diff --git a/PREUPLOAD.cfg b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
index 0140275..6740bb5 100644
--- a/PREUPLOAD.cfg
+++ b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 ignore_merged_commits = true
 
 [Builtin Hooks]
+bpfmt = true
 clang_format = true
 
 [Hook Scripts]
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/default/Conversions.cpp b/audio/core/all-versions/default/Conversions.cpp
index 11872c0..eddff55 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/default/Conversions.cpp
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/default/Conversions.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <media/AudioContainers.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
@@ -31,26 +32,22 @@
     char halAddress[AUDIO_DEVICE_MAX_ADDRESS_LEN];
     memset(halAddress, 0, sizeof(halAddress));
     uint32_t halDevice = static_cast<uint32_t>(address.device);
-    const bool isInput = (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN) != 0;
-    if (isInput) halDevice &= ~AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN;
-    if ((!isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_ALL_A2DP) != 0) ||
-        (isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BLUETOOTH_A2DP) != 0)) {
+    if (getAudioDeviceOutAllA2dpSet().count(halDevice) > 0 ||
+        halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BLUETOOTH_A2DP) {
         snprintf(halAddress, sizeof(halAddress), "%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X:%02X",
                  address.address.mac[0], address.address.mac[1], address.address.mac[2],
                  address.address.mac[3], address.address.mac[4], address.address.mac[5]);
-    } else if ((!isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_IP) != 0) ||
-               (isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_IP) != 0)) {
+    } else if (halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_IP || halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_IP) {
         snprintf(halAddress, sizeof(halAddress), "%d.%d.%d.%d", address.address.ipv4[0],
                  address.address.ipv4[1], address.address.ipv4[2], address.address.ipv4[3]);
-    } else if ((!isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_ALL_USB) != 0) ||
-               (isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_ALL_USB) != 0)) {
+    } else if (getAudioDeviceOutAllUsbSet().count(halDevice) > 0 ||
+               getAudioDeviceInAllUsbSet().count(halDevice) > 0) {
         snprintf(halAddress, sizeof(halAddress), "card=%d;device=%d", address.address.alsa.card,
                  address.address.alsa.device);
-    } else if ((!isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_BUS) != 0) ||
-               (isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BUS) != 0)) {
+    } else if (halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_BUS || halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BUS) {
         snprintf(halAddress, sizeof(halAddress), "%s", address.busAddress.c_str());
-    } else if ((!isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX)) != 0 ||
-               (isInput && (halDevice & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_REMOTE_SUBMIX) != 0)) {
+    } else if (halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX ||
+               halDevice == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_REMOTE_SUBMIX) {
         snprintf(halAddress, sizeof(halAddress), "%s", address.rSubmixAddress.c_str());
     }
     return halAddress;
@@ -67,32 +64,28 @@
         return OK;
     }
 
-    const bool isInput = (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN) != 0;
-    if (isInput) device &= ~AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN;
-    if ((!isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_ALL_A2DP) != 0) ||
-        (isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BLUETOOTH_A2DP) != 0)) {
+    if (getAudioDeviceOutAllA2dpSet().count(device) > 0 ||
+        device == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BLUETOOTH_A2DP) {
         int status =
             sscanf(halAddress, "%hhX:%hhX:%hhX:%hhX:%hhX:%hhX", &address->address.mac[0],
                    &address->address.mac[1], &address->address.mac[2], &address->address.mac[3],
                    &address->address.mac[4], &address->address.mac[5]);
         return status == 6 ? OK : BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if ((!isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_IP) != 0) ||
-               (isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_IP) != 0)) {
+    } else if (device == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_IP || device == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_IP) {
         int status =
             sscanf(halAddress, "%hhu.%hhu.%hhu.%hhu", &address->address.ipv4[0],
                    &address->address.ipv4[1], &address->address.ipv4[2], &address->address.ipv4[3]);
         return status == 4 ? OK : BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if ((!isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_ALL_USB)) != 0 ||
-               (isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_ALL_USB)) != 0) {
+    } else if (getAudioDeviceOutAllUsbSet().count(device) > 0 ||
+               getAudioDeviceInAllUsbSet().count(device) > 0) {
         int status = sscanf(halAddress, "card=%d;device=%d", &address->address.alsa.card,
                             &address->address.alsa.device);
         return status == 2 ? OK : BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if ((!isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_BUS) != 0) ||
-               (isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BUS) != 0)) {
+    } else if (device == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_BUS || device == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BUS) {
         address->busAddress = halAddress;
         return OK;
-    } else if ((!isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX)) != 0 ||
-               (isInput && (device & AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_REMOTE_SUBMIX) != 0)) {
+    } else if (device == AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX ||
+               device == AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_REMOTE_SUBMIX) {
         address->rSubmixAddress = halAddress;
         return OK;
     }
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/default/Device.cpp b/audio/core/all-versions/default/Device.cpp
index 21dab00..c6c9464 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/default/Device.cpp
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/default/Device.cpp
@@ -84,26 +84,29 @@
         ALOGW("Can not set a master volume (%f) outside [0,1]", volume);
         return Result::INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
     }
-    return analyzeStatus("set_master_volume", mDevice->set_master_volume(mDevice, volume));
+    return analyzeStatus("set_master_volume", mDevice->set_master_volume(mDevice, volume),
+                         {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
 }
 
 Return<void> Device::getMasterVolume(getMasterVolume_cb _hidl_cb) {
     Result retval(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED);
     float volume = 0;
     if (mDevice->get_master_volume != NULL) {
-        retval = analyzeStatus("get_master_volume", mDevice->get_master_volume(mDevice, &volume));
+        retval = analyzeStatus("get_master_volume", mDevice->get_master_volume(mDevice, &volume),
+                               {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     }
     _hidl_cb(retval, volume);
     return Void();
 }
 
 Return<Result> Device::setMicMute(bool mute) {
-    return analyzeStatus("set_mic_mute", mDevice->set_mic_mute(mDevice, mute));
+    return analyzeStatus("set_mic_mute", mDevice->set_mic_mute(mDevice, mute), {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
 }
 
 Return<void> Device::getMicMute(getMicMute_cb _hidl_cb) {
     bool mute = false;
-    Result retval = analyzeStatus("get_mic_mute", mDevice->get_mic_mute(mDevice, &mute));
+    Result retval = analyzeStatus("get_mic_mute", mDevice->get_mic_mute(mDevice, &mute),
+                                  {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     _hidl_cb(retval, mute);
     return Void();
 }
@@ -111,7 +114,8 @@
 Return<Result> Device::setMasterMute(bool mute) {
     Result retval(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED);
     if (mDevice->set_master_mute != NULL) {
-        retval = analyzeStatus("set_master_mute", mDevice->set_master_mute(mDevice, mute));
+        retval = analyzeStatus("set_master_mute", mDevice->set_master_mute(mDevice, mute),
+                               {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     }
     return retval;
 }
@@ -120,7 +124,8 @@
     Result retval(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED);
     bool mute = false;
     if (mDevice->get_master_mute != NULL) {
-        retval = analyzeStatus("get_master_mute", mDevice->get_master_mute(mDevice, &mute));
+        retval = analyzeStatus("get_master_mute", mDevice->get_master_mute(mDevice, &mute),
+                               {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     }
     _hidl_cb(retval, mute);
     return Void();
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/default/StreamOut.cpp b/audio/core/all-versions/default/StreamOut.cpp
index 396d354..1a2a764 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/default/StreamOut.cpp
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/default/StreamOut.cpp
@@ -318,7 +318,8 @@
         ALOGW("Can not set a stream output volume {%f, %f} outside [0,1]", left, right);
         return Result::INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
     }
-    return Stream::analyzeStatus("set_volume", mStream->set_volume(mStream, left, right));
+    return Stream::analyzeStatus("set_volume", mStream->set_volume(mStream, left, right),
+                                 {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
 }
 
 Return<void> StreamOut::prepareForWriting(uint32_t frameSize, uint32_t framesCount,
@@ -403,7 +404,8 @@
 Return<void> StreamOut::getRenderPosition(getRenderPosition_cb _hidl_cb) {
     uint32_t halDspFrames;
     Result retval = Stream::analyzeStatus("get_render_position",
-                                          mStream->get_render_position(mStream, &halDspFrames));
+                                          mStream->get_render_position(mStream, &halDspFrames),
+                                          {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     _hidl_cb(retval, halDspFrames);
     return Void();
 }
@@ -413,7 +415,8 @@
     int64_t timestampUs = 0;
     if (mStream->get_next_write_timestamp != NULL) {
         retval = Stream::analyzeStatus("get_next_write_timestamp",
-                                       mStream->get_next_write_timestamp(mStream, &timestampUs));
+                                       mStream->get_next_write_timestamp(mStream, &timestampUs),
+                                       {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
     }
     _hidl_cb(retval, timestampUs);
     return Void();
@@ -427,7 +430,7 @@
     if (result == 0) {
         mCallback = callback;
     }
-    return Stream::analyzeStatus("set_callback", result);
+    return Stream::analyzeStatus("set_callback", result, {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/);
 }
 
 Return<Result> StreamOut::clearCallback() {
@@ -473,13 +476,15 @@
 }
 
 Return<Result> StreamOut::pause() {
-    return mStream->pause != NULL ? Stream::analyzeStatus("pause", mStream->pause(mStream))
-                                  : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    return mStream->pause != NULL
+                   ? Stream::analyzeStatus("pause", mStream->pause(mStream), {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/)
+                   : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
 }
 
 Return<Result> StreamOut::resume() {
-    return mStream->resume != NULL ? Stream::analyzeStatus("resume", mStream->resume(mStream))
-                                   : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    return mStream->resume != NULL
+                   ? Stream::analyzeStatus("resume", mStream->resume(mStream), {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/)
+                   : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
 }
 
 Return<bool> StreamOut::supportsDrain() {
@@ -488,14 +493,17 @@
 
 Return<Result> StreamOut::drain(AudioDrain type) {
     return mStream->drain != NULL
-               ? Stream::analyzeStatus(
-                     "drain", mStream->drain(mStream, static_cast<audio_drain_type_t>(type)))
-               : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+                   ? Stream::analyzeStatus(
+                             "drain",
+                             mStream->drain(mStream, static_cast<audio_drain_type_t>(type)),
+                             {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/)
+                   : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
 }
 
 Return<Result> StreamOut::flush() {
-    return mStream->flush != NULL ? Stream::analyzeStatus("flush", mStream->flush(mStream))
-                                  : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    return mStream->flush != NULL
+                   ? Stream::analyzeStatus("flush", mStream->flush(mStream), {ENOSYS} /*ignore*/)
+                   : Result::NOT_SUPPORTED;
 }
 
 // static
@@ -505,7 +513,7 @@
     // to return it sometimes. EAGAIN may be returned by A2DP audio HAL
     // implementation. ENODATA can also be reported while the writer is
     // continuously querying it, but the stream has been stopped.
-    static const std::vector<int> ignoredErrors{EINVAL, EAGAIN, ENODATA};
+    static const std::vector<int> ignoredErrors{EINVAL, EAGAIN, ENODATA, ENOSYS};
     Result retval(Result::NOT_SUPPORTED);
     if (stream->get_presentation_position == NULL) return retval;
     struct timespec halTimeStamp;
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/6.0/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.cpp b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/6.0/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.cpp
index 22e60be..2afbbb8 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/6.0/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.cpp
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/6.0/AudioPrimaryHidlHalTest.cpp
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
                     for (auto& config : configs) {
                         // Some combinations of flags declared in the config file require special
                         // treatment.
-                        bool special = false;
                         if (flags & AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_COMPRESS_OFFLOAD) {
                             config.offloadInfo.sampleRateHz = config.sampleRateHz;
                             config.offloadInfo.channelMask = config.channelMask;
@@ -94,22 +93,13 @@
                             config.offloadInfo.bitWidth = 16;
                             config.offloadInfo.bufferSize = 256;  // arbitrary value
                             config.offloadInfo.usage = AudioUsage::MEDIA;
-                            result.emplace_back(
-                                    device, config,
-                                    AudioOutputFlag(AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_COMPRESS_OFFLOAD));
-                            special = true;
-                        }
-                        if ((flags & AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_DIRECT) &&
-                            !(flags &
-                              (AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_HW_AV_SYNC | AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_MMAP_NOIRQ))) {
                             result.emplace_back(device, config,
-                                                AudioOutputFlag(AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_DIRECT));
-                            special = true;
-                        }
-                        if (flags & AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_PRIMARY) {  // ignore the flag
-                            flags &= ~AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_PRIMARY;
-                        }
-                        if (!special) {
+                                                AudioOutputFlag(AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_COMPRESS_OFFLOAD |
+                                                                AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_DIRECT));
+                        } else {
+                            if (flags & AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_PRIMARY) {  // ignore the flag
+                                flags &= ~AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_PRIMARY;
+                            }
                             result.emplace_back(device, config, AudioOutputFlag(flags));
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
index d849f85..cb6584d 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
@@ -113,7 +113,11 @@
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
         {
             sp<IDevice> device = getExisting(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name));
-            if (device != nullptr) device->close();
+            if (device != nullptr) {
+                auto ret = device->close();
+                ALOGE_IF(!ret.isOk(), "Device %s::%s close failed: %s", factoryName.c_str(),
+                         name.c_str(), ret.description().c_str());
+            }
         }
         return InterfaceManager::reset(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name), false);
 #endif
diff --git a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
index 0afa779..33ec996 100644
--- a/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
+++ b/audio/effect/all-versions/default/Effect.cpp
@@ -713,7 +713,10 @@
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
     // No need to join the processing thread, it is part of the API contract that the client
     // must finish processing before closing the effect.
-    return analyzeStatus("EffectRelease", "", sContextCallFunction, EffectRelease(mHandle));
+    Result retval =
+            analyzeStatus("EffectRelease", "", sContextCallFunction, EffectRelease(mHandle));
+    EffectMap::getInstance().remove(mHandle);
+    return retval;
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/VmsUtils.h b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/VmsUtils.h
index d689e62..8ee3c54 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/VmsUtils.h
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/include/vhal_v2_0/VmsUtils.h
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
 std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> createAvailabilityRequest();
 
 // Creates a VehiclePropValue containing a message of type
-// VmsMessageType.AVAILABILITY_REQUEST.
+// VmsMessageType.SUBSCRIPTIONS_REQUEST.
 std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> createSubscriptionsRequest();
 
 // Creates a VehiclePropValue containing a message of type VmsMessageType.DATA.
@@ -202,21 +202,21 @@
 
 // Returns true if the new sequence number is greater than the last seen
 // sequence number.
-bool isSequenceNumberNewer(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change,
+bool isSequenceNumberNewer(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state,
                            const int last_seen_sequence_number);
 
 // Returns sequence number of the message.
-int32_t getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change);
+int32_t getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state);
 
-// Takes a subscription change message and returns the layers that have active
+// Takes a subscriptions state message and returns the layers that have active
 // subscriptions of the layers that are offered by your HAL client/publisher.
 //
-// A publisher can use this function when receiving a subscription change message
-// to determine which layers to publish data on.
+// A publisher can use this function when receiving a subscriptions response or subscriptions
+// change message to determine which layers to publish data on.
 // The caller of this function can optionally decide to not consume these layers
 // if the subscription change has the sequence number less than the last seen
 // sequence number.
-std::vector<VmsLayer> getSubscribedLayers(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change,
+std::vector<VmsLayer> getSubscribedLayers(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state,
                                           const VmsOffers& offers);
 
 // Takes an availability change message and returns true if the parsed message implies that
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/VmsUtils.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/VmsUtils.cpp
index d346206..9eba905 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/VmsUtils.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/common/src/VmsUtils.cpp
@@ -194,32 +194,35 @@
     return -1;
 }
 
-bool isSequenceNumberNewer(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change,
+bool isSequenceNumberNewer(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state,
                            const int last_seen_sequence_number) {
-    return (isValidVmsMessage(subscription_change) &&
-            parseMessageType(subscription_change) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE &&
-            subscription_change.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex &&
-            subscription_change.value.int32Values[kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex] >
+    return (isValidVmsMessage(subscriptions_state) &&
+            (parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE ||
+             parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE) &&
+            subscriptions_state.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex &&
+            subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex] >
                     last_seen_sequence_number);
 }
 
-int32_t getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change) {
-    if (isValidVmsMessage(subscription_change) &&
-        parseMessageType(subscription_change) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE &&
-        subscription_change.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex) {
-        return subscription_change.value.int32Values[kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex];
+int32_t getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state) {
+    if (isValidVmsMessage(subscriptions_state) &&
+        (parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE ||
+         parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE) &&
+        subscriptions_state.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex) {
+        return subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex];
     }
     return -1;
 }
 
-std::vector<VmsLayer> getSubscribedLayers(const VehiclePropValue& subscription_change,
+std::vector<VmsLayer> getSubscribedLayers(const VehiclePropValue& subscriptions_state,
                                           const VmsOffers& offers) {
-    if (isValidVmsMessage(subscription_change) &&
-        parseMessageType(subscription_change) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE &&
-        subscription_change.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex) {
-        const int32_t num_of_layers = subscription_change.value.int32Values[toInt(
+    if (isValidVmsMessage(subscriptions_state) &&
+        (parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE ||
+         parseMessageType(subscriptions_state) == VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE) &&
+        subscriptions_state.value.int32Values.size() > kSubscriptionStateSequenceNumberIndex) {
+        const int32_t num_of_layers = subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[toInt(
                 VmsSubscriptionsStateIntegerValuesIndex::NUMBER_OF_LAYERS)];
-        const int32_t num_of_associated_layers = subscription_change.value.int32Values[toInt(
+        const int32_t num_of_associated_layers = subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[toInt(
                 VmsSubscriptionsStateIntegerValuesIndex ::NUMBER_OF_ASSOCIATED_LAYERS)];
 
         std::unordered_set<VmsLayer, VmsLayer::VmsLayerHashFunction> offered_layers;
@@ -231,9 +234,9 @@
         int current_index = toInt(VmsSubscriptionsStateIntegerValuesIndex::SUBSCRIPTIONS_START);
         // Add all subscribed layers which are offered by the current publisher.
         for (int i = 0; i < num_of_layers; i++) {
-            VmsLayer layer = VmsLayer(subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index],
-                                      subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index + 1],
-                                      subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index + 2]);
+            VmsLayer layer = VmsLayer(subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index],
+                                      subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index + 1],
+                                      subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index + 2]);
             if (offered_layers.find(layer) != offered_layers.end()) {
                 subscribed_layers.push_back(layer);
             }
@@ -243,15 +246,15 @@
         // For this, we need to check if the associated layer has a publisher ID which is
         // same as that of the current publisher.
         for (int i = 0; i < num_of_associated_layers; i++) {
-            VmsLayer layer = VmsLayer(subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index],
-                                      subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index + 1],
-                                      subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index + 2]);
+            VmsLayer layer = VmsLayer(subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index],
+                                      subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index + 1],
+                                      subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index + 2]);
             current_index += kLayerSize;
             if (offered_layers.find(layer) != offered_layers.end()) {
-                int32_t num_of_publisher_ids = subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index];
+                int32_t num_of_publisher_ids = subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index];
                 current_index++;
                 for (int j = 0; j < num_of_publisher_ids; j++) {
-                    if (subscription_change.value.int32Values[current_index] ==
+                    if (subscriptions_state.value.int32Values[current_index] ==
                         offers.publisher_id) {
                         subscribed_layers.push_back(layer);
                     }
diff --git a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VmsUtils_test.cpp b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VmsUtils_test.cpp
index 7189212..8b547f1 100644
--- a/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VmsUtils_test.cpp
+++ b/automotive/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VmsUtils_test.cpp
@@ -214,57 +214,82 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(parsePublisherIdResponse(*message), -1);
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, validSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, validSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsChange) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
     message->value.int32Values =
             hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE), 1234};
     EXPECT_EQ(getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(*message), 1234);
 }
 
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, validSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsResponse) {
+    auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
+    message->value.int32Values =
+            hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE), 1234};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(*message), 1234);
+}
+
 TEST(VmsUtilsTest, invalidSubscriptionsState) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(1);
     EXPECT_EQ(getSequenceNumberForSubscriptionsState(*message), -1);
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingSmallerNumber) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingSmallerNumberForChange) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
     message->value.int32Values =
             hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE), 1234};
     EXPECT_TRUE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1233));
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingGreaterNumber) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingSmallerNumberForResponse) {
+    auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
+    message->value.int32Values =
+            hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE), 1234};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1233));
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingGreaterNumberForChange) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
     message->value.int32Values =
             hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE), 1234};
     EXPECT_FALSE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1235));
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForSameNumber) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForExistingGreaterNumberForResponse) {
+    auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
+    message->value.int32Values =
+            hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE), 1234};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1235));
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForSameNumberForChange) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
     message->value.int32Values =
             hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE), 1234};
     EXPECT_FALSE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1234));
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayers) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, newSequenceNumberForSameNumberForResponse) {
+    auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
+    message->value.int32Values =
+            hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE), 1234};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isSequenceNumberNewer(*message, 1234));
+}
+
+void testSubscribedLayers(VmsMessageType type) {
     VmsOffers offers = {123,
                         {VmsLayerOffering(VmsLayer(1, 0, 1), {VmsLayer(4, 1, 1)}),
                          VmsLayerOffering(VmsLayer(2, 0, 1))}};
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
-    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE),
+    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(type),
                                                    1234,  // sequence number
                                                    2,     // number of layers
                                                    1,     // number of associated layers
                                                    1,     // layer 1
-                                                   0,
-                                                   1,
+                                                   0,           1,
                                                    4,  // layer 2
-                                                   1,
-                                                   1,
+                                                   1,           1,
                                                    2,  // associated layer
-                                                   0,
-                                                   1,
+                                                   0,           1,
                                                    2,    // number of publisher IDs
                                                    111,  // publisher IDs
                                                    123};
@@ -275,10 +300,18 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(result.at(1), VmsLayer(2, 0, 1));
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtype) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersForChange) {
+    testSubscribedLayers(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE);
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersForResponse) {
+    testSubscribedLayers(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE);
+}
+
+void testSubscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtype(VmsMessageType type) {
     VmsOffers offers = {123, {VmsLayerOffering(VmsLayer(1, 0, 1))}};
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
-    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE),
+    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(type),
                                                    1234,  // sequence number
                                                    1,     // number of layers
                                                    0,     // number of associated layers
@@ -289,36 +322,58 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSubscribedLayers(*message, offers).empty());
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersion) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtypeForChange) {
+    testSubscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtype(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE);
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtypeForResponse) {
+    testSubscribedLayersWithDifferentSubtype(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE);
+}
+
+void subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersion(VmsMessageType type) {
     VmsOffers offers = {123, {VmsLayerOffering(VmsLayer(1, 0, 1))}};
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
-    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE),
-                                                   1234,  // sequence number
-                                                   1,     // number of layers
-                                                   0,     // number of associated layers
-                                                   1,     // layer 1
-                                                   0,
-                                                   2};  // different version
+    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(type),
+                                                   1234,             // sequence number
+                                                   1,                // number of layers
+                                                   0,                // number of associated layers
+                                                   1,                // layer 1
+                                                   0,           2};  // different version
     EXPECT_TRUE(isValidVmsMessage(*message));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSubscribedLayers(*message, offers).empty());
 }
 
-TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherId) {
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersionForChange) {
+    subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersion(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE);
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersionForResponse) {
+    subscribedLayersWithDifferentVersion(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE);
+}
+
+void subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherId(VmsMessageType type) {
     VmsOffers offers = {123, {VmsLayerOffering(VmsLayer(1, 0, 1))}};
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
-    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE),
+    message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(type),
                                                    1234,  // sequence number
                                                    0,     // number of layers
                                                    1,     // number of associated layers
                                                    1,     // associated layer 1
-                                                   0,
-                                                   1,
+                                                   0,           1,
                                                    1,     // number of publisher IDs
                                                    234};  // publisher ID 1
     EXPECT_TRUE(isValidVmsMessage(*message));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSubscribedLayers(*message, offers).empty());
 }
 
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherIdForChange) {
+    subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherId(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_CHANGE);
+}
+
+TEST(VmsUtilsTest, subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherIdForResponse) {
+    subscribedLayersWithDifferentPublisherId(VmsMessageType::SUBSCRIPTIONS_RESPONSE);
+}
+
 TEST(VmsUtilsTest, serviceNewlyStarted) {
     auto message = createBaseVmsMessage(2);
     message->value.int32Values = hidl_vec<int32_t>{toInt(VmsMessageType::AVAILABILITY_CHANGE), 0};
diff --git a/broadcastradio/1.1/default/service.cpp b/broadcastradio/1.1/default/service.cpp
index f8af0b7..29dc76f 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/1.1/default/service.cpp
+++ b/broadcastradio/1.1/default/service.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "BroadcastRadioFactory.h"
 
+using android::sp;
 using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::broadcastradio::V1_1::implementation::BroadcastRadioFactory;
@@ -27,8 +28,8 @@
 int main(int /* argc */, char** /* argv */) {
     configureRpcThreadpool(4, true);
 
-    BroadcastRadioFactory broadcastRadioFactory;
-    auto status = broadcastRadioFactory.registerAsService();
+    sp<BroadcastRadioFactory> broadcastRadioFactory(new BroadcastRadioFactory());
+    auto status = broadcastRadioFactory->registerAsService();
     CHECK_EQ(status, android::OK) << "Failed to register Broadcast Radio HAL implementation";
 
     joinRpcThreadpool();
diff --git a/broadcastradio/2.0/default/service.cpp b/broadcastradio/2.0/default/service.cpp
index 349aba2..bd746fd 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/2.0/default/service.cpp
+++ b/broadcastradio/2.0/default/service.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "BroadcastRadio.h"
 #include "VirtualRadio.h"
 
+using android::sp;
 using android::hardware::configureRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::joinRpcThreadpool;
 using android::hardware::broadcastradio::V2_0::implementation::BroadcastRadio;
@@ -30,13 +31,13 @@
     android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(android::base::VERBOSE);
     configureRpcThreadpool(4, true);
 
-    BroadcastRadio broadcastRadio(gAmFmRadio);
-    auto amFmStatus = broadcastRadio.registerAsService("amfm");
+    sp<BroadcastRadio> broadcastRadio(new BroadcastRadio(gAmFmRadio));
+    auto amFmStatus = broadcastRadio->registerAsService("amfm");
     CHECK_EQ(amFmStatus, android::OK)
         << "Failed to register Broadcast Radio AM/FM HAL implementation";
 
-    BroadcastRadio dabRadio(gDabRadio);
-    auto dabStatus = dabRadio.registerAsService("dab");
+    sp<BroadcastRadio> dabRadio(new BroadcastRadio(gDabRadio));
+    auto dabStatus = dabRadio->registerAsService("dab");
     CHECK_EQ(dabStatus, android::OK) << "Failed to register Broadcast Radio DAB HAL implementation";
 
     joinRpcThreadpool();
diff --git a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/OWNERS b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/OWNERS
index 12adf57..1ff7407 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/OWNERS
@@ -3,5 +3,4 @@
 twasilczyk@google.com
 
 # VTS team
-yuexima@google.com
-yim@google.com
+dshi@google.com
diff --git a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 3e18a54..49bb665 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest",
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
-    cppflags: [
-        "-std=c++1z",
-    ],
     srcs: ["VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.broadcastradio@2.0",
@@ -28,5 +25,8 @@
         "android.hardware.broadcastradio@vts-utils-lib",
         "libgmock",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts-core",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index e36f4d9..d170a6d 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/broadcastradio/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBroadcastradioV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #define EGMOCK_VERBOSE 1
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android/hardware/broadcastradio/2.0/IBroadcastRadio.h>
@@ -25,11 +24,13 @@
 #include <android/hardware/broadcastradio/2.0/types.h>
 #include <broadcastradio-utils-2x/Utils.h>
 #include <broadcastradio-vts-utils/call-barrier.h>
-#include <broadcastradio-vts-utils/environment-utils.h>
 #include <broadcastradio-vts-utils/mock-timeout.h>
 #include <broadcastradio-vts-utils/pointer-utils.h>
 #include <cutils/bitops.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <optional>
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@
 using testing::Invoke;
 using testing::SaveArg;
 
-using broadcastradio::vts::BroadcastRadioHidlEnvironment;
 using broadcastradio::vts::CallBarrier;
 using broadcastradio::vts::clearAndWait;
 using utils::make_identifier;
@@ -100,10 +100,8 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(onListUpdated, Return<void>(const hidl_vec<Announcement>&));
 };
 
-static BroadcastRadioHidlEnvironment<IBroadcastRadio>* gEnv = nullptr;
-
-class BroadcastRadioHalTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class BroadcastRadioHalTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  protected:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
     virtual void TearDown() override;
 
@@ -185,7 +183,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mModule.get()) << "Module is already open";
 
     // lookup HIDL service (radio module)
-    mModule = getService<IBroadcastRadio>(gEnv->getServiceName<IBroadcastRadio>());
+    mModule = IBroadcastRadio::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mModule.get()) << "Couldn't find broadcast radio HAL implementation";
 
     // get module properties
@@ -243,10 +241,10 @@
     auto startResult = mSession->startProgramListUpdates({});
     if (startResult == Result::NOT_SUPPORTED) {
         printSkipped("Program list not supported");
-        return nullopt;
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
     EXPECT_EQ(Result::OK, startResult);
-    if (startResult != Result::OK) return nullopt;
+    if (startResult != Result::OK) return std::nullopt;
 
     EXPECT_TIMEOUT_CALL_WAIT(*mCallback, onProgramListReady, timeout::programListScan);
 
@@ -264,7 +262,7 @@
  *  - the method succeeds when called for the second time without
  *    closing previous session.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, OpenSession) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, OpenSession) {
     // simply open session for the first time
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
@@ -308,7 +306,7 @@
  *  - all channel grids (frequency ranges and spacings) are valid;
  *  - seek spacing is a multiple of the manual spacing value.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetAmFmRegionConfig) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetAmFmRegionConfig) {
     AmFmRegionConfig config;
     bool supported = getAmFmRegionConfig(false, &config);
     if (!supported) {
@@ -341,7 +339,7 @@
  *  - all channel grids (frequency ranges and spacings) are valid;
  *  - seek spacing is not set.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetAmFmRegionConfigCapabilities) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetAmFmRegionConfigCapabilities) {
     AmFmRegionConfig config;
     bool supported = getAmFmRegionConfig(true, &config);
     if (!supported) {
@@ -369,7 +367,7 @@
  *  - all channel labels match correct format;
  *  - all channel frequencies are in correct range.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetDabRegionConfig) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetDabRegionConfig) {
     Result halResult;
     hidl_vec<DabTableEntry> config;
     auto cb = [&](Result result, hidl_vec<DabTableEntry> configCb) {
@@ -411,7 +409,7 @@
  *    invoked carrying a proper selector;
  *  - program changes exactly to what was requested.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, FmTune) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, FmTune) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     uint64_t freq = 100100;  // 100.1 FM
@@ -458,7 +456,7 @@
  *  - if the selector is not supported, it's ignored;
  *  - if it is supported, an invalid value results with INVALID_ARGUMENTS;
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, TuneFailsWithInvalid) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, TuneFailsWithInvalid) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     vector<ProgramIdentifier> invalid = {
@@ -489,7 +487,7 @@
  * Verifies that:
  *  - tune fails with NOT_SUPPORTED when program selector is not initialized.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, TuneFailsWithEmpty) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, TuneFailsWithEmpty) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     // Program type is 1-based, so 0 will always be invalid.
@@ -506,7 +504,7 @@
  *  - the program info is changed within timeout::tune;
  *  - works both directions and with or without skipping sub-channel.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Seek) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Seek) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     // TODO(b/69958777): see FmTune workaround
@@ -531,7 +529,7 @@
  *  - the program info is changed within timeout::tune if the method succeeded;
  *  - works both directions.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Step) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Step) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     // TODO(b/69958777): see FmTune workaround
@@ -558,7 +556,7 @@
  * Verifies that:
  *  - the method does not crash after being invoked multiple times.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Cancel) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Cancel) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
@@ -576,7 +574,7 @@
  * Verifies that:
  *  - callback is called for empty parameters set.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, NoParameters) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, NoParameters) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     hidl_vec<VendorKeyValue> halResults = {};
@@ -605,7 +603,7 @@
  *  - unknown parameters are ignored;
  *  - callback is called also for empty results set.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, UnknownParameters) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, UnknownParameters) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     hidl_vec<VendorKeyValue> halResults = {};
@@ -633,7 +631,7 @@
  * Verifies that:
  *  - the method does not crash after being invoked multiple times.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Close) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, Close) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
@@ -648,7 +646,7 @@
  * Verifies that:
  * - getImage call handles argument 0 gracefully.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetNoImage) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetNoImage) {
     size_t len = 0;
     auto result = mModule->getImage(0, [&](hidl_vec<uint8_t> rawImage) { len = rawImage.size(); });
 
@@ -663,7 +661,7 @@
  * - isConfigFlagSet either succeeds or ends with NOT_SUPPORTED or INVALID_STATE;
  * - call success or failure is consistent with setConfigFlag.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, FetchConfigFlags) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, FetchConfigFlags) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     for (auto flag : gConfigFlagValues) {
@@ -691,7 +689,7 @@
  * - setConfigFlag either succeeds or ends with NOT_SUPPORTED or INVALID_STATE;
  * - isConfigFlagSet reflects the state requested immediately after the set call.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, SetConfigFlags) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, SetConfigFlags) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     auto get = [&](ConfigFlag flag) {
@@ -743,7 +741,7 @@
  * - the complete list is fetched within timeout::programListScan;
  * - stopProgramListUpdates does not crash.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetProgramList) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, GetProgramList) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     getProgramList();
@@ -757,7 +755,7 @@
  *  - the identifier matches the name;
  *  - there is only one identifier of that type.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, HdRadioStationNameId) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, HdRadioStationNameId) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(openSession());
 
     auto list = getProgramList();
@@ -785,7 +783,7 @@
  *  - if it succeeds, it returns a valid close handle (which is a nullptr otherwise);
  *  - closing handle does not crash.
  */
-TEST_F(BroadcastRadioHalTest, AnnouncementListenerRegistration) {
+TEST_P(BroadcastRadioHalTest, AnnouncementListenerRegistration) {
     sp<AnnouncementListenerMock> listener = new AnnouncementListenerMock();
 
     Result halResult = Result::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
@@ -811,6 +809,11 @@
     closeHandle->close();
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, BroadcastRadioHalTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IBroadcastRadio::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace broadcastradio
@@ -818,14 +821,8 @@
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::broadcastradio::V2_0::vts::gEnv;
-    using android::hardware::broadcastradio::V2_0::IBroadcastRadio;
-    using android::hardware::broadcastradio::vts::BroadcastRadioHidlEnvironment;
     android::base::SetDefaultTag("BcRadio.vts");
     android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(android::base::VERBOSE);
-    gEnv = new BroadcastRadioHidlEnvironment<IBroadcastRadio>;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(gEnv);
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    gEnv->init(&argc, argv);
     return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
diff --git a/broadcastradio/common/vts/utils/include/broadcastradio-vts-utils/pointer-utils.h b/broadcastradio/common/vts/utils/include/broadcastradio-vts-utils/pointer-utils.h
index 0b6f5eb..1d76008 100644
--- a/broadcastradio/common/vts/utils/include/broadcastradio-vts-utils/pointer-utils.h
+++ b/broadcastradio/common/vts/utils/include/broadcastradio-vts-utils/pointer-utils.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
 
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace broadcastradio {
diff --git a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
index ed88274..2bd2c93 100644
--- a/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
+++ b/compatibility_matrices/compatibility_matrix.current.xml
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
     </hal>
     <hal format="hidl" optional="true">
         <name>android.hardware.radio</name>
-        <version>1.4</version>
+        <version>1.5</version>
         <interface>
             <name>IRadio</name>
             <instance>slot1</instance>
diff --git a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index aef0340..9e99c33 100644
--- a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalContexthubV1_0TargetTest.cpp"],
     static_libs: ["android.hardware.contexthub@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "general-tests",
+        "vts-core",
+    ],
 }
-
diff --git a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/OWNERS b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/OWNERS
index 045cc4e..161b2f0 100644
--- a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/OWNERS
+++ b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/OWNERS
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
 stange@google.com
 
 #VTS team
-yim@google.com
+dshi@google.com
 trong@google.com
diff --git a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalContexthubV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalContexthubV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 629477a..a1d173b 100644
--- a/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalContexthubV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/contexthub/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalContexthubV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "contexthub_hidl_hal_test"
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/contexthub/1.0/IContexthub.h>
 #include <android/hardware/contexthub/1.0/IContexthubCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/contexthub/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/log.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <cinttypes>
@@ -76,69 +77,44 @@
 }
 
 // Gets a list of valid hub IDs in the system
-std::vector<uint32_t> getHubIds() {
-  static std::vector<uint32_t> hubIds;
+std::vector<std::string> getHubIds(const std::string& service_name) {
+    std::vector<std::string> hubIds;
 
-  if (hubIds.size() == 0) {
-    sp<IContexthub> hubApi = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IContexthub>();
+    sp<IContexthub> hubApi = IContexthub::getService(service_name);
 
     if (hubApi != nullptr) {
-      for (const ContextHub& hub : getHubsSync(hubApi)) {
-        hubIds.push_back(hub.hubId);
-      }
+        for (const ContextHub& hub : getHubsSync(hubApi)) {
+            hubIds.push_back(std::to_string(hub.hubId));
+        }
     }
-  }
 
-  ALOGD("Running tests against all %zu reported hubs", hubIds.size());
-  return hubIds;
+    ALOGD("Running tests against all %zu reported hubs for service %s", hubIds.size(),
+          service_name.c_str());
+    return hubIds;
 }
 
-// Test environment for Contexthub HIDL HAL.
-class ContexthubHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
- public:
-  // get the test environment singleton
-  static ContexthubHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-    static ContexthubHidlEnvironment* instance = new ContexthubHidlEnvironment;
-    return instance;
-  }
+// Test fixture parameterized by hub ID, initializes the HAL and makes the context hub API handle
+// available.
+class ContexthubHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        hubApi = IContexthub::getService(std::get<0>(GetParam()));
+        ASSERT_NE(hubApi, nullptr);
 
-  virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IContexthub>(); }
- private:
-  ContexthubHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
+        // getHubs() must be called at least once for proper initialization of the
+        // HAL implementation
+        getHubsSync(hubApi);
+    }
 
-// Base test fixture that initializes the HAL and makes the context hub API
-// handle available
-class ContexthubHidlTestBase : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
- public:
-  virtual void SetUp() override {
-    hubApi = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IContexthub>(
-        ContexthubHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IContexthub>());
-    ASSERT_NE(hubApi, nullptr);
+    uint32_t getHubId() { return std::stoi(std::get<1>(GetParam())); }
 
-    // getHubs() must be called at least once for proper initialization of the
-    // HAL implementation
-    getHubsSync(hubApi);
-  }
+    Result registerCallback(sp<IContexthubCallback> cb) {
+        Result result = hubApi->registerCallback(getHubId(), cb);
+        ALOGD("Registered callback, result %" PRIu32, result);
+        return result;
+    }
 
-  virtual void TearDown() override {}
-
-  sp<IContexthub> hubApi;
-};
-
-// Test fixture parameterized by hub ID
-class ContexthubHidlTest : public ContexthubHidlTestBase,
-                           public ::testing::WithParamInterface<uint32_t> {
- public:
-  uint32_t getHubId() {
-    return GetParam();
-  }
-
-  Result registerCallback(sp<IContexthubCallback> cb) {
-    Result result = hubApi->registerCallback(getHubId(), cb);
-    ALOGD("Registered callback, result %" PRIu32, result);
-    return result;
-  }
+    sp<IContexthub> hubApi;
 };
 
 // Base callback implementation that just logs all callbacks by default
@@ -202,24 +178,24 @@
 }
 
 // Ensures that the metadata reported in getHubs() is sane
-TEST_F(ContexthubHidlTestBase, TestGetHubs) {
-  hidl_vec<ContextHub> hubs = getHubsSync(hubApi);
-  ALOGD("System reports %zu hubs", hubs.size());
+TEST_P(ContexthubHidlTest, TestGetHubs) {
+    hidl_vec<ContextHub> hubs = getHubsSync(hubApi);
+    ALOGD("System reports %zu hubs", hubs.size());
 
-  for (const ContextHub& hub : hubs) {
-    ALOGD("Checking hub ID %" PRIu32, hub.hubId);
+    for (const ContextHub& hub : hubs) {
+        ALOGD("Checking hub ID %" PRIu32, hub.hubId);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hub.name.empty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hub.vendor.empty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hub.toolchain.empty());
-    EXPECT_GT(hub.peakMips, 0);
-    EXPECT_GE(hub.stoppedPowerDrawMw, 0);
-    EXPECT_GE(hub.sleepPowerDrawMw, 0);
-    EXPECT_GT(hub.peakPowerDrawMw, 0);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(hub.name.empty());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(hub.vendor.empty());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(hub.toolchain.empty());
+        EXPECT_GT(hub.peakMips, 0);
+        EXPECT_GE(hub.stoppedPowerDrawMw, 0);
+        EXPECT_GE(hub.sleepPowerDrawMw, 0);
+        EXPECT_GT(hub.peakPowerDrawMw, 0);
 
-    // Minimum 128 byte MTU as required by CHRE API v1.0
-    EXPECT_GE(hub.maxSupportedMsgLen, UINT32_C(128));
-  }
+        // Minimum 128 byte MTU as required by CHRE API v1.0
+        EXPECT_GE(hub.maxSupportedMsgLen, UINT32_C(128));
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(ContexthubHidlTest, TestRegisterCallback) {
@@ -388,20 +364,28 @@
                                       cb->promise.get_future()));
 }
 
-// Parameterize all SingleContexthubTest tests against each valid hub ID
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(HubIdSpecificTests, ContexthubHidlTest,
-                        ::testing::ValuesIn(getHubIds()));
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(HubIdSpecificTests, ContexthubTxnTest,
-                        ::testing::ValuesIn(getHubIds()));
+// Return the test parameters of a vecter of tuples for all IContexthub services and each of its hub
+// id: <service name of IContexthub, hub id of the IContexthub service>
+static std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> get_parameters() {
+    std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> parameters;
+    std::vector<std::string> service_names =
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IContexthub::descriptor);
+    for (const std::string& service_name : service_names) {
+        std::vector<std::string> ids = getHubIds(service_name);
+        for (const std::string& id : ids) {
+            parameters.push_back(std::make_tuple(service_name, id));
+        }
+    }
 
-} // anonymous namespace
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-  ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(ContexthubHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-  ContexthubHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-  int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-  ALOGI ("Test result = %d", status);
-  return status;
+    return parameters;
 }
 
+static std::vector<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> kTestParameters = get_parameters();
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(HubIdSpecificTests, ContexthubHidlTest, testing::ValuesIn(kTestParameters),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(HubIdSpecificTests, ContexthubTxnTest, testing::ValuesIn(kTestParameters),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
+}  // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/current.txt b/current.txt
index 9c554e8..27db8a5 100644
--- a/current.txt
+++ b/current.txt
@@ -604,10 +604,10 @@
 619fc9839ec6e369cfa9b28e3e9412e6885720ff8f9b5750c1b6ffb905120391 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicantStaIfaceCallback
 c9273429fcf98d797d3bb07fdba6f1be95bf960f9255cde169fd1ca4db85f856 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::ISupplicantStaNetwork
 9b0a3ab6f4f74b971ed094426d8a443e29b512ff03e1ab50c07156396cdb2483 android.hardware.wifi.supplicant@1.3::types
-274fb1254a6d1a97824ec5c880eeefc0e410dc6d3a2a4c34052201169d2b7de0 android.hardware.radio@1.5::types
-c8e81d912827a5d49b2ddcdc4eb4556c5d231a899a1dca879309e04210daa4a0 android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadio
-a62a93faf173b14a6175b683ebf61ffa568dc61f81e369d2dce7b1265e86cf2f android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioIndication
-260ce05806d753d728f844d405e832179ed7d9b65986ec18fef3d21cf7285587 android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioResponse
+0e3c23f1c815469fdcdc39bc33a486817771c7c6b6e5303f2f25569499fc6c69 android.hardware.radio@1.5::types
+2bc87cde08fcd8d9a0f5d4a2b8560ea793264d94f5b763a6b22d4a63d0f3cd5a android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadio
+3afac66f21a33bc9c4b80481c7d5540038348651d9a7d8af64ea13610af138da android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioIndication
+67c8d90dab3f5b8f1e9cf123d6d1f9e581d382846eacc14476335798b9670885 android.hardware.radio@1.5::IRadioResponse
 55f0a15642869ec98a55ea0a5ac049d3e1a6245ff7750deb6bcb7182057eee83 android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::types
 b27ab0cd40b0b078cdcd024bfe1061c4c4c065f3519eeb9347fa359a3268a5ae android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::IRadioConfig
 742360c775313438b0f82256eac62fb5bbc76a6ae6f388573f3aa142fb2c1eea android.hardware.radio.config@1.3::IRadioConfigIndication
diff --git a/drm/1.0/default/CryptoPlugin.cpp b/drm/1.0/default/CryptoPlugin.cpp
index 666653b..8ddc380 100644
--- a/drm/1.0/default/CryptoPlugin.cpp
+++ b/drm/1.0/default/CryptoPlugin.cpp
@@ -101,11 +101,20 @@
         std::unique_ptr<android::CryptoPlugin::SubSample[]> legacySubSamples =
                 std::make_unique<android::CryptoPlugin::SubSample[]>(subSamples.size());
 
+        size_t destSize = 0;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < subSamples.size(); i++) {
-            legacySubSamples[i].mNumBytesOfClearData
-                = subSamples[i].numBytesOfClearData;
-            legacySubSamples[i].mNumBytesOfEncryptedData
-                = subSamples[i].numBytesOfEncryptedData;
+            uint32_t numBytesOfClearData = subSamples[i].numBytesOfClearData;
+            legacySubSamples[i].mNumBytesOfClearData = numBytesOfClearData;
+            uint32_t numBytesOfEncryptedData = subSamples[i].numBytesOfEncryptedData;
+            legacySubSamples[i].mNumBytesOfEncryptedData = numBytesOfEncryptedData;
+            if (__builtin_add_overflow(destSize, numBytesOfClearData, &destSize)) {
+                _hidl_cb(Status::BAD_VALUE, 0, "subsample clear size overflow");
+                return Void();
+            }
+            if (__builtin_add_overflow(destSize, numBytesOfEncryptedData, &destSize)) {
+                _hidl_cb(Status::BAD_VALUE, 0, "subsample encrypted size overflow");
+                return Void();
+            }
         }
 
         AString detailMessage;
@@ -137,11 +146,24 @@
                 _hidl_cb(Status::ERROR_DRM_CANNOT_HANDLE, 0, "invalid buffer size");
                 return Void();
             }
+
+            if (destSize > destBuffer.size) {
+                _hidl_cb(Status::BAD_VALUE, 0, "subsample sum too large");
+                return Void();
+            }
+
             destPtr = static_cast<void *>(base + destination.nonsecureMemory.offset);
         } else if (destination.type == BufferType::NATIVE_HANDLE) {
+            if (!secure) {
+                _hidl_cb(Status::BAD_VALUE, 0, "native handle destination must be secure");
+                return Void();
+            }
             native_handle_t *handle = const_cast<native_handle_t *>(
                     destination.secureMemory.getNativeHandle());
             destPtr = static_cast<void *>(handle);
+        } else {
+            _hidl_cb(Status::BAD_VALUE, 0, "invalid destination type");
+            return Void();
         }
         ssize_t result = mLegacyPlugin->decrypt(secure, keyId.data(), iv.data(),
                 legacyMode, legacyPattern, srcPtr, legacySubSamples.get(),
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
index f3b376e..e6e3c85 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.cpp
@@ -177,6 +177,42 @@
     return hasGnssHalVersion_1_1 && !hasGnssHalVersion_2_0;
 }
 
+GnssConstellationType GnssHalTest::startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation() {
+    const int kLocationsToAwait = 3;
+
+    StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
+
+    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
+    EXPECT_GE((int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size() + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
+    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvStatus, while awaiting %d Locations (%d received)",
+          (int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size(), kLocationsToAwait, location_called_count_);
+
+    // Find first non-GPS constellation
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN;
+    for (const auto& gnss_sv_status : list_gnss_sv_status_) {
+        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < gnss_sv_status.numSvs; iSv++) {
+            const auto& gnss_sv = gnss_sv_status.gnssSvList[iSv];
+            if ((gnss_sv.svFlag & IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX) &&
+                (gnss_sv.constellation != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) &&
+                (gnss_sv.constellation != GnssConstellationType::GPS)) {
+                // found a non-GPS constellation
+                constellation_to_blacklist = gnss_sv.constellation;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (constellation_to_blacklist != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (constellation_to_blacklist == GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
+        ALOGI("No non-GPS constellations found, constellation blacklist test less effective.");
+        // Proceed functionally to return something.
+        constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::GLONASS;
+    }
+    return constellation_to_blacklist;
+}
+
 void GnssHalTest::notify() {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx_);
     notify_count_++;
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
index 84a9f84..09ebadc 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test.h
@@ -31,9 +31,10 @@
 
 using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocation;
 
+using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssConstellationType;
+using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
 using android::hardware::gnss::V1_1::IGnss;
 using android::hardware::gnss::V1_1::IGnssCallback;
-using android::hardware::gnss::V1_0::GnssLocationFlags;
 
 using android::sp;
 
@@ -151,6 +152,16 @@
      */
     bool IsGnssHalVersion_1_1() const;
 
+    /*
+     * startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation:
+     * 1. Start location
+     * 2. Find and return first non-GPS constellation
+     *
+     * Note that location is not stopped in this method. The client should call
+     * StopAndClearLocations() after the call.
+     */
+    GnssConstellationType startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation();
+
     sp<IGnss> gnss_hal_;         // GNSS HAL to call into
     sp<IGnssCallback> gnss_cb_;  // Primary callback interface
 
diff --git a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
index ee236ba..503e419 100644
--- a/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
+++ b/gnss/1.1/vts/functional/gnss_hal_test_cases.cpp
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * BlacklistConstellation:
+ * BlacklistConstellationWithLocationOff:
  *
  * 1) Turns on location, waits for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
  * GnssStatus for any non-GPS constellations.
@@ -339,44 +339,19 @@
  * GnssStatus does not use any constellation but GPS.
  * 4a & b) Clean up by turning off location, and send in empty blacklist.
  */
-TEST_F(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellation) {
+TEST_F(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellationWithLocationOff) {
     if (!IsGnssHalVersion_1_1()) {
         ALOGI("Test BlacklistConstellation skipped. GNSS HAL version is greater than 1.1.");
         return;
     }
 
     const int kLocationsToAwait = 3;
-
-    StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
-
-    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
-    EXPECT_GE((int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size() + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
-    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvStatus, while awaiting %d Locations (%d received)",
-          (int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size(), kLocationsToAwait, location_called_count_);
-
     // Find first non-GPS constellation to blacklist
-    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN;
-    for (const auto& gnss_sv_status : list_gnss_sv_status_) {
-        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < gnss_sv_status.numSvs; iSv++) {
-            const auto& gnss_sv = gnss_sv_status.gnssSvList[iSv];
-            if ((gnss_sv.svFlag & IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX) &&
-                (gnss_sv.constellation != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) &&
-                (gnss_sv.constellation != GnssConstellationType::GPS)) {
-                // found a non-GPS constellation
-                constellation_to_blacklist = gnss_sv.constellation;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (constellation_to_blacklist != GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation();
 
-    if (constellation_to_blacklist == GnssConstellationType::UNKNOWN) {
-        ALOGI("No non-GPS constellations found, constellation blacklist test less effective.");
-        // Proceed functionally to blacklist something.
-        constellation_to_blacklist = GnssConstellationType::GLONASS;
-    }
+    // Turns off location
+    StopAndClearLocations();
+
     IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource source_to_blacklist;
     source_to_blacklist.constellation = constellation_to_blacklist;
     source_to_blacklist.svid = 0;  // documented wildcard for all satellites in this constellation
@@ -421,6 +396,71 @@
 }
 
 /*
+ * BlacklistConstellationWithLocationOn:
+ *
+ * 1) Turns on location, waits for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
+ * GnssStatus for any non-GPS constellations.
+ * 2a & b) Blacklist first non-GPS constellations, and turns off location.
+ * 3) Restart location, wait for 3 locations, ensuring they are valid, and checks corresponding
+ * GnssStatus does not use any constellation but GPS.
+ * 4a & b) Clean up by turning off location, and send in empty blacklist.
+ */
+TEST_F(GnssHalTest, BlacklistConstellationWithLocationOn) {
+    if (!IsGnssHalVersion_1_1()) {
+        ALOGI("Test BlacklistConstellation skipped. GNSS HAL version is greater than 1.1.");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const int kLocationsToAwait = 3;
+    GnssConstellationType constellation_to_blacklist = startLocationAndGetNonGpsConstellation();
+
+    IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource source_to_blacklist;
+    source_to_blacklist.constellation = constellation_to_blacklist;
+    source_to_blacklist.svid = 0;  // documented wildcard for all satellites in this constellation
+
+    auto gnss_configuration_hal_return = gnss_hal_->getExtensionGnssConfiguration_1_1();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(gnss_configuration_hal_return.isOk());
+    sp<IGnssConfiguration> gnss_configuration_hal = gnss_configuration_hal_return;
+    ASSERT_NE(gnss_configuration_hal, nullptr);
+
+    hidl_vec<IGnssConfiguration::BlacklistedSource> sources;
+    sources.resize(1);
+    sources[0] = source_to_blacklist;
+
+    auto result = gnss_configuration_hal->setBlacklist(sources);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+
+    // Turns off location
+    StopAndClearLocations();
+
+    // retry and ensure constellation not used
+    list_gnss_sv_status_.clear();
+
+    location_called_count_ = 0;
+    StartAndCheckLocations(kLocationsToAwait);
+
+    // Tolerate 1 less sv status to handle edge cases in reporting.
+    EXPECT_GE((int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size() + 1, kLocationsToAwait);
+    ALOGD("Observed %d GnssSvStatus, while awaiting %d Locations", (int)list_gnss_sv_status_.size(),
+          kLocationsToAwait);
+    for (const auto& gnss_sv_status : list_gnss_sv_status_) {
+        for (uint32_t iSv = 0; iSv < gnss_sv_status.numSvs; iSv++) {
+            const auto& gnss_sv = gnss_sv_status.gnssSvList[iSv];
+            EXPECT_FALSE((gnss_sv.constellation == source_to_blacklist.constellation) &&
+                         (gnss_sv.svFlag & IGnssCallback::GnssSvFlags::USED_IN_FIX));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // clean up
+    StopAndClearLocations();
+    sources.resize(0);
+    result = gnss_configuration_hal->setBlacklist(sources);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result);
+}
+
+/*
  * InjectBestLocation
  *
  * Ensure successfully injecting a location.
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
index 5a75ae1..3702171 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
@@ -2590,13 +2590,6 @@
 
     std::unique_lock<std::recursive_timed_mutex> lock(mStateMutex);
 
-    // If the HWC2-side callback hasn't been registered yet, buffer this until
-    // it is registered
-    if (mCallbacks.count(Callback::Hotplug) == 0) {
-        mPendingHotplugs.emplace_back(hwc1DisplayId, connected);
-        return;
-    }
-
     hwc2_display_t displayId = UINT64_MAX;
     if (mHwc1DisplayMap.count(hwc1DisplayId) == 0) {
         if (connected == 0) {
@@ -2625,6 +2618,13 @@
         mDisplays.erase(displayId);
     }
 
+    // If the HWC2-side callback hasn't been registered yet, buffer this until
+    // it is registered
+    if (mCallbacks.count(Callback::Hotplug) == 0) {
+        mPendingHotplugs.emplace_back(hwc1DisplayId, connected);
+        return;
+    }
+
     const auto& callbackInfo = mCallbacks[Callback::Hotplug];
 
     // Call back without the state lock held
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index d08ac56..d4e4dde 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -30,10 +28,10 @@
 }
 
 void Gralloc::init(const std::string& allocatorServiceName, const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
     ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
index 6c2c9a6..fc8a102 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/2.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 853c2a3..a055b61 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 5ec0af2..b079a4b 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/2.0/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -35,28 +37,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -75,14 +61,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
     mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
     // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(descriptor, 1,
@@ -117,7 +103,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -131,7 +117,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IAllocator::allocate is thread-safe.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -161,14 +147,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -179,7 +165,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
@@ -188,7 +174,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
     const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -206,7 +192,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -218,10 +204,8 @@
 
     // free the imported handle with another mapper
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-        anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
 
@@ -231,7 +215,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -245,7 +229,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -263,7 +247,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
     EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error) << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
@@ -286,7 +270,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -332,7 +316,7 @@
  * Test IMapper::lockYCbCr.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
  * write to and read from it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
 
@@ -391,7 +375,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -426,6 +410,14 @@
 #endif
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_0
@@ -433,13 +425,3 @@
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
index ca02aad..abbe50a 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/Android.bp
@@ -16,14 +16,13 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
-    defaults: ["hidl_defaults"],
+    defaults: ["hidl_defaults", "VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["MapperVts.cpp"],
     cflags: [
         "-O0",
         "-g",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index 36f9cbb..239de74 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index afd8e7f..bb76c74 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0-vts",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
index 5e7cf93..1185945 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/2.1/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsHalGraphicsMapperV2_1TargetTest"
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.1/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/2.1/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -34,28 +36,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_1::PixelFormat;
 using V2_0::Error;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -74,7 +60,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IMapper::validateBufferSize works.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     uint32_t stride;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true, &stride));
@@ -87,7 +73,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::validateBufferSize with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadBuffer) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error ret = mGralloc->getMapper()->validateBufferSize(invalidHandle, mDummyDescriptorInfo,
                                                           mDummyDescriptorInfo.width);
@@ -114,7 +100,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::validateBufferSize with invalid descriptor and/or stride.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadValue) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ValidateBufferSizeBadValue) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -161,7 +147,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getTransportSize.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     uint32_t numFds;
     uint32_t numInts;
@@ -173,7 +159,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::getTransportSize with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBadBuffer) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, GetTransportSizeBadBuffer) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->getTransportSize(
         invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&, const auto&) {
@@ -203,14 +189,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Basic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Basic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Negative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptor_2_1Negative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor_2_1(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -218,22 +204,18 @@
     });
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V2_1
 }  // namespace mapper
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_1::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-
-    return status;
-}
+}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
index c94e8db..de886a9 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/MapperVts.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
 namespace graphics {
@@ -35,19 +33,19 @@
 }
 
 void Gralloc::init(const std::string& allocatorServiceName, const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mAllocator.get()) << "failed to get allocator service";
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mMapper.get()) << "failed to get mapper service";
     ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
 }
 
 void Gralloc::initNoErr(const std::string& allocatorServiceName,
                         const std::string& mapperServiceName) {
-    mAllocator = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IAllocator>(allocatorServiceName);
+    mAllocator = IAllocator::getService(allocatorServiceName);
 
-    mMapper = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IMapper>(mapperServiceName);
+    mMapper = IMapper::getService(mapperServiceName);
     if (mMapper.get()) {
         ASSERT_FALSE(mMapper->isRemote()) << "mapper is not in passthrough mode";
     }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
index 1141a88..b2fbebb1 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/utils/vts/include/mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/3.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 77075a5..f01670e 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0-vts",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
index ff73ecf..92b5994 100644
--- a/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/graphics/mapper/3.0/vts/functional/VtsHalGraphicsMapperV3_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <mapper-vts/3.0/MapperVts.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -35,28 +37,12 @@
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::BufferUsage;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.mapper.
-class GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment* instance = new GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IAllocator>();
-        registerTestService<IMapper>();
-    }
-};
-
-class GraphicsMapperHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   protected:
+class GraphicsMapperHidlTest
+    : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
+  protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-                GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                     std::get<1>(GetParam())));
 
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.width = 64;
         mDummyDescriptorInfo.height = 64;
@@ -75,14 +61,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::dumpDebugInfo by calling it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorDumpDebugInfo) {
     mGralloc->dumpDebugInfo();
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with valid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocate) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate with invalid buffer descriptors.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNegative) {
     // this assumes any valid descriptor is non-empty
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     mGralloc->getAllocator()->allocate(descriptor, 1,
@@ -117,7 +103,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IAllocator::allocate does not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -131,7 +117,7 @@
 /**
  * Test that IAllocator::allocate is thread-safe.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, AllocatorAllocateThreaded) {
     BufferDescriptor descriptor;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(descriptor = mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 
@@ -161,14 +147,14 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with valid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorBasic) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->createDescriptor(mDummyDescriptorInfo));
 }
 
 /**
  * Test IMapper::createDescriptor with invalid descriptor info.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, CreateDescriptorNegative) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 0;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->createDescriptor(info, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
@@ -179,7 +165,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with allocated buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferBasic) {
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(bufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, true));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mGralloc->freeBuffer(bufferHandle));
@@ -188,7 +174,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer with cloned buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferClone) {
     const native_handle_t* clonedBufferHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(clonedBufferHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -206,7 +192,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer cross mapper instances.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferSingleton) {
     const native_handle_t* rawHandle;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rawHandle = mGralloc->allocate(mDummyDescriptorInfo, false));
 
@@ -218,10 +204,8 @@
 
     // free the imported handle with another mapper
     std::unique_ptr<Gralloc> anotherGralloc;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-        anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IAllocator>(),
-            GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IMapper>()));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anotherGralloc = std::make_unique<Gralloc>(std::get<0>(GetParam()),
+                                                                       std::get<1>(GetParam())));
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(importedHandle);
     ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, error);
 
@@ -231,7 +215,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer and IMapper::freeBuffer do not leak.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportFreeBufferNoLeak) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.width = 1024;
     info.height = 1024;
@@ -245,7 +229,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::importBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, ImportBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->importBuffer(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -263,7 +247,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::freeBuffer with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, FreeBufferNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     Error error = mGralloc->getMapper()->freeBuffer(invalidHandle);
     EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, error) << "freeBuffer with nullptr did not fail with BAD_BUFFER";
@@ -286,7 +270,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::lock and IMapper::unlock.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockUnlockBasic) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
 
     const native_handle_t* bufferHandle;
@@ -346,7 +330,7 @@
  * Test IMapper::lockYCbCr.  This locks a YV12 buffer, and makes sure we can
  * write to and read from it.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, LockYCbCrBasic) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
 
@@ -405,7 +389,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::unlock with invalid buffers.
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, UnlockNegative) {
     native_handle_t* invalidHandle = nullptr;
     mGralloc->getMapper()->unlock(invalidHandle, [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto&) {
         EXPECT_EQ(Error::BAD_BUFFER, tmpError)
@@ -443,7 +427,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format RGBA_8888
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedRGBA8888) {
     const auto& info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     bool supported = false;
 
@@ -454,7 +438,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with required format YV12
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedYV12) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::YV12;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -466,7 +450,7 @@
 /**
  * Test IMapper::isSupported with optional format Y16
  */
-TEST_F(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
+TEST_P(GraphicsMapperHidlTest, IsSupportedY16) {
     auto info = mDummyDescriptorInfo;
     info.format = PixelFormat::Y16;
     bool supported = false;
@@ -474,6 +458,14 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(supported = mGralloc->isSupported(info));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+        PerInstance, GraphicsMapperHidlTest,
+        testing::Combine(
+                testing::ValuesIn(
+                        android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IAllocator::descriptor)),
+                testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IMapper::descriptor))),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace vts
 }  // namespace V3_0
@@ -481,13 +473,3 @@
 }  // namespace graphics
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::vts::GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    GraphicsMapperHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
diff --git a/health/1.0/default/Android.bp b/health/1.0/default/Android.bp
index 049e393..7581335 100644
--- a/health/1.0/default/Android.bp
+++ b/health/1.0/default/Android.bp
@@ -18,3 +18,55 @@
 
 }
 
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "android.hardware.health@1.0-impl-helper",
+    vendor: true,
+    srcs: ["Health.cpp"],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbase_headers",
+        "libhealthd_headers",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libcutils",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libutils",
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "android.hardware.health@1.0-impl",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0-impl-helper",
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
+        "libhealthd.default",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "android.hardware.health@1.0-service",
+    vendor: true,
+    relative_install_path: "hw",
+    init_rc: ["android.hardware.health@1.0-service.rc"],
+    srcs: ["HealthService.cpp"],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libdl",
+        "libbase",
+        "libutils",
+        "libhidlbase",
+        "android.hardware.health@1.0",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/health/1.0/default/Android.mk b/health/1.0/default/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index bbf37af..0000000
--- a/health/1.0/default/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.health@1.0-impl
-LOCAL_PROPRIETARY_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := system/core/base/include
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    Health.cpp \
-
-LOCAL_HEADER_LIBRARIES := libhealthd_headers
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    libcutils \
-    libhidlbase \
-    liblog \
-    libutils \
-    android.hardware.health@1.0 \
-
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := android.hardware.health@1.0-convert
-
-LOCAL_HAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libhealthd
-
-include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_PROPRIETARY_MODULE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_RELATIVE_PATH := hw
-LOCAL_MODULE := android.hardware.health@1.0-service
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := android.hardware.health@1.0-service.rc
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    HealthService.cpp \
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblog \
-    libcutils \
-    libdl \
-    libbase \
-    libutils \
-    libhidlbase \
-    android.hardware.health@1.0 \
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
-
-include $(call first-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))
diff --git a/health/1.0/default/README.md b/health/1.0/default/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ded7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/health/1.0/default/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Implement the 2.1 HAL instead!
+
+It is strongly recommended that you implement the 2.1 HAL directly. See
+`hardware/interfaces/health/2.1/README.md` for more details.
+
+# Implement Health 1.0 HAL
+
+1. Install common binderized service. The binderized service `dlopen()`s
+   passthrough implementations on the device, so there is no need to write
+   your own.
+
+    ```mk
+    # Install default binderized implementation to vendor.
+    PRODUCT_PACKAGES += android.hardware.health@1.0-service
+    ```
+
+1. Add proper VINTF manifest entry to your device manifest. Example:
+
+    ```xml
+    <hal format="hidl">
+        <name>android.hardware.health</name>
+        <transport>hwbinder</transport>
+        <version>1.0</version>
+        <interface>
+            <name>IHealth</name>
+            <instance>default</instance>
+        </interface>
+    </hal>
+    ```
+
+1. Install the proper passthrough implemetation.
+
+    1. If you want to use the default implementation (with default `libhealthd`),
+       add the following to `device.mk`:
+
+        ```mk
+        PRODUCT_PACKAGES += \
+            android.hardware.health@1.0-impl
+        ```
+
+    1. Otherwise, if you have a customized `libhealthd.<board>`:
+
+        1. Define your passthrough implementation. Example (replace `<device>`
+           and `<board>` accordingly):
+
+            ```bp
+            cc_library_shared {
+                name: "android.hardware.health@1.0-impl-<device>",
+                vendor: true,
+                relative_install_path: "hw",
+
+                static_libs: [
+                    "android.hardware.health@1.0-impl-helper",
+                    "android.hardware.health@1.0-convert",
+                    "libhealthd.<board>",
+                ],
+            }
+            ```
+
+        1. Add to `device.mk`.
+
+            ```
+            PRODUCT_PACKAGES += android.hardware.health@1.0-impl-<device>
+            ```
+
+        1. Define appropriate SELinux permissions.
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index b090548..43571ef 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
         "android.hardware.health@1.0",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 6e13a98..49891b7 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,17 +20,18 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/IHealth.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/types.h>
 #include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 using ::testing::AssertionFailure;
 using ::testing::AssertionResult;
 using ::testing::AssertionSuccess;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 DEFINE_bool(force, false, "Force test healthd even when the default instance is present.");
 
@@ -74,30 +75,13 @@
 
 using V1_0::BatteryStatus;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.composer
-class HealthHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static HealthHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static HealthHidlEnvironment* instance = new HealthHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IHealth>(); }
-
-   private:
-    HealthHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(HealthHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName = HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IHealth>();
+        std::string serviceName = GetParam();
 
         if (serviceName == "backup" && !FLAGS_force &&
-            ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>() != nullptr) {
+            IHealth::getService() != nullptr) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Skipping tests on healthd because the default instance is present. "
                       << "Use --force if you really want to test healthd.";
             GTEST_SKIP();
@@ -105,7 +89,7 @@
 
         LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
         ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        mHealth = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>(serviceName);
+        mHealth = IHealth::getService(serviceName);
         ASSERT_NE(mHealth, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +140,7 @@
  * Test whether callbacks work. Tested functions are IHealth::registerCallback,
  * unregisterCallback, and update.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
     sp<Callback> firstCallback = new Callback();
@@ -193,7 +177,7 @@
     ASSERT_ALL_OK(mHealth->unregisterCallback(secondCallback));
 }
 
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     sp<Callback> callback = new Callback();
     auto ret = mHealth->unregisterCallback(callback);
@@ -278,7 +262,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value > 0);
@@ -288,7 +272,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentNow() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentNow([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -298,7 +282,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentAverage() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentAverage([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -308,7 +292,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCapacity() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCapacity([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), 0 <= value && value <= 100);
@@ -318,7 +302,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getEnergyCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getEnergyCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT64_MIN);
@@ -328,7 +312,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeStatus() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeStatus([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(
@@ -340,7 +324,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getStorageInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getStorageInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyStorageInfo(value));
@@ -350,7 +334,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getDiskStats() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getDiskStats([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), true);
@@ -360,25 +344,24 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getHealthInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getHealthInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyHealthInfo(value));
     }));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, HealthHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IHealth::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace health
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using ::android::hardware::health::V2_0::HealthHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true /* remove flags */);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 69aa56d..36a6861 100644
--- a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@
         "libcrypto_static",
         "libsoftkeymasterdevice",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71e41fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalKeymasterV3_0TargetTest" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index ccb5622..ae32764 100644
--- a/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/3.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -25,17 +25,15 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/3.0/IKeymasterDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/3.0/types.h>
-
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
-
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <keymaster/keymaster_configuration.h>
 
 #include "authorization_set.h"
 #include "key_param_output.h"
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
-
 #include "attestation_record.h"
 #include "openssl_utils.h"
 
@@ -413,33 +411,19 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-// Test environment for Keymaster HIDL HAL.
-class KeymasterHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* instance = new KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IKeymasterDevice>(); }
-   private:
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
-class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
   public:
     void TearDown() override {
         if (key_blob_.size()) {
             CheckedDeleteKey();
         }
         AbortIfNeeded();
+
+        keymaster_.clear();
     }
 
-    // SetUpTestCase runs only once per test case, not once per test.
-    static void SetUpTestCase() {
-        keymaster_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(
-            KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IKeymasterDevice>());
+    void SetUp() override {
+        keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(keymaster_, nullptr);
 
         ASSERT_TRUE(
@@ -461,11 +445,9 @@
         os_patch_level_ = ::keymaster::GetOsPatchlevel();
     }
 
-    static void TearDownTestCase() { keymaster_.clear(); }
-
-    static IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
-    static uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
+    IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
+    uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
+    uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
 
     AuthorizationSet UserAuths() { return AuthorizationSetBuilder().Authorization(TAG_USER_ID, 7); }
 
@@ -929,134 +911,121 @@
         }
     }
 
-    static bool IsSecure() { return is_secure_; }
-    static bool SupportsEc() { return supports_ec_; }
-    static bool SupportsSymmetric() { return supports_symmetric_; }
-    static bool SupportsAllDigests() { return supports_all_digests_; }
-    static bool SupportsAttestation() { return supports_attestation_; }
+    bool IsSecure() { return is_secure_; }
+    bool SupportsEc() { return supports_ec_; }
+    bool SupportsSymmetric() { return supports_symmetric_; }
+    bool SupportsAllDigests() { return supports_all_digests_; }
+    bool SupportsAttestation() { return supports_attestation_; }
 
-    static bool Km2Profile() {
+    bool Km2Profile() {
         return SupportsAttestation() && SupportsAllDigests() && SupportsSymmetric() &&
                SupportsEc() && IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool Km1Profile() {
+    bool Km1Profile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && SupportsSymmetric() && SupportsEc() && IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool Km0Profile() {
+    bool Km0Profile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && !SupportsAllDigests() && !SupportsSymmetric() &&
                IsSecure();
     }
 
-    static bool SwOnlyProfile() {
+    bool SwOnlyProfile() {
         return !SupportsAttestation() && !SupportsAllDigests() && !SupportsSymmetric() &&
                !SupportsEc() && !IsSecure();
     }
 
+    bool verify_attestation_record(const string& challenge, const string& app_id,
+                                   AuthorizationSet expected_sw_enforced,
+                                   AuthorizationSet expected_tee_enforced,
+                                   const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& attestation_cert) {
+        X509_Ptr cert(parse_cert_blob(attestation_cert));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(!!cert.get());
+        if (!cert.get()) return false;
+
+        ASN1_OCTET_STRING* attest_rec = get_attestation_record(cert.get());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(!!attest_rec);
+        if (!attest_rec) return false;
+
+        AuthorizationSet att_sw_enforced;
+        AuthorizationSet att_tee_enforced;
+        uint32_t att_attestation_version;
+        uint32_t att_keymaster_version;
+        SecurityLevel att_attestation_security_level;
+        SecurityLevel att_keymaster_security_level;
+        HidlBuf att_challenge;
+        HidlBuf att_unique_id;
+        HidlBuf att_app_id;
+        EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
+                  parse_attestation_record(attest_rec->data,                 //
+                                           attest_rec->length,               //
+                                           &att_attestation_version,         //
+                                           &att_attestation_security_level,  //
+                                           &att_keymaster_version,           //
+                                           &att_keymaster_security_level,    //
+                                           &att_challenge,                   //
+                                           &att_sw_enforced,                 //
+                                           &att_tee_enforced,                //
+                                           &att_unique_id));
+
+        EXPECT_TRUE(att_attestation_version == 1 || att_attestation_version == 2);
+
+        expected_sw_enforced.push_back(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID, HidlBuf(app_id));
+
+        if (!IsSecure()) {
+            // SW is KM3
+            EXPECT_EQ(att_keymaster_version, 3U);
+        }
+
+        if (SupportsSymmetric()) {
+            EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 1U);
+        }
+
+        if (SupportsAttestation()) {
+            EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 2U);
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(IsSecure() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
+                  att_keymaster_security_level);
+        EXPECT_EQ(SupportsAttestation() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
+                                        : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
+                  att_attestation_security_level);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(challenge.length(), att_challenge.size());
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(challenge.data(), att_challenge.data(), challenge.length()));
+
+        att_sw_enforced.Sort();
+        expected_sw_enforced.Sort();
+        EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_sw_enforced), filter_tags(att_sw_enforced))
+                << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
+
+        att_tee_enforced.Sort();
+        expected_tee_enforced.Sort();
+        EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_tee_enforced), filter_tags(att_tee_enforced))
+                << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
     HidlBuf key_blob_;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics_;
     OperationHandle op_handle_ = kOpHandleSentinel;
 
   private:
-    static sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
-    static uint32_t os_version_;
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level_;
+    sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
+    uint32_t os_version_;
+    uint32_t os_patch_level_;
 
-    static bool is_secure_;
-    static bool supports_ec_;
-    static bool supports_symmetric_;
-    static bool supports_attestation_;
-    static bool supports_all_digests_;
-    static hidl_string name_;
-    static hidl_string author_;
+    bool is_secure_;
+    bool supports_ec_;
+    bool supports_symmetric_;
+    bool supports_attestation_;
+    bool supports_all_digests_;
+    hidl_string name_;
+    hidl_string author_;
 };
 
-bool verify_attestation_record(const string& challenge, const string& app_id,
-                               AuthorizationSet expected_sw_enforced,
-                               AuthorizationSet expected_tee_enforced,
-                               const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& attestation_cert) {
-    X509_Ptr cert(parse_cert_blob(attestation_cert));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!!cert.get());
-    if (!cert.get()) return false;
-
-    ASN1_OCTET_STRING* attest_rec = get_attestation_record(cert.get());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!!attest_rec);
-    if (!attest_rec) return false;
-
-    AuthorizationSet att_sw_enforced;
-    AuthorizationSet att_tee_enforced;
-    uint32_t att_attestation_version;
-    uint32_t att_keymaster_version;
-    SecurityLevel att_attestation_security_level;
-    SecurityLevel att_keymaster_security_level;
-    HidlBuf att_challenge;
-    HidlBuf att_unique_id;
-    HidlBuf att_app_id;
-    EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
-              parse_attestation_record(attest_rec->data,                 //
-                                       attest_rec->length,               //
-                                       &att_attestation_version,         //
-                                       &att_attestation_security_level,  //
-                                       &att_keymaster_version,           //
-                                       &att_keymaster_security_level,    //
-                                       &att_challenge,                   //
-                                       &att_sw_enforced,                 //
-                                       &att_tee_enforced,                //
-                                       &att_unique_id));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(att_attestation_version == 1 || att_attestation_version == 2);
-
-    expected_sw_enforced.push_back(TAG_ATTESTATION_APPLICATION_ID,
-                                   HidlBuf(app_id));
-
-    if (!KeymasterHidlTest::IsSecure()) {
-        // SW is KM3
-        EXPECT_EQ(att_keymaster_version, 3U);
-    }
-
-    if (KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsSymmetric()) {
-        EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 1U);
-    }
-
-    if (KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsAttestation()) {
-        EXPECT_GE(att_keymaster_version, 2U);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(KeymasterHidlTest::IsSecure() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
-                                            : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
-              att_keymaster_security_level);
-    EXPECT_EQ(KeymasterHidlTest::SupportsAttestation() ? SecurityLevel::TRUSTED_ENVIRONMENT
-                                                       : SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE,
-              att_attestation_security_level);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(challenge.length(), att_challenge.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, memcmp(challenge.data(), att_challenge.data(), challenge.length()));
-
-    att_sw_enforced.Sort();
-    expected_sw_enforced.Sort();
-    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_sw_enforced), filter_tags(att_sw_enforced))
-        << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
-
-    att_tee_enforced.Sort();
-    expected_tee_enforced.Sort();
-    EXPECT_EQ(filter_tags(expected_tee_enforced), filter_tags(att_tee_enforced))
-        << "(Possibly b/38394619)";
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-sp<IKeymasterDevice> KeymasterHidlTest::keymaster_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_version_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_patch_level_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::is_secure_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_ec_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_symmetric_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_all_digests_;
-bool KeymasterHidlTest::supports_attestation_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::name_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::author_;
-
 typedef KeymasterHidlTest KeymasterVersionTest;
 
 /*
@@ -1065,7 +1034,7 @@
  * Queries keymaster to find the set of features it supports. Fails if the combination doesn't
  * correspond to any well-defined keymaster version.
  */
-TEST_F(KeymasterVersionTest, SensibleFeatures) {
+TEST_P(KeymasterVersionTest, SensibleFeatures) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(Km2Profile() || Km1Profile() || Km0Profile() || SwOnlyProfile())
         << "Keymaster feature set doesn't fit any reasonable profile.  Reported features:"
         << "SupportsAttestation [" << SupportsAttestation() << "], "
@@ -1124,7 +1093,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required RSA key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
     for (auto key_size : {1024, 2048, 3072, 4096}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -1158,7 +1127,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for RSA key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::RSA)
@@ -1172,7 +1141,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required EC key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
     for (auto key_size : {224, 256, 384, 521}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -1203,7 +1172,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::EC)
@@ -1217,7 +1186,7 @@
  * Verifies that failing to specify an invalid key size for EC key generation returns
  * UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().EcdsaSigningKey(190).Digest(Digest::NONE)));
 }
@@ -1228,7 +1197,7 @@
  * Verifies that specifying mismatched key size and curve for EC key generation returns
  * INVALID_ARGUMENT.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -1237,7 +1206,7 @@
         << "(Possibly b/36233343)";
 }
 
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
     size_t valid_sizes[] = {224, 256, 384, 521};
     for (size_t size : valid_sizes) {
         EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -1252,7 +1221,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required EC curves.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
     EcCurve curves[] = {EcCurve::P_224, EcCurve::P_256, EcCurve::P_384, EcCurve::P_521};
     for (auto curve : curves) {
         EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -1269,7 +1238,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required digests, and that the resulting keys have correct
  * characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
     for (auto digest : {Digest::MD5, Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256,
                         Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512}) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
@@ -1318,7 +1287,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all key sizes, and rejects all invalid key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
     for (size_t key_size = 0; key_size <= 512; ++key_size) {
         if (key_size < 64 || key_size % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very slow, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -1349,7 +1318,7 @@
  * test is probabilistic in order to keep the runtime down, but any failure prints out the specific
  * MAC length that failed, so reproducing a failed run will be easy.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
     for (size_t min_mac_length = 0; min_mac_length <= 256; ++min_mac_length) {
         if (min_mac_length < 64 || min_mac_length % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very long, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -1379,7 +1348,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with multiple specified digest algorithms.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1393,7 +1362,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with no digest or Digest::NONE
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
     ASSERT_EQ(
         ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
         GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().HmacKey(128).Authorization(TAG_MIN_MAC_LENGTH, 128)));
@@ -1413,7 +1382,7 @@
  * Verifies that getKeyCharacteristics functions, and that generated and retrieved key
  * characteristics match.
  */
-TEST_F(GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, SimpleRsa) {
+TEST_P(GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, SimpleRsa) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1438,7 +1407,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1454,7 +1423,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-PSS signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1472,7 +1441,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects signature operations that specify a padding mode when the key
  * supports only unpadded operations.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1492,7 +1461,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that digested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1509,7 +1478,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1527,7 +1496,7 @@
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1555,7 +1524,7 @@
  * uses SHA512, which has a digest_size == 512, so the message size is 1040 bits, too large for a
  * 1024-bit key.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_512)
@@ -1574,7 +1543,7 @@
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1608,7 +1577,7 @@
  * Verifies that operations can be aborted correctly.  Uses an RSA signing operation for the test,
  * but the behavior should be algorithm and purpose-independent.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1633,7 +1602,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail with the correct error (but key gen succeeds) when used with a
  * padding mode inappropriate for RSA.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1650,7 +1619,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PSS operations fail when no digest is used.  PSS requires a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1670,7 +1639,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail when no padding mode is specified.  PaddingMode::NONE is
  * supported in some cases (as validated in other tests), but a mode must be specified.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
     // Padding must be specified
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1686,7 +1655,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signatures succeed with a message shorter than the key size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1707,7 +1676,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA encryption keys cannot be used to sign.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1724,7 +1693,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting a raw signature of a message which is the same length as the key, but
  * numerically larger than the public modulus, fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -1746,7 +1715,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible key sizes and hashes.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
     for (auto key_size : {224, 256, 384, 521}) {
         for (auto digest : {
                  Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384,
@@ -1773,7 +1742,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible curves.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
     for (auto curve : {EcCurve::P_224, EcCurve::P_256, EcCurve::P_384, EcCurve::P_521}) {
         ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                           .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1795,7 +1764,7 @@
  * work because ECDSA actually only signs the leftmost L_n bits of the message, however large it may
  * be.  Not using digesting is a bad idea, but in some cases digesting is done by the framework.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -1809,7 +1778,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempts to use AES keys to sign fail in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .SigningKey()
@@ -1832,7 +1801,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that HMAC works with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
     for (auto digest : {Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA_2_224, Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384,
                         Digest::SHA_2_512}) {
         ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -1855,7 +1824,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC larger than the digest
  * size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1876,7 +1845,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC smaller than the
  * specified minimum MAC length.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1896,7 +1865,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 3.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
     string key(20, 0xaa);
     string message(50, 0xdd);
     uint8_t sha_224_expected[] = {
@@ -1933,7 +1902,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 5.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
     string key(20, 0x0c);
     string message = "Test With Truncation";
 
@@ -1965,7 +1934,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 6.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase6) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase6) {
     string key(131, 0xaa);
     string message = "Test Using Larger Than Block-Size Key - Hash Key First";
 
@@ -2003,7 +1972,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 7.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase7) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase7) {
     string key(131, 0xaa);
     string message = "This is a test using a larger than block-size key and a larger than "
                      "block-size data. The key needs to be hashed before being used by the HMAC "
@@ -2045,7 +2014,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a simple RSA signature/verification sequence succeeds.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2063,7 +2032,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies RSA signature/verification for all padding modes and digests.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2159,7 +2128,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies ECDSA signature/verification for all digests and curves.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
     auto digests = {
         Digest::NONE,      Digest::SHA1,      Digest::SHA_2_224,
         Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512,
@@ -2242,7 +2211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies HMAC signing and verification, but that a signing key cannot be used to verify.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
     string key_material = "HelloThisIsAKey";
 
     HidlBuf signing_key, verification_key;
@@ -2290,7 +2259,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys in PKCS#8 format fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -2305,7 +2274,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is essentially
  * a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2328,7 +2297,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export ECDSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is
  * essentially a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -2349,7 +2318,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2368,7 +2337,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an RSA key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -2395,7 +2364,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(2048 /* Doesn't match key */, 65537)
@@ -2410,7 +2379,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a public exponent that doesn't match the key fails
  * in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2424,7 +2393,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2450,7 +2419,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-521 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(521)
@@ -2477,7 +2446,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2491,7 +2460,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a curve that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
     if (SupportsSymmetric() && !SupportsAttestation()) {
         // KM1 hardware doesn't know about curves
         return;
@@ -2510,7 +2479,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an AES key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2537,7 +2506,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an HMAC key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2563,7 +2532,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2586,7 +2555,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of short messages works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2615,7 +2584,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-long messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2635,7 +2604,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-large (numerically) messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2677,7 +2646,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations work, with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
     auto digests = {Digest::MD5,       Digest::SHA1,      Digest::SHA_2_224,
                     Digest::SHA_2_256, Digest::SHA_2_384, Digest::SHA_2_512};
 
@@ -2729,7 +2698,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to operate
  * without a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2747,7 +2716,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to decrypt with a
  * different digest than was used to encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2773,7 +2742,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to encrypt a
  * too-large message.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2796,7 +2765,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption/decrypts works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2835,7 +2804,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption fails in the correct way when the mssage is too large.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(1024, 3)
@@ -2855,7 +2824,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use ECDSA keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(224)
@@ -2872,7 +2841,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use HMAC keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -2894,7 +2863,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES ECB mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2923,7 +2892,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized mode is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2943,7 +2912,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when provided an input that is not a
  * multiple of the block size and no padding is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2964,7 +2933,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES PKCS7 padding works for any message length.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2989,7 +2958,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES enryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized padding mode is
  * specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3010,7 +2979,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES decryption fails in the correct way when the padding is corrupted.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3041,7 +3010,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES CTR mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3088,7 +3057,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES works, all modes, when provided data in various size increments.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
     auto block_modes = {
         BlockMode::ECB, BlockMode::CBC, BlockMode::CTR, BlockMode::GCM,
     };
@@ -3226,7 +3195,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies AES CTR implementation against SP800-38A test vectors.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         const AesCtrSp80038aTestVector& test(kAesCtrSp80038aTestVectors[i]);
         const string key = hex2str(test.key);
@@ -3242,7 +3211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects use of CTR mode with PKCS7 padding in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3257,7 +3226,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3289,7 +3258,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3322,7 +3291,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES caller-provided nonces work correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3371,7 +3340,7 @@
  * Verifies that caller-provided nonces are not permitted when not specified in the key
  * authorizations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3406,7 +3375,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3454,7 +3423,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag length is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3475,7 +3444,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag is provided to decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3518,7 +3487,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when the decryption key is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
     const uint8_t nonce_bytes[] = {
         0xb7, 0x94, 0x37, 0xae, 0x08, 0xff, 0x35, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x8a, 0x4d, 0x0f,
     };
@@ -3570,7 +3539,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data, but no data to
  * encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3616,7 +3585,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data in multiple chunks.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3675,7 +3644,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when given AAD after data to encipher.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3724,7 +3693,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when additional authenticated date is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3768,7 +3737,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the nonce is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3812,7 +3781,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the tag is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3862,7 +3831,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with AES keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3887,7 +3856,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with RSA keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -3914,7 +3883,7 @@
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up.  There's no way to test that entropy is
  * actually added.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf("foo")));
 }
 
@@ -3923,7 +3892,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given an empty buffer.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf()));
 }
 
@@ -3932,7 +3901,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given a largish amount of data.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf(string(2 * 1024, 'a'))));
 }
 
@@ -3943,7 +3912,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -3971,7 +3940,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA requires app ID.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -3992,7 +3961,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -4020,7 +3989,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys requires app ID
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4040,7 +4009,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4063,7 +4032,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to HMAC keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4090,7 +4059,7 @@
  * This test checks that if rollback protection is implemented, DeleteKey invalidates a formerly
  * valid key blob.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -4135,7 +4104,7 @@
  *
  * This test checks that the HAL excepts invalid key blobs.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
     // Generate key just to check if rollback protection is implemented
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -4172,7 +4141,7 @@
  * been provisioned. Use this test only on dedicated testing devices that have no valuable
  * credentials stored in Keystore/Keymaster.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
     if (!arm_deleteAllKeys) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3)
@@ -4207,6 +4176,45 @@
     key_blob_ = HidlBuf();
 }
 
+static const auto kKeymasterDeviceChoices =
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor));
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, NewKeyGenerationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeymasterVersionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, GetKeyCharacteristicsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SigningOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, VerificationOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ExportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, EncryptionOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, MaxOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AddEntropyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AttestationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeyDeletionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V3_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
@@ -4214,10 +4222,7 @@
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using android::hardware::keymaster::V3_0::test::KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
         if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
             if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--arm_deleteAllKeys") {
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 0401362..5649f20 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@
         "libkeymaster4support",
         "libsoftkeymasterdevice",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf7129
--- /dev/null
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalKeymasterV4_0TargetTest" />
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000"/>
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
index f159796..c228ef7 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/HmacKeySharingTest.cpp
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     }
 };
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, GetParameters) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, GetParameters) {
     auto result1 = getHmacSharingParameters(keymaster());
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, result1.error);
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
         << "A given keymaster should always return the same nonce until restart.";
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmac) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmac) {
     auto params = getHmacSharingParameters(all_keymasters());
     ASSERT_EQ(all_keymasters().size(), params.size())
         << "One or more keymasters failed to provide parameters.";
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@
 template <class F>
 class final_action {
    public:
-    explicit final_action(F f) : f_(move(f)) {}
-    ~final_action() { f_(); }
+     explicit final_action(F f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}
+     ~final_action() { f_(); }
 
    private:
     F f_;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
     return final_action<F>(f);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptNonce) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptNonce) {
     // Important: The execution of this test gets the keymaster implementations on the device out of
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptSeed) {
+TEST_P(HmacKeySharingTest, ComputeSharedHmacCorruptSeed) {
     // Important: The execution of this test gets the keymaster implementations on the device out of
     // sync with respect to the HMAC key.  Granted that VTS tests aren't run on in-use production
     // devices, this still has the potential to cause confusion.  To mitigate that, we always
@@ -236,6 +236,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, HmacKeySharingTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
index 4838e7e..07409f6 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.cpp
@@ -41,18 +41,9 @@
 
 namespace test {
 
-sp<IKeymasterDevice> KeymasterHidlTest::keymaster_;
-std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> KeymasterHidlTest::all_keymasters_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_version_;
-uint32_t KeymasterHidlTest::os_patch_level_;
-SecurityLevel KeymasterHidlTest::securityLevel_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::name_;
-hidl_string KeymasterHidlTest::author_;
-string KeymasterHidlTest::service_name_;
-
 void KeymasterHidlTest::InitializeKeymaster() {
-    service_name_ = KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IKeymasterDevice>();
-    keymaster_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(service_name_);
+    service_name_ = GetParam();
+    keymaster_ = IKeymasterDevice::getService(service_name_);
     ASSERT_NE(keymaster_, nullptr);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(keymaster_
@@ -65,8 +56,7 @@
                     .isOk());
 }
 
-void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUpTestCase() {
-
+void KeymasterHidlTest::SetUp() {
     InitializeKeymaster();
 
     os_version_ = ::keymaster::GetOsVersion();
@@ -79,8 +69,7 @@
         IKeymasterDevice::descriptor, [&](const hidl_vec<hidl_string>& names) {
             for (auto& name : names) {
                 if (name == service_name_) continue;
-                auto keymaster =
-                    ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IKeymasterDevice>(name);
+                auto keymaster = IKeymasterDevice::getService(name);
                 ASSERT_NE(keymaster, nullptr);
                 all_keymasters_.push_back(keymaster);
             }
@@ -222,8 +211,8 @@
             std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> reported_time{
                     std::chrono::milliseconds(sw_enforced[i].f.dateTime)};
             // The test is flaky for EC keys, so a buffer time of 120 seconds will be added.
-            EXPECT_LE(creation - 120s, reported_time);
-            EXPECT_LE(reported_time, now + 1s);
+            EXPECT_LE(creation - std::chrono::seconds(120), reported_time);
+            EXPECT_LE(reported_time, now + std::chrono::seconds(1));
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
index b09da45..adceead 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/KeymasterHidlTest.h
@@ -14,14 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
-#define HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
+#pragma once
 
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/IKeymasterDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/keymaster/4.0/types.h>
-
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <keymaster/keymaster_configuration.h>
 
 #include <keymasterV4_0/authorization_set.h>
@@ -69,43 +68,24 @@
 
 constexpr uint64_t kOpHandleSentinel = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
 
-class KeymasterHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static KeymasterHidlEnvironment* instance = new KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IKeymasterDevice>(); }
-
-   private:
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment(){};
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(KeymasterHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class KeymasterHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
+    void SetUp();
     void TearDown() override {
         if (key_blob_.size()) {
             CheckedDeleteKey();
         }
         AbortIfNeeded();
-    }
-
-    // SetUpTestCase runs only once per test case, not once per test.
-    static void SetUpTestCase();
-    static void InitializeKeymaster();
-    static void TearDownTestCase() {
         keymaster_.clear();
         all_keymasters_.clear();
     }
 
-    static IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
-    static const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& all_keymasters() { return all_keymasters_; }
-    static uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
+    void InitializeKeymaster();
+
+    IKeymasterDevice& keymaster() { return *keymaster_; }
+    const std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>>& all_keymasters() { return all_keymasters_; }
+    uint32_t os_version() { return os_version_; }
+    uint32_t os_patch_level() { return os_patch_level_; }
 
     ErrorCode GenerateKey(const AuthorizationSet& key_desc, HidlBuf* key_blob,
                           KeyCharacteristics* key_characteristics);
@@ -216,8 +196,8 @@
 
     std::pair<ErrorCode, HidlBuf> UpgradeKey(const HidlBuf& key_blob);
 
-    static bool IsSecure() { return securityLevel_ != SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE; }
-    static SecurityLevel SecLevel() { return securityLevel_; }
+    bool IsSecure() { return securityLevel_ != SecurityLevel::SOFTWARE; }
+    SecurityLevel SecLevel() { return securityLevel_; }
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> ValidKeySizes(Algorithm algorithm);
     std::vector<uint32_t> InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm algorithm);
@@ -233,15 +213,15 @@
     OperationHandle op_handle_ = kOpHandleSentinel;
 
    private:
-    static sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
-    static std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
-    static uint32_t os_version_;
-    static uint32_t os_patch_level_;
+     sp<IKeymasterDevice> keymaster_;
+     std::vector<sp<IKeymasterDevice>> all_keymasters_;
+     uint32_t os_version_;
+     uint32_t os_patch_level_;
 
-    static SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
-    static hidl_string name_;
-    static hidl_string author_;
-    static string service_name_;
+     SecurityLevel securityLevel_;
+     hidl_string name_;
+     hidl_string author_;
+     string service_name_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace test
@@ -249,5 +229,3 @@
 }  // namespace keymaster
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // HARDWARE_INTERFACES_KEYMASTER_40_VTS_FUNCTIONAL_KEYMASTER_HIDL_TEST_H_
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
index de28683..693f4ae 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/VerificationTokenTest.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
  * thing we really can test is that tokens can be created by TEE keymasters, and that the
  * timestamps increase as expected.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationTokenTest, TestCreation) {
+TEST_P(VerificationTokenTest, TestCreation) {
     auto result1 = verifyAuthorization(
         1 /* operation handle */, AuthorizationSet() /* paramtersToVerify */, HardwareAuthToken());
     ASSERT_TRUE(result1.callSuccessful);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
  * stamp is included in the mac but on failure we know that it is not. Other than in the test
  * case above we call verifyAuthorization with the exact same set of parameters.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationTokenTest, MacChangesOnChangingTimestamp) {
+TEST_P(VerificationTokenTest, MacChangesOnChangingTimestamp) {
     auto result1 =
             verifyAuthorization(0 /* operation handle */,
                                 AuthorizationSet() /* paramtersToVerify */, HardwareAuthToken());
@@ -185,6 +185,11 @@
               memcmp(result1.token.mac.data(), result2.token.mac.data(), result1.token.mac.size()));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, VerificationTokenTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
diff --git a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index 0e12283..35a2fb1 100644
--- a/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/keymaster/4.0/vts/functional/keymaster_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -522,14 +522,14 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required RSA key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Rsa) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::RSA)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
         ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                                 .RsaSigningKey(key_size, 3)
-                                                 .Digest(Digest::NONE)
-                                                 .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE),
+                                                     .RsaSigningKey(key_size, 65537)
+                                                     .Digest(Digest::NONE)
+                                                     .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE),
                                              &key_blob, &key_characteristics));
 
         ASSERT_GT(key_blob.size(), 0U);
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that creation date time is correct.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaCheckCreationDateTime) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaCheckCreationDateTime) {
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -575,15 +575,16 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster cannot generate any RSA key sizes that are designated as invalid.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, NoInvalidRsaSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, NoInvalidRsaSizes) {
     for (auto key_size : InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::RSA)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
-        ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
-                                                                   .RsaSigningKey(key_size, 3)
-                                                                   .Digest(Digest::NONE)
-                                                                   .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE),
-                                                               &key_blob, &key_characteristics));
+        ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
+                  GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
+                                      .RsaSigningKey(key_size, 65537)
+                                      .Digest(Digest::NONE)
+                                      .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE),
+                              &key_blob, &key_characteristics));
     }
 }
 
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for RSA key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, RsaNoDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::RSA)
@@ -606,7 +607,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster can generate all required EC key sizes, and that the resulting keys have
  * correct characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Ecdsa) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -638,7 +639,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that creation date time is correct.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcCheckCreationDateTime) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcCheckCreationDateTime) {
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -655,7 +656,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that failing to specify a key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaDefaultSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_ALGORITHM, Algorithm::EC)
@@ -668,7 +669,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that specifying an invalid key size for EC key generation returns UNSUPPORTED_KEY_SIZE.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaInvalidSize) {
     for (auto key_size : InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -688,7 +689,7 @@
  * Verifies that specifying mismatched key size and curve for EC key generation returns
  * INVALID_ARGUMENT.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaMismatchKeySize) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
@@ -703,7 +704,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required EC key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidSizes) {
     auto valid_sizes = ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC);
     for (size_t size : valid_sizes) {
         EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -719,7 +720,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster does not support any curve designated as unsupported.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, EcdsaAllValidCurves) {
     Digest digest;
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) {
         digest = Digest::SHA_2_256;
@@ -742,7 +743,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all required digests, and that the resulting keys have correct
  * characteristics.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, Hmac) {
     for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, true /* withMD5 */)) {
         HidlBuf key_blob;
         KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
@@ -778,7 +779,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster supports all key sizes, and rejects all invalid key sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckKeySizes) {
     for (size_t key_size = 0; key_size <= 512; ++key_size) {
         if (key_size < 64 || key_size % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very slow, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -811,7 +812,7 @@
  * test is probabilistic in order to keep the runtime down, but any failure prints out the specific
  * MAC length that failed, so reproducing a failed run will be easy.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacCheckMinMacLengths) {
     for (size_t min_mac_length = 0; min_mac_length <= 256; ++min_mac_length) {
         if (min_mac_length < 64 || min_mac_length % 8 != 0) {
             // To keep this test from being very long, we only test a random fraction of non-byte
@@ -843,7 +844,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with multiple specified digest algorithms.
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacMultipleDigests) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
@@ -859,7 +860,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects HMAC key generation with no digest or Digest::NONE
  */
-TEST_F(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
+TEST_P(NewKeyGenerationTest, HmacDigestNone) {
     ASSERT_EQ(
         ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED_DIGEST,
         GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder().HmacKey(128).Authorization(TAG_MIN_MAC_LENGTH, 128)));
@@ -878,7 +879,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -894,7 +895,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that getting RSA key characteristics requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     HidlBuf key_blob;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -915,7 +916,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that using an RSA key requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                   .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -957,7 +958,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-PSS signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -975,7 +976,7 @@
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects signature operations that specify a padding mode when the key
  * supports only unpadded operations.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPaddingNoneDoesNotAllowOther) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -997,7 +998,7 @@
  * TRUSTED_CONFIRMATION_REQUIRED and no valid confirmation token
  * presented.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, NoUserConfirmation) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, NoUserConfirmation) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1019,7 +1020,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that digested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Sha256Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -1036,7 +1037,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations succeed.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1054,7 +1055,7 @@
  * Verifies that undigested RSA-PKCS1 signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1NoDigestTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1082,7 +1083,7 @@
  * uses SHA512, which has a digest_size == 512, so the message size is 1040 bits, too large for a
  * 1024-bit key.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaPssSha512TooSmallKey) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1101,7 +1102,7 @@
  * Verifies that raw RSA signature operations fail with the correct error code when
  * given a too-long message.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1135,7 +1136,7 @@
  * Verifies that operations can be aborted correctly.  Uses an RSA signing operation for the test,
  * but the behavior should be algorithm and purpose-independent.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaAbort) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1160,7 +1161,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail with the correct error (but key gen succeeds) when used with a
  * padding mode inappropriate for RSA.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaUnsupportedPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1177,7 +1178,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PSS operations fail when no digest is used.  PSS requires a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1197,7 +1198,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA operations fail when no padding mode is specified.  PaddingMode::NONE is
  * supported in some cases (as validated in other tests), but a mode must be specified.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaNoPadding) {
     // Padding must be specified
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1213,7 +1214,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA signatures succeed with a message shorter than the key size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaTooShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1234,7 +1235,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA encryption keys cannot be used to sign.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignWithEncryptionKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1251,7 +1252,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting a raw signature of a message which is the same length as the key, but
  * numerically larger than the public modulus, fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, RsaSignTooLargeMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1273,7 +1274,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible key sizes and hashes.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllSizesAndHashes) {
     for (auto key_size : ValidKeySizes(Algorithm::EC)) {
         for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */)) {
             ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -1297,7 +1298,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that ECDSA operations succeed with all possible curves.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaAllCurves) {
     for (auto curve : ValidCurves()) {
         ErrorCode error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                           .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1319,7 +1320,7 @@
  * work because ECDSA actually only signs the leftmost L_n bits of the message, however large it may
  * be.  Not using digesting is a bad idea, but in some cases digesting is done by the framework.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcdsaNoDigestHugeData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -1333,7 +1334,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that getting EC key characteristics requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcGetKeyCharacteristicsRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     HidlBuf key_blob;
     KeyCharacteristics key_characteristics;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
@@ -1353,7 +1354,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that using an EC key requires the correct app ID/data.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, EcUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, EcUseRequiresCorrectAppIdAppData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK,
               GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                   .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1390,7 +1391,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempts to use AES keys to sign fail in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, AesEcbSign) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .SigningKey()
@@ -1409,7 +1410,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that HMAC works with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacAllDigests) {
     for (auto digest : ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */)) {
         ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -1431,7 +1432,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC larger than the digest
  * size.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooLargeMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1452,7 +1453,7 @@
  * Verifies that HMAC fails in the correct way when asked to generate a MAC smaller than the
  * specified minimum MAC length.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacSha256TooSmallMacLength) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -1472,7 +1473,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 3.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase3) {
     string key(20, 0xaa);
     string message(50, 0xdd);
     uint8_t sha_224_expected[] = {
@@ -1511,7 +1512,7 @@
  *
  * Validates against the test vectors from RFC 4231 test case 5.
  */
-TEST_F(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
+TEST_P(SigningOperationsTest, HmacRfc4231TestCase5) {
     string key(20, 0x0c);
     string message = "Test With Truncation";
 
@@ -1547,7 +1548,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a simple RSA signature/verification sequence succeeds.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1565,7 +1566,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies RSA signature/verification for all padding modes and digests.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, RsaAllPaddingsAndDigests) {
     auto authorizations = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                               .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                               .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1659,7 +1660,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies ECDSA signature/verification for all digests and curves.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, EcdsaAllDigestsAndCurves) {
     auto digests = ValidDigests(true /* withNone */, false /* withMD5 */);
 
     string message = "1234567890";
@@ -1739,7 +1740,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies HMAC signing and verification, but that a signing key cannot be used to verify.
  */
-TEST_F(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
+TEST_P(VerificationOperationsTest, HmacSigningKeyCannotVerify) {
     string key_material = "HelloThisIsAKey";
 
     HidlBuf signing_key, verification_key;
@@ -1787,7 +1788,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys in PKCS#8 format fails with the correct error.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaUnsupportedKeyFormat) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                              .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -1802,7 +1803,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export RSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is essentially
  * a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, RsaCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -1825,7 +1826,7 @@
  * Verifies that attempting to export ECDSA keys from corrupted key blobs fails.  This is
  * essentially a poor-man's key blob fuzzer.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, EcCorruptedKeyBlob) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -1846,7 +1847,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to export AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
+TEST_P(ExportKeyTest, AesKeyUnexportable) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -1894,7 +1895,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an RSA key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .RsaSigningKey(1024, 65537)
@@ -1921,7 +1922,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaKeySizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(2048 /* Doesn't match key */, 65537)
@@ -1936,7 +1937,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an RSA key pair with a public exponent that doesn't match the key fails
  * in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, RsaPublicExponentMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .RsaSigningKey(1024, 3 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -1950,7 +1951,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                            .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -1975,7 +1976,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair encoded using RFC5915 works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256RFC5915Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256RFC5915Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2000,7 +2001,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-256 key pair encoded using SEC1 works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256SEC1Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaP256SEC1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2025,7 +2026,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an ECDSA P-521 key pair works correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, Ecdsa521Success) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2051,7 +2052,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a size that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaSizeMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2065,7 +2066,7 @@
  * Verifies that importing an ECDSA key pair with a curve that doesn't match the key fails in the
  * correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, EcdsaCurveMismatch) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::IMPORT_PARAMETER_MISMATCH,
               ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                             .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_224 /* Doesn't match key */)
@@ -2078,7 +2079,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an AES key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, AesSuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2105,7 +2106,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that importing and using an HMAC key works.
  */
-TEST_F(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
+TEST_P(ImportKeyTest, HmacKeySuccess) {
     string key = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, ImportKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                            .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -2180,7 +2181,7 @@
 
 class ImportWrappedKeyTest : public KeymasterHidlTest {};
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, Success) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, Success) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2201,7 +2202,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(message, plaintext);
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, SuccessMasked) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, SuccessMasked) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2216,7 +2217,7 @@
                       .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_OAEP)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongMask) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongMask) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2231,7 +2232,7 @@
                       .Padding(PaddingMode::RSA_OAEP)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongPurpose) {
+TEST_P(ImportWrappedKeyTest, WrongPurpose) {
     auto wrapping_key_desc = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                  .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
                                  .Digest(Digest::SHA_2_256)
@@ -2252,7 +2253,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2275,7 +2276,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of short messages works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingShortMessage) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2304,7 +2305,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-long messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLong) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2324,7 +2325,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that raw RSA encryption of too-large (numerically) messages fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaNoPaddingTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2366,7 +2367,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations work, with all digests.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepSuccess) {
     auto digests = ValidDigests(false /* withNone */, true /* withMD5 */);
 
     size_t key_size = 2048;  // Need largish key for SHA-512 test.
@@ -2417,7 +2418,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to operate
  * without a digest.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepInvalidDigest) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2435,7 +2436,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to decrypt with a
  * different digest than was used to encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepDecryptWithWrongDigest) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -2463,7 +2464,7 @@
  * Verifies that RSA-OAEP encryption operations fail in the correct way when asked to encrypt a
  * too-large message.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaOaepTooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2486,7 +2487,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption/decrypts works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1Success) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2525,7 +2526,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that RSA PKCS encryption fails in the correct way when the mssage is too large.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, RsaPkcs1TooLarge) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -2545,7 +2546,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use ECDSA keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, EcdsaEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(256)
@@ -2560,7 +2561,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attempting to use HMAC keys to encrypt fails in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, HmacEncrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -2580,7 +2581,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES ECB mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2609,7 +2610,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized mode is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2628,7 +2629,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized purpose is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongPurpose) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesWrongPurpose) {
     auto err = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                    .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                    .AesKey(128)
@@ -2663,7 +2664,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES encryption fails in the correct way when provided an input that is not a
  * multiple of the block size and no padding is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2684,7 +2685,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES PKCS7 padding works for any message length.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2709,7 +2710,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES enryption fails in the correct way when an unauthorized padding mode is
  * specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbWrongPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2730,7 +2731,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES decryption fails in the correct way when the padding is corrupted.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2761,7 +2762,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES CTR mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2808,7 +2809,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES works, all modes, when provided data in various size increments.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesIncremental) {
     auto block_modes = {
         BlockMode::ECB, BlockMode::CBC, BlockMode::CTR, BlockMode::GCM,
     };
@@ -2947,7 +2948,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies AES CTR implementation against SP800-38A test vectors.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrSp80038aTestVector) {
     std::vector<uint32_t> InvalidSizes = InvalidKeySizes(Algorithm::AES);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         const AesCtrSp80038aTestVector& test(kAesCtrSp80038aTestVectors[i]);
@@ -2967,7 +2968,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster rejects use of CTR mode with PKCS7 padding in the correct way.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrIncompatiblePaddingMode) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -2982,7 +2983,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCtrInvalidCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3014,7 +3015,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keymaster fails correctly when the user supplies an incorrect-size nonce.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3047,7 +3048,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES caller-provided nonces work correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3096,7 +3097,7 @@
  * Verifies that caller-provided nonces are not permitted when not specified in the key
  * authorizations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3131,7 +3132,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3182,7 +3183,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works, even when there's a long delay
  * between operations.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripWithDelaySuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmRoundTripWithDelaySuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3235,7 +3236,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that encrypting the same data with different nonces produces different outputs.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmDifferentNonces) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmDifferentNonces) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                  .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3267,7 +3268,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag length is specified.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3288,7 +3289,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when a too-short tag is provided to decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmTooShortTagOnDecrypt) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3331,7 +3332,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when the decryption key is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptKey) {
     const uint8_t nonce_bytes[] = {
         0xb7, 0x94, 0x37, 0xae, 0x08, 0xff, 0x35, 0x5d, 0x7d, 0x8a, 0x4d, 0x0f,
     };
@@ -3383,7 +3384,7 @@
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data, but no data to
  * encrypt.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadNoData) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3428,7 +3429,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode works when provided additional authenticated data in multiple chunks.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmMultiPartAad) {
     const size_t tag_bits = 128;
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -3489,7 +3490,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM mode fails correctly when given AAD after data to encipher.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmAadOutOfOrder) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3537,7 +3538,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when additional authenticated date is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmBadAad) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3581,7 +3582,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the nonce is incorrect.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmWrongNonce) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3625,7 +3626,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that AES GCM decryption fails correctly when the tag is wrong.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, AesGcmCorruptTag) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -3673,7 +3674,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES is basically functional.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbRoundTripSuccess) {
     auto auths = AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                      .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                      .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3702,7 +3703,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that CBC keys reject ECB usage.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNotAuthorized) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNotAuthorized) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3718,7 +3719,7 @@
  *
  * Tests ECB mode with PKCS#7 padding, various message sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3741,7 +3742,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that keys configured for no padding reject PKCS7 padding
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3759,7 +3760,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that corrupted padding is detected.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesEcbPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -3875,7 +3876,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that NIST (plus a few extra) test vectors produce the correct results.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesTestVector) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesTestVector) {
     constexpr size_t num_tests = sizeof(kTripleDesTestVectors) / sizeof(TripleDesTestVector);
     for (auto* test = kTripleDesTestVectors; test < kTripleDesTestVectors + num_tests; ++test) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(test->name);
@@ -3890,7 +3891,7 @@
  *
  * Validates CBC mode functionality.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcRoundTripSuccess) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3919,7 +3920,7 @@
  *
  * Validates that 3DES keys can allow caller-specified IVs, and use them correctly.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerIv) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerIv) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3954,7 +3955,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES keys without TAG_CALLER_NONCE do not allow caller-specified IVS.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerNonceProhibited) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCallerNonceProhibited) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -3986,7 +3987,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES ECB-only keys do not allow CBC usage.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNotAuthorized) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNotAuthorized) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::ECB)
@@ -4004,7 +4005,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that unpadded CBC operations reject inputs that are not a multiple of block size.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingWrongInputSize) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4026,7 +4027,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that PKCS7 padding works correctly in CBC mode.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4049,7 +4050,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that a key that requires PKCS7 padding cannot be used in unpadded mode.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcNoPaddingKeyWithPkcs7Padding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4069,7 +4070,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that corrupted PKCS7 padding is rejected during decryption.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcPkcs7PaddingCorrupted) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4100,7 +4101,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that 3DES CBC works with many different input sizes.
  */
-TEST_F(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcIncrementalNoPadding) {
+TEST_P(EncryptionOperationsTest, TripleDesCbcIncrementalNoPadding) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .TripleDesEncryptionKey(168)
                                              .BlockMode(BlockMode::CBC)
@@ -4145,7 +4146,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with AES keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitAes) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -4172,7 +4173,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the max uses per boot tag works correctly with RSA keys.
  */
-TEST_F(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
+TEST_P(MaxOperationsTest, TestLimitRsa) {
     if (SecLevel() == SecurityLevel::STRONGBOX) return;
 
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
@@ -4201,7 +4202,7 @@
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up.  There's no way to test that entropy is
  * actually added.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf("foo")));
 }
 
@@ -4210,7 +4211,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given an empty buffer.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddEmptyEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf()));
 }
 
@@ -4219,7 +4220,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that the addRngEntropy method doesn't blow up when given a largish amount of data.
  */
-TEST_F(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
+TEST_P(AddEntropyTest, AddLargeEntropy) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, keymaster().addRngEntropy(HidlBuf(string(2 * 1024, 'a'))));
 }
 
@@ -4230,7 +4231,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestation) {
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4264,7 +4265,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to RSA requires app ID.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, RsaAttestationRequiresAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4284,7 +4285,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys works and generates the expected output.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestation) {
     auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
@@ -4315,7 +4316,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to EC keys requires app ID
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, EcAttestationRequiresAttestationAppId) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .EcdsaSigningKey(EcCurve::P_256)
@@ -4337,7 +4338,7 @@
  * byte. Proper DER encoding specifies that for lengths greather than 127, one byte should be used
  * to specify how many following bytes will be used to encode the length.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AttestationApplicationIDLengthProperlyEncoded) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AttestationApplicationIDLengthProperlyEncoded) {
     std::vector<uint32_t> app_id_lengths{143, 258};
     for (uint32_t length : app_id_lengths) {
         auto creation_time = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
@@ -4367,7 +4368,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to AES keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, AesAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -4387,7 +4388,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that attesting to HMAC keys fails in the expected way.
  */
-TEST_F(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
+TEST_P(AttestationTest, HmacAttestation) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .HmacKey(128)
@@ -4411,7 +4412,7 @@
  * This test checks that if rollback protection is implemented, DeleteKey invalidates a formerly
  * valid key blob.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteKey) {
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
                                      .Digest(Digest::NONE)
@@ -4443,7 +4444,7 @@
  *
  * This test checks that the HAL excepts invalid key blobs..
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteInvalidKey) {
     // Generate key just to check if rollback protection is implemented
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4479,7 +4480,7 @@
  * been provisioned. Use this test only on dedicated testing devices that have no valuable
  * credentials stored in Keystore/Keymaster.
  */
-TEST_F(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
+TEST_P(KeyDeletionTest, DeleteAllKeys) {
     if (!arm_deleteAllKeys) return;
     auto error = GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                      .RsaSigningKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4515,7 +4516,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that calling upgrade key on an up-to-date key works (i.e. does nothing).
  */
-TEST_F(UpgradeKeyTest, UpgradeKey) {
+TEST_P(UpgradeKeyTest, UpgradeKey) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .AesEncryptionKey(128)
                                              .Padding(PaddingMode::NONE)
@@ -4527,7 +4528,6 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(result, std::make_pair(ErrorCode::OK, HidlBuf()));
 }
 
-
 using ClearOperationsTest = KeymasterHidlTest;
 
 /*
@@ -4538,7 +4538,7 @@
  * that aborting the operations clears the operations.
  *
  */
-TEST_F(ClearOperationsTest, TooManyOperations) {
+TEST_P(ClearOperationsTest, TooManyOperations) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4570,8 +4570,7 @@
  * Verifies that the service is restarted after death and the ongoing
  * operations are cleared.
  */
-TEST_F(ClearOperationsTest, ServiceDeath) {
-
+TEST_P(ClearOperationsTest, ServiceDeath) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                              .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                              .RsaEncryptionKey(2048, 65537)
@@ -4611,7 +4610,7 @@
  *
  * Verifies that passing large input data to finish either succeeds or fails as expected.
  */
-TEST_F(TransportLimitTest, LargeFinishInput) {
+TEST_P(TransportLimitTest, LargeFinishInput) {
     ASSERT_EQ(ErrorCode::OK, GenerateKey(AuthorizationSetBuilder()
                                                  .Authorization(TAG_NO_AUTH_REQUIRED)
                                                  .AesEncryptionKey(128)
@@ -4656,18 +4655,53 @@
     CheckedDeleteKey();
 }
 
+static const auto kKeymasterDeviceChoices =
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IKeymasterDevice::descriptor));
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, NewKeyGenerationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ImportWrappedKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SigningOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, VerificationOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, ExportKeyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, EncryptionOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, MaxOperationsTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AddEntropyTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, AttestationTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, KeyDeletionTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, TransportLimitTest, kKeymasterDeviceChoices,
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
+
 }  // namespace test
 }  // namespace V4_0
 }  // namespace keymaster
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
-using android::hardware::keymaster::V4_0::test::KeymasterHidlEnvironment;
-
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    KeymasterHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
         if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
             if (std::string(argv[i]) == "--arm_deleteAllKeys") {
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/README.md b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/README.md
index acffc42..274b30d 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/README.md
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/README.md
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
 
 usage:
 
-VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetAudioDecTest -I default -C <comp name> -R audio_decoder.<comp class> -P /sdcard/media/
+VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetAudioDecTest -I default -C <comp name> -R audio_decoder.<comp class> -P /data/local/tmp/media/
 
-VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetAudioEncTest -I default -C <comp name> -R audio_encoder.<comp class> -P /sdcard/media/
+VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetAudioEncTest -I default -C <comp name> -R audio_encoder.<comp class> -P /data/local/tmp/media/
 
 #### video :
 This folder includes test fixtures associated with testing video encoder and decoder components such as simple encoding of a raw clip or decoding of an elementary stream, end of stream test, timestamp deviations test, flush test and so on. These tests are aimed towards testing the plugin that connects the component to the omx core.
 
 usage:
 
-VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetVideoDecTest -I default -C <comp name> -R video_decoder.<comp class> -P /sdcard/media/
+VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetVideoDecTest -I default -C <comp name> -R video_decoder.<comp class> -P /data/local/tmp/media/
 
-VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetVideoEncTest -I default -C <comp name> -R video_encoder.<comp class> -P /sdcard/media/
+VtsHalMediaOmxV1\_0TargetVideoEncTest -I default -C <comp name> -R video_encoder.<comp class> -P /data/local/tmp/media/
 
-While tesing audio/video encoder, decoder components, test fixtures require input files. These input are files are present in the folder 'res'. Before running the tests all the files in 'res' have to be placed in '/media/sdcard/' or a path of your choice and this path needs to be provided as an argument to the test application
\ No newline at end of file
+While tesing audio/video encoder, decoder components, test fixtures require input files. These input are files are present in the folder 'res'. Before running the tests all the files in 'res' have to be placed in '/data/local/tmp/media' or a path of your choice and this path needs to be provided as an argument to the test application
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/Android.bp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/Android.bp
index cdc52fb..5a79e55 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/Android.bp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/Android.bp
@@ -29,6 +29,21 @@
         "android.hidl.memory@1.0",
         "android.hardware.media.omx@1.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
+    ],
+    export_static_lib_headers: [
+        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +55,12 @@
     static_libs: [
         "VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0CommonUtil",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.bufferqueue@1.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.0",
         "android.hardware.media.omx@1.0",
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.cpp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.cpp
index f299e36..8d4c022 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.cpp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.cpp
@@ -22,8 +22,11 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/2.0/IAllocator.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/3.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/media/omx/1.0/IOmx.h>
 #include <android/hardware/media/omx/1.0/IOmxNode.h>
 #include <android/hardware/media/omx/1.0/IOmxObserver.h>
@@ -31,7 +34,9 @@
 #include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
-#include <cutils/atomic.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <variant>
 
 using ::android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 using ::android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
@@ -195,67 +200,104 @@
                             BufferInfo* buffer, uint32_t nFrameWidth,
                             uint32_t nFrameHeight, int32_t* nStride,
                             int format) {
-    android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status status;
-    sp<android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator> allocator =
-        android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator::getService();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, allocator.get());
+    struct AllocatorV2 : public GrallocV2 {
+        sp<IAllocator> mAllocator;
+        sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+        AllocatorV2(sp<IAllocator>&& allocator, sp<IMapper>&& mapper)
+              : mAllocator{std::move(allocator)}, mMapper{std::move(mapper)} {}
+        AllocatorV2() = default;
+    };
+    struct AllocatorV3 : public GrallocV3 {
+        sp<IAllocator> mAllocator;
+        sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+        AllocatorV3(sp<IAllocator>&& allocator, sp<IMapper>&& mapper)
+              : mAllocator{std::move(allocator)}, mMapper{std::move(mapper)} {}
+        AllocatorV3() = default;
+    };
+    std::variant<AllocatorV2, AllocatorV3> grallocVar;
 
-    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mapper =
-        android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
-    ASSERT_NE(mapper.get(), nullptr);
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mapper2{};
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper> mapper3{};
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator> allocator2{};
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V3_0::IAllocator> allocator3 =
+        android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V3_0::IAllocator::getService();
+    if (allocator3) {
+        mapper3 =
+            android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper::getService();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mapper3.get());
+        grallocVar.emplace<AllocatorV3>(std::move(allocator3), std::move(mapper3));
+    } else {
+        allocator2 =
+            android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator::getService();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, allocator2.get());
+        mapper2 =
+            android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, allocator2.get());
+        grallocVar.emplace<AllocatorV2>(std::move(allocator2), std::move(mapper2));
+    }
 
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo
-        descriptorInfo;
-    uint32_t usage;
-
-    descriptorInfo.width = nFrameWidth;
-    descriptorInfo.height = nFrameHeight;
-    descriptorInfo.layerCount = 1;
-    descriptorInfo.format = static_cast<PixelFormat>(format);
-    descriptorInfo.usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
-    omxNode->getGraphicBufferUsage(
+    android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status status{};
+    uint64_t usage{};
+    ASSERT_TRUE(omxNode->getGraphicBufferUsage(
         portIndex,
         [&status, &usage](android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status _s,
                           uint32_t _n1) {
             status = _s;
             usage = _n1;
-        });
-    if (status == android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status::OK) {
-        descriptorInfo.usage |= usage;
-    }
+        }).isOk());
+    ASSERT_EQ(status, android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status::OK);
 
-    ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint32_t> descriptor;
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error error;
-    mapper->createDescriptor(
-        descriptorInfo, [&error, &descriptor](
-                            android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _s,
-                            ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint32_t> _n1) {
-            error = _s;
-            descriptor = _n1;
-        });
-    ASSERT_EQ(error, android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
+    static std::atomic_int32_t bufferIdCounter{0};
 
-    static volatile int32_t nextId = 0;
-    uint64_t id = static_cast<uint64_t>(getpid()) << 32;
-    allocator->allocate(
-        descriptor, 1,
-        [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _s, uint32_t _n1,
-            const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<
-                ::android::hardware::hidl_handle>& _n2) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE,
-                      _s);
-            *nStride = _n1;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.nativeHandle = _n2[0];
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.width = nFrameWidth;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.height = nFrameHeight;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.stride = _n1;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.format = descriptorInfo.format;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage = descriptorInfo.usage;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.layerCount =
-                descriptorInfo.layerCount;
-            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.id =
-                id | static_cast<uint32_t>(android_atomic_inc(&nextId));
-        });
+    std::visit([buffer, nFrameWidth, nFrameHeight, format, usage, nStride](auto&& gralloc) {
+            using Gralloc = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(gralloc)>;
+            using Descriptor = typename Gralloc::Descriptor;
+            using DescriptorInfo = typename Gralloc::DescriptorInfo;
+            using Error = typename Gralloc::Error;
+            using Format = typename Gralloc::Format;
+            using Usage = typename Gralloc::Usage;
+
+            Error error{};
+            Descriptor descriptor{};
+
+            DescriptorInfo descriptorInfo{};
+            descriptorInfo.width = nFrameWidth;
+            descriptorInfo.height = nFrameHeight;
+            descriptorInfo.layerCount = 1;
+            descriptorInfo.format = static_cast<Format>(format);
+            descriptorInfo.usage = usage | Usage(BufferUsage::CPU_READ_OFTEN);
+
+            gralloc.mMapper->createDescriptor(descriptorInfo,
+                    [&error, &descriptor](
+                        Error _s,
+                        const Descriptor& _n1) {
+                    error = _s;
+                    descriptor = _n1;
+                });
+            ASSERT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+
+            gralloc.mAllocator->allocate(
+                descriptor, 1,
+                [&](Error _s, uint32_t _n1,
+                    const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<
+                        ::android::hardware::hidl_handle>& _n2) {
+                    ASSERT_EQ(Error::NONE, _s);
+                    *nStride = _n1;
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.nativeHandle = _n2[0];
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.width = nFrameWidth;
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.height = nFrameHeight;
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.stride = _n1;
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.format =
+                        static_cast<PixelFormat>(descriptorInfo.format);
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage =
+                        static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorInfo.usage);
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.layerCount =
+                        descriptorInfo.layerCount;
+                    buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.id =
+                        (static_cast<uint64_t>(getpid()) << 32) |
+                        bufferIdCounter.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+                });
+        }, grallocVar);
 }
 
 // allocate buffers needed on a component port
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.h b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.h
index 1575ba2..ac077a3 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.h
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/common/media_hidl_test_common.h
@@ -22,6 +22,16 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <getopt.h>
+
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/2.0/IAllocator.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/allocator/3.0/IAllocator.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/common/1.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/common/1.1/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/common/1.2/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/2.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/IMapper.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/3.0/types.h>
 #include <media/stagefright/foundation/ALooper.h>
 #include <utils/Condition.h>
 #include <utils/List.h>
@@ -288,6 +298,36 @@
 /*
  * common functions declarations
  */
+struct GrallocV2 {
+    using Format = android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::PixelFormat;
+    using Usage = android::hardware::hidl_bitfield<
+            android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage>;
+
+    using IAllocator = android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V2_0::IAllocator;
+
+    using IMapper = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper;
+    using Error = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error;
+    using Descriptor = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::BufferDescriptor;
+    using YCbCrLayout = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::YCbCrLayout;
+    using DescriptorInfo = IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo;
+    using Rect = IMapper::Rect;
+};
+
+struct GrallocV3 {
+    using Format = android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::PixelFormat;
+    using Usage = android::hardware::hidl_bitfield<
+            android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2::BufferUsage>;
+
+    using IAllocator = android::hardware::graphics::allocator::V3_0::IAllocator;
+
+    using IMapper = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper;
+    using Error = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::Error;
+    using Descriptor = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::BufferDescriptor;
+    using YCbCrLayout = android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::YCbCrLayout;
+    using DescriptorInfo = IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo;
+    using Rect = IMapper::Rect;
+};
+
 Return<android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status> setRole(
     sp<IOmxNode> omxNode, const char* role);
 
@@ -368,7 +408,7 @@
    public:
     virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IOmx>(); }
 
-    ComponentTestEnvironment() : res("/sdcard/media/") {}
+    ComponentTestEnvironment() : res("/data/local/tmp/media/") {}
 
     void setComponent(const char* _component) { component = _component; }
 
diff --git a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoEncTest.cpp b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoEncTest.cpp
index a740a80..2280cee 100644
--- a/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoEncTest.cpp
+++ b/media/omx/1.0/vts/functional/video/VtsHalMediaOmxV1_0TargetVideoEncTest.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 #include <media_video_hidl_test_common.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
 #include <fstream>
+#include <variant>
 
 static ComponentTestEnvironment* gEnv = nullptr;
 
@@ -364,6 +365,61 @@
     return Void();
 };
 
+// Variant of mappers
+struct MapperV2 : public GrallocV2 {
+    sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+    MapperV2(sp<IMapper>&& mapper): mMapper{std::move(mapper)} {}
+    MapperV2() = default;
+    android::hardware::Return<void> lock(
+            void* buffer,
+            Usage usage,
+            const Rect& rect,
+            const android::hardware::hidl_handle& handle,
+            Error* error,
+            void** data) {
+        return mMapper->lock(buffer, usage, rect, handle,
+                             [error, data](Error e, void* d) {
+                                *error = e;
+                                *data = d;
+                             });
+    }
+};
+struct MapperV3 : public GrallocV3 {
+    sp<IMapper> mMapper;
+    MapperV3(sp<IMapper>&& mapper): mMapper{std::move(mapper)} {}
+    MapperV3() = default;
+    android::hardware::Return<void> lock(
+            void* buffer,
+            Usage usage,
+            const Rect& rect,
+            const android::hardware::hidl_handle& handle,
+            Error* error,
+            void** data) {
+        return mMapper->lock(buffer, usage, rect, handle,
+                             [error, data](Error e, void* d, int32_t, int32_t) {
+                                *error = e;
+                                *data = d;
+                             });
+    }
+};
+using MapperVar = std::variant<MapperV2, MapperV3>;
+// Initializes the MapperVar by trying services of different versions.
+bool initialize(MapperVar& mapperVar) {
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper> mapper3 =
+        android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V3_0::IMapper::getService();
+    if (mapper3) {
+        mapperVar.emplace<MapperV3>(std::move(mapper3));
+        return true;
+    }
+    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mapper2 =
+        android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
+    if (mapper2) {
+        mapperVar.emplace<MapperV2>(std::move(mapper2));
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 // request VOP refresh
 void requestIDR(sp<IOmxNode> omxNode, OMX_U32 portIndex) {
     android::hardware::media::omx::V1_0::Status status;
@@ -574,150 +630,166 @@
 
 int colorFormatConversion(BufferInfo* buffer, void* buff, PixelFormat format,
                           std::ifstream& eleStream) {
-    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mapper =
-        android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
-    EXPECT_NE(mapper.get(), nullptr);
-    if (mapper.get() == nullptr) return 1;
-
-    android::hardware::hidl_handle fence;
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::Rect rect;
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::YCbCrLayout ycbcrLayout;
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error error;
-    rect.left = 0;
-    rect.top = 0;
-    rect.width = buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.width;
-    rect.height = buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.height;
-
-    if (format == PixelFormat::YV12 || format == PixelFormat::YCRCB_420_SP ||
-        format == PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888) {
-        mapper->lockYCbCr(
-            buff, buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage, rect, fence,
-            [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _e,
-                android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::YCbCrLayout _n1) {
-                error = _e;
-                ycbcrLayout = _n1;
-            });
-        EXPECT_EQ(error,
-                  android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-        if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
-            return 1;
-
-        int size = ((rect.width * rect.height * 3) >> 1);
-        char* img = new char[size];
-        if (img == nullptr) return 1;
-        eleStream.read(img, size);
-        if (eleStream.gcount() != size) {
-            delete[] img;
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        char* imgTmp = img;
-        char* ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.y);
-        for (size_t y = rect.height; y > 0; --y) {
-            memcpy(ipBuffer, imgTmp, rect.width);
-            ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.yStride;
-            imgTmp += rect.width;
-        }
-
-        if (format == PixelFormat::YV12)
-            EXPECT_EQ(ycbcrLayout.chromaStep, 1U);
-        else if (format == PixelFormat::YCRCB_420_SP)
-            EXPECT_EQ(ycbcrLayout.chromaStep, 2U);
-
-        ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.cb);
-        for (size_t y = rect.height >> 1; y > 0; --y) {
-            for (int32_t x = 0; x < (rect.width >> 1); ++x) {
-                ipBuffer[ycbcrLayout.chromaStep * x] = *imgTmp++;
-            }
-            ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.cStride;
-        }
-        ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.cr);
-        for (size_t y = rect.height >> 1; y > 0; --y) {
-            for (int32_t x = 0; x < (rect.width >> 1); ++x) {
-                ipBuffer[ycbcrLayout.chromaStep * x] = *imgTmp++;
-            }
-            ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.cStride;
-        }
-
-        delete[] img;
-
-        mapper->unlock(buff,
-                       [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _e,
-                           android::hardware::hidl_handle _n1) {
-                           error = _e;
-                           fence = _n1;
-                       });
-        EXPECT_EQ(error,
-                  android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-        if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
-            return 1;
-    } else {
-        void* data;
-        mapper->lock(buff, buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage, rect, fence,
-                     [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _e,
-                         void* _n1) {
-                         error = _e;
-                         data = _n1;
-                     });
-        EXPECT_EQ(error,
-                  android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-        if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
-            return 1;
-
-        if (format == PixelFormat::BGRA_8888) {
-            char* ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(data);
-            for (size_t y = rect.height; y > 0; --y) {
-                eleStream.read(ipBuffer, rect.width * 4);
-                if (eleStream.gcount() != rect.width * 4) return 1;
-                ipBuffer += buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.stride * 4;
-            }
-        } else {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "un expected pixel format";
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        mapper->unlock(buff,
-                       [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _e,
-                           android::hardware::hidl_handle _n1) {
-                           error = _e;
-                           fence = _n1;
-                       });
-        EXPECT_EQ(error,
-                  android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-        if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
-            return 1;
+    MapperVar mapperVar;
+    if (!initialize(mapperVar)) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "failed to obtain mapper service";
+        return 1;
     }
 
-    return 0;
+    return std::visit([buffer, buff, format, &eleStream](auto&& mapper) -> int {
+            using Gralloc = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(mapper)>;
+            using Error = typename Gralloc::Error;
+            using Rect = typename Gralloc::Rect;
+            using Usage = typename Gralloc::Usage;
+            using YCbCrLayout = typename Gralloc::YCbCrLayout;
+
+            android::hardware::hidl_handle fence;
+            Rect rect;
+            YCbCrLayout ycbcrLayout;
+            Error error;
+            rect.left = 0;
+            rect.top = 0;
+            rect.width = buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.width;
+            rect.height = buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.height;
+
+            if (format == PixelFormat::YV12 || format == PixelFormat::YCRCB_420_SP ||
+                format == PixelFormat::YCBCR_420_888) {
+                mapper.mMapper->lockYCbCr(
+                        buff,
+                        static_cast<Usage>(
+                            buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage),
+                        rect,
+                        fence,
+                        [&](Error _e,
+                            const YCbCrLayout& _n1) {
+                            error = _e;
+                            ycbcrLayout = _n1;
+                        });
+                EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+                if (error != Error::NONE)
+                    return 1;
+
+                int size = ((rect.width * rect.height * 3) >> 1);
+                char* img = new char[size];
+                if (img == nullptr) return 1;
+                eleStream.read(img, size);
+                if (eleStream.gcount() != size) {
+                    delete[] img;
+                    return 1;
+                }
+
+                char* imgTmp = img;
+                char* ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.y);
+                for (size_t y = rect.height; y > 0; --y) {
+                    memcpy(ipBuffer, imgTmp, rect.width);
+                    ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.yStride;
+                    imgTmp += rect.width;
+                }
+
+                if (format == PixelFormat::YV12)
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ycbcrLayout.chromaStep, 1U);
+                else if (format == PixelFormat::YCRCB_420_SP)
+                    EXPECT_EQ(ycbcrLayout.chromaStep, 2U);
+
+                ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.cb);
+                for (size_t y = rect.height >> 1; y > 0; --y) {
+                    for (int32_t x = 0; x < (rect.width >> 1); ++x) {
+                        ipBuffer[ycbcrLayout.chromaStep * x] = *imgTmp++;
+                    }
+                    ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.cStride;
+                }
+                ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(ycbcrLayout.cr);
+                for (size_t y = rect.height >> 1; y > 0; --y) {
+                    for (int32_t x = 0; x < (rect.width >> 1); ++x) {
+                        ipBuffer[ycbcrLayout.chromaStep * x] = *imgTmp++;
+                    }
+                    ipBuffer += ycbcrLayout.cStride;
+                }
+
+                delete[] img;
+
+                mapper.mMapper->unlock(buff,
+                               [&](Error _e,
+                                   const android::hardware::hidl_handle& _n1) {
+                                   error = _e;
+                                   fence = _n1;
+                               });
+                EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+                if (error != Error::NONE)
+                    return 1;
+            } else {
+                void* data;
+                mapper.lock(
+                        buff,
+                        buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.usage,
+                        rect,
+                        fence,
+                        &error,
+                        &data);
+                EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+                if (error != Error::NONE)
+                    return 1;
+
+                if (format == PixelFormat::BGRA_8888) {
+                    char* ipBuffer = static_cast<char*>(data);
+                    for (size_t y = rect.height; y > 0; --y) {
+                        eleStream.read(ipBuffer, rect.width * 4);
+                        if (eleStream.gcount() != rect.width * 4) return 1;
+                        ipBuffer += buffer->omxBuffer.attr.anwBuffer.stride * 4;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "un expected pixel format";
+                    return 1;
+                }
+
+                mapper.mMapper->unlock(
+                        buff,
+                        [&](Error _e, const android::hardware::hidl_handle& _n1) {
+                            error = _e;
+                            fence = _n1;
+                        });
+                EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+                if (error != Error::NONE)
+                    return 1;
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }, mapperVar);
 }
 
 int fillGraphicBuffer(BufferInfo* buffer, PixelFormat format,
                       std::ifstream& eleStream) {
-    sp<android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper> mapper =
-        android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::IMapper::getService();
-    EXPECT_NE(mapper.get(), nullptr);
-    if (mapper.get() == nullptr) return 1;
-
-    void* buff = nullptr;
-    android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error error;
-    mapper->importBuffer(
-        buffer->omxBuffer.nativeHandle,
-        [&](android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error _e, void* _n1) {
-            error = _e;
-            buff = _n1;
-        });
-    EXPECT_EQ(error, android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-    if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
+    MapperVar mapperVar;
+    if (!initialize(mapperVar)) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "failed to obtain mapper service";
         return 1;
+    }
 
-    if (colorFormatConversion(buffer, buff, format, eleStream)) return 1;
+    return std::visit([buffer, format, &eleStream](auto&& mapper) -> int {
+            using Gralloc = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(mapper)>;
+            using Error = typename Gralloc::Error;
 
-    error = mapper->freeBuffer(buff);
-    EXPECT_EQ(error, android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE);
-    if (error != android::hardware::graphics::mapper::V2_0::Error::NONE)
-        return 1;
+            void* buff = nullptr;
+            Error error;
+            mapper.mMapper->importBuffer(
+                buffer->omxBuffer.nativeHandle,
+                [&](Error _e, void* _n1) {
+                    error = _e;
+                    buff = _n1;
+                });
+            EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+            if (error != Error::NONE)
+                return 1;
 
-    return 0;
+            if (colorFormatConversion(buffer, buff, format, eleStream)) return 1;
+
+            error = mapper.mMapper->freeBuffer(buff);
+            EXPECT_EQ(error, Error::NONE);
+            if (error != Error::NONE)
+                return 1;
+
+            return 0;
+        }, mapperVar);
 }
 
 int dispatchGraphicBuffer(sp<IOmxNode> omxNode,
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
index c1bf494..4909214 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.2/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
@@ -29,13 +29,14 @@
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.2/IPreparedModelCallback.h>
 #include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "1.2/Callbacks.h"
@@ -333,9 +334,9 @@
 
 void EvaluatePreparedModel(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const TestModel& testModel,
                            bool testDynamicOutputShape) {
-    std::initializer_list<OutputType> outputTypesList;
-    std::initializer_list<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList;
-    std::initializer_list<Executor> executorList;
+    std::vector<OutputType> outputTypesList;
+    std::vector<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList;
+    std::vector<Executor> executorList;
 
     if (testDynamicOutputShape) {
         outputTypesList = {OutputType::UNSPECIFIED, OutputType::INSUFFICIENT};
diff --git a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
index 3e947f5..f61240e 100644
--- a/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
+++ b/neuralnetworks/1.3/vts/functional/GeneratedTestHarness.cpp
@@ -34,13 +34,14 @@
 #include <android/hardware/neuralnetworks/1.3/types.h>
 #include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
 #include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMemory.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <numeric>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "1.0/Utils.h"
 #include "1.2/Callbacks.h"
@@ -368,9 +369,9 @@
 
 void EvaluatePreparedModel(const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedModel, const TestModel& testModel,
                            TestKind testKind) {
-    std::initializer_list<OutputType> outputTypesList;
-    std::initializer_list<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList;
-    std::initializer_list<Executor> executorList;
+    std::vector<OutputType> outputTypesList;
+    std::vector<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList;
+    std::vector<Executor> executorList;
 
     switch (testKind) {
         case TestKind::GENERAL: {
@@ -403,11 +404,9 @@
                                    const TestModel& testModel,
                                    const sp<IPreparedModel>& preparedCoupledModel,
                                    const TestModel& coupledModel) {
-    std::initializer_list<OutputType> outputTypesList = {OutputType::FULLY_SPECIFIED};
-    std::initializer_list<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList = {MeasureTiming::NO,
-                                                              MeasureTiming::YES};
-    std::initializer_list<Executor> executorList = {Executor::ASYNC, Executor::SYNC,
-                                                    Executor::BURST};
+    const std::vector<OutputType> outputTypesList = {OutputType::FULLY_SPECIFIED};
+    const std::vector<MeasureTiming> measureTimingList = {MeasureTiming::NO, MeasureTiming::YES};
+    const std::vector<Executor> executorList = {Executor::ASYNC, Executor::SYNC, Executor::BURST};
 
     for (const OutputType outputType : outputTypesList) {
         for (const MeasureTiming measureTiming : measureTimingList) {
diff --git a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 28d6bf6..90de347 100644
--- a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp"],
     static_libs: ["android.hardware.oemlock@1.0"],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 05462a8..bafe87d 100644
--- a/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/oemlock/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalOemLockV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 #include <android/hardware/oemlock/1.0/IOemLock.h>
-
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::IOemLock;
 using ::android::hardware::oemlock::V1_0::OemLockStatus;
@@ -25,22 +25,9 @@
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
 using ::android::sp;
 
-// Test environment for OemLock HIDL HAL.
-class OemLockHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static OemLockHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static OemLockHidlEnvironment* instance = new OemLockHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IOemLock>(); }
-};
-
-struct OemLockHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+struct OemLockHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        oemlock = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOemLock>(
-            OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOemLock>());
+        oemlock = IOemLock::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(oemlock, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -52,7 +39,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the name can be retrieved
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, GetName) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, GetName) {
     std::string name;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -72,7 +59,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the unlock allowed by device state can be queried
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByDevice) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByDevice) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -92,7 +79,7 @@
 /*
  * Check unlock allowed by device state can be toggled
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, AllowedByDeviceCanBeToggled) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, AllowedByDeviceCanBeToggled) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -129,7 +116,7 @@
 /*
  * Check the unlock allowed by device state can be queried
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByCarrier) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, QueryUnlockAllowedByCarrier) {
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
 
@@ -153,7 +140,7 @@
  * is a valid implementation so the test will pass. If there is no signature
  * required, the test will toggle the value.
  */
-TEST_F(OemLockHidlTest, CarrierUnlock) {
+TEST_P(OemLockHidlTest, CarrierUnlock) {
     const hidl_vec<uint8_t> noSignature = {};
     bool allowed;
     OemLockStatus status;
@@ -201,11 +188,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(allowed, originallyAllowed);
 };
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    OemLockHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, OemLockHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOemLock::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal b/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
index 74ec56d..62a2c61 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/IRadio.hal
@@ -16,8 +16,12 @@
 
 package android.hardware.radio@1.5;
 
+import @1.2::DataRequestReason;
 import @1.4::IRadio;
 import @1.5::AccessNetwork;
+import @1.5::DataProfileInfo;
+import @1.5::NetworkScanRequest;
+import @1.5::RadioAccessSpecifier;
 import @1.5::SignalThresholdInfo;
 
 /**
@@ -29,7 +33,6 @@
  * setResponseFunctions must work with @1.5::IRadioResponse and @1.5::IRadioIndication.
  */
 interface IRadio extends @1.4::IRadio {
-
     /**
      * Sets the signal strength reporting criteria.
      *
@@ -41,18 +44,181 @@
      * -EUTRAN   - RSRP/RSRQ/RSSNR
      * -NGRAN    - SSRSRP/SSRSRQ/SSSINR
      *
-     * Note: Reporting criteria must be individually set for each RAN. For any unset reporting
-     * criteria, the value is implementation-defined.
+     * Note: Reporting criteria must be individually set for each RAN. For each RAN, if none of
+     * reporting criteria of any measurement is set enabled
+     * (see @1.5::SignalThresholdInfo.isEnabled), the reporting criteria for this RAN is
+     * implementation-defined. For each RAN, if any of reporting criteria of any measure is set
+     * enabled, the reporting criteria of the other measures in this RAN are set disabled
+     * (see @1.5::SignalThresholdInfo.isEnabled) until they are set enabled.
      *
      * Response callback is
      * IRadioResponse.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteriaResponse_1_5()
      *
      * @param serial Serial number of request.
      * @param signalThresholdInfo Signal threshold info including the threshold values,
-     *                            hysteresisDb, and hysteresisMs. See @1.5::SignalThresholdInfo
-     *                            for details.
+     *                            hysteresisDb, hysteresisMs and isEnabled.
+     *                            See @1.5::SignalThresholdInfo for details.
      * @param accessNetwork The type of network for which to apply these thresholds.
      */
     oneway setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(int32_t serial,
             SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo, AccessNetwork accessNetwork);
+
+    /**
+     * Enable or disable UiccApplications on the SIM. If disabled:
+     *  - Modem will not register on any network.
+     *  - SIM must be PRESENT, and the IccId of the SIM must still be accessible.
+     *  - The corresponding modem stack is still functional, e.g. able to make emergency calls or
+     *    do network scan.
+     * By default if this API is not called, the uiccApplications must be enabled automatically.
+     * It must work for both single SIM and DSDS cases for UX consistency.
+     * The preference is per SIM, and must be remembered over power cycle, modem reboot, or SIM
+     * insertion / unplug.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param enable true if to enable uiccApplications, false to disable.
+
+     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.enableUiccApplicationsResponse()
+     */
+    oneway enableUiccApplications(int32_t serial, bool enable);
+
+    /**
+     * Whether uiccApplications are enabled, or disabled.
+     *
+     * By default uiccApplications must be enabled, unless enableUiccApplications() with enable
+     * being false is called.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     *
+     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.areUiccApplicationsEnabledResponse()
+     */
+    oneway areUiccApplicationsEnabled(int32_t serial);
+
+    /**
+     * Specify which bands modem's background scan must act on.
+     * If specifyChannels is true, it only scans bands specified in specifiers.
+     * If specifyChannels is false, it scans all bands.
+     *
+     * For example, CBRS is only on LTE band 48. By specifying this band,
+     * modem saves more power.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param specifyChannels whether to scan bands defined in specifiers.
+     * @param specifiers which bands to scan. Only used if specifyChannels is true.
+     *
+     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.setSystemSelectionChannelsResponse()
+     */
+    oneway setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5(int32_t serial, bool specifyChannels,
+            vec<RadioAccessSpecifier> specifiers);
+
+    /**
+     * Starts a network scan
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param request Defines the radio networks/bands/channels which need to be scanned.
+     *
+     * Same API as @1.4::IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_4, except using
+     * 1.5 version of NetworkScanRequest
+     */
+    oneway startNetworkScan_1_5(int32_t serial, NetworkScanRequest request);
+
+    /**
+     * Setup a packet data connection. If DataCallResponse.status returns DataCallFailCause:NONE,
+     * the data connection must be added to data calls and a unsolDataCallListChanged() must be
+     * sent. The call remains until removed by subsequent unsolDataCallIstChanged(). It may be
+     * lost due to many factors, including deactivateDataCall() being issued, the radio powered
+     * off, reception lost or even transient factors like congestion. This data call list is
+     * returned by getDataCallList() and dataCallListChanged().
+     *
+     * The Radio is expected to:
+     *   - Create one data call context.
+     *   - Create and configure a dedicated interface for the context.
+     *   - The interface must be point to point.
+     *   - The interface is configured with one or more addresses and is capable of sending and
+     *     receiving packets. The prefix length of the addresses must be /32 for IPv4 and /128
+     *     for IPv6.
+     *   - Must not modify routing configuration related to this interface; routing management is
+     *     exclusively within the purview of the Android OS.
+     *   - Support simultaneous data call contexts up to DataRegStateResult.maxDataCalls specified
+     *     in the response of getDataRegistrationState.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param accessNetwork The access network to setup the data call. If the data connection cannot
+     *     be established on the specified access network, the setup request must be failed.
+     * @param dataProfileInfo Data profile info.
+     * @param roamingAllowed Indicates whether or not data roaming is allowed by the user.
+     * @param reason The request reason. Must be DataRequestReason.NORMAL or
+     *     DataRequestReason.HANDOVER.
+     * @param addresses If the reason is DataRequestReason.HANDOVER, this indicates the list of link
+     *     addresses of the existing data connection. The format is IP address with optional "/"
+     *     prefix length (The format is defined in RFC-4291 section 2.3). For example, "192.0.1.3",
+     *     "192.0.1.11/16", or "2001:db8::1/64". Typically one IPv4 or one IPv6 or one of each. If
+     *     the prefix length is absent, then the addresses are assumed to be point to point with
+     *     IPv4 with prefix length 32 or IPv6 with prefix length 128. This parameter must be ignored
+     *     unless reason is DataRequestReason.HANDOVER.
+     * @param dnses If the reason is DataRequestReason.HANDOVER, this indicates the list of DNS
+     *     addresses of the existing data connection. The format is defined in RFC-4291 section
+     *     2.2. For example, "192.0.1.3" or "2001:db8::1". This parameter must be ignored unless
+     *     reason is DataRequestReason.HANDOVER.
+     *
+     * Response function is IRadioResponse.setupDataCallResponse_1_5()
+     *
+     * Note this API is the same as the 1.4 version except using the
+     * 1.5 AccessNetwork and DataProfileInto as the input param.
+     */
+    oneway setupDataCall_1_5(int32_t serial, AccessNetwork accessNetwork,
+            DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo, bool roamingAllowed,
+            DataRequestReason reason, vec<string> addresses, vec<string> dnses);
+
+    /**
+     * Set an apn to initial attach network
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param dataProfileInfo data profile containing APN settings
+     *
+     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.setInitialAttachApnResponse_1_5()
+     *
+     * Note this API is the same as the 1.4 version except using the 1.5 DataProfileInfo
+     * as the input param.
+     */
+    oneway setInitialAttachApn_1_5(int32_t serial, DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Send data profiles of the current carrier to the modem.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param profiles Array of DataProfile to set.
+     *
+     * Response callback is IRadioResponse.setDataProfileResponse_1_5()
+     *
+     * Note this API is the same as the 1.4 version except using the 1.5 DataProfileInfo
+     * as the input param.
+     */
+    oneway setDataProfile_1_5(int32_t serial, vec<DataProfileInfo> profiles);
+
+    /**
+     * Toggle radio on and off (for "airplane" mode)
+     * If the radio is turned off/on the radio modem subsystem
+     * is expected return to an initialized state. For instance,
+     * any voice and data calls must be terminated and all associated
+     * lists emptied.
+     *
+     * When setting radio power on to exit from airplane mode to place an emergency call on this
+     * logical modem, powerOn, forEmergencyCall and preferredForEmergencyCall must be true. In
+     * this case, this modem is optimized to scan only emergency call bands, until:
+     * 1) Emergency call is completed; or
+     * 2) Another setRadioPower_1_5 is issued with forEmergencyCall being false or
+     * preferredForEmergencyCall being false; or
+     * 3) Timeout after a long period of time.
+     *
+     * @param serial Serial number of request.
+     * @param powerOn To turn on radio -> on = true, to turn off radio -> on = false.
+     * @param forEmergencyCall To indication to radio if this request is due to emergency call.
+     *      No effect if powerOn is false.
+     * @param preferredForEmergencyCall indicate whether the following emergency call will be sent
+     *      on this modem or not. No effect if forEmergencyCall is false, or powerOn is false.
+     *
+     * Response callback is IRadioConfigResponse. setRadioPowerResponse_1_5.
+     */
+    oneway setRadioPower_1_5(int32_t serial, bool powerOn, bool forEmergencyCall,
+            bool preferredForEmergencyCall);
 };
diff --git a/radio/1.5/IRadioIndication.hal b/radio/1.5/IRadioIndication.hal
index d488404..81452ab 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/IRadioIndication.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/IRadioIndication.hal
@@ -23,4 +23,11 @@
  * Interface declaring unsolicited radio indications.
  */
 interface IRadioIndication extends @1.4::IRadioIndication {
+    /**
+     * Report change of whether uiccApplications are enabled, or disabled.
+     *
+     * @param type Type of radio indication
+     * @param enabled whether uiccApplications are enabled, or disabled
+     */
+    oneway uiccApplicationsEnablementChanged(RadioIndicationType type, bool enabled);
 };
diff --git a/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal b/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
index 91dc1e0..7a0bc57 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/IRadioResponse.hal
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import @1.0::RadioResponseInfo;
 import @1.4::IRadioResponse;
+import @1.4::SetupDataCallResult;
 
 /**
  * Interface declaring response functions to solicited radio requests.
@@ -32,4 +33,116 @@
      *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
      */
     oneway setSignalStrengthReportingCriteriaResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:BUSY
+     */
+    oneway enableUiccApplicationsResponse(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     * @param enabled whether Uicc applications are enabled.
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     */
+    oneway areUiccApplicationsEnabledResponse(RadioResponseInfo info, bool enabled);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
+     */
+    oneway setSystemSelectionChannelsResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:DEVICE_IN_USE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:MODEM_ERR
+     *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
+     */
+    oneway startNetworkScanResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     * @param dcResponse SetupDataCallResult defined in types.hal
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE must be returned on both success and failure of setup with the
+     *              DataCallResponse.status containing the actual status
+     *              For all other errors the DataCallResponse is ignored.
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:OP_NOT_ALLOWED_BEFORE_REG_TO_NW
+     *   RadioError:OP_NOT_ALLOWED_DURING_VOICE_CALL
+     *   RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED
+     *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
+     *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     */
+    oneway setupDataCallResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info, SetupDataCallResult dcResponse);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:SUBSCRIPTION_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:NO_MEMORY
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:SYSTEM_ERR
+     *   RadioError:MODEM_ERR
+     *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
+     *   RadioError:NOT_PROVISIONED
+     *   RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED
+     *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
+     *   RadioError:CANCELLED
+     */
+    oneway setInitialAttachApnResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:SUBSCRIPTION_NOT_AVAILABLE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:NO_MEMORY
+     *   RadioError:NO_RESOURCES
+     *   RadioError:CANCELLED
+     *   RadioError:REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED
+     *   RadioError:SIM_ABSENT
+     */
+    oneway setDataProfileResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
+
+    /**
+     * @param info Response info struct containing response type, serial no. and error
+     *
+     * Valid errors returned:
+     *   RadioError:NONE
+     *   RadioError:INTERNAL_ERR
+     *   RadioError:INVALID_ARGUMENTS
+     */
+    oneway setRadioPowerResponse_1_5(RadioResponseInfo info);
 };
diff --git a/radio/1.5/types.hal b/radio/1.5/types.hal
index 2441b65..5795f7b 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/types.hal
+++ b/radio/1.5/types.hal
@@ -16,7 +16,16 @@
 
 package android.hardware.radio@1.5;
 
+import @1.1::EutranBands;
+import @1.1::GeranBands;
+import @1.1::RadioAccessNetworks;
+import @1.1::RadioAccessSpecifier;
+import @1.1::ScanType;
+import @1.1::UtranBands;
+import @1.2::NetworkScanRequest;
 import @1.4::AccessNetwork;
+import @1.4::ApnTypes;
+import @1.4::DataProfileInfo;
 
 /**
  * Defining signal strength type.
@@ -106,6 +115,15 @@
      * A vector size of 0 disables the use of thresholds for reporting.
      */
     vec<int32_t> thresholds;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether the reporting criteria of the corresponding measurement is enabled
+     * (isEnabled==true) or disabled (isEnabled==false).
+     *
+     * If enabled, modem must trigger the report based on the criteria.
+     * If disabled, modem must not trigger the report based on the criteria.
+     */
+    bool isEnabled;
 };
 
 enum AccessNetwork : @1.4::AccessNetwork {
@@ -114,3 +132,160 @@
      */
     NGRAN = 6,
 };
+
+enum RadioAccessNetworks : @1.1::RadioAccessNetworks {
+    NGRAN = 4,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Overwritten from @1.1::RadioAccessSpecifier to add NGRAN and NgranBands
+ */
+struct RadioAccessSpecifier {
+    /**
+     * The type of network to scan.
+     */
+    RadioAccessNetworks radioAccessNetwork;
+
+    /**
+     * The frequency bands to scan.
+     * Maximum length of the vector is 8.
+     */
+    safe_union Bands {
+        /** Valid only if radioAccessNetwork = GERAN. */
+        vec<GeranBands> geranBands;
+        /** Valid only if radioAccessNetwork = UTRAN. */
+        vec<UtranBands> utranBands;
+        /** Valid only if radioAccessNetwork = EUTRAN. */
+        vec<EutranBands> eutranBands;
+        /** Valid only if radioAccessNetwork = NGRAN. */
+        vec<NgranBands> ngranBands;
+    } bands;
+
+    /**
+     * The radio channels to scan as defined in 3GPP TS 25.101 and 36.101.
+     * Maximum length of the vector is 32.
+     */
+    vec<int32_t> channels;
+};
+
+enum NgranBands : int32_t {
+    /** 3GPP TS 38.101-1, Table 5.2-1: FR1 bands */
+    BAND_1 = 1,
+    BAND_2 = 2,
+    BAND_3 = 3,
+    BAND_5 = 5,
+    BAND_7 = 7,
+    BAND_8 = 8,
+    BAND_12 = 12,
+    BAND_14 = 14,
+    BAND_18 = 18,
+    BAND_20 = 20,
+    BAND_25 = 25,
+    BAND_28 = 28,
+    BAND_29 = 29,
+    BAND_30 = 30,
+    BAND_34 = 34,
+    BAND_38 = 38,
+    BAND_39 = 39,
+    BAND_40 = 40,
+    BAND_41 = 41,
+    BAND_48 = 48,
+    BAND_50 = 50,
+    BAND_51 = 51,
+    BAND_65 = 65,
+    BAND_66 = 66,
+    BAND_70 = 70,
+    BAND_71 = 71,
+    BAND_74 = 74,
+    BAND_75 = 75,
+    BAND_76 = 76,
+    BAND_77 = 77,
+    BAND_78 = 78,
+    BAND_79 = 79,
+    BAND_80 = 80,
+    BAND_81 = 81,
+    BAND_82 = 82,
+    BAND_83 = 83,
+    BAND_84 = 84,
+    BAND_86 = 86,
+    BAND_90 = 90,
+    /** 3GPP TS 38.101-2, Table 5.2-1: FR2 bands */
+    BAND_257 = 257,
+    BAND_258 = 258,
+    BAND_260 = 260,
+    BAND_261 = 261,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Overwritten from @1.2::NetworkScanRequest to update
+ * RadioAccessSpecifier to 1.5 version
+ */
+struct NetworkScanRequest {
+    ScanType type;
+
+    /**
+     * Time interval in seconds between the completion of one scan and the start of
+     * a subsequent scan.
+     * Implementations may ignore this field unless the 'type' is 'PERIODIC'.
+     * Range: ScanIntervalRange:MIN to ScanIntervalRange:MAX
+     */
+    int32_t interval;
+
+    /**
+     * Networks with bands/channels to scan
+     * Maximum length of the vector is RadioConst:RADIO_ACCESS_SPECIFIER_MAX_SIZE
+     */
+    vec<RadioAccessSpecifier> specifiers;
+
+    /**
+     * Maximum duration of the periodic search (in seconds).
+     * If the search lasts maxSearchTime, it must be terminated.
+     * Range: MaxSearchTimeRange:MIN to MaxSearchTimeRange:MAX
+     */
+    int32_t maxSearchTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates whether the modem must report incremental results of the network scan
+     * to the client.
+     * FALSE – Incremental results must not be reported.
+     * TRUE  – Incremental must be reported.
+     */
+    bool incrementalResults;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the periodicity with which the modem must report incremental results to
+     * the client (in seconds).
+     * Implementations may ignore this value if the incremental results are not requested.
+     * This value must be less than or equal to maxSearchTime.
+     * Range: IncrementalResultsPeriodicityRange:MIN to IncrementalResultsPeriodicityRange:MAX
+     */
+    int32_t incrementalResultsPeriodicity;
+
+    /**
+     * Describes the List of PLMN ids (MCC-MNC)
+     * If any PLMN of this list is found, search must end at that point and results with all
+     * PLMN found until that point should be sent as response.
+     * If the list is not sent, search to be completed until end and all PLMNs found to be
+     * reported.
+     */
+    vec<string> mccMncs;
+};
+
+enum ApnTypes : @1.4::ApnTypes {
+    /**
+     * APN type for XCAP
+     * NOTE: Due to the addition of this new value, the value ALL defined in
+     * 1.0::ApnTypes is deprecated and should not be used.
+     */
+    XCAP = 1 << 11,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extended from @1.4::DataProfileInfo to update ApnTypes to 1.5 version
+ */
+struct DataProfileInfo {
+    @1.4::DataProfileInfo base;
+
+    /** Supported APN types bitmap. See ApnTypes for the value of each bit. */
+    bitfield<ApnTypes> supportedApnTypesBitmap;
+};
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
index b72febd..5f11d19 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/VtsHalRadioV1_5TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
     int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
     LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
     return status;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
index d173411..d05d2cb 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_api.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 10;  // hysteresisDb too large given threshold list deltas
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-109, -103, -97, -89};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.signalMeasurement = SignalMeasurementType::RSSI;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 0;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 0;
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
@@ -76,6 +78,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-109, -103, -97, -89};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::GERAN);
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-110, -97, -73, -49, -25};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::UTRAN);
@@ -124,6 +128,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-128, -108, -88, -68};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
@@ -148,6 +153,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-27, -20, -13, -6};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
@@ -172,6 +178,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-10, 0, 10, 20};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
@@ -192,6 +199,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-105, -90, -75, -65};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::CDMA2000);
@@ -216,6 +224,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 0;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-105, -90, -75, -65};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::NGRAN);
@@ -240,6 +249,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 0;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-15, -10, -5, -4};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::NGRAN);
@@ -254,6 +264,27 @@
 }
 
 /*
+ * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for EUTRAN
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_Disable_RSSNR) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::SignalThresholdInfo signalThresholdInfo;
+    signalThresholdInfo.signalMeasurement = SignalMeasurementType::RSSNR;
+    signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
+    signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 2;
+    signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-10, 0, 10, 20};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = false;
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
+            serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+}
+
+/*
  * Test IRadio.setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5() for NGRAN_SSSINR
  */
 TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5_NGRAN_SSSINR) {
@@ -264,6 +295,7 @@
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisMs = 5000;
     signalThresholdInfo.hysteresisDb = 0;
     signalThresholdInfo.thresholds = {-10, 3, 16, 18};
+    signalThresholdInfo.isEnabled = true;
 
     Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSignalStrengthReportingCriteria_1_5(
             serial, signalThresholdInfo, ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::NGRAN);
@@ -276,3 +308,681 @@
           toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
     ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::NONE}));
 }
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
+ * For SIM ABSENT case.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimAbsent) {
+    // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState != CardState::ABSENT) return;
+
+    // Disable Uicc applications.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->enableUiccApplications(serial, false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is absent, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT should be thrown.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+
+    // Query Uicc application enablement.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is absent, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT should be thrown.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.enableUiccApplications() for the response returned.
+ * For SIM PRESENT case.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, togglingUiccApplicationsSimPresent) {
+    // This test case only test SIM ABSENT case.
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState != CardState::PRESENT) return;
+
+    // Disable Uicc applications.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->enableUiccApplications(serial, false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is present, there shouldn't be error.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+
+    // Query Uicc application enablement.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is present, there shouldn't be error.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(radioRsp_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled);
+
+    // Enable Uicc applications.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->enableUiccApplications(serial, true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is present, there shouldn't be error.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+
+    // Query Uicc application enablement.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    // As SIM is present, there shouldn't be error.
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(radioRsp_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.areUiccApplicationsEnabled() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, areUiccApplicationsEnabled) {
+    // Disable Uicc applications.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->areUiccApplicationsEnabled(serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    // If SIM is absent, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT should be thrown. Otherwise there shouldn't be any
+    // error.
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5(serial, true, {specifier});
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("setSystemSelectionChannels, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+            radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+            {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE, RadioError::INTERNAL_ERR}));
+
+    if (radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error == RadioError::NONE) {
+        serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+        Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setSystemSelectionChannels_1_5(serial, false, {specifier});
+        ASSERT_OK(res);
+        EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+        EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+        EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+        ALOGI("setSystemSelectionChannels, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+              toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+        EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 60,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 1};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan, rspInfo.error = %s\n", toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error, {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        // OPERATION_NOT_ALLOWED should not be allowed; however, some vendors do
+        // not support the required manual GSM search functionality. This is
+        // tracked in b/112206766. Modems have "GSM" rat scan need to
+        // support scanning requests combined with some parameters.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::OPERATION_NOT_ALLOWED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid specifier.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {.type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+                                                                    .interval = 60};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidArgument, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid interval (lower boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 4,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 60,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 1};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid interval (upper boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 301,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 60,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 1};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidInterval2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid max search time (lower boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 59,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 1};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid max search time (upper boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 3601,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 1};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidMaxSearchTime2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid periodicity (lower boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 600,
+            .incrementalResults = true,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 0};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with invalid periodicity (upper boundary).
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 600,
+            .incrementalResults = true,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 11};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_InvalidPeriodicity2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(
+                radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                {RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS, RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with valid periodicity
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 360,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 10};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_GoodRequest1, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
+                                      RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.startNetworkScan_1_5() with valid periodicity and plmns
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier::Bands rasBands;
+    rasBands.geranBands() = {GeranBands::BAND_450, GeranBands::BAND_480};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessSpecifier specifier = {
+            .radioAccessNetwork = ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::RadioAccessNetworks::GERAN,
+            .bands = rasBands,
+            .channels = {1, 2}};
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::NetworkScanRequest request = {
+            .type = ScanType::ONE_SHOT,
+            .interval = 60,
+            .specifiers = {specifier},
+            .maxSearchTime = 360,
+            .incrementalResults = false,
+            .incrementalResultsPeriodicity = 10,
+            .mccMncs = {"310410"}};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->startNetworkScan_1_5(serial, request);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    ALOGI("startNetworkScan_GoodRequest2, rspInfo.error = %s\n",
+          toString(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error).c_str());
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::SIM_ABSENT}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::INVALID_ARGUMENTS,
+                                      RadioError::REQUEST_NOT_SUPPORTED}));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test IRadio.setupDataCall_1_5() for the response returned.
+ */
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setupDataCall_1_5) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork accessNetwork =
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::AccessNetwork::EUTRAN;
+
+    android::hardware::radio::V1_5::DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
+    memset(&dataProfileInfo, 0, sizeof(dataProfileInfo));
+    dataProfileInfo.base.profileId = DataProfileId::DEFAULT;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.apn = hidl_string("internet");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.protocol = PdpProtocolType::IP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.roamingProtocol = PdpProtocolType::IP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.authType = ApnAuthType::NO_PAP_NO_CHAP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.user = hidl_string("username");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.password = hidl_string("password");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.type = DataProfileInfoType::THREE_GPP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConnsTime = 300;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConns = 20;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.waitTime = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.enabled = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.supportedApnTypesBitmap = 320;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.bearerBitmap = 161543;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.mtu = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.preferred = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.persistent = false;
+
+    bool roamingAllowed = false;
+
+    ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason reason =
+            ::android::hardware::radio::V1_2::DataRequestReason::NORMAL;
+    std::vector<hidl_string> addresses = {""};
+    std::vector<hidl_string> dnses = {""};
+
+    Return<void> res = radio_v1_5->setupDataCall_1_5(serial, accessNetwork, dataProfileInfo,
+                                                     roamingAllowed, reason, addresses, dnses);
+    ASSERT_OK(res);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE,
+                                      RadioError::OP_NOT_ALLOWED_BEFORE_REG_TO_NW}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE,
+                                      RadioError::OP_NOT_ALLOWED_BEFORE_REG_TO_NW}));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setInitialAttachApn_1_5) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    // Create a dataProfileInfo
+    android::hardware::radio::V1_5::DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
+    memset(&dataProfileInfo, 0, sizeof(dataProfileInfo));
+    dataProfileInfo.base.profileId = DataProfileId::DEFAULT;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.apn = hidl_string("internet");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.protocol = PdpProtocolType::IPV4V6;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.roamingProtocol = PdpProtocolType::IPV4V6;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.authType = ApnAuthType::NO_PAP_NO_CHAP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.user = hidl_string("username");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.password = hidl_string("password");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.type = DataProfileInfoType::THREE_GPP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConnsTime = 300;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConns = 20;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.waitTime = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.enabled = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.supportedApnTypesBitmap = 320;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.bearerBitmap = 161543;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.mtu = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.preferred = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.persistent = false;
+
+    radio_v1_5->setInitialAttachApn_1_5(serial, dataProfileInfo);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setDataProfile_1_5) {
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+
+    // Create a dataProfileInfo
+    android::hardware::radio::V1_5::DataProfileInfo dataProfileInfo;
+    memset(&dataProfileInfo, 0, sizeof(dataProfileInfo));
+    dataProfileInfo.base.profileId = DataProfileId::DEFAULT;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.apn = hidl_string("internet");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.protocol = PdpProtocolType::IPV4V6;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.roamingProtocol = PdpProtocolType::IPV4V6;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.authType = ApnAuthType::NO_PAP_NO_CHAP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.user = hidl_string("username");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.password = hidl_string("password");
+    dataProfileInfo.base.type = DataProfileInfoType::THREE_GPP;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConnsTime = 300;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.maxConns = 20;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.waitTime = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.enabled = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.supportedApnTypesBitmap = 320;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.bearerBitmap = 161543;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.mtu = 0;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.preferred = true;
+    dataProfileInfo.base.persistent = true;
+
+    // Create a dataProfileInfoList
+    android::hardware::hidl_vec<android::hardware::radio::V1_5::DataProfileInfo>
+            dataProfileInfoList = {dataProfileInfo};
+
+    radio_v1_5->setDataProfile_1_5(serial, dataProfileInfoList);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+
+    if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::ABSENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::SIM_ABSENT, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    } else if (cardStatus.base.base.cardState == CardState::PRESENT) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CheckAnyOfErrors(radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error,
+                                     {RadioError::NONE, RadioError::RADIO_NOT_AVAILABLE}));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RadioHidlTest_v1_5, setRadioPower_1_5_emergencyCall_cancalled) {
+    // Set radio power to off.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->setRadioPower_1_5(serial, false, false, false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+
+    // Set radio power to on with forEmergencyCall being true. This should put modem to only scan
+    // emergency call bands.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->setRadioPower_1_5(serial, true, true, true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+
+    // Set radio power to on with forEmergencyCall being false. This should put modem in regular
+    // operation modem.
+    serial = GetRandomSerialNumber();
+    radio_v1_5->setRadioPower_1_5(serial, true, false, false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, wait());
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioResponseType::SOLICITED, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.type);
+    EXPECT_EQ(serial, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.serial);
+    EXPECT_EQ(RadioError::NONE, radioRsp_v1_5->rspInfo.error);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
index 683fdfc..c2ee94e 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_utils_v1_5.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 class RadioHidlTest_v1_5;
 extern ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::CardStatus cardStatus;
 
-/* Callback class for radio respons v1_5 */
+/* Callback class for radio response v1_5 */
 class RadioResponse_v1_5 : public ::android::hardware::radio::V1_5::IRadioResponse {
   protected:
     RadioHidlTest_v1_5& parent_v1_5;
@@ -80,6 +80,12 @@
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::CarrierRestrictionsWithPriority carrierRestrictionsResp;
     ::android::hardware::radio::V1_4::SimLockMultiSimPolicy multiSimPolicyResp;
 
+    // Whether toggling uicc applications operation is supported.
+    bool canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement;
+
+    // Whether Uicc applications are enabled or not.
+    bool areUiccApplicationsEnabled;
+
     RadioResponse_v1_5(RadioHidlTest_v1_5& parent_v1_5);
     virtual ~RadioResponse_v1_5() = default;
 
@@ -524,6 +530,27 @@
 
     /* 1.5 Api */
     Return<void> setSignalStrengthReportingCriteriaResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> enableUiccApplicationsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> areUiccApplicationsEnabledResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info, bool enabled);
+
+    Return<void> canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablementResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+                                                             bool canToggle);
+
+    Return<void> setSystemSelectionChannelsResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> startNetworkScanResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> setupDataCallResponse_1_5(
+            const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+            const android::hardware::radio::V1_4::SetupDataCallResult& dcResponse);
+
+    Return<void> setInitialAttachApnResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> setDataProfileResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
+
+    Return<void> setRadioPowerResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info);
 };
 
 /* Callback class for radio indication */
@@ -535,6 +562,9 @@
     RadioIndication_v1_5(RadioHidlTest_v1_5& parent_v1_5);
     virtual ~RadioIndication_v1_5() = default;
 
+    /* 1.5 Api */
+    Return<void> uiccApplicationsEnablementChanged(RadioIndicationType type, bool enabled);
+
     /* 1.4 Api */
     Return<void> currentEmergencyNumberList(
             RadioIndicationType type,
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
index b63b745..acffbbe 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_indication.cpp
@@ -328,3 +328,8 @@
                                               const ::android::hardware::hidl_string& /*reason*/) {
     return Void();
 }
+
+Return<void> RadioIndication_v1_5::uiccApplicationsEnablementChanged(RadioIndicationType /*type*/,
+                                                                     bool /*enabled*/) {
+    return Void();
+}
diff --git a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
index 29a9250..8932a64 100644
--- a/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.5/vts/functional/radio_response.cpp
@@ -892,4 +892,65 @@
     rspInfo = info;
     parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
     return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::enableUiccApplicationsResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::areUiccApplicationsEnabledResponse(const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+                                                                    bool enabled) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    areUiccApplicationsEnabled = enabled;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablementResponse(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info, bool canToggle) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    canToggleUiccApplicationsEnablement = canToggle;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::setSystemSelectionChannelsResponse_1_5(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::startNetworkScanResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::setupDataCallResponse_1_5(
+        const RadioResponseInfo& info,
+        const android::hardware::radio::V1_4::SetupDataCallResult& /* dcResponse */) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::setInitialAttachApnResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::setDataProfileResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
+}
+
+Return<void> RadioResponse_v1_5::setRadioPowerResponse_1_5(const RadioResponseInfo& info) {
+    rspInfo = info;
+    parent_v1_5.notify(info.serial);
+    return Void();
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 87e62f1..e3716e0 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@
         "android.hardware.renderscript@1.0",
         "libnativewindow",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
index f47253f..3040cbf 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple1DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple1DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple2DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple2DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple3DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple3DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleBitmapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleBitmapTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy2DRangeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy2DRangeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy3DRangeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy3DRangeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleAdapterTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleAdapterTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleMipmapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleMipmapTest) {
     // uint8_t
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleCubemapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleCubemapTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
  * typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped, allocationElementWrite,
  * allocationElementRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ComplexElementTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ComplexElementTest) {
     Element element1 = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element1);
 
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 0636cf9..5e5776c 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 
 // The main test class for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
 void RenderscriptHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDevice>(
-        RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IDevice>());
+    device = IDevice::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, device.get());
 
     uint32_t version = 0;
@@ -35,11 +34,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, RenderscriptHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
index e11ab92..b7dbed4 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
-#define VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
+#pragma once
 
 #define LOG_TAG "renderscript_hidl_hal_test"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -24,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/renderscript/1.0/IDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/renderscript/1.0/types.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::renderscript::V1_0::Allocation;
 using ::android::hardware::renderscript::V1_0::AllocationAdapter;
@@ -89,8 +88,8 @@
 extern const int bitCodeLength;
 
 // The main test class for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
-class RenderscriptHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-public:
+class RenderscriptHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
     virtual void TearDown() override;
 
@@ -99,17 +98,3 @@
 private:
     sp<IDevice>    device;
 };
-
-// Test environment for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
-class RenderscriptHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RenderscriptHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RenderscriptHidlEnvironment* instance = new RenderscriptHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IDevice>(); }
-};
-
-#endif // VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
index 278dbf3..c66ddea 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
  *
  * Calls: getService<IDevice>, contextCreate, contextDestroy
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextCreateAndDestroy) {}
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextCreateAndDestroy) {}
 
 /*
  * Create an Element and verify the return value is valid.
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementCreate) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementCreate) {
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     EXPECT_NE(Element(0), element);
 }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped, allocationGetType
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementTypeAllocationCreate) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementTypeAllocationCreate) {
     // Element create test
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, elementGetNativeMetadata,
  * typeGetNativeMetadata
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, MetadataTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, MetadataTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocationGetPointer, allocationResize1D
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ResizeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ResizeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
  * allocationGetNativeWindow, allocationSetNativeWindow, allocationIoSend,
  * allocationIoReceive, allocation2DRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, NativeWindowIoTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, NativeWindowIoTest) {
     // uint8x4
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 4);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
  * allocation2DWrite, allocation2DRead, allocationIoSend,
  * allocationIoReceive
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, BufferQueueTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, BufferQueueTest) {
     // uint8x4
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 4);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
  * Calls: contextInitToClient, contextSendMessage, contextPeekMessage,
  * contextGetMessage, contextDeinitToClient, contextLog
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextMessageTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextMessageTest) {
     context->contextInitToClient();
 
     const char * message = "correct";
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
  * Calls: contextSetPriority, contextSetCacheDir, elementCreate, assignName,
  * contextFinish, getName, objDestroy, samplerCreate
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, MiscellaneousTests) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, MiscellaneousTests) {
     context->contextSetPriority(ThreadPriorities::NORMAL);
     context->contextSetCacheDir("/data/local/tmp/temp/");
 
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
index 8d24cfa..9607267 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate, scriptIntrinsicCreate, scriptSetTimeZone
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, IntrinsicTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, IntrinsicTest) {
     // uint8
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     EXPECT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
  * scriptSetVarF, scriptSetVarD, elementCreate, typeCreate,
  * allocationCreateTyped, scriptSetVarObj, scriptSetVarV, scriptSetVarVE
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptVarTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptVarTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, scriptInvoke, scriptGetVarV, scriptInvokeV
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptInvokeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptInvokeTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptForEach, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptForEachTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptForEachTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptReduce, contextFinish, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptReduceTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptReduceTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptBindAllocation, scriptSetVarV, scriptBindAllocation,
  * allocationRead, scriptInvokeV, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptBindTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptBindTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
  * scriptGroupCreate, scriptGroupSetInput, scriptGroupSetOutput,
  * scriptGroupExecute, contextFinish, allocation2DRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroupTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroupTest) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> dataIn(256 * 256 * 4, 128), dataOut(256 * 256 * 4, 0),
         zeros(256 * 256 * 4, 0);
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> _dataIn, _dataOut;
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
  * invokeClosureCreate, closureCreate, closureSetGlobal, scriptGroup2Create,
  * scriptGroupExecute, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2Test) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2Test) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptKernelIDCreate, closureCreate, closureSetArg,
  * scriptGroup2Create, scriptGroupExecute, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2KernelTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2KernelTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
diff --git a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 2b2b73e..6dbd027 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 671923a..93ffd05 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/secure_element/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/ISecureElement.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/ISecureElementHalCallback.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_0::ISecureElement;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_0::ISecureElementHalCallback;
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Return;
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::sp;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 #define DATA_APDU \
     { 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }
@@ -63,30 +63,11 @@
     };
 };
 
-class SecureElementHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* instance = new SecureElementHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ISecureElement>(); }
-
-   private:
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SecureElementHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName =
-            SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ISecureElement>("eSE1");
-        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
-        ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        se_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ISecureElement>(serviceName);
+        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << GetParam();
+        se_ = ISecureElement::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(se_, nullptr);
 
         se_cb_ = new SecureElementHalCallback();
@@ -105,7 +86,7 @@
  * isCardPresent:
  * Expects the card to be present
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(se_->isCardPresent());
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +94,7 @@
  * transmit:
  * Check status word in the response
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, transmit) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, transmit) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     LogicalChannelResponse response;
@@ -153,7 +134,7 @@
  * If the secure element allows opening of basic channel:
  *  open channel, check the length of selectResponse and close the channel
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, openBasicChannel) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, openBasicChannel) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     std::vector<uint8_t> response;
@@ -179,7 +160,7 @@
 /*
  * GetATR
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, getAtr) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, getAtr) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> atr;
     se_->getAtr([&atr](std::vector<uint8_t> atrReturned) {
         atr.resize(atrReturned.size());
@@ -200,7 +181,7 @@
  * Check status
  * Close Channel
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, openCloseLogicalChannel) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, openCloseLogicalChannel) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> aid = ANDROID_TEST_AID;
     SecureElementStatus statusReturned;
     LogicalChannelResponse response;
@@ -223,10 +204,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(SecureElementStatus::SUCCESS, se_->closeChannel(response.channelNumber));
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SecureElementHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISecureElement::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 51410bd..a2c39dc 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.0",
         "android.hardware.secure_element@1.1",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index f8765ca..66fc47c 100644
--- a/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/secure_element/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalSecureElementV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.0/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.1/ISecureElement.h>
 #include <android/hardware/secure_element/1.1/ISecureElementHalCallback.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 
 using ::android::sp;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_1::ISecureElement;
 using ::android::hardware::secure_element::V1_1::ISecureElementHalCallback;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 constexpr char kCallbackNameOnStateChange[] = "onStateChange";
 
@@ -60,30 +60,11 @@
     Return<void> onStateChange(__attribute__((unused)) bool state) override { return Void(); }
 };
 
-class SecureElementHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static SecureElementHidlEnvironment* instance = new SecureElementHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<ISecureElement>(); }
-
-   private:
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SecureElementHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SecureElementHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName =
-                SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<ISecureElement>("eSE1");
-        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
-        ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        se_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<ISecureElement>(serviceName);
+        LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << GetParam();
+        se_ = ISecureElement::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(se_, nullptr);
 
         se_cb_ = new SecureElementHalCallback();
@@ -103,14 +84,11 @@
  * isCardPresent:
  * Expects the card to be present
  */
-TEST_F(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
+TEST_P(SecureElementHidlTest, isCardPresent) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(se_->isCardPresent());
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SecureElementHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SecureElementHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISecureElement::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 7bb992b..1167fd4 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
         "VtsHalSensorsTargetTestUtils",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb0d64c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="stop"/>
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="start"/>
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000" />
+        <option name="runtime-hint" value="300000"/>
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
index 00207b1..1e5e886 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@
         // this do ... while is for easy error handling
         do {
             step = "getService()";
-            sensors = ISensors::getService(
-                SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->getServiceName<ISensors>());
+            sensors = ISensors::getService(mServiceName);
             if (sensors == nullptr) {
                 break;
             }
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
index 0a9e59f..29bfa50 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0.h
@@ -32,23 +32,14 @@
 class SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0 : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
    public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* Instance() {
-        static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* instance = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0();
-        return instance;
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0(const std::string& service_name)
+        : SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(service_name) {}
 
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::ISensors>();
-    }
-
-   private:
+  private:
     friend SensorsHidlTest;
     // sensors hidl service
     sp<android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::ISensors> sensors;
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0() {}
-
     bool resetHal() override;
     void startPollingThread() override;
     static void pollingThread(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* env, std::atomic_bool& stop);
diff --git a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 5453ef6..2cad54d 100644
--- a/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
@@ -33,7 +35,17 @@
 // The main test class for SENSORS HIDL HAL.
 
 class SensorsHidlTest : public SensorsHidlTestBase {
-   protected:
+  public:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mEnvironment = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0(GetParam());
+        mEnvironment->HidlSetUp();
+        // Ensure that we have a valid environment before performing tests
+        ASSERT_NE(S(), nullptr);
+    }
+
+    virtual void TearDown() override { mEnvironment->HidlTearDown(); }
+
+  protected:
     SensorInfo defaultSensorByType(SensorType type) override;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> getSensorsList();
     // implementation wrapper
@@ -66,11 +78,13 @@
         return S()->configDirectReport(sensorHandle, channelHandle, rate, _hidl_cb);
     }
 
-    inline sp<ISensors>& S() { return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->sensors; }
+    inline sp<ISensors>& S() { return mEnvironment->sensors; }
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance();
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override { return mEnvironment; }
+
+  private:
+    // Test environment for sensors HAL.
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0* mEnvironment;
 };
 
 Return<Result> SensorsHidlTest::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
@@ -133,55 +147,52 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
-  S()->getSensorsList(
-      [&] (const auto &list) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
+    S()->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
         const size_t count = list.size();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-          const auto &s = list[i];
-          SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message() << i << "/" << count << ": "
-                       << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
-                       << s.sensorHandle << std::dec
-                       << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
-                       << " name=" << s.name);
+            const auto& s = list[i];
+            SCOPED_TRACE(::testing::Message()
+                         << i << "/" << count << ": "
+                         << " handle=0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0')
+                         << s.sensorHandle << std::dec << " type=" << static_cast<int>(s.type)
+                         << " name=" << s.name);
 
-          // Test non-empty type string
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
+            // Test non-empty type string
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.typeAsString.empty());
 
-          // Test defined type matches defined string type
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
+            // Test defined type matches defined string type
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchStringType(s.type, s.typeAsString));
 
-          // Test if all sensor has name and vendor
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.name.empty());
-          EXPECT_FALSE(s.vendor.empty());
+            // Test if all sensor has name and vendor
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.name.empty());
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.vendor.empty());
 
-          // Test power > 0, maxRange > 0
-          EXPECT_LE(0, s.power);
-          EXPECT_LT(0, s.maxRange);
+            // Test power > 0, maxRange > 0
+            EXPECT_LE(0, s.power);
+            EXPECT_LT(0, s.maxRange);
 
-          // Info type, should have no sensor
-          EXPECT_FALSE(
-              s.type == SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO
-              || s.type == SensorType::META_DATA);
+            // Info type, should have no sensor
+            EXPECT_FALSE(s.type == SensorType::ADDITIONAL_INFO || s.type == SensorType::META_DATA);
 
-          // Test fifoMax >= fifoReserved
-          EXPECT_GE(s.fifoMaxEventCount, s.fifoReservedEventCount)
-              << "max=" << s.fifoMaxEventCount << " reserved=" << s.fifoReservedEventCount;
+            // Test fifoMax >= fifoReserved
+            EXPECT_GE(s.fifoMaxEventCount, s.fifoReservedEventCount)
+                    << "max=" << s.fifoMaxEventCount << " reserved=" << s.fifoReservedEventCount;
 
-          // Test Reporting mode valid
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchReportMode(s.type, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
+            // Test Reporting mode valid
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertTypeMatchReportMode(s.type, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
 
-          // Test min max are in the right order
-          EXPECT_LE(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay);
-          // Test min/max delay matches reporting mode
-          EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-              assertDelayMatchReportMode(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
+            // Test min max are in the right order
+            EXPECT_LE(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay);
+            // Test min/max delay matches reporting mode
+            EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                    assertDelayMatchReportMode(s.minDelay, s.maxDelay, extractReportMode(s.flags)));
         }
-      });
+    });
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorList = getSensorsList();
 
     bool needOperationModeSupport =
@@ -199,7 +210,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorList = getSensorsList();
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensorSupportInjection;
 
@@ -244,224 +255,202 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
-  testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD,
-                         std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
-                         std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                         NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+    testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
+                           std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
-  testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
+    testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
-  testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
+    testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(
-      SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sAccelNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
-                            sGyroNormChecker);
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
+                              sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
-                            NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
+                              NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
-  testDirectReportOperation(
-      SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+    testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
+                              RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV1_0::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, SensorsHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(ISensors::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 // vim: set ts=2 sw=2
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b710ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RootTargetPreparer">
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.RunCommandTargetPreparer">
+        <option name="run-command" value="stop"/>
+        <option name="teardown-command" value="start"/>
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest->/data/local/tmp/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="900000" />
+        <option name="runtime-hint" value="300000"/>
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
index 03fcc17..2071c5a 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
 bool SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::resetHal() {
     bool succeed = false;
     do {
-        mSensors = ISensors::getService(
-            SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->getServiceName<ISensors>());
+        mSensors = ISensors::getService(mServiceName);
         if (mSensors == nullptr) {
             break;
         }
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
index b0dbd90..819cdd4 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0.h
@@ -42,22 +42,12 @@
 class SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
    public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* Instance() {
-        static SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* instance = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0();
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors>();
-    }
-
     virtual void HidlTearDown() override;
 
    protected:
     friend SensorsHidlTest;
-
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0() : mEventQueueFlag(nullptr) {}
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(const std::string& service_name)
+        : SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(service_name), mEventQueueFlag(nullptr) {}
 
     /**
      * Resets the HAL with new FMQs and a new Event Flag
diff --git a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 8364ba9..c5eb442 100644
--- a/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/sensors/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalSensorsV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
@@ -120,10 +122,14 @@
 class SensorsHidlTest : public SensorsHidlTestBase {
   public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
+        mEnvironment = new SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(GetParam());
+        mEnvironment->HidlSetUp();
         // Ensure that we have a valid environment before performing tests
         ASSERT_NE(getSensors(), nullptr);
     }
 
+    virtual void TearDown() override { mEnvironment->HidlTearDown(); }
+
   protected:
     SensorInfo defaultSensorByType(SensorType type) override;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> getSensorsList();
@@ -160,12 +166,10 @@
     }
 
     inline sp<::android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors>& getSensors() {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->mSensors;
+        return mEnvironment->mSensors;
     }
 
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override {
-        return SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance();
-    }
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() override { return mEnvironment; }
 
     // Test helpers
     void runSingleFlushTest(const std::vector<SensorInfo>& sensors, bool activateSensor,
@@ -191,6 +195,10 @@
     void checkRateLevel(const SensorInfo& sensor, int32_t directChannelHandle, RateLevel rateLevel);
     void queryDirectChannelSupport(SharedMemType memType, bool* supportsSharedMemType,
                                    bool* supportsAnyDirectChannel);
+
+  private:
+    // Test environment for sensors HAL.
+    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0* mEnvironment;
 };
 
 Return<Result> SensorsHidlTest::activate(int32_t sensorHandle, bool enabled) {
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor list returned is valid
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SensorListValid) {
     getSensors()->getSensorsList([&](const auto& list) {
         const size_t count = list.size();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
@@ -346,7 +354,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that SetOperationMode returns the expected value
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, SetOperationMode) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getInjectEventSensors();
     if (getInjectEventSensors().size() > 0) {
         ASSERT_EQ(Result::OK, getSensors()->setOperationMode(OperationMode::NORMAL));
@@ -358,7 +366,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that an injected event is written back to the Event FMQ
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, InjectSensorEventData) {
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getInjectEventSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
         return;
@@ -414,196 +422,196 @@
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed accelerometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed gyroscope streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do UI speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationSlow) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(200),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do normal speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationNormal) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(20),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do game speed magnetometer streaming properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerStreamingOperationFast) {
     testStreamingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, std::chrono::milliseconds(5),
                            std::chrono::seconds(5), NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer sampling rate switch properly when sensor is active
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerSamplingPeriodHotSwitchOperation) {
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
     testSamplingRateHotSwitchOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, false /*fastToSlow*/);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do accelerometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do gyroscope batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE);
 }
 
 // Test if sensor hal can do magnetometer batching properly
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerBatchingOperation) {
     testBatchingOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM, RateLevel::FAST,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with ashmem for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerAshmemDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::ASHMEM,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for accel sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, AccelerometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::ACCELEROMETER, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, sAccelNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for gyro sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, GyroscopeGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::GYROSCOPE, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::VERY_FAST,
                               sGyroNormChecker);
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at normal rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationNormal) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::NORMAL,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC, RateLevel::FAST,
                               NullChecker());
 }
 
 // Test sensor event direct report with gralloc for mag sensor at very fast rate
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, MagnetometerGrallocDirectReportOperationVeryFast) {
     testDirectReportOperation(SensorType::MAGNETIC_FIELD, SharedMemType::GRALLOC,
                               RateLevel::VERY_FAST, NullChecker());
 }
@@ -619,9 +627,13 @@
 
 // Test that if initialize is called twice, then the HAL writes events to the FMQs from the second
 // call to the function.
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CallInitializeTwice) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CallInitializeTwice) {
     // Create a helper class so that a second environment is able to be instantiated
-    class SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 {};
+    class SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest : public SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0 {
+      public:
+        SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest(const std::string& service_name)
+            : SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0(service_name) {}
+    };
 
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         // No sensors
@@ -633,7 +645,7 @@
 
     // Create a new environment that calls initialize()
     std::unique_ptr<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest> newEnv =
-        std::make_unique<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest>();
+            std::make_unique<SensorsHidlEnvironmentTest>(GetParam());
     newEnv->HidlSetUp();
     if (HasFatalFailure()) {
         return;  // Exit early if setting up the new environment failed
@@ -662,7 +674,7 @@
     activateAllSensors(false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupConnectionsOnInitialize) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupConnectionsOnInitialize) {
     activateAllSensors(true);
 
     // Verify that events are received
@@ -731,7 +743,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushSensor) {
     // Find a sensor that is not a one-shot sensor
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -743,7 +755,7 @@
     runFlushTest(sensors, true /* activateSensor */, kFlushes, kFlushes, Result::OK);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushOneShotSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushOneShotSensor) {
     // Find a sensor that is a one-shot sensor
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -754,7 +766,7 @@
                        Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushInactiveSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushInactiveSensor) {
     // Attempt to find a non-one shot sensor, then a one-shot sensor if necessary
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -768,7 +780,7 @@
                        Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, FlushNonexistentSensor) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, FlushNonexistentSensor) {
     SensorInfo sensor;
     std::vector<SensorInfo> sensors = getNonOneShotSensors();
     if (sensors.size() == 0) {
@@ -783,7 +795,7 @@
                        0 /* expectedFlushCount */, Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, Batch) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, Batch) {
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         return;
     }
@@ -815,7 +827,7 @@
               Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, Activate) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, Activate) {
     if (getSensorsList().size() == 0) {
         return;
     }
@@ -841,7 +853,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(activate(invalidHandle, false), Result::BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, NoStaleEvents) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, NoStaleEvents) {
     constexpr milliseconds kFiveHundredMs(500);
     constexpr milliseconds kOneSecond(1000);
 
@@ -1021,11 +1033,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelAshmem) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelAshmem) {
     verifyDirectChannel(SharedMemType::ASHMEM);
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelGralloc) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, DirectChannelGralloc) {
     verifyDirectChannel(SharedMemType::GRALLOC);
 }
 
@@ -1064,7 +1076,7 @@
     return found;
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, ConfigureDirectChannelWithInvalidHandle) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, ConfigureDirectChannelWithInvalidHandle) {
     SensorInfo sensor;
     SharedMemType memType;
     RateLevel rate;
@@ -1078,7 +1090,7 @@
     });
 }
 
-TEST_F(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupDirectConnectionOnInitialize) {
+TEST_P(SensorsHidlTest, CleanupDirectConnectionOnInitialize) {
     constexpr size_t kNumEvents = 1;
     constexpr size_t kMemSize = kNumEvents * kEventSize;
 
@@ -1124,12 +1136,8 @@
     mDirectChannelHandles = handles;
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentV2_0::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerInstance, SensorsHidlTest,
+                         testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(
+                                 android::hardware::sensors::V2_0::ISensors::descriptor)),
+                         android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 // vim: set ts=2 sw=2
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp b/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
index 02dc608..bb4d329 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/Android.bp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "VtsHalSensorsTargetTestUtils",
+    defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     cflags: ["-DLOG_TAG=\"sensors_hidl_hal_test\""],
     srcs: [
         "GrallocWrapper.cpp",
@@ -36,6 +37,5 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@3.0",
         "android.hardware.sensors@1.0",
-        "VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
index 6499fba..dbc9392 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase.h
@@ -17,9 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
 #define ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
-
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <memory>
@@ -33,11 +32,11 @@
     virtual void onEvent(const ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event& event) = 0;
 };
 
-class SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
+class SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase {
+  public:
     using Event = ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::Event;
-    virtual void HidlSetUp() override;
-    virtual void HidlTearDown() override;
+    virtual void HidlSetUp();
+    virtual void HidlTearDown();
 
     // Get and clear all events collected so far (like "cat" shell command).
     // If output is nullptr, it clears all collected events.
@@ -50,22 +49,27 @@
     void unregisterCallback();
 
    protected:
-    SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase() : mCollectionEnabled(false), mCallback(nullptr) {}
+     SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(const std::string& service_name)
+         : mCollectionEnabled(false), mCallback(nullptr) {
+         mServiceName = service_name;
+     }
+     virtual ~SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase(){};
 
-    void addEvent(const Event& ev);
+     void addEvent(const Event& ev);
 
-    virtual void startPollingThread() = 0;
-    virtual bool resetHal() = 0;
+     virtual void startPollingThread() = 0;
+     virtual bool resetHal() = 0;
 
-    bool mCollectionEnabled;
-    std::atomic_bool mStopThread;
-    std::thread mPollThread;
-    std::vector<Event> mEvents;
-    std::mutex mEventsMutex;
+     std::string mServiceName;
+     bool mCollectionEnabled;
+     std::atomic_bool mStopThread;
+     std::thread mPollThread;
+     std::vector<Event> mEvents;
+     std::mutex mEventsMutex;
 
-    IEventCallback* mCallback;
+     IEventCallback* mCallback;
 
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase);
+     GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase);
 };
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_SENSORS_HIDL_ENVIRONMENT_BASE_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
index 6fd9a2b..5fb6c5c 100644
--- a/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
+++ b/sensors/common/vts/utils/include/sensors-vts-utils/SensorsHidlTestBase.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/ISensors.h>
 #include <android/hardware/sensors/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemInfo;
 using ::android::hardware::sensors::V1_0::SharedMemType;
 
-class SensorsHidlTestBase : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-   public:
+class SensorsHidlTestBase : public testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual SensorsHidlEnvironmentBase* getEnvironment() = 0;
     virtual void SetUp() override {}
 
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index e8e1414..4af59b6 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.config@1.0",
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.control@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 03b6406..b422b2f 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -17,15 +17,17 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsOffloadControlV1_0TargetTest"
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/config/1.0/IOffloadConfig.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/IOffloadControl.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter/nfnetlink.h>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -110,24 +112,8 @@
     NatTimeoutUpdate last_params;
 };
 
-// Test environment for OffloadControl HIDL HAL.
-class OffloadControlHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* instance = new OffloadControlHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IOffloadConfig>();
-        registerTestService<IOffloadControl>();
-    }
-   private:
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
-class OffloadControlHidlTestBase : public testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class OffloadControlHidlTestBase
+    : public testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         setupConfigHal();
@@ -144,8 +130,7 @@
     // The IOffloadConfig HAL is tested more thoroughly elsewhere. He we just
     // setup everything correctly and verify basic readiness.
     void setupConfigHal() {
-        config = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadConfig>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadConfig>());
+        config = IOffloadConfig::getService(std::get<0>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, config.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         unique_fd fd1(conntrackSocket(NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY));
@@ -173,8 +158,7 @@
     }
 
     void prepareControlHal() {
-        control = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadControl>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadControl>());
+        control = IOffloadControl::getService(std::get<1>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, control.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         control_cb = new TetheringOffloadCallback();
@@ -240,7 +224,7 @@
 };
 
 // Call initOffload() multiple times. Check that non-first initOffload() calls return false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     initOffload(false);
     initOffload(false);
@@ -248,7 +232,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
@@ -267,7 +251,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() after a complete init/stop cycle returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     // Call setUpstreamParameters() so that "offload" can be reasonably said
     // to be both requested and operational.
@@ -289,7 +273,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling setLocalPrefixes() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("2001:db8::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -297,14 +281,14 @@
 
 // Check that calling getForwardedStats() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Check that calling setDataLimit() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -313,7 +297,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling setUpstreamParameters() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.0/24");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -325,7 +309,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -334,7 +318,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -343,7 +327,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -352,7 +336,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -379,21 +363,21 @@
  */
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv4 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv6 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("fe80::1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("fe80::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -402,14 +386,14 @@
 // Test that setLocalPrefixes() fails given empty input. There is always
 // a non-empty set of local prefixes; when all networking interfaces are down
 // we still apply {127.0.0.0/8, ::1/128, fe80::/64} here.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() fails on incorrectly formed input strings.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("invalid")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -420,7 +404,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that getForwardedStats() for a non-existent upstream yields zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream("invalid");
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -428,7 +412,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -439,7 +423,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that setDataLimit() for an empty interface name fails.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string upstream("");
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -448,7 +432,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -457,7 +441,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 0ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -470,7 +454,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -482,7 +466,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr;
     const hidl_string v4Gw;
@@ -494,7 +478,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -506,7 +490,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -517,7 +501,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when all parameters are empty.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -528,7 +512,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -542,7 +526,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 addresses.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -556,7 +540,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -570,7 +554,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv6 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -588,7 +572,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -596,7 +580,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -604,7 +588,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -612,7 +596,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -623,7 +607,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -638,7 +622,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -650,7 +634,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -662,7 +646,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -670,7 +654,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -681,7 +665,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -691,11 +675,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGE("Test result with status=%d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTestBase,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTest,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/IDemux.hal b/tv/tuner/1.0/IDemux.hal
index 9e799b4..16fc392 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/IDemux.hal
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/IDemux.hal
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 /**
  * Demultiplexer(Demux) takes a single multiplexed input and splits it into
  * one or more output.
- *
  */
 interface IDemux {
     /**
@@ -134,4 +133,30 @@
      */
     openDvr(DvrType type, uint32_t bufferSize, IDvrCallback cb)
         generates (Result result, IDvr dvr);
+
+    /**
+     * Connect Conditional Access Modules (CAM) through Common Interface (CI)
+     *
+     * It is used by the client to connect CI-CAM. The demux uses the output
+     * from the frontend as the input by default, and must change to use the
+     * output from CI-CAM as the input after this call take place.
+     *
+     * @param ciCamId specify CI-CAM Id to connect.
+     * @return result Result status of the operation.
+     *         SUCCESS if successful,
+     *         UNKNOWN_ERROR if failed for other reasons.
+     */
+    connectCiCam(uint32_t ciCamId) generates (Result result);
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect Conditional Access Modules (CAM)
+     *
+     * It is used by the client to disconnect CI-CAM. The demux will use the
+     * output from the frontend as the input after this call take place.
+     *
+     * @return result Result status of the operation.
+     *         SUCCESS if successful,
+     *         UNKNOWN_ERROR if failed for other reasons.
+     */
+    disconnectCiCam() generates (Result result);
 };
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/IFilter.hal b/tv/tuner/1.0/IFilter.hal
index deaf3d4..94e3c0c 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/IFilter.hal
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/IFilter.hal
@@ -104,15 +104,30 @@
      *
      * It is used by the client to ask the hardware resource id for the filter.
      *
-     * @param filterId the hardware resource Id for the filter.
      * @return result Result status of the operation.
      *         SUCCESS if successful,
      *         INVALID_STATE if failed for wrong state.
      *         UNKNOWN_ERROR if failed for other reasons.
+     * @return filterId the hardware resource Id for the filter.
      */
     getId() generates (Result result, uint32_t filterId);
 
     /**
+     * Release the handle reported by the HAL for AV memory.
+     *
+     * It is used by the client to notify the HAL that the AV handle won't be
+     * used any more in client side, so that the HAL can mark the memory
+     * presented by file descripor in the handle as released.
+     *
+     * @param avMemory A handle associated to the memory for audio or video.
+     * @return result Result status of the operation.
+     *         SUCCESS if successful,
+     *         INVALID_ARGUMENT if failed for wrong parameter.
+     *         UNKNOWN_ERROR if failed for other reasons.
+     */
+    releaseAvHandle(handle avMemory) generates (Result result);
+
+    /**
      * Set the filter's data source.
      *
      * A filter uses demux as data source by default. If the data was packetized
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
index c5921f7..43c4e3a 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@
     mFrontendSourceFile = mFrontend->getSourceFile();
 
     mTunerService->setFrontendAsDemuxSource(frontendId, mDemuxId);
-    return startBroadcastInputLoop();
+
+    return startFrontendInputLoop();
 }
 
 Return<void> Demux::openFilter(const DemuxFilterType& type, uint32_t bufferSize,
@@ -136,29 +137,44 @@
         return Void();
     }
 
-    sp<Dvr> dvr = new Dvr(type, bufferSize, cb, this);
+    mDvr = new Dvr(type, bufferSize, cb, this);
 
-    if (!dvr->createDvrMQ()) {
-        _hidl_cb(Result::UNKNOWN_ERROR, dvr);
+    if (!mDvr->createDvrMQ()) {
+        _hidl_cb(Result::UNKNOWN_ERROR, mDvr);
         return Void();
     }
 
-    _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, dvr);
+    _hidl_cb(Result::SUCCESS, mDvr);
     return Void();
 }
 
+Return<Result> Demux::connectCiCam(uint32_t ciCamId) {
+    ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
+
+    mCiCamId = ciCamId;
+
+    return Result::SUCCESS;
+}
+
+Return<Result> Demux::disconnectCiCam() {
+    ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
+
+    return Result::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 Result Demux::removeFilter(uint32_t filterId) {
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
     // resetFilterRecords(filterId);
     mUsedFilterIds.erase(filterId);
+    mRecordFilterIds.erase(filterId);
     mUnusedFilterIds.insert(filterId);
     mFilters.erase(filterId);
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-void Demux::startTsFilter(vector<uint8_t> data) {
+void Demux::startBroadcastTsFilter(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
     for (it = mUsedFilterIds.begin(); it != mUsedFilterIds.end(); it++) {
         uint16_t pid = ((data[1] & 0x1f) << 8) | ((data[2] & 0xff));
@@ -171,7 +187,17 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool Demux::startFilterDispatcher() {
+void Demux::sendFrontendInputToRecord(vector<uint8_t> data) {
+    set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
+    for (it = mRecordFilterIds.begin(); it != mRecordFilterIds.end(); it++) {
+        if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
+            ALOGW("update record filter output");
+        }
+        mFilters[*it]->updateRecordOutput(data);
+    }
+}
+
+bool Demux::startBroadcastFilterDispatcher() {
     set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
 
     // Handle the output data per filter type
@@ -184,6 +210,18 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Demux::startRecordFilterDispatcher() {
+    set<uint32_t>::iterator it;
+
+    for (it = mRecordFilterIds.begin(); it != mRecordFilterIds.end(); it++) {
+        if (mFilters[*it]->startRecordFilterHandler() != Result::SUCCESS) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
 Result Demux::startFilterHandler(uint32_t filterId) {
     return mFilters[filterId]->startFilterHandler();
 }
@@ -196,22 +234,22 @@
     return mFilters[filterId]->getTpid();
 }
 
-Result Demux::startBroadcastInputLoop() {
-    pthread_create(&mBroadcastInputThread, NULL, __threadLoopBroadcast, this);
-    pthread_setname_np(mBroadcastInputThread, "broadcast_input_thread");
+Result Demux::startFrontendInputLoop() {
+    pthread_create(&mFrontendInputThread, NULL, __threadLoopFrontend, this);
+    pthread_setname_np(mFrontendInputThread, "frontend_input_thread");
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
-void* Demux::__threadLoopBroadcast(void* user) {
+void* Demux::__threadLoopFrontend(void* user) {
     Demux* const self = static_cast<Demux*>(user);
-    self->broadcastInputThreadLoop();
+    self->frontendInputThreadLoop();
     return 0;
 }
 
-void Demux::broadcastInputThreadLoop() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mBroadcastInputThreadLock);
-    mBroadcastInputThreadRunning = true;
+void Demux::frontendInputThreadLoop() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFrontendInputThreadLock);
+    mFrontendInputThreadRunning = true;
     mKeepFetchingDataFromFrontend = true;
 
     // open the stream and get its length
@@ -220,20 +258,20 @@
     int packetSize = 188;
     int writePacketAmount = 6;
     char* buffer = new char[packetSize];
-    ALOGW("[Demux] broadcast input thread loop start %s", mFrontendSourceFile.c_str());
+    ALOGW("[Demux] Frontend input thread loop start %s", mFrontendSourceFile.c_str());
     if (!inputData.is_open()) {
-        mBroadcastInputThreadRunning = false;
+        mFrontendInputThreadRunning = false;
         ALOGW("[Demux] Error %s", strerror(errno));
     }
 
-    while (mBroadcastInputThreadRunning) {
+    while (mFrontendInputThreadRunning) {
         // move the stream pointer for packet size * 6 every read until the end
         while (mKeepFetchingDataFromFrontend) {
             for (int i = 0; i < writePacketAmount; i++) {
                 inputData.read(buffer, packetSize);
                 if (!inputData) {
                     mKeepFetchingDataFromFrontend = false;
-                    mBroadcastInputThreadRunning = false;
+                    mFrontendInputThreadRunning = false;
                     break;
                 }
                 // filter and dispatch filter output
@@ -242,23 +280,61 @@
                 for (int index = 0; index < byteBuffer.size(); index++) {
                     byteBuffer[index] = static_cast<uint8_t>(buffer[index]);
                 }
-                startTsFilter(byteBuffer);
+                if (mIsRecording) {
+                    // Feed the data into the Dvr recording input
+                    sendFrontendInputToRecord(byteBuffer);
+                } else {
+                    // Feed the data into the broadcast demux filter
+                    startBroadcastTsFilter(byteBuffer);
+                }
             }
-            startFilterDispatcher();
+            if (mIsRecording) {
+                // Dispatch the data into the broadcasting filters.
+                startRecordFilterDispatcher();
+            } else {
+                // Dispatch the data into the broadcasting filters.
+                startBroadcastFilterDispatcher();
+            }
             usleep(100);
         }
     }
 
-    ALOGW("[Demux] Broadcast Input thread end.");
+    ALOGW("[Demux] Frontend Input thread end.");
     delete[] buffer;
     inputData.close();
 }
 
-void Demux::stopBroadcastInput() {
+void Demux::stopFrontendInput() {
     ALOGD("[Demux] stop frontend on demux");
     mKeepFetchingDataFromFrontend = false;
-    mBroadcastInputThreadRunning = false;
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mBroadcastInputThreadLock);
+    mFrontendInputThreadRunning = false;
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFrontendInputThreadLock);
+}
+
+void Demux::setIsRecording(bool isRecording) {
+    mIsRecording = isRecording;
+}
+
+bool Demux::attachRecordFilter(int filterId) {
+    if (mFilters[filterId] == nullptr || mDvr == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mRecordFilterIds.insert(filterId);
+    mFilters[filterId]->attachFilterToRecord(mDvr);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Demux::detachRecordFilter(int filterId) {
+    if (mFilters[filterId] == nullptr || mDvr == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mRecordFilterIds.erase(filterId);
+    mFilters[filterId]->detachFilterFromRecord();
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
index a9756cc..1405d0c 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Demux.h
@@ -76,12 +76,19 @@
     virtual Return<void> openDvr(DvrType type, uint32_t bufferSize, const sp<IDvrCallback>& cb,
                                  openDvr_cb _hidl_cb) override;
 
+    virtual Return<Result> connectCiCam(uint32_t ciCamId) override;
+
+    virtual Return<Result> disconnectCiCam() override;
+
     // Functions interacts with Tuner Service
-    void stopBroadcastInput();
+    void stopFrontendInput();
     Result removeFilter(uint32_t filterId);
+    bool attachRecordFilter(int filterId);
+    bool detachRecordFilter(int filterId);
     Result startFilterHandler(uint32_t filterId);
     void updateFilterOutput(uint16_t filterId, vector<uint8_t> data);
     uint16_t getFilterTpid(uint32_t filterId);
+    void setIsRecording(bool isRecording);
 
   private:
     // Tuner service
@@ -97,9 +104,9 @@
         uint32_t filterId;
     };
 
-    Result startBroadcastInputLoop();
-    static void* __threadLoopBroadcast(void* user);
-    void broadcastInputThreadLoop();
+    Result startFrontendInputLoop();
+    static void* __threadLoopFrontend(void* user);
+    void frontendInputThreadLoop();
 
     /**
      * To create a FilterMQ with the the next available Filter ID.
@@ -113,11 +120,16 @@
     /**
      * A dispatcher to read and dispatch input data to all the started filters.
      * Each filter handler handles the data filtering/output writing/filterEvent updating.
+     * Note that recording filters are not included.
      */
-    bool startFilterDispatcher();
-    void startTsFilter(vector<uint8_t> data);
+    bool startBroadcastFilterDispatcher();
+    void startBroadcastTsFilter(vector<uint8_t> data);
+
+    void sendFrontendInputToRecord(vector<uint8_t> data);
+    bool startRecordFilterDispatcher();
 
     uint32_t mDemuxId;
+    uint32_t mCiCamId;
     /**
      * Record the last used filter id. Initial value is -1.
      * Filter Id starts with 0.
@@ -136,26 +148,40 @@
      */
     set<uint32_t> mUnusedFilterIds;
     /**
+     * Record all the attached record filter Ids.
+     * Any removed filter id should be removed from this set.
+     */
+    set<uint32_t> mRecordFilterIds;
+    /**
      * A list of created FilterMQ ptrs.
      * The array number is the filter ID.
      */
     std::map<uint32_t, sp<Filter>> mFilters;
 
+    /**
+     * Local reference to the opened DVR object.
+     */
+    sp<Dvr> mDvr;
+
     // Thread handlers
-    pthread_t mBroadcastInputThread;
+    pthread_t mFrontendInputThread;
     /**
      * If a specific filter's writing loop is still running
      */
-    bool mBroadcastInputThreadRunning;
+    bool mFrontendInputThreadRunning;
     bool mKeepFetchingDataFromFrontend;
     /**
+     * If the dvr recording is running.
+     */
+    bool mIsRecording = false;
+    /**
      * Lock to protect writes to the FMQs
      */
     std::mutex mWriteLock;
     /**
      * Lock to protect writes to the input status
      */
-    std::mutex mBroadcastInputThreadLock;
+    std::mutex mFrontendInputThreadLock;
 
     // temp handle single PES filter
     // TODO handle mulptiple Pes filters
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
index eb38f90..3088a9d 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,14 @@
         return status;
     }
 
+    // check if the attached filter is a record filter
+
     mFilters[filterId] = filter;
+    mIsRecordFilterAttached = true;
+    if (!mDemux->attachRecordFilter(filterId)) {
+        return Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    }
+    mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
@@ -95,6 +102,15 @@
     it = mFilters.find(filterId);
     if (it != mFilters.end()) {
         mFilters.erase(filterId);
+        if (!mDemux->detachRecordFilter(filterId)) {
+            return Result::INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If all the filters are detached, record can't be started
+    if (mFilters.empty()) {
+        mIsRecordFilterAttached = false;
+        mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
     }
 
     return Result::SUCCESS;
@@ -115,8 +131,9 @@
         pthread_create(&mDvrThread, NULL, __threadLoopPlayback, this);
         pthread_setname_np(mDvrThread, "playback_waiting_loop");
     } else if (mType == DvrType::RECORD) {
-        /*pthread_create(&mInputThread, NULL, __threadLoopInput, this);
-        pthread_setname_np(mInputThread, "playback_waiting_loop");*/
+        mRecordStatus = RecordStatus::DATA_READY;
+        mIsRecordStarted = true;
+        mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
     }
 
     // TODO start another thread to send filter status callback to the framework
@@ -131,12 +148,17 @@
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mDvrThreadLock);
 
+    mIsRecordStarted = false;
+    mDemux->setIsRecording(mIsRecordStarted | mIsRecordFilterAttached);
+
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
 Return<Result> Dvr::flush() {
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
+    mRecordStatus = RecordStatus::DATA_READY;
+
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -272,6 +294,45 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Dvr::writeRecordFMQ(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mWriteLock);
+    ALOGW("[Dvr] write record FMQ");
+    if (mDvrMQ->write(data.data(), data.size())) {
+        mDvrEventFlag->wake(static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY));
+        maySendRecordStatusCallback();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    maySendRecordStatusCallback();
+    return false;
+}
+
+void Dvr::maySendRecordStatusCallback() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRecordStatusLock);
+    int availableToRead = mDvrMQ->availableToRead();
+    int availableToWrite = mDvrMQ->availableToWrite();
+
+    RecordStatus newStatus = checkRecordStatusChange(availableToWrite, availableToRead,
+                                                     mDvrSettings.record().highThreshold,
+                                                     mDvrSettings.record().lowThreshold);
+    if (mRecordStatus != newStatus) {
+        mCallback->onRecordStatus(newStatus);
+        mRecordStatus = newStatus;
+    }
+}
+
+RecordStatus Dvr::checkRecordStatusChange(uint32_t availableToWrite, uint32_t availableToRead,
+                                          uint32_t highThreshold, uint32_t lowThreshold) {
+    if (availableToWrite == 0) {
+        return DemuxFilterStatus::OVERFLOW;
+    } else if (availableToRead > highThreshold) {
+        return DemuxFilterStatus::HIGH_WATER;
+    } else if (availableToRead < lowThreshold) {
+        return DemuxFilterStatus::LOW_WATER;
+    }
+    return mRecordStatus;
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace tuner
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
index fbb778c..f39d8db 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Dvr.h
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@
      * Return false is any of the above processes fails.
      */
     bool createDvrMQ();
+    void sendBroadcastInputToDvrRecord(vector<uint8_t> byteBuffer);
+    bool writeRecordFMQ(const std::vector<uint8_t>& data);
 
   private:
     // Demux service
@@ -95,6 +97,8 @@
     void maySendRecordStatusCallback();
     PlaybackStatus checkPlaybackStatusChange(uint32_t availableToWrite, uint32_t availableToRead,
                                              uint32_t highThreshold, uint32_t lowThreshold);
+    RecordStatus checkRecordStatusChange(uint32_t availableToWrite, uint32_t availableToRead,
+                                         uint32_t highThreshold, uint32_t lowThreshold);
     /**
      * A dispatcher to read and dispatch input data to all the started filters.
      * Each filter handler handles the data filtering/output writing/filterEvent updating.
@@ -103,9 +107,9 @@
     void startTpidFilter(vector<uint8_t> data);
     bool startFilterDispatcher();
     static void* __threadLoopPlayback(void* user);
-    static void* __threadLoopBroadcast(void* user);
+    static void* __threadLoopRecord(void* user);
     void playbackThreadLoop();
-    void broadcastInputThreadLoop();
+    void recordThreadLoop();
 
     unique_ptr<DvrMQ> mDvrMQ;
     EventFlag* mDvrEventFlag;
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@
 
     // FMQ status local records
     PlaybackStatus mPlaybackStatus;
+    RecordStatus mRecordStatus;
     /**
      * If a specific filter's writing loop is still running
      */
@@ -135,10 +140,16 @@
      * Lock to protect writes to the input status
      */
     std::mutex mPlaybackStatusLock;
+    std::mutex mRecordStatusLock;
     std::mutex mBroadcastInputThreadLock;
     std::mutex mDvrThreadLock;
 
     const bool DEBUG_DVR = false;
+
+    // Booleans to check if recording is running.
+    // Recording is ready when both of the following are set to true.
+    bool mIsRecordStarted = false;
+    bool mIsRecordFilterAttached = false;
 };
 
 }  // namespace implementation
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
index 3d8a977..b3160fc 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.cpp
@@ -120,6 +120,12 @@
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+Return<Result> Filter::releaseAvHandle(const hidl_handle& /*avMemory*/) {
+    ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
+
+    return Result::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 Return<Result> Filter::close() {
     ALOGV("%s", __FUNCTION__);
 
@@ -259,10 +265,16 @@
 
 void Filter::updateFilterOutput(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFilterOutputLock);
-    ALOGD("[Filter] handler output updated");
+    ALOGD("[Filter] filter output updated");
     mFilterOutput.insert(mFilterOutput.end(), data.begin(), data.end());
 }
 
+void Filter::updateRecordOutput(vector<uint8_t> data) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRecordFilterOutputLock);
+    ALOGD("[Filter] record filter output updated");
+    mRecordFilterOutput.insert(mRecordFilterOutput.end(), data.begin(), data.end());
+}
+
 Result Filter::startFilterHandler() {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFilterOutputLock);
     switch (mType.mainType) {
@@ -286,8 +298,10 @@
                 case DemuxTsFilterType::PCR:
                     startPcrFilterHandler();
                     break;
-                case DemuxTsFilterType::RECORD:
-                    startRecordFilterHandler();
+                case DemuxTsFilterType::TEMI:
+                    startTemiFilterHandler();
+                    break;
+                default:
                     break;
             }
             break;
@@ -333,12 +347,16 @@
         if (mPesSizeLeft == 0) {
             uint32_t prefix = (mFilterOutput[i + 4] << 16) | (mFilterOutput[i + 5] << 8) |
                               mFilterOutput[i + 6];
-            ALOGD("[Filter] prefix %d", prefix);
+            if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
+                ALOGD("[Filter] prefix %d", prefix);
+            }
             if (prefix == 0x000001) {
                 // TODO handle mulptiple Pes filters
                 mPesSizeLeft = (mFilterOutput[i + 8] << 8) | mFilterOutput[i + 9];
                 mPesSizeLeft += 6;
-                ALOGD("[Filter] pes data length %d", mPesSizeLeft);
+                if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
+                    ALOGD("[Filter] pes data length %d", mPesSizeLeft);
+                }
             } else {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -351,7 +369,9 @@
         mPesOutput.insert(mPesOutput.end(), first, last);
         // size does not match then continue
         mPesSizeLeft -= endPoint;
-        ALOGD("[Filter] pes data left %d", mPesSizeLeft);
+        if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
+            ALOGD("[Filter] pes data left %d", mPesSizeLeft);
+        }
         if (mPesSizeLeft > 0) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -368,7 +388,9 @@
                 .streamId = mPesOutput[3],
                 .dataLength = static_cast<uint16_t>(mPesOutput.size()),
         };
-        ALOGD("[Filter] assembled pes data length %d", pesEvent.dataLength);
+        if (DEBUG_FILTER) {
+            ALOGD("[Filter] assembled pes data length %d", pesEvent.dataLength);
+        }
 
         int size = mFilterEvent.events.size();
         mFilterEvent.events.resize(size + 1);
@@ -404,13 +426,23 @@
 }
 
 Result Filter::startRecordFilterHandler() {
-    DemuxFilterTsRecordEvent tsRecordEvent;
+    /*DemuxFilterTsRecordEvent tsRecordEvent;
     tsRecordEvent.pid.tPid(0);
     tsRecordEvent.indexMask.tsIndexMask(0x01);
     mFilterEvent.events.resize(1);
     mFilterEvent.events[0].tsRecord(tsRecordEvent);
+*/
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRecordFilterOutputLock);
+    if (mRecordFilterOutput.empty()) {
+        return Result::SUCCESS;
+    }
 
-    mFilterOutput.clear();
+    if (mDvr == nullptr || !mDvr->writeRecordFMQ(mRecordFilterOutput)) {
+        ALOGD("[Filter] dvr fails to write into record FMQ.");
+        return Result::UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    mRecordFilterOutput.clear();
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
@@ -419,6 +451,11 @@
     return Result::SUCCESS;
 }
 
+Result Filter::startTemiFilterHandler() {
+    // TODO handle starting TEMI filter
+    return Result::SUCCESS;
+}
+
 bool Filter::writeSectionsAndCreateEvent(vector<uint8_t> data) {
     // TODO check how many sections has been read
     ALOGD("[Filter] section hander");
@@ -448,9 +485,17 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+void Filter::attachFilterToRecord(const sp<Dvr> dvr) {
+    mDvr = dvr;
+}
+
+void Filter::detachFilterFromRecord() {
+    mDvr = nullptr;
+}
+
 }  // namespace implementation
 }  // namespace V1_0
 }  // namespace tuner
 }  // namespace tv
 }  // namespace hardware
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
index 21d4297..d397f73 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Filter.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <math.h>
 #include <set>
 #include "Demux.h"
+#include "Dvr.h"
 #include "Frontend.h"
 
 using namespace std;
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@
 using FilterMQ = MessageQueue<uint8_t, kSynchronizedReadWrite>;
 
 class Demux;
+class Dvr;
 
 class Filter : public IFilter {
   public:
@@ -68,6 +70,8 @@
 
     virtual Return<Result> flush() override;
 
+    virtual Return<Result> releaseAvHandle(const hidl_handle& avMemory) override;
+
     virtual Return<Result> close() override;
 
     /**
@@ -78,11 +82,17 @@
     bool createFilterMQ();
     uint16_t getTpid();
     void updateFilterOutput(vector<uint8_t> data);
+    void updateRecordOutput(vector<uint8_t> data);
     Result startFilterHandler();
+    Result startRecordFilterHandler();
+    void attachFilterToRecord(const sp<Dvr> dvr);
+    void detachFilterFromRecord();
 
   private:
     // Tuner service
     sp<Demux> mDemux;
+    // Dvr reference once the filter is attached to any
+    sp<Dvr> mDvr = nullptr;
     /**
      * Filter callbacks used on filter events or FMQ status
      */
@@ -97,6 +107,7 @@
     sp<IFilter> mDataSource;
     bool mIsDataSourceDemux = true;
     vector<uint8_t> mFilterOutput;
+    vector<uint8_t> mRecordFilterOutput;
     unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mFilterMQ;
     EventFlag* mFilterEventFlag;
     DemuxFilterEvent mFilterEvent;
@@ -118,6 +129,8 @@
      */
     const uint16_t SECTION_WRITE_COUNT = 10;
 
+    bool DEBUG_FILTER = false;
+
     /**
      * Filter handlers to handle the data filtering.
      * They are also responsible to write the filtered output into the filter FMQ
@@ -127,8 +140,8 @@
     Result startPesFilterHandler();
     Result startTsFilterHandler();
     Result startMediaFilterHandler();
-    Result startRecordFilterHandler();
     Result startPcrFilterHandler();
+    Result startTemiFilterHandler();
     Result startFilterLoop();
 
     void deleteEventFlag();
@@ -162,6 +175,7 @@
     std::mutex mFilterStatusLock;
     std::mutex mFilterThreadLock;
     std::mutex mFilterOutputLock;
+    std::mutex mRecordFilterOutputLock;
 
     // temp handle single PES filter
     // TODO handle mulptiple Pes filters
@@ -176,4 +190,4 @@
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
-#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_TV_TUNER_V1_0_FILTER_H_
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif  // ANDROID_HARDWARE_TV_TUNER_V1_0_FILTER_H_
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
index f86b28d..c143d61 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/default/Tuner.cpp
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
     uint32_t demuxId;
     if (it != mFrontendToDemux.end()) {
         demuxId = it->second;
-        mDemuxes[demuxId]->stopBroadcastInput();
+        mDemuxes[demuxId]->stopFrontendInput();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/types.hal b/tv/tuner/1.0/types.hal
index a0cf0d9..944da5a 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/types.hal
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/types.hal
@@ -1759,6 +1759,12 @@
      * buffer of the record.
      */
     RECORD,
+    /**
+     * A filter to filter out Timed External Media Information (TEMI) according
+     * to ISO/IEC 13818-1:2013/ DAM 6 from input stream, and send TEMI event to
+     * client through onFilterEvent.
+     */
+    TEMI,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -2170,7 +2176,8 @@
 
     safe_union FilterSettings {
         /**
-         * Not additional parameters. it's used by PCR, TS subtype filters.
+         * Not additional parameters. it's used by PCR, TS, TEMI subtype
+         * filters.
          */
         Monostate noinit;
 
@@ -2223,8 +2230,6 @@
 
         DemuxFilterSectionSettings section;
 
-        DemuxFilterPesDataSettings pesData;
-
         /**
          * true if the data from IP subtype go to next filter directly
          */
@@ -2241,7 +2246,7 @@
     /**
      * true if the filtered data is commpressed ip packet
      */
-    bool bIsCompressedIpPacket;
+    bool isCompressedIpPacket;
 
     safe_union FilterSettings {
         /**
@@ -2461,6 +2466,27 @@
 };
 
 /**
+ *  Filter Event for Timed External Media Information (TEMI) data.
+ */
+struct DemuxFilterTemiEvent {
+    /**
+     * Presentation Time Stamp for audio or video frame. It based on 90KHz has
+     * the same format as PTS (Presentation Time Stamp) in ISO/IEC 13818-1.
+     */
+    uint64_t pts;
+
+    /**
+     * TEMI Descriptor Tag
+     */
+    uint8_t descrTag;
+
+    /**
+     * TEMI Descriptor
+     */
+    vec<uint8_t> descrData;
+};
+
+/**
  *  Filter Event for MMTP Record data.
  */
 struct DemuxFilterMmtpRecordEvent {
@@ -2521,6 +2547,8 @@
         DemuxFilterDownloadEvent download;
 
         DemuxFilterIpPayloadEvent ipPayload;
+
+        DemuxFilterTemiEvent temi;
     };
 
     /**
diff --git a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index c666226..7977f25 100644
--- a/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tv/tuner/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTvTunerV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterMainType;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterPesDataSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterPesEvent;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterRecordSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterSectionEvent;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterSectionSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::DemuxFilterSettings;
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::ITuner;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::PlaybackStatus;
+using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordSettings;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::RecordStatus;
 using android::hardware::tv::tuner::V1_0::Result;
 
@@ -159,6 +161,7 @@
     RECORD,
     MMTPRECORD,
     DOWNLOAD,
+    TEMI,
 };
 
 struct PlaybackConf {
@@ -378,7 +381,20 @@
 
 class DvrCallback : public IDvrCallback {
   public:
-    virtual Return<void> onRecordStatus(RecordStatus /*status*/) override { return Void(); }
+    virtual Return<void> onRecordStatus(DemuxFilterStatus status) override {
+        ALOGW("[vts] record status %hhu", status);
+        switch (status) {
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::DATA_READY:
+                break;
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::LOW_WATER:
+                break;
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::HIGH_WATER:
+            case DemuxFilterStatus::OVERFLOW:
+                ALOGW("[vts] record overflow. Flushing");
+                break;
+        }
+        return Void();
+    }
 
     virtual Return<void> onPlaybackStatus(PlaybackStatus status) override {
         // android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
@@ -400,10 +416,17 @@
 
     void testFilterDataOutput();
     void stopPlaybackThread();
+    void testRecordOutput();
+    void stopRecordThread();
 
     void startPlaybackInputThread(PlaybackConf playbackConf, MQDesc& playbackMQDescriptor);
+    void startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSetting, MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor);
     static void* __threadLoopPlayback(void* threadArgs);
+    static void* __threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs);
     void playbackThreadLoop(PlaybackConf* playbackConf, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
+    void recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* recordSetting, bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ);
+
+    bool readRecordFMQ();
 
   private:
     struct PlaybackThreadArgs {
@@ -411,22 +434,31 @@
         PlaybackConf* playbackConf;
         bool* keepWritingPlaybackFMQ;
     };
+    struct RecordThreadArgs {
+        DvrCallback* user;
+        RecordSettings* recordSetting;
+        bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ;
+    };
     uint16_t mDataLength = 0;
     std::vector<uint8_t> mDataOutputBuffer;
 
     std::map<uint32_t, std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ>> mFilterIdToMQ;
     std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mPlaybackMQ;
+    std::unique_ptr<FilterMQ> mRecordMQ;
     std::map<uint32_t, EventFlag*> mFilterIdToMQEventFlag;
     std::map<uint32_t, DemuxFilterEvent> mFilterIdToEvent;
-    EventFlag* mPlaybackMQEventFlag;
 
     android::Mutex mMsgLock;
     android::Mutex mPlaybackThreadLock;
+    android::Mutex mRecordThreadLock;
     android::Condition mMsgCondition;
 
     bool mKeepWritingPlaybackFMQ = true;
+    bool mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = true;
     bool mPlaybackThreadRunning;
+    bool mRecordThreadRunning;
     pthread_t mPlaybackThread;
+    pthread_t mRecordThread;
 
     int mPidFilterOutputCount = 0;
 };
@@ -515,6 +547,92 @@
     inputData.close();
 }
 
+void DvrCallback::testRecordOutput() {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+    while (mDataOutputBuffer.empty()) {
+        if (-ETIMEDOUT == mMsgCondition.waitRelative(mMsgLock, WAIT_TIMEOUT)) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "record output matching pid does not output within timeout";
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+    stopRecordThread();
+    ALOGW("[vts] record pass and stop");
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::startRecordOutputThread(RecordSettings recordSetting,
+                                          MQDesc& recordMQDescriptor) {
+    mRecordMQ = std::make_unique<FilterMQ>(recordMQDescriptor, true /* resetPointers */);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mRecordMQ);
+    struct RecordThreadArgs* threadArgs =
+            (struct RecordThreadArgs*)malloc(sizeof(struct RecordThreadArgs));
+    threadArgs->user = this;
+    threadArgs->recordSetting = &recordSetting;
+    threadArgs->keepReadingRecordFMQ = &mKeepReadingRecordFMQ;
+
+    pthread_create(&mRecordThread, NULL, __threadLoopRecord, (void*)threadArgs);
+    pthread_setname_np(mRecordThread, "test_record_input_loop");
+}
+
+void* DvrCallback::__threadLoopRecord(void* threadArgs) {
+    DvrCallback* const self =
+            static_cast<DvrCallback*>(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->user);
+    self->recordThreadLoop(((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->recordSetting,
+                           ((struct RecordThreadArgs*)threadArgs)->keepReadingRecordFMQ);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::recordThreadLoop(RecordSettings* /*recordSetting*/, bool* keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
+    ALOGD("[vts] DvrCallback record threadLoop start.");
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mRecordThreadLock);
+    mRecordThreadRunning = true;
+
+    // Create the EventFlag that is used to signal the HAL impl that data have been
+    // read from the Record FMQ
+    EventFlag* recordMQEventFlag;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(EventFlag::createEventFlag(mRecordMQ->getEventFlagWord(), &recordMQEventFlag) ==
+                android::OK);
+
+    while (mRecordThreadRunning) {
+        while (*keepReadingRecordFMQ) {
+            uint32_t efState = 0;
+            android::status_t status = recordMQEventFlag->wait(
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(DemuxQueueNotifyBits::DATA_READY), &efState, WAIT_TIMEOUT,
+                    true /* retry on spurious wake */);
+            if (status != android::OK) {
+                ALOGD("[vts] wait for data ready on the record FMQ");
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Our current implementation filter the data and write it into the filter FMQ
+            // immediately after the DATA_READY from the VTS/framework
+            if (!readRecordFMQ()) {
+                ALOGD("[vts] record data failed to be filtered. Ending thread");
+                mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+    ALOGD("[vts] record thread ended.");
+}
+
+bool DvrCallback::readRecordFMQ() {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+    bool result = false;
+    mDataOutputBuffer.clear();
+    mDataOutputBuffer.resize(mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
+    result = mRecordMQ->read(mDataOutputBuffer.data(), mRecordMQ->availableToRead());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result) << "can't read from Record MQ";
+    mMsgCondition.signal();
+    return result;
+}
+
+void DvrCallback::stopRecordThread() {
+    mKeepReadingRecordFMQ = false;
+    mRecordThreadRunning = false;
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mRecordThreadLock);
+}
+
 // Test environment for Tuner HIDL HAL.
 class TunerHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
   public:
@@ -554,6 +672,7 @@
     sp<DvrCallback> mDvrCallback;
     MQDesc mFilterMQDescriptor;
     MQDesc mPlaybackMQDescriptor;
+    MQDesc mRecordMQDescriptor;
     vector<uint32_t> mUsedFilterIds;
 
     uint32_t mDemuxId;
@@ -571,6 +690,8 @@
                                                        FrontendSettings settings);
     ::testing::AssertionResult getPlaybackMQDescriptor();
     ::testing::AssertionResult addPlaybackToDemux(PlaybackSettings setting);
+    ::testing::AssertionResult getRecordMQDescriptor();
+    ::testing::AssertionResult addRecordToDemux(RecordSettings setting);
     ::testing::AssertionResult addFilterToDemux(DemuxFilterType type, DemuxFilterSettings setting);
     ::testing::AssertionResult getFilterMQDescriptor();
     ::testing::AssertionResult closeDemux();
@@ -580,6 +701,9 @@
     ::testing::AssertionResult playbackDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConf> filterConf,
                                                     PlaybackConf playbackConf,
                                                     vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
+    ::testing::AssertionResult recordDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConf> filterConf,
+                                                  RecordSettings recordSetting,
+                                                  vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
     ::testing::AssertionResult broadcastDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConf> filterConf,
                                                      vector<string> goldenOutputFiles);
 };
@@ -765,6 +889,49 @@
     return ::testing::AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
 }
 
+::testing::AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::addRecordToDemux(RecordSettings setting) {
+    Result status;
+
+    if (!mDemux && createDemux() == ::testing::AssertionFailure()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    // Create dvr callback
+    mDvrCallback = new DvrCallback();
+
+    // Add playback input to the local demux
+    mDemux->openDvr(DvrType::RECORD, FMQ_SIZE_1M, mDvrCallback,
+                    [&](Result result, const sp<IDvr>& dvr) {
+                        mDvr = dvr;
+                        status = result;
+                    });
+
+    if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    DvrSettings dvrSetting;
+    dvrSetting.record(setting);
+    status = mDvr->configure(dvrSetting);
+
+    return ::testing::AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
+::testing::AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::getRecordMQDescriptor() {
+    Result status;
+
+    if ((!mDemux && createDemux() == ::testing::AssertionFailure()) || !mDvr) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    mDvr->getQueueDesc([&](Result result, const MQDesc& dvrMQDesc) {
+        mRecordMQDescriptor = dvrMQDesc;
+        status = result;
+    });
+
+    return ::testing::AssertionResult(status == Result::SUCCESS);
+}
+
 ::testing::AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::addFilterToDemux(DemuxFilterType type,
                                                            DemuxFilterSettings setting) {
     Result status;
@@ -821,6 +988,9 @@
                 case DemuxTsFilterType::RECORD:
                     eventType = FilterEventType::RECORD;
                     break;
+                case DemuxTsFilterType::TEMI:
+                    eventType = FilterEventType::TEMI;
+                    break;
             }
             break;
         case DemuxFilterMainType::MMTP:
@@ -993,6 +1163,82 @@
     return closeDemux();
 }
 
+::testing::AssertionResult TunerHidlTest::recordDataFlowTest(vector<FilterConf> filterConf,
+                                                             RecordSettings recordSetting,
+                                                             vector<string> /*goldenOutputFiles*/) {
+    Result status;
+    hidl_vec<FrontendId> feIds;
+
+    mService->getFrontendIds([&](Result result, const hidl_vec<FrontendId>& frontendIds) {
+        status = result;
+        feIds = frontendIds;
+    });
+
+    if (feIds.size() == 0) {
+        ALOGW("[   WARN   ] Frontend isn't available");
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    FrontendDvbtSettings dvbt{
+            .frequency = 1000,
+    };
+    FrontendSettings settings;
+    settings.dvbt(dvbt);
+
+    int filterIdsSize;
+    // Filter Configuration Module
+    for (int i = 0; i < filterConf.size(); i++) {
+        if (addFilterToDemux(filterConf[i].type, filterConf[i].setting) ==
+                    ::testing::AssertionFailure() ||
+            // TODO use a map to save the FMQs/EvenFlags and pass to callback
+            getFilterMQDescriptor() == ::testing::AssertionFailure()) {
+            return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+        }
+        filterIdsSize = mUsedFilterIds.size();
+        mUsedFilterIds.resize(filterIdsSize + 1);
+        mUsedFilterIds[filterIdsSize] = mFilterId;
+        mFilters[mFilterId] = mFilter;
+    }
+
+    // Record Config Module
+    if (addRecordToDemux(recordSetting) == ::testing::AssertionFailure() ||
+        getRecordMQDescriptor() == ::testing::AssertionFailure()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
+        if (mDvr->attachFilter(mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]) != Result::SUCCESS) {
+            return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    mDvrCallback->startRecordOutputThread(recordSetting, mRecordMQDescriptor);
+    status = mDvr->start();
+    if (status != Result::SUCCESS) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    if (createDemuxWithFrontend(feIds[0], settings) != ::testing::AssertionSuccess()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    // Data Verify Module
+    mDvrCallback->testRecordOutput();
+
+    // Clean Up Module
+    for (int i = 0; i <= filterIdsSize; i++) {
+        if (mFilters[mUsedFilterIds[i]]->stop() != Result::SUCCESS) {
+            return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+        }
+    }
+    if (mFrontend->stopTune() != Result::SUCCESS) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+    mUsedFilterIds.clear();
+    mFilterCallbacks.clear();
+    mFilters.clear();
+    return closeDemux();
+}
+
 /*
  * API STATUS TESTS
  */
@@ -1199,6 +1445,44 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(broadcastDataFlowTest(filterConf, goldenOutputFiles));
 }
 
+TEST_F(TunerHidlTest, RecordDataFlowWithTsRecordFilterTest) {
+    description("Feed ts data from frontend to recording and test with ts record filter");
+
+    // todo modulize the filter conf parser
+    vector<FilterConf> filterConf;
+    filterConf.resize(1);
+
+    DemuxFilterSettings filterSetting;
+    DemuxTsFilterSettings tsFilterSetting{
+            .tpid = 119,
+    };
+    DemuxFilterRecordSettings recordFilterSetting;
+    tsFilterSetting.filterSettings.record(recordFilterSetting);
+    filterSetting.ts(tsFilterSetting);
+
+    DemuxFilterType type{
+            .mainType = DemuxFilterMainType::TS,
+    };
+    type.subType.tsFilterType(DemuxTsFilterType::RECORD);
+    FilterConf recordFilterConf{
+            .type = type,
+            .setting = filterSetting,
+    };
+    filterConf[0] = recordFilterConf;
+
+    RecordSettings recordSetting{
+            .statusMask = 0xf,
+            .lowThreshold = 0x1000,
+            .highThreshold = 0x07fff,
+            .dataFormat = DataFormat::TS,
+            .packetSize = 188,
+    };
+
+    vector<string> goldenOutputFiles;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(recordDataFlowTest(filterConf, recordSetting, goldenOutputFiles));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 1f0972f..32c470b 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@
         "android.hardware.usb@1.0",
         "android.hardware.usb@1.1",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index caf9c69..d4b2ffd 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/usb/1.1/types.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -114,25 +115,12 @@
     };
 };
 
-// Test environment for Usb HIDL HAL.
-class UsbHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static UsbHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static UsbHidlEnvironment* instance = new UsbHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IUsb>(); }
-};
-
 // The main test class for the USB hidl HAL
-class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         ALOGI(__FUNCTION__);
-        usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>(
-            UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IUsb>());
+        usb = IUsb::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(usb, nullptr);
 
         usb_cb_2 = new UsbCallback(2);
@@ -158,7 +146,7 @@
  * Callback oject is created and registered.
  * Check to see if the hidl transaction succeeded.
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
     usb_cb_1 = new UsbCallback(1);
     ASSERT_NE(usb_cb_1, nullptr);
     Return<void> ret = usb->setCallback(usb_cb_1);
@@ -171,7 +159,7 @@
  * HAL service should call notifyPortStatusChange_1_1
  * instead of notifyPortStatusChange of V1_0 interface
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
     Return<void> ret = usb->queryPortStatus();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
     auto res = usb_cb_2->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameNotifyPortStatusChange_1_1);
@@ -181,12 +169,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(PortMode::NONE, res.args->usb_last_port_status.status.supportedModes);
     EXPECT_EQ(Status::SUCCESS, res.args->usb_last_status);
 }
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, UsbHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IUsb::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
index 2a9d0be..b9a80ec 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/CompositePrimitive.aidl
@@ -19,11 +19,34 @@
 @VintfStability
 @Backing(type="int")
 enum CompositePrimitive {
+    /**
+     * No haptic effect. Used to generate extended delays between primitives.
+     */
     NOOP,
+    /**
+     * This effect should produce a sharp, crisp click sensation.
+     */
     CLICK,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates downwards movement with gravity. Often
+     * followed by extra energy of hitting and reverberation to augment
+     * physicality.
+     */
     THUD,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates spinning momentum.
+     */
     SPIN,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates quick upward movement against gravity.
+     */
     QUICK_RISE,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates slow upward movement against gravity.
+     */
     SLOW_RISE,
+    /**
+     * A haptic effect that simulates quick downwards movement with gravity.
+     */
     QUICK_FALL,
 }
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
index ebf5faa..f553664 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/android/hardware/vibrator/IVibrator.aidl
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@
      * Whether compose is supported.
      */
     const int CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS = 1 << 5;
+    /**
+     * Whether alwaysOnEnable/alwaysOnDisable is supported.
+     */
+    const int CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL = 1 << 6;
 
     /**
      * Determine capabilities of the vibrator HAL (CAP_* mask)
@@ -165,4 +169,31 @@
      */
     void compose(in CompositeEffect[] composite, in IVibratorCallback callback);
 
+    /**
+     * List of supported always-on effects.
+     *
+     * Return the effects which are supported by the alwaysOnEnable (an effect
+     * is expected to be supported at every strength level.
+     */
+    Effect[] getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects();
+
+    /**
+     * Enable an always-on haptic source, assigning a specific effect. An
+     * always-on haptic source is a source that can be triggered externally
+     * once enabled and assigned an effect to play. This may not be supported
+     * and this support is reflected in getCapabilities (CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL).
+     *
+     * @param id The device-specific always-on source ID to enable.
+     * @param effect The type of haptic event to trigger.
+     * @param strength The intensity of haptic event to trigger.
+     */
+    void alwaysOnEnable(in int id, in Effect effect, in EffectStrength strength);
+
+    /**
+     * Disable an always-on haptic source. This may not be supported and this
+     * support is reflected in getCapabilities (CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL).
+     *
+     * @param id The device-specific always-on source ID to disable.
+     */
+    void alwaysOnDisable(in int id);
 }
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp b/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
index befdeab..cedd9cb 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/default/Vibrator.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@
     LOG(INFO) << "Vibrator reporting capabilities";
     *_aidl_return = IVibrator::CAP_ON_CALLBACK | IVibrator::CAP_PERFORM_CALLBACK |
                     IVibrator::CAP_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_CONTROL |
-                    IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS;
+                    IVibrator::CAP_EXTERNAL_AMPLITUDE_CONTROL | IVibrator::CAP_COMPOSE_EFFECTS |
+                    IVibrator::CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL;
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
@@ -151,6 +152,28 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(std::vector<Effect>* _aidl_return) {
+    return getSupportedEffects(_aidl_return);
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::alwaysOnEnable(int32_t id, Effect effect, EffectStrength strength) {
+    std::vector<Effect> effects;
+    getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(&effects);
+
+    if (std::find(effects.begin(), effects.end(), effect) == effects.end()) {
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::fromExceptionCode(EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION);
+    } else {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Enabling always-on ID " << id << " with " << toString(effect) << "/"
+                  << toString(strength);
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus Vibrator::alwaysOnDisable(int32_t id) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Disabling always-on ID " << id;
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace vibrator
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h b/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
index 817ec80..0eb957d 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/default/include/vibrator-impl/Vibrator.h
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus getCompositionSizeMax(int32_t* maxSize);
     ndk::ScopedAStatus compose(const std::vector<CompositeEffect>& composite,
                                const std::shared_ptr<IVibratorCallback>& callback) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(std::vector<Effect>* _aidl_return) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus alwaysOnEnable(int32_t id, Effect effect, EffectStrength strength) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus alwaysOnDisable(int32_t id) override;
 };
 
 }  // namespace vibrator
diff --git a/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp b/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
index 5c6120b..0e2b3e1 100644
--- a/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
+++ b/vibrator/aidl/vts/VtsHalVibratorTargetTest.cpp
@@ -34,18 +34,10 @@
 using android::hardware::vibrator::EffectStrength;
 using android::hardware::vibrator::IVibrator;
 
-// TODO(b/143992652): autogenerate
-const std::vector<Effect> kEffects = {
-        Effect::CLICK,       Effect::DOUBLE_CLICK, Effect::TICK,        Effect::THUD,
-        Effect::POP,         Effect::HEAVY_CLICK,  Effect::RINGTONE_1,  Effect::RINGTONE_2,
-        Effect::RINGTONE_3,  Effect::RINGTONE_4,   Effect::RINGTONE_5,  Effect::RINGTONE_6,
-        Effect::RINGTONE_7,  Effect::RINGTONE_8,   Effect::RINGTONE_9,  Effect::RINGTONE_10,
-        Effect::RINGTONE_11, Effect::RINGTONE_12,  Effect::RINGTONE_13, Effect::RINGTONE_14,
-        Effect::RINGTONE_15, Effect::TEXTURE_TICK};
-
-// TODO(b/143992652): autogenerate
-const std::vector<EffectStrength> kEffectStrengths = {EffectStrength::LIGHT, EffectStrength::MEDIUM,
-                                                      EffectStrength::STRONG};
+const std::vector<Effect> kEffects{android::enum_range<Effect>().begin(),
+                                   android::enum_range<Effect>().end()};
+const std::vector<EffectStrength> kEffectStrengths{android::enum_range<EffectStrength>().begin(),
+                                                   android::enum_range<EffectStrength>().end()};
 
 const std::vector<Effect> kInvalidEffects = {
         static_cast<Effect>(static_cast<int32_t>(kEffects.front()) - 1),
@@ -135,13 +127,12 @@
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
 
             if (isEffectSupported) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk())
-                        << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
                 EXPECT_GT(lengthMs, 0);
                 usleep(lengthMs * 1000);
             } else {
                 EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                        << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                        << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
                 EXPECT_EQ(lengthMs, 0);
             }
         }
@@ -202,7 +193,7 @@
             int32_t lengthMs;
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
             EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                    << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                    << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
         }
     }
     for (Effect effect : kEffects) {
@@ -210,7 +201,7 @@
             int32_t lengthMs;
             Status status = vibrator->perform(effect, strength, nullptr /*callback*/, &lengthMs);
             EXPECT_EQ(status.exceptionCode(), Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)
-                    << static_cast<int>(effect) << " " << static_cast<int>(strength);
+                    << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -371,6 +362,32 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(VibratorAidl, AlwaysOn) {
+    if (capabilities & IVibrator::CAP_ALWAYS_ON_CONTROL) {
+        std::vector<Effect> supported;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(vibrator->getSupportedAlwaysOnEffects(&supported).isOk());
+
+        for (Effect effect : kEffects) {
+            bool isEffectSupported =
+                    std::find(supported.begin(), supported.end(), effect) != supported.end();
+
+            for (EffectStrength strength : kEffectStrengths) {
+                Status status = vibrator->alwaysOnEnable(0, effect, strength);
+
+                if (isEffectSupported) {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_NONE, status.exceptionCode())
+                            << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
+                } else {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION, status.exceptionCode())
+                            << toString(effect) << " " << toString(strength);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_NONE, vibrator->alwaysOnDisable(0).exceptionCode());
+    }
+}
+
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(Vibrator, VibratorAidl,
                          testing::ValuesIn(android::getAidlHalInstanceNames(IVibrator::descriptor)),
                          android::PrintInstanceNameToString);