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline() {
     return mComposerCallback->takeLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline();
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setContentType(int64_t display, ContentType contentType) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setContentType(int64_t display, ContentType contentType) {
     return mComposerClient->setContentType(display, contentType);
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline>
-VtsComposerClient::setActiveConfigWithConstraints(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config,
-                                                  const VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
+        DisplayWrapper* display, int32_t config, const VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints) {
     VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline outTimeline;
-    auto status = mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
-            vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config, constraints, &outTimeline);
+    auto status = mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(display->getDisplayId(), config,
+                                                                  constraints, &outTimeline);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         return {std::move(status), outTimeline};
     }
-    return {updateDisplayProperties(vtsDisplay, config), outTimeline};
+    return {updateDisplayProperties(display, config), outTimeline};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayCapability>> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayCapabilities(
-        int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayCapability>>
+ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayCapabilities(int64_t display) {
     std::vector<DisplayCapability> outCapabilities;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayCapabilities(display, &outCapabilities), outCapabilities};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::dumpDebugInfo() {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::dumpDebugInfo() {
     int pipefds[2];
     if (pipe(pipefds) < 0) {
         return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificError(IComposer::EX_NO_RESOURCES);
@@ -234,76 +236,79 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::fromStatus(status);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayIdentification> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayIdentificationData(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayIdentification> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayIdentificationData(
         int64_t display) {
     DisplayIdentification outDisplayIdentification;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayIdentificationData(display, &outDisplayIdentification),
             outDisplayIdentification};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, HdrCapabilities> VtsComposerClient::getHdrCapabilities(int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, HdrCapabilities> ComposerClientWrapper::getHdrCapabilities(
+        int64_t display) {
     HdrCapabilities outHdrCapabilities;
     return {mComposerClient->getHdrCapabilities(display, &outHdrCapabilities), outHdrCapabilities};
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<PerFrameMetadataKey>>
-VtsComposerClient::getPerFrameMetadataKeys(int64_t display) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::getPerFrameMetadataKeys(int64_t display) {
     std::vector<PerFrameMetadataKey> outPerFrameMetadataKeys;
     return {mComposerClient->getPerFrameMetadataKeys(display, &outPerFrameMetadataKeys),
             outPerFrameMetadataKeys};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, ReadbackBufferAttributes> VtsComposerClient::getReadbackBufferAttributes(
-        int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, ReadbackBufferAttributes>
+ComposerClientWrapper::getReadbackBufferAttributes(int64_t display) {
     ReadbackBufferAttributes outReadbackBufferAttributes;
     return {mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferAttributes(display, &outReadbackBufferAttributes),
             outReadbackBufferAttributes};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const native_handle_t* buffer,
-                                                   const ScopedFileDescriptor& releaseFence) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setReadbackBuffer(int64_t display,
+                                                       const native_handle_t* buffer,
+                                                       const ScopedFileDescriptor& releaseFence) {
     return mComposerClient->setReadbackBuffer(display, ::android::dupToAidl(buffer), releaseFence);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, ScopedFileDescriptor> VtsComposerClient::getReadbackBufferFence(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, ScopedFileDescriptor> ComposerClientWrapper::getReadbackBufferFence(
         int64_t display) {
     ScopedFileDescriptor outReleaseFence;
     return {mComposerClient->getReadbackBufferFence(display, &outReleaseFence),
             std::move(outReleaseFence)};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<ColorMode>> VtsComposerClient::getColorModes(int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<ColorMode>> ComposerClientWrapper::getColorModes(
+        int64_t display) {
     std::vector<ColorMode> outColorModes;
     return {mComposerClient->getColorModes(display, &outColorModes), outColorModes};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<RenderIntent>> VtsComposerClient::getRenderIntents(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<RenderIntent>> ComposerClientWrapper::getRenderIntents(
         int64_t display, ColorMode colorMode) {
     std::vector<RenderIntent> outRenderIntents;
     return {mComposerClient->getRenderIntents(display, colorMode, &outRenderIntents),
             outRenderIntents};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setColorMode(int64_t display, ColorMode colorMode,
-                                              RenderIntent renderIntent) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setColorMode(int64_t display, ColorMode colorMode,
+                                                  RenderIntent renderIntent) {
     return mComposerClient->setColorMode(display, colorMode, renderIntent);
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayContentSamplingAttributes>
-VtsComposerClient::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(int64_t display) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(int64_t display) {
     DisplayContentSamplingAttributes outAttributes;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(display, &outAttributes),
             outAttributes};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setDisplayedContentSamplingEnabled(
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setDisplayedContentSamplingEnabled(
         int64_t display, bool isEnabled, FormatColorComponent formatColorComponent,
         int64_t maxFrames) {
     return mComposerClient->setDisplayedContentSamplingEnabled(display, isEnabled,
                                                                formatColorComponent, maxFrames);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayContentSample> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayedContentSample(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayContentSample> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayedContentSample(
         int64_t display, int64_t maxFrames, int64_t timestamp) {
     DisplayContentSample outDisplayContentSample;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayedContentSample(display, maxFrames, timestamp,
@@ -311,14 +316,14 @@
             outDisplayContentSample};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayConnectionType> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayConnectionType(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, DisplayConnectionType> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayConnectionType(
         int64_t display) {
     DisplayConnectionType outDisplayConnectionType;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayConnectionType(display, &outDisplayConnectionType),
             outDisplayConnectionType};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<int32_t>> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayConfigs(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<int32_t>> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayConfigs(
         int64_t display) {
     std::vector<int32_t> outConfigs;
     if (!getDisplayConfigurationSupported()) {
@@ -336,132 +341,131 @@
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>>
-VtsComposerClient::getDisplayConfigurations(int64_t display) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayConfigurations(int64_t display) {
     std::vector<DisplayConfiguration> outConfigs;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayConfigurations(display, kMaxFrameIntervalNs, &outConfigs),
             outConfigs};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::notifyExpectedPresent(int64_t display,
-                                                       ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime,
-                                                       int frameIntervalNs) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::notifyExpectedPresent(
+        int64_t display, ClockMonotonicTimestamp expectedPresentTime, int frameIntervalNs) {
     return mComposerClient->notifyExpectedPresent(display, expectedPresentTime, frameIntervalNs);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayVsyncPeriod(int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayVsyncPeriod(int64_t display) {
     int32_t outVsyncPeriodNanos;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayVsyncPeriod(display, &outVsyncPeriodNanos),
             outVsyncPeriodNanos};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setAutoLowLatencyMode(int64_t display, bool isEnabled) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setAutoLowLatencyMode(int64_t display, bool isEnabled) {
     return mComposerClient->setAutoLowLatencyMode(display, isEnabled);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<ContentType>> VtsComposerClient::getSupportedContentTypes(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<ContentType>> ComposerClientWrapper::getSupportedContentTypes(
         int64_t display) {
     std::vector<ContentType> outContentTypes;
     return {mComposerClient->getSupportedContentTypes(display, &outContentTypes), outContentTypes};
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::optional<DisplayDecorationSupport>>
-VtsComposerClient::getDisplayDecorationSupport(int64_t display) {
+ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayDecorationSupport(int64_t display) {
     std::optional<DisplayDecorationSupport> outSupport;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayDecorationSupport(display, &outSupport), outSupport};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() {
     int32_t outMaxVirtualDisplayCount;
     return {mComposerClient->getMaxVirtualDisplayCount(&outMaxVirtualDisplayCount),
             outMaxVirtualDisplayCount};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::string> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayName(int64_t display) {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::string> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayName(int64_t display) {
     std::string outDisplayName;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayName(display, &outDisplayName), outDisplayName};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setClientTargetSlotCount(int64_t display,
-                                                          int32_t bufferSlotCount) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setClientTargetSlotCount(int64_t display,
+                                                              int32_t bufferSlotCount) {
     return mComposerClient->setClientTargetSlotCount(display, bufferSlotCount);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<Capability>> VtsComposerClient::getCapabilities() {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<Capability>> ComposerClientWrapper::getCapabilities() {
     std::vector<Capability> outCapabilities;
     return {mComposer->getCapabilities(&outCapabilities), outCapabilities};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setBootDisplayConfig(int64_t display, int32_t config) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setBootDisplayConfig(int64_t display, int32_t config) {
     return mComposerClient->setBootDisplayConfig(display, config);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::clearBootDisplayConfig(int64_t display) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::clearBootDisplayConfig(int64_t display) {
     return mComposerClient->clearBootDisplayConfig(display);
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> VtsComposerClient::getPreferredBootDisplayConfig(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> ComposerClientWrapper::getPreferredBootDisplayConfig(
         int64_t display) {
     int32_t outConfig;
     return {mComposerClient->getPreferredBootDisplayConfig(display, &outConfig), outConfig};
 }
 
 std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<common::HdrConversionCapability>>
-VtsComposerClient::getHdrConversionCapabilities() {
+ComposerClientWrapper::getHdrConversionCapabilities() {
     std::vector<common::HdrConversionCapability> hdrConversionCapability;
     return {mComposerClient->getHdrConversionCapabilities(&hdrConversionCapability),
             hdrConversionCapability};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, common::Hdr> VtsComposerClient::setHdrConversionStrategy(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, common::Hdr> ComposerClientWrapper::setHdrConversionStrategy(
         const common::HdrConversionStrategy& conversionStrategy) {
     common::Hdr preferredHdrOutputType;
     return {mComposerClient->setHdrConversionStrategy(conversionStrategy, &preferredHdrOutputType),
             preferredHdrOutputType};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, common::Transform> VtsComposerClient::getDisplayPhysicalOrientation(
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, common::Transform> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayPhysicalOrientation(
         int64_t display) {
     common::Transform outDisplayOrientation;
     return {mComposerClient->getDisplayPhysicalOrientation(display, &outDisplayOrientation),
             outDisplayOrientation};
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, composer3::OverlayProperties> VtsComposerClient::getOverlaySupport() {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, composer3::OverlayProperties> ComposerClientWrapper::getOverlaySupport() {
     OverlayProperties properties;
     return {mComposerClient->getOverlaySupport(&properties), properties};
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setIdleTimerEnabled(int64_t display, int32_t timeoutMs) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setIdleTimerEnabled(int64_t display, int32_t timeoutMs) {
     return mComposerClient->setIdleTimerEnabled(display, timeoutMs);
 }
 
-int32_t VtsComposerClient::getVsyncIdleCount() {
+int32_t ComposerClientWrapper::getVsyncIdleCount() {
     return mComposerCallback->getVsyncIdleCount();
 }
 
-int64_t VtsComposerClient::getVsyncIdleTime() {
+int64_t ComposerClientWrapper::getVsyncIdleTime() {
     return mComposerCallback->getVsyncIdleTime();
 }
 
-ndk::ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(int64_t display,
-                                                                                bool enabled) {
+ndk::ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(int64_t display,
+                                                                                    bool enabled) {
     mComposerCallback->setRefreshRateChangedDebugDataEnabledCallbackAllowed(enabled);
     return mComposerClient->setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(display, enabled);
 }
 
 std::vector<RefreshRateChangedDebugData>
-VtsComposerClient::takeListOfRefreshRateChangedDebugData() {
+ComposerClientWrapper::takeListOfRefreshRateChangedDebugData() {
     return mComposerCallback->takeListOfRefreshRateChangedDebugData();
 }
 
-int64_t VtsComposerClient::getInvalidDisplayId() {
+int64_t ComposerClientWrapper::getInvalidDisplayId() {
     // returns an invalid display id (one that has not been registered to a
     // display. Currently assuming that a device will never have close to
     // std::numeric_limit<uint64_t>::max() displays registered while running tests
     int64_t id = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
-    std::vector<int64_t> displays = mComposerCallback->getDisplays();
+    std::vector<int64_t> displayIds = mComposerCallback->getDisplays();
     while (id > 0) {
-        if (std::none_of(displays.begin(), displays.end(),
+        if (std::none_of(displayIds.begin(), displayIds.end(),
                          [id](const auto& display) { return id == display; })) {
             return id;
         }
@@ -475,86 +479,87 @@
     return id;
 }
 
-std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<VtsDisplay>> VtsComposerClient::getDisplays() {
+std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayWrapper>> ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplays() {
     while (true) {
         // Sleep for a small period of time to allow all built-in displays
         // to post hotplug events
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(5ms);
-        std::vector<int64_t> displays = mComposerCallback->getDisplays();
-        if (displays.empty()) {
+        std::vector<int64_t> displayIds = mComposerCallback->getDisplays();
+        if (displayIds.empty()) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        std::vector<VtsDisplay> vtsDisplays;
-        vtsDisplays.reserve(displays.size());
-        for (int64_t display : displays) {
-            auto vtsDisplay = VtsDisplay{display};
+        std::vector<DisplayWrapper> displays;
+        displays.reserve(displayIds.size());
+        for (int64_t displayId : displayIds) {
+            auto display = DisplayWrapper{displayId};
             if (getDisplayConfigurationSupported()) {
-                auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigurations(display);
+                auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigurations(displayId);
                 if (!status.isOk()) {
                     ALOGE("Unable to get the displays for test, failed to get the DisplayConfigs "
-                          "for display %" PRId64,
-                          display);
-                    return {std::move(status), vtsDisplays};
+                          "for displayId %" PRId64,
+                          displayId);
+                    return {std::move(status), displays};
                 }
-                addDisplayConfigs(&vtsDisplay, configs);
+                addDisplayConfigs(&display, configs);
             } else {
-                auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigs(display);
+                auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigs(displayId);
                 if (!status.isOk()) {
                     ALOGE("Unable to get the displays for test, failed to get the configs "
-                          "for display %" PRId64,
-                          display);
-                    return {std::move(status), vtsDisplays};
+                          "for displayId %" PRId64,
+                          displayId);
+                    return {std::move(status), displays};
                 }
                 for (int config : configs) {
-                    status = addDisplayConfigLegacy(&vtsDisplay, config);
+                    status = addDisplayConfigLegacy(&display, config);
                     if (!status.isOk()) {
                         ALOGE("Unable to get the displays for test, failed to add config "
-                              "for display %" PRId64,
-                              display);
-                        return {std::move(status), vtsDisplays};
+                              "for displayId %" PRId64,
+                              displayId);
+                        return {std::move(status), displays};
                     }
                 }
             }
-            auto activeConfig = getActiveConfig(display);
+            auto activeConfig = getActiveConfig(displayId);
             if (!activeConfig.first.isOk()) {
                 ALOGE("Unable to get the displays for test, failed to get active config "
-                      "for display %" PRId64,
-                      display);
-                return {std::move(activeConfig.first), vtsDisplays};
+                      "for displayId %" PRId64,
+                      displayId);
+                return {std::move(activeConfig.first), displays};
             }
-            auto status = updateDisplayProperties(&vtsDisplay, activeConfig.second);
+            auto status = updateDisplayProperties(&display, activeConfig.second);
             if (!status.isOk()) {
                 ALOGE("Unable to get the displays for test, "
                       "failed to update the properties "
-                      "for display %" PRId64,
-                      display);
-                return {std::move(status), vtsDisplays};
+                      "for displayId %" PRId64,
+                      displayId);
+                return {std::move(status), displays};
             }
 
-            vtsDisplays.emplace_back(vtsDisplay);
-            addDisplayToDisplayResources(display, /*isVirtual*/ false);
+            displays.emplace_back(display);
+            addDisplayToDisplayResources(displayId, /*isVirtual*/ false);
         }
 
-        return {ScopedAStatus::ok(), vtsDisplays};
+        return {ScopedAStatus::ok(), displays};
     }
 }
 
-void VtsComposerClient::addDisplayConfigs(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay,
-                                          const std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>& configs) {
+void ComposerClientWrapper::addDisplayConfigs(DisplayWrapper* display,
+                                              const std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>& configs) {
     for (const auto& config : configs) {
-        vtsDisplay->addDisplayConfig(config.configId,
-                                     {config.vsyncPeriod, config.configGroup, config.vrrConfig});
+        display->addDisplayConfig(config.configId,
+                                  {config.vsyncPeriod, config.configGroup, config.vrrConfig});
     }
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::addDisplayConfigLegacy(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::addDisplayConfigLegacy(DisplayWrapper* display,
+                                                            int32_t config) {
     const auto vsyncPeriod =
-            getDisplayAttribute(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::VSYNC_PERIOD);
+            getDisplayAttribute(display->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::VSYNC_PERIOD);
     const auto configGroup =
-            getDisplayAttribute(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::CONFIG_GROUP);
+            getDisplayAttribute(display->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::CONFIG_GROUP);
     if (vsyncPeriod.first.isOk() && configGroup.first.isOk()) {
-        vtsDisplay->addDisplayConfig(config, {vsyncPeriod.second, configGroup.second});
+        display->addDisplayConfig(config, {vsyncPeriod.second, configGroup.second});
         return ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
 
@@ -563,13 +568,14 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificError(IComposerClient::EX_BAD_CONFIG);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::updateDisplayProperties(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::updateDisplayProperties(DisplayWrapper* display,
+                                                             int32_t config) {
     if (getDisplayConfigurationSupported()) {
-        auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigurations(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId());
+        auto [status, configs] = getDisplayConfigurations(display->getDisplayId());
         if (status.isOk()) {
             for (const auto& displayConfig : configs) {
                 if (displayConfig.configId == config) {
-                    vtsDisplay->setDimensions(displayConfig.width, displayConfig.height);
+                    display->setDimensions(displayConfig.width, displayConfig.height);
                     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
                 }
             }
@@ -577,11 +583,11 @@
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to update display property with DisplayConfig";
     } else {
         const auto width =
-                getDisplayAttribute(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::WIDTH);
+                getDisplayAttribute(display->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::WIDTH);
         const auto height =
-                getDisplayAttribute(vtsDisplay->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::HEIGHT);
+                getDisplayAttribute(display->getDisplayId(), config, DisplayAttribute::HEIGHT);
         if (width.first.isOk() && height.first.isOk()) {
-            vtsDisplay->setDimensions(width.second, height.second);
+            display->setDimensions(width.second, height.second);
             return ScopedAStatus::ok();
         }
 
@@ -591,7 +597,7 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificError(IComposerClient::EX_BAD_CONFIG);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::addDisplayToDisplayResources(int64_t display, bool isVirtual) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::addDisplayToDisplayResources(int64_t display, bool isVirtual) {
     if (mDisplayResources.insert({display, DisplayResource(isVirtual)}).second) {
         return ScopedAStatus::ok();
     }
@@ -600,7 +606,7 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::fromServiceSpecificError(IComposerClient::EX_BAD_DISPLAY);
 }
 
-ScopedAStatus VtsComposerClient::addLayerToDisplayResources(int64_t display, int64_t layer) {
+ScopedAStatus ComposerClientWrapper::addLayerToDisplayResources(int64_t display, int64_t layer) {
     auto resource = mDisplayResources.find(display);
     if (resource == mDisplayResources.end()) {
         resource = mDisplayResources.insert({display, DisplayResource(false)}).first;
@@ -613,14 +619,14 @@
     return ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-void VtsComposerClient::removeLayerFromDisplayResources(int64_t display, int64_t layer) {
+void ComposerClientWrapper::removeLayerFromDisplayResources(int64_t display, int64_t layer) {
     auto resource = mDisplayResources.find(display);
     if (resource != mDisplayResources.end()) {
         resource->second.layers.erase(layer);
     }
 }
 
-bool VtsComposerClient::verifyComposerCallbackParams() {
+bool ComposerClientWrapper::verifyComposerCallbackParams() {
     bool isValid = true;
     if (mComposerCallback != nullptr) {
         if (mComposerCallback->getInvalidHotplugCount() != 0) {
@@ -651,19 +657,23 @@
     return isValid;
 }
 
-bool VtsComposerClient::getDisplayConfigurationSupported() const {
+bool ComposerClientWrapper::getDisplayConfigurationSupported() const {
     auto [status, interfaceVersion] = getInterfaceVersion();
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
     // getDisplayConfigurations api is supported starting interface version 3
     return interfaceVersion >= 3;
 }
 
-bool VtsComposerClient::destroyAllLayers(ComposerClientWriter* writer) {
+bool ComposerClientWrapper::destroyAllLayers(
+        std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters) {
     std::unordered_map<int64_t, DisplayResource> physicalDisplays;
     while (!mDisplayResources.empty()) {
         const auto& it = mDisplayResources.begin();
         const auto& [display, resource] = *it;
 
+        ComposerClientWriter* writer =
+                displayWriters.count(display) > 0 ? displayWriters.at(display) : nullptr;
+
         while (!resource.layers.empty()) {
             auto layer = *resource.layers.begin();
             const auto status = destroyLayer(display, layer, writer);
@@ -690,4 +700,4 @@
     mDisplayResources.clear();
     return true;
 }
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp
index 1f7972c..ba16348 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "GraphicsComposerCallback"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 void GraphicsComposerCallback::setVsyncAllowed(bool allowed) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
@@ -219,4 +219,4 @@
     return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Readback.cpp
similarity index 97%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Readback.cpp
index 9d5928d..9918385 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/Readback.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "ReadbackVts.h"
+#include "Readback.h"
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/common/BufferUsage.h>
-#include <cmath>
-#include "RenderEngineVts.h"
-#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
+#include "RenderEngine.h"
 #include "renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 const std::vector<ColorMode> ReadbackHelper::colorModes = {ColorMode::SRGB, ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3};
 const std::vector<Dataspace> ReadbackHelper::dataspaces = {common::Dataspace::SRGB,
@@ -320,8 +318,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client,
-                               int32_t width, int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+ReadbackBuffer::ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display,
+                               const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client, int32_t width,
+                               int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                                common::Dataspace dataspace)
     : mComposerClient(client) {
     mDisplay = display;
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@
     return layerSettings;
 }
 
-TestBufferLayer::TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client,
+TestBufferLayer::TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client,
                                  TestRenderEngine& renderEngine, int64_t display, uint32_t width,
                                  uint32_t height, common::PixelFormat format,
                                  ComposerClientWriter& writer, Composition composition)
@@ -489,4 +488,4 @@
     writer.setLayerCompositionType(mDisplay, mLayer, Composition::CLIENT);
 }
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/RenderEngine.cpp
similarity index 96%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/RenderEngine.cpp
index 8f8b5fd..6715ea4 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "RenderEngineVts.h"
+#include "RenderEngine.h"
 #include "renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 using ::android::renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using ::android::renderengine::LayerSettings;
@@ -115,4 +115,4 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(::android::OK, mGraphicBuffer->unlock());
 }
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/ComposerClientWrapper.h
similarity index 89%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/ComposerClientWrapper.h
index da6116f..2ad081d 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsComposerClient.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/ComposerClientWrapper.h
@@ -46,21 +46,21 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Rect;
 using namespace ::ndk;
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
-class VtsDisplay;
+class DisplayWrapper;
 /**
  * A wrapper to IComposerClient.
  * This wrapper manages the IComposerClient instance and manages the resources for
  * the tests with respect to the IComposerClient calls.
  */
-class VtsComposerClient {
+class ComposerClientWrapper {
   public:
-    VtsComposerClient(const std::string& name);
+    ComposerClientWrapper(const std::string& name);
 
     ScopedAStatus createClient();
 
-    bool tearDown(ComposerClientWriter*);
+    bool tearDown(std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters);
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> getInterfaceVersion() const;
 
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> getActiveConfig(int64_t display);
 
-    ScopedAStatus setActiveConfig(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config);
+    ScopedAStatus setActiveConfig(DisplayWrapper* display, int32_t config);
 
-    ScopedAStatus setPeakRefreshRateConfig(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay);
+    ScopedAStatus setPeakRefreshRateConfig(DisplayWrapper* display);
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, int32_t> getDisplayAttribute(int64_t display, int32_t config,
                                                           DisplayAttribute displayAttribute);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
     ScopedAStatus setContentType(int64_t display, ContentType contentType);
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline> setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
-            VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config,
+            DisplayWrapper* display, int32_t config,
             const VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints);
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayCapability>> getDisplayCapabilities(
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 
     int64_t getInvalidDisplayId();
 
-    std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<VtsDisplay>> getDisplays();
+    std::pair<ScopedAStatus, std::vector<DisplayWrapper>> getDisplays();
 
     std::pair<ScopedAStatus, OverlayProperties> getOverlaySupport();
 
@@ -202,10 +202,10 @@
     static constexpr int32_t kNoFrameIntervalNs = 0;
 
   private:
-    void addDisplayConfigs(VtsDisplay*, const std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>&);
-    ScopedAStatus addDisplayConfigLegacy(VtsDisplay*, int32_t config);
+    void addDisplayConfigs(DisplayWrapper*, const std::vector<DisplayConfiguration>&);
+    ScopedAStatus addDisplayConfigLegacy(DisplayWrapper*, int32_t config);
     bool getDisplayConfigurationSupported() const;
-    ScopedAStatus updateDisplayProperties(VtsDisplay* vtsDisplay, int32_t config);
+    ScopedAStatus updateDisplayProperties(DisplayWrapper* display, int32_t config);
 
     ScopedAStatus addDisplayToDisplayResources(int64_t display, bool isVirtual);
 
@@ -213,12 +213,12 @@
 
     void removeLayerFromDisplayResources(int64_t display, int64_t layer);
 
-    bool destroyAllLayers(ComposerClientWriter*);
+    bool destroyAllLayers(std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters);
 
     bool verifyComposerCallbackParams();
 
     // Keep track of displays and layers. When a test fails/ends,
-    // the VtsComposerClient::tearDown should be called from the
+    // the ComposerClientWrapper::tearDown should be called from the
     // test tearDown to clean up the resources for the test.
     struct DisplayResource {
         DisplayResource(bool isVirtual_) : isVirtual(isVirtual_) {}
@@ -235,9 +235,10 @@
     std::atomic<int64_t> mNextLayerHandle = 1;
 };
 
-class VtsDisplay {
+class DisplayWrapper {
   public:
-    VtsDisplay(int64_t displayId) : mDisplayId(displayId), mDisplayWidth(0), mDisplayHeight(0) {}
+    explicit DisplayWrapper(int64_t displayId)
+        : mDisplayId(displayId), mDisplayWidth(0), mDisplayHeight(0) {}
 
     int64_t getDisplayId() const { return mDisplayId; }
 
@@ -294,9 +295,8 @@
         std::stringstream ss;
         if (displayConfig.vrrConfigOpt) {
             ss << "{Config " << config << ": vsyncPeriod " << displayConfig.vsyncPeriod
-                << ", minFrameIntervalNs " << vrrConfigOpt->minFrameIntervalNs << "}";
-        }
-        else {
+               << ", minFrameIntervalNs " << vrrConfigOpt->minFrameIntervalNs << "}";
+        } else {
             ss << "{Config " << config << ": vsyncPeriod " << displayConfig.vsyncPeriod << "}";
         }
         return ss.str();
@@ -310,4 +310,4 @@
     int32_t mDisplayHeight;
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, DisplayConfig> mDisplayConfigs;
 };
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/GraphicsComposerCallback.h
similarity index 95%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.h
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/GraphicsComposerCallback.h
index 97f8e2b..ff379b7 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/GraphicsComposerCallback.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/GraphicsComposerCallback.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 class GraphicsComposerCallback : public BnComposerCallback {
   public:
@@ -93,4 +93,4 @@
     int32_t mHdcpLevelChangedCount GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = 0;
 };
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/Readback.h
similarity index 90%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/Readback.h
index e3b2384..48a993c 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/ReadbackVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/Readback.h
@@ -23,10 +23,9 @@
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <memory>
-#include "GraphicsComposerCallback.h"
-#include "VtsComposerClient.h"
+#include "ComposerClientWrapper.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 using ::android::renderengine::LayerSettings;
 using common::Dataspace;
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@
 
 class TestLayer {
   public:
-    TestLayer(const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client, int64_t display,
+    TestLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client, int64_t display,
               ComposerClientWriter& writer)
         : mDisplay(display) {
         const auto& [status, layer] = client->createLayer(display, kBufferSlotCount, &writer);
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@
 
     // ComposerClient will take care of destroying layers, no need to explicitly
     // call destroyLayers here
-    virtual ~TestLayer(){};
+    virtual ~TestLayer() {};
 
     virtual void write(ComposerClientWriter& writer);
     virtual LayerSettings toRenderEngineLayerSettings();
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@
 
 class TestColorLayer : public TestLayer {
   public:
-    TestColorLayer(const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client, int64_t display,
+    TestColorLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client, int64_t display,
                    ComposerClientWriter& writer)
         : TestLayer{client, display, writer} {}
 
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@
 
 class TestBufferLayer : public TestLayer {
   public:
-    TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client,
+    TestBufferLayer(const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client,
                     TestRenderEngine& renderEngine, int64_t display, uint32_t width,
                     uint32_t height, common::PixelFormat format, ComposerClientWriter& writer,
                     Composition composition = Composition::DEVICE);
@@ -201,8 +200,9 @@
 
 class ReadbackBuffer {
   public:
-    ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient>& client, int32_t width,
-                   int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat, common::Dataspace dataspace);
+    ReadbackBuffer(int64_t display, const std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper>& client,
+                   int32_t width, int32_t height, common::PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+                   common::Dataspace dataspace);
 
     void setReadbackBuffer();
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
     Dataspace mDataspace;
     int64_t mDisplay;
     ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
-    std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient> mComposerClient;
+    std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper> mComposerClient;
     ::android::Rect mAccessRegion;
     native_handle_t mBufferHandle;
 
@@ -227,4 +227,4 @@
     ::android::sp<::android::GraphicBuffer> allocateBuffer();
 };
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/RenderEngine.h
similarity index 91%
rename from graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h
rename to graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/RenderEngine.h
index 6553720..6b8b82f 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/RenderEngineVts.h
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/libhwc_aidl_test/include/RenderEngine.h
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
-#include "ReadbackVts.h"
+#include "Readback.h"
 
-namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
+namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test {
 
 using ::android::renderengine::DisplaySettings;
 using ::android::renderengine::ExternalTexture;
@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@
     DisplaySettings mDisplaySettings;
 };
 
-}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts
+}  // namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
index 894ca52..8f5c7d2 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/Android.bp
@@ -36,28 +36,19 @@
     srcs: [
         "VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp",
         "VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp",
-        "GraphicsComposerCallback.cpp",
-        "ReadbackVts.cpp",
-        "RenderEngineVts.cpp",
-        "VtsComposerClient.cpp",
     ],
-
     shared_libs: [
         "libEGL",
-        "libGLESv1_CM",
         "libGLESv2",
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libbinder",
-        "libfmq",
         "libbase",
         "libsync",
         "libui",
         "libgui",
-        "libhidlbase",
         "libprocessgroup",
-        "libvndksupport",
-        "server_configurable_flags",
         "libtracing_perfetto",
+        "server_configurable_flags",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer3-command-buffer",
@@ -66,18 +57,16 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.common.fmq-V1-ndk",
-        "android.hardware.drm.common-V1-ndk",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
         "libarect",
         "libbase",
-        "libfmq",
         "libgtest",
-        "libmath",
+        "libhwc_aidl_test",
         "librenderengine",
-        "libshaders",
         "libsync",
-        "libtonemap",
         "libsurfaceflinger_common",
+        "libshaders",
+        "libtonemap",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wconversion",
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
index 9db8794..1429935 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_ReadbackTest.cpp
@@ -26,14 +26,16 @@
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
+#include "ComposerClientWrapper.h"
 #include "GraphicsComposerCallback.h"
-#include "ReadbackVts.h"
-#include "RenderEngineVts.h"
-#include "VtsComposerClient.h"
+#include "Readback.h"
+#include "RenderEngine.h"
 
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
 namespace {
 
+using namespace ::aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test;
+
 using ::android::Rect;
 using common::Dataspace;
 using common::PixelFormat;
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@
 class GraphicsCompositionTestBase : public ::testing::Test {
   protected:
     void SetUpBase(const std::string& name) {
-        mComposerClient = std::make_shared<VtsComposerClient>(name);
+        mComposerClient = std::make_shared<ComposerClientWrapper>(name);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->createClient().isOk());
 
         const auto& [status, displays] = mComposerClient->getDisplays();
@@ -89,14 +91,16 @@
     void TearDown() override {
         ASSERT_FALSE(mDisplays.empty());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(getPrimaryDisplayId(), PowerMode::OFF).isOk());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->tearDown(mWriter.get()));
+        std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters;
+        displayWriters.emplace(getPrimaryDisplayId(), mWriter.get());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->tearDown(displayWriters));
         mComposerClient.reset();
         const auto errors = mReader.takeErrors();
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty());
     }
 
-    const VtsDisplay& getPrimaryDisplay() const { return mDisplays[0]; }
+    const DisplayWrapper& getPrimaryDisplay() const { return mDisplays[0]; }
 
     int64_t getPrimaryDisplayId() const { return getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayId(); }
 
@@ -157,8 +161,8 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::shared_ptr<VtsComposerClient> mComposerClient;
-    std::vector<VtsDisplay> mDisplays;
+    std::shared_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper> mComposerClient;
+    std::vector<DisplayWrapper> mDisplays;
     // use the slot count usually set by SF
     std::vector<ColorMode> mTestColorModes;
     std::unique_ptr<ComposerClientWriter> mWriter;
@@ -225,7 +229,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         // if hwc cannot handle and asks for composition change,
         // just succeed the test
@@ -285,7 +289,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
 
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
@@ -346,7 +350,7 @@
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(readbackBuffer.setReadbackBuffer());
 
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
 
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
@@ -461,7 +465,7 @@
 
         auto layer = std::make_shared<TestBufferLayer>(
                 mComposerClient, *mTestRenderEngine, getPrimaryDisplayId(), getDisplayWidth(),
-                getDisplayHeight(), PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16, *mWriter);
+                getDisplayHeight(), PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, *mWriter);
         layer->setDisplayFrame({0, 0, getDisplayWidth(), getDisplayHeight()});
         layer->setZOrder(10);
         layer->setDataspace(ReadbackHelper::getDataspaceForColorMode(mode));
@@ -474,7 +478,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
 
         auto changedCompositionTypes = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
@@ -511,7 +515,7 @@
                                      clientDataspace, std::vector<common::Rect>(1, damage), 1.f);
             layer->setToClientComposition(*mWriter);
             mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                     VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                     ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
             execute();
             changedCompositionTypes = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
             ASSERT_TRUE(changedCompositionTypes.empty());
@@ -589,7 +593,7 @@
         writeLayers({srgbLayer, displayP3Layer});
 
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
 
         auto changedCompositionTypes = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
@@ -666,7 +670,7 @@
         clientLayer->setZOrder(0);
         clientLayer->write(*mWriter);
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
 
         auto changedCompositionTypes = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
@@ -699,7 +703,7 @@
                                  clientDataspace, std::vector<common::Rect>(1, clientFrame), 1.f);
         clientLayer->setToClientComposition(*mWriter);
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         changedCompositionTypes = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId());
         ASSERT_TRUE(changedCompositionTypes.empty());
@@ -748,7 +752,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -777,7 +781,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty());
@@ -820,7 +824,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -885,7 +889,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -946,7 +950,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -969,7 +973,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -1035,7 +1039,7 @@
         writeLayers(layers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED()
@@ -1171,7 +1175,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1217,7 +1221,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1258,7 +1262,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1343,7 +1347,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1390,7 +1394,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1437,7 +1441,7 @@
         writeLayers(mLayers);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                 VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                 ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED();
@@ -1531,7 +1535,7 @@
 
             ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
             mWriter->validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                     VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                     ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
             execute();
             if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
                 continue;
diff --git a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
index eaf23b5..77d8cdd 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/aidl/vts/VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest.cpp
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include "ComposerClientWrapper.h"
 #include "GraphicsComposerCallback.h"
-#include "VtsComposerClient.h"
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsHalGraphicsComposer3_TargetTest"
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::vts {
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using namespace aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::libhwc_aidl_test;
 
 using ::android::GraphicBuffer;
 using ::android::sp;
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@
 class GraphicsComposerAidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        mComposerClient = std::make_unique<VtsComposerClient>(GetParam());
+        mComposerClient = std::make_unique<ComposerClientWrapper>(GetParam());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->createClient().isOk());
 
         const auto& [status, displays] = mComposerClient->getDisplays();
@@ -70,7 +71,8 @@
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->tearDown(nullptr));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(
+                mComposerClient->tearDown(std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*>{}));
         mComposerClient.reset();
     }
 
@@ -124,21 +126,21 @@
         return version;
     }
 
-    const VtsDisplay& getPrimaryDisplay() const { return mDisplays[0]; }
+    const DisplayWrapper& getPrimaryDisplay() const { return mDisplays[0]; }
 
     int64_t getPrimaryDisplayId() const { return getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayId(); }
 
     int64_t getInvalidDisplayId() const { return mComposerClient->getInvalidDisplayId(); }
 
-    VtsDisplay& getEditablePrimaryDisplay() { return mDisplays[0]; }
+    DisplayWrapper& getEditablePrimaryDisplay() { return mDisplays[0]; }
 
     struct TestParameters {
         nsecs_t delayForChange;
         bool refreshMiss;
     };
 
-    std::unique_ptr<VtsComposerClient> mComposerClient;
-    std::vector<VtsDisplay> mDisplays;
+    std::unique_ptr<ComposerClientWrapper> mComposerClient;
+    std::vector<DisplayWrapper> mDisplays;
     // use the slot count usually set by SF
     static constexpr uint32_t kBufferSlotCount = 64;
 };
@@ -233,7 +235,6 @@
         GTEST_SUCCEED() << "getReadbackBufferAttributes is not supported";
         return;
     }
-
     ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk());
 }
 
@@ -497,7 +498,7 @@
     VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints;
     constraints.seamlessRequired = false;
     constraints.desiredTimeNanos = systemTime();
-    auto invalidDisplay = VtsDisplay(getInvalidDisplayId());
+    auto invalidDisplay = DisplayWrapper(getInvalidDisplayId());
 
     const auto& [status, timeline] = mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
             &invalidDisplay, /*config*/ 0, constraints);
@@ -511,7 +512,7 @@
     constraints.seamlessRequired = false;
     constraints.desiredTimeNanos = systemTime();
 
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         int32_t constexpr kInvalidConfigId = IComposerClient::INVALID_CONFIGURATION;
         const auto& [status, _] = mComposerClient->setActiveConfigWithConstraints(
                 &display, kInvalidConfigId, constraints);
@@ -537,7 +538,7 @@
         GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Boot Display Config not supported";
         return;
     }
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         int32_t constexpr kInvalidConfigId = IComposerClient::INVALID_CONFIGURATION;
         const auto& status =
                 mComposerClient->setBootDisplayConfig(display.getDisplayId(), kInvalidConfigId);
@@ -1290,7 +1291,7 @@
                     const auto minFrameInterval = *min_element(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
                                                                frameIntervalPowerHints.cend());
                     EXPECT_LE(minFrameInterval->frameIntervalNs,
-                              VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
+                              ComposerClientWrapper::kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
                     const auto maxFrameInterval = *max_element(frameIntervalPowerHints.cbegin(),
                                                                frameIntervalPowerHints.cend());
                     EXPECT_GE(maxFrameInterval->frameIntervalNs, vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs);
@@ -1396,7 +1397,9 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
         ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty());
 
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->tearDown(&getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId())));
+        std::unordered_map<int64_t, ComposerClientWriter*> displayWriters;
+        displayWriters.emplace(getPrimaryDisplayId(), &getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId()));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mComposerClient->tearDown(displayWriters));
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(GraphicsComposerAidlTest::TearDown());
     }
 
@@ -1470,7 +1473,8 @@
                         static_cast<uint32_t>(getPrimaryDisplay().getDisplayHeight()), pixelFormat);
     }
 
-    void sendRefreshFrame(const VtsDisplay& display, const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline* timeline) {
+    void sendRefreshFrame(const DisplayWrapper& display,
+                          const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline* timeline) {
         if (timeline != nullptr) {
             // Refresh time should be before newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos
             EXPECT_LT(timeline->refreshTimeNanos, timeline->newVsyncAppliedTimeNanos);
@@ -1501,7 +1505,7 @@
             writer.setLayerDataspace(display.getDisplayId(), layer, common::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
 
             writer.validateDisplay(display.getDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                   VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                   ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
             execute();
             ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
 
@@ -1519,7 +1523,7 @@
             writer.setLayerSurfaceDamage(display.getDisplayId(), layer,
                                          std::vector<Rect>(1, {0, 0, 10, 10}));
             writer.validateDisplay(display.getDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                                   VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                                   ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
             execute();
             ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
 
@@ -1532,8 +1536,8 @@
 
     sp<::android::Fence> presentAndGetFence(
             std::optional<ClockMonotonicTimestamp> expectedPresentTime,
-            std::optional<int64_t> displayIdOpt = {},
-            int32_t frameIntervalNs = VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs) {
+            std::optional<int> displayIdOpt = {},
+            int32_t frameIntervalNs = ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs) {
         const auto displayId = displayIdOpt.value_or(getPrimaryDisplayId());
         auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
         writer.validateDisplay(displayId, expectedPresentTime, frameIntervalNs);
@@ -1563,7 +1567,7 @@
         return vsyncPeriod;
     }
 
-    int64_t createOnScreenLayer(const VtsDisplay& display,
+    int64_t createOnScreenLayer(const DisplayWrapper& display,
                                 Composition composition = Composition::DEVICE) {
         auto& writer = getWriter(display.getDisplayId());
         const auto& [status, layer] =
@@ -1598,7 +1602,7 @@
     }
 
     void Test_setActiveConfigWithConstraints(const TestParameters& params) {
-        for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+        for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
             forEachTwoConfigs(display.getDisplayId(), [&](int32_t config1, int32_t config2) {
                 EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setActiveConfig(&display, config1).isOk());
                 sendRefreshFrame(display, nullptr);
@@ -1725,8 +1729,8 @@
     }
 
     void forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig(
-            std::function<void(VtsDisplay&, const DisplayConfiguration&)> func) {
-        for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+            std::function<void(DisplayWrapper&, const DisplayConfiguration&)> func) {
+        for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
             const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
             EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(displayId, PowerMode::ON).isOk());
             const auto& [status, displayConfigurations] =
@@ -1756,7 +1760,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    void configureLayer(const VtsDisplay& display, int64_t layer, Composition composition,
+    void configureLayer(const DisplayWrapper& display, int64_t layer, Composition composition,
                         const Rect& displayFrame, const FRect& cropRect) {
         auto& writer = getWriter(display.getDisplayId());
         writer.setLayerCompositionType(display.getDisplayId(), layer, composition);
@@ -1918,14 +1922,14 @@
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, ValidDisplay) {
     auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                           VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                           ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
     execute();
 }
 
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, AcceptDisplayChanges) {
     auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                           VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                           ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
     writer.acceptDisplayChanges(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     execute();
 }
@@ -1933,7 +1937,7 @@
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, PresentDisplay) {
     auto& writer = getWriter(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                           VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                           ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
     writer.presentDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     execute();
 }
@@ -1973,7 +1977,7 @@
                               /*acquireFence*/ -1);
         writer.setLayerDataspace(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
         writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                               VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                               ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (!mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(getPrimaryDisplayId()).empty()) {
             GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Composition change requested, skipping test";
@@ -2016,7 +2020,7 @@
     configureLayer(getPrimaryDisplay(), layer, Composition::CURSOR, displayFrame, cropRect);
     writer.setLayerDataspace(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
     writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                           VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                           ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
 
     execute();
 
@@ -2032,7 +2036,7 @@
 
     writer.setLayerCursorPosition(getPrimaryDisplayId(), layer, /*x*/ 0, /*y*/ 0);
     writer.validateDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId(), ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                           VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                           ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
     writer.presentDisplay(getPrimaryDisplayId());
     execute();
 }
@@ -2202,7 +2206,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, DisplayDecoration) {
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         auto& writer = getWriter(displayId);
         const auto [layerStatus, layer] =
@@ -2232,7 +2236,7 @@
         writer.setLayerBuffer(displayId, layer, /*slot*/ 0, decorBuffer->handle,
                               /*acquireFence*/ -1);
         writer.validateDisplay(displayId, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                               VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                               ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute();
         if (support) {
             ASSERT_TRUE(mReader.takeErrors().empty());
@@ -2483,7 +2487,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, GetDisplayVsyncPeriod) {
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         const auto& [status, configs] = mComposerClient->getDisplayConfigs(display.getDisplayId());
         EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
 
@@ -2542,7 +2546,7 @@
     constraints.seamlessRequired = true;
     constraints.desiredTimeNanos = systemTime();
 
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         forEachTwoConfigs(display.getDisplayId(), [&](int32_t config1, int32_t config2) {
             int32_t configGroup1 = display.getDisplayConfig(config1).configGroup;
             int32_t configGroup2 = display.getDisplayConfig(config2).configGroup;
@@ -2729,7 +2733,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(displayId, PowerMode::ON).isOk());
         // Enable the callback
@@ -2833,7 +2837,7 @@
     constraints.seamlessRequired = false;
     constraints.desiredTimeNanos = systemTime();
 
-    for (VtsDisplay& display : mDisplays) {
+    for (DisplayWrapper& display : mDisplays) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mComposerClient->setPowerMode(displayId, PowerMode::ON).isOk());
 
@@ -2891,7 +2895,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(GraphicsComposerAidlCommandTest, MultiThreadedPresent) {
-    std::vector<VtsDisplay*> displays;
+    std::vector<DisplayWrapper*> displays;
     for (auto& display : mDisplays) {
         if (hasDisplayCapability(display.getDisplayId(),
                                  DisplayCapability::MULTI_THREADED_PRESENT)) {
@@ -2954,7 +2958,7 @@
         lock.unlock();
 
         writer.validateDisplay(displayId, ComposerClientWriter::kNoTimestamp,
-                               VtsComposerClient::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
+                               ComposerClientWrapper::kNoFrameIntervalNs);
         execute(writer, reader);
 
         threads.emplace_back([this, displayId, &readers, &readersMutex]() {
@@ -3089,7 +3093,7 @@
         GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
         return;
     }
-    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](DisplayWrapper& display,
                                            const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         auto minFrameIntervalNs = config.vrrConfig->minFrameIntervalNs;
@@ -3129,7 +3133,7 @@
         GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
         return;
     }
-    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](DisplayWrapper& display,
                                            const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
@@ -3145,7 +3149,7 @@
         auto lastPresentTimeNs = presentFence->getSignalTime();
 
         auto vsyncPeriod = config.vsyncPeriod;
-        int32_t highestDivisor = VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t highestDivisor = ComposerClientWrapper::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
         int32_t lowestDivisor = minFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
         const auto headsUpNs = config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->headsUpNs;
         float totalDivisorsPassed = 0.f;
@@ -3176,7 +3180,7 @@
         GTEST_SUCCEED() << "Device has unreliable present fences capability, skipping";
         return;
     }
-    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](VtsDisplay& display,
+    forEachNotifyExpectedPresentConfig([&](DisplayWrapper& display,
                                            const DisplayConfiguration& config) {
         const auto displayId = display.getDisplayId();
         const auto buffer = allocate(::android::PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888);
@@ -3188,7 +3192,7 @@
         auto minFrameIntervalNs = config.vrrConfig->minFrameIntervalNs;
 
         auto vsyncPeriod = config.vsyncPeriod;
-        int32_t highestDivisor = VtsComposerClient::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
+        int32_t highestDivisor = ComposerClientWrapper::kMaxFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
         int32_t lowestDivisor = minFrameIntervalNs / vsyncPeriod;
         const auto headsUpNs = config.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->headsUpNs;
         float totalDivisorsPassed = 0.f;
diff --git a/ir/OWNERS b/ir/OWNERS
index 04de9ef..376fe0a 100644
--- a/ir/OWNERS
+++ b/ir/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 163905
-connoro@google.com
+devinmoore@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nfc/1.0/default/OWNERS b/nfc/1.0/default/OWNERS
index 5febd1d..e681870 100644
--- a/nfc/1.0/default/OWNERS
+++ b/nfc/1.0/default/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 rmojumder@google.com
-zachoverflow@google.com
diff --git a/nfc/1.2/vts/OWNERS b/nfc/1.2/vts/OWNERS
index 21d4df1..eeeadd1 100644
--- a/nfc/1.2/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/nfc/1.2/vts/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-zachoverflow@google.com
 jackcwyu@google.com
 georgekgchang@google.com
diff --git a/nfc/OWNERS b/nfc/OWNERS
index f46dccd..47f209f 100644
--- a/nfc/OWNERS
+++ b/nfc/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # Bug component: 48448
-include platform/packages/apps/Nfc:/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
+include platform/packages/modules/Nfc:/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsNfcBehaviorChangesTest.cpp b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsNfcBehaviorChangesTest.cpp
index 6db7e14..d3fcbb3 100644
--- a/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsNfcBehaviorChangesTest.cpp
+++ b/nfc/aidl/vts/functional/VtsNfcBehaviorChangesTest.cpp
@@ -153,8 +153,7 @@
                     SyncEventGuard guard(sNfaVsCommand);
                     sNfaVsCommand.notifyOne();
                 } break;
-                case NCI_ANDROID_SET_PASSIVE_OBSERVER_TECH:
-                case NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE: {
+                case NCI_ANDROID_SET_PASSIVE_OBSERVER_TECH: {
                     if (param_len == 5) {
                         if ((p_param[0] & NCI_MT_MASK) == (NCI_MT_RSP << NCI_MT_SHIFT)) {
                             sVSCmdStatus = p_param[4];
@@ -190,36 +189,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * Enable passive observe mode.
- */
-tNFA_STATUS static nfaObserveModeEnable(bool enable) {
-    tNFA_STATUS status = NFA_STATUS_FAILED;
-
-    status = NFA_StopRfDiscovery();
-    if (status == NFA_STATUS_OK) {
-        if (!sNfaEnableDisablePollingEvent.wait(1000)) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Timeout waiting to disable NFC RF discovery";
-            return NFA_STATUS_TIMEOUT;
-        }
-    }
-
-    uint8_t cmd[] = {NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE,
-                     static_cast<uint8_t>(enable ? NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE
-                                                 : NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_DISABLE)};
-
-    status = NFA_SendVsCommand(NCI_MSG_PROP_ANDROID, sizeof(cmd), cmd, nfaVSCallback);
-
-    if (status == NFA_STATUS_OK) {
-        if (!sNfaVsCommand.wait(1000)) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Timeout waiting for set observe mode command response";
-            return NFA_STATUS_TIMEOUT;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return status;
-}
-
-/*
  * Get observe mode state.
  */
 tNFA_STATUS static nfaQueryObserveModeState() {
@@ -322,71 +291,18 @@
 };
 
 /*
- * ObserveModeEnableDisable:
- * Attempts to enable observe mode. Does not test Observe Mode functionality,
- * but simply verifies that the enable command responds successfully.
- *
- * @VsrTest = GMS-VSR-3.2.8-001
+ * SetPassiveObserverTech_getCaps:
+ * Verifies GET_CAPS returns get correct value for observe mode capabilities.
  */
-TEST_P(NfcBehaviorChanges, ObserveModeEnableDisable) {
-    if (get_vsr_api_level() < 202404) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test for board API level < 202404";
-    }
-
-    tNFA_STATUS status = nfaObserveModeEnable(true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_NE(sObserveModeState, 0);
-
-    status = nfaObserveModeEnable(false);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_EQ(sObserveModeState, 0);
-}
-
-/*
- * SetPassiveObserverTech_individualTechnologies:
- * Verifies per-technology observe mode is supported as a capability. Then sets observe mode
- * for each individual technology and verifies the command succeeds.
- *
- * @VsrTest = GMS-VSR-3.2.8-002
- */
-TEST_P(NfcBehaviorChanges, SetPassiveObserverTech_individualTechnologies) {
+TEST_P(NfcBehaviorChanges, SetPassiveObserverTech_getCaps) {
     if (get_vsr_api_level() < 202504) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test for board API level < 202504";
     }
 
     tNFC_STATUS status = nfaGetCaps();
+
     ASSERT_EQ(status, NFC_STATUS_OK);
     ASSERT_EQ(getCapsPassiveObserverModeValue(), 0x2);
-
-    status = nfaSetPassiveObserverTech(NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_A);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_EQ(sObserveModeState, NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_A);
-
-    status = nfaSetPassiveObserverTech(NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_B);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_EQ(sObserveModeState, NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_B);
-
-    status = nfaSetPassiveObserverTech(NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_V);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_EQ(sObserveModeState, NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_V);
-
-    status = nfaSetPassiveObserverTech(NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_F);
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    status = nfaQueryObserveModeState();
-    ASSERT_EQ(status, NFA_STATUS_OK);
-    ASSERT_EQ(sObserveModeState, NCI_ANDROID_PASSIVE_OBSERVE_PARAM_ENABLE_F);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/power/1.0/vts/OWNERS b/power/1.0/vts/OWNERS
index 6de2cd5..53948b9 100644
--- a/power/1.0/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/power/1.0/vts/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 # Bug component: 158088
-connoro@google.com
diff --git a/power/1.1/vts/functional/OWNERS b/power/1.1/vts/functional/OWNERS
index 6de2cd5..53948b9 100644
--- a/power/1.1/vts/functional/OWNERS
+++ b/power/1.1/vts/functional/OWNERS
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
 # Bug component: 158088
-connoro@google.com
diff --git a/power/stats/1.0/default/OWNERS b/power/stats/1.0/default/OWNERS
index 2d95a97..0557220 100644
--- a/power/stats/1.0/default/OWNERS
+++ b/power/stats/1.0/default/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 krossmo@google.com
 bsschwar@google.com
-tstrudel@google.com
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
index fc703e9..0ae4b96 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/IKeyMintDevice.aidl
@@ -479,8 +479,8 @@
      *        structure.
      *
      * @param unwrappingParams must contain any parameters needed to perform the unwrapping
-     *        operation.  For example, if the wrapping key is an AES key the block and padding modes
-     *        must be specified in this argument.
+     *        operation.  For example, the padding mode for the RSA wrapping key must be specified
+     *        in this argument.
      *
      * @param passwordSid specifies the password secure ID (SID) of the user that owns the key being
      *        installed.  If the authorization list in wrappedKeyData contains a
@@ -550,8 +550,14 @@
     void deleteKey(in byte[] keyBlob);
 
     /**
-     * Deletes all keys in the hardware keystore. Used when keystore is reset completely. After
-     * this function is called all keys created previously must be rendered permanently unusable.
+     * Deletes all keys in the hardware keystore. Used when keystore is reset completely.
+     *
+     * For StrongBox KeyMint: After this function is called all keys created previously must be
+     * rendered permanently unusable.
+     *
+     * For TEE KeyMint: After this function is called all keys with Tag::ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE in
+     * their hardware-enforced authorization lists must be rendered permanently unusable.  Keys
+     * without Tag::ROLLBACK_RESISTANCE may or may not be rendered unusable.
      */
     void deleteAllKeys();
 
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/default/Android.bp b/security/keymint/aidl/default/Android.bp
index 0197141..0d03651 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -192,7 +192,6 @@
     ],
     prebuilts: [
         "keymint_aidl_nonsecure_init_rc",
-        "keymint_aidl_nonsecure_vintf",
         "android.hardware.hardware_keystore.xml", // permissions
     ],
 }
@@ -210,14 +209,3 @@
     out: ["android.hardware.security.keymint-service.nonsecure.apex.rc"],
     cmd: "sed -E 's%/vendor/bin/%/apex/com.android.hardware.keymint/bin/%' $(in) > $(out)",
 }
-
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "keymint_aidl_nonsecure_vintf",
-    sub_dir: "vintf",
-    vendor: true,
-    srcs: [
-        "android.hardware.security.keymint-service.xml",
-        "android.hardware.security.sharedsecret-service.xml",
-        "android.hardware.security.secureclock-service.xml",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
index 06e0f58..0c86a27 100644
--- a/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/aidl/vts/functional/KeyMintAidlTestBase.cpp
@@ -328,7 +328,16 @@
  * which is mandatory for KeyMint version 2 and first_api_level 33 or greater.
  */
 bool KeyMintAidlTestBase::isDeviceIdAttestationRequired() {
-    return AidlVersion() >= 2 && property_get_int32("ro.vendor.api_level", 0) >= __ANDROID_API_T__;
+    if (!is_gsi_image()) {
+        return AidlVersion() >= 2 &&
+            get_vendor_api_level() >= AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_T__);
+    } else {
+        // The device ID properties may not be set properly when testing earlier implementations
+        // under GSI, e.g. `ro.product.<id>` is overridden by the GSI image, but the
+        // `ro.product.vendor.<id>` value (which does survive GSI installation) was not set.
+        return AidlVersion() >= 2 &&
+            get_vendor_api_level() >= AVendorSupport_getVendorApiLevelOf(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+    }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/security/keymint/support/authorization_set.cpp b/security/keymint/support/authorization_set.cpp
index c1b5d48..5944908 100644
--- a/security/keymint/support/authorization_set.cpp
+++ b/security/keymint/support/authorization_set.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/KeyParameter.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/security/keymint/KeyPurpose.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 namespace aidl::android::hardware::security::keymint {
 
 void AuthorizationSet::Sort() {
diff --git a/security/secretkeeper/OWNERS b/security/secretkeeper/OWNERS
index acf4c6c..d63ba9b 100644
--- a/security/secretkeeper/OWNERS
+++ b/security/secretkeeper/OWNERS
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # Bug component: 867125
 
-alanstokes@google.com
 drysdale@google.com
 hasinitg@google.com
 shikhapanwar@google.com
diff --git a/security/see/authmgr/aidl/README.md b/security/see/authmgr/aidl/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97b2b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/authmgr/aidl/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# AuthMgr
+
+The AuthMgr protocol authenticates and authorizes clients before they can
+access trusted HALs, AIDL-defined services in trusted execution environments.
+Version 1 was designed to allow applications running in a protected virtual
+machine (pVM) to access services running in a TEE in ARM TrustZone. An
+implementation of `IAuthMgrAuthorization` is referred to as an AuthMgr Backend.
+An implementation of a client of the AuthMgr Backend is referred to as an
+AuthMgr Frontend.
+
+
+## Additional Requirements by Android Version
+
+The comments on `IAuthMgrAuthorization` describe the requirements for implementing
+an AuthMgr Backend (implementor of the interface) itself. There are some additional
+requirements that are specific to Android release versions.
+
+### Android 16
+If implementing `IAuthMgrAuthorization` in Android 16 only one AuthMgr Backend is
+supported and dynamic service discovery is not supported. The AuthMgr Backend
+service must be exposed on secure partition ID 0x8001 over VSOCK port 1.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..beb8976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open-Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+rust_defaults {
+    name: "hw_crypto_hal_aidl_rust_defaults",
+    enabled: false,
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "android.hardware.security.see.hwcrypto-V1-rust",
+        "liblogger",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libanyhow",
+        "libvsock",
+        "librpcbinder_rs",
+        "librustutils",
+    ],
+    arch: {
+        x86_64: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+rust_library {
+    name: "libhwcryptohal_vts_test",
+    crate_name: "hwcryptohal_vts_test",
+    srcs: [
+        "lib.rs",
+    ],
+    defaults: [
+        "hw_crypto_hal_aidl_rust_defaults",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_binary {
+    name: "wait_hw_crypto",
+    prefer_rlib: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "hw_crypto_hal_aidl_rust_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: ["wait_service.rs"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libhwcryptohal_vts_test",
+        "liblogger",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "libanyhow",
+        "libclap",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_test {
+    name: "VtsAidlHwCryptoConnTest",
+    srcs: ["connection_test.rs"],
+    require_root: true,
+    defaults: [
+        "hw_crypto_hal_aidl_rust_defaults",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libhwcryptohal_vts_test",
+    ],
+    data: [
+        ":trusty_test_vm_elf",
+        ":trusty_test_vm_config",
+        ":trusty_vm_launcher_sh",
+        ":trusty_wait_ready_sh",
+        ":wait_hw_crypto",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73290cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  Copyright 2025 The Android Open Source Project
+
+  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+  limitations under the License.
+  -->
+    <configuration description="Runs {MODULE}">
+    <!-- object type="module_controller" class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.suite.module.CommandSuccessModuleController" -->
+        <!--Skip the test when trusty VM is not enabled. -->
+        <!--option name="run-command" value="getprop trusty.test_vm.nonsecure_vm_ready | grep 1" /-->
+    <!--/object-->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer" />
+    <!-- Target Preparers - Run Shell Commands -->
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="trusty-vm-launcher.sh" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="trusty-wait-ready.sh" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-wait-ready.sh" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="wait_hw_crypto" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/wait_hw_crypto" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="trusty-test_vm-config.json" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-test_vm-config.json" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="trusty_test_vm_elf" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty_test_vm_elf" />
+        <option name="push-file" key="VtsAidlHwCryptoConnTest" value="/data/local/tmp/VtsAidlHwCryptoConnTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="throw-if-cmd-fail" value="true" />
+        <!--Note: the first run-command shall not expect the background command to have started -->
+        <option name="run-bg-command" value="sh /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-vm-launcher.sh" />
+        <option name="run-command" value="sh /data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/trusty-wait-ready.sh" />
+        <option name="run-bg-command" value="start trusty-hwcryptohal" />
+        <option name="run-command" value="/data/local/tmp/trusty_test_vm/wait_hw_crypto" />
+        <option name="run-command" value="start storageproxyd_test_system" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="stop storageproxyd_test_system" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="stop trusty-hwcryptohal" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="killall storageproxyd_test_system || true" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="stop trusty-hwcryptohal" />
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="killall trusty || true" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.rust.RustBinaryTest" >
+        <option name="test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsAidlHwCryptoConnTest" />
+        <!-- Rust tests are run in parallel by default. Run these ones
+            single-threaded, so that one test's secrets don't affect
+            the behaviour of a different test. -->
+        <option name="native-test-flag" value="--test-threads=1" />
+    </test>
+    </configuration>
diff --git a/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/connection_test.rs b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/connection_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..338923d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/connection_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! HwCrypto Connection tests.
+
+#[test]
+fn test_hwcrypto_key_connection() {
+    let hw_crypto_key = hwcryptohal_vts_test::get_hwcryptokey();
+    assert!(hw_crypto_key.is_ok(), "Couldn't get back a hwcryptokey binder object");
+}
diff --git a/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/lib.rs b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e14ac83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! VTS test library for HwCrypto functionality.
+//! It provides the base clases necessaries to write HwCrypto VTS tests
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use binder::{ExceptionCode, FromIBinder, IntoBinderResult, ParcelFileDescriptor};
+use rpcbinder::RpcSession;
+use vsock::VsockStream;
+use std::os::fd::{FromRawFd, IntoRawFd};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Read;
+use rustutils::system_properties;
+use android_hardware_security_see_hwcrypto::aidl::android::hardware::security::see::hwcrypto::IHwCryptoKey::IHwCryptoKey;
+
+const HWCRYPTO_SERVICE_PORT: u32 = 4;
+
+/// Local function to connect to service
+pub fn connect_service<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
+    cid: u32,
+    port: u32,
+) -> Result<binder::Strong<T>, binder::StatusCode> {
+    RpcSession::new().setup_preconnected_client(|| {
+        let mut stream = VsockStream::connect_with_cid_port(cid, port).ok()?;
+        let mut buffer = [0];
+        let _ = stream.read(&mut buffer);
+        // SAFETY: ownership is transferred from stream to f
+        let f = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(stream.into_raw_fd()) };
+        Some(ParcelFileDescriptor::new(f).into_raw_fd())
+    })
+}
+
+/// Get a HwCryptoKey binder service object
+pub fn get_hwcryptokey() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IHwCryptoKey>, binder::Status> {
+    let cid = system_properties::read("trusty.test_vm.vm_cid")
+        .context("couldn't get vm cid")
+        .or_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE)?
+        .ok_or(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_STATE)?
+        .parse::<u32>()
+        .context("couldn't parse vm cid")
+        .or_binder_exception(ExceptionCode::ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT)?;
+    Ok(connect_service(cid, HWCRYPTO_SERVICE_PORT)?)
+}
diff --git a/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/wait_service.rs b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/wait_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13cbcb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/see/hwcrypto/aidl/vts/functional/wait_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2025, The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Small utility to wait for hwcrypto service to be up
+
+use anyhow::{/*Context,*/ Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use log::info;
+use std::{thread, time};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Collection of CLI for trusty_security_vm_launcher
+pub struct Args {
+    /// Number of repetitions for the wait
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 20)]
+    number_repetitions: u32,
+
+    /// Delay between repetitiond
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 2)]
+    delay_between_repetitions: u32,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let args = Args::parse();
+
+    info!("Waiting for hwcrypto service");
+    let delay = time::Duration::new(args.delay_between_repetitions.into(), 0);
+    for _ in 0..args.number_repetitions {
+        let hw_crypto_key = hwcryptohal_vts_test::get_hwcryptokey();
+        if hw_crypto_key.is_ok() {
+            break;
+        }
+        thread::sleep(delay);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp b/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
index 7f33e2d..687b5ed 100644
--- a/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/thermal/aidl/vts/VtsHalThermalTargetTest.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/binder_process.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
+#include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -175,6 +176,34 @@
             ASSERT_EQ(EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, status.getExceptionCode());
         }
     }
+
+    bool isEmulator() {
+        if (property_get_bool("ro.boot.qemu", false)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        char device[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+        char model[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+        char name[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+        char hardware[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
+
+        property_get("ro.product.device", device, "");
+        property_get("ro.product.model", model, "");
+        property_get("ro.product.name", name, "");
+        property_get("ro.hardware", hardware, "");
+
+        std::string deviceStr(device);
+        std::string modelStr(model);
+        std::string nameStr(name);
+        std::string hardwareStr(hardware);
+
+        return deviceStr.rfind("vsoc_", 0) == 0 || modelStr.rfind("Cuttlefish ", 0) == 0 ||
+               nameStr.rfind("cf_", 0) == 0 || nameStr.rfind("aosp_cf_", 0) == 0 ||
+               hardwareStr.find("goldfish") != std::string::npos ||
+               hardwareStr.find("ranchu") != std::string::npos ||
+               hardwareStr.find("cutf_cvm") != std::string::npos ||
+               hardwareStr.find("starfish") != std::string::npos;
+    }
+
     // Stores thermal version
     int32_t thermal_version;
 
@@ -355,6 +384,9 @@
     if (apiLevel < 202404) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test as the vendor level is below 202404: " << apiLevel;
     }
+    if (isEmulator()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test on emulator";
+    }
     for (const auto& feature : kNonHandheldFeatures) {
         if (::testing::deviceSupportsFeature(feature.c_str())) {
             GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test as the device has feature: " << feature;
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/Android.bp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/Android.bp
index a840fa3..481f027 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/Android.bp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/Android.bp
@@ -45,6 +45,41 @@
     ],
 }
 
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.threadnetwork.lib",
+
+    vendor: true,
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+
+    defaults: ["android.hardware.threadnetwork-service.defaults"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "service.cpp",
+        "thread_chip.cpp",
+        "utils.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.threadnetwork-V1-ndk",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libutils",
+        "openthread-common",
+        "openthread-hdlc",
+        "openthread-platform",
+        "openthread-posix",
+        "openthread-spi",
+        "openthread-url",
+    ],
+
+    stl: "c++_static",
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "android.hardware.threadnetwork-service.defaults",
     product_variables: {
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.cpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.cpp
index e312728..ba0baf2 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.cpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.cpp
@@ -83,6 +83,11 @@
                 mRxFrameBuffer.GetFrame(), mRxFrameBuffer.GetFrame() + mRxFrameBuffer.GetLength()));
     }
 
+    if (mVendorCallback != nullptr) {
+        mVendorCallback->onReceiveSpinelFrame(std::vector<uint8_t>(
+                mRxFrameBuffer.GetFrame(), mRxFrameBuffer.GetFrame() + mRxFrameBuffer.GetLength()));
+    }
+
     mRxFrameBuffer.DiscardFrame();
 }
 
@@ -193,6 +198,10 @@
     }
 }
 
+void ThreadChip::setVendorCallback(const std::shared_ptr<IThreadChipCallback>& vendorCallback) {
+    mVendorCallback = vendorCallback;
+}
+
 ndk::ScopedAStatus ThreadChip::errorStatus(int32_t error, const char* message) {
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(error, message));
 }
diff --git a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.hpp b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.hpp
index d07d049..6f23efe 100644
--- a/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.hpp
+++ b/threadnetwork/aidl/default/thread_chip.hpp
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus hardwareReset() override;
     void Update(otSysMainloopContext& context) override;
     void Process(const otSysMainloopContext& context) override;
+    void setVendorCallback(const std::shared_ptr<IThreadChipCallback>& vendorCallback);
 
   private:
     static void onBinderDiedJump(void* context);
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
     std::shared_ptr<ot::Spinel::SpinelInterface> mSpinelInterface;
     ot::Spinel::SpinelInterface::RxFrameBuffer mRxFrameBuffer;
     std::shared_ptr<IThreadChipCallback> mCallback;
+    std::shared_ptr<IThreadChipCallback> mVendorCallback;
     ::ndk::ScopedAIBinder_DeathRecipient mDeathRecipient;
 };
 
diff --git a/wifi/OWNERS b/wifi/OWNERS
index c10bbab..ec21f2e 100644
--- a/wifi/OWNERS
+++ b/wifi/OWNERS
@@ -7,4 +7,3 @@
 # This will get them auto-assigned to the on-call triage engineer, ensuring quickest response.
 #
 arabawy@google.com
-etancohen@google.com
diff --git a/wifi/apex/Android.bp b/wifi/apex/Android.bp
index f8c8e6f..5052ebb 100644
--- a/wifi/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/wifi/apex/Android.bp
@@ -15,13 +15,6 @@
     installable: false,
 }
 
-prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "com.android.hardware.wifi.xml",
-    src: ":default-android.hardware.wifi-service.xml",
-    installable: false,
-    sub_dir: "vintf",
-}
-
 apex {
     name: "com.android.hardware.wifi",
     manifest: "apex_manifest.json",
@@ -36,7 +29,6 @@
     ],
     prebuilts: [
         "com.android.hardware.wifi.rc",
-        "com.android.hardware.wifi.xml",
     ],
     overrides: [
         "android.hardware.wifi-service",