diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index cdd77fe..afbb455 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
@@ -31,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <gui/IProducerListener.h>
 #include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
         mFlinger.setupPowerAdvisor(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::PowerAdvisor>(mPowerAdvisor));
         mFlinger.mutableMaxRenderTargetSize() = 16384;
+        mFlinger.enableLayerLifecycleManager();
     }
 
     ~CompositionTest() {
@@ -149,7 +150,6 @@
     sp<compositionengine::mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface =
             sp<compositionengine::mock::DisplaySurface>::make();
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = sp<mock::NativeWindow>::make();
-    std::vector<sp<Layer>> mAuxiliaryLayers;
 
     sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer =
             sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(1u, 1u, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@
 template <typename LayerCase>
 void CompositionTest::captureScreenComposition() {
     LayerCase::setupForScreenCapture(this);
+    mFlinger.commit();
 
     const Rect sourceCrop(0, 0, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT);
     constexpr bool regionSampling = false;
@@ -204,13 +205,8 @@
                                       RenderArea::Options::CAPTURE_SECURE_LAYERS |
                                               RenderArea::Options::HINT_FOR_SEAMLESS_TRANSITION);
 
-    auto traverseLayers = [this](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-        return mFlinger.traverseLayersInLayerStack(mDisplay->getLayerStack(),
-                                                   CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, {}, visitor);
-    };
-
-    // TODO: Use SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots instead of this legacy function
-    auto getLayerSnapshotsFn = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
+    auto getLayerSnapshotsFn = mFlinger.getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshotsFn(mDisplay->getLayerStack(),
+                                                                          CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID);
 
     const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
             GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
@@ -462,7 +458,7 @@
     static constexpr IComposerClient::BlendMode BLENDMODE =
             IComposerClient::BlendMode::PREMULTIPLIED;
 
-    static void setupLatchedBuffer(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
+    static void setupLatchedBuffer(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
         Mock::VerifyAndClear(test->mRenderEngine);
 
         const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
@@ -472,21 +468,15 @@
                                                          LayerProperties::FORMAT,
                                                          LayerProperties::USAGE |
                                                                  GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE);
-
-        auto& layerDrawingState = test->mFlinger.mutableLayerDrawingState(layer);
-        layerDrawingState.crop = Rect(0, 0, LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH);
-        layerDrawingState.buffer = buffer;
-        layerDrawingState.acquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
-        layerDrawingState.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
-        layer->setSurfaceDamageRegion(
-                Region(Rect(LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH)));
-
-        bool ignoredRecomputeVisibleRegions;
-        layer->latchBuffer(ignoredRecomputeVisibleRegions, 0);
+        layer.crop = Rect(0, 0, LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH);
+        layer.externalTexture = buffer;
+        layer.bufferData->acquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+        layer.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+        layer.surfaceDamageRegion = Region(Rect(LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH));
         Mock::VerifyAndClear(test->mRenderEngine);
     }
 
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
         setupLatchedBuffer(test, layer);
     }
 
@@ -670,14 +660,12 @@
     using Base = BaseLayerProperties<SidebandLayerProperties>;
     static constexpr IComposerClient::BlendMode BLENDMODE = IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE;
 
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
         sp<NativeHandle> stream =
                 NativeHandle::create(reinterpret_cast<native_handle_t*>(DEFAULT_SIDEBAND_STREAM),
                                      false);
-        test->mFlinger.setLayerSidebandStream(layer, stream);
-        auto& layerDrawingState = test->mFlinger.mutableLayerDrawingState(layer);
-        layerDrawingState.crop =
-                Rect(0, 0, SidebandLayerProperties::HEIGHT, SidebandLayerProperties::WIDTH);
+        layer.sidebandStream = stream;
+        layer.crop = Rect(0, 0, SidebandLayerProperties::HEIGHT, SidebandLayerProperties::WIDTH);
     }
 
     static void setupHwcSetSourceCropBufferCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
@@ -755,17 +743,17 @@
 struct CursorLayerProperties : public BaseLayerProperties<CursorLayerProperties> {
     using Base = BaseLayerProperties<CursorLayerProperties>;
 
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
         Base::setupLayerState(test, layer);
-        test->mFlinger.setLayerPotentialCursor(layer, true);
+        layer.potentialCursor = true;
     }
 };
 
 struct NoLayerVariant {
-    using FlingerLayerType = sp<Layer>;
-
-    static FlingerLayerType createLayer(CompositionTest*) { return FlingerLayerType(); }
-    static void injectLayer(CompositionTest*, FlingerLayerType) {}
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayer(CompositionTest*) {
+        return {LayerCreationArgs()};
+    }
+    static void injectLayer(CompositionTest*, frontend::RequestedLayerState&) {}
     static void cleanupInjectedLayers(CompositionTest*) {}
 
     static void setupCallExpectationsForDirtyGeometry(CompositionTest*) {}
@@ -775,10 +763,10 @@
 template <typename LayerProperties>
 struct BaseLayerVariant {
     template <typename L, typename F>
-    static sp<L> createLayerWithFactory(CompositionTest* test, F factory) {
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayerWithFactory(CompositionTest* test, F factory) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mFlinger.scheduler(), postMessage(_)).Times(0);
 
-        sp<L> layer = factory();
+        auto layer = factory();
 
         // Layer should be registered with scheduler.
         EXPECT_EQ(1u, test->mFlinger.scheduler()->layerHistorySize());
@@ -792,27 +780,26 @@
         return layer;
     }
 
-    template <typename L>
-    static void initLayerDrawingStateAndComputeBounds(CompositionTest* test, sp<L> layer) {
-        auto& layerDrawingState = test->mFlinger.mutableLayerDrawingState(layer);
-        layerDrawingState.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
-        layerDrawingState.color = half4(LayerProperties::COLOR[0], LayerProperties::COLOR[1],
-                                        LayerProperties::COLOR[2], LayerProperties::COLOR[3]);
-        layer->computeBounds(FloatRect(0, 0, 100, 100), ui::Transform(), 0.f /* shadowRadius */);
+    static void initLayerDrawingStateAndComputeBounds(CompositionTest* test,
+                                                      frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
+        layer.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
+        layer.color = half4(LayerProperties::COLOR[0], LayerProperties::COLOR[1],
+                            LayerProperties::COLOR[2], LayerProperties::COLOR[3]);
     }
 
-    static void injectLayer(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
+    static void injectLayer(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, createLayer(HWC_DISPLAY, _))
                 .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(HWC_LAYER), Return(Error::NONE)));
-
+        auto legacyLayer = test->mFlinger.getLegacyLayer(layer.id);
         auto outputLayer = test->mDisplay->getCompositionDisplay()->injectOutputLayerForTest(
-                layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE());
+                legacyLayer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE({.id = layer.id}));
         outputLayer->editState().visibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
         outputLayer->editState().outputSpaceVisibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
 
         Mock::VerifyAndClear(test->mComposer);
 
-        test->mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().layersSortedByZ.add(layer);
+        auto layerCopy = std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(layer);
+        test->mFlinger.addLayer(layerCopy);
         test->mFlinger.mutableVisibleRegionsDirty() = true;
     }
 
@@ -820,10 +807,9 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, destroyLayer(HWC_DISPLAY, HWC_LAYER))
                 .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
 
+        test->mFlinger.destroyAllLayerHandles();
         test->mDisplay->getCompositionDisplay()->clearOutputLayers();
-        test->mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().layersSortedByZ.clear();
         test->mFlinger.mutablePreviouslyComposedLayers().clear();
-
         // Layer should be unregistered with scheduler.
         test->mFlinger.commit();
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, test->mFlinger.scheduler()->layerHistorySize());
@@ -833,17 +819,17 @@
 template <typename LayerProperties>
 struct EffectLayerVariant : public BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties> {
     using Base = BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties>;
-    using FlingerLayerType = sp<Layer>;
-
-    static FlingerLayerType createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
-        FlingerLayerType layer = Base::template createLayerWithFactory<Layer>(test, [test]() {
-            return sp<Layer>::make(LayerCreationArgs(test->mFlinger.flinger(), sp<Client>(),
-                                                     "test-layer", LayerProperties::LAYER_FLAGS,
-                                                     LayerMetadata()));
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
+        frontend::RequestedLayerState layer = Base::template createLayerWithFactory<
+                frontend::RequestedLayerState>(test, [test]() {
+            auto args = LayerCreationArgs(test->mFlinger.flinger(), sp<Client>(), "test-layer",
+                                          LayerProperties::LAYER_FLAGS, LayerMetadata());
+            auto legacyLayer = sp<Layer>::make(args);
+            test->mFlinger.injectLegacyLayer(legacyLayer);
+            return frontend::RequestedLayerState(args);
         });
 
-        auto& layerDrawingState = test->mFlinger.mutableLayerDrawingState(layer);
-        layerDrawingState.crop = Rect(0, 0, LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH);
+        layer.crop = Rect(0, 0, LayerProperties::HEIGHT, LayerProperties::WIDTH);
         return layer;
     }
 
@@ -869,13 +855,15 @@
 template <typename LayerProperties>
 struct BufferLayerVariant : public BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties> {
     using Base = BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties>;
-    using FlingerLayerType = sp<Layer>;
 
-    static FlingerLayerType createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
-        FlingerLayerType layer = Base::template createLayerWithFactory<Layer>(test, [test]() {
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
+        frontend::RequestedLayerState layer = Base::template createLayerWithFactory<
+                frontend::RequestedLayerState>(test, [test]() {
             LayerCreationArgs args(test->mFlinger.flinger(), sp<Client>(), "test-layer",
                                    LayerProperties::LAYER_FLAGS, LayerMetadata());
-            return sp<Layer>::make(args);
+            auto legacyLayer = sp<Layer>::make(args);
+            test->mFlinger.injectLegacyLayer(legacyLayer);
+            return frontend::RequestedLayerState(args);
         });
 
         LayerProperties::setupLayerState(test, layer);
@@ -917,13 +905,14 @@
 template <typename LayerProperties>
 struct ContainerLayerVariant : public BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties> {
     using Base = BaseLayerVariant<LayerProperties>;
-    using FlingerLayerType = sp<Layer>;
 
-    static FlingerLayerType createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
         LayerCreationArgs args(test->mFlinger.flinger(), sp<Client>(), "test-container-layer",
                                LayerProperties::LAYER_FLAGS, LayerMetadata());
-        FlingerLayerType layer = sp<Layer>::make(args);
-        Base::template initLayerDrawingStateAndComputeBounds(test, layer);
+        sp<Layer> legacyLayer = sp<Layer>::make(args);
+        test->mFlinger.injectLegacyLayer(legacyLayer);
+        frontend::RequestedLayerState layer(args);
+        Base::initLayerDrawingStateAndComputeBounds(test, layer);
         return layer;
     }
 };
@@ -931,29 +920,19 @@
 template <typename LayerVariant, typename ParentLayerVariant>
 struct ChildLayerVariant : public LayerVariant {
     using Base = LayerVariant;
-    using FlingerLayerType = typename LayerVariant::FlingerLayerType;
     using ParentBase = ParentLayerVariant;
 
-    static FlingerLayerType createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
+    static frontend::RequestedLayerState createLayer(CompositionTest* test) {
         // Need to create child layer first. Otherwise layer history size will be 2.
-        FlingerLayerType layer = Base::createLayer(test);
-
-        typename ParentBase::FlingerLayerType parentLayer = ParentBase::createLayer(test);
-        parentLayer->addChild(layer);
-        test->mFlinger.setLayerDrawingParent(layer, parentLayer);
-
-        test->mAuxiliaryLayers.push_back(parentLayer);
-
+        frontend::RequestedLayerState layer = Base::createLayer(test);
+        frontend::RequestedLayerState parentLayer = ParentBase::createLayer(test);
+        layer.parentId = parentLayer.id;
+        auto layerCopy = std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(parentLayer);
+        test->mFlinger.addLayer(layerCopy);
         return layer;
     }
 
-    static void cleanupInjectedLayers(CompositionTest* test) {
-        // Clear auxiliary layers first so that child layer can be successfully destroyed in the
-        // following call.
-        test->mAuxiliaryLayers.clear();
-
-        Base::cleanupInjectedLayers(test);
-    }
+    static void cleanupInjectedLayers(CompositionTest* test) { Base::cleanupInjectedLayers(test); }
 };
 
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1016,7 +995,7 @@
  */
 
 struct CompositionResultBaseVariant {
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest*, sp<Layer>) {}
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest*, frontend::RequestedLayerState&) {}
 
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectationsForDirtyGeometry(CompositionTest* test) {
@@ -1056,9 +1035,8 @@
 };
 
 struct ForcedClientCompositionResultVariant : public CompositionResultBaseVariant {
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
-        const auto outputLayer =
-                TestableSurfaceFlinger::findOutputLayerForDisplay(layer, test->mDisplay);
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer) {
+        const auto outputLayer = test->mFlinger.findOutputLayerForDisplay(layer.id, test->mDisplay);
         LOG_FATAL_IF(!outputLayer);
         outputLayer->editState().forceClientComposition = true;
     }
@@ -1079,7 +1057,7 @@
 };
 
 struct ForcedClientCompositionViaDebugOptionResultVariant : public CompositionResultBaseVariant {
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer>) {
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, frontend::RequestedLayerState&) {
         test->mFlinger.mutableDebugDisableHWC() = true;
     }
 
@@ -1099,7 +1077,7 @@
 };
 
 struct EmptyScreenshotResultVariant {
-    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest*, sp<Layer>) {}
+    static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest*, frontend::RequestedLayerState&) {}
 
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(CompositionTest*) {}
@@ -1365,28 +1343,6 @@
  *  Layers with a parent layer with ISurfaceComposerClient::eSecure, on a non-secure display
  */
 
-TEST_F(CompositionTest,
-       HWCComposedBufferLayerWithSecureParentLayerOnInsecureDisplayWithDirtyGeometry) {
-    displayRefreshCompositionDirtyGeometry<CompositionCase<
-            InsecureDisplaySetupVariant,
-            ChildLayerVariant<BufferLayerVariant<ParentSecureLayerProperties>,
-                              ContainerLayerVariant<SecureLayerProperties>>,
-            KeepCompositionTypeVariant<
-                    aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::CLIENT>,
-            ForcedClientCompositionResultVariant>>();
-}
-
-TEST_F(CompositionTest,
-       HWCComposedBufferLayerWithSecureParentLayerOnInsecureDisplayWithDirtyFrame) {
-    displayRefreshCompositionDirtyFrame<CompositionCase<
-            InsecureDisplaySetupVariant,
-            ChildLayerVariant<BufferLayerVariant<ParentSecureLayerProperties>,
-                              ContainerLayerVariant<SecureLayerProperties>>,
-            KeepCompositionTypeVariant<
-                    aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::CLIENT>,
-            ForcedClientCompositionResultVariant>>();
-}
-
 TEST_F(CompositionTest, captureScreenBufferLayerWithSecureParentLayerOnInsecureDisplay) {
     captureScreenComposition<
             CompositionCase<InsecureDisplaySetupVariant,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 4197cbd..216b66b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -326,9 +326,13 @@
 
     auto& mutableStateLock() { return mFlinger->mStateLock; }
 
-    static auto findOutputLayerForDisplay(const sp<Layer>& layer,
-                                          const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
-        return layer->findOutputLayerForDisplay(display.get());
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* findOutputLayerForDisplay(
+            uint32_t layerId, const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        if (mFlinger->mLegacyLayers.find(layerId) == mFlinger->mLegacyLayers.end()) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return mFlinger->mLegacyLayers[layerId]->findOutputLayerForDisplay(display.get());
     }
 
     static void setLayerSidebandStream(const sp<Layer>& layer,
@@ -340,17 +344,14 @@
 
     void setLayerCompositionType(const sp<Layer>& layer,
                                  aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition type) {
-        auto outputLayer = findOutputLayerForDisplay(layer, mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDevice());
+        auto outputLayer = findOutputLayerForDisplay(static_cast<uint32_t>(layer->sequence),
+                                                     mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDevice());
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!outputLayer);
         auto& state = outputLayer->editState();
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!outputLayer->getState().hwc);
         (*state.hwc).hwcCompositionType = type;
     }
 
-    static void setLayerPotentialCursor(const sp<Layer>& layer, bool potentialCursor) {
-        layer->mPotentialCursor = potentialCursor;
-    }
-
     static void setLayerDrawingParent(const sp<Layer>& layer, const sp<Layer>& drawingParent) {
         layer->mDrawingParent = drawingParent;
     }
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@
             targets.try_emplace(id, &frameTargeter.target());
             targeters.try_emplace(id, &frameTargeter);
         }
-
+        mFlinger->setTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
         mFlinger->commit(displayId, targets);
 
         if (composite) {
@@ -505,10 +506,9 @@
                                           captureResults, displayState, layers, layerFEs);
     }
 
-    auto traverseLayersInLayerStack(ui::LayerStack layerStack, int32_t uid,
-                                    std::unordered_set<uint32_t> excludeLayerIds,
-                                    const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-        return mFlinger->traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, uid, excludeLayerIds, visitor);
+    auto getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshotsFn(ui::LayerStack layerStack, uint32_t uid) {
+        return mFlinger->getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, uid,
+                                                         std::unordered_set<uint32_t>{});
     }
 
     auto getDisplayNativePrimaries(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
@@ -620,6 +620,18 @@
         mFlinger->mNewLayers.emplace_back(std::move(layer));
     }
 
+    // Used to add a layer before updateLayerSnapshots is called.
+    // Must have transactionsFlushed enabled for the new layer to be updated.
+    void addLayer(uint32_t layerId) {
+        std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mFlinger->mCreatedLayersLock);
+        LayerCreationArgs args(std::make_optional(layerId));
+        args.flinger = this->mFlinger.get();
+        auto layer = std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(args);
+        auto legacyLayer = sp<Layer>::make(args);
+        injectLegacyLayer(legacyLayer);
+        mFlinger->mNewLayers.emplace_back(std::move(layer));
+    }
+
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Read-only access to private data to assert post-conditions.
      */
@@ -637,12 +649,24 @@
     void injectLegacyLayer(sp<Layer> layer) {
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
                        mFlinger->mLegacyLayers[static_cast<uint32_t>(layer->sequence)] = layer);
-    };
+    }
 
     void releaseLegacyLayer(uint32_t sequence) {
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger->mLegacyLayers.erase(sequence));
+    }
+
+    auto getLegacyLayer(uint32_t layerId) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        return mFlinger->mLegacyLayers[layerId];
     };
 
+    void destroyAllLayerHandles() {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        for (auto [layerId, legacyLayer] : mFlinger->mLegacyLayers) {
+            mFlinger->onHandleDestroyed(nullptr, legacyLayer, layerId);
+        }
+    }
+
     auto setLayerHistoryDisplayArea(uint32_t displayArea) {
         return mFlinger->mScheduler->onActiveDisplayAreaChanged(displayArea);
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
index 7fb9247..23c6842 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "TransactionApplicationTest"
 
+#include <binder/Binder.h>
 #include <common/test/FlagUtils.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplaySurface.h>
@@ -26,10 +27,10 @@
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <gui/fake/BufferData.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/MockFence.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 #include <vector>
-#include <binder/Binder.h>
 
 #include "FrontEnd/TransactionHandler.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
@@ -55,7 +56,9 @@
 
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
         mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
         mFlinger.flinger()->addTransactionReadyFilters();
+        mFlinger.enableLayerLifecycleManager();
     }
 
     ~TransactionApplicationTest() {
@@ -65,6 +68,7 @@
     }
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
+    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
 
     struct TransactionInfo {
         Vector<ComposerState> states;
@@ -323,15 +327,17 @@
     transaction1.states[0].state.bufferData =
             std::make_shared<fake::BufferData>(/* bufferId */ 1, /* width */ 1, /* height */ 1,
                                                /* pixelFormat */ 0, /* outUsage */ 0);
+    mFlinger.addLayer(1);
+    bool out;
+    mFlinger.updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId{1}, 0, /* transactionsFlushed */ true, out);
     transaction1.states[0].externalTexture =
             std::make_shared<FakeExternalTexture>(*transaction1.states[0].state.bufferData);
-    transaction1.states[0].state.surface =
-            sp<Layer>::make(LayerCreationArgs(mFlinger.flinger(), nullptr, "TestLayer", 0, {}))
-                    ->getHandle();
+    transaction1.states[0].state.surface = mFlinger.getLegacyLayer(1)->getHandle();
     auto fence = sp<mock::MockFence>::make();
     EXPECT_CALL(*fence, getStatus()).WillRepeatedly(Return(Fence::Status::Unsignaled));
     transaction1.states[0].state.bufferData->acquireFence = std::move(fence);
     transaction1.states[0].state.bufferData->flags = BufferData::BufferDataChange::fenceChanged;
+    transaction1.states[0].layerId = 1;
     transaction1.isAutoTimestamp = true;
 
     // Transaction 2 should be ready to be applied.
@@ -361,8 +367,7 @@
         }
         mFlinger.getPendingTransactionQueue().clear();
         mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eTransactionMask);
-        mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.clear();
-        mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().layersSortedByZ.clear();
+        mFlinger.destroyAllLayerHandles();
     }
 
     static sp<Fence> fence(Fence::Status status) {
@@ -371,8 +376,7 @@
         return fence;
     }
 
-    ComposerState createComposerState(int layerId, sp<Fence> fence, uint64_t what,
-                                      std::optional<sp<IBinder>> layerHandle = std::nullopt) {
+    ComposerState createComposerState(int layerId, sp<Fence> fence, uint64_t what) {
         ComposerState state;
         state.state.bufferData =
                 std::make_shared<fake::BufferData>(/* bufferId */ 123L, /* width */ 1,
@@ -380,9 +384,6 @@
                                                    /* outUsage */ 0);
         state.state.bufferData->acquireFence = std::move(fence);
         state.state.layerId = layerId;
-        state.state.surface = layerHandle.value_or(
-                sp<Layer>::make(LayerCreationArgs(mFlinger.flinger(), nullptr, "TestLayer", 0, {}))
-                        ->getHandle());
         state.state.bufferData->flags = BufferData::BufferDataChange::fenceChanged;
 
         state.state.what = what;
@@ -418,6 +419,19 @@
                               size_t expectedTransactionsPending) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(mFlinger.getTransactionQueue().isEmpty());
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, mFlinger.getPendingTransactionQueue().size());
+        std::unordered_set<uint32_t> createdLayers;
+        for (auto transaction : transactions) {
+            for (auto& state : transaction.states) {
+                auto layerId = static_cast<uint32_t>(state.state.layerId);
+                if (createdLayers.find(layerId) == createdLayers.end()) {
+                    mFlinger.addLayer(layerId);
+                    createdLayers.insert(layerId);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        bool unused;
+        bool mustComposite = mFlinger.updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId{1}, /*frameTimeNs=*/0,
+                                                           /*transactionsFlushed=*/true, unused);
 
         for (auto transaction : transactions) {
             std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> resolvedStates;
@@ -427,6 +441,9 @@
                 resolvedState.state = std::move(state.state);
                 resolvedState.externalTexture =
                         std::make_shared<FakeExternalTexture>(*resolvedState.state.bufferData);
+                resolvedState.layerId = static_cast<uint32_t>(state.state.layerId);
+                resolvedState.state.surface =
+                        mFlinger.getLegacyLayer(resolvedState.layerId)->getHandle();
                 resolvedStates.emplace_back(resolvedState);
             }
 
@@ -458,9 +475,8 @@
 TEST_F(LatchUnsignaledAutoSingleLayerTest, Flush_RemovesSingleSignaledFromTheQueue) {
     const sp<IBinder> kApplyToken =
             IInterface::asBinder(TransactionCompletedListener::getIInstance());
-    const auto kLayerId = 1;
+    const auto kLayerId = 10;
     const auto kExpectedTransactionsPending = 0u;
-
     const auto signaledTransaction =
             createTransactionInfo(kApplyToken,
                                   {createComposerState(kLayerId, fence(Fence::Status::Signaled),
@@ -773,7 +789,7 @@
 TEST_F(LatchUnsignaledDisabledTest, Flush_RemovesSignaledFromTheQueue) {
     const sp<IBinder> kApplyToken =
             IInterface::asBinder(TransactionCompletedListener::getIInstance());
-    const auto kLayerId = 1;
+    const auto kLayerId = 10;
     const auto kExpectedTransactionsPending = 0u;
 
     const auto signaledTransaction =