diff --git a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
index d601235..872bb2c 100644
--- a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
+++ b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/Android.bp
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
     name: "VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest",
     defaults: ["VtsHalTargetTestDefaults"],
     srcs: ["VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp"],
-    static_libs: ["android.hardware.cas@1.0"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android.hardware.cas@1.0",
+        "android.hardware.cas.native@1.0",
+        "android.hidl.allocator@1.0",
+        "android.hidl.memory@1.0",
+        "libhidlmemory",
+    ],
 }
 
diff --git a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index f346bae..062ee20 100644
--- a/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/cas/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalCasV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -22,30 +22,192 @@
 #include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/ICasListener.h>
 #include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/IDescramblerBase.h>
 #include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/IMediaCasService.h>
+#include <android/hardware/cas/1.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware/cas/native/1.0/IDescrambler.h>
+#include <android/hardware/cas/native/1.0/types.h>
+#include <android/hidl/allocator/1.0/IAllocator.h>
+#include <android/hidl/memory/1.0/IMapper.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
+#include <hidl/Status.h>
+#include <hidlmemory/mapping.h>
+#include <utils/Condition.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
-#include <cinttypes>
-#include <utility>
-
-// CA System Ids used for testing
 #define CLEAR_KEY_SYSTEM_ID 0xF6D8
 #define INVALID_SYSTEM_ID 0
+#define WAIT_TIMEOUT 3000000000
+
+#define PROVISION_STR                                      \
+    "{                                                   " \
+    "  \"id\": 21140844,                                 " \
+    "  \"name\": \"Test Title\",                         " \
+    "  \"lowercase_organization_name\": \"Android\",     " \
+    "  \"asset_key\": {                                  " \
+    "  \"encryption_key\": \"nezAr3CHFrmBR9R8Tedotw==\"  " \
+    "  },                                                " \
+    "  \"cas_type\": 1,                                  " \
+    "  \"track_types\": [ ]                              " \
+    "}                                                   "
 
 using android::Condition;
 using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::ICas;
 using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::ICasListener;
 using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::IDescramblerBase;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::IDescrambler;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::SubSample;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::SharedBuffer;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::DestinationBuffer;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::BufferType;
+using android::hardware::cas::native::V1_0::ScramblingControl;
 using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::IMediaCasService;
 using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::HidlCasPluginDescriptor;
 using android::hardware::Void;
 using android::hardware::hidl_vec;
+using android::hardware::hidl_string;
+using android::hardware::hidl_handle;
+using android::hardware::hidl_memory;
 using android::hardware::Return;
+using android::hardware::cas::V1_0::Status;
+using android::hidl::allocator::V1_0::IAllocator;
+using android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMemory;
+using android::hidl::memory::V1_0::IMapper;
 using android::Mutex;
 using android::sp;
 
 namespace {
 
+const uint8_t kEcmBinaryBuffer[] = {
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x50, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x46, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x10, 0x02, 0x00,
+    0x01, 0x77, 0x01, 0x42, 0x95, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0xe3, 0x91, 0xbc, 0xfd, 0x05, 0xb1, 0x60, 0x4f,
+    0x17, 0x82, 0xa4, 0x86, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x56, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x27, 0x10, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x77, 0x01, 0x42, 0x95, 0x6c, 0xd7, 0x43, 0x62, 0xf8, 0x1c,
+    0x62, 0x19, 0x05, 0xc7, 0x3a, 0x42, 0xcd, 0xfd, 0xd9, 0x13, 0x48,
+};
+
+const SubSample kSubSamples[] = {{162, 0}, {0, 184}, {0, 184}};
+
+const uint8_t kInBinaryBuffer[] = {
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x09, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x67, 0x42, 0xc0, 0x1e, 0xdb, 0x01,
+    0x40, 0x16, 0xec, 0x04, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x03, 0xc5, 0x8b,
+    0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x68, 0xca, 0x8c, 0xb2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x06, 0x05, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0x70, 0xdc, 0x45, 0xe9, 0xbd, 0xe6, 0xd9, 0x48, 0xb7, 0x96, 0x2c, 0xd8, 0x20, 0xd9, 0x23, 0xee,
+    0xef, 0x78, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x31, 0x34, 0x32,
+    0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x48, 0x2e, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x2f, 0x4d, 0x50, 0x45, 0x47, 0x2d, 0x34, 0x20,
+    0x41, 0x56, 0x43, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x63, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x79,
+    0x6c, 0x65, 0x66, 0x74, 0x20, 0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x2d, 0x32, 0x30, 0x31, 0x34, 0x20, 0x2d,
+    0x20, 0x68, 0x74, 0x74, 0x70, 0x3a, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65,
+    0x6f, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x67, 0x2f, 0x78, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x2e, 0x68, 0x74,
+    0x6d, 0x6c, 0x6e, 0x45, 0x21, 0x82, 0x38, 0xf0, 0x9d, 0x7d, 0x96, 0xe6, 0x94, 0xae, 0xe2, 0x87,
+    0x8f, 0x04, 0x49, 0xe5, 0xf6, 0x8c, 0x8b, 0x9a, 0x10, 0x18, 0xba, 0x94, 0xe9, 0x22, 0x31, 0x04,
+    0x7e, 0x60, 0x5b, 0xc4, 0x24, 0x00, 0x90, 0x62, 0x0d, 0xdc, 0x85, 0x74, 0x75, 0x78, 0xd0, 0x14,
+    0x08, 0xcb, 0x02, 0x1d, 0x7d, 0x9d, 0x34, 0xe8, 0x81, 0xb9, 0xf7, 0x09, 0x28, 0x79, 0x29, 0x8d,
+    0xe3, 0x14, 0xed, 0x5f, 0xca, 0xaf, 0xf4, 0x1c, 0x49, 0x15, 0xe1, 0x80, 0x29, 0x61, 0x76, 0x80,
+    0x43, 0xf8, 0x58, 0x53, 0x40, 0xd7, 0x31, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x81, 0x41, 0xe9, 0x77, 0x9f, 0x9c, 0xe1,
+    0x6d, 0xf2, 0xee, 0xd9, 0xc8, 0x67, 0xd2, 0x5f, 0x48, 0x73, 0xe3, 0x5c, 0xcd, 0xa7, 0x45, 0x58,
+    0xbb, 0xdd, 0x28, 0x1d, 0x68, 0xfc, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0xf6, 0x92, 0xf6, 0x30, 0x03, 0xaa, 0xe4, 0x32,
+    0xf6, 0x34, 0x51, 0x4b, 0x0f, 0x8c, 0xf9, 0xac, 0x98, 0x22, 0xfb, 0x49, 0xc8, 0xbf, 0xca, 0x8c,
+    0x80, 0x86, 0x5d, 0xd7, 0xa4, 0x52, 0xb1, 0xd9, 0xa6, 0x04, 0x4e, 0xb3, 0x2d, 0x1f, 0xb8, 0x35,
+    0xcc, 0x45, 0x6d, 0x9c, 0x20, 0xa7, 0xa4, 0x34, 0x59, 0x72, 0xe3, 0xae, 0xba, 0x49, 0xde, 0xd1,
+    0xaa, 0xee, 0x3d, 0x77, 0xfc, 0x5d, 0xc6, 0x1f, 0x9d, 0xac, 0xc2, 0x15, 0x66, 0xb8, 0xe1, 0x54,
+    0x4e, 0x74, 0x93, 0xdb, 0x9a, 0x24, 0x15, 0x6e, 0x20, 0xa3, 0x67, 0x3e, 0x5a, 0x24, 0x41, 0x5e,
+    0xb0, 0xe6, 0x35, 0x87, 0x1b, 0xc8, 0x7a, 0xf9, 0x77, 0x65, 0xe0, 0x01, 0xf2, 0x4c, 0xe4, 0x2b,
+    0xa9, 0x64, 0x96, 0x96, 0x0b, 0x46, 0xca, 0xea, 0x79, 0x0e, 0x78, 0xa3, 0x5f, 0x43, 0xfc, 0x47,
+    0x6a, 0x12, 0xfa, 0xc4, 0x33, 0x0e, 0x88, 0x1c, 0x19, 0x3a, 0x00, 0xc3, 0x4e, 0xb5, 0xd8, 0xfa,
+    0x8e, 0xf1, 0xbc, 0x3d, 0xb2, 0x7e, 0x50, 0x8d, 0x67, 0xc3, 0x6b, 0xed, 0xe2, 0xea, 0xa6, 0x1f,
+    0x25, 0x24, 0x7c, 0x94, 0x74, 0x50, 0x49, 0xe3, 0xc6, 0x58, 0x2e, 0xfd, 0x28, 0xb4, 0xc6, 0x73,
+    0xb1, 0x53, 0x74, 0x27, 0x94, 0x5c, 0xdf, 0x69, 0xb7, 0xa1, 0xd7, 0xf5, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0x2c, 0x2d,
+    0xb4, 0x5e, 0x8a, 0x16, 0x14, 0x54, 0x64, 0x6e, 0x00, 0x6b, 0x11, 0x59, 0x8a, 0x63, 0x38, 0x80,
+    0x76, 0xc3, 0xd5, 0x59, 0xf7, 0x3f, 0xd2, 0xfa, 0xa5, 0xca, 0x82, 0xff, 0x4a, 0x62, 0xf0, 0xe3,
+    0x42, 0xf9, 0x3b, 0x38, 0x27, 0x8a, 0x89, 0xaa, 0x50, 0x55, 0x4b, 0x29, 0xf1, 0x46, 0x7c, 0x75,
+    0xef, 0x65, 0xaf, 0x9b, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0xda, 0x25, 0x94, 0x14, 0xc1, 0x1b, 0xf0, 0xc5, 0x4c, 0x24,
+    0x0e, 0x65,
+};
+
+const uint8_t kOutRefBinaryBuffer[] = {
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x09, 0xf0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x67, 0x42, 0xc0, 0x1e, 0xdb, 0x01,
+    0x40, 0x16, 0xec, 0x04, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x03, 0xc5, 0x8b,
+    0xb8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x68, 0xca, 0x8c, 0xb2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x06, 0x05, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0x70, 0xdc, 0x45, 0xe9, 0xbd, 0xe6, 0xd9, 0x48, 0xb7, 0x96, 0x2c, 0xd8, 0x20, 0xd9, 0x23, 0xee,
+    0xef, 0x78, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x20, 0x31, 0x34, 0x32,
+    0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x48, 0x2e, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x2f, 0x4d, 0x50, 0x45, 0x47, 0x2d, 0x34, 0x20,
+    0x41, 0x56, 0x43, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x65, 0x63, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x79,
+    0x6c, 0x65, 0x66, 0x74, 0x20, 0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33, 0x2d, 0x32, 0x30, 0x31, 0x34, 0x20, 0x2d,
+    0x20, 0x68, 0x74, 0x74, 0x70, 0x3a, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x77, 0x77, 0x2e, 0x76, 0x69, 0x64, 0x65,
+    0x6f, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x67, 0x2f, 0x78, 0x32, 0x36, 0x34, 0x2e, 0x68, 0x74,
+    0x6d, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x2d, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x70, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x3a, 0x20, 0x63, 0x61,
+    0x62, 0x61, 0x63, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x66, 0x3d, 0x32, 0x20, 0x64, 0x65, 0x62, 0x6c,
+    0x6f, 0x63, 0x6b, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x79, 0x73,
+    0x65, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x78, 0x31, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x78, 0x31, 0x31, 0x31, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x68,
+    0x65, 0x78, 0x20, 0x73, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x37, 0x20, 0x70, 0x73, 0x79, 0x3d, 0x31,
+    0x20, 0x70, 0x73, 0x79, 0x5f, 0x72, 0x64, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x30, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x72, 0x65, 0x66, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x65,
+    0x5f, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x36, 0x20, 0x63, 0x68, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x61,
+    0x5f, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x20, 0x74, 0x72, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x20,
+    0x38, 0x78, 0x38, 0x64, 0x63, 0x74, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x63, 0x71, 0x6d, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x64,
+    0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x7a, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x32, 0x31, 0x2c, 0x31, 0x31, 0x20, 0x66, 0x61,
+    0x73, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x73, 0x6b, 0x69, 0x70, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x20, 0x63, 0x68, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x61, 0x5f, 0x71, 0x70, 0x5f, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x66, 0x73, 0x65, 0x74, 0x3d, 0x2d, 0x32, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x36, 0x30, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x6b, 0x61, 0x68,
+    0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x74, 0x68, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x35, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6c,
+    0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x74, 0x68, 0x72, 0x65, 0x61, 0x64, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x6e,
+    0x72, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x64, 0x65, 0x63, 0x69, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x74, 0x65, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x20, 0x69,
+    0x6e, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x63, 0x65, 0x64, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x75, 0x72,
+    0x61, 0x79, 0x5f, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73,
+    0x74, 0x72, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x72, 0x61, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20,
+    0x62, 0x66, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x77, 0x65, 0x69, 0x67, 0x68, 0x74,
+    0x70, 0x3d, 0x30, 0x20, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x79, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x3d, 0x32, 0x35, 0x30, 0x20, 0x6b,
+    0x65, 0x79, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x5f, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x3d, 0x32, 0x35, 0x20, 0x73, 0x63, 0x65,
+    0x6e, 0x65,
+};
+
+class MediaCasListener : public ICasListener {
+   public:
+    virtual Return<void> onEvent(int32_t event, int32_t arg,
+                                 const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& data) override {
+        android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+        mEvent = event;
+        mEventArg = arg;
+        mEventData = data;
+
+        mEventReceived = true;
+        mMsgCondition.signal();
+        return Void();
+    }
+
+    void testEventEcho(sp<ICas>& mediaCas, int32_t& event, int32_t& eventArg,
+                       hidl_vec<uint8_t>& eventData);
+
+   private:
+    int32_t mEvent = -1;
+    int32_t mEventArg = -1;
+    bool mEventReceived = false;
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> mEventData;
+    android::Mutex mMsgLock;
+    android::Condition mMsgCondition;
+};
+
+void MediaCasListener::testEventEcho(sp<ICas>& mediaCas, int32_t& event, int32_t& eventArg,
+                                     hidl_vec<uint8_t>& eventData) {
+    mEventReceived = false;
+    auto returnStatus = mediaCas->sendEvent(event, eventArg, eventData);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    android::Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mMsgLock);
+    while (!mEventReceived) {
+        if (-ETIMEDOUT == mMsgCondition.waitRelative(mMsgLock, WAIT_TIMEOUT)) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(false) << "event not received within timeout";
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mEvent, event);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mEventArg, eventArg);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mEventData == eventData);
+}
+
 class MediaCasHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetTestBase {
    public:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
@@ -59,17 +221,104 @@
     static void description(const std::string& description) {
         RecordProperty("description", description);
     }
+
+    sp<ICas> mMediaCas;
+    sp<IDescramblerBase> mDescramblerBase;
+    sp<MediaCasListener> mCasListener;
+
+    ::testing::AssertionResult createCasPlugin(int32_t caSystemId);
+    ::testing::AssertionResult openCasSession(std::vector<uint8_t>* sessionId);
+    ::testing::AssertionResult descrambleTestInputBuffer(const sp<IDescrambler>& descrambler,
+                                                         Status* descrambleStatus,
+                                                         hidl_memory* hidlInMemory);
 };
 
-class MediaCasListener : public ICasListener {
-   public:
-    virtual ::android::hardware::Return<void> onEvent(
-        int32_t event, int32_t arg, const ::android::hardware::hidl_vec<uint8_t>& data) override {
-        ALOGI("Info: received event: %d, arg: %d, size: %zu", event, arg, data.size());
-
-        return Void();
+::testing::AssertionResult MediaCasHidlTest::createCasPlugin(int32_t caSystemId) {
+    auto status = mService->isSystemIdSupported(caSystemId);
+    if (!status.isOk() || !status) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
     }
-};
+    status = mService->isDescramblerSupported(caSystemId);
+    if (!status.isOk() || !status) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    mCasListener = new MediaCasListener();
+    auto pluginStatus = mService->createPlugin(caSystemId, mCasListener);
+    if (!pluginStatus.isOk()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+    mMediaCas = pluginStatus;
+    if (mMediaCas == nullptr) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    auto descramblerStatus = mService->createDescrambler(caSystemId);
+    if (!descramblerStatus.isOk()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+    mDescramblerBase = descramblerStatus;
+    return ::testing::AssertionResult(mDescramblerBase != nullptr);
+}
+
+::testing::AssertionResult MediaCasHidlTest::openCasSession(std::vector<uint8_t>* sessionId) {
+    Status sessionStatus;
+    auto returnVoid = mMediaCas->openSession([&](Status status, const hidl_vec<uint8_t>& id) {
+        sessionStatus = status;
+        *sessionId = id;
+    });
+    return ::testing::AssertionResult(returnVoid.isOk() && (Status::OK == sessionStatus));
+}
+
+::testing::AssertionResult MediaCasHidlTest::descrambleTestInputBuffer(
+    const sp<IDescrambler>& descrambler, Status* descrambleStatus, hidl_memory* hidlInMemory) {
+    hidl_vec<SubSample> hidlSubSamples;
+    hidlSubSamples.setToExternal(const_cast<SubSample*>(kSubSamples),
+                                 (sizeof(kSubSamples) / sizeof(SubSample)), false /*own*/);
+    sp<IAllocator> allocator = IAllocator::getService("ashmem");
+    if (nullptr == allocator.get()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    bool allocateStatus;
+    auto returnStatus =
+        allocator->allocate(sizeof(kInBinaryBuffer), [&](bool status, hidl_memory const& mem) {
+            allocateStatus = status;
+            *hidlInMemory = mem;
+        });
+    if (!returnStatus.isOk() || !allocateStatus) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+    android::sp<IMemory> inMemory = mapMemory(*hidlInMemory);
+    if (nullptr == inMemory.get()) {
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure();
+    }
+
+    uint8_t* ipBuffer = static_cast<uint8_t*>(static_cast<void*>(inMemory->getPointer()));
+    memcpy(ipBuffer, kInBinaryBuffer, sizeof(kInBinaryBuffer));
+
+    SharedBuffer srcBuffer = {
+        .heapBase = *hidlInMemory, .offset = (uint64_t)0, .size = sizeof(kInBinaryBuffer)};
+
+    DestinationBuffer dstBuffer;
+    dstBuffer.type = BufferType::SHARED_MEMORY;
+    dstBuffer.nonsecureMemory = srcBuffer;
+
+    uint32_t outBytes;
+    hidl_string detailedError;
+    auto returnVoid = descrambler->descramble(
+        ScramblingControl::EVENKEY /*2*/, hidlSubSamples, srcBuffer, 0, dstBuffer, 0,
+        [&](Status status, uint32_t bytesWritten, const hidl_string& detailedErr) {
+            *descrambleStatus = status;
+            outBytes = bytesWritten;
+            detailedError = detailedErr;
+        });
+    if (!returnVoid.isOk() || *descrambleStatus != Status::OK) {
+        ALOGI("descramble failed, trans=%s, status=%d, outBytes=%u, error=%s",
+              returnVoid.description().c_str(), *descrambleStatus, outBytes, detailedError.c_str());
+    }
+    return ::testing::AssertionResult(returnVoid.isOk());
+}
 
 TEST_F(MediaCasHidlTest, EnumeratePlugins) {
     description("Test enumerate plugins");
@@ -87,17 +336,8 @@
     sp<MediaCasListener> casListener = new MediaCasListener();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < descriptors.size(); i++) {
         int32_t caSystemId = descriptors[i].caSystemId;
-        bool status = mService->isSystemIdSupported(caSystemId);
-        ASSERT_EQ(status, true);
 
-        status = mService->isDescramblerSupported(caSystemId);
-        ASSERT_EQ(status, true);
-
-        sp<ICas> mediaCas = mService->createPlugin(caSystemId, casListener);
-        ASSERT_NE(mediaCas, nullptr);
-
-        sp<IDescramblerBase> descramblerBase = mService->createDescrambler(caSystemId);
-        ASSERT_NE(descramblerBase, nullptr);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(createCasPlugin(caSystemId));
     }
 }
 
@@ -108,10 +348,14 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mService->isSystemIdSupported(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID));
     ASSERT_FALSE(mService->isDescramblerSupported(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID));
 
-    sp<ICas> mediaCas = mService->createPlugin(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID, casListener);
+    auto pluginStatus = mService->createPlugin(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID, casListener);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pluginStatus.isOk());
+    sp<ICas> mediaCas = pluginStatus;
     EXPECT_EQ(mediaCas, nullptr);
 
-    sp<IDescramblerBase> descramblerBase = mService->createDescrambler(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID);
+    auto descramblerStatus = mService->createDescrambler(INVALID_SYSTEM_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(descramblerStatus.isOk());
+    sp<IDescramblerBase> descramblerBase = descramblerStatus;
     EXPECT_EQ(descramblerBase, nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +364,7 @@
     hidl_vec<HidlCasPluginDescriptor> descriptors;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mService
                     ->enumeratePlugins([&descriptors](
-                        hidl_vec<HidlCasPluginDescriptor> const& _desc) { descriptors = _desc; })
+                        hidl_vec<HidlCasPluginDescriptor> const& desc) { descriptors = desc; })
                     .isOk());
 
     if (descriptors.size() == 0) {
@@ -137,6 +381,211 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(false) << "ClearKey plugin not installed";
 }
 
+TEST_F(MediaCasHidlTest, TestClearKeyApis) {
+    description("Test that valid call sequences succeed");
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(createCasPlugin(CLEAR_KEY_SYSTEM_ID));
+
+    auto returnStatus = mMediaCas->provision(hidl_string(PROVISION_STR));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlPvtData;
+    hidlPvtData.resize(256);
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->setPrivateData(hidlPvtData);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&sessionId));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->setSessionPrivateData(sessionId, hidlPvtData);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> streamSessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&streamSessionId));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->setSessionPrivateData(streamSessionId, hidlPvtData);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(sessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(streamSessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlNullPtr;
+    hidlNullPtr.setToExternal(static_cast<uint8_t*>(nullptr), 0);
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->refreshEntitlements(3, hidlNullPtr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    uint8_t refreshData[] = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlRefreshData;
+    hidlRefreshData.setToExternal(static_cast<uint8_t*>(refreshData), sizeof(refreshData));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->refreshEntitlements(10, hidlRefreshData);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    int32_t eventID = 1;
+    int32_t eventArg = 2;
+    mCasListener->testEventEcho(mMediaCas, eventID, eventArg, hidlNullPtr);
+
+    eventID = 3;
+    eventArg = 4;
+    uint8_t eventData[] = {'e', 'v', 'e', 'n', 't', 'd', 'a', 't', 'a'};
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlEventData;
+    hidlEventData.setToExternal(static_cast<uint8_t*>(eventData), sizeof(eventData));
+    mCasListener->testEventEcho(mMediaCas, eventID, eventArg, hidlEventData);
+
+    uint8_t clearKeyEmmData[] = {'c', 'l', 'e', 'a', 'r', 'k', 'e', 'y', 'e', 'm', 'm'};
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlClearKeyEmm;
+    hidlClearKeyEmm.setToExternal(static_cast<uint8_t*>(clearKeyEmmData), sizeof(clearKeyEmmData));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEmm(hidlClearKeyEmm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlEcm;
+    hidlEcm.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(kEcmBinaryBuffer), sizeof(kEcmBinaryBuffer));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(sessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(streamSessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    sp<IDescrambler> descrambler;
+    descrambler = IDescrambler::castFrom(mDescramblerBase);
+    ASSERT_NE(descrambler, nullptr);
+
+    Status descrambleStatus = Status::OK;
+    hidl_memory hidlDataMemory;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(descrambleTestInputBuffer(descrambler, &descrambleStatus, &hidlDataMemory));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, descrambleStatus);
+
+    android::sp<IMemory> outMemory = mapMemory(hidlDataMemory);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, outMemory.get());
+    uint8_t* opBuffer = static_cast<uint8_t*>(static_cast<void*>(outMemory->getPointer()));
+
+    int compareResult =
+        memcmp(static_cast<const void*>(opBuffer), static_cast<const void*>(kOutRefBinaryBuffer),
+               sizeof(kOutRefBinaryBuffer));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, compareResult);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MediaCasHidlTest, TestClearKeySessionClosedAfterRelease) {
+    description("Test that all sessions are closed after a MediaCas object is released");
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(createCasPlugin(CLEAR_KEY_SYSTEM_ID));
+
+    auto returnStatus = mMediaCas->provision(hidl_string(PROVISION_STR));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&sessionId));
+    std::vector<uint8_t> streamSessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&streamSessionId));
+
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->release();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(sessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_SESSION_NOT_OPENED, returnStatus);
+
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(streamSessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_SESSION_NOT_OPENED, returnStatus);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MediaCasHidlTest, TestClearKeyErrors) {
+    description("Test that invalid call sequences fail with expected error codes");
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(createCasPlugin(CLEAR_KEY_SYSTEM_ID));
+
+    /*
+     * Test MediaCas error codes
+     */
+    // Provision should fail with an invalid asset string
+    auto returnStatus = mMediaCas->provision(hidl_string("invalid asset string"));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_NO_LICENSE, returnStatus);
+
+    // Open a session, then close it so that it should become invalid
+    std::vector<uint8_t> invalidSessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&invalidSessionId));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->closeSession(invalidSessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    // processEcm should fail with an invalid session id
+    hidl_vec<uint8_t> hidlEcm;
+    hidlEcm.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(kEcmBinaryBuffer), sizeof(kEcmBinaryBuffer));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(invalidSessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_SESSION_NOT_OPENED, returnStatus);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> sessionId;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(openCasSession(&sessionId));
+
+    // processEcm should fail without provisioning
+    hidlEcm.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(kEcmBinaryBuffer), sizeof(kEcmBinaryBuffer));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(sessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_NOT_PROVISIONED, returnStatus);
+
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->provision(hidl_string(PROVISION_STR));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    // processEcm should fail with ecm buffer that's too short
+    hidlEcm.setToExternal(const_cast<uint8_t*>(kEcmBinaryBuffer), 8);
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(sessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::BAD_VALUE, returnStatus);
+
+    // processEcm should fail with ecm with bad descriptor count
+    uint8_t badDescriptor[sizeof(kEcmBinaryBuffer)];
+    memcpy(badDescriptor, kEcmBinaryBuffer, sizeof(kEcmBinaryBuffer));
+    badDescriptor[17] = 0x03;  // change the descriptor count field to 3 (invalid)
+    hidlEcm.setToExternal(static_cast<uint8_t*>(badDescriptor), sizeof(badDescriptor));
+    returnStatus = mMediaCas->processEcm(sessionId, hidlEcm);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_UNKNOWN, returnStatus);
+
+    /*
+     * Test MediaDescrambler error codes
+     */
+    // setMediaCasSession should fail with an invalid session id
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(invalidSessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_SESSION_NOT_OPENED, returnStatus);
+
+    // descramble should fail without a valid session
+    sp<IDescrambler> descrambler;
+    descrambler = IDescrambler::castFrom(mDescramblerBase);
+    ASSERT_NE(descrambler, nullptr);
+
+    Status descrambleStatus = Status::OK;
+    hidl_memory hidlInMemory;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(descrambleTestInputBuffer(descrambler, &descrambleStatus, &hidlInMemory));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_DECRYPT_UNIT_NOT_INITIALIZED, descrambleStatus);
+
+    // Now set a valid session, should still fail because no valid ecm is processed
+    returnStatus = mDescramblerBase->setMediaCasSession(sessionId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(returnStatus.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::OK, returnStatus);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(descrambleTestInputBuffer(descrambler, &descrambleStatus, &hidlInMemory));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Status::ERROR_CAS_DECRYPT, descrambleStatus);
+}
+
 }  // anonymous namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {