diff --git a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
index d849f85..cb6584d 100644
--- a/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
+++ b/audio/core/all-versions/vts/functional/DeviceManager.h
@@ -113,7 +113,11 @@
 #elif MAJOR_VERSION >= 6
         {
             sp<IDevice> device = getExisting(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name));
-            if (device != nullptr) device->close();
+            if (device != nullptr) {
+                auto ret = device->close();
+                ALOGE_IF(!ret.isOk(), "Device %s::%s close failed: %s", factoryName.c_str(),
+                         name.c_str(), ret.description().c_str());
+            }
         }
         return InterfaceManager::reset(std::make_tuple(factoryName, name), false);
 #endif
diff --git a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
index 5a75ae1..3702171 100644
--- a/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
+++ b/graphics/composer/2.1/utils/hwc2on1adapter/HWC2On1Adapter.cpp
@@ -2590,13 +2590,6 @@
 
     std::unique_lock<std::recursive_timed_mutex> lock(mStateMutex);
 
-    // If the HWC2-side callback hasn't been registered yet, buffer this until
-    // it is registered
-    if (mCallbacks.count(Callback::Hotplug) == 0) {
-        mPendingHotplugs.emplace_back(hwc1DisplayId, connected);
-        return;
-    }
-
     hwc2_display_t displayId = UINT64_MAX;
     if (mHwc1DisplayMap.count(hwc1DisplayId) == 0) {
         if (connected == 0) {
@@ -2625,6 +2618,13 @@
         mDisplays.erase(displayId);
     }
 
+    // If the HWC2-side callback hasn't been registered yet, buffer this until
+    // it is registered
+    if (mCallbacks.count(Callback::Hotplug) == 0) {
+        mPendingHotplugs.emplace_back(hwc1DisplayId, connected);
+        return;
+    }
+
     const auto& callbackInfo = mCallbacks[Callback::Hotplug];
 
     // Call back without the state lock held
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index b090548..43571ef 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
         "android.hardware.health@1.0",
         "android.hardware.health@2.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
index 6e13a98..49891b7 100644
--- a/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/health/2.0/vts/functional/VtsHalHealthV2_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -20,17 +20,18 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/IHealth.h>
 #include <android/hardware/health/2.0/types.h>
 #include <gflags/gflags.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 
 using ::testing::AssertionFailure;
 using ::testing::AssertionResult;
 using ::testing::AssertionSuccess;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase;
-using ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase;
 
 DEFINE_bool(force, false, "Force test healthd even when the default instance is present.");
 
@@ -74,30 +75,13 @@
 
 using V1_0::BatteryStatus;
 
-// Test environment for graphics.composer
-class HealthHidlEnvironment : public VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static HealthHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static HealthHidlEnvironment* instance = new HealthHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IHealth>(); }
-
-   private:
-    HealthHidlEnvironment() {}
-
-    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(HealthHidlEnvironment);
-};
-
-class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class HealthHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        std::string serviceName = HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IHealth>();
+        std::string serviceName = GetParam();
 
         if (serviceName == "backup" && !FLAGS_force &&
-            ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>() != nullptr) {
+            IHealth::getService() != nullptr) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Skipping tests on healthd because the default instance is present. "
                       << "Use --force if you really want to test healthd.";
             GTEST_SKIP();
@@ -105,7 +89,7 @@
 
         LOG(INFO) << "get service with name:" << serviceName;
         ASSERT_FALSE(serviceName.empty());
-        mHealth = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IHealth>(serviceName);
+        mHealth = IHealth::getService(serviceName);
         ASSERT_NE(mHealth, nullptr);
     }
 
@@ -156,7 +140,7 @@
  * Test whether callbacks work. Tested functions are IHealth::registerCallback,
  * unregisterCallback, and update.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, Callbacks) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
     sp<Callback> firstCallback = new Callback();
@@ -193,7 +177,7 @@
     ASSERT_ALL_OK(mHealth->unregisterCallback(secondCallback));
 }
 
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, UnregisterNonExistentCallback) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     sp<Callback> callback = new Callback();
     auto ret = mHealth->unregisterCallback(callback);
@@ -278,7 +262,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value > 0);
@@ -288,7 +272,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentNow() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentNow) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentNow([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -298,7 +282,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCurrentAverage() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCurrentAverage) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCurrentAverage([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT32_MIN);
@@ -308,7 +292,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getCapacity() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getCapacity) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getCapacity([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), 0 <= value && value <= 100);
@@ -318,7 +302,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getEnergyCounter() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getEnergyCounter) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getEnergyCounter([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, std::to_string(value), value != INT64_MIN);
@@ -328,7 +312,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getChargeStatus() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getChargeStatus) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getChargeStatus([](auto result, auto value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(
@@ -340,7 +324,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getStorageInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getStorageInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getStorageInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyStorageInfo(value));
@@ -350,7 +334,7 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getDiskStats() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getDiskStats) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getDiskStats([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), true);
@@ -360,25 +344,24 @@
 /*
  * Tests the values returned by getHealthInfo() from interface IHealth.
  */
-TEST_F(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
+TEST_P(HealthHidlTest, getHealthInfo) {
     SKIP_IF_SKIPPED();
     EXPECT_OK(mHealth->getHealthInfo([](auto result, auto& value) {
         EXPECT_VALID_OR_UNSUPPORTED_PROP(result, toString(value), verifyHealthInfo(value));
     }));
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, HealthHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IHealth::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace health
 }  // namespace hardware
 }  // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    using ::android::hardware::health::V2_0::HealthHidlEnvironment;
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance());
     ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    HealthHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
     gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true /* remove flags */);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 87e62f1..e3716e0 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@
         "android.hardware.renderscript@1.0",
         "libnativewindow",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
index f47253f..3040cbf 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsCopyTests.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple1DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple1DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple2DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple2DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple3DCopyTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, Simple3DCopyTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleBitmapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleBitmapTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy2DRangeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy2DRangeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy3DRangeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, AllocationCopy3DRangeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleAdapterTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleAdapterTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleMipmapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleMipmapTest) {
     // uint8_t
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@
  *
  * Expect: dataIn & dataOut are the same.
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleCubemapTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, SimpleCubemapTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
  * typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped, allocationElementWrite,
  * allocationElementRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ComplexElementTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ComplexElementTest) {
     Element element1 = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element1);
 
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 0636cf9..5e5776c 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@
 
 // The main test class for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
 void RenderscriptHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    device = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IDevice>(
-        RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IDevice>());
+    device = IDevice::getService(GetParam());
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, device.get());
 
     uint32_t version = 0;
@@ -35,11 +34,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    RenderscriptHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    LOG(INFO) << "Test result = " << status;
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, RenderscriptHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IDevice::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
index e11ab92..b7dbed4 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalRenderscriptV1_0TargetTest.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
-#define VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
+#pragma once
 
 #define LOG_TAG "renderscript_hidl_hal_test"
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -24,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/renderscript/1.0/IDevice.h>
 #include <android/hardware/renderscript/1.0/types.h>
 
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 
 using ::android::hardware::renderscript::V1_0::Allocation;
 using ::android::hardware::renderscript::V1_0::AllocationAdapter;
@@ -89,8 +88,8 @@
 extern const int bitCodeLength;
 
 // The main test class for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
-class RenderscriptHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
-public:
+class RenderscriptHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
+  public:
     virtual void SetUp() override;
     virtual void TearDown() override;
 
@@ -99,17 +98,3 @@
 private:
     sp<IDevice>    device;
 };
-
-// Test environment for RENDERSCRIPT HIDL HAL.
-class RenderscriptHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static RenderscriptHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static RenderscriptHidlEnvironment* instance = new RenderscriptHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IDevice>(); }
-};
-
-#endif // VTS_HAL_RENDERSCRIPT_V1_0_TARGET_TESTS_H
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
index 278dbf3..c66ddea 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsMiscellaneousTests.cpp
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
  *
  * Calls: getService<IDevice>, contextCreate, contextDestroy
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextCreateAndDestroy) {}
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextCreateAndDestroy) {}
 
 /*
  * Create an Element and verify the return value is valid.
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementCreate) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementCreate) {
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     EXPECT_NE(Element(0), element);
 }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped, allocationGetType
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementTypeAllocationCreate) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ElementTypeAllocationCreate) {
     // Element create test
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, elementGetNativeMetadata,
  * typeGetNativeMetadata
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, MetadataTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, MetadataTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
  * Calls: elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocationGetPointer, allocationResize1D
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ResizeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ResizeTest) {
     // float1
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::FLOAT_32, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
  * allocationGetNativeWindow, allocationSetNativeWindow, allocationIoSend,
  * allocationIoReceive, allocation2DRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, NativeWindowIoTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, NativeWindowIoTest) {
     // uint8x4
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 4);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
  * allocation2DWrite, allocation2DRead, allocationIoSend,
  * allocationIoReceive
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, BufferQueueTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, BufferQueueTest) {
     // uint8x4
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 4);
     ASSERT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
  * Calls: contextInitToClient, contextSendMessage, contextPeekMessage,
  * contextGetMessage, contextDeinitToClient, contextLog
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextMessageTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ContextMessageTest) {
     context->contextInitToClient();
 
     const char * message = "correct";
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
  * Calls: contextSetPriority, contextSetCacheDir, elementCreate, assignName,
  * contextFinish, getName, objDestroy, samplerCreate
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, MiscellaneousTests) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, MiscellaneousTests) {
     context->contextSetPriority(ThreadPriorities::NORMAL);
     context->contextSetCacheDir("/data/local/tmp/temp/");
 
diff --git a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
index 8d24cfa..9607267 100644
--- a/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
+++ b/renderscript/1.0/vts/functional/VtsScriptTests.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: elementCreate, scriptIntrinsicCreate, scriptSetTimeZone
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, IntrinsicTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, IntrinsicTest) {
     // uint8
     Element element = context->elementCreate(DataType::UNSIGNED_8, DataKind::USER, false, 1);
     EXPECT_NE(Element(0), element);
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
  * scriptSetVarF, scriptSetVarD, elementCreate, typeCreate,
  * allocationCreateTyped, scriptSetVarObj, scriptSetVarV, scriptSetVarVE
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptVarTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptVarTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
  *
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, scriptInvoke, scriptGetVarV, scriptInvokeV
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptInvokeTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptInvokeTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptForEach, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptForEachTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptForEachTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
  * Calls: scriptCCreate, elementCreate, typeCreate, allocationCreateTyped,
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptReduce, contextFinish, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptReduceTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptReduceTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptBindAllocation, scriptSetVarV, scriptBindAllocation,
  * allocationRead, scriptInvokeV, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptBindTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptBindTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
  * scriptGroupCreate, scriptGroupSetInput, scriptGroupSetOutput,
  * scriptGroupExecute, contextFinish, allocation2DRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroupTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroupTest) {
     std::vector<uint8_t> dataIn(256 * 256 * 4, 128), dataOut(256 * 256 * 4, 0),
         zeros(256 * 256 * 4, 0);
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> _dataIn, _dataOut;
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
  * invokeClosureCreate, closureCreate, closureSetGlobal, scriptGroup2Create,
  * scriptGroupExecute, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2Test) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2Test) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
  * allocation1DWrite, scriptKernelIDCreate, closureCreate, closureSetArg,
  * scriptGroup2Create, scriptGroupExecute, allocationRead
  */
-TEST_F(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2KernelTest) {
+TEST_P(RenderscriptHidlTest, ScriptGroup2KernelTest) {
     hidl_vec<uint8_t> bitcode;
     bitcode.setToExternal((uint8_t*)bitCode, bitCodeLength);
     Script script = context->scriptCCreate("struct_test", "/data/local/tmp/", bitcode);
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index e8e1414..4af59b6 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.config@1.0",
         "android.hardware.tetheroffload.control@1.0",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
diff --git a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 03b6406..b422b2f 100644
--- a/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/tetheroffload/control/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalTetheroffloadControlV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -17,15 +17,17 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VtsOffloadControlV1_0TargetTest"
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/config/1.0/IOffloadConfig.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/IOffloadControl.h>
 #include <android/hardware/tetheroffload/control/1.0/types.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <linux/netfilter/nfnetlink.h>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
@@ -110,24 +112,8 @@
     NatTimeoutUpdate last_params;
 };
 
-// Test environment for OffloadControl HIDL HAL.
-class OffloadControlHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static OffloadControlHidlEnvironment* instance = new OffloadControlHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override {
-        registerTestService<IOffloadConfig>();
-        registerTestService<IOffloadControl>();
-    }
-   private:
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment() {}
-};
-
-class OffloadControlHidlTestBase : public testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class OffloadControlHidlTestBase
+    : public testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<std::string, std::string>> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         setupConfigHal();
@@ -144,8 +130,7 @@
     // The IOffloadConfig HAL is tested more thoroughly elsewhere. He we just
     // setup everything correctly and verify basic readiness.
     void setupConfigHal() {
-        config = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadConfig>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadConfig>());
+        config = IOffloadConfig::getService(std::get<0>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, config.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         unique_fd fd1(conntrackSocket(NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_NEW | NF_NETLINK_CONNTRACK_DESTROY));
@@ -173,8 +158,7 @@
     }
 
     void prepareControlHal() {
-        control = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IOffloadControl>(
-            OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IOffloadControl>());
+        control = IOffloadControl::getService(std::get<1>(GetParam()));
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, control.get()) << "Could not get HIDL instance";
 
         control_cb = new TetheringOffloadCallback();
@@ -240,7 +224,7 @@
 };
 
 // Call initOffload() multiple times. Check that non-first initOffload() calls return false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalInitsWithoutStopReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     initOffload(false);
     initOffload(false);
@@ -248,7 +232,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, MultipleStopsWithoutInitReturnFalse) {
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
     stopOffload(ExpectBoolean::False);
@@ -267,7 +251,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling stopOffload() after a complete init/stop cycle returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AdditionalStopsWithInitReturnFalse) {
     initOffload(true);
     // Call setUpstreamParameters() so that "offload" can be reasonably said
     // to be both requested and operational.
@@ -289,7 +273,7 @@
 }
 
 // Check that calling setLocalPrefixes() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetLocalPrefixesWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("2001:db8::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -297,14 +281,14 @@
 
 // Check that calling getForwardedStats() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, GetForwardedStatsWithoutInitReturnsZeroValues) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Check that calling setDataLimit() without first having called initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetDataLimitWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -313,7 +297,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling setUpstreamParameters() without first having called initOffload()
 // returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, SetUpstreamParametersWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.0/24");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -325,7 +309,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -334,7 +318,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling addDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, AddIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -343,7 +327,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv4 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv4DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -352,7 +336,7 @@
 
 // Check that calling removeDownstream() with an IPv6 prefix without first having called
 // initOffload() returns false.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTestBase, RemoveIPv6DownstreamWithoutInitReturnsFalse) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -379,21 +363,21 @@
  */
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv4 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts an IPv6 address.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv6AddressOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("fe80::1")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() accepts both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesIPv4v6PrefixesOk) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("fe80::/64")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -402,14 +386,14 @@
 // Test that setLocalPrefixes() fails given empty input. There is always
 // a non-empty set of local prefixes; when all networking interfaces are down
 // we still apply {127.0.0.0/8, ::1/128, fe80::/64} here.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesEmptyFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
 }
 
 // Test setLocalPrefixes() fails on incorrectly formed input strings.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetLocalPrefixesInvalidFails) {
     const vector<hidl_string> prefixes{hidl_string("192.0.2.0/24"), hidl_string("invalid")};
     const Return<void> ret = control->setLocalPrefixes(prefixes, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -420,7 +404,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that getForwardedStats() for a non-existent upstream yields zero bytes statistics.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsInvalidUpstreamIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream("invalid");
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -428,7 +412,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, GetForwardedStatsDummyIface) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const Return<void> ret = control->getForwardedStats(upstream, ASSERT_ZERO_BYTES_CALLBACK);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
@@ -439,7 +423,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test that setDataLimit() for an empty interface name fails.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitEmptyUpstreamIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string upstream("");
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -448,7 +432,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitNonZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 5000ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -457,7 +441,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetDataLimitZeroOk) {
     const hidl_string upstream(TEST_IFACE);
     const uint64_t limit = 0ULL;
     const Return<void> ret = control->setDataLimit(upstream, limit, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -470,7 +454,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -482,7 +466,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersAlternateIPv6OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr;
     const hidl_string v4Gw;
@@ -494,7 +478,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4OnlyOk) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -506,7 +490,7 @@
 
 // TEST_IFACE is presumed to exist on the device and be up. No packets
 // are ever actually caused to be forwarded.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersIPv4v6Ok) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -517,7 +501,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when all parameters are empty.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string v4Addr("");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("");
@@ -528,7 +512,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -542,7 +526,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 addresses.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4AddrFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -556,7 +540,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv4 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersInvalidIPv4GatewayFails) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const vector<hidl_string> v6Gws{hidl_string("fe80::db8:1")};
@@ -570,7 +554,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test that setUpstreamParameters() fails when given unparseable IPv6 gateways.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, SetUpstreamParametersBadIPv6GatewaysFail) {
     const hidl_string iface(TEST_IFACE);
     const hidl_string v4Addr("192.0.2.2");
     const hidl_string v4Gw("192.0.2.1");
@@ -588,7 +572,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -596,7 +580,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_TRUE_CALLBACK);
@@ -604,7 +588,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->addDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -612,7 +596,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamInvalidIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -623,7 +607,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test addDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, AddDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -638,7 +622,7 @@
  */
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv4 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv4) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -650,7 +634,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() works given an IPv6 prefix.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamIPv6) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     const hidl_string prefix("2001:db8::/64");
     // First add the downstream, otherwise removeDownstream logic can reasonably
@@ -662,7 +646,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given all empty parameters.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamEmptyFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("");
     const hidl_string prefix("");
     const Return<void> ret = control->removeDownstream(iface, prefix, ASSERT_FALSE_CALLBACK);
@@ -670,7 +654,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given empty or non-existent interface names.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusIfaceFails) {
     const hidl_string prefix("192.0.2.0/24");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "invalid"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("iface='%s'", bogus));
@@ -681,7 +665,7 @@
 }
 
 // Test removeDownstream() fails given unparseable prefix arguments.
-TEST_F(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
+TEST_P(OffloadControlHidlTest, RemoveDownstreamBogusPrefixFails) {
     const hidl_string iface("dummy0");
     for (const auto& bogus : {"", "192.0.2/24", "2001:db8/64"}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("prefix='%s'", bogus));
@@ -691,11 +675,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    OffloadControlHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGE("Test result with status=%d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTestBase,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(
+    PerInstance, OffloadControlHidlTest,
+    testing::Combine(
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadConfig::descriptor)),
+        testing::ValuesIn(
+            android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IOffloadControl::descriptor))),
+    android::hardware::PrintInstanceTupleNameToString<>);
+
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
index 1f0972f..32c470b 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@
         "android.hardware.usb@1.0",
         "android.hardware.usb@1.1",
     ],
-    test_suites: ["general-tests"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "vts-core"],
 }
 
diff --git a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
index caf9c69..d4b2ffd 100644
--- a/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/usb/1.1/vts/functional/VtsHalUsbV1_1TargetTest.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 #include <android/hardware/usb/1.1/types.h>
 
 #include <VtsHalHidlTargetCallbackBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase.h>
-#include <VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hidl/GtestPrinter.h>
+#include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <chrono>
@@ -114,25 +115,12 @@
     };
 };
 
-// Test environment for Usb HIDL HAL.
-class UsbHidlEnvironment : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestEnvBase {
-   public:
-    // get the test environment singleton
-    static UsbHidlEnvironment* Instance() {
-        static UsbHidlEnvironment* instance = new UsbHidlEnvironment;
-        return instance;
-    }
-
-    virtual void registerTestServices() override { registerTestService<IUsb>(); }
-};
-
 // The main test class for the USB hidl HAL
-class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
+class UsbHidlTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         ALOGI(__FUNCTION__);
-        usb = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase::getService<IUsb>(
-            UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->getServiceName<IUsb>());
+        usb = IUsb::getService(GetParam());
         ASSERT_NE(usb, nullptr);
 
         usb_cb_2 = new UsbCallback(2);
@@ -158,7 +146,7 @@
  * Callback oject is created and registered.
  * Check to see if the hidl transaction succeeded.
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, setCallback) {
     usb_cb_1 = new UsbCallback(1);
     ASSERT_NE(usb_cb_1, nullptr);
     Return<void> ret = usb->setCallback(usb_cb_1);
@@ -171,7 +159,7 @@
  * HAL service should call notifyPortStatusChange_1_1
  * instead of notifyPortStatusChange of V1_0 interface
  */
-TEST_F(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
+TEST_P(UsbHidlTest, queryPortStatus) {
     Return<void> ret = usb->queryPortStatus();
     ASSERT_TRUE(ret.isOk());
     auto res = usb_cb_2->WaitForCallback(kCallbackNameNotifyPortStatusChange_1_1);
@@ -181,12 +169,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(PortMode::NONE, res.args->usb_last_port_status.status.supportedModes);
     EXPECT_EQ(Status::SUCCESS, res.args->usb_last_status);
 }
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-    ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance());
-    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
-    UsbHidlEnvironment::Instance()->init(&argc, argv);
-    int status = RUN_ALL_TESTS();
-    ALOGI("Test result = %d", status);
-    return status;
-}
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+        PerInstance, UsbHidlTest,
+        testing::ValuesIn(android::hardware::getAllHalInstanceNames(IUsb::descriptor)),
+        android::hardware::PrintInstanceNameToString);