diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index 6f076ad..b37ca33 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@
     defaults: ["surfaceflinger_defaults"],
     cflags: [
         "-DLOG_TAG=\"CompositionEngine\"",
+        "-DATRACE_TAG=ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.frameworks.vr.composer@1.0",
+        "android.frameworks.vr.composer@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4",
         "android.hardware.power@1.0",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
         "libbase",
@@ -18,8 +20,8 @@
         "liblayers_proto",
         "liblog",
         "libnativewindow",
-        "libsync",
-        "libtimestats_proto",
+        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libtimestats",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
     ],
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2-command-buffer",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3-command-buffer",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4-command-buffer",
         "libsurfaceflinger_headers",
     ],
 }
@@ -40,14 +43,14 @@
     name: "libcompositionengine",
     defaults: ["libcompositionengine_defaults"],
     srcs: [
+        "src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp",
         "src/CompositionEngine.cpp",
         "src/Display.cpp",
         "src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp",
         "src/DisplaySurface.cpp",
         "src/DumpHelpers.cpp",
         "src/HwcBufferCache.cpp",
-        "src/Layer.cpp",
-        "src/LayerCompositionState.cpp",
+        "src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp",
         "src/Output.cpp",
         "src/OutputCompositionState.cpp",
         "src/OutputLayer.cpp",
@@ -66,7 +69,6 @@
         "mock/Display.cpp",
         "mock/DisplayColorProfile.cpp",
         "mock/DisplaySurface.cpp",
-        "mock/Layer.cpp",
         "mock/LayerFE.cpp",
         "mock/NativeWindow.cpp",
         "mock/Output.cpp",
@@ -91,9 +93,9 @@
         "tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp",
         "tests/DisplayTest.cpp",
         "tests/HwcBufferCacheTest.cpp",
-        "tests/LayerTest.cpp",
         "tests/MockHWC2.cpp",
         "tests/MockHWComposer.cpp",
+        "tests/MockPowerAdvisor.cpp",
         "tests/OutputTest.cpp",
         "tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp",
         "tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp",
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libcompositionengine",
         "libcompositionengine_mocks",
+        "libgui_mocks",
         "librenderengine_mocks",
         "libgmock",
         "libgtest",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
index 896f8aa..3faa068 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <TimeStats/TimeStats.h>
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -29,10 +32,11 @@
 namespace compositionengine {
 
 class Display;
-class Layer;
 
+struct CompositionRefreshArgs;
 struct DisplayCreationArgs;
 struct LayerCreationArgs;
+struct LayerFECompositionState;
 
 /**
  * Encapsulates all the interfaces and implementation details for performing
@@ -43,14 +47,33 @@
     virtual ~CompositionEngine();
 
     // Create a composition Display
-    virtual std::shared_ptr<Display> createDisplay(DisplayCreationArgs&&) = 0;
-    virtual std::shared_ptr<Layer> createLayer(LayerCreationArgs&&) = 0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<Display> createDisplay(const DisplayCreationArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState>
+    createLayerFECompositionState() = 0;
 
     virtual HWComposer& getHwComposer() const = 0;
     virtual void setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>) = 0;
 
     virtual renderengine::RenderEngine& getRenderEngine() const = 0;
     virtual void setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>) = 0;
+
+    virtual TimeStats& getTimeStats() const = 0;
+    virtual void setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&) = 0;
+
+    virtual bool needsAnotherUpdate() const = 0;
+    virtual nsecs_t getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp() const = 0;
+
+    // Presents the indicated outputs
+    virtual void present(CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+
+    // Updates the cursor position for the indicated outputs.
+    virtual void updateCursorAsync(CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+
+    // TODO(b/121291683): These will become private/internal
+    virtual void preComposition(CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+
+    // Debugging
+    virtual void dump(std::string&) const = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0606b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <optional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <compositionengine/Display.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/OutputColorSetting.h>
+#include <math/mat4.h>
+#include <ui/Transform.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine {
+
+using Layers = std::vector<sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>>;
+using Outputs = std::vector<std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Output>>;
+
+/**
+ * A parameter object for refreshing a set of outputs
+ */
+struct CompositionRefreshArgs {
+    // All the outputs being refreshed
+    Outputs outputs;
+
+    // All the layers that are potentially visible in the outputs. The order of
+    // the layers is important, and should be in traversal order from back to
+    // front.
+    Layers layers;
+
+    // All the layers that have queued updates.
+    Layers layersWithQueuedFrames;
+
+    // If true, forces the entire display to be considered dirty and repainted
+    bool repaintEverything{false};
+
+    // Controls how the color mode is chosen for an output
+    OutputColorSetting outputColorSetting{OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced};
+
+    // If not Dataspace::UNKNOWN, overrides the dataspace on each output
+    ui::Dataspace colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
+
+    // Forces a color mode on the outputs being refreshed
+    ui::ColorMode forceOutputColorMode{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE};
+
+    // Used to correctly apply an inverse-display buffer transform if applicable
+    ui::Transform::RotationFlags internalDisplayRotationFlags{ui::Transform::ROT_0};
+
+    // If true, GPU clocks will be increased when rendering blurs
+    bool blursAreExpensive{false};
+
+    // If true, the complete output geometry needs to be recomputed this frame
+    bool updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame{false};
+
+    // If true, there was a geometry update this frame
+    bool updatingGeometryThisFrame{false};
+
+    // The color matrix to use for this
+    // frame. Only set if the color transform is changing this frame.
+    std::optional<mat4> colorTransformMatrix;
+
+    // If true, client composition is always used.
+    bool devOptForceClientComposition{false};
+
+    // If set, causes the dirty regions to flash with the delay
+    std::optional<std::chrono::microseconds> devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
index dbcd3bd..a38d1f3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
@@ -47,10 +47,14 @@
     virtual void disconnect() = 0;
 
     // Creates a render color mode for the display
-    virtual void createDisplayColorProfile(DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&) = 0;
+    virtual void createDisplayColorProfile(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&) = 0;
 
     // Creates a render surface for the display
-    virtual void createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&) = 0;
+    virtual void createRenderSurface(const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) = 0;
+
+    // Creates a cache to cache duplicate client composition requests and skip
+    // similar requests if needed.
+    virtual void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~Display() = default;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h
index e2a0d42..67e6deb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h
@@ -17,9 +17,17 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android {
 
 class HdrCapabilities;
@@ -75,6 +83,13 @@
     // Gets the supported HDR capabilities for the profile
     virtual const HdrCapabilities& getHdrCapabilities() const = 0;
 
+    // Returns true if HWC for this profile supports the dataspace
+    virtual bool isDataspaceSupported(ui::Dataspace) const = 0;
+
+    // Returns the target dataspace for picked color mode and dataspace
+    virtual ui::Dataspace getTargetDataspace(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace,
+                                             ui::Dataspace colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace) const = 0;
+
     // Debugging
     virtual void dump(std::string&) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h
index ef0f925..7eb8eb1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h
@@ -20,7 +20,15 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <ui/HdrCapabilities.h>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
index 0b6b4e4..6bc677d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
@@ -18,8 +18,14 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <ui/DisplayInfo.h>
+#include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
+#include <ui/Size.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
@@ -29,43 +35,83 @@
  * A parameter object for creating Display instances
  */
 struct DisplayCreationArgs {
-    // True if this display is secure
+    struct Physical {
+        DisplayId id;
+        DisplayConnectionType type;
+    };
+
+    // Required for physical displays. Gives the HWC display id for the existing
+    // display along with the connection type.
+    std::optional<Physical> physical;
+
+    // Size of the display in pixels
+    ui::Size pixels = ui::Size::INVALID;
+
+    // Pixel format of the display
+    ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_UNKNOWN);
+
+    // True if virtual displays should be created with the HWC API if possible
+    bool useHwcVirtualDisplays = false;
+
+    // True if this display should be considered secure
     bool isSecure = false;
 
-    // True if this display is a virtual display
-    bool isVirtual = false;
+    // Gives the initial layer stack id to be used for the display
+    uint32_t layerStackId = ~0u;
 
-    // Identifies the display to the HWC, if composition is supported by it
-    std::optional<DisplayId> displayId;
+    // Optional pointer to the power advisor interface, if one is needed for
+    // this display.
+    Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* powerAdvisor = nullptr;
+
+    // Debugging. Human readable name for the display.
+    std::string name;
 };
 
 /**
  * A helper for setting up a DisplayCreationArgs value in-line.
  * Prefer this builder over raw structure initialization.
- *
- * Instead of:
- *
- *   DisplayCreationArgs{false, false, displayId}
- *
- * Prefer:
- *
- *  DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().setIsSecure(false).setIsVirtual(false)
- *      .setDisplayId(displayId).build();
  */
 class DisplayCreationArgsBuilder {
 public:
     DisplayCreationArgs build() { return std::move(mArgs); }
 
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPhysical(DisplayCreationArgs::Physical physical) {
+        mArgs.physical = physical;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPixels(ui::Size pixels) {
+        mArgs.pixels = pixels;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+        mArgs.pixelFormat = pixelFormat;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(bool useHwcVirtualDisplays) {
+        mArgs.useHwcVirtualDisplays = useHwcVirtualDisplays;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setIsSecure(bool isSecure) {
         mArgs.isSecure = isSecure;
         return *this;
     }
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setIsVirtual(bool isVirtual) {
-        mArgs.isVirtual = isVirtual;
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setLayerStackId(uint32_t layerStackId) {
+        mArgs.layerStackId = layerStackId;
         return *this;
     }
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setDisplayId(std::optional<DisplayId> displayId) {
-        mArgs.displayId = displayId;
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPowerAdvisor(Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* powerAdvisor) {
+        mArgs.powerAdvisor = powerAdvisor;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setName(std::string name) {
+        mArgs.name = std::move(name);
         return *this;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
index 0e67acf..6559ed8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@
     // prepareFrame is called after the composition configuration is known but
     // before composition takes place. The DisplaySurface can use the
     // composition type to decide how to manage the flow of buffers between
-    // GLES and HWC for this frame.
+    // GPU and HWC for this frame.
     enum CompositionType {
         COMPOSITION_UNKNOWN = 0,
-        COMPOSITION_GLES = 1,
+        COMPOSITION_GPU = 1,
         COMPOSITION_HWC = 2,
-        COMPOSITION_MIXED = COMPOSITION_GLES | COMPOSITION_HWC
+        COMPOSITION_MIXED = COMPOSITION_GPU | COMPOSITION_HWC
     };
     virtual status_t prepareFrame(CompositionType compositionType) = 0;
 
-    // Inform the surface that GLES composition is complete for this frame, and
+    // Inform the surface that GPU composition is complete for this frame, and
     // the surface should make sure that HWComposer has the correct buffer for
     // this frame. Some implementations may only push a new buffer to
-    // HWComposer if GLES composition took place, others need to push a new
+    // HWComposer if GPU composition took place, others need to push a new
     // buffer on every frame.
     //
     // advanceFrame must be followed by a call to  onFrameCommitted before
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Layer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cb9203..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Layer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-typedef int64_t nsecs_t;
-
-namespace compositionengine {
-
-class Display;
-class LayerFE;
-
-namespace impl {
-struct LayerCompositionState;
-} // namespace impl
-
-/**
- * A layer contains the output-independent composition state for a front-end
- * Layer
- */
-class Layer {
-public:
-    virtual ~Layer();
-
-    // Gets the front-end interface for this layer.  Can return nullptr if the
-    // front-end layer no longer exists.
-    virtual sp<LayerFE> getLayerFE() const = 0;
-
-    using CompositionState = impl::LayerCompositionState;
-
-    // Gets the raw composition state data for the layer
-    // TODO(lpique): Make this protected once it is only internally called.
-    virtual const CompositionState& getState() const = 0;
-
-    // Allows mutable access to the raw composition state data for the layer.
-    // This is meant to be used by the various functions that are part of the
-    // composition process.
-    // TODO(lpique): Make this protected once it is only internally called.
-    virtual CompositionState& editState() = 0;
-
-    // Debugging
-    virtual void dump(std::string& result) const = 0;
-};
-
-} // namespace compositionengine
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
index 9f635b9..6cc90cb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
@@ -16,7 +16,21 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <unordered_set>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -30,9 +44,91 @@
 // of the front-end layer
 class LayerFE : public virtual RefBase {
 public:
-    // Latches the output-independent state. If includeGeometry is false, the
-    // geometry state can be skipped.
-    virtual void latchCompositionState(LayerFECompositionState&, bool includeGeometry) const = 0;
+    // Gets the raw front-end composition state data for the layer
+    virtual const LayerFECompositionState* getCompositionState() const = 0;
+
+    // Called before composition starts. Should return true if this layer has
+    // pending updates which would require an extra display refresh cycle to
+    // process.
+    virtual bool onPreComposition(nsecs_t refreshStartTime) = 0;
+
+    // Used with latchCompositionState()
+    enum class StateSubset {
+        // Gets the basic geometry (bounds, transparent region, visibility,
+        // transforms, alpha) for the layer, for computing visibility and
+        // coverage.
+        BasicGeometry,
+
+        // Gets the full geometry (crops, buffer transforms, metadata) and
+        // content (buffer or color) state for the layer.
+        GeometryAndContent,
+
+        // Gets the per frame content (buffer or color) state for the layer.
+        Content,
+
+        // Gets the cursor state for the layer.
+        Cursor,
+    };
+
+    // Prepares the output-independent composition state for the layer. The
+    // StateSubset argument selects what portion of the state is actually needed
+    // by the CompositionEngine code, since computing everything may be
+    // expensive.
+    virtual void prepareCompositionState(StateSubset) = 0;
+
+    struct ClientCompositionTargetSettings {
+        // The clip region, or visible region that is being rendered to
+        const Region& clip;
+
+        // If true, the layer should use an identity transform for its position
+        // transform. Used only by the captureScreen API call.
+        const bool useIdentityTransform;
+
+        // If set to true, the layer should enable filtering when rendering.
+        const bool needsFiltering;
+
+        // If set to true, the buffer is being sent to a destination that is
+        // expected to treat the buffer contents as secure.
+        const bool isSecure;
+
+        // If set to true, the target buffer has protected content support.
+        const bool supportsProtectedContent;
+
+        // Modified by each call to prepareClientComposition to indicate the
+        // region of the target buffer that should be cleared.
+        Region& clearRegion;
+
+        // Viewport of the target being rendered to. This is used to determine
+        // the shadow light position.
+        const Rect& viewport;
+
+        // Dataspace of the output so we can optimize how to render the shadow
+        // by avoiding unnecessary color space conversions.
+        const ui::Dataspace dataspace;
+
+        // True if the region excluding the shadow is visible.
+        const bool realContentIsVisible;
+
+        // If set to true, change the layer settings to render a clear output.
+        // This may be requested by the HWC
+        const bool clearContent;
+    };
+
+    // A superset of LayerSettings required by RenderEngine to compose a layer
+    // and buffer info to determine duplicate client composition requests.
+    struct LayerSettings : renderengine::LayerSettings {
+        // Currently latched buffer if, 0 if invalid.
+        uint64_t bufferId = 0;
+
+        // Currently latched frame number, 0 if invalid.
+        uint64_t frameNumber = 0;
+    };
+
+    // Returns the z-ordered list of LayerSettings to pass to RenderEngine::drawLayers. The list
+    // may contain shadows casted by the layer or the content of the layer itself.  If the layer
+    // does not render then an empty list will be returned.
+    virtual std::vector<LayerSettings> prepareClientCompositionList(
+            ClientCompositionTargetSettings&) = 0;
 
     // Called after the layer is displayed to update the presentation fence
     virtual void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>&) = 0;
@@ -41,5 +137,61 @@
     virtual const char* getDebugName() const = 0;
 };
 
+// TODO(b/121291683): Specialize std::hash<> for sp<T> so these and others can
+// be removed.
+struct LayerFESpHash {
+    size_t operator()(const sp<LayerFE>& p) const { return std::hash<LayerFE*>()(p.get()); }
+};
+
+using LayerFESet = std::unordered_set<sp<LayerFE>, LayerFESpHash>;
+
+static inline bool operator==(const LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings& lhs,
+                              const LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings& rhs) {
+    return lhs.clip.hasSameRects(rhs.clip) &&
+            lhs.useIdentityTransform == rhs.useIdentityTransform &&
+            lhs.needsFiltering == rhs.needsFiltering && lhs.isSecure == rhs.isSecure &&
+            lhs.supportsProtectedContent == rhs.supportsProtectedContent &&
+            lhs.clearRegion.hasSameRects(rhs.clearRegion) && lhs.viewport == rhs.viewport &&
+            lhs.dataspace == rhs.dataspace &&
+            lhs.realContentIsVisible == rhs.realContentIsVisible &&
+            lhs.clearContent == rhs.clearContent;
+}
+
+static inline bool operator==(const LayerFE::LayerSettings& lhs,
+                              const LayerFE::LayerSettings& rhs) {
+    return static_cast<const renderengine::LayerSettings&>(lhs) ==
+            static_cast<const renderengine::LayerSettings&>(rhs) &&
+            lhs.bufferId == rhs.bufferId && lhs.frameNumber == rhs.frameNumber;
+}
+
+// Defining PrintTo helps with Google Tests.
+static inline void PrintTo(const LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings& settings,
+                           ::std::ostream* os) {
+    *os << "ClientCompositionTargetSettings{";
+    *os << "\n    .clip = \n";
+    PrintTo(settings.clip, os);
+    *os << "\n    .useIdentityTransform = " << settings.useIdentityTransform;
+    *os << "\n    .needsFiltering = " << settings.needsFiltering;
+    *os << "\n    .isSecure = " << settings.isSecure;
+    *os << "\n    .supportsProtectedContent = " << settings.supportsProtectedContent;
+    *os << "\n    .clearRegion = ";
+    PrintTo(settings.clearRegion, os);
+    *os << "\n    .viewport = ";
+    PrintTo(settings.viewport, os);
+    *os << "\n    .dataspace = ";
+    PrintTo(settings.dataspace, os);
+    *os << "\n    .realContentIsVisible = " << settings.realContentIsVisible;
+    *os << "\n    .clearContent = " << settings.clearContent;
+    *os << "\n}";
+}
+
+static inline void PrintTo(const LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    *os << "LayerFE::LayerSettings{";
+    PrintTo(static_cast<const renderengine::LayerSettings&>(settings), os);
+    *os << "\n    .bufferId = " << settings.bufferId;
+    *os << "\n    .frameNumber = " << settings.frameNumber;
+    *os << "\n}";
+}
+
 } // namespace compositionengine
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
index e6ee078..b4ed92f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
@@ -18,27 +18,105 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
-#include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
 #include <gui/HdrMetadata.h>
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
-#include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
+// More complex metadata for this layer
+struct GenericLayerMetadataEntry {
+    // True if the metadata may affect the composed result.
+    // See setLayerGenericMetadata in IComposerClient.hal
+    bool mandatory;
+
+    // Byte blob or parcel
+    std::vector<uint8_t> value;
+
+    std::string dumpAsString() const;
+};
+
+inline bool operator==(const GenericLayerMetadataEntry& lhs, const GenericLayerMetadataEntry& rhs) {
+    return lhs.mandatory == rhs.mandatory && lhs.value == rhs.value;
+}
+
+// Defining PrintTo helps with Google Tests.
+inline void PrintTo(const GenericLayerMetadataEntry& v, ::std::ostream* os) {
+    *os << v.dumpAsString();
+}
+
+using GenericLayerMetadataMap = std::unordered_map<std::string, GenericLayerMetadataEntry>;
+
 /*
  * Used by LayerFE::getCompositionState
  */
 struct LayerFECompositionState {
-    // TODO(lpique): b/121291683 Remove this one we are sure we don't need the
-    // value recomputed / set every frame.
-    Region geomVisibleRegion;
+    // If set to true, forces client composition on all output layers until
+    // the next geometry change.
+    bool forceClientComposition{false};
+
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Reorganize and rename the contents of this structure
+
+    /*
+     * Visibility state
+     */
+    // the layer stack this layer belongs to
+    std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId;
+
+    // If true, this layer should be only visible on the internal display
+    bool internalOnly{false};
+
+    // If false, this layer should not be considered visible
+    bool isVisible{true};
+
+    // True if the layer is completely opaque
+    bool isOpaque{true};
+
+    // If true, invalidates the entire visible region
+    bool contentDirty{false};
+
+    // The alpha value for this layer
+    float alpha{1.f};
+
+    // Background blur in pixels
+    int backgroundBlurRadius{0};
+
+    // The transform from layer local coordinates to composition coordinates
+    ui::Transform geomLayerTransform;
+
+    // The inverse of the layer transform
+    ui::Transform geomInverseLayerTransform;
+
+    // The hint from the layer producer as to what portion of the layer is
+    // transparent.
+    Region transparentRegionHint;
+
+    // The blend mode for this layer
+    hal::BlendMode blendMode{hal::BlendMode::INVALID};
+
+    // The bounds of the layer in layer local coordinates
+    FloatRect geomLayerBounds;
+
+    // length of the shadow in screen space
+    float shadowRadius{0.f};
 
     /*
      * Geometry state
@@ -48,23 +126,9 @@
     bool geomUsesSourceCrop{false};
     bool geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform{false};
     uint32_t geomBufferTransform{0};
-    ui::Transform geomLayerTransform;
-    ui::Transform geomInverseLayerTransform;
     Rect geomBufferSize;
     Rect geomContentCrop;
     Rect geomCrop;
-    Region geomActiveTransparentRegion;
-    FloatRect geomLayerBounds;
-
-    /*
-     * Presentation
-     */
-
-    // The blend mode for this layer
-    Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode blendMode{Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode::INVALID};
-
-    // The alpha value for this layer
-    float alpha{1.f};
 
     /*
      * Extra metadata
@@ -76,12 +140,14 @@
     // The appId for this layer
     int appId{0};
 
+    GenericLayerMetadataMap metadata;
+
     /*
      * Per-frame content
      */
 
     // The type of composition for this layer
-    Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition compositionType{Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::INVALID};
+    hal::Composition compositionType{hal::Composition::INVALID};
 
     // The buffer and related state
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
@@ -93,12 +159,16 @@
     sp<NativeHandle> sidebandStream;
 
     // The color for this layer
-    Hwc2::IComposerClient::Color color;
+    half4 color;
 
     /*
      * Per-frame presentation state
      */
 
+    // If true, this layer will use the dataspace chosen for the output and
+    // ignore the dataspace value just below
+    bool isColorspaceAgnostic{false};
+
     // The dataspace for this layer
     ui::Dataspace dataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
 
@@ -107,6 +177,22 @@
 
     // The color transform
     mat4 colorTransform;
+    bool colorTransformIsIdentity{true};
+
+    // True if the layer has protected content
+    bool hasProtectedContent{false};
+
+    /*
+     * Cursor state
+     */
+
+    // The output-independent frame for the cursor
+    Rect cursorFrame;
+
+    virtual ~LayerFECompositionState();
+
+    // Debugging
+    virtual void dump(std::string& out) const;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index 54e6bd6..baf5258 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -17,10 +17,16 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
 
-#include <math/mat4.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+#include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -28,14 +34,22 @@
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
-namespace android::compositionengine {
+namespace android {
+
+namespace HWC2 {
+class Layer;
+} // namespace HWC2
+
+namespace compositionengine {
 
 class DisplayColorProfile;
-class Layer;
 class LayerFE;
 class RenderSurface;
 class OutputLayer;
 
+struct CompositionRefreshArgs;
+struct LayerFECompositionState;
+
 namespace impl {
 struct OutputCompositionState;
 } // namespace impl
@@ -45,7 +59,95 @@
  */
 class Output {
 public:
-    using OutputLayers = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>>;
+    using ReleasedLayers = std::vector<wp<LayerFE>>;
+    using UniqueFELayerStateMap = std::unordered_map<LayerFE*, LayerFECompositionState*>;
+
+    // A helper class for enumerating the output layers using a C++11 ranged-based for loop
+    template <typename T>
+    class OutputLayersEnumerator {
+    public:
+        // TODO(lpique): Consider turning this into a C++20 view when possible.
+        template <bool IsConstIter>
+        class IteratorImpl {
+        public:
+            // Required definitions to be considered an iterator
+            using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+            using value_type = decltype(std::declval<T>().getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0));
+            using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+            using pointer = std::conditional_t<IsConstIter, const value_type*, value_type*>;
+            using reference = std::conditional_t<IsConstIter, const value_type&, value_type&>;
+
+            IteratorImpl() = default;
+            IteratorImpl(const T* output, size_t index) : mOutput(output), mIndex(index) {}
+
+            value_type operator*() const {
+                return mOutput->getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(mIndex);
+            }
+            value_type operator->() const {
+                return mOutput->getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(mIndex);
+            }
+
+            bool operator==(const IteratorImpl& other) const {
+                return mOutput == other.mOutput && mIndex == other.mIndex;
+            }
+            bool operator!=(const IteratorImpl& other) const { return !operator==(other); }
+
+            IteratorImpl& operator++() {
+                ++mIndex;
+                return *this;
+            }
+            IteratorImpl operator++(int) {
+                auto prev = *this;
+                ++mIndex;
+                return prev;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            const T* mOutput{nullptr};
+            size_t mIndex{0};
+        };
+
+        using iterator = IteratorImpl<false>;
+        using const_iterator = IteratorImpl<true>;
+
+        explicit OutputLayersEnumerator(const T& output) : mOutput(output) {}
+        auto begin() const { return iterator(&mOutput, 0); }
+        auto end() const { return iterator(&mOutput, mOutput.getOutputLayerCount()); }
+        auto cbegin() const { return const_iterator(&mOutput, 0); }
+        auto cend() const { return const_iterator(&mOutput, mOutput.getOutputLayerCount()); }
+
+    private:
+        const T& mOutput;
+    };
+
+    struct FrameFences {
+        sp<Fence> presentFence{Fence::NO_FENCE};
+        sp<Fence> clientTargetAcquireFence{Fence::NO_FENCE};
+        std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, sp<Fence>> layerFences;
+    };
+
+    struct ColorProfile {
+        ui::ColorMode mode{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE};
+        ui::Dataspace dataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
+        ui::RenderIntent renderIntent{ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC};
+        ui::Dataspace colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
+    };
+
+    // Use internally to incrementally compute visibility/coverage
+    struct CoverageState {
+        explicit CoverageState(LayerFESet& latchedLayers) : latchedLayers(latchedLayers) {}
+
+        // The set of layers that had been latched for the coverage calls, to
+        // avoid duplicate requests to obtain the same front-end layer state.
+        LayerFESet& latchedLayers;
+
+        // The region of the output which is covered by layers
+        Region aboveCoveredLayers;
+        // The region of the output which is opaquely covered by layers
+        Region aboveOpaqueLayers;
+        // The region of the output which should be considered dirty
+        Region dirtyRegion;
+    };
 
     virtual ~Output();
 
@@ -54,12 +156,16 @@
     // constructor.
     virtual bool isValid() const = 0;
 
+    // Returns the DisplayId the output represents, if it has one
+    virtual std::optional<DisplayId> getDisplayId() const = 0;
+
     // Enables (or disables) composition on this output
     virtual void setCompositionEnabled(bool) = 0;
 
     // Sets the projection state to use
-    virtual void setProjection(const ui::Transform&, int32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
-                               const Rect& viewport, const Rect& scissor, bool needsFiltering) = 0;
+    virtual void setProjection(const ui::Transform&, uint32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
+                               const Rect& viewport, const Rect& sourceClip,
+                               const Rect& destinationClip, bool needsFiltering) = 0;
     // Sets the bounds to use
     virtual void setBounds(const ui::Size&) = 0;
 
@@ -67,11 +173,8 @@
     // belongsInOutput for full details.
     virtual void setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) = 0;
 
-    // Sets the color transform matrix to use
-    virtual void setColorTransform(const mat4&) = 0;
-
     // Sets the output color mode
-    virtual void setColorMode(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::RenderIntent) = 0;
+    virtual void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) = 0;
 
     // Outputs a string with a state dump
     virtual void dump(std::string&) const = 0;
@@ -111,28 +214,73 @@
     // A layer belongs to the output if its layerStackId matches. Additionally
     // if the layer should only show in the internal (primary) display only and
     // this output allows that.
-    virtual bool belongsInOutput(uint32_t layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const = 0;
+    virtual bool belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const = 0;
+
+    // Determines if a layer belongs to the output.
+    virtual bool belongsInOutput(const sp<LayerFE>&) const = 0;
 
     // Returns a pointer to the output layer corresponding to the given layer on
     // this output, or nullptr if the layer does not have one
-    virtual OutputLayer* getOutputLayerForLayer(Layer*) const = 0;
+    virtual OutputLayer* getOutputLayerForLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const = 0;
 
-    // Gets the OutputLayer corresponding to the input Layer instance from the
-    // current ordered set of output layers. If there is no such layer, a new
-    // one is created and returned.
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer> getOrCreateOutputLayer(std::optional<DisplayId>,
-                                                                std::shared_ptr<Layer>,
-                                                                sp<LayerFE>) = 0;
+    // Immediately clears all layers from the output.
+    virtual void clearOutputLayers() = 0;
 
-    // Sets the new ordered set of output layers for this output
-    virtual void setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(OutputLayers&&) = 0;
+    // For tests use only. Creates and appends an OutputLayer into the output.
+    virtual OutputLayer* injectOutputLayerForTest(const sp<LayerFE>&) = 0;
 
-    // Gets the ordered set of output layers for this output
-    virtual const OutputLayers& getOutputLayersOrderedByZ() const = 0;
+    // Gets the count of output layers managed by this output
+    virtual size_t getOutputLayerCount() const = 0;
+
+    // Gets an output layer in Z order given its index
+    virtual OutputLayer* getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(size_t) const = 0;
+
+    // A helper function for enumerating all the output layers in Z order using
+    // a C++11 range-based for loop.
+    auto getOutputLayersOrderedByZ() const { return OutputLayersEnumerator(*this); }
+
+    // Sets the new set of layers being released this frame
+    virtual void setReleasedLayers(ReleasedLayers&&) = 0;
+
+    // Prepare the output, updating the OutputLayers used in the output
+    virtual void prepare(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&) = 0;
+
+    // Presents the output, finalizing all composition details
+    virtual void present(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+
+    // Latches the front-end layer state for each output layer
+    virtual void updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) const = 0;
 
 protected:
     virtual void setDisplayColorProfile(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>) = 0;
     virtual void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>) = 0;
+
+    virtual void rebuildLayerStacks(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&) = 0;
+    virtual void collectVisibleLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, CoverageState&) = 0;
+    virtual void ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(sp<LayerFE>&, CoverageState&) = 0;
+    virtual void setReleasedLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+
+    virtual void updateAndWriteCompositionState(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void setColorTransform(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void updateColorProfile(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void beginFrame() = 0;
+    virtual void prepareFrame() = 0;
+    virtual void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
+            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) = 0;
+    virtual void postFramebuffer() = 0;
+    virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
+    virtual bool getSkipColorTransform() const = 0;
+    virtual FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() = 0;
+    virtual std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
+            bool supportsProtectedContent, Region& clearRegion, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace) = 0;
+    virtual void appendRegionFlashRequests(
+            const Region& flashRegion,
+            std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) = 0;
+    virtual void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) = 0;
+    virtual void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
 };
 
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
+} // namespace compositionengine
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputColorSetting.h
similarity index 71%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h
rename to services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputColorSetting.h
index db3312b..6e798ce 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputColorSetting.h
@@ -16,20 +16,12 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <utils/RefBase.h>
-
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
-class CompositionEngine;
-class LayerFE;
-
-/**
- * A parameter object for creating Layer instances
- */
-struct LayerCreationArgs {
-    // A weak pointer to the front-end layer instance that the new layer will
-    // represent.
-    wp<LayerFE> layerFE;
+enum class OutputColorSetting : int32_t {
+    kManaged = 0,
+    kUnmanaged = 1,
+    kEnhanced = 2,
 };
 
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
index cd63b57..aa70ef8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
@@ -19,17 +19,29 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android {
 
+namespace HWC2 {
+class Layer;
+} // namespace HWC2
+
 namespace compositionengine {
 
 class CompositionEngine;
 class Output;
-class Layer;
 class LayerFE;
 
 namespace impl {
@@ -43,12 +55,12 @@
 public:
     virtual ~OutputLayer();
 
+    // Sets the HWC2::Layer associated with this layer
+    virtual void setHwcLayer(std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>) = 0;
+
     // Gets the output which owns this output layer
     virtual const Output& getOutput() const = 0;
 
-    // Gets the display-independent layer which this output layer represents
-    virtual Layer& getLayer() const = 0;
-
     // Gets the front-end layer interface this output layer represents
     virtual LayerFE& getLayerFE() const = 0;
 
@@ -66,12 +78,41 @@
 
     // Recalculates the state of the output layer from the output-independent
     // layer. If includeGeometry is false, the geometry state can be skipped.
-    virtual void updateCompositionState(bool includeGeometry) = 0;
+    // internalDisplayRotationFlags must be set to the rotation flags for the
+    // internal display, and is used to properly compute the inverse-display
+    // transform, if needed.
+    virtual void updateCompositionState(
+            bool includeGeometry, bool forceClientComposition,
+            ui::Transform::RotationFlags internalDisplayRotationFlags) = 0;
 
     // Writes the geometry state to the HWC, or does nothing if this layer does
     // not use the HWC. If includeGeometry is false, the geometry state can be
     // skipped.
-    virtual void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) const = 0;
+    virtual void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) = 0;
+
+    // Updates the cursor position with the HWC
+    virtual void writeCursorPositionToHWC() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns the HWC2::Layer associated with this layer, if it exists
+    virtual HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the current layer state requires client composition
+    virtual bool requiresClientComposition() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the current layer should be treated as a cursor layer
+    virtual bool isHardwareCursor() const = 0;
+
+    // Applies a HWC device requested composition type change
+    virtual void applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition) = 0;
+
+    // Prepares to apply any HWC device layer requests
+    virtual void prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() = 0;
+
+    // Applies a HWC device layer request
+    virtual void applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the composition settings scale pixels
+    virtual bool needsFiltering() const = 0;
 
     // Debugging
     virtual void dump(std::string& result) const = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
index e21128c..f680460 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@
     // Sets the dataspace used for rendering the surface
     virtual void setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace) = 0;
 
+    // Sets the pixel format used for rendering the surface.
+    // Changing the pixel format of the buffer will result in buffer
+    // reallocation as well as some reconfiguration of the graphics context,
+    // which are both expensive operations.
+    virtual void setBufferPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat) = 0;
+
     // Configures the protected rendering on the surface
     virtual void setProtected(bool useProtected) = 0;
 
@@ -71,22 +77,18 @@
     virtual status_t beginFrame(bool mustRecompose) = 0;
 
     // Prepares the frame for rendering
-    virtual status_t prepareFrame() = 0;
+    virtual void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) = 0;
 
     // Allocates a buffer as scratch space for GPU composition
     virtual sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) = 0;
 
     // Queues the drawn buffer for consumption by HWC. readyFence is the fence
     // which will fire when the buffer is ready for consumption.
-    virtual void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd&& readyFence) = 0;
+    virtual void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) = 0;
 
     // Called after the HWC calls are made to present the display
     virtual void onPresentDisplayCompleted() = 0;
 
-    // Called to set the viewport and projection state for rendering into this
-    // surface
-    virtual void setViewportAndProjection() = 0;
-
     // Called after the surface has been rendering to signal the surface should
     // be made ready for displaying
     virtual void flip() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c14a6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace compositionengine::impl {
+
+// The cache is used to skip duplicate client composition requests. We do so by keeping track
+// of every composition request and the buffer that the request is rendered into. During the
+// next composition request, if the request matches what was rendered into the buffer, then
+// we can skip of the request, pass back an empty fence, and let HWC use the previous render
+// result.
+//
+// The cache is a mapping of the RenderSurface buffer id (unique per process) and a snapshot of
+// the composition request. We need to make sure the request, including the order of the
+// layers, do not change from call to call. The snapshot removes strong references to the
+// client buffer id so we don't extend the lifetime of the buffer by storing it in the cache.
+class ClientCompositionRequestCache {
+public:
+    explicit ClientCompositionRequestCache(uint32_t cacheSize) : mMaxCacheSize(cacheSize){};
+    ~ClientCompositionRequestCache() = default;
+    bool exists(uint64_t bufferId, const renderengine::DisplaySettings& display,
+                const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& layerSettings) const;
+    void add(uint64_t bufferId, const renderengine::DisplaySettings& display,
+             const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& layerSettings);
+    void remove(uint64_t bufferId);
+
+private:
+    uint32_t mMaxCacheSize;
+    struct ClientCompositionRequest {
+        renderengine::DisplaySettings display;
+        std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> layerSettings;
+        ClientCompositionRequest(const renderengine::DisplaySettings& _display,
+                                 const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& _layerSettings);
+        bool equals(const renderengine::DisplaySettings& _display,
+                    const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& _layerSettings) const;
+    };
+
+    // Cache of requests, keyed by corresponding GraphicBuffer ID.
+    std::deque<std::pair<uint64_t /* bufferId */, ClientCompositionRequest>> mCache;
+};
+
+} // namespace compositionengine::impl
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
index b01eb64..386808d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
     ~CompositionEngine() override;
 
     std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> createDisplay(
-            compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&&) override;
-    std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> createLayer(
-            compositionengine::LayerCreationArgs&&) override;
+            const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&) override;
+    std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState> createLayerFECompositionState()
+            override;
 
     HWComposer& getHwComposer() const override;
     void setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>) override;
@@ -36,9 +36,32 @@
     renderengine::RenderEngine& getRenderEngine() const override;
     void setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>) override;
 
+    TimeStats& getTimeStats() const override;
+    void setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&) override;
+
+    bool needsAnotherUpdate() const override;
+    nsecs_t getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp() const override;
+
+    void present(CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    void updateCursorAsync(CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    void preComposition(CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    // Debugging
+    void dump(std::string&) const override;
+
+    void updateLayerStateFromFE(CompositionRefreshArgs& args);
+
+    // Testing
+    void setNeedsAnotherUpdateForTest(bool);
+
 private:
     std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> mHwComposer;
     std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
+    std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats;
+    bool mNeedsAnotherUpdate = false;
+    nsecs_t mRefreshStartTime = 0;
 };
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::CompositionEngine> createCompositionEngine();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index 0e20c43..7a4f738 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -19,42 +19,97 @@
 #include <memory>
 
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
+#include <ui/Size.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 class CompositionEngine;
 
-struct DisplayCreationArgs;
-
 namespace impl {
 
-class Display : public compositionengine::impl::Output, public compositionengine::Display {
+// The implementation class contains the common implementation, but does not
+// actually contain the final display state.
+class Display : public compositionengine::impl::Output, public virtual compositionengine::Display {
 public:
-    Display(const CompositionEngine&, compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&&);
     virtual ~Display();
 
     // compositionengine::Output overrides
+    std::optional<DisplayId> getDisplayId() const override;
+    bool isValid() const override;
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
-    void setColorTransform(const mat4&) override;
-    void setColorMode(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::RenderIntent) override;
+    using compositionengine::impl::Output::setReleasedLayers;
+    void setReleasedLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void setColorTransform(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) override;
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
+    compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
+    void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
 
     // compositionengine::Display overrides
     const std::optional<DisplayId>& getId() const override;
     bool isSecure() const override;
     bool isVirtual() const override;
     void disconnect() override;
-    void createDisplayColorProfile(compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&) override;
-    void createRenderSurface(compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&) override;
+    void createDisplayColorProfile(
+            const compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&) override;
+    void createRenderSurface(const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) override;
+    void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) override;
+
+    // Internal helpers used by chooseCompositionStrategy()
+    using ChangedTypes = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ChangedTypes;
+    using DisplayRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::DisplayRequests;
+    using LayerRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::LayerRequests;
+    using ClientTargetProperty = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ClientTargetProperty;
+    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual bool allLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual void applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes&);
+    virtual void applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests&);
+    virtual void applyLayerRequestsToLayers(const LayerRequests&);
+    virtual void applyClientTargetRequests(const ClientTargetProperty&);
+
+    // Internal
+    virtual void setConfiguration(const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&);
+    virtual std::optional<DisplayId> maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(ui::Size,
+                                                                             ui::PixelFormat) const;
+    std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
+
+    // Testing
+    void setDisplayIdForTesting(std::optional<DisplayId> displayId);
 
 private:
-    const bool mIsVirtual;
+    bool mIsVirtual = false;
     std::optional<DisplayId> mId;
+    Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* mPowerAdvisor = nullptr;
 };
 
-std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> createDisplay(
-        const compositionengine::CompositionEngine&, compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&&);
+// This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
+// final class using the types actually required by the implementation. This is
+// not possible to do in the base class as those types may not even be visible
+// to the base code.
+template <typename BaseDisplay, typename CompositionEngine>
+std::shared_ptr<BaseDisplay> createDisplayTemplated(
+        const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
+        const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
+    auto display = createOutputTemplated<BaseDisplay>(compositionEngine);
+
+    display->setConfiguration(args);
+
+    return display;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<Display> createDisplay(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine&,
+                                       const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&);
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h
index 49c2d2c..9bc0e68 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 class DisplayColorProfile : public compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile {
 public:
-    DisplayColorProfile(DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&);
+    DisplayColorProfile(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&);
     ~DisplayColorProfile() override;
 
     bool isValid() const override;
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
     bool hasDolbyVisionSupport() const override;
 
     const HdrCapabilities& getHdrCapabilities() const override;
+    bool isDataspaceSupported(ui::Dataspace) const override;
+    ui::Dataspace getTargetDataspace(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::Dataspace) const override;
 
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
 
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@
 };
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile> createDisplayColorProfile(
-        DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&);
+        const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&);
 
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h
index 8eec035..2864c10 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h
@@ -19,7 +19,15 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <vector>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Layer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e56b21..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Layer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <memory>
-
-#include <compositionengine/Layer.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h>
-#include <utils/RefBase.h>
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-
-namespace android::compositionengine {
-
-class CompositionEngine;
-class LayerFE;
-
-struct LayerCreationArgs;
-
-namespace impl {
-
-class Display;
-
-class Layer : public compositionengine::Layer {
-public:
-    Layer(const CompositionEngine&, compositionengine::LayerCreationArgs&&);
-    ~Layer() override;
-
-    sp<LayerFE> getLayerFE() const override;
-
-    const LayerCompositionState& getState() const override;
-    LayerCompositionState& editState() override;
-
-    void dump(std::string& result) const override;
-
-private:
-    const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& mCompositionEngine;
-    const wp<LayerFE> mLayerFE;
-
-    LayerCompositionState mState;
-};
-
-std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> createLayer(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine&,
-                                                      compositionengine::LayerCreationArgs&&);
-
-} // namespace impl
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index b1d1f42..6f25e63 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -16,36 +16,36 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
+#include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <compositionengine/Output.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
 
-namespace android::compositionengine {
-
-class CompositionEngine;
-class Layer;
-class OutputLayer;
-
-namespace impl {
-
+// The implementation class contains the common implementation, but does not
+// actually contain the final output state.
 class Output : public virtual compositionengine::Output {
 public:
-    Output(const CompositionEngine&);
     ~Output() override;
 
+    // compositionengine::Output overrides
     bool isValid() const override;
-
+    std::optional<DisplayId> getDisplayId() const override;
     void setCompositionEnabled(bool) override;
-    void setProjection(const ui::Transform&, int32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
-                       const Rect& viewport, const Rect& scissor, bool needsFiltering) override;
+    void setProjection(const ui::Transform&, uint32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
+                       const Rect& viewport, const Rect& sourceClip, const Rect& destinationClip,
+                       bool needsFiltering) override;
     void setBounds(const ui::Size&) override;
     void setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) override;
 
-    void setColorTransform(const mat4&) override;
-    void setColorMode(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::RenderIntent) override;
+    void setColorTransform(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) override;
 
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
 
@@ -58,42 +58,175 @@
     compositionengine::RenderSurface* getRenderSurface() const override;
     void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>) override;
 
-    const OutputCompositionState& getState() const override;
-    OutputCompositionState& editState() override;
-
     Region getDirtyRegion(bool repaintEverything) const override;
-    bool belongsInOutput(uint32_t, bool) const override;
+    bool belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t>, bool) const override;
+    bool belongsInOutput(const sp<LayerFE>&) const override;
 
-    compositionengine::OutputLayer* getOutputLayerForLayer(
-            compositionengine::Layer*) const override;
-    std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> getOrCreateOutputLayer(
-            std::optional<DisplayId>, std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer>,
-            sp<LayerFE>) override;
-    void setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(OutputLayers&&) override;
-    const OutputLayers& getOutputLayersOrderedByZ() const override;
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* getOutputLayerForLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const override;
+
+    void setReleasedLayers(ReleasedLayers&&) override;
+
+    void prepare(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&) override;
+    void present(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    void rebuildLayerStacks(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&) override;
+    void collectVisibleLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                              compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&) override;
+    void ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&,
+                                    compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&) override;
+    void setReleasedLayers(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    void updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) const override;
+    void updateAndWriteCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void beginFrame() override;
+    void prepareFrame() override;
+    void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
+            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) override;
+    void postFramebuffer() override;
+    void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t) override;
 
     // Testing
+    const ReleasedLayers& getReleasedLayersForTest() const;
     void setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>);
     void setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>);
 
 protected:
-    const CompositionEngine& getCompositionEngine() const;
+    std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
+    std::optional<size_t> findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(
+            const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&) const;
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
+    compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
+    std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
+            bool supportsProtectedContent, Region& clearRegion,
+            ui::Dataspace outputDataspace) override;
+    void appendRegionFlashRequests(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&) override;
+    void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) override;
     void dumpBase(std::string&) const;
 
+    // Implemented by the final implementation for the final state it uses.
+    virtual compositionengine::OutputLayer* ensureOutputLayer(std::optional<size_t>,
+                                                              const sp<LayerFE>&) = 0;
+    virtual compositionengine::OutputLayer* injectOutputLayerForTest(const sp<LayerFE>&) = 0;
+    virtual void finalizePendingOutputLayers() = 0;
+    virtual const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& getCompositionEngine() const = 0;
+    virtual void dumpState(std::string& out) const = 0;
+
 private:
     void dirtyEntireOutput();
-
-    const CompositionEngine& mCompositionEngine;
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* findLayerRequestingBackgroundComposition() const;
+    ui::Dataspace getBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace*, bool*) const;
+    compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile pickColorProfile(
+            const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) const;
 
     std::string mName;
 
-    OutputCompositionState mState;
-
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile> mDisplayColorProfile;
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> mRenderSurface;
 
-    OutputLayers mOutputLayersOrderedByZ;
+    ReleasedLayers mReleasedLayers;
+    OutputLayer* mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<ClientCompositionRequestCache> mClientCompositionRequestCache;
 };
 
-} // namespace impl
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
+// This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
+// final class using the types actually required by the implementation. This is
+// not possible to do in the base class as those types may not even be visible
+// to the base code.
+template <typename BaseOutput, typename CompositionEngine, typename... Args>
+std::shared_ptr<BaseOutput> createOutputTemplated(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
+                                                  Args... args) {
+    class Output final : public BaseOutput {
+    public:
+// Clang incorrectly complains that these are unused.
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedef"
+
+        using OutputCompositionState = std::remove_const_t<
+                std::remove_reference_t<decltype(std::declval<BaseOutput>().getState())>>;
+        using OutputLayer = std::remove_pointer_t<decltype(
+                std::declval<BaseOutput>().getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0))>;
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
+        explicit Output(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine, Args... args)
+              : BaseOutput(std::forward<Args>(args)...), mCompositionEngine(compositionEngine) {}
+        ~Output() override = default;
+
+    private:
+        // compositionengine::Output overrides
+        const OutputCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+
+        OutputCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+        size_t getOutputLayerCount() const override {
+            return mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.size();
+        }
+
+        OutputLayer* getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(size_t index) const override {
+            if (index >= mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.size()) {
+                return nullptr;
+            }
+            return mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ[index].get();
+        }
+
+        // compositionengine::impl::Output overrides
+        const CompositionEngine& getCompositionEngine() const override {
+            return mCompositionEngine;
+        };
+
+        OutputLayer* ensureOutputLayer(std::optional<size_t> prevIndex,
+                                       const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE) {
+            auto outputLayer = (prevIndex && *prevIndex <= mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.size())
+                    ? std::move(mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ[*prevIndex])
+                    : BaseOutput::createOutputLayer(layerFE);
+            auto result = outputLayer.get();
+            mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ.emplace_back(std::move(outputLayer));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        void finalizePendingOutputLayers() override {
+            // The pending layers are added in reverse order. Reverse them to
+            // get the back-to-front ordered list of layers.
+            std::reverse(mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ.begin(),
+                         mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ.end());
+
+            mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ = std::move(mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ);
+        }
+
+        void dumpState(std::string& out) const override { mState.dump(out); }
+
+        OutputLayer* injectOutputLayerForTest(const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE) override {
+            auto outputLayer = BaseOutput::createOutputLayer(layerFE);
+            auto result = outputLayer.get();
+            mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.emplace_back(std::move(outputLayer));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // Note: This is declared as a private virtual non-override so it can be
+        // an override implementation in the unit tests, but otherwise is not an
+        // accessible override for the normal implementation.
+        virtual void injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer> outputLayer) {
+            mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.emplace_back(std::move(outputLayer));
+        }
+
+        void clearOutputLayers() override {
+            mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ.clear();
+            mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ.clear();
+        }
+
+        const CompositionEngine& mCompositionEngine;
+        OutputCompositionState mState;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>> mCurrentOutputLayersOrderedByZ;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>> mPendingOutputLayersOrderedByZ;
+    };
+
+    return std::make_shared<Output>(compositionEngine, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<Output> createOutput(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine&);
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index 0c47eb5..66ed2b6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -19,7 +19,16 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 #include <math/mat4.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -35,6 +44,19 @@
     // If false, this output is not considered secure
     bool isSecure{false};
 
+    // If true, the current frame on this output uses client composition
+    bool usesClientComposition{false};
+
+    // If true, the current frame on this output uses device composition
+    bool usesDeviceComposition{false};
+
+    // If true, the client target should be flipped when performing client
+    // composition
+    bool flipClientTarget{false};
+
+    // If true, the current frame reused the buffer from a previous client composition
+    bool reusedClientComposition{false};
+
     // If true, this output displays layers that are internal-only
     bool layerStackInternal{false};
 
@@ -57,8 +79,11 @@
     // The logical space user viewport rectangle
     Rect viewport;
 
-    // The physical space scissor rectangle
-    Rect scissor;
+    // The physical space source clip rectangle
+    Rect sourceClip;
+
+    // The physical space destination clip rectangle
+    Rect destinationClip;
 
     // If true, RenderEngine filtering should be enabled
     bool needsFiltering{false};
@@ -76,11 +101,8 @@
     // True if the last composition frame had visible layers
     bool lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers{false};
 
-    // The color transform to apply
-    android_color_transform_t colorTransform{HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY};
-
-    // The color transform matrix to apply, corresponding with colorTransform.
-    mat4 colorTransformMat;
+    // The color transform matrix to apply
+    mat4 colorTransformMatrix;
 
     // Current active color mode
     ui::ColorMode colorMode{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE};
@@ -88,9 +110,12 @@
     // Current active render intent
     ui::RenderIntent renderIntent{ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC};
 
-    // Current active dstaspace
+    // Current active dataspace
     ui::Dataspace dataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
 
+    // Current target dataspace
+    ui::Dataspace targetDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
+
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
index 6a4818f..8cb5ae8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
@@ -20,50 +20,109 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
-namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+namespace android::compositionengine {
 
-class OutputLayer : public compositionengine::OutputLayer {
+struct LayerFECompositionState;
+
+namespace impl {
+
+// The implementation class contains the common implementation, but does not
+// actually contain the final layer state.
+class OutputLayer : public virtual compositionengine::OutputLayer {
 public:
-    OutputLayer(const compositionengine::Output&, std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer>,
-                sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>);
     ~OutputLayer() override;
 
-    void initialize(const CompositionEngine&, std::optional<DisplayId>);
+    void setHwcLayer(std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>) override;
 
-    const compositionengine::Output& getOutput() const override;
-    compositionengine::Layer& getLayer() const override;
-    compositionengine::LayerFE& getLayerFE() const override;
+    void updateCompositionState(bool includeGeometry, bool forceClientComposition,
+                                ui::Transform::RotationFlags) override;
+    void writeStateToHWC(bool) override;
+    void writeCursorPositionToHWC() const override;
 
-    const OutputLayerCompositionState& getState() const override;
-    OutputLayerCompositionState& editState() override;
+    HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer() const override;
+    bool requiresClientComposition() const override;
+    bool isHardwareCursor() const override;
+    void applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition) override;
+    void prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() override;
+    void applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) override;
+    bool needsFiltering() const override;
 
-    void updateCompositionState(bool) override;
-    void writeStateToHWC(bool) const override;
-
-    void dump(std::string& result) const override;
+    void dump(std::string&) const override;
 
     virtual FloatRect calculateOutputSourceCrop() const;
     virtual Rect calculateOutputDisplayFrame() const;
-    virtual uint32_t calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform() const;
+    virtual uint32_t calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(
+            uint32_t internalDisplayRotationFlags) const;
+
+protected:
+    // Implemented by the final implementation for the final state it uses.
+    virtual void dumpState(std::string&) const = 0;
 
 private:
     Rect calculateInitialCrop() const;
-
-    const compositionengine::Output& mOutput;
-    std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> mLayer;
-    sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
-
-    OutputLayerCompositionState mState;
+    void writeOutputDependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition);
+    void writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*);
+    void writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeSolidColorStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeSidebandStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeCompositionTypeToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition);
+    void detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition from,
+                                               Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition to) const;
 };
 
-std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(
-        const CompositionEngine&, std::optional<DisplayId>, const compositionengine::Output&,
-        std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer>, sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>);
+// This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
+// final class using the types actually required by the implementation. This is
+// not possible to do in the base class as those types may not even be visible
+// to the base code.
+template <typename BaseOutputLayer>
+std::unique_ptr<BaseOutputLayer> createOutputLayerTemplated(const Output& output,
+                                                            sp<LayerFE> layerFE) {
+    class OutputLayer final : public BaseOutputLayer {
+    public:
+// Clang incorrectly complains that these are unused.
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-local-typedef"
 
-} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
+        using OutputLayerCompositionState = std::remove_const_t<
+                std::remove_reference_t<decltype(std::declval<BaseOutputLayer>().getState())>>;
+        using Output = std::remove_const_t<
+                std::remove_reference_t<decltype(std::declval<BaseOutputLayer>().getOutput())>>;
+        using LayerFE =
+                std::remove_reference_t<decltype(std::declval<BaseOutputLayer>().getLayerFE())>;
+
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
+        OutputLayer(const Output& output, const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE)
+              : mOutput(output), mLayerFE(layerFE) {}
+        ~OutputLayer() override = default;
+
+    private:
+        // compositionengine::OutputLayer overrides
+        const Output& getOutput() const override { return mOutput; }
+        LayerFE& getLayerFE() const override { return *mLayerFE; }
+        const OutputLayerCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+        OutputLayerCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+        // compositionengine::impl::OutputLayer overrides
+        void dumpState(std::string& out) const override { mState.dump(out); }
+
+        const Output& mOutput;
+        const sp<LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+        OutputLayerCompositionState mState;
+    };
+
+    return std::make_unique<OutputLayer>(output, layerFE);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const compositionengine::Output&,
+                                               const sp<LayerFE>&);
+
+} // namespace impl
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
index b78e9e0..d2b38d1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
@@ -23,25 +23,45 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h>
 #include <renderengine/Mesh.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+namespace android {
+
 namespace HWC2 {
 class Layer;
 } // namespace HWC2
 
-namespace android {
-
 class HWComposer;
 
 namespace compositionengine::impl {
 
 struct OutputLayerCompositionState {
-    // The region of this layer which is visible on this output
+    // The portion of the layer that is not obscured by opaque layers on top
     Region visibleRegion;
 
+    // The portion of the layer that is not obscured and is also opaque
+    Region visibleNonTransparentRegion;
+
+    // The portion of the layer that is obscured by opaque layers on top
+    Region coveredRegion;
+
+    // The visibleRegion transformed to output space
+    Region outputSpaceVisibleRegion;
+
+    // Region cast by the layer's shadow
+    Region shadowRegion;
+
     // If true, client composition will be used on this output
     bool forceClientComposition{false};
 
@@ -57,8 +77,11 @@
     // The buffer transform to use for this layer o on this output.
     Hwc2::Transform bufferTransform{static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(0)};
 
+    // The dataspace for this layer
+    ui::Dataspace dataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
+
     // The Z order index of this layer on this output
-    uint32_t z;
+    uint32_t z{0};
 
     /*
      * HWC state
@@ -70,7 +93,7 @@
         // The HWC Layer backing this layer
         std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer> hwcLayer;
 
-        // The HWC composition type for this layer
+        // The most recently set HWC composition type for this layer
         Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition hwcCompositionType{
                 Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::INVALID};
 
@@ -85,6 +108,9 @@
 
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
+
+    // Timestamp for when the layer is queued for client composition
+    nsecs_t clientCompositionTimestamp{0};
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
index 0f57315..5127a6f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 class RenderSurface : public compositionengine::RenderSurface {
 public:
     RenderSurface(const CompositionEngine&, compositionengine::Display&,
-                  compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&);
+                  const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&);
     ~RenderSurface() override;
 
     bool isValid() const override;
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@
 
     const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const override;
     void setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace) override;
+    void setBufferPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat) override;
     void setDisplaySize(const ui::Size&) override;
     void setProtected(bool useProtected) override;
     status_t beginFrame(bool mustRecompose) override;
-    status_t prepareFrame() override;
+    void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) override;
     sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) override;
-    void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd&& readyFence) override;
+    void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override;
     void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override;
-    void setViewportAndProjection() override;
     void flip() override;
 
     // Debugging
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> createRenderSurface(
         const compositionengine::CompositionEngine&, compositionengine::Display&,
-        compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&);
+        const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&);
 
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
index 0f57685..f953d0b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
-#include <compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 
@@ -31,14 +32,28 @@
     CompositionEngine();
     ~CompositionEngine() override;
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplay, std::shared_ptr<Display>(DisplayCreationArgs&&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(createLayer, std::shared_ptr<Layer>(LayerCreationArgs&&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplay, std::shared_ptr<Display>(const DisplayCreationArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(createLayerFECompositionState,
+                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState>());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getHwComposer, HWComposer&());
     MOCK_METHOD1(setHwComposer, void(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getRenderEngine, renderengine::RenderEngine&());
     MOCK_METHOD1(setRenderEngine, void(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>));
+
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getTimeStats, TimeStats&());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setTimeStats, void(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&));
+
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(needsAnotherUpdate, bool());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp, nsecs_t());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(present, void(CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(updateCursorAsync, void(CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(preComposition, void(CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
index d763aa6..3a4c70f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(disconnect, void());
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplayColorProfile, void(DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(createRenderSurface, void(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplayColorProfile, void(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(createRenderSurface, void(const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(createClientCompositionCache, void(uint32_t));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h
index 8056c9d..1aaebea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(hasDolbyVisionSupport, bool());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getHdrCapabilities, const HdrCapabilities&());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(isDataspaceSupported, bool(ui::Dataspace));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD3(getTargetDataspace,
+                       ui::Dataspace(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::Dataspace));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Layer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index cce3b97..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Layer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <compositionengine/Layer.h>
-#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-
-namespace android::compositionengine::mock {
-
-class Layer : public compositionengine::Layer {
-public:
-    Layer();
-    virtual ~Layer();
-
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getLayerFE, sp<LayerFE>());
-
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getState, const CompositionState&());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(editState, CompositionState&());
-
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
-};
-
-} // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
index aab18db..45891a7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
@@ -30,7 +30,15 @@
     LayerFE();
     virtual ~LayerFE();
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(latchCompositionState, void(LayerFECompositionState&, bool));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getCompositionState, const LayerFECompositionState*());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onPreComposition, bool(nsecs_t));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(prepareCompositionState, void(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(prepareClientCompositionList,
+                 std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings>(
+                         compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings&));
+
     MOCK_METHOD1(onLayerDisplayed, void(const sp<Fence>&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDebugName, const char*());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index d0e7b19..4661c5d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
-#include <compositionengine/Layer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
@@ -33,40 +33,86 @@
     virtual ~Output();
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isValid, bool());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDisplayId, std::optional<DisplayId>());
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(setCompositionEnabled, void(bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD6(setProjection,
-                 void(const ui::Transform&, int32_t, const Rect&, const Rect&, const Rect&, bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD7(setProjection,
+                 void(const ui::Transform&, uint32_t, const Rect&, const Rect&, const Rect&,
+                      const Rect&, bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setBounds, void(const ui::Size&));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setLayerStackFilter, void(uint32_t, bool));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const mat4&));
-    MOCK_METHOD3(setColorMode, void(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::RenderIntent));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setColorProfile, void(const ColorProfile&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getName, const std::string&());
     MOCK_METHOD1(setName, void(const std::string&));
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDisplayColorProfile, DisplayColorProfile*());
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setDisplayColorProfile, void(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDisplayColorProfile, compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile*());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setDisplayColorProfile,
+                 void(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>));
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getRenderSurface, RenderSurface*());
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setRenderSurface, void(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getRenderSurface, compositionengine::RenderSurface*());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setRenderSurface, void(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getState, const OutputCompositionState&());
     MOCK_METHOD0(editState, OutputCompositionState&());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(belongsInOutput, bool(uint32_t, bool));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(belongsInOutput, bool(std::optional<uint32_t>, bool));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(belongsInOutput, bool(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerForLayer,
-                       compositionengine::OutputLayer*(compositionengine::Layer*));
-    MOCK_METHOD3(getOrCreateOutputLayer,
-                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(
-                         std::optional<DisplayId>, std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer>,
-                         sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setOutputLayersOrderedByZ, void(OutputLayers&&));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ, OutputLayers&());
+                       compositionengine::OutputLayer*(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(clearOutputLayers, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(injectOutputLayerForTest,
+                 compositionengine::OutputLayer*(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutputLayerCount, size_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex, OutputLayer*(size_t));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setReleasedLayers, void(ReleasedLayers&&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD2(prepare, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(present, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD2(rebuildLayerStacks,
+                 void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&, LayerFESet&));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(collectVisibleLayers,
+                 void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                      compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayerIfVisible,
+                 void(sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&, compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setReleasedLayers, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(updateLayerStateFromFE, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(updateAndWriteCompositionState, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(updateColorProfile, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+                 std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
+                         const Region&,
+                         const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(presentAndGetFrameFences, compositionengine::Output::FrameFences());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD3(generateClientCompositionRequests,
+                 std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>(bool, Region&, ui::Dataspace));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(appendRegionFlashRequests,
+                 void(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setExpensiveRenderingExpected, void(bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(cacheClientCompositionRequests, void(uint32_t));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
index 29cd08a..81e1fc7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
-#include <compositionengine/Layer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
@@ -31,15 +30,25 @@
     OutputLayer();
     virtual ~OutputLayer();
 
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setHwcLayer, void(std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>));
+
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutput, const compositionengine::Output&());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getLayer, compositionengine::Layer&());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getLayerFE, compositionengine::LayerFE&());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getState, const impl::OutputLayerCompositionState&());
     MOCK_METHOD0(editState, impl::OutputLayerCompositionState&());
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(updateCompositionState, void(bool));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(writeStateToHWC, void(bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(updateCompositionState, void(bool, bool, ui::Transform::RotationFlags));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(writeStateToHWC, void(bool));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(writeCursorPositionToHWC, void());
+
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getHwcLayer, HWC2::Layer*());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(requiresClientComposition, bool());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isHardwareCursor, bool());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange, void(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareForDeviceLayerRequests, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyDeviceLayerRequest, void(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(needsFiltering, bool());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
index ca2299a..a0cae6f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setDisplaySize, void(const ui::Size&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setProtected, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setBufferDataspace, void(ui::Dataspace));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setBufferPixelFormat, void(ui::PixelFormat));
     MOCK_METHOD1(beginFrame, status_t(bool mustRecompose));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, status_t());
+    MOCK_METHOD2(prepareFrame, void(bool, bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(dequeueBuffer, sp<GraphicBuffer>(base::unique_fd*));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(queueBuffer, void(base::unique_fd&&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(queueBuffer, void(base::unique_fd));
     MOCK_METHOD0(onPresentDisplayCompleted, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(setViewportAndProjection, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(flip, void());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string& result));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPageFlipCount, std::uint32_t());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d9f01b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h>
+#include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+namespace {
+LayerFE::LayerSettings getLayerSettingsSnapshot(const LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings) {
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings snapshot = settings;
+    snapshot.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
+    snapshot.source.buffer.fence = nullptr;
+    return snapshot;
+}
+
+inline bool equalIgnoringSource(const renderengine::LayerSettings& lhs,
+                                const renderengine::LayerSettings& rhs) {
+    return lhs.geometry == rhs.geometry && lhs.alpha == rhs.alpha &&
+            lhs.sourceDataspace == rhs.sourceDataspace &&
+            lhs.colorTransform == rhs.colorTransform &&
+            lhs.disableBlending == rhs.disableBlending && lhs.shadow == rhs.shadow &&
+            lhs.backgroundBlurRadius == rhs.backgroundBlurRadius;
+}
+
+inline bool equalIgnoringBuffer(const renderengine::Buffer& lhs, const renderengine::Buffer& rhs) {
+    return lhs.textureName == rhs.textureName &&
+            lhs.useTextureFiltering == rhs.useTextureFiltering &&
+            lhs.textureTransform == rhs.textureTransform &&
+            lhs.usePremultipliedAlpha == rhs.usePremultipliedAlpha &&
+            lhs.isOpaque == rhs.isOpaque && lhs.isY410BT2020 == rhs.isY410BT2020 &&
+            lhs.maxMasteringLuminance == rhs.maxMasteringLuminance &&
+            lhs.maxContentLuminance == rhs.maxContentLuminance;
+}
+
+inline bool equalIgnoringBuffer(const renderengine::LayerSettings& lhs,
+                                const renderengine::LayerSettings& rhs) {
+    // compare LayerSettings without LayerSettings.PixelSource
+    return equalIgnoringSource(lhs, rhs) &&
+
+            // compare LayerSettings.PixelSource without buffer
+            lhs.source.solidColor == rhs.source.solidColor &&
+
+            // compare LayerSettings.PixelSource.Buffer without buffer & fence
+            equalIgnoringBuffer(lhs.source.buffer, rhs.source.buffer);
+}
+
+bool layerSettingsAreEqual(const LayerFE::LayerSettings& lhs, const LayerFE::LayerSettings& rhs) {
+    return lhs.bufferId == rhs.bufferId && lhs.frameNumber == rhs.frameNumber &&
+            equalIgnoringBuffer(lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+ClientCompositionRequestCache::ClientCompositionRequest::ClientCompositionRequest(
+        const renderengine::DisplaySettings& initDisplay,
+        const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& initLayerSettings)
+      : display(initDisplay) {
+    layerSettings.reserve(initLayerSettings.size());
+    for (const LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings : initLayerSettings) {
+        layerSettings.push_back(getLayerSettingsSnapshot(settings));
+    }
+}
+
+bool ClientCompositionRequestCache::ClientCompositionRequest::equals(
+        const renderengine::DisplaySettings& newDisplay,
+        const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& newLayerSettings) const {
+    return newDisplay == display &&
+            std::equal(layerSettings.begin(), layerSettings.end(), newLayerSettings.begin(),
+                       newLayerSettings.end(), layerSettingsAreEqual);
+}
+
+bool ClientCompositionRequestCache::exists(
+        uint64_t bufferId, const renderengine::DisplaySettings& display,
+        const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& layerSettings) const {
+    for (const auto& [cachedBufferId, cachedRequest] : mCache) {
+        if (cachedBufferId == bufferId) {
+            return cachedRequest.equals(display, layerSettings);
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void ClientCompositionRequestCache::add(uint64_t bufferId,
+                                        const renderengine::DisplaySettings& display,
+                                        const std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& layerSettings) {
+    const ClientCompositionRequest request(display, layerSettings);
+    for (auto& [cachedBufferId, cachedRequest] : mCache) {
+        if (cachedBufferId == bufferId) {
+            cachedRequest = std::move(request);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (mCache.size() >= mMaxCacheSize) {
+        mCache.pop_front();
+    }
+
+    mCache.emplace_back(bufferId, std::move(request));
+}
+
+void ClientCompositionRequestCache::remove(uint64_t bufferId) {
+    for (auto it = mCache.begin(); it != mCache.end(); it++) {
+        if (it->first == bufferId) {
+            mCache.erase(it);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
index cb08b81..6203dc6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,25 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/Layer.h>
+
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 CompositionEngine::~CompositionEngine() = default;
@@ -35,12 +47,13 @@
 CompositionEngine::~CompositionEngine() = default;
 
 std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> CompositionEngine::createDisplay(
-        DisplayCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(*this, std::move(args));
+        const DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
+    return compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(*this, args);
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> CompositionEngine::createLayer(LayerCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return compositionengine::impl::createLayer(*this, std::move(args));
+std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState>
+CompositionEngine::createLayerFECompositionState() {
+    return std::make_unique<compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState>();
 }
 
 HWComposer& CompositionEngine::getHwComposer() const {
@@ -59,5 +72,92 @@
     mRenderEngine = std::move(renderEngine);
 }
 
+TimeStats& CompositionEngine::getTimeStats() const {
+    return *mTimeStats.get();
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>& timeStats) {
+    mTimeStats = timeStats;
+}
+
+bool CompositionEngine::needsAnotherUpdate() const {
+    return mNeedsAnotherUpdate;
+}
+
+nsecs_t CompositionEngine::getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp() const {
+    return mRefreshStartTime;
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::present(CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    preComposition(args);
+
+    {
+        // latchedLayers is used to track the set of front-end layer state that
+        // has been latched across all outputs for the prepare step, and is not
+        // needed for anything else.
+        LayerFESet latchedLayers;
+
+        for (const auto& output : args.outputs) {
+            output->prepare(args, latchedLayers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    updateLayerStateFromFE(args);
+
+    for (const auto& output : args.outputs) {
+        output->present(args);
+    }
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::updateCursorAsync(CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    std::unordered_map<compositionengine::LayerFE*, compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState*>
+            uniqueVisibleLayers;
+
+    for (const auto& output : args.outputs) {
+        for (auto* layer : output->getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+            if (layer->isHardwareCursor()) {
+                // Latch the cursor composition state from each front-end layer.
+                layer->getLayerFE().prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Cursor);
+                layer->writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::preComposition(CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    bool needsAnotherUpdate = false;
+
+    mRefreshStartTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+
+    for (auto& layer : args.layers) {
+        if (layer->onPreComposition(mRefreshStartTime)) {
+            needsAnotherUpdate = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    mNeedsAnotherUpdate = needsAnotherUpdate;
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::dump(std::string&) const {
+    // The base class has no state to dump, but derived classes might.
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::setNeedsAnotherUpdateForTest(bool value) {
+    mNeedsAnotherUpdate = value;
+}
+
+void CompositionEngine::updateLayerStateFromFE(CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    // Update the composition state from each front-end layer
+    for (const auto& output : args.outputs) {
+        output->updateLayerStateFromFE(args);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index f9d70e3..d201104 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -16,32 +16,67 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
 
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
 
-std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> createDisplay(
+std::shared_ptr<Display> createDisplay(
         const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
-        compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return std::make_shared<Display>(compositionEngine, std::move(args));
-}
-
-Display::Display(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine, DisplayCreationArgs&& args)
-      : compositionengine::impl::Output(compositionEngine),
-        mIsVirtual(args.isVirtual),
-        mId(args.displayId) {
-    editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
+        const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
+    return createDisplayTemplated<Display>(compositionEngine, args);
 }
 
 Display::~Display() = default;
 
+void Display::setConfiguration(const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
+    mIsVirtual = !args.physical;
+    mId = args.physical ? std::make_optional(args.physical->id) : std::nullopt;
+    mPowerAdvisor = args.powerAdvisor;
+
+    editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
+
+    setLayerStackFilter(args.layerStackId,
+                        args.physical ? args.physical->type == DisplayConnectionType::Internal
+                                      : false);
+    setName(args.name);
+
+    if (!args.physical && args.useHwcVirtualDisplays) {
+        mId = maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(args.pixels, args.pixelFormat);
+    }
+}
+
+std::optional<DisplayId> Display::maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(
+        ui::Size pixels, ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat) const {
+    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+    return hwc.allocateVirtualDisplay(static_cast<uint32_t>(pixels.width),
+                                      static_cast<uint32_t>(pixels.height), &pixelFormat);
+}
+
+bool Display::isValid() const {
+    return Output::isValid() && mPowerAdvisor;
+}
+
 const std::optional<DisplayId>& Display::getId() const {
     return mId;
 }
@@ -54,6 +89,14 @@
     return mIsVirtual;
 }
 
+std::optional<DisplayId> Display::getDisplayId() const {
+    return mId;
+}
+
+void Display::setDisplayIdForTesting(std::optional<DisplayId> displayId) {
+    mId = displayId;
+}
+
 void Display::disconnect() {
     if (!mId) {
         return;
@@ -64,19 +107,28 @@
     mId.reset();
 }
 
-void Display::setColorTransform(const mat4& transform) {
-    Output::setColorTransform(transform);
+void Display::setColorTransform(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    Output::setColorTransform(args);
+
+    if (!mId || CC_LIKELY(!args.colorTransformMatrix)) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
-    status_t result = hwc.setColorTransform(*mId, transform);
+    status_t result = hwc.setColorTransform(*mId, *args.colorTransformMatrix);
     ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set color transform on display \"%s\": %d",
              mId ? to_string(*mId).c_str() : "", result);
 }
 
-void Display::setColorMode(ui::ColorMode mode, ui::Dataspace dataspace,
-                           ui::RenderIntent renderIntent) {
-    if (mode == getState().colorMode && dataspace == getState().dataspace &&
-        renderIntent == getState().renderIntent) {
+void Display::setColorProfile(const ColorProfile& colorProfile) {
+    const ui::Dataspace targetDataspace =
+            getDisplayColorProfile()->getTargetDataspace(colorProfile.mode, colorProfile.dataspace,
+                                                         colorProfile.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace);
+
+    if (colorProfile.mode == getState().colorMode &&
+        colorProfile.dataspace == getState().dataspace &&
+        colorProfile.renderIntent == getState().renderIntent &&
+        targetDataspace == getState().targetDataspace) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -85,10 +137,10 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    Output::setColorMode(mode, dataspace, renderIntent);
+    Output::setColorProfile(colorProfile);
 
     auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
-    hwc.setActiveColorMode(*mId, mode, renderIntent);
+    hwc.setActiveColorMode(*mId, colorProfile.mode, colorProfile.renderIntent);
 }
 
 void Display::dump(std::string& out) const {
@@ -110,13 +162,229 @@
     Output::dumpBase(out);
 }
 
-void Display::createDisplayColorProfile(DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&& args) {
-    setDisplayColorProfile(compositionengine::impl::createDisplayColorProfile(std::move(args)));
+void Display::createDisplayColorProfile(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs& args) {
+    setDisplayColorProfile(compositionengine::impl::createDisplayColorProfile(args));
 }
 
-void Display::createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&& args) {
-    setRenderSurface(compositionengine::impl::createRenderSurface(getCompositionEngine(), *this,
-                                                                  std::move(args)));
+void Display::createRenderSurface(const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs& args) {
+    setRenderSurface(
+            compositionengine::impl::createRenderSurface(getCompositionEngine(), *this, args));
+}
+
+void Display::createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) {
+    cacheClientCompositionRequests(cacheSize);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> Display::createOutputLayer(
+        const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
+    auto result = impl::createOutputLayer(*this, layerFE);
+
+    if (result && mId) {
+        auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+        auto displayId = *mId;
+        // Note: For the moment we ensure it is safe to take a reference to the
+        // HWComposer implementation by destroying all the OutputLayers (and
+        // hence the HWC2::Layers they own) before setting a new HWComposer. See
+        // for example SurfaceFlinger::updateVrFlinger().
+        // TODO(b/121291683): Make this safer.
+        auto hwcLayer = std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>(hwc.createLayer(displayId),
+                                                     [&hwc, displayId](HWC2::Layer* layer) {
+                                                         hwc.destroyLayer(displayId, layer);
+                                                     });
+        ALOGE_IF(!hwcLayer, "Failed to create a HWC layer for a HWC supported display %s",
+                 getName().c_str());
+        result->setHwcLayer(std::move(hwcLayer));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+void Display::setReleasedLayers(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    Output::setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+
+    if (!mId || refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // For layers that are being removed from a HWC display, and that have
+    // queued frames, add them to a a list of released layers so we can properly
+    // set a fence.
+    compositionengine::Output::ReleasedLayers releasedLayers;
+
+    // Any non-null entries in the current list of layers are layers that are no
+    // longer going to be visible
+    for (auto* outputLayer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        if (!outputLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        compositionengine::LayerFE* layerFE = &outputLayer->getLayerFE();
+        const bool hasQueuedFrames =
+                std::any_of(refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.cbegin(),
+                            refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.cend(),
+                            [layerFE](sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> layerWithQueuedFrames) {
+                                return layerFE == layerWithQueuedFrames.get();
+                            });
+
+        if (hasQueuedFrames) {
+            releasedLayers.emplace_back(layerFE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
+}
+
+void Display::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    // Default to the base settings -- client composition only.
+    Output::chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    // If we don't have a HWC display, then we are done
+    if (!mId) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+    if (status_t result = hwc.getDeviceCompositionChanges(*mId, anyLayersRequireClientComposition(),
+                                                          &changes);
+        result != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("chooseCompositionStrategy failed for %s: %d (%s)", getName().c_str(), result,
+              strerror(-result));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (changes) {
+        applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes->changedTypes);
+        applyDisplayRequests(changes->displayRequests);
+        applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes->layerRequests);
+        applyClientTargetRequests(changes->clientTargetProperty);
+    }
+
+    // Determine what type of composition we are doing from the final state
+    auto& state = editState();
+    state.usesClientComposition = anyLayersRequireClientComposition();
+    state.usesDeviceComposition = !allLayersRequireClientComposition();
+}
+
+bool Display::getSkipColorTransform() const {
+    const auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+    return mId ? hwc.hasDisplayCapability(*mId, hal::DisplayCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM)
+               : hwc.hasCapability(hal::Capability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM);
+}
+
+bool Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+bool Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::all_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+void Display::applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes& changedTypes) {
+    if (changedTypes.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer();
+        if (!hwcLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto it = changedTypes.find(hwcLayer); it != changedTypes.end()) {
+            layer->applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(
+                    static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition>(it->second));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Display::applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests& displayRequests) {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    state.flipClientTarget = (static_cast<uint32_t>(displayRequests) &
+                              static_cast<uint32_t>(hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET)) != 0;
+    // Note: HWC2::DisplayRequest::WriteClientTargetToOutput is currently ignored.
+}
+
+void Display::applyLayerRequestsToLayers(const LayerRequests& layerRequests) {
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        layer->prepareForDeviceLayerRequests();
+
+        auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer();
+        if (!hwcLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto it = layerRequests.find(hwcLayer); it != layerRequests.end()) {
+            layer->applyDeviceLayerRequest(
+                    static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest>(it->second));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Display::applyClientTargetRequests(const ClientTargetProperty& clientTargetProperty) {
+    if (clientTargetProperty.dataspace == ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN) {
+        return;
+    }
+    auto outputState = editState();
+    outputState.dataspace = clientTargetProperty.dataspace;
+    getRenderSurface()->setBufferDataspace(clientTargetProperty.dataspace);
+    getRenderSurface()->setBufferPixelFormat(clientTargetProperty.pixelFormat);
+}
+
+compositionengine::Output::FrameFences Display::presentAndGetFrameFences() {
+    auto result = impl::Output::presentAndGetFrameFences();
+
+    if (!mId) {
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+    hwc.presentAndGetReleaseFences(*mId);
+
+    result.presentFence = hwc.getPresentFence(*mId);
+
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Change HWComposer call to return entire map
+    for (const auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer();
+        if (!hwcLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result.layerFences.emplace(hwcLayer, hwc.getLayerReleaseFence(*mId, hwcLayer));
+    }
+
+    hwc.clearReleaseFences(*mId);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void Display::setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) {
+    Output::setExpensiveRenderingExpected(enabled);
+
+    if (mPowerAdvisor && mId) {
+        mPowerAdvisor->setExpensiveRenderingExpected(*mId, enabled);
+    }
+}
+
+void Display::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    // We only need to actually compose the display if:
+    // 1) It is being handled by hardware composer, which may need this to
+    //    keep its virtual display state machine in sync, or
+    // 2) There is work to be done (the dirty region isn't empty)
+    if (!mId) {
+        if (getDirtyRegion(refreshArgs.repaintEverything).isEmpty()) {
+            ALOGV("Skipping display composition");
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl::Output::finishFrame(refreshArgs);
 }
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp
index 130ab1d..a7c4512 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp
@@ -64,6 +64,12 @@
         RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC,
 };
 
+// Returns true if the given colorMode is considered an HDR color mode
+bool isHdrColorMode(const ColorMode colorMode) {
+    return std::any_of(std::begin(sHdrColorModes), std::end(sHdrColorModes),
+                       [colorMode](ColorMode hdrColorMode) { return hdrColorMode == colorMode; });
+}
+
 // map known color mode to dataspace
 Dataspace colorModeToDataspace(ColorMode mode) {
     switch (mode) {
@@ -90,13 +96,7 @@
     candidates.push_back(mode);
 
     // check if mode is HDR
-    bool isHdr = false;
-    for (auto hdrMode : sHdrColorModes) {
-        if (hdrMode == mode) {
-            isHdr = true;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    bool isHdr = isHdrColorMode(mode);
 
     // add other HDR candidates when mode is HDR
     if (isHdr) {
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@
 } // anonymous namespace
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile> createDisplayColorProfile(
-        DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return std::make_unique<DisplayColorProfile>(std::move(args));
+        const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs& args) {
+    return std::make_unique<DisplayColorProfile>(args);
 }
 
-DisplayColorProfile::DisplayColorProfile(DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&& args)
+DisplayColorProfile::DisplayColorProfile(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs& args)
       : mHasWideColorGamut(args.hasWideColorGamut),
         mSupportedPerFrameMetadata(args.supportedPerFrameMetadata) {
     populateColorModes(args.hwcColorModes);
@@ -376,6 +376,32 @@
     }
 }
 
+bool DisplayColorProfile::isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace dataspace) const {
+    switch (dataspace) {
+        case Dataspace::BT2020_PQ:
+        case Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ:
+            return hasHDR10Support();
+
+        case Dataspace::BT2020_HLG:
+        case Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG:
+            return hasHLGSupport();
+
+        default:
+            return true;
+    }
+}
+
+ui::Dataspace DisplayColorProfile::getTargetDataspace(ColorMode mode, Dataspace dataspace,
+                                                      Dataspace colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace) const {
+    if (isHdrColorMode(mode)) {
+        return Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    if (colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace != ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN) {
+        return colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace;
+    }
+    return dataspace;
+}
+
 void DisplayColorProfile::dump(std::string& out) const {
     out.append("   Composition Display Color State:");
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcBufferCache.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcBufferCache.cpp
index f72862b..cedc333 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcBufferCache.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcBufferCache.cpp
@@ -15,9 +15,17 @@
  */
 
 #include <compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
 
 HwcBufferCache::HwcBufferCache() {
@@ -31,7 +39,7 @@
         slot >= BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS) {
         *outSlot = 0;
     } else {
-        *outSlot = slot;
+        *outSlot = static_cast<uint32_t>(slot);
     }
 
     auto& currentBuffer = mBuffers[*outSlot];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Layer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 96e9731..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Layer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
-#include <compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h>
-#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/Layer.h>
-
-namespace android::compositionengine {
-
-Layer::~Layer() = default;
-
-namespace impl {
-
-std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> createLayer(
-        const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
-        compositionengine::LayerCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return std::make_shared<Layer>(compositionEngine, std::move(args));
-}
-
-Layer::Layer(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine, LayerCreationArgs&& args)
-      : mCompositionEngine(compositionEngine), mLayerFE(args.layerFE) {
-    static_cast<void>(mCompositionEngine); // Temporary use to prevent an unused warning
-}
-
-Layer::~Layer() = default;
-
-sp<LayerFE> Layer::getLayerFE() const {
-    return mLayerFE.promote();
-}
-
-const LayerCompositionState& Layer::getState() const {
-    return mState;
-}
-
-LayerCompositionState& Layer::editState() {
-    return mState;
-}
-
-void Layer::dump(std::string& out) const {
-    auto layerFE = getLayerFE();
-    android::base::StringAppendF(&out, "* compositionengine::Layer %p (%s)\n", this,
-                                 layerFE ? layerFE->getDebugName() : "<unknown>");
-    mState.dump(out);
-}
-
-} // namespace impl
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerCompositionState.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 40c4da9..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerCompositionState.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h>
-
-namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
-
-namespace {
-
-using android::compositionengine::impl::dumpVal;
-
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Color value) {
-    using android::base::StringAppendF;
-    StringAppendF(&out, "%s=[%d %d %d] ", name, value.r, value.g, value.b);
-}
-
-void dumpFrontEnd(std::string& out, const LayerFECompositionState& state) {
-    out.append("      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "isSecure", state.isSecure);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomUsesSourceCrop", state.geomUsesSourceCrop);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform",
-            state.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomLayerTransform", state.geomLayerTransform);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferSize", state.geomBufferSize);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomContentCrop", state.geomContentCrop);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomCrop", state.geomCrop);
-    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferTransform", state.geomBufferTransform);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "geomActiveTransparentRegion", state.geomActiveTransparentRegion);
-
-    out.append("      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "geomLayerBounds", state.geomLayerBounds);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "blend", toString(state.blendMode), state.blendMode);
-    dumpVal(out, "alpha", state.alpha);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "type", state.type);
-    dumpVal(out, "appId", state.appId);
-
-    dumpVal(out, "composition type", toString(state.compositionType), state.compositionType);
-
-    out.append("\n      buffer: ");
-    dumpVal(out, "buffer", state.buffer.get());
-    dumpVal(out, "slot", state.bufferSlot);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "sideband stream", state.sidebandStream.get());
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "color", state.color);
-
-    out.append("\n      ");
-    dumpVal(out, "dataspace", toString(state.dataspace), state.dataspace);
-    dumpVal(out, "hdr metadata types", state.hdrMetadata.validTypes);
-    dumpVal(out, "colorTransform", state.colorTransform);
-
-    out.append("\n");
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-void LayerCompositionState::dump(std::string& out) const {
-    out.append("    frontend:\n");
-    dumpFrontEnd(out, frontEnd);
-}
-
-} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02e3a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine {
+
+namespace {
+
+using android::compositionengine::impl::dumpVal;
+
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, half4 value) {
+    using android::base::StringAppendF;
+    StringAppendF(&out, "%s=[%f %f %f] ", name, static_cast<float>(value.r),
+                  static_cast<float>(value.g), static_cast<float>(value.b));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+std::string GenericLayerMetadataEntry::dumpAsString() const {
+    using android::base::StringAppendF;
+    std::string out;
+
+    out.append("GenericLayerMetadataEntry{mandatory: ");
+    StringAppendF(&out, "%d", mandatory);
+    out.append(" value: ");
+    for (uint8_t byte : value) {
+        StringAppendF(&out, "0x08%" PRIx8 " ", byte);
+    }
+    out.append("]}");
+    return out;
+}
+
+LayerFECompositionState::~LayerFECompositionState() = default;
+
+void LayerFECompositionState::dump(std::string& out) const {
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "isSecure", isSecure);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomUsesSourceCrop", geomUsesSourceCrop);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform", geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomLayerTransform", geomLayerTransform);
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferSize", geomBufferSize);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomContentCrop", geomContentCrop);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomCrop", geomCrop);
+    dumpVal(out, "geomBufferTransform", geomBufferTransform);
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "transparentRegionHint", transparentRegionHint);
+
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "geomLayerBounds", geomLayerBounds);
+
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "shadowRadius", shadowRadius);
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "blend", toString(blendMode), blendMode);
+    dumpVal(out, "alpha", alpha);
+    dumpVal(out, "backgroundBlurRadius", backgroundBlurRadius);
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "type", type);
+    dumpVal(out, "appId", appId);
+
+    if (!metadata.empty()) {
+        out.append("\n      metadata {");
+        for (const auto& [key, entry] : metadata) {
+            out.append("\n           ");
+            out.append(key);
+            out.append("=");
+            out.append(entry.dumpAsString());
+        }
+        out.append("\n      }\n      ");
+    }
+
+    dumpVal(out, "composition type", toString(compositionType), compositionType);
+
+    out.append("\n      buffer: ");
+    dumpVal(out, "slot", bufferSlot);
+    dumpVal(out, "buffer", buffer.get());
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "sideband stream", sidebandStream.get());
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "color", color);
+
+    out.append("\n      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "isOpaque", isOpaque);
+    dumpVal(out, "hasProtectedContent", hasProtectedContent);
+    dumpVal(out, "isColorspaceAgnostic", isColorspaceAgnostic);
+    dumpVal(out, "dataspace", toString(dataspace), dataspace);
+    dumpVal(out, "hdr metadata types", hdrMetadata.validTypes);
+    dumpVal(out, "colorTransform", colorTransform);
+
+    out.append("\n");
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 01b5781..34dc536 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,35 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <thread>
+
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
+#include <ui/HdrCapabilities.h>
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
+
+#include "TracedOrdinal.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
@@ -29,20 +50,43 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 
-Output::Output(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine)
-      : mCompositionEngine(compositionEngine) {}
+namespace {
+
+template <typename T>
+class Reversed {
+public:
+    explicit Reversed(const T& container) : mContainer(container) {}
+    auto begin() { return mContainer.rbegin(); }
+    auto end() { return mContainer.rend(); }
+
+private:
+    const T& mContainer;
+};
+
+// Helper for enumerating over a container in reverse order
+template <typename T>
+Reversed<T> reversed(const T& c) {
+    return Reversed<T>(c);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+std::shared_ptr<Output> createOutput(
+        const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine) {
+    return createOutputTemplated<Output>(compositionEngine);
+}
 
 Output::~Output() = default;
 
-const CompositionEngine& Output::getCompositionEngine() const {
-    return mCompositionEngine;
-}
-
 bool Output::isValid() const {
     return mDisplayColorProfile && mDisplayColorProfile->isValid() && mRenderSurface &&
             mRenderSurface->isValid();
 }
 
+std::optional<DisplayId> Output::getDisplayId() const {
+    return {};
+}
+
 const std::string& Output::getName() const {
     return mName;
 }
@@ -52,73 +96,81 @@
 }
 
 void Output::setCompositionEnabled(bool enabled) {
-    if (mState.isEnabled == enabled) {
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    if (outputState.isEnabled == enabled) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mState.isEnabled = enabled;
+    outputState.isEnabled = enabled;
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
-void Output::setProjection(const ui::Transform& transform, int32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
-                           const Rect& viewport, const Rect& scissor, bool needsFiltering) {
-    mState.transform = transform;
-    mState.orientation = orientation;
-    mState.scissor = scissor;
-    mState.frame = frame;
-    mState.viewport = viewport;
-    mState.needsFiltering = needsFiltering;
+void Output::setProjection(const ui::Transform& transform, uint32_t orientation, const Rect& frame,
+                           const Rect& viewport, const Rect& sourceClip,
+                           const Rect& destinationClip, bool needsFiltering) {
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.transform = transform;
+    outputState.orientation = orientation;
+    outputState.sourceClip = sourceClip;
+    outputState.destinationClip = destinationClip;
+    outputState.frame = frame;
+    outputState.viewport = viewport;
+    outputState.needsFiltering = needsFiltering;
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
-// TODO(lpique): Rename setSize() once more is moved.
+// TODO(b/121291683): Rename setSize() once more is moved.
 void Output::setBounds(const ui::Size& size) {
     mRenderSurface->setDisplaySize(size);
-    // TODO(lpique): Rename mState.size once more is moved.
-    mState.bounds = Rect(mRenderSurface->getSize());
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Rename outputState.size once more is moved.
+    editState().bounds = Rect(mRenderSurface->getSize());
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
 void Output::setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) {
-    mState.layerStackId = layerStackId;
-    mState.layerStackInternal = isInternal;
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.layerStackId = layerStackId;
+    outputState.layerStackInternal = isInternal;
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
-void Output::setColorTransform(const mat4& transform) {
-    if (mState.colorTransformMat == transform) {
+void Output::setColorTransform(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
+    auto& colorTransformMatrix = editState().colorTransformMatrix;
+    if (!args.colorTransformMatrix || colorTransformMatrix == args.colorTransformMatrix) {
         return;
     }
 
-    const bool isIdentity = (transform == mat4());
-    const auto newColorTransform =
-            isIdentity ? HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY : HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_ARBITRARY_MATRIX;
-
-    mState.colorTransform = newColorTransform;
-    mState.colorTransformMat = transform;
+    colorTransformMatrix = *args.colorTransformMatrix;
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
-void Output::setColorMode(ui::ColorMode mode, ui::Dataspace dataspace,
-                          ui::RenderIntent renderIntent) {
-    if (mState.colorMode == mode && mState.dataspace == dataspace &&
-        mState.renderIntent == renderIntent) {
+void Output::setColorProfile(const ColorProfile& colorProfile) {
+    ui::Dataspace targetDataspace =
+            getDisplayColorProfile()->getTargetDataspace(colorProfile.mode, colorProfile.dataspace,
+                                                         colorProfile.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace);
+
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    if (outputState.colorMode == colorProfile.mode &&
+        outputState.dataspace == colorProfile.dataspace &&
+        outputState.renderIntent == colorProfile.renderIntent &&
+        outputState.targetDataspace == targetDataspace) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mState.colorMode = mode;
-    mState.dataspace = dataspace;
-    mState.renderIntent = renderIntent;
+    outputState.colorMode = colorProfile.mode;
+    outputState.dataspace = colorProfile.dataspace;
+    outputState.renderIntent = colorProfile.renderIntent;
+    outputState.targetDataspace = targetDataspace;
 
-    mRenderSurface->setBufferDataspace(dataspace);
+    mRenderSurface->setBufferDataspace(colorProfile.dataspace);
 
     ALOGV("Set active color mode: %s (%d), active render intent: %s (%d)",
-          decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, decodeRenderIntent(renderIntent).c_str(),
-          renderIntent);
+          decodeColorMode(colorProfile.mode).c_str(), colorProfile.mode,
+          decodeRenderIntent(colorProfile.renderIntent).c_str(), colorProfile.renderIntent);
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
@@ -134,7 +186,7 @@
 }
 
 void Output::dumpBase(std::string& out) const {
-    mState.dump(out);
+    dumpState(out);
 
     if (mDisplayColorProfile) {
         mDisplayColorProfile->dump(out);
@@ -148,8 +200,8 @@
         out.append("    No render surface!\n");
     }
 
-    android::base::StringAppendF(&out, "\n   %zu Layers\b", mOutputLayersOrderedByZ.size());
-    for (const auto& outputLayer : mOutputLayersOrderedByZ) {
+    android::base::StringAppendF(&out, "\n   %zu Layers\n", getOutputLayerCount());
+    for (const auto* outputLayer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
         if (!outputLayer) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -165,6 +217,10 @@
     mDisplayColorProfile = std::move(mode);
 }
 
+const Output::ReleasedLayers& Output::getReleasedLayersForTest() const {
+    return mReleasedLayers;
+}
+
 void Output::setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
         std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile> mode) {
     mDisplayColorProfile = std::move(mode);
@@ -176,68 +232,888 @@
 
 void Output::setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> surface) {
     mRenderSurface = std::move(surface);
-    mState.bounds = Rect(mRenderSurface->getSize());
+    editState().bounds = Rect(mRenderSurface->getSize());
 
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
+void Output::cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t cacheSize) {
+    if (cacheSize == 0) {
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache.reset();
+    } else {
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache = std::make_unique<ClientCompositionRequestCache>(cacheSize);
+    }
+};
+
 void Output::setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> surface) {
     mRenderSurface = std::move(surface);
 }
 
-const OutputCompositionState& Output::getState() const {
-    return mState;
-}
-
-OutputCompositionState& Output::editState() {
-    return mState;
-}
-
 Region Output::getDirtyRegion(bool repaintEverything) const {
-    Region dirty(mState.viewport);
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    Region dirty(outputState.viewport);
     if (!repaintEverything) {
-        dirty.andSelf(mState.dirtyRegion);
+        dirty.andSelf(outputState.dirtyRegion);
     }
     return dirty;
 }
 
-bool Output::belongsInOutput(uint32_t layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const {
+bool Output::belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const {
     // The layerStackId's must match, and also the layer must not be internal
     // only when not on an internal output.
-    return (layerStackId == mState.layerStackId) && (!internalOnly || mState.layerStackInternal);
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    return layerStackId && (*layerStackId == outputState.layerStackId) &&
+            (!internalOnly || outputState.layerStackInternal);
 }
 
-compositionengine::OutputLayer* Output::getOutputLayerForLayer(
-        compositionengine::Layer* layer) const {
-    for (const auto& outputLayer : mOutputLayersOrderedByZ) {
-        if (outputLayer && &outputLayer->getLayer() == layer) {
-            return outputLayer.get();
+bool Output::belongsInOutput(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
+    const auto* layerFEState = layerFE->getCompositionState();
+    return layerFEState && belongsInOutput(layerFEState->layerStackId, layerFEState->internalOnly);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> Output::createOutputLayer(
+        const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
+    return impl::createOutputLayer(*this, layerFE);
+}
+
+compositionengine::OutputLayer* Output::getOutputLayerForLayer(const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
+    auto index = findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(layerFE);
+    return index ? getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(*index) : nullptr;
+}
+
+std::optional<size_t> Output::findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(
+        const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layer) const {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < getOutputLayerCount(); i++) {
+        auto outputLayer = getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(i);
+        if (outputLayer && &outputLayer->getLayerFE() == layer.get()) {
+            return i;
         }
     }
-    return nullptr;
+    return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> Output::getOrCreateOutputLayer(
-        std::optional<DisplayId> displayId, std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> layer,
-        sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> layerFE) {
-    for (auto& outputLayer : mOutputLayersOrderedByZ) {
-        if (outputLayer && &outputLayer->getLayer() == layer.get()) {
-            return std::move(outputLayer);
+void Output::setReleasedLayers(Output::ReleasedLayers&& layers) {
+    mReleasedLayers = std::move(layers);
+}
+
+void Output::prepare(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                     LayerFESet& geomSnapshots) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    rebuildLayerStacks(refreshArgs, geomSnapshots);
+}
+
+void Output::present(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    updateColorProfile(refreshArgs);
+    updateAndWriteCompositionState(refreshArgs);
+    setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+    beginFrame();
+    prepareFrame();
+    devOptRepaintFlash(refreshArgs);
+    finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    postFramebuffer();
+}
+
+void Output::rebuildLayerStacks(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                                LayerFESet& layerFESet) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+
+    // Do nothing if this output is not enabled or there is no need to perform this update
+    if (!outputState.isEnabled || CC_LIKELY(!refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Process the layers to determine visibility and coverage
+    compositionengine::Output::CoverageState coverage{layerFESet};
+    collectVisibleLayers(refreshArgs, coverage);
+
+    // Compute the resulting coverage for this output, and store it for later
+    const ui::Transform& tr = outputState.transform;
+    Region undefinedRegion{outputState.bounds};
+    undefinedRegion.subtractSelf(tr.transform(coverage.aboveOpaqueLayers));
+
+    outputState.undefinedRegion = undefinedRegion;
+    outputState.dirtyRegion.orSelf(coverage.dirtyRegion);
+}
+
+void Output::collectVisibleLayers(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                                  compositionengine::Output::CoverageState& coverage) {
+    // Evaluate the layers from front to back to determine what is visible. This
+    // also incrementally calculates the coverage information for each layer as
+    // well as the entire output.
+    for (auto layer : reversed(refreshArgs.layers)) {
+        // Incrementally process the coverage for each layer
+        ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(layer, coverage);
+
+        // TODO(b/121291683): Stop early if the output is completely covered and
+        // no more layers could even be visible underneath the ones on top.
+    }
+
+    setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+
+    finalizePendingOutputLayers();
+
+    // Generate a simple Z-order values to each visible output layer
+    uint32_t zOrder = 0;
+    for (auto* outputLayer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        outputLayer->editState().z = zOrder++;
+    }
+}
+
+void Output::ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layerFE,
+                                        compositionengine::Output::CoverageState& coverage) {
+    // Ensure we have a snapshot of the basic geometry layer state. Limit the
+    // snapshots to once per frame for each candidate layer, as layers may
+    // appear on multiple outputs.
+    if (!coverage.latchedLayers.count(layerFE)) {
+        coverage.latchedLayers.insert(layerFE);
+        layerFE->prepareCompositionState(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset::BasicGeometry);
+    }
+
+    // Only consider the layers on the given layer stack
+    if (!belongsInOutput(layerFE)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Obtain a read-only pointer to the front-end layer state
+    const auto* layerFEState = layerFE->getCompositionState();
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(!layerFEState)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // handle hidden surfaces by setting the visible region to empty
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(!layerFEState->isVisible)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * opaqueRegion: area of a surface that is fully opaque.
+     */
+    Region opaqueRegion;
+
+    /*
+     * visibleRegion: area of a surface that is visible on screen and not fully
+     * transparent. This is essentially the layer's footprint minus the opaque
+     * regions above it. Areas covered by a translucent surface are considered
+     * visible.
+     */
+    Region visibleRegion;
+
+    /*
+     * coveredRegion: area of a surface that is covered by all visible regions
+     * above it (which includes the translucent areas).
+     */
+    Region coveredRegion;
+
+    /*
+     * transparentRegion: area of a surface that is hinted to be completely
+     * transparent. This is only used to tell when the layer has no visible non-
+     * transparent regions and can be removed from the layer list. It does not
+     * affect the visibleRegion of this layer or any layers beneath it. The hint
+     * may not be correct if apps don't respect the SurfaceView restrictions
+     * (which, sadly, some don't).
+     */
+    Region transparentRegion;
+
+    /*
+     * shadowRegion: Region cast by the layer's shadow.
+     */
+    Region shadowRegion;
+
+    const ui::Transform& tr = layerFEState->geomLayerTransform;
+
+    // Get the visible region
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Is it worth creating helper methods on LayerFEState
+    // for computations like this?
+    const Rect visibleRect(tr.transform(layerFEState->geomLayerBounds));
+    visibleRegion.set(visibleRect);
+
+    if (layerFEState->shadowRadius > 0.0f) {
+        // if the layer casts a shadow, offset the layers visible region and
+        // calculate the shadow region.
+        const auto inset = static_cast<int32_t>(ceilf(layerFEState->shadowRadius) * -1.0f);
+        Rect visibleRectWithShadows(visibleRect);
+        visibleRectWithShadows.inset(inset, inset, inset, inset);
+        visibleRegion.set(visibleRectWithShadows);
+        shadowRegion = visibleRegion.subtract(visibleRect);
+    }
+
+    if (visibleRegion.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Remove the transparent area from the visible region
+    if (!layerFEState->isOpaque) {
+        if (tr.preserveRects()) {
+            // transform the transparent region
+            transparentRegion = tr.transform(layerFEState->transparentRegionHint);
+        } else {
+            // transformation too complex, can't do the
+            // transparent region optimization.
+            transparentRegion.clear();
         }
     }
-    return createOutputLayer(mCompositionEngine, displayId, *this, layer, layerFE);
+
+    // compute the opaque region
+    const auto layerOrientation = tr.getOrientation();
+    if (layerFEState->isOpaque && ((layerOrientation & ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID) == 0)) {
+        // If we one of the simple category of transforms (0/90/180/270 rotation
+        // + any flip), then the opaque region is the layer's footprint.
+        // Otherwise we don't try and compute the opaque region since there may
+        // be errors at the edges, and we treat the entire layer as
+        // translucent.
+        opaqueRegion.set(visibleRect);
+    }
+
+    // Clip the covered region to the visible region
+    coveredRegion = coverage.aboveCoveredLayers.intersect(visibleRegion);
+
+    // Update accumAboveCoveredLayers for next (lower) layer
+    coverage.aboveCoveredLayers.orSelf(visibleRegion);
+
+    // subtract the opaque region covered by the layers above us
+    visibleRegion.subtractSelf(coverage.aboveOpaqueLayers);
+
+    if (visibleRegion.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Get coverage information for the layer as previously displayed,
+    // also taking over ownership from mOutputLayersorderedByZ.
+    auto prevOutputLayerIndex = findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(layerFE);
+    auto prevOutputLayer =
+            prevOutputLayerIndex ? getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(*prevOutputLayerIndex) : nullptr;
+
+    //  Get coverage information for the layer as previously displayed
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Define kEmptyRegion as a constant in Region.h
+    const Region kEmptyRegion;
+    const Region& oldVisibleRegion =
+            prevOutputLayer ? prevOutputLayer->getState().visibleRegion : kEmptyRegion;
+    const Region& oldCoveredRegion =
+            prevOutputLayer ? prevOutputLayer->getState().coveredRegion : kEmptyRegion;
+
+    // compute this layer's dirty region
+    Region dirty;
+    if (layerFEState->contentDirty) {
+        // we need to invalidate the whole region
+        dirty = visibleRegion;
+        // as well, as the old visible region
+        dirty.orSelf(oldVisibleRegion);
+    } else {
+        /* compute the exposed region:
+         *   the exposed region consists of two components:
+         *   1) what's VISIBLE now and was COVERED before
+         *   2) what's EXPOSED now less what was EXPOSED before
+         *
+         * note that (1) is conservative, we start with the whole visible region
+         * but only keep what used to be covered by something -- which mean it
+         * may have been exposed.
+         *
+         * (2) handles areas that were not covered by anything but got exposed
+         * because of a resize.
+         *
+         */
+        const Region newExposed = visibleRegion - coveredRegion;
+        const Region oldExposed = oldVisibleRegion - oldCoveredRegion;
+        dirty = (visibleRegion & oldCoveredRegion) | (newExposed - oldExposed);
+    }
+    dirty.subtractSelf(coverage.aboveOpaqueLayers);
+
+    // accumulate to the screen dirty region
+    coverage.dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirty);
+
+    // Update accumAboveOpaqueLayers for next (lower) layer
+    coverage.aboveOpaqueLayers.orSelf(opaqueRegion);
+
+    // Compute the visible non-transparent region
+    Region visibleNonTransparentRegion = visibleRegion.subtract(transparentRegion);
+
+    // Perform the final check to see if this layer is visible on this output
+    // TODO(b/121291683): Why does this not use visibleRegion? (see outputSpaceVisibleRegion below)
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    Region drawRegion(outputState.transform.transform(visibleNonTransparentRegion));
+    drawRegion.andSelf(outputState.bounds);
+    if (drawRegion.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    Region visibleNonShadowRegion = visibleRegion.subtract(shadowRegion);
+
+    // The layer is visible. Either reuse the existing outputLayer if we have
+    // one, or create a new one if we do not.
+    auto result = ensureOutputLayer(prevOutputLayerIndex, layerFE);
+
+    // Store the layer coverage information into the layer state as some of it
+    // is useful later.
+    auto& outputLayerState = result->editState();
+    outputLayerState.visibleRegion = visibleRegion;
+    outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion = visibleNonTransparentRegion;
+    outputLayerState.coveredRegion = coveredRegion;
+    outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion =
+            outputState.transform.transform(visibleNonShadowRegion.intersect(outputState.viewport));
+    outputLayerState.shadowRegion = shadowRegion;
 }
 
-void Output::setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(OutputLayers&& layers) {
-    mOutputLayersOrderedByZ = std::move(layers);
+void Output::setReleasedLayers(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) {
+    // The base class does nothing with this call.
 }
 
-const Output::OutputLayers& Output::getOutputLayersOrderedByZ() const {
-    return mOutputLayersOrderedByZ;
+void Output::updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs& args) const {
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        layer->getLayerFE().prepareCompositionState(
+                args.updatingGeometryThisFrame ? LayerFE::StateSubset::GeometryAndContent
+                                               : LayerFE::StateSubset::Content);
+    }
+}
+
+void Output::updateAndWriteCompositionState(
+        const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (!getState().isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur = findLayerRequestingBackgroundComposition();
+    bool forceClientComposition = mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur != nullptr;
+
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        layer->updateCompositionState(refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame,
+                                      refreshArgs.devOptForceClientComposition ||
+                                              forceClientComposition,
+                                      refreshArgs.internalDisplayRotationFlags);
+
+        if (mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur == layer) {
+            forceClientComposition = false;
+        }
+
+        // Send the updated state to the HWC, if appropriate.
+        layer->writeStateToHWC(refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame);
+    }
+}
+
+compositionengine::OutputLayer* Output::findLayerRequestingBackgroundComposition() const {
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* layerRequestingBgComposition = nullptr;
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        if (layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->backgroundBlurRadius > 0) {
+            layerRequestingBgComposition = layer;
+        }
+    }
+    return layerRequestingBgComposition;
+}
+
+void Output::updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    setColorProfile(pickColorProfile(refreshArgs));
+}
+
+// Returns a data space that fits all visible layers.  The returned data space
+// can only be one of
+//  - Dataspace::SRGB (use legacy dataspace and let HWC saturate when colors are enhanced)
+//  - Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3
+//  - Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020
+// The returned HDR data space is one of
+//  - Dataspace::UNKNOWN
+//  - Dataspace::BT2020_HLG
+//  - Dataspace::BT2020_PQ
+ui::Dataspace Output::getBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace* outHdrDataSpace,
+                                       bool* outIsHdrClientComposition) const {
+    ui::Dataspace bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB;
+    *outHdrDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    for (const auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        switch (layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->dataspace) {
+            case ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB:
+            case ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB_LINEAR:
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020:
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU:
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_LINEAR:
+            case ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020:
+                bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020;
+                break;
+            case ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3:
+                bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+                break;
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ:
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ:
+                bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+                *outHdrDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ;
+                *outIsHdrClientComposition =
+                        layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->forceClientComposition;
+                break;
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_HLG:
+            case ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG:
+                bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+                // When there's mixed PQ content and HLG content, we set the HDR
+                // data space to be BT2020_PQ and convert HLG to PQ.
+                if (*outHdrDataSpace == ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN) {
+                    *outHdrDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_HLG;
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return bestDataSpace;
+}
+
+compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile Output::pickColorProfile(
+        const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) const {
+    if (refreshArgs.outputColorSetting == OutputColorSetting::kUnmanaged) {
+        return ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                            ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC,
+                            refreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace};
+    }
+
+    ui::Dataspace hdrDataSpace;
+    bool isHdrClientComposition = false;
+    ui::Dataspace bestDataSpace = getBestDataspace(&hdrDataSpace, &isHdrClientComposition);
+
+    switch (refreshArgs.forceOutputColorMode) {
+        case ui::ColorMode::SRGB:
+            bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB;
+            break;
+        case ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3:
+            bestDataSpace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    // respect hdrDataSpace only when there is no legacy HDR support
+    const bool isHdr = hdrDataSpace != ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN &&
+            !mDisplayColorProfile->hasLegacyHdrSupport(hdrDataSpace) && !isHdrClientComposition;
+    if (isHdr) {
+        bestDataSpace = hdrDataSpace;
+    }
+
+    ui::RenderIntent intent;
+    switch (refreshArgs.outputColorSetting) {
+        case OutputColorSetting::kManaged:
+        case OutputColorSetting::kUnmanaged:
+            intent = isHdr ? ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC
+                           : ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC;
+            break;
+        case OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced:
+            intent = isHdr ? ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_ENHANCE : ui::RenderIntent::ENHANCE;
+            break;
+        default: // vendor display color setting
+            intent = static_cast<ui::RenderIntent>(refreshArgs.outputColorSetting);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    ui::ColorMode outMode;
+    ui::Dataspace outDataSpace;
+    ui::RenderIntent outRenderIntent;
+    mDisplayColorProfile->getBestColorMode(bestDataSpace, intent, &outDataSpace, &outMode,
+                                           &outRenderIntent);
+
+    return ColorProfile{outMode, outDataSpace, outRenderIntent,
+                        refreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace};
+}
+
+void Output::beginFrame() {
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    const bool dirty = !getDirtyRegion(false).isEmpty();
+    const bool empty = getOutputLayerCount() == 0;
+    const bool wasEmpty = !outputState.lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers;
+
+    // If nothing has changed (!dirty), don't recompose.
+    // If something changed, but we don't currently have any visible layers,
+    //   and didn't when we last did a composition, then skip it this time.
+    // The second rule does two things:
+    // - When all layers are removed from a display, we'll emit one black
+    //   frame, then nothing more until we get new layers.
+    // - When a display is created with a private layer stack, we won't
+    //   emit any black frames until a layer is added to the layer stack.
+    const bool mustRecompose = dirty && !(empty && wasEmpty);
+
+    const char flagPrefix[] = {'-', '+'};
+    static_cast<void>(flagPrefix);
+    ALOGV_IF("%s: %s composition for %s (%cdirty %cempty %cwasEmpty)", __FUNCTION__,
+             mustRecompose ? "doing" : "skipping", getName().c_str(), flagPrefix[dirty],
+             flagPrefix[empty], flagPrefix[wasEmpty]);
+
+    mRenderSurface->beginFrame(mustRecompose);
+
+    if (mustRecompose) {
+        outputState.lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers = !empty;
+    }
+}
+
+void Output::prepareFrame() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    if (!outputState.isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(outputState.usesClientComposition,
+                                 outputState.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+void Output::devOptRepaintFlash(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    if (CC_LIKELY(!refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (getState().isEnabled) {
+        // transform the dirty region into this screen's coordinate space
+        const Region dirtyRegion = getDirtyRegion(refreshArgs.repaintEverything);
+        if (!dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
+            base::unique_fd readyFence;
+            // redraw the whole screen
+            static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs));
+
+            mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(std::move(readyFence));
+        }
+    }
+
+    postFramebuffer();
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(*refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay);
+
+    prepareFrame();
+}
+
+void Output::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (!getState().isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Repaint the framebuffer (if needed), getting the optional fence for when
+    // the composition completes.
+    auto optReadyFence = composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs);
+    if (!optReadyFence) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // swap buffers (presentation)
+    mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(std::move(*optReadyFence));
+}
+
+std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
+        const Region& debugRegion, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    OutputCompositionState& outputCompositionState = editState();
+    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
+                                                      outputState.usesClientComposition};
+
+    auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
+    const bool supportsProtectedContent = renderEngine.supportsProtectedContent();
+
+    // If we the display is secure, protected content support is enabled, and at
+    // least one layer has protected content, we need to use a secure back
+    // buffer.
+    if (outputState.isSecure && supportsProtectedContent) {
+        auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+        bool needsProtected = std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(), [](auto* layer) {
+            return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->hasProtectedContent;
+        });
+        if (needsProtected != renderEngine.isProtected()) {
+            renderEngine.useProtectedContext(needsProtected);
+        }
+        if (needsProtected != mRenderSurface->isProtected() &&
+            needsProtected == renderEngine.isProtected()) {
+            mRenderSurface->setProtected(needsProtected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf;
+
+    // If we aren't doing client composition on this output, but do have a
+    // flipClientTarget request for this frame on this output, we still need to
+    // dequeue a buffer.
+    if (hasClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
+        buf = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(&fd);
+        if (buf == nullptr) {
+            ALOGW("Dequeuing buffer for display [%s] failed, bailing out of "
+                  "client composition for this frame",
+                  mName.c_str());
+            return {};
+        }
+    }
+
+    base::unique_fd readyFence;
+    if (!hasClientComposition) {
+        setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
+        return readyFence;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
+
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = outputState.destinationClip;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = outputState.sourceClip;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation = outputState.orientation;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = mDisplayColorProfile->hasWideColorGamut()
+            ? outputState.dataspace
+            : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
+            mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
+
+    // Compute the global color transform matrix.
+    if (!outputState.usesDeviceComposition && !getSkipColorTransform()) {
+        clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = outputState.colorTransformMatrix;
+    }
+
+    // Note: Updated by generateClientCompositionRequests
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clearRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+
+    // Generate the client composition requests for the layers on this output.
+    std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers =
+            generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent,
+                                              clientCompositionDisplay.clearRegion,
+                                              clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace);
+    appendRegionFlashRequests(debugRegion, clientCompositionLayers);
+
+    // Check if the client composition requests were rendered into the provided graphic buffer. If
+    // so, we can reuse the buffer and avoid client composition.
+    if (mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
+        if (mClientCompositionRequestCache->exists(buf->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
+                                                   clientCompositionLayers)) {
+            outputCompositionState.reusedClientComposition = true;
+            setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
+            return readyFence;
+        }
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(buf->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
+                                            clientCompositionLayers);
+    }
+
+    // We boost GPU frequency here because there will be color spaces conversion
+    // or complex GPU shaders and it's expensive. We boost the GPU frequency so that
+    // GPU composition can finish in time. We must reset GPU frequency afterwards,
+    // because high frequency consumes extra battery.
+    const bool expensiveBlurs =
+            refreshArgs.blursAreExpensive && mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur != nullptr;
+    const bool expensiveRenderingExpected =
+            clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace == ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3 || expensiveBlurs;
+    if (expensiveRenderingExpected) {
+        setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> clientCompositionLayerPointers;
+    clientCompositionLayerPointers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
+    std::transform(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), clientCompositionLayers.end(),
+                   std::back_inserter(clientCompositionLayerPointers),
+                   [](LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings) -> renderengine::LayerSettings* {
+                       return &settings;
+                   });
+
+    const nsecs_t renderEngineStart = systemTime();
+    status_t status =
+            renderEngine.drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers,
+                                    buf->getNativeBuffer(), /*useFramebufferCache=*/true,
+                                    std::move(fd), &readyFence);
+
+    if (status != NO_ERROR && mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
+        // If rendering was not successful, remove the request from the cache.
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache->remove(buf->getId());
+    }
+
+    auto& timeStats = getCompositionEngine().getTimeStats();
+    if (readyFence.get() < 0) {
+        timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart, systemTime());
+    } else {
+        timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart,
+                                             std::make_shared<FenceTime>(
+                                                     new Fence(dup(readyFence.get()))));
+    }
+
+    return readyFence;
+}
+
+std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> Output::generateClientCompositionRequests(
+        bool supportsProtectedContent, Region& clearRegion, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace) {
+    std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers;
+    ALOGV("Rendering client layers");
+
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    const Region viewportRegion(outputState.viewport);
+    const bool useIdentityTransform = false;
+    bool firstLayer = true;
+    // Used when a layer clears part of the buffer.
+    Region stubRegion;
+
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        const auto& layerState = layer->getState();
+        const auto* layerFEState = layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+        auto& layerFE = layer->getLayerFE();
+
+        const Region clip(viewportRegion.intersect(layerState.visibleRegion));
+        ALOGV("Layer: %s", layerFE.getDebugName());
+        if (clip.isEmpty()) {
+            ALOGV("  Skipping for empty clip");
+            firstLayer = false;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const bool clientComposition = layer->requiresClientComposition();
+
+        // We clear the client target for non-client composed layers if
+        // requested by the HWC. We skip this if the layer is not an opaque
+        // rectangle, as by definition the layer must blend with whatever is
+        // underneath. We also skip the first layer as the buffer target is
+        // guaranteed to start out cleared.
+        const bool clearClientComposition =
+                layerState.clearClientTarget && layerFEState->isOpaque && !firstLayer;
+
+        ALOGV("  Composition type: client %d clear %d", clientComposition, clearClientComposition);
+
+        // If the layer casts a shadow but the content casting the shadow is occluded, skip
+        // composing the non-shadow content and only draw the shadows.
+        const bool realContentIsVisible = clientComposition &&
+                !layerState.visibleRegion.subtract(layerState.shadowRegion).isEmpty();
+
+        if (clientComposition || clearClientComposition) {
+            compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings targetSettings{
+                    clip,
+                    useIdentityTransform,
+                    layer->needsFiltering() || outputState.needsFiltering,
+                    outputState.isSecure,
+                    supportsProtectedContent,
+                    clientComposition ? clearRegion : stubRegion,
+                    outputState.viewport,
+                    outputDataspace,
+                    realContentIsVisible,
+                    !clientComposition, /* clearContent  */
+            };
+            std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> results =
+                    layerFE.prepareClientCompositionList(targetSettings);
+            if (realContentIsVisible && !results.empty()) {
+                layer->editState().clientCompositionTimestamp = systemTime();
+            }
+
+            clientCompositionLayers.insert(clientCompositionLayers.end(),
+                                           std::make_move_iterator(results.begin()),
+                                           std::make_move_iterator(results.end()));
+            results.clear();
+        }
+
+        firstLayer = false;
+    }
+
+    return clientCompositionLayers;
+}
+
+void Output::appendRegionFlashRequests(
+        const Region& flashRegion, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) {
+    if (flashRegion.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings layerSettings;
+    layerSettings.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
+    layerSettings.source.solidColor = half3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    layerSettings.alpha = half(1.0);
+
+    for (const auto& rect : flashRegion) {
+        layerSettings.geometry.boundaries = rect.toFloatRect();
+        clientCompositionLayers.push_back(layerSettings);
+    }
+}
+
+void Output::setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool) {
+    // The base class does nothing with this call.
+}
+
+void Output::postFramebuffer() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (!getState().isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.dirtyRegion.clear();
+    mRenderSurface->flip();
+
+    auto frame = presentAndGetFrameFences();
+
+    mRenderSurface->onPresentDisplayCompleted();
+
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        // The layer buffer from the previous frame (if any) is released
+        // by HWC only when the release fence from this frame (if any) is
+        // signaled.  Always get the release fence from HWC first.
+        sp<Fence> releaseFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+
+        if (auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer()) {
+            if (auto f = frame.layerFences.find(hwcLayer); f != frame.layerFences.end()) {
+                releaseFence = f->second;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If the layer was client composited in the previous frame, we
+        // need to merge with the previous client target acquire fence.
+        // Since we do not track that, always merge with the current
+        // client target acquire fence when it is available, even though
+        // this is suboptimal.
+        // TODO(b/121291683): Track previous frame client target acquire fence.
+        if (outputState.usesClientComposition) {
+            releaseFence =
+                    Fence::merge("LayerRelease", releaseFence, frame.clientTargetAcquireFence);
+        }
+
+        layer->getLayerFE().onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
+    }
+
+    // We've got a list of layers needing fences, that are disjoint with
+    // OutputLayersOrderedByZ.  The best we can do is to
+    // supply them with the present fence.
+    for (auto& weakLayer : mReleasedLayers) {
+        if (auto layer = weakLayer.promote(); layer != nullptr) {
+            layer->onLayerDisplayed(frame.presentFence);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Clear out the released layers now that we're done with them.
+    mReleasedLayers.clear();
 }
 
 void Output::dirtyEntireOutput() {
-    mState.dirtyRegion.set(mState.bounds);
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.dirtyRegion.set(outputState.bounds);
+}
+
+void Output::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+    // The base output implementation can only do client composition
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.usesClientComposition = true;
+    outputState.usesDeviceComposition = false;
+    outputState.reusedClientComposition = false;
+}
+
+bool Output::getSkipColorTransform() const {
+    return true;
+}
+
+compositionengine::Output::FrameFences Output::presentAndGetFrameFences() {
+    compositionengine::Output::FrameFences result;
+    if (getState().usesClientComposition) {
+        result.clientTargetAcquireFence = mRenderSurface->getClientTargetAcquireFence();
+    }
+    return result;
 }
 
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
index 9549054..4835aef 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@
     dumpVal(out, "isEnabled", isEnabled);
     dumpVal(out, "isSecure", isSecure);
 
+    dumpVal(out, "usesClientComposition", usesClientComposition);
+    dumpVal(out, "usesDeviceComposition", usesDeviceComposition);
+    dumpVal(out, "flipClientTarget", flipClientTarget);
+    dumpVal(out, "reusedClientComposition", reusedClientComposition);
+
     dumpVal(out, "layerStack", layerStackId);
     dumpVal(out, "layerStackInternal", layerStackInternal);
 
@@ -33,9 +38,11 @@
 
     out.append("\n   ");
 
+    dumpVal(out, "bounds", bounds);
     dumpVal(out, "frame", frame);
     dumpVal(out, "viewport", viewport);
-    dumpVal(out, "scissor", scissor);
+    dumpVal(out, "sourceClip", sourceClip);
+    dumpVal(out, "destinationClip", destinationClip);
     dumpVal(out, "needsFiltering", needsFiltering);
 
     out.append("\n   ");
@@ -43,7 +50,8 @@
     dumpVal(out, "colorMode", toString(colorMode), colorMode);
     dumpVal(out, "renderIntent", toString(renderIntent), renderIntent);
     dumpVal(out, "dataspace", toString(dataspace), dataspace);
-    dumpVal(out, "colorTransform", colorTransform);
+    dumpVal(out, "colorTransformMatrix", colorTransformMatrix);
+    dumpVal(out, "target dataspace", toString(targetDataspace), targetDataspace);
 
     out.append("\n");
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index 0afcc97..1faf775 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -15,17 +15,23 @@
  */
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
-#include <compositionengine/Layer.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 OutputLayer::~OutputLayer() = default;
@@ -44,56 +50,24 @@
 
 } // namespace
 
-std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(
-        const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine, std::optional<DisplayId> displayId,
-        const compositionengine::Output& output, std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> layer,
-        sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> layerFE) {
-    auto result = std::make_unique<OutputLayer>(output, layer, layerFE);
-    result->initialize(compositionEngine, displayId);
-    return result;
+std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const compositionengine::Output& output,
+                                               const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layerFE) {
+    return createOutputLayerTemplated<OutputLayer>(output, layerFE);
 }
 
-OutputLayer::OutputLayer(const Output& output, std::shared_ptr<Layer> layer, sp<LayerFE> layerFE)
-      : mOutput(output), mLayer(layer), mLayerFE(layerFE) {}
-
 OutputLayer::~OutputLayer() = default;
 
-void OutputLayer::initialize(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
-                             std::optional<DisplayId> displayId) {
-    if (!displayId) {
-        return;
+void OutputLayer::setHwcLayer(std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer> hwcLayer) {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    if (hwcLayer) {
+        state.hwc.emplace(std::move(hwcLayer));
+    } else {
+        state.hwc.reset();
     }
-
-    auto& hwc = compositionEngine.getHwComposer();
-
-    mState.hwc.emplace(std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>(hwc.createLayer(*displayId),
-                                                    [&hwc, displayId](HWC2::Layer* layer) {
-                                                        hwc.destroyLayer(*displayId, layer);
-                                                    }));
-}
-
-const compositionengine::Output& OutputLayer::getOutput() const {
-    return mOutput;
-}
-
-compositionengine::Layer& OutputLayer::getLayer() const {
-    return *mLayer;
-}
-
-compositionengine::LayerFE& OutputLayer::getLayerFE() const {
-    return *mLayerFE;
-}
-
-const OutputLayerCompositionState& OutputLayer::getState() const {
-    return mState;
-}
-
-OutputLayerCompositionState& OutputLayer::editState() {
-    return mState;
 }
 
 Rect OutputLayer::calculateInitialCrop() const {
-    const auto& layerState = mLayer->getState().frontEnd;
+    const auto& layerState = *getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
 
     // apply the projection's clipping to the window crop in
     // layerstack space, and convert-back to layer space.
@@ -101,9 +75,9 @@
     // pixels in the buffer.
 
     FloatRect activeCropFloat =
-            reduce(layerState.geomLayerBounds, layerState.geomActiveTransparentRegion);
+            reduce(layerState.geomLayerBounds, layerState.transparentRegionHint);
 
-    const Rect& viewport = mOutput.getState().viewport;
+    const Rect& viewport = getOutput().getState().viewport;
     const ui::Transform& layerTransform = layerState.geomLayerTransform;
     const ui::Transform& inverseLayerTransform = layerState.geomInverseLayerTransform;
     // Transform to screen space.
@@ -126,8 +100,8 @@
 }
 
 FloatRect OutputLayer::calculateOutputSourceCrop() const {
-    const auto& layerState = mLayer->getState().frontEnd;
-    const auto& outputState = mOutput.getState();
+    const auto& layerState = *getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    const auto& outputState = getOutput().getState();
 
     if (!layerState.geomUsesSourceCrop) {
         return {};
@@ -175,9 +149,9 @@
         // a modification of the axes of rotation. To account for this we
         // need to reorient the inverse rotation in terms of the current
         // axes of rotation.
-        bool is_h_flipped = (invTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H) != 0;
-        bool is_v_flipped = (invTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V) != 0;
-        if (is_h_flipped == is_v_flipped) {
+        bool isHFlipped = (invTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H) != 0;
+        bool isVFlipped = (invTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V) != 0;
+        if (isHFlipped == isVFlipped) {
             invTransform ^= HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V | HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H;
         }
         std::swap(winWidth, winHeight);
@@ -186,29 +160,29 @@
             activeCrop.transform(invTransform, bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight());
 
     // below, crop is intersected with winCrop expressed in crop's coordinate space
-    float xScale = crop.getWidth() / float(winWidth);
-    float yScale = crop.getHeight() / float(winHeight);
+    const float xScale = crop.getWidth() / float(winWidth);
+    const float yScale = crop.getHeight() / float(winHeight);
 
-    float insetL = winCrop.left * xScale;
-    float insetT = winCrop.top * yScale;
-    float insetR = (winWidth - winCrop.right) * xScale;
-    float insetB = (winHeight - winCrop.bottom) * yScale;
+    const float insetLeft = winCrop.left * xScale;
+    const float insetTop = winCrop.top * yScale;
+    const float insetRight = (winWidth - winCrop.right) * xScale;
+    const float insetBottom = (winHeight - winCrop.bottom) * yScale;
 
-    crop.left += insetL;
-    crop.top += insetT;
-    crop.right -= insetR;
-    crop.bottom -= insetB;
+    crop.left += insetLeft;
+    crop.top += insetTop;
+    crop.right -= insetRight;
+    crop.bottom -= insetBottom;
 
     return crop;
 }
 
 Rect OutputLayer::calculateOutputDisplayFrame() const {
-    const auto& layerState = mLayer->getState().frontEnd;
-    const auto& outputState = mOutput.getState();
+    const auto& layerState = *getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    const auto& outputState = getOutput().getState();
 
     // apply the layer's transform, followed by the display's global transform
     // here we're guaranteed that the layer's transform preserves rects
-    Region activeTransparentRegion = layerState.geomActiveTransparentRegion;
+    Region activeTransparentRegion = layerState.transparentRegionHint;
     const ui::Transform& layerTransform = layerState.geomLayerTransform;
     const ui::Transform& inverseLayerTransform = layerState.geomInverseLayerTransform;
     const Rect& bufferSize = layerState.geomBufferSize;
@@ -249,9 +223,10 @@
     return displayTransform.transform(frame);
 }
 
-uint32_t OutputLayer::calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform() const {
-    const auto& layerState = mLayer->getState().frontEnd;
-    const auto& outputState = mOutput.getState();
+uint32_t OutputLayer::calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(
+        uint32_t internalDisplayRotationFlags) const {
+    const auto& layerState = *getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    const auto& outputState = getOutput().getState();
 
     /*
      * Transformations are applied in this order:
@@ -267,10 +242,11 @@
 
     if (layerState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform) {
         /*
-         * the code below applies the primary display's inverse transform to the
-         * buffer
+         * We must apply the internal display's inverse transform to the buffer
+         * transform, and not the one for the output this layer is on.
          */
-        uint32_t invTransform = outputState.orientation;
+        uint32_t invTransform = internalDisplayRotationFlags;
+
         // calculate the inverse transform
         if (invTransform & HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90) {
             invTransform ^= HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V | HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H;
@@ -287,101 +263,406 @@
 
     // this gives us only the "orientation" component of the transform
     return transform.getOrientation();
-} // namespace impl
+}
 
-void OutputLayer::updateCompositionState(bool includeGeometry) {
+void OutputLayer::updateCompositionState(
+        bool includeGeometry, bool forceClientComposition,
+        ui::Transform::RotationFlags internalDisplayRotationFlags) {
+    const auto* layerFEState = getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    if (!layerFEState) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto& outputState = getOutput().getState();
+    const auto& profile = *getOutput().getDisplayColorProfile();
+    auto& state = editState();
+
     if (includeGeometry) {
-        mState.displayFrame = calculateOutputDisplayFrame();
-        mState.sourceCrop = calculateOutputSourceCrop();
-        mState.bufferTransform =
-                static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform());
+        // Clear the forceClientComposition flag before it is set for any
+        // reason. Note that since it can be set by some checks below when
+        // updating the geometry state, we only clear it when updating the
+        // geometry since those conditions for forcing client composition won't
+        // go away otherwise.
+        state.forceClientComposition = false;
 
-        if ((mLayer->getState().frontEnd.isSecure && !mOutput.getState().isSecure) ||
-            (mState.bufferTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID)) {
-            mState.forceClientComposition = true;
+        state.displayFrame = calculateOutputDisplayFrame();
+        state.sourceCrop = calculateOutputSourceCrop();
+        state.bufferTransform = static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(
+                calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(internalDisplayRotationFlags));
+
+        if ((layerFEState->isSecure && !outputState.isSecure) ||
+            (state.bufferTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID)) {
+            state.forceClientComposition = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Determine the output dependent dataspace for this layer. If it is
+    // colorspace agnostic, it just uses the dataspace chosen for the output to
+    // avoid the need for color conversion.
+    state.dataspace = layerFEState->isColorspaceAgnostic &&
+                    outputState.targetDataspace != ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN
+            ? outputState.targetDataspace
+            : layerFEState->dataspace;
+
+    // These are evaluated every frame as they can potentially change at any
+    // time.
+    if (layerFEState->forceClientComposition || !profile.isDataspaceSupported(state.dataspace) ||
+        forceClientComposition) {
+        state.forceClientComposition = true;
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    // Skip doing this if there is no HWC interface
+    if (!state.hwc) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto& hwcLayer = (*state.hwc).hwcLayer;
+    if (!hwcLayer) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] failed to write composition state to HWC -- no hwcLayer for output %s",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), getOutput().getName().c_str());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto* outputIndependentState = getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    if (!outputIndependentState) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto requestedCompositionType = outputIndependentState->compositionType;
+
+    if (includeGeometry) {
+        writeOutputDependentGeometryStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), requestedCompositionType);
+        writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState);
+    }
+
+    writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get());
+    writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState);
+
+    writeCompositionTypeToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), requestedCompositionType);
+
+    // Always set the layer color after setting the composition type.
+    writeSolidColorStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState);
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeOutputDependentGeometryStateToHWC(
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, hal::Composition requestedCompositionType) {
+    const auto& outputDependentState = getState();
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setDisplayFrame(outputDependentState.displayFrame);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set display frame [%d, %d, %d, %d]: %s (%d)",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), outputDependentState.displayFrame.left,
+              outputDependentState.displayFrame.top, outputDependentState.displayFrame.right,
+              outputDependentState.displayFrame.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSourceCrop(outputDependentState.sourceCrop);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set source crop [%.3f, %.3f, %.3f, %.3f]: "
+              "%s (%d)",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), outputDependentState.sourceCrop.left,
+              outputDependentState.sourceCrop.top, outputDependentState.sourceCrop.right,
+              outputDependentState.sourceCrop.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setZOrder(outputDependentState.z); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set Z %u: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              outputDependentState.z, to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    // Solid-color layers should always use an identity transform.
+    const auto bufferTransform = requestedCompositionType != hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR
+            ? outputDependentState.bufferTransform
+            : static_cast<hal::Transform>(0);
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setTransform(static_cast<hal::Transform>(bufferTransform));
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set transform %s: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              toString(outputDependentState.bufferTransform).c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBlendMode(outputIndependentState.blendMode);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set blend mode %s: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              toString(outputIndependentState.blendMode).c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPlaneAlpha(outputIndependentState.alpha);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set plane alpha %.3f: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              outputIndependentState.alpha, to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setInfo(static_cast<uint32_t>(outputIndependentState.type),
+                                       static_cast<uint32_t>(outputIndependentState.appId));
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set info %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& [name, entry] : outputIndependentState.metadata) {
+        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setLayerGenericMetadata(name, entry.mandatory, entry.value);
+            error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set generic metadata %s %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+                  name.c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
         }
     }
 }
 
-void OutputLayer::writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) const {
+void OutputLayer::writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer) {
+    const auto& outputDependentState = getState();
+
+    // TODO(lpique): b/121291683 outputSpaceVisibleRegion is output-dependent geometry
+    // state and should not change every frame.
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setVisibleRegion(outputDependentState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set visible region: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+        outputDependentState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion.dump(LOG_TAG);
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setDataspace(outputDependentState.dataspace);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set dataspace %d: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              outputDependentState.dataspace, to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+    switch (auto error = hwcLayer->setColorTransform(outputIndependentState.colorTransform)) {
+        case hal::Error::NONE:
+            break;
+        case hal::Error::UNSUPPORTED:
+            editState().forceClientComposition = true;
+            break;
+        default:
+            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set color transform: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+                  to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSurfaceDamage(outputIndependentState.surfaceDamage);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set surface damage: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+        outputIndependentState.surfaceDamage.dump(LOG_TAG);
+    }
+
+    // Content-specific per-frame state
+    switch (outputIndependentState.compositionType) {
+        case hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR:
+            // For compatibility, should be written AFTER the composition type.
+            break;
+        case hal::Composition::SIDEBAND:
+            writeSidebandStateToHWC(hwcLayer, outputIndependentState);
+            break;
+        case hal::Composition::CURSOR:
+        case hal::Composition::DEVICE:
+            writeBufferStateToHWC(hwcLayer, outputIndependentState);
+            break;
+        case hal::Composition::INVALID:
+        case hal::Composition::CLIENT:
+            // Ignored
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeSolidColorStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer,
+                                            const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+    if (outputIndependentState.compositionType != hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    hal::Color color = {static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * outputIndependentState.color.r)),
+                        static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * outputIndependentState.color.g)),
+                        static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(255.0f * outputIndependentState.color.b)),
+                        255};
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setColor(color); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set color: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeSidebandStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer,
+                                          const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSidebandStream(outputIndependentState.sidebandStream->handle());
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set sideband stream %p: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              outputIndependentState.sidebandStream->handle(), to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer,
+                                        const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+    auto supportedPerFrameMetadata =
+            getOutput().getDisplayColorProfile()->getSupportedPerFrameMetadata();
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPerFrameMetadata(supportedPerFrameMetadata,
+                                                   outputIndependentState.hdrMetadata);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE && error != hal::Error::UNSUPPORTED) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set hdrMetadata: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    uint32_t hwcSlot = 0;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> hwcBuffer;
+    // We need access to the output-dependent state for the buffer cache there,
+    // though otherwise the buffer is not output-dependent.
+    editState().hwc->hwcBufferCache.getHwcBuffer(outputIndependentState.bufferSlot,
+                                                 outputIndependentState.buffer, &hwcSlot,
+                                                 &hwcBuffer);
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBuffer(hwcSlot, hwcBuffer, outputIndependentState.acquireFence);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set buffer %p: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+              outputIndependentState.buffer->handle, to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeCompositionTypeToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer,
+                                            hal::Composition requestedCompositionType) {
+    auto& outputDependentState = editState();
+
+    // If we are forcing client composition, we need to tell the HWC
+    if (outputDependentState.forceClientComposition) {
+        requestedCompositionType = hal::Composition::CLIENT;
+    }
+
+    // Set the requested composition type with the HWC whenever it changes
+    if (outputDependentState.hwc->hwcCompositionType != requestedCompositionType) {
+        outputDependentState.hwc->hwcCompositionType = requestedCompositionType;
+
+        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setCompositionType(requestedCompositionType);
+            error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set composition type %s: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+                  toString(requestedCompositionType).c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(),
+                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::writeCursorPositionToHWC() const {
     // Skip doing this if there is no HWC interface
-    if (!mState.hwc) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    auto& hwcLayer = (*mState.hwc).hwcLayer;
+    auto hwcLayer = getHwcLayer();
     if (!hwcLayer) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] failed to write composition state to HWC -- no hwcLayer for output %s",
-              mLayerFE->getDebugName(), mOutput.getName().c_str());
         return;
     }
 
-    if (includeGeometry) {
-        // Output dependent state
-
-        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setDisplayFrame(mState.displayFrame);
-            error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set display frame [%d, %d, %d, %d]: %s (%d)",
-                  mLayerFE->getDebugName(), mState.displayFrame.left, mState.displayFrame.top,
-                  mState.displayFrame.right, mState.displayFrame.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSourceCrop(mState.sourceCrop); error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set source crop [%.3f, %.3f, %.3f, %.3f]: "
-                  "%s (%d)",
-                  mLayerFE->getDebugName(), mState.sourceCrop.left, mState.sourceCrop.top,
-                  mState.sourceCrop.right, mState.sourceCrop.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setZOrder(mState.z); error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set Z %u: %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(), mState.z,
-                  to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        if (auto error =
-                    hwcLayer->setTransform(static_cast<HWC2::Transform>(mState.bufferTransform));
-            error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set transform %s: %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(),
-                  toString(mState.bufferTransform).c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        // Output independent state
-
-        const auto& outputIndependentState = mLayer->getState().frontEnd;
-
-        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBlendMode(
-                    static_cast<HWC2::BlendMode>(outputIndependentState.blendMode));
-            error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set blend mode %s: %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(),
-                  toString(outputIndependentState.blendMode).c_str(), to_string(error).c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPlaneAlpha(outputIndependentState.alpha);
-            error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set plane alpha %.3f: %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(),
-                  outputIndependentState.alpha, to_string(error).c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
-
-        if (auto error =
-                    hwcLayer->setInfo(outputIndependentState.type, outputIndependentState.appId);
-            error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set info %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(),
-                  to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        }
+    const auto* layerFEState = getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+    if (!layerFEState) {
+        return;
     }
+
+    const auto& outputState = getOutput().getState();
+
+    Rect frame = layerFEState->cursorFrame;
+    frame.intersect(outputState.viewport, &frame);
+    Rect position = outputState.transform.transform(frame);
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setCursorPosition(position.left, position.top);
+        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set cursor position to (%d, %d): %s (%d)",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), position.left, position.top, to_string(error).c_str(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+}
+
+HWC2::Layer* OutputLayer::getHwcLayer() const {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    return state.hwc ? state.hwc->hwcLayer.get() : nullptr;
+}
+
+bool OutputLayer::requiresClientComposition() const {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    return !state.hwc || state.hwc->hwcCompositionType == hal::Composition::CLIENT;
+}
+
+bool OutputLayer::isHardwareCursor() const {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    return state.hwc && state.hwc->hwcCompositionType == hal::Composition::CURSOR;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(hal::Composition from,
+                                                        hal::Composition to) const {
+    bool result = false;
+    switch (from) {
+        case hal::Composition::INVALID:
+        case hal::Composition::CLIENT:
+            result = false;
+            break;
+
+        case hal::Composition::DEVICE:
+        case hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR:
+            result = (to == hal::Composition::CLIENT);
+            break;
+
+        case hal::Composition::CURSOR:
+        case hal::Composition::SIDEBAND:
+            result = (to == hal::Composition::CLIENT || to == hal::Composition::DEVICE);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (!result) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Invalid device requested composition type change: %s (%d) --> %s (%d)",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), toString(from).c_str(), static_cast<int>(from),
+              toString(to).c_str(), static_cast<int>(to));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(hal::Composition compositionType) {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    LOG_FATAL_IF(!state.hwc);
+    auto& hwcState = *state.hwc;
+
+    detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(hwcState.hwcCompositionType, compositionType);
+
+    hwcState.hwcCompositionType = compositionType;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    state.clearClientTarget = false;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::applyDeviceLayerRequest(hal::LayerRequest request) {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    switch (request) {
+        case hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET:
+            state.clearClientTarget = true;
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            ALOGE("[%s] Unknown device layer request %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
+                  toString(request).c_str(), static_cast<int>(request));
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+bool OutputLayer::needsFiltering() const {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    const auto& displayFrame = state.displayFrame;
+    const auto& sourceCrop = state.sourceCrop;
+    return sourceCrop.getHeight() != displayFrame.getHeight() ||
+            sourceCrop.getWidth() != displayFrame.getWidth();
 }
 
 void OutputLayer::dump(std::string& out) const {
     using android::base::StringAppendF;
 
-    StringAppendF(&out, "  - Output Layer %p (Composition layer %p) (%s)\n", this, mLayer.get(),
-                  mLayerFE->getDebugName());
-    mState.dump(out);
+    StringAppendF(&out, "  - Output Layer %p(%s)\n", this, getLayerFE().getDebugName());
+    dumpState(out);
 }
 
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayerCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayerCompositionState.cpp
index 861ea57..165e320 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayerCompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayerCompositionState.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,15 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
 
 namespace {
@@ -42,11 +49,24 @@
     dumpVal(out, "visibleRegion", visibleRegion);
 
     out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "visibleNonTransparentRegion", visibleNonTransparentRegion);
+
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "coveredRegion", coveredRegion);
+
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "output visibleRegion", outputSpaceVisibleRegion);
+
+    out.append("      ");
+    dumpVal(out, "shadowRegion", shadowRegion);
+
+    out.append("      ");
     dumpVal(out, "forceClientComposition", forceClientComposition);
     dumpVal(out, "clearClientTarget", clearClientTarget);
     dumpVal(out, "displayFrame", displayFrame);
     dumpVal(out, "sourceCrop", sourceCrop);
     dumpVal(out, "bufferTransform", toString(bufferTransform), bufferTransform);
+    dumpVal(out, "dataspace", toString(dataspace), dataspace);
     dumpVal(out, "z-index", z);
 
     if (hwc) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
index 3fcd9d1..2773fd3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
@@ -23,17 +23,25 @@
 #include <compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
+
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
-#include <sync/sync.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 RenderSurface::~RenderSurface() = default;
@@ -42,12 +50,13 @@
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> createRenderSurface(
         const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
-        compositionengine::Display& display, compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&& args) {
-    return std::make_unique<RenderSurface>(compositionEngine, display, std::move(args));
+        compositionengine::Display& display,
+        const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs& args) {
+    return std::make_unique<RenderSurface>(compositionEngine, display, args);
 }
 
 RenderSurface::RenderSurface(const CompositionEngine& compositionEngine, Display& display,
-                             RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&& args)
+                             const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs& args)
       : mCompositionEngine(compositionEngine),
         mDisplay(display),
         mNativeWindow(args.nativeWindow),
@@ -85,7 +94,8 @@
 }
 
 void RenderSurface::setDisplaySize(const ui::Size& size) {
-    mDisplaySurface->resizeBuffers(size.width, size.height);
+    mDisplaySurface->resizeBuffers(static_cast<uint32_t>(size.width),
+                                   static_cast<uint32_t>(size.height));
     mSize = size;
 }
 
@@ -94,6 +104,10 @@
                                          static_cast<android_dataspace>(dataspace));
 }
 
+void RenderSurface::setBufferPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
+    native_window_set_buffers_format(mNativeWindow.get(), static_cast<int32_t>(pixelFormat));
+}
+
 void RenderSurface::setProtected(bool useProtected) {
     uint64_t usageFlags = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER;
     if (useProtected) {
@@ -110,32 +124,25 @@
     return mDisplaySurface->beginFrame(mustRecompose);
 }
 
-status_t RenderSurface::prepareFrame() {
-    auto& hwc = mCompositionEngine.getHwComposer();
-    const auto id = mDisplay.getId();
-    if (id) {
-        status_t error = hwc.prepare(*id, mDisplay);
-        if (error != NO_ERROR) {
-            return error;
-        }
-    }
-
+void RenderSurface::prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) {
     DisplaySurface::CompositionType compositionType;
-    const bool hasClient = hwc.hasClientComposition(id);
-    const bool hasDevice = hwc.hasDeviceComposition(id);
-    if (hasClient && hasDevice) {
+    if (usesClientComposition && usesDeviceComposition) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_MIXED;
-    } else if (hasClient) {
-        compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GLES;
-    } else if (hasDevice) {
+    } else if (usesClientComposition) {
+        compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GPU;
+    } else if (usesDeviceComposition) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC;
     } else {
         // Nothing to do -- when turning the screen off we get a frame like
-        // this. Call it a HWC frame since we won't be doing any GLES work but
+        // this. Call it a HWC frame since we won't be doing any GPU work but
         // will do a prepare/set cycle.
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC;
     }
-    return mDisplaySurface->prepareFrame(compositionType);
+
+    if (status_t result = mDisplaySurface->prepareFrame(compositionType); result != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("updateCompositionType failed for %s: %d (%s)", mDisplay.getName().c_str(), result,
+              strerror(-result));
+    }
 }
 
 sp<GraphicBuffer> RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) {
@@ -162,11 +169,10 @@
     return mGraphicBuffer;
 }
 
-void RenderSurface::queueBuffer(base::unique_fd&& readyFence) {
-    auto& hwc = mCompositionEngine.getHwComposer();
-    const auto id = mDisplay.getId();
+void RenderSurface::queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) {
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
 
-    if (hwc.hasClientComposition(id) || hwc.hasFlipClientTargetRequest(id)) {
+    if (state.usesClientComposition || state.flipClientTarget) {
         // hasFlipClientTargetRequest could return true even if we haven't
         // dequeued a buffer before. Try dequeueing one if we don't have a
         // buffer ready.
@@ -215,13 +221,6 @@
     mDisplaySurface->onFrameCommitted();
 }
 
-void RenderSurface::setViewportAndProjection() {
-    auto& renderEngine = mCompositionEngine.getRenderEngine();
-    Rect sourceCrop = Rect(mSize);
-    renderEngine.setViewportAndProjection(mSize.width, mSize.height, sourceCrop,
-                                          ui::Transform::ROT_0);
-}
-
 void RenderSurface::flip() {
     mPageFlipCount++;
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2675dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+/**
+ * CallOrderStateMachineHelper is a helper class for setting up a compile-time
+ * checked state machine that a sequence of calls is correct for completely
+ * setting up the state for some other type.
+ *
+ * Two examples where this could be used are with setting up a "Builder" flow
+ * for initializing an instance of some type, and writing tests where the state
+ * machine sets up expectations and preconditions, calls the function under
+ * test, and then evaluations postconditions.
+ *
+ * The purpose of this helper is to offload some of the boilerplate code to
+ * simplify the actual state classes, and is also a place to document how to
+ * go about setting up the state classes.
+ *
+ * To work at compile time, the idea is that each state is a unique C++ type,
+ * and the valid transitions between states are given by member functions on
+ * those types, with those functions returning a simple value type expressing
+ * the new state to use. Illegal state transitions become a compile error because
+ * a named member function does not exist.
+ *
+ * Example usage in a test:
+ *
+ *    A two step (+ terminator step) setup process can defined using:
+ *
+ *        class Step1 : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestFixtureType, Step1> {
+ *           [[nodiscard]] auto firstMockCalledWith(int value1) {
+ *              // Set up an expectation or initial state using the fixture
+ *              EXPECT_CALL(getInstance->firstMock, FirstCall(value1));
+ *              return nextState<Step2>();
+ *           }
+ *        };
+ *
+ *        class Step2 : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestFixtureType, Step2> {
+ *           [[nodiscard]] auto secondMockCalledWith(int value2) {
+ *              // Set up an expectation or initial state using the fixture
+ *              EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->secondMock, SecondCall(value2));
+ *              return nextState<StepExecute>();
+ *           }
+ *        };
+ *
+ *        class StepExecute : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestFixtureType, Step3> {
+ *           void execute() {
+ *              invokeFunctionUnderTest();
+ *           }
+ *        };
+ *
+ *    Note how the non-terminator steps return by value and use [[nodiscard]] to
+ *    enforce the setup flow. Only the terminator step returns void.
+ *
+ *    This can then be used in the tests with:
+ *
+ *        Step1::make(this).firstMockCalledWith(value1)
+ *                .secondMockCalledWith(value2)
+ *                .execute);
+ *
+ *    If the test fixture defines a `verify()` helper function which returns
+ *    `Step1::make(this)`, this can be simplified to:
+ *
+ *        verify().firstMockCalledWith(value1)
+ *                .secondMockCalledWith(value2)
+ *                .execute();
+ *
+ *    This is equivalent to the following calls made by the text function:
+ *
+ *        EXPECT_CALL(firstMock, FirstCall(value1));
+ *        EXPECT_CALL(secondMock, SecondCall(value2));
+ *        invokeFunctionUnderTest();
+ */
+template <typename InstanceType, typename CurrentStateType>
+class CallOrderStateMachineHelper {
+public:
+    CallOrderStateMachineHelper() = default;
+
+    // Disallow copying
+    CallOrderStateMachineHelper(const CallOrderStateMachineHelper&) = delete;
+    CallOrderStateMachineHelper& operator=(const CallOrderStateMachineHelper&) = delete;
+
+    // Moving is intended use case.
+    CallOrderStateMachineHelper(CallOrderStateMachineHelper&&) = default;
+    CallOrderStateMachineHelper& operator=(CallOrderStateMachineHelper&&) = default;
+
+    // Using a static "Make" function means the CurrentStateType classes do not
+    // need anything other than a default no-argument constructor.
+    static CurrentStateType make(InstanceType* instance) {
+        auto helper = CurrentStateType();
+        helper.mInstance = instance;
+        return helper;
+    }
+
+    // Each non-terminal state function
+    template <typename NextStateType>
+    auto nextState() {
+        // Note: Further operations on the current state become undefined
+        // operations as the instance pointer is moved to the next state type.
+        // But that doesn't stop someone from storing an intermediate state
+        // instance as a local and possibly calling one than one member function
+        // on it. By swapping with nullptr, we at least can try to catch this
+        // this at runtime.
+        InstanceType* instance = nullptr;
+        std::swap(instance, mInstance);
+        return NextStateType::make(instance);
+    }
+
+    InstanceType* getInstance() const { return mInstance; }
+
+private:
+    InstanceType* mInstance;
+};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
index 3766f27..d889d74 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
@@ -14,27 +14,42 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 
 #include "MockHWComposer.h"
+#include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::InSequence;
+using ::testing::Ref;
+using ::testing::Return;
+using ::testing::ReturnRef;
+using ::testing::SaveArg;
 using ::testing::StrictMock;
 
-class CompositionEngineTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    ~CompositionEngineTest() override;
-    mock::HWComposer* mHwc = new StrictMock<mock::HWComposer>();
+struct CompositionEngineTest : public testing::Test {
+    android::mock::HWComposer* mHwc = new StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer>();
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine =
             new StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine>();
-    impl::CompositionEngine mEngine;
-};
+    std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats;
 
-CompositionEngineTest::~CompositionEngineTest() = default;
+    impl::CompositionEngine mEngine;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::Output> mOutput1{std::make_shared<StrictMock<mock::Output>>()};
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::Output> mOutput2{std::make_shared<StrictMock<mock::Output>>()};
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::Output> mOutput3{std::make_shared<StrictMock<mock::Output>>()};
+};
 
 TEST_F(CompositionEngineTest, canInstantiateCompositionEngine) {
     auto engine = impl::createCompositionEngine();
@@ -53,5 +68,203 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mRenderEngine, &mEngine.getRenderEngine());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CompositionEngineTest, canSetTimeStats) {
+    mEngine.setTimeStats(mTimeStats);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), &mEngine.getTimeStats());
+}
+
+/*
+ * CompositionEngine::present
+ */
+
+struct CompositionEnginePresentTest : public CompositionEngineTest {
+    struct CompositionEnginePartialMock : public impl::CompositionEngine {
+        // These are the overridable functions CompositionEngine::present() may
+        // call, and have separate test coverage.
+        MOCK_METHOD1(preComposition, void(CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    };
+
+    StrictMock<CompositionEnginePartialMock> mEngine;
+};
+
+TEST_F(CompositionEnginePresentTest, worksWithEmptyRequest) {
+    // present() always calls preComposition()
+    EXPECT_CALL(mEngine, preComposition(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+
+    mEngine.present(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionEnginePresentTest, worksAsExpected) {
+    // Expect calls to in a certain sequence
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    // present() always calls preComposition()
+    EXPECT_CALL(mEngine, preComposition(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+
+    // The first step in presenting is to make sure all outputs are prepared.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput1, prepare(Ref(mRefreshArgs), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput2, prepare(Ref(mRefreshArgs), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, prepare(Ref(mRefreshArgs), _));
+
+    // The next step in presenting is to make sure all outputs have the latest
+    // state from the front-end (SurfaceFlinger).
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput1, updateLayerStateFromFE(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput2, updateLayerStateFromFE(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, updateLayerStateFromFE(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+
+    // The last step is to actually present each output.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput1, present(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput2, present(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, present(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1, mOutput2, mOutput3};
+    mEngine.present(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * CompositionEngine::updateCursorAsync
+ */
+
+struct CompositionEngineUpdateCursorAsyncTest : public CompositionEngineTest {
+public:
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() { EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(layerFE)); }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> outputLayer;
+        StrictMock<mock::LayerFE> layerFE;
+        LayerFECompositionState layerFEState;
+    };
+
+    CompositionEngineUpdateCursorAsyncTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput1, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput1, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(_)).Times(0);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput2, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput2, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mOutput2Layer1.outputLayer));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(2u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mOutput3Layer1.outputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mOutput3, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mOutput3Layer2.outputLayer));
+    }
+
+    Layer mOutput2Layer1;
+    Layer mOutput3Layer1;
+    Layer mOutput3Layer2;
+};
+
+TEST_F(CompositionEngineUpdateCursorAsyncTest, handlesNoOutputs) {
+    mEngine.updateCursorAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionEngineUpdateCursorAsyncTest, handlesNoLayersBeingCursorLayers) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer1.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer2.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput2Layer1.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1, mOutput2, mOutput3};
+
+    mEngine.updateCursorAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionEngineUpdateCursorAsyncTest, handlesMultipleLayersBeingCursorLayers) {
+    {
+        InSequence seq;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput2Layer1.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput2Layer1.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Cursor));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput2Layer1.outputLayer, writeCursorPositionToHWC());
+    }
+
+    {
+        InSequence seq;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer1.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer1.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Cursor));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer1.outputLayer, writeCursorPositionToHWC());
+    }
+
+    {
+        InSequence seq;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer2.outputLayer, isHardwareCursor()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer2.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Cursor));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput3Layer2.outputLayer, writeCursorPositionToHWC());
+    }
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1, mOutput2, mOutput3};
+
+    mEngine.updateCursorAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * CompositionEngine::preComposition
+ */
+
+struct CompositionTestPreComposition : public CompositionEngineTest {
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> mLayer1FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> mLayer2FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> mLayer3FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+};
+
+TEST_F(CompositionTestPreComposition, preCompositionSetsFrameTimestamp) {
+    const nsecs_t before = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+    mEngine.preComposition(mRefreshArgs);
+    const nsecs_t after = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+
+    // The frame timestamp should be between the before and after timestamps
+    EXPECT_GE(mEngine.getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp(), before);
+    EXPECT_LE(mEngine.getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp(), after);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionTestPreComposition, preCompositionInvokesLayerPreCompositionWithFrameTimestamp) {
+    nsecs_t ts1 = 0;
+    nsecs_t ts2 = 0;
+    nsecs_t ts3 = 0;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(DoAll(SaveArg<0>(&ts1), Return(false)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(DoAll(SaveArg<0>(&ts2), Return(false)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(DoAll(SaveArg<0>(&ts3), Return(false)));
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1};
+    mRefreshArgs.layers = {mLayer1FE, mLayer2FE, mLayer3FE};
+
+    mEngine.preComposition(mRefreshArgs);
+
+    // Each of the onPreComposition calls should used the same refresh timestamp
+    EXPECT_EQ(ts1, mEngine.getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ts2, mEngine.getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ts3, mEngine.getLastFrameRefreshTimestamp());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionTestPreComposition, preCompositionDefaultsToNoUpdateNeeded) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mEngine.setNeedsAnotherUpdateForTest(true);
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1};
+    mRefreshArgs.layers = {mLayer1FE, mLayer2FE, mLayer3FE};
+
+    mEngine.preComposition(mRefreshArgs);
+
+    // The call should have cleared the needsAnotherUpdate flag
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mEngine.needsAnotherUpdate());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CompositionTestPreComposition,
+       preCompositionSetsNeedsAnotherUpdateIfAtLeastOneLayerRequestsIt) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3FE, onPreComposition(_)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputs = {mOutput1};
+    mRefreshArgs.layers = {mLayer1FE, mLayer2FE, mLayer3FE};
+
+    mEngine.preComposition(mRefreshArgs);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mEngine.needsAnotherUpdate());
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp
index 9215884..21b9aa9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp
@@ -19,35 +19,6 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-namespace android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_1 {
-
-// Note: These operator overloads need to be defined in the same namespace as
-// the values they print.
-
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RenderIntent& value) {
-    return os << toString(value) << " (" << static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Dataspace>>(value)
-              << ")";
-}
-
-} // namespace android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_1
-
-namespace android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2 {
-
-// Note: These operator overloads need to be defined in the same namespace as
-// the values they print.
-
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Dataspace& value) {
-    return os << toString(value) << " (" << static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Dataspace>>(value)
-              << ")";
-}
-
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ColorMode& value) {
-    return os << toString(value) << " (" << static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Dataspace>>(value)
-              << ")";
-}
-
-} // namespace android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_2
-
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
@@ -638,5 +609,66 @@
     checkGetBestColorMode(profile, expectedResults);
 }
 
+/*
+ * RenderSurface::isDataspaceSupported()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayColorProfileTest, isDataspaceSupportedWorksForProfileWithNoHdrSupport) {
+    auto profile = ProfileFactory::createProfileWithNoColorModeSupport();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::V0_SRGB));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_PQ));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_HLG));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayColorProfileTest, isDataspaceSupportedWorksForProfileWithHdr10Support) {
+    auto profile = ProfileFactory::createProfileWithSRGBColorModeSupport();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::V0_SRGB));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_PQ));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_HLG));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayColorProfileTest, isDataspaceSupportedWorksForProfileWithHlgSupport) {
+    auto profile = ProfileFactory::createProfileWithBT2100PQSupport();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::V0_SRGB));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_PQ));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_HLG));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(profile.isDataspaceSupported(Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG));
+}
+
+/*
+ * RenderSurface::getTargetDataspace()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayColorProfileTest, getTargetDataspaceWorks) {
+    auto profile = ProfileFactory::createProfileWithNoColorModeSupport();
+
+    // For a non-HDR colorspace with no colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace override,
+    // the input dataspace should be returned.
+    EXPECT_EQ(Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+              profile.getTargetDataspace(ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                         Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+
+    // If colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace is set, its value should be returned
+    EXPECT_EQ(Dataspace::V0_SRGB,
+              profile.getTargetDataspace(ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                         Dataspace::V0_SRGB));
+
+    // For an HDR colorspace, Dataspace::UNKNOWN should be returned.
+    EXPECT_EQ(Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+              profile.getTargetDataspace(ColorMode::BT2100_PQ, Dataspace::BT2020_PQ,
+                                         Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index 33444a5..09f37fb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -21,140 +21,431 @@
 #include <compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/DisplaySurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/NativeWindow.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayInfo.h>
+#include <ui/Rect.h>
 
+#include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "MockHWComposer.h"
+#include "MockPowerAdvisor.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
+using testing::_;
+using testing::DoAll;
+using testing::Eq;
+using testing::InSequence;
+using testing::NiceMock;
+using testing::Pointee;
+using testing::Ref;
 using testing::Return;
 using testing::ReturnRef;
+using testing::Sequence;
+using testing::SetArgPointee;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
 constexpr DisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = DisplayId{42};
+constexpr DisplayId VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID = DisplayId{43};
+constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
+constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
+constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 123;
 
-class DisplayTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    ~DisplayTest() override = default;
+struct Layer {
+    Layer() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*layerFE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&hwc2Layer));
+    }
 
-    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
-    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
-    sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
-    impl::Display mDisplay{mCompositionEngine,
-                           DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID).build()};
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+    StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>* outputLayer = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2Layer;
 };
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct LayerNoHWC2Layer {
+    LayerNoHWC2Layer() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*layerFE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(nullptr));
+    }
+
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+    StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>* outputLayer = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+};
+
+struct DisplayTestCommon : public testing::Test {
+    // Uses the full implementation of a display
+    class FullImplDisplay : public impl::Display {
+    public:
+        using impl::Display::injectOutputLayerForTest;
+        virtual void injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>) = 0;
+
+        using impl::Display::maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay;
+    };
+
+    // Uses a special implementation with key internal member functions set up
+    // as mock implementations, to allow for easier testing.
+    struct PartialMockDisplay : public impl::Display {
+        PartialMockDisplay(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine)
+              : mCompositionEngine(compositionEngine) {}
+
+        // compositionengine::Output overrides
+        const OutputCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+        OutputCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+        // compositionengine::impl::Output overrides
+        const CompositionEngine& getCompositionEngine() const override {
+            return mCompositionEngine;
+        };
+
+        // Mock implementation overrides
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutputLayerCount, size_t());
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex,
+                           compositionengine::OutputLayer*(size_t));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayer,
+                     compositionengine::OutputLayer*(std::optional<size_t>, const sp<LayerFE>&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(finalizePendingOutputLayers, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(clearOutputLayers, void());
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dumpState, void(std::string&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(injectOutputLayerForTest, compositionengine::OutputLayer*(const sp<LayerFE>&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(injectOutputLayerForTest, void(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>));
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(anyLayersRequireClientComposition, bool());
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(allLayersRequireClientComposition, bool());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyChangedTypesToLayers, void(const impl::Display::ChangedTypes&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyDisplayRequests, void(const impl::Display::DisplayRequests&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyLayerRequestsToLayers, void(const impl::Display::LayerRequests&));
+
+        const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& mCompositionEngine;
+        impl::OutputCompositionState mState;
+    };
+
+    static std::string getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest() {
+        const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+                ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        return std::string("display for ") + test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name();
+    }
+
+    template <typename Display>
+    static std::shared_ptr<Display> createDisplay(
+            const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
+            compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs args) {
+        args.name = getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest();
+        return impl::createDisplayTemplated<Display>(compositionEngine, args);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Display>
+    static std::shared_ptr<StrictMock<Display>> createPartialMockDisplay(
+            const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
+            compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs args) {
+        args.name = getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest();
+        auto display = std::make_shared<StrictMock<Display>>(compositionEngine);
+
+        display->setConfiguration(args);
+
+        return display;
+    }
+
+    DisplayTestCommon() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay() {
+        return DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
+                .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
+                .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                .setIsSecure(true)
+                .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay() {
+        return DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false)
+                .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
+                .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                .setIsSecure(false)
+                .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
+    StrictMock<Hwc2::mock::PowerAdvisor> mPowerAdvisor;
+    StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
+};
+
+struct PartialMockDisplayTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
+    using Display = DisplayTestCommon::PartialMockDisplay;
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
+            createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
+                                              getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+};
+
+struct FullDisplayImplTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
+    using Display = DisplayTestCommon::FullImplDisplay;
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
+            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
+                                   getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+};
+
+struct DisplayWithLayersTestCommon : public FullDisplayImplTestCommon {
+    DisplayWithLayersTestCommon() {
+        mDisplay->injectOutputLayerForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer1.outputLayer));
+        mDisplay->injectOutputLayerForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer2.outputLayer));
+        mDisplay->injectOutputLayerForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer3.outputLayer));
+    }
+
+    Layer mLayer1;
+    Layer mLayer2;
+    LayerNoHWC2Layer mLayer3;
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2LayerUnknown;
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
+            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
+                                   getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+};
+
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, canInstantiateDisplay) {
-    {
-        constexpr DisplayId display1 = DisplayId{123u};
-        auto display =
-                impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine,
-                                    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayId(display1).build());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(display->isSecure());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(display->isVirtual());
-        EXPECT_EQ(display1, display->getId());
-    }
+struct DisplayCreationTest : public DisplayTestCommon {
+    using Display = DisplayTestCommon::FullImplDisplay;
+};
 
-    {
-        constexpr DisplayId display2 = DisplayId{546u};
-        auto display = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine,
-                                           DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                                   .setIsSecure(true)
-                                                   .setDisplayId(display2)
-                                                   .build());
-        EXPECT_TRUE(display->isSecure());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(display->isVirtual());
-        EXPECT_EQ(display2, display->getId());
-    }
-
-    {
-        constexpr DisplayId display3 = DisplayId{789u};
-        auto display = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine,
-                                           DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                                   .setIsVirtual(true)
-                                                   .setDisplayId(display3)
-                                                   .build());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(display->isSecure());
-        EXPECT_TRUE(display->isVirtual());
-        EXPECT_EQ(display3, display->getId());
-    }
+TEST_F(DisplayCreationTest, createPhysicalInternalDisplay) {
+    auto display =
+            impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(display->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(display->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, display->getId());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+TEST_F(DisplayCreationTest, createNonHwcVirtualDisplay) {
+    auto display = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine,
+                                       getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(display->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(display->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::nullopt, display->getId());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::setConfiguration()
+ */
+
+using DisplaySetConfigurationTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresInternalSecurePhysicalDisplay) {
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
+            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
+                    .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
+                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
+                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                    .setIsSecure(true)
+                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                    .build());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresExternalInsecurePhysicalDisplay) {
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
+            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
+                    .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayConnectionType::External})
+                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
+                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                    .setIsSecure(false)
+                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                    .build());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresHwcBackedVirtualDisplay) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
+                allocateVirtualDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                       Pointee(Eq(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
+                                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888)))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID));
+
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
+            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
+                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
+                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                    .setIsSecure(false)
+                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                    .build());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresNonHwcBackedVirtualDisplayIfHwcAllocationFails) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
+                allocateVirtualDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                       Pointee(Eq(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
+                                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888)))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::nullopt));
+
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
+            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
+                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
+                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                    .setIsSecure(false)
+                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                    .build());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresNonHwcBackedVirtualDisplayIfShouldNotUseHwc) {
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
+            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false)
+                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
+                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                    .setIsSecure(false)
+                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                    .build());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
+    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+}
+
+/*
  * Display::disconnect()
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, disconnectDisconnectsDisplay) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+using DisplayDisconnectTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
 
+TEST_F(DisplayDisconnectTest, disconnectsDisplay) {
     // The first call to disconnect will disconnect the display with the HWC and
     // set mHwcId to -1.
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, disconnectDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).Times(1);
-    mDisplay.disconnect();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay.getId());
+    mDisplay->disconnect();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getId());
 
     // Subsequent calls will do nothing,
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, disconnectDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).Times(0);
-    mDisplay.disconnect();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay.getId());
+    mDisplay->disconnect();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getId());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::setColorTransform()
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, setColorTransformSetsTransform) {
+using DisplaySetColorTransformTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetColorTransformTest, setsTransform) {
+    // No change does nothing
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = std::nullopt;
+    mDisplay->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+
     // Identity matrix sets an identity state value
-    const mat4 identity;
+    const mat4 kIdentity;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, setColorTransform(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, kIdentity)).Times(1);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, setColorTransform(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, identity)).Times(1);
-
-    mDisplay.setColorTransform(identity);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY, mDisplay.getState().colorTransform);
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
+    mDisplay->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
 
     // Non-identity matrix sets a non-identity state value
-    const mat4 nonIdentity = mat4() * 2;
+    const mat4 kNonIdentity = mat4() * 2;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, setColorTransform(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, nonIdentity)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, setColorTransform(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, kNonIdentity)).Times(1);
 
-    mDisplay.setColorTransform(nonIdentity);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_ARBITRARY_MATRIX, mDisplay.getState().colorTransform);
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kNonIdentity;
+    mDisplay->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::setColorMode()
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, setColorModeSetsModeUnlessNoChange) {
-    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    mDisplay.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+using DisplaySetColorModeTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+TEST_F(DisplaySetColorModeTest, setsModeUnlessNoChange) {
+    using ColorProfile = Output::ColorProfile;
+
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    mDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* colorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mDisplay->setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(colorProfile));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*colorProfile, getTargetDataspace(_, _, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
 
     // These values are expected to be the initial state.
-    ASSERT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, mDisplay.getState().colorMode);
-    ASSERT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay.getState().dataspace);
-    ASSERT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay.getState().renderIntent);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, mDisplay->getState().colorMode);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay->getState().dataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay->getState().renderIntent);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay->getState().targetDataspace);
 
     // Otherwise if the values are unchanged, nothing happens
-    mDisplay.setColorMode(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
-                          ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC);
+    mDisplay->setColorProfile(ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                                           ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, mDisplay.getState().colorMode);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay.getState().dataspace);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay.getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, mDisplay->getState().colorMode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay->getState().dataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay->getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay->getState().targetDataspace);
 
     // Otherwise if the values are different, updates happen
     EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)).Times(1);
@@ -163,47 +454,581 @@
                                    ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC))
             .Times(1);
 
-    mDisplay.setColorMode(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
-                          ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC);
+    mDisplay->setColorProfile(ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                           ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC,
+                                           ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, mDisplay.getState().colorMode);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, mDisplay.getState().dataspace);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay.getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, mDisplay->getState().colorMode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, mDisplay->getState().dataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC, mDisplay->getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay->getState().targetDataspace);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, setColorModeDoesNothingForVirtualDisplay) {
-    impl::Display virtualDisplay{mCompositionEngine,
-                                 DisplayCreationArgs{false, true, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID}};
+TEST_F(DisplaySetColorModeTest, doesNothingForVirtualDisplay) {
+    using ColorProfile = Output::ColorProfile;
 
-    virtualDisplay.setColorMode(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
-                                ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC);
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> virtualDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, virtualDisplay.getState().colorMode);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, virtualDisplay.getState().dataspace);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, virtualDisplay.getState().renderIntent);
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* colorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    virtualDisplay->setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+            std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(colorProfile));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*colorProfile,
+                getTargetDataspace(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                   ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
+
+    virtualDisplay->setColorProfile(
+            ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                         ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, virtualDisplay->getState().colorMode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, virtualDisplay->getState().dataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, virtualDisplay->getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, virtualDisplay->getState().targetDataspace);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::createDisplayColorProfile()
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, createDisplayColorProfileSetsDisplayColorProfile) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getDisplayColorProfile() == nullptr);
-    mDisplay.createDisplayColorProfile(
+using DisplayCreateColorProfileTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayCreateColorProfileTest, setsDisplayColorProfile) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDisplayColorProfile() == nullptr);
+    mDisplay->createDisplayColorProfile(
             DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs{false, HdrCapabilities(), 0,
                                             DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs::HwcColorModes()});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getDisplayColorProfile() != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDisplayColorProfile() != nullptr);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::createRenderSurface()
  */
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTest, createRenderSurfaceSetsRenderSurface) {
+using DisplayCreateRenderSurfaceTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayCreateRenderSurfaceTest, setsRenderSurface) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, disconnect(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL)).WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getRenderSurface() == nullptr);
-    mDisplay.createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{640, 480, mNativeWindow, nullptr});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getRenderSurface() != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() == nullptr);
+    mDisplay->createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{640, 480, mNativeWindow, nullptr});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() != nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::createOutputLayer()
+ */
+
+using DisplayCreateOutputLayerTest = FullDisplayImplTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayCreateOutputLayerTest, setsHwcLayer) {
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwcLayer;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, createLayer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(&hwcLayer));
+
+    auto outputLayer = mDisplay->createOutputLayer(layerFE);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(&hwcLayer, outputLayer->getHwcLayer());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, destroyLayer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, &hwcLayer));
+    outputLayer.reset();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::setReleasedLayers()
+ */
+
+using DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, doesNothingIfNotHwcDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerXLayerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+
+    {
+        Output::ReleasedLayers releasedLayers;
+        releasedLayers.emplace_back(layerXLayerFE);
+        nonHwcDisplay->setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
+    }
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(layerXLayerFE);
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+
+    const auto& releasedLayers = nonHwcDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, releasedLayers.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, doesNothingIfNoLayersWithQueuedFrames) {
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerXLayerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+
+    {
+        Output::ReleasedLayers releasedLayers;
+        releasedLayers.emplace_back(layerXLayerFE);
+        mDisplay->setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
+    }
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    mDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+
+    const auto& releasedLayers = mDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, releasedLayers.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, setReleasedLayers) {
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> unknownLayer = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(mLayer1.layerFE);
+    refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(mLayer2.layerFE);
+    refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(unknownLayer);
+
+    mDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+
+    const auto& releasedLayers = mDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, releasedLayers.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(mLayer1.layerFE.get(), releasedLayers[0].promote().get());
+    ASSERT_EQ(mLayer2.layerFE.get(), releasedLayers[1].promote().get());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::chooseCompositionStrategy()
+ */
+
+using DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutIfNotAHwcDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> nonHwcDisplay =
+            createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, args);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(nonHwcDisplay->getId());
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = nonHwcDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutOnHwcError) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
+
+    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperation) {
+    // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return
+    // values, use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known
+    // order.
+    Sequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperationWithChanges) {
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges changes{
+            {{nullptr, hal::Composition::CLIENT}},
+            hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET,
+            {{nullptr, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET}},
+            {hal::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, hal::Dataspace::UNKNOWN},
+    };
+
+    // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return
+    // values, use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known
+    // order.
+    Sequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(changes), Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes.changedTypes)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(changes.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes.layerRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::getSkipColorTransform()
+ */
+
+using DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest, checksCapabilityIfNonHwcDisplay) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasCapability(hal::Capability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM))
+            .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    auto nonHwcDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(nonHwcDisplay->getSkipColorTransform());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest, checksDisplayCapability) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
+                hasDisplayCapability(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                     hal::DisplayCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM))
+            .WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getSkipColorTransform());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition()
+ */
+
+using DisplayAnyLayersRequireClientCompositionTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayAnyLayersRequireClientCompositionTest, returnsFalse) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->anyLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayAnyLayersRequireClientCompositionTest, returnsTrue) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->anyLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition()
+ */
+
+using DisplayAllLayersRequireClientCompositionTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayAllLayersRequireClientCompositionTest, returnsTrue) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->allLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayAllLayersRequireClientCompositionTest, returnsFalse) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->allLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyChangedTypesToLayers()
+ */
+
+using DisplayApplyChangedTypesToLayersTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyChangedTypesToLayersTest, takesEarlyOutIfNoChangedLayers) {
+    mDisplay->applyChangedTypesToLayers(impl::Display::ChangedTypes());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyChangedTypesToLayersTest, appliesChanges) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer,
+                applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer,
+                applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay->applyChangedTypesToLayers(impl::Display::ChangedTypes{
+            {&mLayer1.hwc2Layer, hal::Composition::CLIENT},
+            {&mLayer2.hwc2Layer, hal::Composition::DEVICE},
+            {&hwc2LayerUnknown, hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR},
+    });
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyDisplayRequests()
+ */
+
+using DisplayApplyDisplayRequestsTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyDisplayRequestsTest, handlesNoRequests) {
+    mDisplay->applyDisplayRequests(static_cast<hal::DisplayRequest>(0));
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyDisplayRequestsTest, handlesFlipClientTarget) {
+    mDisplay->applyDisplayRequests(hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET);
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyDisplayRequestsTest, handlesWriteClientTargetToOutput) {
+    mDisplay->applyDisplayRequests(hal::DisplayRequest::WRITE_CLIENT_TARGET_TO_OUTPUT);
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyDisplayRequestsTest, handlesAllRequestFlagsSet) {
+    mDisplay->applyDisplayRequests(static_cast<hal::DisplayRequest>(~0));
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyLayerRequestsToLayers()
+ */
+
+using DisplayApplyLayerRequestsToLayersTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyLayerRequestsToLayersTest, preparesAllLayers) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay->applyLayerRequestsToLayers(impl::Display::LayerRequests());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayApplyLayerRequestsToLayersTest, appliesDeviceLayerRequests) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3.outputLayer, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1.outputLayer,
+                applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay->applyLayerRequestsToLayers(impl::Display::LayerRequests{
+            {&mLayer1.hwc2Layer, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET},
+            {&hwc2LayerUnknown, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET},
+    });
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::presentAndGetFrameFences()
+ */
+
+using DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest, returnsNoFencesOnNonHwcDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    auto nonHwcDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
+
+    auto result = nonHwcDisplay->presentAndGetFrameFences();
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.presentFence.get());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.presentFence->isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, result.layerFences.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest, returnsPresentAndLayerFences) {
+    sp<Fence> presentFence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer1Fence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer2Fence = new Fence();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, presentAndGetReleaseFences(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getPresentFence(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(presentFence));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getLayerReleaseFence(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, &mLayer1.hwc2Layer))
+            .WillOnce(Return(layer1Fence));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getLayerReleaseFence(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, &mLayer2.hwc2Layer))
+            .WillOnce(Return(layer2Fence));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, clearReleaseFences(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).Times(1);
+
+    auto result = mDisplay->presentAndGetFrameFences();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(presentFence, result.presentFence);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, result.layerFences.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer1.hwc2Layer));
+    EXPECT_EQ(layer1Fence, result.layerFences[&mLayer1.hwc2Layer]);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer2.hwc2Layer));
+    EXPECT_EQ(layer2Fence, result.layerFences[&mLayer2.hwc2Layer]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::setExpensiveRenderingExpected()
+ */
+
+using DisplaySetExpensiveRenderingExpectedTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplaySetExpensiveRenderingExpectedTest, forwardsToPowerAdvisor) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mPowerAdvisor, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true)).Times(1);
+    mDisplay->setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mPowerAdvisor, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false)).Times(1);
+    mDisplay->setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::finishFrame()
+ */
+
+using DisplayFinishFrameTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
+
+TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, doesNotSkipCompositionIfNotDirtyOnHwcDisplay) {
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    mDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+
+    // We expect no calls to queueBuffer if composition was skipped.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
+
+    // Expect a call to signal no expensive rendering since there is no client composition.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mPowerAdvisor, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
+
+    mDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mDisplay->editState().viewport = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    mDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
+
+    mDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, skipsCompositionIfNotDirty) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+
+    // We expect no calls to queueBuffer if composition was skipped.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(0);
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().viewport = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfDirty) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+
+    // We expect a single call to queueBuffer when composition is not skipped.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().viewport = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfRepaintEverything) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+
+    // We expect a single call to queueBuffer when composition is not skipped.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().viewport = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
+
+    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display functional tests
+ */
+
+struct DisplayFunctionalTest : public testing::Test {
+    class Display : public impl::Display {
+    public:
+        using impl::Display::injectOutputLayerForTest;
+        virtual void injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>) = 0;
+    };
+
+    DisplayFunctionalTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+
+        mDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    NiceMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
+    NiceMock<Hwc2::mock::PowerAdvisor> mPowerAdvisor;
+    NiceMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new NiceMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
+    sp<mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface = new NiceMock<mock::DisplaySurface>();
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay = impl::createDisplayTemplated<
+            Display>(mCompositionEngine,
+                     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                             .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
+                             .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
+                             .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                             .setIsSecure(true)
+                             .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                             .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                             .build()
+
+    );
+    impl::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface =
+            new impl::RenderSurface{mCompositionEngine, *mDisplay,
+                                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                                              DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, mNativeWindow,
+                                                              mDisplaySurface}};
+};
+
+TEST_F(DisplayFunctionalTest, postFramebufferCriticalCallsAreOrdered) {
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    mDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, presentAndGetReleaseFences(_));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, onFrameCommitted());
+
+    mDisplay->postFramebuffer();
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/LayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/LayerTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 26115a3..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/LayerTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <compositionengine/LayerCreationArgs.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/Layer.h>
-#include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
-#include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
-
-namespace android::compositionengine {
-namespace {
-
-using testing::StrictMock;
-
-class LayerTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    ~LayerTest() override = default;
-
-    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
-    sp<LayerFE> mLayerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
-    impl::Layer mLayer{mCompositionEngine, LayerCreationArgs{mLayerFE}};
-};
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Basic construction
- */
-
-TEST_F(LayerTest, canInstantiateLayer) {}
-
-} // namespace
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.cpp
index 8c10341..0baa79d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "MockHWC2.h"
 
-namespace HWC2 {
+namespace android::HWC2 {
 
 // This will go away once HWC2::Layer is moved into the "backend" library
 Layer::~Layer() = default;
@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@
 Layer::~Layer() = default;
 
 } // namespace mock
-} // namespace HWC2
+} // namespace android::HWC2
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.h
index 7fd6541..d21b97e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWC2.h
@@ -20,44 +20,59 @@
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
+namespace android {
 namespace HWC2 {
 namespace mock {
 
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
+using Error = hal::Error;
+
 class Layer : public HWC2::Layer {
 public:
     Layer();
     ~Layer() override;
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getId, hwc2_layer_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getId, hal::HWLayerId());
 
     MOCK_METHOD2(setCursorPosition, Error(int32_t, int32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setBuffer,
                  Error(uint32_t, const android::sp<android::GraphicBuffer>&,
                        const android::sp<android::Fence>&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setSurfaceDamage, Error(const android::Region&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setBlendMode, Error(BlendMode));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setColor, Error(hwc_color_t));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setCompositionType, Error(Composition));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setBlendMode, Error(hal::BlendMode));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setColor, Error(hal::Color));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setCompositionType, Error(hal::Composition));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setDataspace, Error(android::ui::Dataspace));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setPerFrameMetadata, Error(const int32_t, const android::HdrMetadata&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setDisplayFrame, Error(const android::Rect&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setPlaneAlpha, Error(float));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setSidebandStream, Error(const native_handle_t*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setSourceCrop, Error(const android::FloatRect&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setTransform, Error(Transform));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setTransform, Error(hal::Transform));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setVisibleRegion, Error(const android::Region&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setZOrder, Error(uint32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setInfo, Error(uint32_t, uint32_t));
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, Error(const android::mat4&));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(setLayerGenericMetadata,
+                 Error(const std::string&, bool, const std::vector<uint8_t>&));
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
 } // namespace HWC2
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 94349de..75a4fec 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -19,39 +19,48 @@
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace mock {
 
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
 class HWComposer : public android::HWComposer {
 public:
     HWComposer();
     ~HWComposer() override;
 
-    MOCK_METHOD2(registerCallback, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback*, int32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setConfiguration, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback*, int32_t));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD3(getDisplayIdentificationData,
-                       bool(hwc2_display_t, uint8_t*, DisplayIdentificationData*));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasCapability, bool(HWC2::Capability));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(hasDisplayCapability,
-                       bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&, HWC2::DisplayCapability));
+                       bool(hal::HWDisplayId, uint8_t*, DisplayIdentificationData*));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasCapability, bool(hal::Capability));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(hasDisplayCapability, bool(DisplayId, hal::DisplayCapability));
 
     MOCK_METHOD3(allocateVirtualDisplay,
                  std::optional<DisplayId>(uint32_t, uint32_t, ui::PixelFormat*));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(allocatePhysicalDisplay, void(hal::HWDisplayId, DisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createLayer, HWC2::Layer*(DisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD2(destroyLayer, void(DisplayId, HWC2::Layer*));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(prepare, status_t(DisplayId, const compositionengine::Output&));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(getDeviceCompositionChanges,
+                 status_t(DisplayId, bool,
+                          std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
     MOCK_METHOD5(setClientTarget,
                  status_t(DisplayId, uint32_t, const sp<Fence>&, const sp<GraphicBuffer>&,
                           ui::Dataspace));
     MOCK_METHOD1(presentAndGetReleaseFences, status_t(DisplayId));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setPowerMode, status_t(DisplayId, int));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setPowerMode, status_t(DisplayId, hal::PowerMode));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setActiveConfig, status_t(DisplayId, size_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setColorTransform, status_t(DisplayId, const mat4&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(disconnectDisplay, void(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasDeviceComposition, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasFlipClientTargetRequest, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasClientComposition, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getPresentFence, sp<Fence>(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(getLayerReleaseFence, sp<Fence>(DisplayId, HWC2::Layer*));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setOutputBuffer, status_t(DisplayId, const sp<Fence>&, const sp<GraphicBuffer>&));
@@ -65,13 +74,13 @@
     MOCK_METHOD4(setDisplayContentSamplingEnabled, status_t(DisplayId, bool, uint8_t, uint64_t));
     MOCK_METHOD4(getDisplayedContentSample,
                  status_t(DisplayId, uint64_t, uint64_t, DisplayedFrameStats*));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setDisplayBrightness, status_t(DisplayId, float));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setDisplayBrightness, std::future<status_t>(DisplayId, float));
     MOCK_METHOD2(getDisplayBrightnessSupport, status_t(DisplayId, bool*));
 
     MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplug,
-                 std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo>(hwc2_display_t, HWC2::Connection));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onVsync, bool(hwc2_display_t, int64_t));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setVsyncEnabled, void(DisplayId, HWC2::Vsync));
+                 std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo>(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(onVsync, bool(hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setVsyncEnabled, void(DisplayId, hal::Vsync));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getRefreshTimestamp, nsecs_t(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(isConnected, bool(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getConfigs,
@@ -81,14 +90,25 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getColorModes, std::vector<ui::ColorMode>(DisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setActiveColorMode, status_t(DisplayId, ui::ColorMode, ui::RenderIntent));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isUsingVrComposer, bool());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDisplayConnectionType, DisplayConnectionType(DisplayId));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported, bool(DisplayId));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDisplayVsyncPeriod, nsecs_t(DisplayId));
+    MOCK_METHOD4(setActiveConfigWithConstraints,
+                 status_t(DisplayId, size_t, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints&,
+                          hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline*));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setAutoLowLatencyMode, status_t(DisplayId, bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(getSupportedContentTypes, status_t(DisplayId, std::vector<hal::ContentType>*));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setContentType, status_t(DisplayId, hal::ContentType));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata,
+                       const std::unordered_map<std::string, bool>&());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getComposer, android::Hwc2::Composer*());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hwc2_display_t>(int32_t));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getInternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hwc2_display_t>());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getExternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hwc2_display_t>());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(toPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<DisplayId>(hwc2_display_t));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(fromPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<hwc2_display_t>(DisplayId));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>(int32_t));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getInternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getExternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(toPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<DisplayId>(hal::HWDisplayId));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(fromPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>(DisplayId));
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/mock/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.cpp
similarity index 67%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/mock/Layer.cpp
rename to services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.cpp
index 08483cb..85b9403 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/mock/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
+
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -14,13 +14,21 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <compositionengine/mock/Layer.h>
+#include "MockPowerAdvisor.h"
 
-namespace android::compositionengine::mock {
+namespace android {
+namespace Hwc2 {
+
+// This will go away once PowerAdvisor is moved into the "backend" library
+PowerAdvisor::~PowerAdvisor() = default;
+
+namespace mock {
 
 // The Google Mock documentation recommends explicit non-header instantiations
 // for better compile time performance.
-Layer::Layer() = default;
-Layer::~Layer() = default;
+PowerAdvisor::PowerAdvisor() = default;
+PowerAdvisor::~PowerAdvisor() = default;
 
-} // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
+} // namespace mock
+} // namespace Hwc2
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.h
similarity index 60%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h
rename to services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.h
index ab01c20..b738096 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/LayerCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockPowerAdvisor.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /*
  * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
+
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
@@ -16,26 +16,24 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <string>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
-#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
-#include <renderengine/Mesh.h>
+#include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
 
 namespace android {
+namespace Hwc2 {
+namespace mock {
 
-namespace compositionengine::impl {
+class PowerAdvisor : public android::Hwc2::PowerAdvisor {
+public:
+    PowerAdvisor();
+    ~PowerAdvisor() override;
 
-struct LayerCompositionState {
-    /*
-     * State intended to be set by LayerFE::getCompositionState
-     */
-
-    LayerFECompositionState frontEnd;
-
-    // Debugging
-    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+    MOCK_METHOD0(onBootFinished, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD2(setExpensiveRenderingExpected, void(DisplayId displayId, bool expected));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(notifyDisplayUpdateImminent, void());
 };
 
-} // namespace compositionengine::impl
+} // namespace mock
+} // namespace Hwc2
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index c9d8b5b..020f93a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -15,26 +15,28 @@
  */
 
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
-#include <compositionengine/mock/Layer.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/Output.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "MockHWComposer.h"
-#include "RectMatcher.h"
+#include "RegionMatcher.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
 using testing::_;
+using testing::InSequence;
 using testing::Return;
 using testing::ReturnRef;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
-constexpr DisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = DisplayId{42};
-
 constexpr auto TR_IDENT = 0u;
 constexpr auto TR_FLP_H = HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_H;
 constexpr auto TR_FLP_V = HAL_TRANSFORM_FLIP_V;
@@ -44,26 +46,49 @@
 
 const std::string kOutputName{"Test Output"};
 
-class OutputLayerTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
+MATCHER_P(ColorEq, expected, "") {
+    *result_listener << "Colors are not equal\n";
+    *result_listener << "expected " << expected.r << " " << expected.g << " " << expected.b << " "
+                     << expected.a << "\n";
+    *result_listener << "actual " << arg.r << " " << arg.g << " " << arg.b << " " << arg.a << "\n";
+
+    return expected.r == arg.r && expected.g == arg.g && expected.b == arg.b && expected.a == arg.a;
+}
+
+struct OutputLayerTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputLayer final : public impl::OutputLayer {
+        OutputLayer(const compositionengine::Output& output, sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> layerFE)
+              : mOutput(output), mLayerFE(layerFE) {}
+        ~OutputLayer() override = default;
+
+        // compositionengine::OutputLayer overrides
+        const compositionengine::Output& getOutput() const override { return mOutput; }
+        compositionengine::LayerFE& getLayerFE() const override { return *mLayerFE; }
+        const impl::OutputLayerCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+        impl::OutputLayerCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+        // compositionengine::impl::OutputLayer overrides
+        void dumpState(std::string& out) const override { mState.dump(out); }
+
+        const compositionengine::Output& mOutput;
+        sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+        impl::OutputLayerCompositionState mState;
+    };
+
     OutputLayerTest() {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getDebugName()).WillRepeatedly(Return("Test LayerFE"));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getName()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(kOutputName));
 
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mLayerState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayerFEState));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mOutputState));
     }
 
-    ~OutputLayerTest() override = default;
-
     compositionengine::mock::Output mOutput;
-    std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::mock::Layer> mLayer{
-            new StrictMock<compositionengine::mock::Layer>()};
     sp<compositionengine::mock::LayerFE> mLayerFE{
             new StrictMock<compositionengine::mock::LayerFE>()};
-    impl::OutputLayer mOutputLayer{mOutput, mLayer, mLayerFE};
+    OutputLayer mOutputLayer{mOutput, mLayerFE};
 
-    impl::LayerCompositionState mLayerState;
+    LayerFECompositionState mLayerFEState;
     impl::OutputCompositionState mOutputState;
 };
 
@@ -74,35 +99,134 @@
 TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, canInstantiateOutputLayer) {}
 
 /*
- * OutputLayer::initialize()
+ * OutputLayer::setHwcLayer()
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, initializingOutputLayerWithoutHwcDoesNothingInteresting) {
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, settingNullHwcLayerSetsEmptyHwcState) {
     StrictMock<compositionengine::mock::CompositionEngine> compositionEngine;
 
-    mOutputLayer.initialize(compositionEngine, std::nullopt);
+    mOutputLayer.setHwcLayer(nullptr);
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.getState().hwc);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, initializingOutputLayerWithHwcDisplayCreatesHwcLayer) {
-    StrictMock<compositionengine::mock::CompositionEngine> compositionEngine;
-    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> hwc;
-    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwcLayer;
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, settingHwcLayerSetsHwcState) {
+    auto hwcLayer = std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(compositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(hwc));
-    EXPECT_CALL(hwc, createLayer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(&hwcLayer));
-
-    mOutputLayer.initialize(compositionEngine, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID);
+    mOutputLayer.setHwcLayer(hwcLayer);
 
     const auto& outputLayerState = mOutputLayer.getState();
     ASSERT_TRUE(outputLayerState.hwc);
 
     const auto& hwcState = *outputLayerState.hwc;
-    EXPECT_EQ(&hwcLayer, hwcState.hwcLayer.get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(hwcLayer, hwcState.hwcLayer);
+}
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(hwc, destroyLayer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, &hwcLayer));
-    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::calculateOutputSourceCrop()
+ */
+
+struct OutputLayerSourceCropTest : public OutputLayerTest {
+    OutputLayerSourceCropTest() {
+        // Set reasonable default values for a simple case. Each test will
+        // set one specific value to something different.
+        mLayerFEState.geomUsesSourceCrop = true;
+        mLayerFEState.geomContentCrop = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+        mLayerFEState.transparentRegionHint = Region{};
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f};
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferSize = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferTransform = TR_IDENT;
+
+        mOutputState.viewport = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+    }
+
+    FloatRect calculateOutputSourceCrop() {
+        mLayerFEState.geomInverseLayerTransform = mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.inverse();
+
+        return mOutputLayer.calculateOutputSourceCrop();
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, computesEmptyIfSourceCropNotUsed) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomUsesSourceCrop = false;
+
+    const FloatRect expected{};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, correctForSimpleDefaultCase) {
+    const FloatRect expected{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, handlesBoundsOutsideViewport) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{-2000.f, -2000.f, 2000.f, 2000.f};
+
+    const FloatRect expected{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, handlesBoundsOutsideViewportRotated) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{-2000.f, -2000.f, 2000.f, 2000.f};
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.set(HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90, 1920, 1080);
+
+    const FloatRect expected{0.f, 0.f, 1080.f, 1080.f};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, calculateOutputSourceCropWorksWithATransformedBuffer) {
+    struct Entry {
+        uint32_t bufferInvDisplay;
+        uint32_t buffer;
+        uint32_t display;
+        FloatRect expected;
+    };
+    // Not an exhaustive list of cases, but hopefully enough.
+    const std::array<Entry, 12> testData = {
+            // clang-format off
+            //             inv      buffer      display     expected
+            /*  0 */ Entry{false,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  1 */ Entry{false,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  2 */ Entry{false,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  3 */ Entry{false,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+
+            /*  4 */ Entry{true,    TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  5 */ Entry{true,    TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  6 */ Entry{true,    TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  7 */ Entry{true,    TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+
+            /*  8 */ Entry{false,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /*  9 */ Entry{false,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /* 10 */ Entry{false,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+            /* 11 */ Entry{false,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f}},
+
+            // clang-format on
+    };
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < testData.size(); i++) {
+        const auto& entry = testData[i];
+
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = entry.bufferInvDisplay;
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferTransform = entry.buffer;
+        mOutputState.orientation = entry.display;
+
+        EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), entry.expected) << "entry " << i;
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, geomContentCropAffectsCrop) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomContentCrop = Rect{0, 0, 960, 540};
+
+    const FloatRect expected{0.f, 0.f, 960.f, 540.f};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerSourceCropTest, viewportAffectsCrop) {
+    mOutputState.viewport = Rect{0, 0, 960, 540};
+
+    const FloatRect expected{0.f, 0.f, 960.f, 540.f};
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputSourceCrop(), expected);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -114,20 +238,19 @@
         // Set reasonable default values for a simple case. Each test will
         // set one specific value to something different.
 
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomActiveTransparentRegion = Region{};
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferSize = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomCrop = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f};
+        mLayerFEState.transparentRegionHint = Region{};
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferSize = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
+        mLayerFEState.geomCrop = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 1920.f, 1080.f};
 
         mOutputState.viewport = Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
         mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
     }
 
     Rect calculateOutputDisplayFrame() {
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomInverseLayerTransform =
-                mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerTransform.inverse();
+        mLayerFEState.geomInverseLayerTransform = mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.inverse();
 
         return mOutputLayer.calculateOutputDisplayFrame();
     }
@@ -135,50 +258,50 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, correctForSimpleDefaultCase) {
     const Rect expected{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, fullActiveTransparentRegionReturnsEmptyFrame) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomActiveTransparentRegion = Region{Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080}};
+    mLayerFEState.transparentRegionHint = Region{Rect{0, 0, 1920, 1080}};
     const Rect expected{0, 0, 0, 0};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, cropAffectsDisplayFrame) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomCrop = Rect{100, 200, 300, 500};
+    mLayerFEState.geomCrop = Rect{100, 200, 300, 500};
     const Rect expected{100, 200, 300, 500};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, cropAffectsDisplayFrameRotated) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomCrop = Rect{100, 200, 300, 500};
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerTransform.set(HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90, 1920, 1080);
+    mLayerFEState.geomCrop = Rect{100, 200, 300, 500};
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.set(HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90, 1920, 1080);
     const Rect expected{1420, 100, 1720, 300};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, emptyGeomCropIsNotUsedToComputeFrame) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomCrop = Rect{};
+    mLayerFEState.geomCrop = Rect{};
     const Rect expected{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, geomLayerSnapToBoundsAffectsFrame) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 960.f, 540.f};
+TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, geomLayerBoundsAffectsFrame) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 960.f, 540.f};
     const Rect expected{0, 0, 960, 540};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, viewportAffectsFrame) {
     mOutputState.viewport = Rect{0, 0, 960, 540};
     const Rect expected{0, 0, 960, 540};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerDisplayFrameTest, outputTransformAffectsDisplayFrame) {
     mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90};
     const Rect expected{-1080, 0, 0, 1920};
-    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), RectEq(expected));
+    EXPECT_THAT(calculateOutputDisplayFrame(), expected);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -186,7 +309,7 @@
  */
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransformTestsNeeded) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
+    mLayerFEState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
 
     struct Entry {
         uint32_t layer;
@@ -233,22 +356,320 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < testData.size(); i++) {
         const auto& entry = testData[i];
 
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerTransform.set(entry.layer, 1920, 1080);
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferTransform = entry.buffer;
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.set(entry.layer, 1920, 1080);
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferTransform = entry.buffer;
         mOutputState.orientation = entry.display;
         mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{entry.display};
 
-        auto actual = mOutputLayer.calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform();
+        const auto actual = mOutputLayer.calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(entry.display);
         EXPECT_EQ(entry.expected, actual) << "entry " << i;
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest,
+       calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransformTestWithOfBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform) {
+    mLayerFEState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = true;
+
+    struct Entry {
+        uint32_t layer; /* shouldn't affect the result, so we just use arbitrary values */
+        uint32_t buffer;
+        uint32_t display;
+        uint32_t internal;
+        uint32_t expected;
+    };
+    const std::array<Entry, 64> testData = {
+            // clang-format off
+            //    layer       buffer      display     internal    expected
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180},
+
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270},
+
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT},
+
+            //    layer       buffer      display     internal    expected
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180},
+
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90},
+
+            //    layer       buffer      display     internal    expected
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90},
+
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180},
+
+            //    layer       buffer      display     internal    expected
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT},
+
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT,   TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_90,  TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180},
+
+            Entry{TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_IDENT,   TR_ROT_180},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_90,  TR_ROT_90},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_180, TR_IDENT},
+            Entry{TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270, TR_ROT_270},
+            // clang-format on
+    };
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < testData.size(); i++) {
+        const auto& entry = testData[i];
+
+        mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform.set(entry.layer, 1920, 1080);
+        mLayerFEState.geomBufferTransform = entry.buffer;
+        mOutputState.orientation = entry.display;
+        mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{entry.display};
+
+        const auto actual = mOutputLayer.calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(entry.internal);
+        EXPECT_EQ(entry.expected, actual) << "entry " << i;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::updateCompositionState()
+ */
+
+struct OutputLayerPartialMockForUpdateCompositionState : public impl::OutputLayer {
+    OutputLayerPartialMockForUpdateCompositionState(const compositionengine::Output& output,
+                                                    sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> layerFE)
+          : mOutput(output), mLayerFE(layerFE) {}
+    // Mock everything called by updateCompositionState to simplify testing it.
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(calculateOutputSourceCrop, FloatRect());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(calculateOutputDisplayFrame, Rect());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform, uint32_t(uint32_t));
+
+    // compositionengine::OutputLayer overrides
+    const compositionengine::Output& getOutput() const override { return mOutput; }
+    compositionengine::LayerFE& getLayerFE() const override { return *mLayerFE; }
+    const impl::OutputLayerCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+    impl::OutputLayerCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+    // These need implementations though are not expected to be called.
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dumpState, void(std::string&));
+
+    const compositionengine::Output& mOutput;
+    sp<compositionengine::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+    impl::OutputLayerCompositionState mState;
+};
+
+struct OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest : public OutputLayerTest {
+public:
+    OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mOutputState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDisplayColorProfile())
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mDisplayColorProfile));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mDisplayColorProfile, isDataspaceSupported(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    }
+
+    ~OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest() = default;
+
+    void setupGeometryChildCallValues(ui::Transform::RotationFlags internalDisplayRotationFlags) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, calculateOutputSourceCrop()).WillOnce(Return(kSourceCrop));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, calculateOutputDisplayFrame()).WillOnce(Return(kDisplayFrame));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer,
+                    calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(internalDisplayRotationFlags))
+                .WillOnce(Return(mBufferTransform));
+    }
+
+    void validateComputedGeometryState() {
+        const auto& state = mOutputLayer.getState();
+        EXPECT_EQ(kSourceCrop, state.sourceCrop);
+        EXPECT_EQ(kDisplayFrame, state.displayFrame);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(mBufferTransform), state.bufferTransform);
+    }
+
+    const FloatRect kSourceCrop{1.f, 2.f, 3.f, 4.f};
+    const Rect kDisplayFrame{11, 12, 13, 14};
+    uint32_t mBufferTransform{21};
+
+    using OutputLayer = OutputLayerPartialMockForUpdateCompositionState;
+    StrictMock<OutputLayer> mOutputLayer{mOutput, mLayerFE};
+    StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile> mDisplayColorProfile;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, doesNothingIfNoFECompositionState) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_90);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, setsStateNormally) {
+    mLayerFEState.isSecure = true;
+    mOutputState.isSecure = true;
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = true;
+
+    setupGeometryChildCallValues(ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_90);
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_90);
+
+    validateComputedGeometryState();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(false, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest,
+       alsoSetsForceCompositionIfSecureLayerOnNonsecureOutput) {
+    mLayerFEState.isSecure = true;
+    mOutputState.isSecure = false;
+
+    setupGeometryChildCallValues(ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    validateComputedGeometryState();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest,
+       alsoSetsForceCompositionIfUnsupportedBufferTransform) {
+    mLayerFEState.isSecure = true;
+    mOutputState.isSecure = true;
+
+    mBufferTransform = ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID;
+
+    setupGeometryChildCallValues(ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    validateComputedGeometryState();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, setsOutputLayerColorspaceCorrectly) {
+    mLayerFEState.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+    mOutputState.targetDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB;
+
+    // If the layer is not colorspace agnostic, the output layer dataspace
+    // should use the layers requested colorspace.
+    mLayerFEState.isColorspaceAgnostic = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, mOutputLayer.getState().dataspace);
+
+    // If the layer is colorspace agnostic, the output layer dataspace
+    // should use the colorspace chosen for the whole output.
+    mLayerFEState.isColorspaceAgnostic = true;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB, mOutputLayer.getState().dataspace);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, doesNotRecomputeGeometryIfNotRequested) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(false, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest,
+       doesNotClearForceClientCompositionIfNotDoingGeometry) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = true;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, clientCompositionForcedFromFrontEndFlagAtAnyTime) {
+    mLayerFEState.forceClientComposition = true;
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest,
+       clientCompositionForcedFromUnsupportedDataspaceAtAnyTime) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = false;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplayColorProfile, isDataspaceSupported(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerUpdateCompositionStateTest, clientCompositionForcedFromArgumentFlag) {
+    mLayerFEState.forceClientComposition = false;
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = false;
+
+    setupGeometryChildCallValues(ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    mOutputLayer.updateCompositionState(true, true, ui::Transform::RotationFlags::ROT_0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, mOutputLayer.getState().forceClientComposition);
+}
+
 /*
  * OutputLayer::writeStateToHWC()
  */
 
 struct OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest : public OutputLayerTest {
-    static constexpr HWC2::Error kError = HWC2::Error::Unsupported;
+    static constexpr hal::Error kError = hal::Error::UNSUPPORTED;
     static constexpr FloatRect kSourceCrop{11.f, 12.f, 13.f, 14.f};
     static constexpr uint32_t kZOrder = 21u;
     static constexpr Hwc2::Transform kBufferTransform = static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(31);
@@ -257,8 +678,25 @@
     static constexpr float kAlpha = 51.f;
     static constexpr uint32_t kType = 61u;
     static constexpr uint32_t kAppId = 62u;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kDataspace = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(71);
+    static constexpr int kSupportedPerFrameMetadata = 101;
+    static constexpr int kExpectedHwcSlot = 0;
+    static constexpr bool kLayerGenericMetadata1Mandatory = true;
+    static constexpr bool kLayerGenericMetadata2Mandatory = true;
 
+    static const half4 kColor;
     static const Rect kDisplayFrame;
+    static const Region kOutputSpaceVisibleRegion;
+    static const mat4 kColorTransform;
+    static const Region kSurfaceDamage;
+    static const HdrMetadata kHdrMetadata;
+    static native_handle_t* kSidebandStreamHandle;
+    static const sp<GraphicBuffer> kBuffer;
+    static const sp<Fence> kFence;
+    static const std::string kLayerGenericMetadata1Key;
+    static const std::vector<uint8_t> kLayerGenericMetadata1Value;
+    static const std::string kLayerGenericMetadata2Key;
+    static const std::vector<uint8_t> kLayerGenericMetadata2Value;
 
     OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest() {
         auto& outputLayerState = mOutputLayer.editState();
@@ -268,30 +706,130 @@
         outputLayerState.sourceCrop = kSourceCrop;
         outputLayerState.z = kZOrder;
         outputLayerState.bufferTransform = static_cast<Hwc2::Transform>(kBufferTransform);
+        outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion = kOutputSpaceVisibleRegion;
+        outputLayerState.dataspace = kDataspace;
 
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.blendMode = kBlendMode;
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.alpha = kAlpha;
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.type = kType;
-        mLayerState.frontEnd.appId = kAppId;
+        mLayerFEState.blendMode = kBlendMode;
+        mLayerFEState.alpha = kAlpha;
+        mLayerFEState.type = kType;
+        mLayerFEState.appId = kAppId;
+        mLayerFEState.colorTransform = kColorTransform;
+        mLayerFEState.color = kColor;
+        mLayerFEState.surfaceDamage = kSurfaceDamage;
+        mLayerFEState.hdrMetadata = kHdrMetadata;
+        mLayerFEState.sidebandStream = NativeHandle::create(kSidebandStreamHandle, false);
+        mLayerFEState.buffer = kBuffer;
+        mLayerFEState.bufferSlot = BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT;
+        mLayerFEState.acquireFence = kFence;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDisplayColorProfile())
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mDisplayColorProfile));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mDisplayColorProfile, getSupportedPerFrameMetadata())
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(kSupportedPerFrameMetadata));
+    }
+
+    // Some tests may need to simulate unsupported HWC calls
+    enum class SimulateUnsupported { None, ColorTransform };
+
+    void includeGenericLayerMetadataInState() {
+        mLayerFEState.metadata[kLayerGenericMetadata1Key] = {kLayerGenericMetadata1Mandatory,
+                                                             kLayerGenericMetadata1Value};
+        mLayerFEState.metadata[kLayerGenericMetadata2Key] = {kLayerGenericMetadata2Mandatory,
+                                                             kLayerGenericMetadata2Value};
     }
 
     void expectGeometryCommonCalls() {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setDisplayFrame(kDisplayFrame)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setSourceCrop(kSourceCrop)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setZOrder(kZOrder)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setTransform(static_cast<HWC2::Transform>(kBufferTransform)))
-                .WillOnce(Return(kError));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setTransform(kBufferTransform)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
 
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setBlendMode(static_cast<HWC2::BlendMode>(kBlendMode)))
-                .WillOnce(Return(kError));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setBlendMode(kBlendMode)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setPlaneAlpha(kAlpha)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setInfo(kType, kAppId)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
     }
 
+    void expectPerFrameCommonCalls(SimulateUnsupported unsupported = SimulateUnsupported::None) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setVisibleRegion(RegionEq(kOutputSpaceVisibleRegion)))
+                .WillOnce(Return(kError));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setDataspace(kDataspace)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setColorTransform(kColorTransform))
+                .WillOnce(Return(unsupported == SimulateUnsupported::ColorTransform
+                                         ? hal::Error::UNSUPPORTED
+                                         : hal::Error::NONE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setSurfaceDamage(RegionEq(kSurfaceDamage)))
+                .WillOnce(Return(kError));
+    }
+
+    void expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition compositionType) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setCompositionType(compositionType)).WillOnce(Return(kError));
+    }
+
+    void expectNoSetCompositionTypeCall() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setCompositionType(_)).Times(0);
+    }
+
+    void expectSetColorCall() {
+        const hal::Color color = {static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(kColor.r * 255)),
+                                  static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(kColor.g * 255)),
+                                  static_cast<uint8_t>(std::round(kColor.b * 255)), 255};
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setColor(ColorEq(color))).WillOnce(Return(kError));
+    }
+
+    void expectSetSidebandHandleCall() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setSidebandStream(kSidebandStreamHandle));
+    }
+
+    void expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setPerFrameMetadata(kSupportedPerFrameMetadata, kHdrMetadata));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setBuffer(kExpectedHwcSlot, kBuffer, kFence));
+    }
+
+    void expectGenericLayerMetadataCalls() {
+        // Note: Can be in any order.
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer,
+                    setLayerGenericMetadata(kLayerGenericMetadata1Key,
+                                            kLayerGenericMetadata1Mandatory,
+                                            kLayerGenericMetadata1Value));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer,
+                    setLayerGenericMetadata(kLayerGenericMetadata2Key,
+                                            kLayerGenericMetadata2Mandatory,
+                                            kLayerGenericMetadata2Value));
+    }
+
     std::shared_ptr<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHwcLayer{std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>()};
+    StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile> mDisplayColorProfile;
 };
 
+const half4 OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kColor{81.f / 255.f, 82.f / 255.f, 83.f / 255.f,
+                                                   84.f / 255.f};
 const Rect OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kDisplayFrame{1001, 1002, 1003, 10044};
+const Region OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kOutputSpaceVisibleRegion{
+        Rect{1005, 1006, 1007, 1008}};
+const mat4 OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kColorTransform{
+        1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016,
+        1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024,
+};
+const Region OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kSurfaceDamage{Rect{1025, 1026, 1027, 1028}};
+const HdrMetadata OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kHdrMetadata{{/* LightFlattenable */}, 1029};
+native_handle_t* OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kSidebandStreamHandle =
+        reinterpret_cast<native_handle_t*>(1031);
+const sp<GraphicBuffer> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kBuffer;
+const sp<Fence> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kFence;
+const std::string OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kLayerGenericMetadata1Key =
+        "com.example.metadata.1";
+const std::vector<uint8_t> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kLayerGenericMetadata1Value{{1, 2, 3}};
+const std::string OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kLayerGenericMetadata2Key =
+        "com.example.metadata.2";
+const std::vector<uint8_t> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kLayerGenericMetadata2Value{
+        {4, 5, 6, 7}};
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoFECompositionState) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+}
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoHWCState) {
     mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
@@ -305,15 +843,18 @@
     mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetsAllState) {
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetAllState) {
     expectGeometryCommonCalls();
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+
+    expectNoSetCompositionTypeCall();
 
     mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, displayInstallOrientationBufferTransformSetTo90) {
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
+    mLayerFEState.geomBufferUsesDisplayInverseTransform = false;
+    mLayerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform{TR_IDENT};
     // This test simulates a scenario where displayInstallOrientation is set to
     // ROT_90. This only has an effect on the transform; orientation stays 0 (see
     // DisplayDevice::setProjection).
@@ -321,9 +862,310 @@
     mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{TR_ROT_90};
     // Buffers are pre-rotated based on the transform hint (ROT_90); their
     // geomBufferTransform is set to the inverse transform.
-    mLayerState.frontEnd.geomBufferTransform = TR_ROT_270;
+    mLayerFEState.geomBufferTransform = TR_ROT_270;
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(TR_IDENT, mOutputLayer.calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform());
+    EXPECT_EQ(TR_IDENT, mOutputLayer.calculateOutputRelativeBufferTransform(ui::Transform::ROT_90));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForSolidColor) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+
+    // Setting the composition type should happen before setting the color. We
+    // check this in this test only by setting up an testing::InSeqeuence
+    // instance before setting up the two expectations.
+    InSequence s;
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR);
+    expectSetColorCall();
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForSideband) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SIDEBAND;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetSidebandHandleCall();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SIDEBAND);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForCursor) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForDevice) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsNotSetIfUnchanged) {
+    (*mOutputLayer.editState().hwc).hwcCompositionType =
+            Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
+
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetColorCall();
+    expectNoSetCompositionTypeCall();
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsSetToClientIfColorTransformNotSupported) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls(SimulateUnsupported::ColorTransform);
+    expectSetColorCall();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsSetToClientIfClientCompositionForced) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().forceClientComposition = true;
+
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetColorCall();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, allStateIncludesMetadataIfPresent) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+    includeGenericLayerMetadataInState();
+
+    expectGeometryCommonCalls();
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectGenericLayerMetadataCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, perFrameStateDoesNotIncludeMetadataIfPresent) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+    includeGenericLayerMetadataInState();
+
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::writeCursorPositionToHWC()
+ */
+
+struct OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest : public OutputLayerTest {
+    static constexpr int kDefaultTransform = TR_IDENT;
+    static constexpr hal::Error kDefaultError = hal::Error::UNSUPPORTED;
+
+    static const Rect kDefaultDisplayViewport;
+    static const Rect kDefaultCursorFrame;
+
+    OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest() {
+        auto& outputLayerState = mOutputLayer.editState();
+        outputLayerState.hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc(mHwcLayer);
+
+        mLayerFEState.cursorFrame = kDefaultCursorFrame;
+
+        mOutputState.viewport = kDefaultDisplayViewport;
+        mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{kDefaultTransform};
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHwcLayer{std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>()};
+};
+
+const Rect OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest::kDefaultDisplayViewport{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+const Rect OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest::kDefaultCursorFrame{1, 2, 3, 4};
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoFECompositionState) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest, writeCursorPositionToHWCHandlesNoHwcState) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest, writeCursorPositionToHWCWritesStateToHWC) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setCursorPosition(1, 2)).WillOnce(Return(kDefaultError));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest, writeCursorPositionToHWCIntersectedWithViewport) {
+    mLayerFEState.cursorFrame = Rect{3000, 3000, 3016, 3016};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setCursorPosition(1920, 1080)).WillOnce(Return(kDefaultError));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteCursorPositionToHWCTest, writeCursorPositionToHWCRotatedByTransform) {
+    mOutputState.transform = ui::Transform{TR_ROT_90};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHwcLayer, setCursorPosition(-4, 1)).WillOnce(Return(kDefaultError));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeCursorPositionToHWC();
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::getHwcLayer()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerHandlesNoHwcState) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerHandlesNoHwcLayer) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerReturnsHwcLayer) {
+    auto hwcLayer = std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>();
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{hwcLayer};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hwcLayer.get(), mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer());
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::requiresClientComposition()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsTrueIfNoHWC2State) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsTrueIfSetToClientComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsFalseIfSetToDeviceComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::isHardwareCursor()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, isHardwareCursorReturnsFalseIfNoHWC2State) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.isHardwareCursor());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, isHardwareCursorReturnsTrueIfSetToCursorComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.isHardwareCursor());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, isHardwareCursorReturnsFalseIfSetToDeviceComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.isHardwareCursor());
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceCompositionTypeChangeSetsNewType) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getState().hwc);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT,
+              mOutputLayer.getState().hwc->hwcCompositionType);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, prepareForDeviceLayerRequestsResetsRequestState) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = true;
+
+    mOutputLayer.prepareForDeviceLayerRequests();
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::applyDeviceLayerRequest()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceLayerRequestHandlesClearClientTarget) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceLayerRequestHandlesUnknownRequest) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceLayerRequest(static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest>(0));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::needsFiltering()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, needsFilteringReturnsFalseIfDisplaySizeSameAsSourceSize) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().displayFrame = Rect(100, 100, 200, 200);
+    mOutputLayer.editState().sourceCrop = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 100.f, 100.f};
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.needsFiltering());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, needsFilteringReturnsTrueIfDisplaySizeDifferentFromSourceSize) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().displayFrame = Rect(100, 100, 200, 200);
+    mOutputLayer.editState().sourceCrop = FloatRect{0.f, 0.f, 100.1f, 100.1f};
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.needsFiltering());
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index fee0c11..7a06400 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -16,49 +16,172 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h>
-#include <compositionengine/mock/Layer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 
+#include "CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h"
+#include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "RegionMatcher.h"
-#include "TransformMatcher.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
+using testing::_;
+using testing::ByMove;
+using testing::ByRef;
+using testing::DoAll;
+using testing::ElementsAre;
+using testing::ElementsAreArray;
+using testing::Eq;
+using testing::InSequence;
+using testing::Invoke;
+using testing::IsEmpty;
+using testing::Mock;
+using testing::Pointee;
+using testing::Property;
+using testing::Ref;
 using testing::Return;
 using testing::ReturnRef;
+using testing::SetArgPointee;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
-class OutputTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    OutputTest() {
-        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
-                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
-        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+constexpr auto TR_IDENT = 0u;
+constexpr auto TR_ROT_90 = HAL_TRANSFORM_ROT_90;
+constexpr auto MAX_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_CACHE_SIZE = 3;
 
-        mOutput.editState().bounds = kDefaultDisplaySize;
+const mat4 kIdentity;
+const mat4 kNonIdentityHalf = mat4() * 0.5f;
+const mat4 kNonIdentityQuarter = mat4() * 0.25f;
+
+constexpr OutputColorSetting kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting =
+        static_cast<OutputColorSetting>(0x100);
+
+struct OutputPartialMockBase : public impl::Output {
+    // compositionengine::Output overrides
+    const OutputCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
+    OutputCompositionState& editState() override { return mState; }
+
+    // Use mocks for all the remaining virtual functions
+    // not implemented by the base implementation class.
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutputLayerCount, size_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex, compositionengine::OutputLayer*(size_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayer,
+                 compositionengine::OutputLayer*(std::optional<size_t>, const sp<LayerFE>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(finalizePendingOutputLayers, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(clearOutputLayers, void());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dumpState, void(std::string&));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getCompositionEngine, const CompositionEngine&());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(injectOutputLayerForTest, compositionengine::OutputLayer*(const sp<LayerFE>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(injectOutputLayerForTest, void(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>));
+
+    impl::OutputCompositionState mState;
+};
+
+struct InjectedLayer {
+    InjectedLayer() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*layerFE.get()));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&layerFEState));
     }
-    ~OutputTest() override = default;
+
+    mock::OutputLayer* outputLayer = {new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFEState;
+    impl::OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerState;
+};
+
+struct NonInjectedLayer {
+    NonInjectedLayer() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*layerFE.get()));
+        EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&layerFEState));
+    }
+
+    mock::OutputLayer outputLayer;
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFEState;
+    impl::OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerState;
+};
+
+struct OutputTest : public testing::Test {
+    class Output : public impl::Output {
+    public:
+        using impl::Output::injectOutputLayerForTest;
+        virtual void injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>) = 0;
+    };
+
+    static std::shared_ptr<Output> createOutput(
+            const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine) {
+        return impl::createOutputTemplated<Output>(compositionEngine);
+    }
+
+    OutputTest() {
+        mOutput->setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+
+        mOutput->editState().bounds = kDefaultDisplaySize;
+    }
+
+    void injectOutputLayer(InjectedLayer& layer) {
+        mOutput->injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>(layer.outputLayer));
+    }
+
+    void injectNullOutputLayer() {
+        mOutput->injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>(nullptr));
+    }
 
     static const Rect kDefaultDisplaySize;
 
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
     mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    impl::Output mOutput{mCompositionEngine};
+    std::shared_ptr<Output> mOutput = createOutput(mCompositionEngine);
 };
 
 const Rect OutputTest::kDefaultDisplaySize{100, 200};
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+using ColorProfile = compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile;
+
+void dumpColorProfile(ColorProfile profile, std::string& result, const char* name) {
+    android::base::StringAppendF(&result, "%s (%s[%d] %s[%d] %s[%d] %s[%d]) ", name,
+                                 toString(profile.mode).c_str(), profile.mode,
+                                 toString(profile.dataspace).c_str(), profile.dataspace,
+                                 toString(profile.renderIntent).c_str(), profile.renderIntent,
+                                 toString(profile.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace).c_str(),
+                                 profile.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace);
+}
+
+// Checks for a ColorProfile match
+MATCHER_P(ColorProfileEq, expected, "") {
+    std::string buf;
+    buf.append("ColorProfiles are not equal\n");
+    dumpColorProfile(expected, buf, "expected value");
+    dumpColorProfile(arg, buf, "actual value");
+    *result_listener << buf;
+
+    return (expected.mode == arg.mode) && (expected.dataspace == arg.dataspace) &&
+            (expected.renderIntent == arg.renderIntent) &&
+            (expected.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace == arg.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace);
+}
+
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
@@ -67,48 +190,48 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, isValid()).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isValid()).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.isValid());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->isValid());
 
     // If we take away the required components, it is no longer valid.
-    mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>());
+    mOutput->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, isValid()).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.isValid());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->isValid());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setCompositionEnabled()
  */
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, setCompositionEnabledDoesNothingIfAlreadyEnabled) {
-    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
 
-    mOutput.setCompositionEnabled(true);
+    mOutput->setCompositionEnabled(true);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.getState().isEnabled);
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().isEnabled);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, setCompositionEnabledSetsEnabledAndDirtiesEntireOutput) {
-    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = false;
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = false;
 
-    mOutput.setCompositionEnabled(true);
+    mOutput->setCompositionEnabled(true);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.getState().isEnabled);
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().isEnabled);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, setCompositionEnabledSetsDisabledAndDirtiesEntireOutput) {
-    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
 
-    mOutput.setCompositionEnabled(false);
+    mOutput->setCompositionEnabled(false);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.getState().isEnabled);
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->getState().isEnabled);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setProjection()
  */
 
@@ -117,20 +240,23 @@
     const int32_t orientation = 123;
     const Rect frame{1, 2, 3, 4};
     const Rect viewport{5, 6, 7, 8};
-    const Rect scissor{9, 10, 11, 12};
+    const Rect sourceClip{9, 10, 11, 12};
+    const Rect destinationClip{13, 14, 15, 16};
     const bool needsFiltering = true;
 
-    mOutput.setProjection(transform, orientation, frame, viewport, scissor, needsFiltering);
+    mOutput->setProjection(transform, orientation, frame, viewport, sourceClip, destinationClip,
+                           needsFiltering);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().transform, TransformEq(transform));
-    EXPECT_EQ(orientation, mOutput.getState().orientation);
-    EXPECT_EQ(frame, mOutput.getState().frame);
-    EXPECT_EQ(viewport, mOutput.getState().viewport);
-    EXPECT_EQ(scissor, mOutput.getState().scissor);
-    EXPECT_EQ(needsFiltering, mOutput.getState().needsFiltering);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().transform, transform);
+    EXPECT_EQ(orientation, mOutput->getState().orientation);
+    EXPECT_EQ(frame, mOutput->getState().frame);
+    EXPECT_EQ(viewport, mOutput->getState().viewport);
+    EXPECT_EQ(sourceClip, mOutput->getState().sourceClip);
+    EXPECT_EQ(destinationClip, mOutput->getState().destinationClip);
+    EXPECT_EQ(needsFiltering, mOutput->getState().needsFiltering);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setBounds()
  */
 
@@ -140,94 +266,160 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setDisplaySize(displaySize)).Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, getSize()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(displaySize));
 
-    mOutput.setBounds(displaySize);
+    mOutput->setBounds(displaySize);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect(displaySize), mOutput.getState().bounds);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Rect(displaySize), mOutput->getState().bounds);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(displaySize))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(displaySize))));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setLayerStackFilter()
  */
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, setLayerStackFilterSetsFilterAndDirtiesEntireOutput) {
     const uint32_t layerStack = 123u;
-    mOutput.setLayerStackFilter(layerStack, true);
+    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack, true);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.getState().layerStackInternal);
-    EXPECT_EQ(layerStack, mOutput.getState().layerStackId);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().layerStackInternal);
+    EXPECT_EQ(layerStack, mOutput->getState().layerStackId);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setColorTransform
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformSetsTransform) {
-    // Identity matrix sets an identity state value
-    const mat4 identity;
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformWithNoChangeFlaggedSkipsUpdates) {
+    mOutput->editState().colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
 
-    mOutput.setColorTransform(identity);
+    // If no colorTransformMatrix is set the update should be skipped.
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = std::nullopt;
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY, mOutput.getState().colorTransform);
-    EXPECT_EQ(identity, mOutput.getState().colorTransformMat);
+    mOutput->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
 
-    // Since identity is the default, the dirty region should be unchanged (empty)
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
+    // The internal state should be unchanged
+    EXPECT_EQ(kIdentity, mOutput->getState().colorTransformMatrix);
 
-    // Non-identity matrix sets a non-identity state value
-    const mat4 nonIdentityHalf = mat4() * 0.5;
-
-    mOutput.setColorTransform(nonIdentityHalf);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_ARBITRARY_MATRIX, mOutput.getState().colorTransform);
-    EXPECT_EQ(nonIdentityHalf, mOutput.getState().colorTransformMat);
-
-    // Since this is a state change, the entire output should now be dirty.
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
-
-    // Non-identity matrix sets a non-identity state value
-    const mat4 nonIdentityQuarter = mat4() * 0.25;
-
-    mOutput.setColorTransform(nonIdentityQuarter);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_ARBITRARY_MATRIX, mOutput.getState().colorTransform);
-    EXPECT_EQ(nonIdentityQuarter, mOutput.getState().colorTransformMat);
-
-    // Since this is a state change, the entire output should now be dirty.
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    // No dirty region should be set
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Output::setColorMode
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformWithNoActualChangeSkipsUpdates) {
+    mOutput->editState().colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
+
+    // Attempting to set the same colorTransformMatrix that is already set should
+    // also skip the update.
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
+
+    mOutput->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+
+    // The internal state should be unchanged
+    EXPECT_EQ(kIdentity, mOutput->getState().colorTransformMatrix);
+
+    // No dirty region should be set
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformPerformsUpdateToIdentity) {
+    mOutput->editState().colorTransformMatrix = kNonIdentityHalf;
+
+    // Setting a different colorTransformMatrix should perform the update.
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
+
+    mOutput->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+
+    // The internal state should have been updated
+    EXPECT_EQ(kIdentity, mOutput->getState().colorTransformMatrix);
+
+    // The dirtyRegion should be set to the full display size
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformPerformsUpdateForIdentityToHalf) {
+    mOutput->editState().colorTransformMatrix = kIdentity;
+
+    // Setting a different colorTransformMatrix should perform the update.
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kNonIdentityHalf;
+
+    mOutput->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+
+    // The internal state should have been updated
+    EXPECT_EQ(kNonIdentityHalf, mOutput->getState().colorTransformMatrix);
+
+    // The dirtyRegion should be set to the full display size
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorTransformPerformsUpdateForHalfToQuarter) {
+    mOutput->editState().colorTransformMatrix = kNonIdentityHalf;
+
+    // Setting a different colorTransformMatrix should perform the update.
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.colorTransformMatrix = kNonIdentityQuarter;
+
+    mOutput->setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
+
+    // The internal state should have been updated
+    EXPECT_EQ(kNonIdentityQuarter, mOutput->getState().colorTransformMatrix);
+
+    // The dirtyRegion should be set to the full display size
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::setColorProfile
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorModeSetsStateAndDirtiesOutputIfChanged) {
+using OutputSetColorProfileTest = OutputTest;
+
+TEST_F(OutputSetColorProfileTest, setsStateAndDirtiesOutputIfChanged) {
+    using ColorProfile = Output::ColorProfile;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile,
+                getTargetDataspace(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                   ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)).Times(1);
 
-    mOutput.setColorMode(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
-                         ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC);
+    mOutput->setColorProfile(ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                          ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC,
+                                          ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, mOutput.getState().colorMode);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, mOutput.getState().dataspace);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC, mOutput.getState().renderIntent);
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, mOutput->getState().colorMode);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, mOutput->getState().dataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC, mOutput->getState().renderIntent);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mOutput->getState().targetDataspace);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, setColorModeDoesNothingIfNoChange) {
-    mOutput.editState().colorMode = ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3;
-    mOutput.editState().dataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
-    mOutput.editState().renderIntent = ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC;
+TEST_F(OutputSetColorProfileTest, doesNothingIfNoChange) {
+    using ColorProfile = Output::ColorProfile;
 
-    mOutput.setColorMode(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
-                         ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile,
+                getTargetDataspace(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                   ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
+    mOutput->editState().colorMode = ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3;
+    mOutput->editState().dataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+    mOutput->editState().renderIntent = ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC;
+    mOutput->editState().targetDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    mOutput->setColorProfile(ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3, ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                          ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC,
+                                          ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setRenderSurface()
  */
 
@@ -237,22 +429,22 @@
     mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
     EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, getSize()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(newDisplaySize));
 
-    mOutput.setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    mOutput->setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect(newDisplaySize), mOutput.getState().bounds);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Rect(newDisplaySize), mOutput->getState().bounds);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::getDirtyRegion()
  */
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, getDirtyRegionWithRepaintEverythingTrue) {
     const Rect viewport{100, 200};
-    mOutput.editState().viewport = viewport;
-    mOutput.editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
+    mOutput->editState().viewport = viewport;
+    mOutput->editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
 
     {
-        Region result = mOutput.getDirtyRegion(true);
+        Region result = mOutput->getDirtyRegion(true);
 
         EXPECT_THAT(result, RegionEq(Region(viewport)));
     }
@@ -260,18 +452,18 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, getDirtyRegionWithRepaintEverythingFalse) {
     const Rect viewport{100, 200};
-    mOutput.editState().viewport = viewport;
-    mOutput.editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
+    mOutput->editState().viewport = viewport;
+    mOutput->editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
 
     {
-        Region result = mOutput.getDirtyRegion(false);
+        Region result = mOutput->getDirtyRegion(false);
 
         // The dirtyRegion should be clipped to the display bounds.
         EXPECT_THAT(result, RegionEq(Region(Rect(50, 200))));
     }
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::belongsInOutput()
  */
 
@@ -280,101 +472,3637 @@
     const uint32_t layerStack2 = 456u;
 
     // If the output accepts layerStack1 and internal-only layers....
-    mOutput.setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, true);
+    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, true);
+
+    // A layer with no layerStack does not belong to it, internal-only or not.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(std::nullopt, false));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(std::nullopt, true));
 
     // Any layer with layerStack1 belongs to it, internal-only or not.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
 
     // If the output accepts layerStack21 but not internal-only layers...
-    mOutput.setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, false);
+    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, false);
 
     // Only non-internal layers with layerStack1 belong to it.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+TEST_F(OutputTest, belongsInOutputHandlesLayerWithNoCompositionState) {
+    NonInjectedLayer layer;
+    sp<LayerFE> layerFE(layer.layerFE);
+
+    // If the layer has no composition state, it does not belong to any output.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer.layerFE, getCompositionState).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputTest, belongsInOutputFiltersLayersAsExpected) {
+    NonInjectedLayer layer;
+    sp<LayerFE> layerFE(layer.layerFE);
+
+    const uint32_t layerStack1 = 123u;
+    const uint32_t layerStack2 = 456u;
+
+    // If the output accepts layerStack1 and internal-only layers....
+    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, true);
+
+    // A layer with no layerStack does not belong to it, internal-only or not.
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = std::nullopt;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = std::nullopt;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    // Any layer with layerStack1 belongs to it, internal-only or not.
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    // If the output accepts layerStack1 but not internal-only layers...
+    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, false);
+
+    // Only non-internal layers with layerStack1 belong to it.
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+
+    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
+    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+}
+
+/*
  * Output::getOutputLayerForLayer()
  */
 
 TEST_F(OutputTest, getOutputLayerForLayerWorks) {
-    mock::OutputLayer* outputLayer1 = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
-    mock::OutputLayer* outputLayer2 = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    NonInjectedLayer layer3;
 
-    Output::OutputLayers outputLayers;
-    outputLayers.emplace_back(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>(outputLayer1));
-    outputLayers.emplace_back(nullptr);
-    outputLayers.emplace_back(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>(outputLayer2));
-    mOutput.setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(std::move(outputLayers));
-
-    StrictMock<mock::Layer> layer;
-    StrictMock<mock::Layer> otherLayer;
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectNullOutputLayer();
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
 
     // If the input layer matches the first OutputLayer, it will be returned.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer1, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(layer));
-    EXPECT_EQ(outputLayer1, mOutput.getOutputLayerForLayer(&layer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer1.layerFE.get()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(layer1.outputLayer, mOutput->getOutputLayerForLayer(layer1.layerFE));
 
     // If the input layer matches the second OutputLayer, it will be returned.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer1, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(otherLayer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer2, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(layer));
-    EXPECT_EQ(outputLayer2, mOutput.getOutputLayerForLayer(&layer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer1.layerFE.get()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer2.layerFE.get()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(layer2.outputLayer, mOutput->getOutputLayerForLayer(layer2.layerFE));
 
     // If the input layer does not match an output layer, null will be returned.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer1, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(otherLayer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer2, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(otherLayer));
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mOutput.getOutputLayerForLayer(&layer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer1.layerFE.get()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer2.layerFE.get()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mOutput->getOutputLayerForLayer(layer3.layerFE));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Output::getOrCreateOutputLayer()
+/*
+ * Output::setReleasedLayers()
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, getOrCreateOutputLayerWorks) {
-    mock::OutputLayer* existingOutputLayer = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+using OutputSetReleasedLayersTest = OutputTest;
 
-    Output::OutputLayers outputLayers;
-    outputLayers.emplace_back(nullptr);
-    outputLayers.emplace_back(std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>(existingOutputLayer));
-    mOutput.setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(std::move(outputLayers));
+TEST_F(OutputSetReleasedLayersTest, setReleasedLayersTakesGivenLayers) {
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layer1FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layer2FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layer3FE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
 
-    std::shared_ptr<mock::Layer> layer{new StrictMock<mock::Layer>()};
-    sp<LayerFE> layerFE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    Output::ReleasedLayers layers;
+    layers.push_back(layer1FE);
+    layers.push_back(layer2FE);
+    layers.push_back(layer3FE);
 
-    StrictMock<mock::Layer> otherLayer;
+    mOutput->setReleasedLayers(std::move(layers));
 
-    {
-        // If there is no OutputLayer corresponding to the input layer, a
-        // new OutputLayer is constructed and returned.
-        EXPECT_CALL(*existingOutputLayer, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(otherLayer));
-        auto result = mOutput.getOrCreateOutputLayer(std::nullopt, layer, layerFE);
-        EXPECT_NE(existingOutputLayer, result.get());
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result.get() != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ(layer.get(), &result->getLayer());
-        EXPECT_EQ(layerFE.get(), &result->getLayerFE());
+    const auto& setLayers = mOutput->getReleasedLayersForTest();
+    ASSERT_EQ(3u, setLayers.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(layer1FE.get(), setLayers[0].promote().get());
+    ASSERT_EQ(layer2FE.get(), setLayers[1].promote().get());
+    ASSERT_EQ(layer3FE.get(), setLayers[2].promote().get());
+}
 
-        // The entries in the ordered array should be unchanged.
-        auto& outputLayers = mOutput.getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
-        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, outputLayers[0].get());
-        EXPECT_EQ(existingOutputLayer, outputLayers[1].get());
+/*
+ * Output::updateLayerStateFromFE()
+ */
+
+using OutputUpdateLayerStateFromFETest = OutputTest;
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateLayerStateFromFETest, handlesNoOutputLayerCase) {
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+
+    mOutput->updateLayerStateFromFE(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateLayerStateFromFETest, preparesContentStateForAllContainedLayers) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.layerFE.get(), prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Content));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.layerFE.get(), prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Content));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.layerFE.get(), prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::Content));
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
+
+    mOutput->updateLayerStateFromFE(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateLayerStateFromFETest, preparesGeometryAndContentStateForAllContainedLayers) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::GeometryAndContent));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::GeometryAndContent));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.layerFE, prepareCompositionState(LayerFE::StateSubset::GeometryAndContent));
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
+    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = true;
+
+    mOutput->updateLayerStateFromFE(refreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::updateAndWriteCompositionState()
+ */
+
+using OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest = OutputTest;
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, doesNothingIfLayers) {
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, doesNothingIfOutputNotEnabled) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = false;
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, updatesLayerContentForAllLayers) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
+    args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
+    args.internalDisplayRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_180;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, updatesLayerGeometryAndContentForAllLayers) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = true;
+    args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, forcesClientCompositionForAllLayers) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
+    args.devOptForceClientComposition = true;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::prepareFrame()
+ */
+
+struct OutputPrepareFrameTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+    };
+
+    OutputPrepareFrameTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
     }
 
-    {
-        // If there is an existing OutputLayer for the requested layer, an owned
-        // pointer is returned
-        EXPECT_CALL(*existingOutputLayer, getLayer()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(*layer));
-        auto result = mOutput.getOrCreateOutputLayer(std::nullopt, layer, layerFE);
-        EXPECT_EQ(existingOutputLayer, result.get());
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+};
 
-        // The corresponding entry in the ordered array should be cleared.
-        auto& outputLayers = mOutput.getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
-        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, outputLayers[0].get());
-        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, outputLayers[1].get());
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameTest, takesEarlyOutIfNotEnabled) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = false;
+
+    mOutput.prepareFrame();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameTest, delegatesToChooseCompositionStrategyAndRenderSurface) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
+
+    mOutput.prepareFrame();
+}
+
+// Note: Use OutputTest and not OutputPrepareFrameTest, so the real
+// base chooseCompositionStrategy() is invoked.
+TEST_F(OutputTest, prepareFrameSetsClientCompositionOnlyByDefault) {
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput->editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(true, false));
+
+    mOutput->prepareFrame();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->getState().usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::prepare()
+ */
+
+struct OutputPrepareTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD2(rebuildLayerStacks,
+                     void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                          compositionengine::LayerFESet&));
+    };
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+    LayerFESet mGeomSnapshots;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareTest, justInvokesRebuildLayerStacks) {
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, rebuildLayerStacks(Ref(mRefreshArgs), Ref(mGeomSnapshots)));
+
+    mOutput.prepare(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::rebuildLayerStacks()
+ */
+
+struct OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD2(collectVisibleLayers,
+                     void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                          compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&));
+    };
+
+    OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest() {
+        mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+        mOutput.mState.transform = kIdentityTransform;
+        mOutput.mState.bounds = kOutputBounds;
+
+        mRefreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = true;
+
+        mCoverageAboveCoveredLayersToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 10, 10));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, collectVisibleLayers(Ref(mRefreshArgs), _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Invoke(this, &OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest::setTestCoverageValues));
     }
+
+    void setTestCoverageValues(const CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                               compositionengine::Output::CoverageState& state) {
+        state.aboveCoveredLayers = mCoverageAboveCoveredLayersToSet;
+        state.aboveOpaqueLayers = mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet;
+        state.dirtyRegion = mCoverageDirtyRegionToSet;
+    }
+
+    static const ui::Transform kIdentityTransform;
+    static const ui::Transform kRotate90Transform;
+    static const Rect kOutputBounds;
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+    LayerFESet mGeomSnapshots;
+    Region mCoverageAboveCoveredLayersToSet;
+    Region mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet;
+    Region mCoverageDirtyRegionToSet;
+};
+
+const ui::Transform OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest::kIdentityTransform{TR_IDENT, 1920, 1080};
+const ui::Transform OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest::kRotate90Transform{TR_ROT_90, 1920, 1080};
+const Rect OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest::kOutputBounds{0, 0, 1920, 1080};
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, doesNothingIfNotEnabled) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, doesNothingIfNotUpdatingGeometryThisFrame) {
+    mRefreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = false;
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, computesUndefinedRegionWithNoRotationAndFullCoverage) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kIdentityTransform;
+
+    mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.undefinedRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(0, 0, 0, 0))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, computesUndefinedRegionWithNoRotationAndPartialCoverage) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kIdentityTransform;
+
+    mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 960, 1080));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.undefinedRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(960, 0, 1920, 1080))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, computesUndefinedRegionWith90RotationAndFullCoverage) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kRotate90Transform;
+
+    mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1080, 1920));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.undefinedRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(0, 0, 0, 0))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, computesUndefinedRegionWith90RotationAndPartialCoverage) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kRotate90Transform;
+
+    mCoverageAboveOpaqueLayersToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1080, 960));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.undefinedRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(0, 0, 960, 1080))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, addsToDirtyRegionWithNoRotation) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kIdentityTransform;
+    mOutput.mState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(960, 0, 1920, 1080));
+
+    mCoverageDirtyRegionToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 960, 1080));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(0, 0, 1920, 1080))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputRebuildLayerStacksTest, addsToDirtyRegionWith90Rotation) {
+    mOutput.mState.transform = kRotate90Transform;
+    mOutput.mState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 960, 1080, 1920));
+
+    mCoverageDirtyRegionToSet = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1080, 960));
+
+    mOutput.rebuildLayerStacks(mRefreshArgs, mGeomSnapshots);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.mState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(0, 0, 1080, 1920))));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::collectVisibleLayers()
+ */
+
+struct OutputCollectVisibleLayersTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayerIfVisible,
+                     void(sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&,
+                          compositionengine::Output::CoverageState&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(setReleasedLayers, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(finalizePendingOutputLayers, void());
+    };
+
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() {
+            EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+            EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
+        }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> outputLayer;
+        impl::OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerState;
+        sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> layerFE{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    };
+
+    OutputCollectVisibleLayersTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(3u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer1.outputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer2.outputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(2))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer3.outputLayer));
+
+        mRefreshArgs.layers.push_back(mLayer1.layerFE);
+        mRefreshArgs.layers.push_back(mLayer2.layerFE);
+        mRefreshArgs.layers.push_back(mLayer3.layerFE);
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+    LayerFESet mGeomSnapshots;
+    Output::CoverageState mCoverageState{mGeomSnapshots};
+    Layer mLayer1;
+    Layer mLayer2;
+    Layer mLayer3;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputCollectVisibleLayersTest, doesMinimalWorkIfNoLayers) {
+    mRefreshArgs.layers.clear();
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setReleasedLayers(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finalizePendingOutputLayers());
+
+    mOutput.collectVisibleLayers(mRefreshArgs, mCoverageState);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputCollectVisibleLayersTest, processesCandidateLayersReversedAndSetsOutputLayerZ) {
+    // Enforce a call order sequence for this test.
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    // Layer coverage is evaluated from front to back!
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(Eq(mLayer3.layerFE), Ref(mCoverageState)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(Eq(mLayer2.layerFE), Ref(mCoverageState)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(Eq(mLayer1.layerFE), Ref(mCoverageState)));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setReleasedLayers(Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finalizePendingOutputLayers());
+
+    mOutput.collectVisibleLayers(mRefreshArgs, mCoverageState);
+
+    // Ensure all output layers have been assigned a simple/flattened z-order.
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, mLayer1.outputLayerState.z);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, mLayer2.outputLayerState.z);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, mLayer3.outputLayerState.z);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::ensureOutputLayerIfVisible()
+ */
+
+struct OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(belongsInOutput, bool(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex, OutputLayer*(size_t));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayer,
+                     compositionengine::OutputLayer*(std::optional<size_t>, const sp<LayerFE>&));
+    };
+
+    OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE)))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+        mOutput.mState.bounds = Rect(0, 0, 200, 300);
+        mOutput.mState.viewport = Rect(0, 0, 200, 300);
+        mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 200, 300);
+
+        mLayer.layerFEState.isVisible = true;
+        mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+        mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+        mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0, 0, 100, 200};
+        mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+        mLayer.layerFEState.transparentRegionHint = Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+
+        mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 50, 200));
+        mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion = Region(Rect(50, 0, 100, 200));
+
+        mGeomSnapshots.insert(mLayer.layerFE);
+    }
+
+    void ensureOutputLayerIfVisible() {
+        sp<LayerFE> layerFE(mLayer.layerFE);
+        mOutput.ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(layerFE, mCoverageState);
+    }
+
+    static const Region kEmptyRegion;
+    static const Region kFullBoundsNoRotation;
+    static const Region kRightHalfBoundsNoRotation;
+    static const Region kLowerHalfBoundsNoRotation;
+    static const Region kFullBounds90Rotation;
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    LayerFESet mGeomSnapshots;
+    Output::CoverageState mCoverageState{mGeomSnapshots};
+
+    NonInjectedLayer mLayer;
+};
+
+const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kEmptyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 0, 0));
+const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kFullBoundsNoRotation =
+        Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 200));
+const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kRightHalfBoundsNoRotation =
+        Region(Rect(0, 100, 100, 200));
+const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kLowerHalfBoundsNoRotation =
+        Region(Rect(50, 0, 100, 200));
+const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kFullBounds90Rotation =
+        Region(Rect(0, 0, 200, 100));
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, performsGeomLatchBeforeCheckingIfLayerBelongs) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer.layerFE,
+                prepareCompositionState(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset::BasicGeometry));
+
+    mGeomSnapshots.clear();
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       skipsLatchIfAlreadyLatchedBeforeCheckingIfLayerBelongs) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, takesEarlyOutIfLayerHasNoCompositionState) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer.layerFE, getCompositionState()).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, takesEarlyOutIfLayerNotVisible) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isVisible = false;
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, takesEarlyOutIfLayerHasEmptyVisibleRegion) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0, 0, 0, 0};
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, takesNotSoEarlyOutifDrawRegionEmpty) {
+    mOutput.mState.bounds = Rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesUpdatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForTransparentDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kRightHalfBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesUpdatingOutputLayerForTransparentDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kRightHalfBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForOpaqueNonDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = false;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesUpdatingOutputLayerForOpaqueNonDirtyNotRotatedLayer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = false;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kLowerHalfBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyRotated90Layer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0, 0, 200, 100};
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_ROT_90, 100, 200);
+    mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+    mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion = Region(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesUpdatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyRotated90Layer) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0, 0, 200, 100};
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_ROT_90, 100, 200);
+    mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+    mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion = Region(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyNotRotatedLayerRotatedOutput) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    mOutput.mState.viewport = Rect(0, 0, 300, 200);
+    mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform(TR_ROT_90, 200, 300);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBounds90Rotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesUpdatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyNotRotatedLayerRotatedOutput) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    mOutput.mState.viewport = Rect(0, 0, 300, 200);
+    mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform(TR_ROT_90, 200, 300);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kFullBoundsNoRotation));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kFullBounds90Rotation));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
+       handlesCreatingOutputLayerForOpaqueDirtyArbitraryTransformLayer) {
+    ui::Transform arbitraryTransform;
+    arbitraryTransform.set(1, 1, -1, 1);
+    arbitraryTransform.set(0, 100);
+
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerBounds = FloatRect{0, 0, 100, 200};
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = arbitraryTransform;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(std::nullopt), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    const Region kRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 300, 300));
+    const Region kRegionClipped = Region(Rect(0, 0, 200, 300));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion, RegionEq(kRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion, RegionEq(kRegionClipped));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, coverageAccumulatesTest) {
+    mLayer.layerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.contentDirty = true;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = ui::Transform(TR_IDENT, 100, 200);
+
+    mCoverageState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers = Region(Rect(50, 0, 150, 200));
+    mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers = Region(Rect(50, 0, 150, 200));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    const Region kExpectedDirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    const Region kExpectedAboveCoveredRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 150, 200));
+    const Region kExpectedAboveOpaqueRegion = Region(Rect(50, 0, 150, 200));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 50, 200));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerCoveredRegion = Region(Rect(50, 0, 100, 200));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerVisibleNonTransparentRegion = Region(Rect(0, 100, 50, 200));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedDirtyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kExpectedAboveCoveredRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kExpectedAboveOpaqueRegion));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleNonTransparentRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerCoveredRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion,
+                RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, coverageAccumulatesWithShadowsTest) {
+    ui::Transform translate;
+    translate.set(50, 50);
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = translate;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.shadowRadius = 10.0f;
+
+    mCoverageState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    // half of the layer including the casting shadow is covered and opaque
+    mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 100, 260));
+    mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 100, 260));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    const Region kExpectedDirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    const Region kExpectedAboveCoveredRegion = Region(Rect(40, 40, 160, 260));
+    // add starting opaque region to the opaque half of the casting layer bounds
+    const Region kExpectedAboveOpaqueRegion =
+            Region(Rect(40, 40, 100, 260)).orSelf(Rect(100, 50, 150, 250));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion = Region(Rect(100, 40, 160, 260));
+    const Region kExpectedoutputSpaceLayerVisibleRegion = Region(Rect(100, 50, 150, 250));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerCoveredRegion = Region(Rect(40, 40, 100, 260));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerVisibleNonTransparentRegion = Region(Rect(100, 40, 160, 260));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerShadowRegion =
+            Region(Rect(40, 40, 160, 260)).subtractSelf(Rect(50, 50, 150, 250));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedDirtyRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers, RegionEq(kExpectedAboveCoveredRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers, RegionEq(kExpectedAboveOpaqueRegion));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleNonTransparentRegion,
+                RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleNonTransparentRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.coveredRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerCoveredRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.outputSpaceVisibleRegion,
+                RegionEq(kExpectedoutputSpaceLayerVisibleRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.shadowRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerShadowRegion));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion.subtract(kExpectedLayerShadowRegion).isEmpty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, shadowRegionOnlyTest) {
+    ui::Transform translate;
+    translate.set(50, 50);
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = translate;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.shadowRadius = 10.0f;
+
+    mCoverageState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    // Casting layer is covered by an opaque region leaving only part of its shadow to be drawn
+    mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 150, 260));
+    mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 150, 260));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, ensureOutputLayer(Eq(0u), Eq(mLayer.layerFE)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+
+    const Region kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion = Region(Rect(150, 40, 160, 260));
+    const Region kExpectedLayerShadowRegion =
+            Region(Rect(40, 40, 160, 260)).subtractSelf(Rect(50, 50, 150, 250));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.visibleRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mLayer.outputLayerState.shadowRegion, RegionEq(kExpectedLayerShadowRegion));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(kExpectedLayerVisibleRegion.subtract(kExpectedLayerShadowRegion).isEmpty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, takesNotSoEarlyOutifLayerWithShadowIsCovered) {
+    ui::Transform translate;
+    translate.set(50, 50);
+    mLayer.layerFEState.geomLayerTransform = translate;
+    mLayer.layerFEState.shadowRadius = 10.0f;
+
+    mCoverageState.dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 500, 500));
+    // Casting layer and its shadows are covered by an opaque region
+    mCoverageState.aboveCoveredLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 160, 260));
+    mCoverageState.aboveOpaqueLayers = Region(Rect(40, 40, 160, 260));
+
+    ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::present()
+ */
+
+struct OutputPresentTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD1(updateColorProfile, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(updateAndWriteCompositionState,
+                     void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+    };
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPresentTest, justInvokesChildFunctionsInSequence) {
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateColorProfile(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateAndWriteCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+
+    mOutput.present(args);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::updateColorProfile()
+ */
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest : public testing::Test {
+    using TestType = OutputUpdateColorProfileTest;
+
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD1(setColorProfile, void(const ColorProfile&));
+    };
+
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() {
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mLayerFE));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayerFEState));
+        }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> mOutputLayer;
+        StrictMock<mock::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+        LayerFECompositionState mLayerFEState;
+    };
+
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer1.mOutputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer2.mOutputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(2))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer3.mOutputLayer));
+    }
+
+    struct ExecuteState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExecuteState> {
+        void execute() { getInstance()->mOutput.updateColorProfile(getInstance()->mRefreshArgs); }
+    };
+
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+
+    Layer mLayer1;
+    Layer mLayer2;
+    Layer mLayer3;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+// TODO(b/144522012): Refactor Output::updateColorProfile and the related code
+// to make it easier to write unit tests.
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest, setsAColorProfileWhenUnmanaged) {
+    // When the outputColorSetting is set to kUnmanaged, the implementation sets
+    // a simple default color profile without looking at anything else.
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(3u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput,
+                setColorProfile(ColorProfileEq(
+                        ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                                     ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN})));
+
+    mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kUnmanaged;
+    mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    mOutput.updateColorProfile(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_GetBestColorModeResultBecomesSetProfile
+      : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_GetBestColorModeResultBecomesSetProfile() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+        mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    struct ExpectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfileState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<
+                    TestType, ExpectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfileState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto expectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfile(
+                ui::ColorMode colorMode, ui::Dataspace dataspace, ui::RenderIntent renderIntent) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile,
+                        getBestColorMode(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB, ui::RenderIntent::ENHANCE, _, _,
+                                         _))
+                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(dataspace), SetArgPointee<3>(colorMode),
+                                    SetArgPointee<4>(renderIntent)));
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput,
+                        setColorProfile(
+                                ColorProfileEq(ColorProfile{colorMode, dataspace, renderIntent,
+                                                            ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN})));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() {
+        return ExpectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfileState::make(this);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_GetBestColorModeResultBecomesSetProfile,
+       Native_Unknown_Colorimetric_Set) {
+    verify().expectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfile(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE,
+                                                                ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                                                                ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_GetBestColorModeResultBecomesSetProfile,
+       DisplayP3_DisplayP3_Enhance_Set) {
+    verify().expectBestColorModeCallResultUsedToSetColorProfile(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                                                ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3,
+                                                                ui::RenderIntent::ENHANCE)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ColorSpaceAgnosticeDataspaceAffectsSetColorProfile
+      : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ColorSpaceAgnosticeDataspaceAffectsSetColorProfile() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile,
+                    getBestColorMode(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB, ui::RenderIntent::ENHANCE, _, _, _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN),
+                                      SetArgPointee<3>(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE),
+                                      SetArgPointee<4>(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC)));
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+    }
+
+    struct IfColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetToState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetToState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetTo(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<ThenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<
+                    TestType, ThenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspace(
+                ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput,
+                        setColorProfile(ColorProfileEq(
+                                ColorProfile{ui::ColorMode::NATIVE, ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                                             ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, dataspace})));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetToState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ColorSpaceAgnosticeDataspaceAffectsSetColorProfile, DisplayP3) {
+    verify().ifColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetTo(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .thenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ColorSpaceAgnosticeDataspaceAffectsSetColorProfile, V0_SRGB) {
+    verify().ifColorSpaceAgnosticDataspaceSetTo(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
+            .thenExpectSetColorProfileCallUsesColorSpaceAgnosticDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference
+      : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    // Internally the implementation looks through the dataspaces of all the
+    // visible layers. The topmost one that also has an actual dataspace
+    // preference set is used to drive subsequent choices.
+
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference() {
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+        mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(3u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorProfile(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return());
+    }
+
+    struct IfTopLayerDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfTopLayerDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer3.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<AndIfMiddleLayerDataspaceState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifTopLayerHasNoPreference() {
+            return ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfMiddleLayerDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndIfMiddleLayerDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfMiddleLayerIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer2.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference() {
+            return andIfMiddleLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfBottomLayerHasNoPreference() {
+            return andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile,
+                        getBestColorMode(dataspace, _, _, _, _));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfTopLayerDataspaceState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       noStrongLayerPrefenceUses_V0_SRGB) {
+    // If none of the layers indicate a preference, then V0_SRGB is the
+    // preferred choice (subject to additional checks).
+    verify().ifTopLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfBottomLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       ifTopmostUses_DisplayP3_Then_DisplayP3_Chosen) {
+    // If only the topmost layer has a preference, then that is what is chosen.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfBottomLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       ifMiddleUses_DisplayP3_Then_DisplayP3_Chosen) {
+    // If only the middle layer has a preference, that that is what is chosen.
+    verify().ifTopLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfMiddleLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .andIfBottomLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       ifBottomUses_DisplayP3_Then_DisplayP3_Chosen) {
+    // If only the middle layer has a preference, that that is what is chosen.
+    verify().ifTopLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       ifTopUses_DisplayBT2020_AndBottomUses_DisplayP3_Then_DisplayBT2020_Chosen) {
+    // If multiple layers have a preference, the topmost value is what is used.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020)
+            .andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_TopmostLayerPreferenceSetsOutputPreference,
+       ifTopUses_DisplayP3_AndBottomUses_V0_SRGB_Then_DisplayP3_Chosen) {
+    // If multiple layers have a preference, the topmost value is what is used.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .andIfMiddleLayerHasNoPreference()
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ForceOutputColorOverrides
+      : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    // If CompositionRefreshArgs::forceOutputColorMode is set to some specific
+    // values, it overrides the layer dataspace choice.
+
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ForceOutputColorOverrides() {
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+        mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+        mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorProfile(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return());
+    }
+
+    struct IfForceOutputColorModeState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfForceOutputColorModeState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifForceOutputColorMode(ui::ColorMode colorMode) {
+            getInstance()->mRefreshArgs.forceOutputColorMode = colorMode;
+            return nextState<ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifNoOverride() { return ifForceOutputColorMode(ui::ColorMode::NATIVE); }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile,
+                        getBestColorMode(dataspace, _, _, _, _));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfForceOutputColorModeState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ForceOutputColorOverrides, NoOverride_DoesNotOverride) {
+    // By default the layer state is used to set the preferred dataspace
+    verify().ifNoOverride()
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ForceOutputColorOverrides, SRGB_Override_USES_V0_SRGB) {
+    // Setting ui::ColorMode::SRGB overrides it with ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB
+    verify().ifForceOutputColorMode(ui::ColorMode::SRGB)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_ForceOutputColorOverrides, DisplayP3_Override_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // Setting ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3 overrides it with ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3
+    verify().ifForceOutputColorMode(ui::ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+// HDR output requires all layers to be compatible with the chosen HDR
+// dataspace, along with there being proper support.
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr() {
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+        mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(2u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorProfile(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return());
+    }
+
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kNonHdrDataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace BT2020_PQ = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace BT2020_HLG = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_HLG;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace DISPLAY_P3 = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+
+    struct IfTopLayerDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfTopLayerDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifTopLayerIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer2.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<AndTopLayerCompositionTypeState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifTopLayerIsNotHdr() { return ifTopLayerIs(kNonHdrDataspace); }
+    };
+
+    struct AndTopLayerCompositionTypeState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndTopLayerCompositionTypeState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andTopLayerIsREComposed(bool renderEngineComposed) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer2.mLayerFEState.forceClientComposition = renderEngineComposed;
+            return nextState<AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndIfBottomLayerDataspaceState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfBottomLayerIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<AndBottomLayerCompositionTypeState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfBottomLayerIsNotHdr() {
+            return andIfBottomLayerIs(kNonHdrDataspace);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndBottomLayerCompositionTypeState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndBottomLayerCompositionTypeState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andBottomLayerIsREComposed(bool renderEngineComposed) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer1.mLayerFEState.forceClientComposition = renderEngineComposed;
+            return nextState<AndIfHasLegacySupportState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfHasLegacySupportState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndIfHasLegacySupportState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfLegacySupportFor(ui::Dataspace dataspace, bool legacySupport) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile, hasLegacyHdrSupport(dataspace))
+                    .WillOnce(Return(legacySupport));
+            return nextState<ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile,
+                        getBestColorMode(dataspace, _, _, _, _));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfTopLayerDataspaceState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_PQ_HW_Uses_PQ) {
+    // If all layers use BT2020_PQ, and there are no other special conditions,
+    // BT2020_PQ is used.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_PQ_HW_IfPQHasLegacySupport_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if there is only legacy support for it.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, true)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_PQ_RE_Uses_PQ) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is still used if the bottom layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_RE_On_PQ_HW_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if the top layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_HLG_HW_Uses_PQ) {
+    // If there is mixed HLG/PQ use, and the topmost layer is PQ, then PQ is used if there
+    // are no other special conditions.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_HLG_HW_IfPQHasLegacySupport_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if there is only legacy support for it.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, true)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_HLG_RE_Uses_PQ) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is used if the bottom HLG layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_RE_On_HLG_HW_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if the top PQ layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_PQ_HW_Uses_PQ) {
+    // If there is mixed HLG/PQ use, and the topmost layer is HLG, then PQ is
+    // used if there are no other special conditions.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_PQ_HW_IfPQHasLegacySupport_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if there is only legacy support for it.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, true)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_PQ_RE_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is not used if the bottom PQ layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_RE_On_PQ_HW_Uses_PQ) {
+    // BT2020_PQ is still used if the top HLG layer is RenderEngine composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_HLG_HW_Uses_HLG) {
+    // If all layers use HLG then HLG is used if there are no other special
+    // conditions.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_HLG, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_HLG)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_HLG_HW_IfPQHasLegacySupport_Uses_DisplayP3) {
+    // BT2020_HLG is not used if there is legacy support for it.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_HLG, true)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(DISPLAY_P3)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_HLG_RE_Uses_HLG) {
+    // BT2020_HLG is used even if the bottom layer is client composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_HLG, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_HLG)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_RE_On_HLG_HW_Uses_HLG) {
+    // BT2020_HLG is used even if the top layer is client composed.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_HLG, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_HLG)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, PQ_HW_On_NonHdr_HW_Uses_PQ) {
+    // Even if there are non-HDR layers present, BT2020_PQ can still be used.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_PQ)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIsNotHdr()
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_PQ, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_PQ)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfileTest_Hdr, HLG_HW_On_NonHdr_RE_Uses_HLG) {
+    // If all layers use HLG then HLG is used if there are no other special
+    // conditions.
+    verify().ifTopLayerIs(BT2020_HLG)
+            .andTopLayerIsREComposed(false)
+            .andIfBottomLayerIsNotHdr()
+            .andBottomLayerIsREComposed(true)
+            .andIfLegacySupportFor(BT2020_HLG, false)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(BT2020_HLG)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+struct OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest
+      : public OutputUpdateColorProfileTest {
+    // The various values for CompositionRefreshArgs::outputColorSetting affect
+    // the chosen renderIntent, along with whether the preferred dataspace is an
+    // HDR dataspace or not.
+
+    OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest() {
+        mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced;
+        mRefreshArgs.colorSpaceAgnosticDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+        mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorProfile(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return());
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasLegacyHdrSupport(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    }
+
+    // The tests here involve enough state and GMock setup that using a mini-DSL
+    // makes the tests much more readable, and allows the test to focus more on
+    // the intent than on some of the details.
+
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kNonHdrDataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kHdrDataspace = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ;
+
+    struct IfDataspaceChosenState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfDataspaceChosenState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifDataspaceChosenIs(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
+            getInstance()->mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace = dataspace;
+            return nextState<AndOutputColorSettingState>();
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifDataspaceChosenIsNonHdr() {
+            return ifDataspaceChosenIs(kNonHdrDataspace);
+        }
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifDataspaceChosenIsHdr() { return ifDataspaceChosenIs(kHdrDataspace); }
+    };
+
+    struct AndOutputColorSettingState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndOutputColorSettingState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andOutputColorSettingIs(OutputColorSetting setting) {
+            getInstance()->mRefreshArgs.outputColorSetting = setting;
+            return nextState<ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ThenExpectBestColorModeCallUsesState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::RenderIntent intent) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile,
+                        getBestColorMode(getInstance()->mLayer1.mLayerFEState.dataspace, intent, _,
+                                         _, _));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Tests call one of these two helper member functions to start using the
+    // mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfDataspaceChosenState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest,
+       Managed_NonHdr_Prefers_Colorimetric) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsNonHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(OutputColorSetting::kManaged)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest,
+       Managed_Hdr_Prefers_ToneMapColorimetric) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(OutputColorSetting::kManaged)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest, Enhanced_NonHdr_Prefers_Enhance) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsNonHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::RenderIntent::ENHANCE)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest,
+       Enhanced_Hdr_Prefers_ToneMapEnhance) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(ui::RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_ENHANCE)
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest, Vendor_NonHdr_Prefers_Vendor) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsNonHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(
+                    static_cast<ui::RenderIntent>(kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting))
+            .execute();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateColorProfile_AffectsChosenRenderIntentTest, Vendor_Hdr_Prefers_Vendor) {
+    verify().ifDataspaceChosenIsHdr()
+            .andOutputColorSettingIs(kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting)
+            .thenExpectBestColorModeCallUses(
+                    static_cast<ui::RenderIntent>(kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting))
+            .execute();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::beginFrame()
+ */
+
+struct OutputBeginFrameTest : public ::testing::Test {
+    using TestType = OutputBeginFrameTest;
+
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
+    };
+
+    OutputBeginFrameTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    struct IfGetDirtyRegionExpectationState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfGetDirtyRegionExpectationState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(Region dirtyRegion) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput, getDirtyRegion(false))
+                    .WillOnce(Return(dirtyRegion));
+            return nextState<AndIfGetOutputLayerCountExpectationState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfGetOutputLayerCountExpectationState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, AndIfGetOutputLayerCountExpectationState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(size_t layerCount) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(layerCount));
+            return nextState<AndIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct AndIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType,
+                                               AndIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(bool hadOutputLayers) {
+            getInstance()->mOutput.mState.lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers = hadOutputLayers;
+            return nextState<ThenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCallState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ThenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCallState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType,
+                                               ThenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCallState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(bool mustRecompose) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mRenderSurface, beginFrame(mustRecompose));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ExecuteState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExecuteState> {
+        [[nodiscard]] auto execute() {
+            getInstance()->mOutput.beginFrame();
+            return nextState<CheckPostconditionHadVisibleLayersState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct CheckPostconditionHadVisibleLayersState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, CheckPostconditionHadVisibleLayersState> {
+        void checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(bool expected) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(expected, getInstance()->mOutput.mState.lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Tests call one of these two helper member functions to start using the
+    // mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return IfGetDirtyRegionExpectationState::make(this); }
+
+    static const Region kEmptyRegion;
+    static const Region kNotEmptyRegion;
+
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+};
+
+const Region OutputBeginFrameTest::kEmptyRegion{Rect{0, 0, 0, 0}};
+const Region OutputBeginFrameTest::kNotEmptyRegion{Rect{0, 0, 1, 1}};
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, hasDirtyHasLayersHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kNotEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(1u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(true)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(true)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, hasDirtyNotHasLayersHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kNotEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(0u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(true)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(true)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, hasDirtyHasLayersNotHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kNotEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(1u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(false)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(true)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, hasDirtyNotHasLayersNotHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kNotEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(0u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(false)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(false)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, notHasDirtyHasLayersHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(1u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(true)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(false)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, notHasDirtyNotHasLayersHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(0u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(true)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(false)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, notHasDirtyHasLayersNotHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(1u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(false)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(false)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputBeginFrameTest, notHasDirtyNotHasLayersNotHadLayersLastFrame) {
+    verify().ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(kEmptyRegion)
+            .andIfGetOutputLayerCountReturns(0u)
+            .andIfLastCompositionHadVisibleLayersIs(false)
+            .thenExpectRenderSurfaceBeginFrameCall(false)
+            .execute()
+            .checkPostconditionHadVisibleLayers(false);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::devOptRepaintFlash()
+ */
+
+struct OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+                     std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+    };
+
+    OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    static const Region kEmptyRegion;
+    static const Region kNotEmptyRegion;
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+const Region OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest::kEmptyRegion{Rect{0, 0, 0, 0}};
+const Region OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest::kNotEmptyRegion{Rect{0, 0, 1, 1}};
+
+TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, doesNothingIfFlashDelayNotSet) {
+    mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = {};
+    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, postsAndPreparesANewFrameIfNotEnabled) {
+    mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
+    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
+
+    mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, postsAndPreparesANewFrameIfNotDirty) {
+    mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
+    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion(true)).WillOnce(Return(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
+
+    mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, alsoComposesSurfacesAndQueuesABufferIfDirty) {
+    mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
+    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion(false)).WillOnce(Return(kNotEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
+
+    mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::finishFrame()
+ */
+
+struct OutputFinishFrameTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+                     std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+    };
+
+    OutputFinishFrameTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, ifNotEnabledDoesNothing) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
+
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, takesEarlyOutifComposeSurfacesReturnsNoFence) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _));
+
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, queuesBufferIfComposeSurfacesReturnsAFence) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(base::unique_fd())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::postFramebuffer()
+ */
+
+struct OutputPostFramebufferTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD0(presentAndGetFrameFences, compositionengine::Output::FrameFences());
+    };
+
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() {
+            EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(layerFE));
+            EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&hwc2Layer));
+        }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> outputLayer;
+        StrictMock<mock::LayerFE> layerFE;
+        StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2Layer;
+    };
+
+    OutputPostFramebufferTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(3u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer1.outputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer2.outputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(2u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer3.outputLayer));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+
+    Layer mLayer1;
+    Layer mLayer2;
+    Layer mLayer3;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, ifNotEnabledDoesNothing) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
+
+    mOutput.postFramebuffer();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, ifEnabledMustFlipThenPresentThenSendPresentCompleted) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    compositionengine::Output::FrameFences frameFences;
+
+    // This should happen even if there are no output layers.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+
+    // For this test in particular we want to make sure the call expectations
+    // setup below are satisfied in the specific order.
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, flip());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, presentAndGetFrameFences()).WillOnce(Return(frameFences));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, onPresentDisplayCompleted());
+
+    mOutput.postFramebuffer();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releaseFencesAreSentToLayerFE) {
+    // Simulate getting release fences from each layer, and ensure they are passed to the
+    // front-end layer interface for each layer correctly.
+
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    // Create three unique fence instances
+    sp<Fence> layer1Fence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer2Fence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer3Fence = new Fence();
+
+    Output::FrameFences frameFences;
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer1.hwc2Layer, layer1Fence);
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer2.hwc2Layer, layer2Fence);
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer3.hwc2Layer, layer3Fence);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, flip());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, presentAndGetFrameFences()).WillOnce(Return(frameFences));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, onPresentDisplayCompleted());
+
+    // Compare the pointers values of each fence to make sure the correct ones
+    // are passed. This happens to work with the current implementation, but
+    // would not survive certain calls like Fence::merge() which would return a
+    // new instance.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer1.layerFE,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer1Fence.get()))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer2.layerFE,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer2Fence.get()))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer3.layerFE,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(layer3Fence.get()))));
+
+    mOutput.postFramebuffer();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releaseFencesIncludeClientTargetAcquireFence) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = true;
+
+    sp<Fence> clientTargetAcquireFence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer1Fence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer2Fence = new Fence();
+    sp<Fence> layer3Fence = new Fence();
+    Output::FrameFences frameFences;
+    frameFences.clientTargetAcquireFence = clientTargetAcquireFence;
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer1.hwc2Layer, layer1Fence);
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer2.hwc2Layer, layer2Fence);
+    frameFences.layerFences.emplace(&mLayer3.hwc2Layer, layer3Fence);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, flip());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, presentAndGetFrameFences()).WillOnce(Return(frameFences));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, onPresentDisplayCompleted());
+
+    // Fence::merge is called, and since none of the fences are actually valid,
+    // Fence::NO_FENCE is returned and passed to each onLayerDisplayed() call.
+    // This is the best we can do without creating a real kernel fence object.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer1.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer2.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayer3.layerFE, onLayerDisplayed(Fence::NO_FENCE));
+
+    mOutput.postFramebuffer();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPostFramebufferTest, releasedLayersSentPresentFence) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = true;
+
+    // This should happen even if there are no (current) output layers.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+
+    // Load up the released layers with some mock instances
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> releasedLayer1{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> releasedLayer2{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    sp<StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>> releasedLayer3{new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>()};
+    Output::ReleasedLayers layers;
+    layers.push_back(releasedLayer1);
+    layers.push_back(releasedLayer2);
+    layers.push_back(releasedLayer3);
+    mOutput.setReleasedLayers(std::move(layers));
+
+    // Set up a fake present fence
+    sp<Fence> presentFence = new Fence();
+    Output::FrameFences frameFences;
+    frameFences.presentFence = presentFence;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, flip());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, presentAndGetFrameFences()).WillOnce(Return(frameFences));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, onPresentDisplayCompleted());
+
+    // Each released layer should be given the presentFence.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer1,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer2,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*releasedLayer3,
+                onLayerDisplayed(Property(&sp<Fence>::get, Eq(presentFence.get()))));
+
+    mOutput.postFramebuffer();
+
+    // After the call the list of released layers should have been cleared.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.getReleasedLayersForTest().empty());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::composeSurfaces()
+ */
+
+struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest : public testing::Test {
+    using TestType = OutputComposeSurfacesTest;
+
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
+        MOCK_METHOD3(generateClientCompositionRequests,
+                     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>(bool, Region&, ui::Dataspace));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(appendRegionFlashRequests,
+                     void(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(setExpensiveRenderingExpected, void(bool));
+    };
+
+    OutputComposeSurfacesTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+        mOutput.cacheClientCompositionRequests(MAX_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_CACHE_SIZE);
+
+        mOutput.mState.frame = kDefaultOutputFrame;
+        mOutput.mState.viewport = kDefaultOutputViewport;
+        mOutput.mState.sourceClip = kDefaultOutputSourceClip;
+        mOutput.mState.destinationClip = kDefaultOutputDestinationClip;
+        mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform{kDefaultOutputOrientation};
+        mOutput.mState.orientation = kDefaultOutputOrientation;
+        mOutput.mState.dataspace = kDefaultOutputDataspace;
+        mOutput.mState.colorTransformMatrix = kDefaultColorTransformMat;
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = false;
+        mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+        mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = true;
+        mOutput.mState.usesDeviceComposition = false;
+        mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition = false;
+        mOutput.mState.flipClientTarget = false;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getCompositionEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mCompositionEngine));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getTimeStats())
+                .WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*mTimeStats.get()));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, getHdrCapabilities())
+                .WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(kHdrCapabilities));
+    }
+
+    struct ExecuteState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExecuteState> {
+        auto execute() {
+            getInstance()->mReadyFence =
+                    getInstance()->mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+            return nextState<FenceCheckState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct FenceCheckState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, FenceCheckState> {
+        void expectNoFenceWasReturned() { EXPECT_FALSE(getInstance()->mReadyFence); }
+
+        void expectAFenceWasReturned() { EXPECT_TRUE(getInstance()->mReadyFence); }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return ExecuteState::make(this); }
+
+    static constexpr uint32_t kDefaultOutputOrientation = TR_IDENT;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kDefaultOutputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kExpensiveOutputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultMaxLuminance = 0.9f;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultAvgLuminance = 0.7f;
+    static constexpr float kDefaultMinLuminance = 0.1f;
+
+    static const Rect kDefaultOutputFrame;
+    static const Rect kDefaultOutputViewport;
+    static const Rect kDefaultOutputSourceClip;
+    static const Rect kDefaultOutputDestinationClip;
+    static const mat4 kDefaultColorTransformMat;
+
+    static const Region kDebugRegion;
+    static const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs kDefaultRefreshArgs;
+    static const HdrCapabilities kHdrCapabilities;
+
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
+    // TODO: make this is a proper mock.
+    std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats = std::make_shared<android::impl::TimeStats>();
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mOutputBuffer = new GraphicBuffer();
+
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> mReadyFence;
+};
+
+const Rect OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultOutputFrame{1001, 1002, 1003, 1004};
+const Rect OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultOutputViewport{1005, 1006, 1007, 1008};
+const Rect OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultOutputSourceClip{1009, 1010, 1011, 1012};
+const Rect OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultOutputDestinationClip{1013, 1014, 1015, 1016};
+const mat4 OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultColorTransformMat{mat4() * 0.5f};
+const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultRefreshArgs;
+const Region OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDebugRegion{Rect{100, 101, 102, 103}};
+const HdrCapabilities OutputComposeSurfacesTest::
+        kHdrCapabilities{{},
+                         OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultMaxLuminance,
+                         OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultAvgLuminance,
+                         OutputComposeSurfacesTest::kDefaultMinLuminance};
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, doesNothingButSignalNoExpensiveRenderingIfNoClientComposition) {
+    mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest,
+       dequeuesABufferIfNoClientCompositionButFlipClientTargetRequested) {
+    mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.mState.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillOnce(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, doesMinimalWorkIfDequeueBufferFailsForClientComposition) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    verify().execute().expectNoFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest,
+       doesMinimalWorkIfDequeueBufferFailsForNoClientCompositionButFlipClientTargetRequested) {
+    mOutput.mState.usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.mState.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
+
+    verify().execute().expectNoFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, handlesZeroCompositionRequests) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, IsEmpty(), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, buildsAndRendersRequestList) {
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r1;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r2;
+
+    r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(
+                    Invoke([&](const Region&,
+                               std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) {
+                        clientCompositionLayers.emplace_back(r2);
+                    }));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, renderDuplicateClientCompositionRequestsWithoutCache) {
+    mOutput.cacheClientCompositionRequests(0);
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r1;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r2;
+
+    r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1, r2}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
+            .Times(2)
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, skipDuplicateClientCompositionRequests) {
+    mOutput.cacheClientCompositionRequests(3);
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r1;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r2;
+
+    r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1, r2}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+
+    // We do not expect another call to draw layers.
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, clientCompositionIfBufferChanges) {
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r1;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r2;
+
+    r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1, r2}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> otherOutputBuffer = new GraphicBuffer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(mOutputBuffer))
+            .WillOnce(Return(otherOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest, clientCompositionIfRequestChanges) {
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r1;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r2;
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings r3;
+
+    r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
+    r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
+    r3.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 9};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1, r2}))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{r1, r3}));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r3)), _, true, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+
+    verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
+}
+
+struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest {
+    OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    }
+
+    struct MixedCompositionState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, MixedCompositionState> {
+        auto ifMixedCompositionIs(bool used) {
+            getInstance()->mOutput.mState.usesDeviceComposition = used;
+            return nextState<OutputUsesHdrState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct OutputUsesHdrState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, OutputUsesHdrState> {
+        auto andIfUsesHdr(bool used) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*getInstance()->mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut())
+                    .WillOnce(Return(used));
+            return nextState<SkipColorTransformState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct SkipColorTransformState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, SkipColorTransformState> {
+        auto andIfSkipColorTransform(bool skip) {
+            // May be called zero or one times.
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput, getSkipColorTransform())
+                    .WillRepeatedly(Return(skip));
+            return nextState<ExpectDisplaySettingsState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ExpectDisplaySettingsState
+          : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExpectDisplaySettingsState> {
+        auto thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed(renderengine::DisplaySettings settings) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mRenderEngine, drawLayers(settings, _, _, true, _, _))
+                    .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            return nextState<ExecuteState>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Call this member function to start using the mini-DSL defined above.
+    [[nodiscard]] auto verify() { return MixedCompositionState::make(this); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings, forHdrMixedComposition) {
+    verify().ifMixedCompositionIs(true)
+            .andIfUsesHdr(true)
+            .andIfSkipColorTransform(false)
+            .thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed({kDefaultOutputDestinationClip, kDefaultOutputSourceClip,
+                                            kDefaultMaxLuminance, kDefaultOutputDataspace, mat4(),
+                                            Region::INVALID_REGION, kDefaultOutputOrientation})
+            .execute()
+            .expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings, forNonHdrMixedComposition) {
+    verify().ifMixedCompositionIs(true)
+            .andIfUsesHdr(false)
+            .andIfSkipColorTransform(false)
+            .thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed({kDefaultOutputDestinationClip, kDefaultOutputSourceClip,
+                                            kDefaultMaxLuminance, kDefaultOutputDataspace, mat4(),
+                                            Region::INVALID_REGION, kDefaultOutputOrientation})
+            .execute()
+            .expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings, forHdrOnlyClientComposition) {
+    verify().ifMixedCompositionIs(false)
+            .andIfUsesHdr(true)
+            .andIfSkipColorTransform(false)
+            .thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed({kDefaultOutputDestinationClip, kDefaultOutputSourceClip,
+                                            kDefaultMaxLuminance, kDefaultOutputDataspace,
+                                            kDefaultColorTransformMat, Region::INVALID_REGION,
+                                            kDefaultOutputOrientation})
+            .execute()
+            .expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings, forNonHdrOnlyClientComposition) {
+    verify().ifMixedCompositionIs(false)
+            .andIfUsesHdr(false)
+            .andIfSkipColorTransform(false)
+            .thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed({kDefaultOutputDestinationClip, kDefaultOutputSourceClip,
+                                            kDefaultMaxLuminance, kDefaultOutputDataspace,
+                                            kDefaultColorTransformMat, Region::INVALID_REGION,
+                                            kDefaultOutputOrientation})
+            .execute()
+            .expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_UsesExpectedDisplaySettings,
+       usesExpectedDisplaySettingsForHdrOnlyClientCompositionWithSkipClientTransform) {
+    verify().ifMixedCompositionIs(false)
+            .andIfUsesHdr(true)
+            .andIfSkipColorTransform(true)
+            .thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed({kDefaultOutputDestinationClip, kDefaultOutputSourceClip,
+                                            kDefaultMaxLuminance, kDefaultOutputDataspace, mat4(),
+                                            Region::INVALID_REGION, kDefaultOutputOrientation})
+            .execute()
+            .expectAFenceWasReturned();
+}
+
+struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest {
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() {
+            EXPECT_CALL(mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayerFEState));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mLayerFE));
+        }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> mOutputLayer;
+        StrictMock<mock::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+        LayerFECompositionState mLayerFEState;
+    };
+
+    OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent() {
+        mLayer1.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = false;
+        mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = false;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(2u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer1.mOutputLayer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer2.mOutputLayer));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, true, _, _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    }
+
+    Layer mLayer1;
+    Layer mLayer2;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifDisplayIsNotSecure) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = false;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifRenderEngineDoesNotSupportIt) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNoProtectedContentLayers) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = false;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(false));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNotEnabled) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    // For this test, we also check the call order of key functions.
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
+    // Must happen after setting the protected content state.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, true, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledEverywhere) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifFailsToEnableInRenderEngine) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderEngine) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderSurface) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest {
+    OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return());
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering, IfExepensiveOutputDataspaceIsUsed) {
+    mOutput.mState.dataspace = kExpensiveOutputDataspace;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kExpensiveOutputDataspace))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
+
+    // For this test, we also check the call order of key functions.
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, true, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur
+      : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering {
+    OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur() {
+        mLayer.layerFEState.backgroundBlurRadius = 10;
+        mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mLayer.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mLayer.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
+                .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, true, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
+    }
+
+    NonInjectedLayer mLayer;
+    compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreExpensive) {
+    mRefreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = true;
+    mOutput.updateAndWriteCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreNotExpensive) {
+    mRefreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = false;
+    mOutput.updateAndWriteCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true)).Times(0);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Output::generateClientCompositionRequests()
+ */
+
+struct GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // compositionengine::Output overrides
+        std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
+                bool supportsProtectedContent, Region& clearRegion,
+                ui::Dataspace dataspace) override {
+            return impl::Output::generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent,
+                                                                   clearRegion, dataspace);
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct Layer {
+        Layer() {
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mOutputLayerState));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mOutputLayerState));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutputLayer, getLayerFE()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mLayerFE));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayerFEState));
+        }
+
+        StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer> mOutputLayer;
+        StrictMock<mock::LayerFE> mLayerFE;
+        LayerFECompositionState mLayerFEState;
+        impl::OutputLayerCompositionState mOutputLayerState;
+        LayerFE::LayerSettings mLayerSettings;
+    };
+
+    GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest() {
+        mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+};
+
+struct GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers
+      : public GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest {
+    GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers() {
+        mOutput.mState.frame = kDisplayFrame;
+        mOutput.mState.viewport = kDisplayViewport;
+        mOutput.mState.sourceClip = kDisplaySourceClip;
+        mOutput.mState.destinationClip = kDisplayDestinationClip;
+        mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform{kDisplayOrientation};
+        mOutput.mState.orientation = kDisplayOrientation;
+        mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = false;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < mLayers.size(); i++) {
+            mLayers[i].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+            mLayers[i].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(kDisplayFrame);
+            mLayers[i].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+            mLayers[i].mLayerSettings.geometry.boundaries =
+                    FloatRect{static_cast<float>(i + 1), 0.f, 0.f, 0.f};
+            mLayers[i].mLayerSettings.source.solidColor = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+            mLayers[i].mLayerSettings.alpha = 1.0f;
+            mLayers[i].mLayerSettings.disableBlending = false;
+
+            EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(i))
+                    .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayers[i].mOutputLayer));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[i].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition())
+                    .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+            EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[i].mOutputLayer, needsFiltering()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(mLayers.size()));
+    }
+
+    static constexpr uint32_t kDisplayOrientation = TR_IDENT;
+    static constexpr ui::Dataspace kDisplayDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    static const Rect kDisplayFrame;
+    static const Rect kDisplayViewport;
+    static const Rect kDisplaySourceClip;
+    static const Rect kDisplayDestinationClip;
+
+    std::array<Layer, 3> mLayers;
+};
+
+const Rect GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers::kDisplayFrame(0, 0, 100, 200);
+const Rect GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers::kDisplayViewport(0, 0, 101, 201);
+const Rect GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers::kDisplaySourceClip(0, 0, 102, 202);
+const Rect GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers::kDisplayDestinationClip(0, 0, 103,
+                                                                                      203);
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers, handlesNoClientCompostionLayers) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers, requiresVisibleRegionAfterViewportClip) {
+    mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(10, 10, 10, 10));
+    mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(4000, 0, 4010, 10));
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(-10, -10, 0, 0));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers, gathersClientCompositionRequests) {
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings mShadowSettings;
+    mShadowSettings.source.solidColor = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mLayers[1].mLayerSettings})));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>(
+                    {mShadowSettings, mLayers[2].mLayerSettings})));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(3u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[1].mLayerSettings, requests[0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mShadowSettings, requests[1]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[2].mLayerSettings, requests[2]);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+
+    // Check that a timestamp was set for the layers that generated requests
+    EXPECT_TRUE(0 == mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.clientCompositionTimestamp);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(0 != mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.clientCompositionTimestamp);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(0 != mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.clientCompositionTimestamp);
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       onlyClientComposesClientComposedLayersIfNoClearingNeeded) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+    mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+
+    mLayers[0].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayers[1].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayers[2].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mLayers[2].mLayerSettings})));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[2].mLayerSettings, requests[0]);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       onlyClientComposesClientComposedLayersIfOthersAreNotOpaque) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+    mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+
+    mLayers[0].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+    mLayers[1].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+    mLayers[2].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mLayers[2].mLayerSettings})));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[2].mLayerSettings, requests[0]);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers, clearsHWCLayersIfOpaqueAndNotFirst) {
+    // If client composition is performed with some layers set to use device
+    // composition, device layers after the first layer (device or client) will
+    // clear the frame buffer if they are opaque and if that layer has a flag
+    // set to do so. The first layer is skipped as the frame buffer is already
+    // expected to be clear.
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+    mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = true;
+
+    mLayers[0].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayers[1].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    mLayers[2].mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    Region stubRegion;
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false,      /* identity transform */
+            false,      /* needs filtering */
+            false,      /* secure */
+            false,      /* supports protected content */
+            stubRegion, /* clear region */
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            false /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            true /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings mBlackoutSettings = mLayers[1].mLayerSettings;
+    mBlackoutSettings.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
+    mBlackoutSettings.source.solidColor = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f};
+    mBlackoutSettings.alpha = 0.f;
+    mBlackoutSettings.disableBlending = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mBlackoutSettings})));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mLayers[2].mLayerSettings})));
+
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(2u, requests.size());
+
+    // The second layer is expected to be rendered as alpha=0 black with no blending
+    EXPECT_EQ(mBlackoutSettings, requests[0]);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[2].mLayerSettings, requests[1]);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(accumClearRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       clippedVisibleRegionUsedToGenerateRequest) {
+    mLayers[0].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(10, 10, 20, 20));
+    mLayers[1].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(-10, -10, 30, 30));
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(-10, 0, 40, 4000));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer0TargetSettings{
+            Region(Rect(10, 10, 20, 20)),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(Rect(0, 0, 30, 30)),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(Rect(0, 0, 40, 201)),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer0TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+
+    static_cast<void>(
+            mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                      accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       perLayerNeedsFilteringUsedToGenerateRequests) {
+    mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, needsFiltering()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer0TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            true,  /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer0TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+
+    static_cast<void>(
+            mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                      accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       wholeOutputNeedsFilteringUsedToGenerateRequests) {
+    mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, needsFiltering()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer0TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            true,  /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            true,  /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            true,  /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer0TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+
+    static_cast<void>(
+            mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                      accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       wholeOutputSecurityUsedToGenerateRequests) {
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer0TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            true,  /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            true,  /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            true,  /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer0TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+
+    static_cast<void>(
+            mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                      accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       protectedContentSupportUsedToGenerateRequests) {
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer0TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer1TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2TargetSettings{
+            Region(kDisplayFrame),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            false, /* secure */
+            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer0TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer1TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2TargetSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>()));
+
+    static_cast<void>(mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(true /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                                accumClearRegion,
+                                                                kDisplayDataspace));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, handlesBackgroundBlurRequests) {
+    InjectedLayer layer1;
+    InjectedLayer layer2;
+    InjectedLayer layer3;
+
+    // Layer requesting blur, or below, should request client composition.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+
+    layer2.layerFEState.backgroundBlurRadius = 10;
+
+    injectOutputLayer(layer1);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer2);
+    injectOutputLayer(layer3);
+
+    mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
+
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+    args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
+    args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest, handlesLandscapeModeSplitScreenRequests) {
+    // In split-screen landscape mode, the screen is rotated 90 degrees, with
+    // one layer on the left covering the left side of the output, and one layer
+    // on the right covering that side of the output.
+
+    const Rect kPortraitFrame(0, 0, 1000, 2000);
+    const Rect kPortraitViewport(0, 0, 2000, 1000);
+    const Rect kPortraitSourceClip(0, 0, 1000, 2000);
+    const Rect kPortraitDestinationClip(0, 0, 1000, 2000);
+    const uint32_t kPortraitOrientation = TR_ROT_90;
+    constexpr ui::Dataspace kOutputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3;
+
+    mOutput.mState.frame = kPortraitFrame;
+    mOutput.mState.viewport = kPortraitViewport;
+    mOutput.mState.sourceClip = kPortraitSourceClip;
+    mOutput.mState.destinationClip = kPortraitDestinationClip;
+    mOutput.mState.transform = ui::Transform{kPortraitOrientation};
+    mOutput.mState.orientation = kPortraitOrientation;
+    mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+
+    Layer leftLayer;
+    Layer rightLayer;
+
+    leftLayer.mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+    leftLayer.mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1000, 1000));
+    leftLayer.mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    leftLayer.mLayerSettings.source.solidColor = {1.f, 0.f, 0.f};
+
+    rightLayer.mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
+    rightLayer.mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = Region(Rect(1000, 0, 2000, 1000));
+    rightLayer.mLayerFEState.isOpaque = true;
+    rightLayer.mLayerSettings.source.solidColor = {0.f, 1.f, 0.f};
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(2u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(&leftLayer.mOutputLayer));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(1u))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(&rightLayer.mOutputLayer));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings leftLayerSettings{
+            Region(Rect(0, 0, 1000, 1000)),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            true,  /* secure */
+            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kPortraitViewport,
+            kOutputDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(leftLayer.mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(leftLayer.mOutputLayer, needsFiltering()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(leftLayer.mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(leftLayerSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({leftLayer.mLayerSettings})));
+
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings rightLayerSettings{
+            Region(Rect(1000, 0, 2000, 1000)),
+            false, /* identity transform */
+            false, /* needs filtering */
+            true,  /* secure */
+            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kPortraitViewport,
+            kOutputDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(rightLayer.mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(rightLayer.mOutputLayer, needsFiltering()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(rightLayer.mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(rightLayerSettings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({rightLayer.mLayerSettings})));
+
+    constexpr bool supportsProtectedContent = true;
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kOutputDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(2u, requests.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(leftLayer.mLayerSettings, requests[0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(rightLayer.mLayerSettings, requests[1]);
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       shadowRegionOnlyVisibleSkipsContentComposition) {
+    const Rect kContentWithShadow(40, 40, 70, 90);
+    const Rect kContent(50, 50, 60, 80);
+    const Region kShadowRegion = Region(kContentWithShadow).subtract(kContent);
+    const Region kPartialShadowRegion = Region(kContentWithShadow).subtract(Rect(40, 40, 60, 80));
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2Settings{
+            Region(Rect(60, 40, 70, 80)).merge(Rect(40, 80, 70, 90)), /* visible region */
+            false,                                                    /* identity transform */
+            false,                                                    /* needs filtering */
+            false,                                                    /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            false /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings mShadowSettings;
+    mShadowSettings.source.solidColor = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f};
+
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = kPartialShadowRegion;
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.shadowRegion = kShadowRegion;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2Settings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>({mShadowSettings})));
+
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, requests.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mShadowSettings, requests[0]);
+}
+
+TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest_ThreeLayers,
+       shadowRegionWithContentVisibleRequestsContentAndShadowComposition) {
+    const Rect kContentWithShadow(40, 40, 70, 90);
+    const Rect kContent(50, 50, 60, 80);
+    const Region kShadowRegion = Region(kContentWithShadow).subtract(kContent);
+    const Region kPartialContentWithPartialShadowRegion =
+            Region(kContentWithShadow).subtract(Rect(40, 40, 50, 80));
+
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings mShadowSettings;
+    mShadowSettings.source.solidColor = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f};
+
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.visibleRegion = kPartialContentWithPartialShadowRegion;
+    mLayers[2].mOutputLayerState.shadowRegion = kShadowRegion;
+
+    Region accumClearRegion(Rect(10, 11, 12, 13));
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings layer2Settings{
+            Region(Rect(50, 40, 70, 80)).merge(Rect(40, 80, 70, 90)), /* visible region */
+            false,                                                    /* identity transform */
+            false,                                                    /* needs filtering */
+            false,                                                    /* secure */
+            false, /* supports protected content */
+            accumClearRegion,
+            kDisplayViewport,
+            kDisplayDataspace,
+            true /* realContentIsVisible */,
+            false /* clearContent */,
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[0].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[1].mOutputLayer, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mLayers[2].mLayerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(Eq(ByRef(layer2Settings))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>(
+                    {mShadowSettings, mLayers[2].mLayerSettings})));
+
+    auto requests = mOutput.generateClientCompositionRequests(false /* supportsProtectedContent */,
+                                                              accumClearRegion, kDisplayDataspace);
+    ASSERT_EQ(2u, requests.size());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mShadowSettings, requests[0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mLayers[2].mLayerSettings, requests[1]);
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RectMatcher.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RectMatcher.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d4c76bc..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RectMatcher.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-
-namespace {
-
-using android::base::StringAppendF;
-using Rect = android::Rect;
-
-void dumpRect(const Rect& rect, std::string& result, const char* name) {
-    StringAppendF(&result, "%s (%d %d %d %d) ", name, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom);
-}
-
-// Checks for a region match
-MATCHER_P(RectEq, expected, "") {
-    std::string buf;
-    buf.append("Rects are not equal\n");
-    dumpRect(expected, buf, "expected rect");
-    dumpRect(arg, buf, "actual rect");
-    *result_listener << buf;
-
-    return (expected.left == arg.left) && (expected.top == arg.top) &&
-            (expected.right == arg.right) && (expected.bottom == arg.bottom);
-}
-
-} // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RegionMatcher.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RegionMatcher.h
index 5a4efa9..2adde23 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RegionMatcher.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RegionMatcher.h
@@ -20,24 +20,22 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-// Checks for a region match
-MATCHER_P(RegionEq, expected, "") {
-    std::string buf;
-    buf.append("Regions are not equal\n");
-    expected.dump(buf, "expected region");
-    arg.dump(buf, "actual region");
-    *result_listener << buf;
+using Region = android::Region;
 
-    size_t expectedRectCount = 0;
-    android::Rect const* expectedRects = expected.getArray(&expectedRectCount);
-    size_t actualRectCount = 0;
-    android::Rect const* actualRects = arg.getArray(&actualRectCount);
+struct RegionMatcher : public testing::MatcherInterface<const Region&> {
+    const Region expected;
 
-    if (expectedRectCount != actualRectCount) return false;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRectCount; i++) {
-        if (expectedRects[i] != actualRects[i]) return false;
+    explicit RegionMatcher(const Region& expectedValue) : expected(expectedValue) {}
+
+    bool MatchAndExplain(const Region& actual, testing::MatchResultListener*) const override {
+        return expected.hasSameRects(actual);
     }
-    return true;
+
+    void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const override { PrintTo(expected, os); }
+};
+
+testing::Matcher<const Region&> RegionEq(const Region& expected) {
+    return MakeMatcher(new RegionMatcher(expected));
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
index f75a4dc..fd47e45 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/Display.h>
@@ -27,15 +28,9 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 
-#include "MockHWComposer.h"
-
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * RenderSurfaceTest
- */
-
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
 constexpr std::optional<DisplayId> DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = std::make_optional(DisplayId{123u});
@@ -55,14 +50,11 @@
     RenderSurfaceTest() {
         EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getId()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID));
         EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getName()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_NAME));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
         EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, disconnect(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
     }
-    ~RenderSurfaceTest() override = default;
 
-    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
     StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     StrictMock<mock::Display> mDisplay;
@@ -74,7 +66,7 @@
                                                            mDisplaySurface}};
 };
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
@@ -82,7 +74,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mSurface.isValid());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::initialize()
  */
 
@@ -95,7 +87,7 @@
     mSurface.initialize();
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::getSize()
  */
 
@@ -105,7 +97,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(expected, mSurface.getSize());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::getClientTargetAcquireFence()
  */
 
@@ -117,7 +109,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(fence.get(), mSurface.getClientTargetAcquireFence().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setDisplaySize()
  */
 
@@ -127,7 +119,7 @@
     mSurface.setDisplaySize(ui::Size(640, 480));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setBufferDataspace()
  */
 
@@ -138,7 +130,7 @@
     mSurface.setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setProtected()
  */
 
@@ -179,7 +171,7 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mSurface.isProtected());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::beginFrame()
  */
 
@@ -189,73 +181,39 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.beginFrame(true));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::prepareFrame()
  */
 
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFramePassesOutputLayersToHwc) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameTakesEarlyOutOnHwcError) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
-}
-
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesMixedComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_MIXED))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(true, true);
 }
 
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesOnlyGlesComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GLES))
+TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesOnlyGpuComposition) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GPU))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(true, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesOnlyHwcComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(false, true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesNoComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(false, false);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer()
  */
 
@@ -272,7 +230,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::queueBuffer()
  */
 
@@ -280,9 +238,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID))
-            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
@@ -294,7 +254,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = true;
+    state.flipClientTarget = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
@@ -308,8 +272,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
@@ -322,8 +289,11 @@
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesFlipClientTargetRequestWithNoBufferYetDequeued) {
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, dequeueBuffer(_, _))
             .WillOnce(
                     DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(buffer.get()), SetArgPointee<1>(-1), Return(NO_ERROR)));
@@ -340,7 +310,10 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, isVirtual()).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -353,7 +326,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::onPresentDisplayCompleted()
  */
 
@@ -363,21 +336,7 @@
     mSurface.onPresentDisplayCompleted();
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * RenderSurface::setViewportAndProjection()
- */
-
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, setViewportAndProjectionAppliesChang) {
-    mSurface.setSizeForTest(ui::Size(100, 200));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine,
-                setViewportAndProjection(100, 200, Rect(100, 200), ui::Transform::ROT_0))
-            .Times(1);
-
-    mSurface.setViewportAndProjection();
-}
-
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::flip()
  */
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TransformMatcher.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TransformMatcher.h
deleted file mode 100644
index ea07bed..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TransformMatcher.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-
-namespace {
-
-// Check for a transform match
-MATCHER_P(TransformEq, expected, "") {
-    std::string buf;
-    buf.append("Transforms are not equal\n");
-    expected.dump(buf, "expected transform");
-    arg.dump(buf, "actual transform");
-    *result_listener << buf;
-
-    const float TOLERANCE = 1e-3f;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
-        for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
-            if (std::fabs(expected[i][j] - arg[i][j]) > TOLERANCE) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-} // namespace