diff --git a/audio/effect/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/audio/effect/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index f069c46..c90c4fa 100644
--- a/audio/effect/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalAudioEffectV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using android::hardware::audio::common::V2_0::AudioDevice;
 using android::hardware::audio::common::V2_0::AudioHandleConsts;
@@ -59,13 +60,26 @@
 #define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(*(a)))
 #endif
 
+// Test environment for Audio Effects Factory HIDL HAL.
+class AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment* instance =
+            new AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IEffectsFactory>(); }
+};
+
 // The main test class for Audio Effects Factory HIDL HAL.
 class AudioEffectsFactoryHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
  public:
   void SetUp() override {
-    effectsFactory =
-        ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IEffectsFactory>();
-    ASSERT_NE(effectsFactory, nullptr);
+      effectsFactory = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IEffectsFactory>(
+          AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IEffectsFactory>());
+      ASSERT_NE(effectsFactory, nullptr);
   }
 
   void TearDown() override { effectsFactory.clear(); }
@@ -824,3 +838,12 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(Result::OK, retval);
   EXPECT_EQ(gain, actualGain);
 }
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment::Instance());
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    AudioEffectsFactoryHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBiometricsFingerprintV2_1TargetTest.cpp b/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBiometricsFingerprintV2_1TargetTest.cpp
index 638af9f..a7f4031 100644
--- a/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBiometricsFingerprintV2_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalBiometricsFingerprintV2_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "fingerprint_hidl_hal_test"
 
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/IBiometricsFingerprint.h>
 #include <android/hardware/biometrics/fingerprint/2.1/IBiometricsFingerprintClientCallback.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <future>
@@ -179,10 +180,23 @@
   std::promise<void> promise;
 };
 
+// Test environment for Fingerprint HIDL HAL.
+class FingerprintHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+ public:
+  // get the test environment singleton
+  static FingerprintHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+    static FingerprintHidlEnvironment* instance = new FingerprintHidlEnvironment;
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+  virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IBiometricsFingerprint>(); }
+};
+
 class FingerprintHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
  public:
   virtual void SetUp() override {
-    mService = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IBiometricsFingerprint>();
+    mService = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IBiometricsFingerprint>(
+        FingerprintHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IBiometricsFingerprint>());
     ASSERT_FALSE(mService == nullptr);
 
     // Create an active group
@@ -454,7 +468,9 @@
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(FingerprintHidlEnvironment::Instance());
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+  FingerprintHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
   int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
   LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
   return status;
diff --git a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 193253a..053d37a 100644
--- a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "mediacas_hidl_hal_test"
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/ICas.h>
 #include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/ICasListener.h>
@@ -206,10 +207,23 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mEventData == eventData);
 }
 
+// Test environment for Cas HIDL HAL.
+class CasHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static CasHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static CasHidlEnvironment* instance = new CasHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IMediaCasService>(); }
+};
+
 class MediaCasHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        mService = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMediaCasService>();
+        mService = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMediaCasService>(
+            CasHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMediaCasService>());
         ASSERT_NE(mService, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -843,7 +857,9 @@
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(CasHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    CasHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
     LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
     return status;
diff --git a/dumpstate/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalDumpstateV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/dumpstate/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalDumpstateV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 9e866e7..57ebf2a 100644
--- a/dumpstate/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalDumpstateV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/dumpstate/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalDumpstateV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -24,15 +24,29 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::dumpstate::V1_0::IDumpstateDevice;
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::sp;
 
+// Test environment for Dumpstate HIDL HAL.
+class DumpstateHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static DumpstateHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static DumpstateHidlEnvironment* instance = new DumpstateHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IDumpstateDevice>(); }
+};
+
 class DumpstateHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        dumpstate = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDumpstateDevice>();
+        dumpstate = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDumpstateDevice>(
+            DumpstateHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IDumpstateDevice>());
         ASSERT_NE(dumpstate, nullptr) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
     }
 
@@ -98,7 +112,9 @@
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(DumpstateHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    DumpstateHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
     ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
     return status;
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index 0b27922..264a11d 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -429,23 +429,26 @@
             EXPECT_GE(data.position.bearingDegrees, -360);
             EXPECT_LE(data.position.bearingDegrees, 360);
 
-            EXPECT_GE(data.position.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0);
+            EXPECT_GT(data.position.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0);
             EXPECT_LE(data.position.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 20000000);
 
-            EXPECT_GE(data.position.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0);
+            EXPECT_GT(data.position.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0);
             EXPECT_LE(data.position.verticalAccuracyMeters, 20000);
 
-            EXPECT_GE(data.position.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0);
+            EXPECT_GT(data.position.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0);
             EXPECT_LE(data.position.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 500);
 
-            EXPECT_GE(data.position.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0);
+            EXPECT_GT(data.position.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0);
             EXPECT_LE(data.position.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 180);
 
             EXPECT_GE(data.position.ageSeconds, 0);
         }
 
         EXPECT_GE(data.time.timeEstimate, 1514764800000);  // Jan 01 2018 00:00:00
+
         EXPECT_GT(data.time.timeUncertaintyNs, 0);
+
         EXPECT_GT(data.time.frequencyUncertaintyNsPerSec, 0);
+        EXPECT_LE(data.time.frequencyUncertaintyNsPerSec, 2.0e5);  // 200 ppm
     }
 }
diff --git a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index a924fec..05462a8 100644
--- a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-
 #include <android/hardware/oemlock/1.0/IOemLock.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::IOemLock;
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::OemLockStatus;
@@ -25,9 +25,22 @@
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
 using ::android::sp;
 
+// Test environment for OemLock HIDL HAL.
+class OemLockHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static OemLockHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static OemLockHidlEnvironment* instance = new OemLockHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IOemLock>(); }
+};
+
 struct OemLockHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        oemlock = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOemLock>();
+        oemlock = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOemLock>(
+            OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOemLock>());
         ASSERT_NE(oemlock, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -187,3 +200,12 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(status, OemLockStatus::OK);
     ASSERT_EQ(allowed, originallyAllowed);
 };
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance());
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
+    return status;
+}
diff --git a/usb/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/usb/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index e01b974..ee7ef1b 100644
--- a/usb/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/usb/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/usb/1.0/types.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -48,6 +49,18 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::sp;
 
+// Test environment for Usb HIDL HAL.
+class UsbHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+ public:
+  // get the test environment singleton
+  static UsbHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+    static UsbHidlEnvironment* instance = new UsbHidlEnvironment;
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+  virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IUsb>(); }
+};
+
 // The main test class for the USB hidl HAL
 class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
  public:
@@ -96,7 +109,8 @@
 
   virtual void SetUp() override {
     ALOGI("Setup");
-    usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>();
+    usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>(
+        UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IUsb>());
     ASSERT_NE(usb, nullptr);
 
     usb_cb_2 = new UsbCallback(*this, 2);
@@ -343,7 +357,9 @@
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance());
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+  UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
   int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
   ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
   return status;
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index 8a30993..c990b23 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -113,12 +114,25 @@
     };
 };
 
+// Test environment for Usb HIDL HAL.
+class UsbHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static UsbHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static UsbHidlEnvironment* instance = new UsbHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IUsb>(); }
+};
+
 // The main test class for the USB hidl HAL
 class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         ALOGI(__FUNCTION__);
-        usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>();
+        usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>(
+            UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IUsb>());
         ASSERT_NE(usb, nullptr);
 
         usb_cb_2 = new UsbCallback(2);
@@ -169,7 +183,9 @@
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
     ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
     return status;
diff --git a/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 23f4c71..b165613 100644
--- a/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/vr/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalVrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "vr_hidl_hal_test"
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/vr/1.0/IVr.h>
 #include <hardware/vr.h>
@@ -26,11 +27,24 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::sp;
 
+// Test environment for Vr HIDL HAL.
+class VrHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+ public:
+  // get the test environment singleton
+  static VrHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+    static VrHidlEnvironment* instance = new VrHidlEnvironment;
+    return instance;
+  }
+
+  virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IVr>(); }
+};
+
 // The main test class for VR HIDL HAL.
 class VrHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
  public:
   void SetUp() override {
-    vr = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IVr>();
+    vr = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IVr>(
+        VrHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IVr>());
     ASSERT_NE(vr, nullptr);
   }
 
@@ -39,16 +53,6 @@
   sp<IVr> vr;
 };
 
-
-// A class for test environment setup (kept since this file is a template).
-class VrHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::Environment {
- public:
-  void SetUp() {}
-  void TearDown() {}
-
- private:
-};
-
 // Sanity check that Vr::init does not crash.
 TEST_F(VrHidlTest, Init) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(vr->init().isOk());
@@ -72,8 +76,9 @@
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new VrHidlEnvironment);
+  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(VrHidlEnvironment::Instance());
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+  VrHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
   int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
   ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
   return status;
diff --git a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 372d787..de2a1de 100644
--- a/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/weaver/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalWeaverV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
+#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::IWeaver;
 using ::android::hardware::weaver::V1_0::WeaverConfig;
@@ -33,9 +34,22 @@
 const std::vector<uint8_t> VALUE{16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
 const std::vector<uint8_t> OTHER_VALUE{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 255, 255};
 
+// Test environment for Weaver HIDL HAL.
+class WeaverHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
+   public:
+    // get the test environment singleton
+    static WeaverHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
+        static WeaverHidlEnvironment* instance = new WeaverHidlEnvironment;
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IWeaver>(); }
+};
+
 struct WeaverHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        weaver = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IWeaver>();
+        weaver = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IWeaver>(
+            WeaverHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IWeaver>());
         ASSERT_NE(weaver, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -334,3 +348,12 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(readValue.empty());
     EXPECT_EQ(timeout, 0u);
 }
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(WeaverHidlEnvironment::Instance());
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    WeaverHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
+    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
+    return status;
+}