diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp
index 47eff2e..f92e609 100644
--- a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
         "android.hardware.gnss@2.1",
         "android.hardware.gnss.measurement_corrections@1.0",
         "android.hardware.gnss.measurement_corrections@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.gnss-V2-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgtest",
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp
index be22ff6..06bce9d 100644
--- a/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/Utils.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <Utils.h>
+#include <android/hardware/gnss/IGnss.h>
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
@@ -27,71 +28,14 @@
 using namespace measurement_corrections::V1_0;
 using V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
 
-void Utils::checkLocation(const V1_0::GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed,
-                          bool check_more_accuracies) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_LAT_LONG);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_ALTITUDE);
-    if (check_speed) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED);
-    }
-    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_HORIZONTAL_ACCURACY);
-    // New uncertainties available in O must be provided,
-    // at least when paired with modern hardware (2017+)
-    if (check_more_accuracies) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY);
-        if (check_speed) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY);
-            if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    EXPECT_GE(location.latitudeDegrees, -90.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.latitudeDegrees, 90.0);
-    EXPECT_GE(location.longitudeDegrees, -180.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.longitudeDegrees, 180.0);
-    EXPECT_GE(location.altitudeMeters, -1000.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.altitudeMeters, 30000.0);
-    if (check_speed) {
-        EXPECT_GE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 5.0);  // VTS tests are stationary.
+template <>
+int64_t Utils::getLocationTimestampMillis(const android::hardware::gnss::GnssLocation& location) {
+    return location.timestampMillis;
+}
 
-        // Non-zero speeds must be reported with an associated bearing
-        if (location.speedMetersPerSec > 0.0) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Tolerating some especially high values for accuracy estimate, in case of
-     * first fix with especially poor geometry (happens occasionally)
-     */
-    EXPECT_GT(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
-    EXPECT_LE(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 250.0);
-
-    /*
-     * Some devices may define bearing as -180 to +180, others as 0 to 360.
-     * Both are okay & understandable.
-     */
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
-        EXPECT_GE(location.bearingDegrees, -180.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingDegrees, 360.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 500.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 50.0);
-    }
-    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY) {
-        EXPECT_GT(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0.0);
-        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 360.0);
-    }
-
-    // Check timestamp > 1.48e12 (47 years in msec - 1970->2017+)
-    EXPECT_GT(location.timestamp, 1.48e12);
+template <>
+int64_t Utils::getLocationTimestampMillis(const V1_0::GnssLocation& location) {
+    return location.timestamp;
 }
 
 const MeasurementCorrections Utils::getMockMeasurementCorrections() {
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h
index 91c1167..40f31d2 100644
--- a/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/Utils.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/gnss/2.0/IGnss.h>
 #include <android/hardware/gnss/measurement_corrections/1.0/IMeasurementCorrections.h>
 #include <android/hardware/gnss/measurement_corrections/1.1/IMeasurementCorrections.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -28,8 +29,9 @@
 namespace common {
 
 struct Utils {
-    static void checkLocation(const V1_0::GnssLocation& location, bool check_speed,
-                              bool check_more_accuracies);
+  public:
+    template <class T>
+    static void checkLocation(const T& location, bool check_speed, bool check_more_accuracies);
     static const measurement_corrections::V1_0::MeasurementCorrections
     getMockMeasurementCorrections();
     static const measurement_corrections::V1_1::MeasurementCorrections
@@ -39,8 +41,80 @@
             V2_0::GnssConstellationType constellation);
 
     static bool isAutomotiveDevice();
+
+  private:
+    template <class T>
+    static int64_t getLocationTimestampMillis(const T&);
 };
 
+template <class T>
+void Utils::checkLocation(const T& location, bool check_speed, bool check_more_accuracies) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_LAT_LONG);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_ALTITUDE);
+    if (check_speed) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED);
+    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_HORIZONTAL_ACCURACY);
+    // New uncertainties available in O must be provided,
+    // at least when paired with modern hardware (2017+)
+    if (check_more_accuracies) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY);
+        if (check_speed) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY);
+            if (location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
+                EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags &
+                            V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    EXPECT_GE(location.latitudeDegrees, -90.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.latitudeDegrees, 90.0);
+    EXPECT_GE(location.longitudeDegrees, -180.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.longitudeDegrees, 180.0);
+    EXPECT_GE(location.altitudeMeters, -1000.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.altitudeMeters, 30000.0);
+    if (check_speed) {
+        EXPECT_GE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.speedMetersPerSec, 5.0);  // VTS tests are stationary.
+
+        // Non-zero speeds must be reported with an associated bearing
+        if (location.speedMetersPerSec > 0.0) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Tolerating some especially high values for accuracy estimate, in case of
+     * first fix with especially poor geometry (happens occasionally)
+     */
+    EXPECT_GT(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
+    EXPECT_LE(location.horizontalAccuracyMeters, 250.0);
+
+    /*
+     * Some devices may define bearing as -180 to +180, others as 0 to 360.
+     * Both are okay & understandable.
+     */
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING) {
+        EXPECT_GE(location.bearingDegrees, -180.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingDegrees, 360.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_VERTICAL_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.verticalAccuracyMeters, 500.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_SPEED_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.speedAccuracyMetersPerSecond, 50.0);
+    }
+    if (location.gnssLocationFlags & V1_0::GnssLocationFlags::HAS_BEARING_ACCURACY) {
+        EXPECT_GT(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 0.0);
+        EXPECT_LE(location.bearingAccuracyDegrees, 360.0);
+    }
+
+    // Check timestamp > 1.48e12 (47 years in msec - 1970->2017+)
+    EXPECT_GT(getLocationTimestampMillis(location), 1.48e12);
+}
+
 }  // namespace common
 }  // namespace gnss
 }  // namespace hardware
diff --git a/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/v2_1/GnssCallback.h b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/v2_1/GnssCallback.h
index ab1375d..09a67de 100644
--- a/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/v2_1/GnssCallback.h
+++ b/gnss/common/utils/vts/include/v2_1/GnssCallback.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 using android::hardware::gnss::common::GnssCallbackEventQueue;
 using android::hardware::gnss::measurement_corrections::V1_0::IMeasurementCorrectionsCallback;
 using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
-using android::hardware::gnss::V2_0::GnssConstellationType;
 
 using GnssLocation_1_0 = android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocation;
 using GnssLocation_2_0 = android::hardware::gnss::V2_0::GnssLocation;