diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index 516c3ef..11a9e19 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@
         "libtonemap",
         "libtrace_proto",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libcgrouprc",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "libcgrouprc_format",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
@@ -69,6 +73,7 @@
         "src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp",
         "src/DisplaySurface.cpp",
         "src/DumpHelpers.cpp",
+        "src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp",
         "src/HwcBufferCache.cpp",
         "src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp",
         "src/Output.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
index c553fce..ca86f4c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@
     virtual void resizeBuffers(const ui::Size&) = 0;
 
     virtual const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the render surface supports client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index d8644a4..5846e67 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 
 #include <ui/DisplayIdentification.h>
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 struct OutputCompositionState;
+struct GpuCompositionResult;
 } // namespace impl
 
 /**
@@ -262,6 +264,9 @@
     // Latches the front-end layer state for each output layer
     virtual void updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) const = 0;
 
+    // Enables predicting composition strategy to run client composition earlier
+    virtual void setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool) = 0;
+
 protected:
     virtual void setDisplayColorProfile(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>) = 0;
     virtual void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>) = 0;
@@ -278,13 +283,22 @@
     virtual void updateColorProfile(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void beginFrame() = 0;
     virtual void prepareFrame() = 0;
+
+    using GpuCompositionResult = compositionengine::impl::GpuCompositionResult;
+    // Runs prepare frame in another thread while running client composition using
+    // the previous frame's composition strategy.
+    virtual GpuCompositionResult prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
-    virtual void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) = 0;
     virtual std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
-            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) = 0;
+            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&) = 0;
     virtual void postFramebuffer() = 0;
     virtual void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
-    virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
+    virtual bool chooseCompositionStrategy(
+            std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*) = 0;
+    virtual void applyCompositionStrategy(
+            const std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>& changes) = 0;
     virtual bool getSkipColorTransform() const = 0;
     virtual FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() = 0;
     virtual std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
@@ -295,6 +309,7 @@
             std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) = 0;
     virtual void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) = 0;
     virtual void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
+    virtual bool canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
index daee83b..9ee779c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@
 
     // Debugging - gets the page flip count for the RenderSurface
     virtual std::uint32_t getPageFlipCount() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the render surface supports client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index 8bb8e92..61a0e6a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
@@ -51,11 +52,16 @@
     void setReleasedLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void setColorTransform(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) override;
-    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+
+    void beginFrame() override;
+    using DeviceRequestedChanges = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges;
+    bool chooseCompositionStrategy(
+            std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*) override;
+    void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override;
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
     void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool) override;
-    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) override;
 
     // compositionengine::Display overrides
     DisplayId getId() const override;
@@ -72,7 +78,6 @@
     using DisplayRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::DisplayRequests;
     using LayerRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::LayerRequests;
     using ClientTargetProperty = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ClientTargetProperty;
-    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
     virtual bool allLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
     virtual void applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes&);
     virtual void applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests&);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed1ddc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+struct GpuCompositionResult {
+    // True if composition strategy was predicted successfully.
+    bool succeeded = false;
+
+    // Composition ready fence.
+    base::unique_fd fence{};
+
+    // Buffer to be used for gpu composition. If gpu composition was not successful,
+    // then we want to reuse the buffer instead of dequeuing another buffer.
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
+
+    bool bufferAvailable() const { return buffer != nullptr; };
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c7da6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <future>
+#include <optional>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+// HWC Validate call may take multiple milliseconds to complete and can account for
+// a signification amount of time in the display hotpath. This helper class allows
+// us to run the hwc validate function on a real time thread if we can predict what
+// the composition strategy will be and if composition includes client composition.
+// While the hwc validate runs, client composition is kicked off with the prediction.
+// When the worker returns with a value, the composition continues if the prediction
+// was successful otherwise the client composition is re-executed.
+//
+// Note: This does not alter the sequence between HWC and surfaceflinger.
+class HwcAsyncWorker final {
+public:
+    HwcAsyncWorker();
+    ~HwcAsyncWorker();
+    // Runs the provided function which calls hwc validate and returns the requested
+    // device changes as a future.
+    std::future<bool> send(std::function<bool()>);
+
+private:
+    std::mutex mMutex;
+    std::condition_variable mCv GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    bool mDone GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
+    bool mTaskRequested GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
+    std::packaged_task<bool()> mTask GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    std::thread mThread;
+    void run();
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index a7a8e97..0feb9f7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -17,9 +17,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 #include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
@@ -92,25 +96,42 @@
     void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void beginFrame() override;
     void prepareFrame() override;
+    GpuCompositionResult prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
-    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
-    std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
-            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) override;
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(const Region&,
+                                                   const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                                                   std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>,
+                                                   base::unique_fd&) override;
     void postFramebuffer() override;
     void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t) override;
+    bool canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool) override;
 
     // Testing
     const ReleasedLayers& getReleasedLayersForTest() const;
     void setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>);
     void setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>);
     bool plannerEnabled() const { return mPlanner != nullptr; }
+    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual void updateProtectedContentState();
+    virtual bool dequeueRenderBuffer(base::unique_fd*,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*);
+    virtual std::future<bool> chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(
+            std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*);
+    virtual void resetCompositionStrategy();
 
 protected:
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
     std::optional<size_t> findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(
             const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&) const;
-    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    using DeviceRequestedChanges = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges;
+    bool chooseCompositionStrategy(
+            std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*) override {
+        return true;
+    };
+    void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override{};
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
@@ -131,6 +152,7 @@
 private:
     void dirtyEntireOutput();
     compositionengine::OutputLayer* findLayerRequestingBackgroundComposition() const;
+    void finishPrepareFrame();
     ui::Dataspace getBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace*, bool*) const;
     compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile pickColorProfile(
             const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) const;
@@ -144,6 +166,7 @@
     OutputLayer* mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur = nullptr;
     std::unique_ptr<ClientCompositionRequestCache> mClientCompositionRequestCache;
     std::unique_ptr<planner::Planner> mPlanner;
+    std::unique_ptr<HwcAsyncWorker> mHwComposerAsyncWorker;
 };
 
 // This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index 2438f80..20e5d71 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace compositionengine::impl {
@@ -115,6 +117,10 @@
     // Current target dataspace
     ui::Dataspace targetDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
 
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> previousDeviceRequestedChanges{};
+
+    bool previousDeviceRequestedSuccess = false;
+
     // The earliest time to send the present command to the HAL
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point earliestPresentTime;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
index a8a5380..e4cb113 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
     void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override;
     void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override;
     void flip() override;
+    bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override;
 
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
index d90cc90..72e6f3b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplayColorProfile, void(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createRenderSurface, void(const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createClientCompositionCache, void(uint32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setPredictCompositionStrategy, void(bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index b68b95d..fa86076 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
@@ -99,16 +100,24 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(prepareFrameAsync, GpuCompositionResult(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(chooseCompositionStrategy,
+                 bool(std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(chooseCompositionStrategyAsync,
+                 std::future<bool>(std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyCompositionStrategy,
+                 void(const std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>&));
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(finishFrame,
+                 void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+    MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                  std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
                          const Region&,
-                         const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs));
+                         const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                         std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
@@ -121,6 +130,8 @@
                  void(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setExpensiveRenderingExpected, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(cacheClientCompositionRequests, void(uint32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(canPredictCompositionStrategy, bool(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setPredictCompositionStrategy, void(bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
index fe858c2..e12aebb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(flip, void());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string& result));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPageFlipCount, std::uint32_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction, bool());
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 54daf38..84c22cf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -207,16 +207,8 @@
     setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
 }
 
-void Display::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
-
-    if (mIsDisconnected) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Default to the base settings -- client composition only.
-    Output::chooseCompositionStrategy();
+void Display::beginFrame() {
+    Output::beginFrame();
 
     // If we don't have a HWC display, then we are done.
     const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(mId);
@@ -224,8 +216,6 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
-    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
     auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
     if (const auto physicalDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(*halDisplayId);
         physicalDisplayId && getState().displayBrightness) {
@@ -237,17 +227,43 @@
         ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "setDisplayBrightness failed for %s: %d, (%s)",
                  getName().c_str(), result, strerror(-result));
     }
+    // Clear out the display brightness now that it's been communicated to composer.
+    editState().displayBrightness.reset();
+}
 
+bool Display::chooseCompositionStrategy(
+        std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>* outChanges) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (mIsDisconnected) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If we don't have a HWC display, then we are done.
+    const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(mId);
+    if (!halDisplayId) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
     if (status_t result =
                 hwc.getDeviceCompositionChanges(*halDisplayId, anyLayersRequireClientComposition(),
                                                 getState().earliestPresentTime,
                                                 getState().previousPresentFence,
-                                                getState().expectedPresentTime, &changes);
+                                                getState().expectedPresentTime, outChanges);
         result != NO_ERROR) {
         ALOGE("chooseCompositionStrategy failed for %s: %d (%s)", getName().c_str(), result,
               strerror(-result));
-        return;
+        return false;
     }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void Display::applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>& changes) {
     if (changes) {
         applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes->changedTypes);
         applyDisplayRequests(changes->displayRequests);
@@ -259,8 +275,6 @@
     auto& state = editState();
     state.usesClientComposition = anyLayersRequireClientComposition();
     state.usesDeviceComposition = !allLayersRequireClientComposition();
-    // Clear out the display brightness now that it's been communicated to composer.
-    state.displayBrightness.reset();
 }
 
 bool Display::getSkipColorTransform() const {
@@ -273,12 +287,6 @@
     return hwc.hasCapability(Capability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM);
 }
 
-bool Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
-    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
-    return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
-                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
-}
-
 bool Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
     const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
     return std::all_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
@@ -379,7 +387,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Display::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+void Display::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                          GpuCompositionResult&& result) {
     // We only need to actually compose the display if:
     // 1) It is being handled by hardware composer, which may need this to
     //    keep its virtual display state machine in sync, or
@@ -389,7 +398,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    impl::Output::finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    impl::Output::finishFrame(refreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
index db6d4f2..28900af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
@@ -20,4 +20,8 @@
 
 DisplaySurface::~DisplaySurface() = default;
 
+bool DisplaySurface::supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const {
+    return true;
+}
+
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6086f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
+#include <processgroup/sched_policy.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <system/thread_defs.h>
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <cutils/sched_policy.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+HwcAsyncWorker::HwcAsyncWorker() {
+    mThread = std::thread(&HwcAsyncWorker::run, this);
+    pthread_setname_np(mThread.native_handle(), "HwcAsyncWorker");
+}
+
+HwcAsyncWorker::~HwcAsyncWorker() {
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
+        mDone = true;
+        mCv.notify_all();
+    }
+    if (mThread.joinable()) {
+        mThread.join();
+    }
+}
+std::future<bool> HwcAsyncWorker::send(std::function<bool()> task) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLock(mMutex);
+    mTask = std::packaged_task<bool()>([task = std::move(task)]() { return task(); });
+    mTaskRequested = true;
+    mCv.notify_one();
+    return mTask.get_future();
+}
+
+void HwcAsyncWorker::run() {
+    set_sched_policy(0, SP_FOREGROUND);
+    struct sched_param param = {0};
+    param.sched_priority = 2;
+    sched_setscheduler(gettid(), SCHED_FIFO, &param);
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLock(mMutex);
+    while (!mDone) {
+        mCv.wait(lock);
+        if (mTaskRequested && mTask.valid()) {
+            mTask();
+            mTaskRequested = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 25155b9..6595ed3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
@@ -434,9 +435,17 @@
     writeCompositionState(refreshArgs);
     setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
     beginFrame();
-    prepareFrame();
+
+    GpuCompositionResult result;
+    const bool predictCompositionStrategy = canPredictCompositionStrategy(refreshArgs);
+    if (predictCompositionStrategy) {
+        result = prepareFrameAsync(refreshArgs);
+    } else {
+        prepareFrame();
+    }
+
     devOptRepaintFlash(refreshArgs);
-    finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    finishFrame(refreshArgs, std::move(result));
     postFramebuffer();
     renderCachedSets(refreshArgs);
 }
@@ -953,19 +962,72 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
-    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    auto& outputState = editState();
     if (!outputState.isEnabled) {
         return;
     }
 
-    chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+    bool success = chooseCompositionStrategy(&changes);
+    resetCompositionStrategy();
+    outputState.previousDeviceRequestedChanges = changes;
+    outputState.previousDeviceRequestedSuccess = success;
+    if (success) {
+        applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+    }
+    finishPrepareFrame();
+}
 
-    if (mPlanner) {
-        mPlanner->reportFinalPlan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+std::future<bool> Output::chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(
+        std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>* changes) {
+    return mHwComposerAsyncWorker->send(
+            [&, changes]() { return chooseCompositionStrategy(changes); });
+}
+
+GpuCompositionResult Output::prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+    auto& state = editState();
+    const auto& previousChanges = state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges;
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+    resetCompositionStrategy();
+    auto hwcResult = chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(&changes);
+    if (state.previousDeviceRequestedSuccess) {
+        applyCompositionStrategy(previousChanges);
+    }
+    finishPrepareFrame();
+
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    updateProtectedContentState();
+    const bool dequeueSucceeded = dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer);
+    GpuCompositionResult compositionResult;
+    if (dequeueSucceeded) {
+        std::optional<base::unique_fd> optFd =
+                composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence);
+        if (optFd) {
+            compositionResult.fence = std::move(*optFd);
+        }
     }
 
-    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(outputState.usesClientComposition,
-                                 outputState.usesDeviceComposition);
+    auto chooseCompositionSuccess = hwcResult.get();
+    const bool predictionSucceeded = dequeueSucceeded && changes == previousChanges;
+    compositionResult.succeeded = predictionSucceeded;
+    if (!predictionSucceeded) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("CompositionStrategyPredictionMiss");
+        resetCompositionStrategy();
+        if (chooseCompositionSuccess) {
+            applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+        }
+        finishPrepareFrame();
+        // Track the dequeued buffer to reuse so we don't need to dequeue another one.
+        compositionResult.buffer = buffer;
+    } else {
+        ATRACE_NAME("CompositionStrategyPredictionHit");
+    }
+    state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges = std::move(changes);
+    state.previousDeviceRequestedSuccess = chooseCompositionSuccess;
+    return compositionResult;
 }
 
 void Output::devOptRepaintFlash(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
@@ -975,7 +1037,11 @@
 
     if (getState().isEnabled) {
         if (const auto dirtyRegion = getDirtyRegion(); !dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
-            static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs));
+            base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+            updateProtectedContentState();
+            dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer);
+            static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence));
             mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
         }
     }
@@ -987,7 +1053,7 @@
     prepareFrame();
 }
 
-void Output::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+void Output::finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, GpuCompositionResult&& result) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
@@ -995,9 +1061,25 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    // Repaint the framebuffer (if needed), getting the optional fence for when
-    // the composition completes.
-    auto optReadyFence = composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs);
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> optReadyFence;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+    if (result.succeeded) {
+        optReadyFence = std::move(result.fence);
+    } else {
+        if (result.bufferAvailable()) {
+            buffer = std::move(result.buffer);
+            bufferFence = std::move(result.fence);
+        } else {
+            updateProtectedContentState();
+            if (!dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        // Repaint the framebuffer (if needed), getting the optional fence for when
+        // the composition completes.
+        optReadyFence = composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence);
+    }
     if (!optReadyFence) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1006,16 +1088,8 @@
     mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(std::move(*optReadyFence));
 }
 
-std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
-        const Region& debugRegion, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
-
+void Output::updateProtectedContentState() {
     const auto& outputState = getState();
-    OutputCompositionState& outputCompositionState = editState();
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
-                                                      outputState.usesClientComposition};
-
     auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
     const bool supportsProtectedContent = renderEngine.supportsProtectedContent();
 
@@ -1037,29 +1111,48 @@
     } else if (!outputState.isSecure && renderEngine.isProtected()) {
         renderEngine.useProtectedContext(false);
     }
+}
 
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+bool Output::dequeueRenderBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence,
+                                 std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>* tex) {
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
 
     // If we aren't doing client composition on this output, but do have a
     // flipClientTarget request for this frame on this output, we still need to
     // dequeue a buffer.
-    if (hasClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
-        tex = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(&fd);
-        if (tex == nullptr) {
+    if (outputState.usesClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
+        *tex = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(bufferFence);
+        if (*tex == nullptr) {
             ALOGW("Dequeuing buffer for display [%s] failed, bailing out of "
                   "client composition for this frame",
                   mName.c_str());
-            return {};
+            return false;
         }
     }
+    return true;
+}
 
+std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
+        const Region& debugRegion, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex, base::unique_fd& fd) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
+                                                      outputState.usesClientComposition};
     if (!hasClientComposition) {
         setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
         return base::unique_fd();
     }
 
+    if (tex == nullptr) {
+        ALOGW("Buffer not valid for display [%s], bailing out of "
+              "client composition for this frame",
+              mName.c_str());
+        return {};
+    }
+
     ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
@@ -1088,6 +1181,8 @@
             outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
 
     // Generate the client composition requests for the layers on this output.
+    auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
+    const bool supportsProtectedContent = renderEngine.supportsProtectedContent();
     std::vector<LayerFE*> clientCompositionLayersFE;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers =
             generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent,
@@ -1095,16 +1190,19 @@
                                               clientCompositionLayersFE);
     appendRegionFlashRequests(debugRegion, clientCompositionLayers);
 
+    OutputCompositionState& outputCompositionState = editState();
     // Check if the client composition requests were rendered into the provided graphic buffer. If
     // so, we can reuse the buffer and avoid client composition.
     if (mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
         if (mClientCompositionRequestCache->exists(tex->getBuffer()->getId(),
                                                    clientCompositionDisplay,
                                                    clientCompositionLayers)) {
+            ATRACE_NAME("ClientCompositionCacheHit");
             outputCompositionState.reusedClientComposition = true;
             setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
             return base::unique_fd();
         }
+        ATRACE_NAME("ClientCompositionCacheMiss");
         mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(tex->getBuffer()->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
                                             clientCompositionLayers);
     }
@@ -1356,7 +1454,7 @@
     outputState.dirtyRegion.set(outputState.displaySpace.getBoundsAsRect());
 }
 
-void Output::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+void Output::resetCompositionStrategy() {
     // The base output implementation can only do client composition
     auto& outputState = editState();
     outputState.usesClientComposition = true;
@@ -1376,5 +1474,63 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+void Output::setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool predict) {
+    if (predict) {
+        mHwComposerAsyncWorker = std::make_unique<HwcAsyncWorker>();
+    } else {
+        mHwComposerAsyncWorker.reset(nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+bool Output::canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    if (!getState().isEnabled || !mHwComposerAsyncWorker) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy disabled");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!getState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy previous changes not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!mRenderSurface->supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction()) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy surface does not support");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If no layer uses clientComposition, then don't predict composition strategy
+    // because we have less work to do in parallel.
+    if (!anyLayersRequireClientComposition()) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy no layer uses clientComposition");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame");
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool Output::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+void Output::finishPrepareFrame() {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->reportFinalPlan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+    }
+    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(state.usesClientComposition, state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
index 12c2c8e..5a3af7b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
@@ -289,5 +289,9 @@
     return mTexture;
 }
 
+bool RenderSurface::supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const {
+    return mDisplaySurface->supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction();
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index d2c945c..9a61667 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
 
@@ -43,6 +45,7 @@
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability;
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition;
+using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::DimmingStage;
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
@@ -113,8 +116,9 @@
             return mCompositionEngine;
         };
 
+        size_t getOutputLayerCount() const override { return 1u; }
+
         // Mock implementation overrides
-        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOutputLayerCount, size_t());
         MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex,
                            compositionengine::OutputLayer*(size_t));
         MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayer,
@@ -197,6 +201,26 @@
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
                                               getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
+
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges mDeviceRequestedChanges{
+            {{nullptr, Composition::CLIENT}},
+            hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET,
+            {{nullptr, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET}},
+            {DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID.value,
+             {aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888,
+              aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace::UNKNOWN},
+             -1.f,
+             DimmingStage::NONE},
+    };
+
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy(Display* display) {
+        std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+        bool success = display->chooseCompositionStrategy(&changes);
+        display->resetCompositionStrategy();
+        if (success) {
+            display->applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+        }
+    }
 };
 
 struct FullDisplayImplTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
@@ -213,6 +237,11 @@
                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer2.outputLayer));
         mDisplay->injectOutputLayerForTest(
                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer3.outputLayer));
+        mResultWithBuffer.buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1U /*width*/, 1U /*height*/,
+                                                         1ULL /* bufferId */,
+                                                         HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                         0ULL /*usage*/);
     }
 
     Layer mLayer1;
@@ -221,6 +250,8 @@
     StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2LayerUnknown;
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
             createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult mResultWithBuffer;
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult mResultWithoutBuffer;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -553,7 +584,7 @@
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, args);
     EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(gpuDisplay->getId()));
 
-    gpuDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(gpuDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = gpuDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -566,11 +597,12 @@
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), false, _, _, _, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperation) {
@@ -587,10 +619,16 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            .WillOnce(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<5>(mDeviceRequestedChanges),
+                                     Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.changedTypes))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(mDeviceRequestedChanges.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.layerRequests))
+            .Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -602,45 +640,23 @@
     // values, use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known
     // order.
     constexpr float kDisplayBrightness = 0.5f;
-    Sequence s;
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
-            .InSequence(s)
-            .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
-            .InSequence(s)
-            .WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 setDisplayBrightness(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, kDisplayBrightness,
                                      Hwc2::Composer::DisplayBrightnessOptions{.applyImmediately =
                                                                                       false}))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(ftl::yield<status_t>(NO_ERROR))));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
-                getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
-
     mDisplay->setNextBrightness(kDisplayBrightness);
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, beginFrame(_)).Times(1);
+    mDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    mDisplay->beginFrame();
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.displayBrightness.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperationWithChanges) {
-    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges changes{
-            {{nullptr, Composition::CLIENT}},
-            hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET,
-            {{nullptr, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET}},
-            {.clientTargetProperty =
-                     {aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888,
-                      aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace::UNKNOWN},
-             .brightness = -1.f,
-             .dimmingStage = aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::DimmingStage::NONE},
-    };
-
     // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return
     // values, use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known
     // order.
@@ -654,13 +670,15 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<5>(changes), Return(NO_ERROR)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes.changedTypes)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(changes.displayRequests)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes.layerRequests)).Times(1);
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<5>(mDeviceRequestedChanges), Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.changedTypes))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(mDeviceRequestedChanges.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.layerRequests))
+            .Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -938,7 +956,7 @@
     mDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     mDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    mDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    mDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithBuffer));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, skipsCompositionIfNotDirty) {
@@ -956,7 +974,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithoutBuffer));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfDirty) {
@@ -973,7 +991,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithBuffer));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 66f3753..49be45e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
@@ -989,7 +990,9 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(chooseCompositionStrategy,
+                     bool(std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(resetCompositionStrategy, void());
     };
 
     OutputPrepareFrameTest() {
@@ -1015,7 +1018,8 @@
     mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
     mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategy(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, resetCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
 
@@ -1037,6 +1041,147 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->getState().usesDeviceComposition);
 }
 
+struct OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD1(chooseCompositionStrategy,
+                     bool(std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(
+                chooseCompositionStrategyAsync,
+                std::future<bool>(std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
+                     std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(resetCompositionStrategy, void());
+    };
+
+    OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, delegatesToChooseCompositionStrategyAndRenderSurface) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<bool> p;
+    p.set_value(true);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, resetCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(_))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges),
+                            Return(ByMove(p.get_future()))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.succeeded);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, skipCompositionOnDequeueFailure) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<bool> p;
+    p.set_value(true);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, resetCompositionStrategy()).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(_))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges),
+                            Return(ByMove(p.get_future()))));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.succeeded);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+// Tests that in the event of hwc error when choosing composition strategy, we would fall back
+// client composition
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, chooseCompositionStrategyFailureCallsPrepareFrame) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<bool> p;
+    p.set_value(false);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, resetCompositionStrategy()).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(tex), Return(true)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(_)).WillOnce([&] {
+        return p.get_future();
+    });
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.succeeded);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, predictionMiss) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    auto newDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    newDeviceRequestedChanges->displayRequests = static_cast<hal::DisplayRequest>(0);
+    std::promise<bool> p;
+    p.set_value(false);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, resetCompositionStrategy()).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(tex), Return(true)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync(_)).WillOnce([&] {
+        return p.get_future();
+    });
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.succeeded);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
 /*
  * Output::prepare()
  */
@@ -1820,10 +1965,14 @@
         MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
         MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(prepareFrameAsync, GpuCompositionResult(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
-        MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(finishFrame,
+                     void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                          GpuCompositionResult&&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
         MOCK_METHOD1(renderCachedSets, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(canPredictCompositionStrategy, bool(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     };
 
     StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
@@ -1839,9 +1988,30 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, writeCompositionState(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, canPredictCompositionStrategy(Ref(args))).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets(Ref(args)));
+
+    mOutput.present(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPresentTest, predictingCompositionStrategyInvokesPrepareFrameAsync) {
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateColorProfile(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, planComposition());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, writeCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, canPredictCompositionStrategy(Ref(args))).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrameAsync(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args), _));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets(Ref(args)));
 
@@ -2739,11 +2909,15 @@
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
         MOCK_METHOD(Region, getDirtyRegion, (), (const));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                      std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
-                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
         MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
     };
 
     OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest() {
@@ -2800,7 +2974,9 @@
 
     InSequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion()).WillOnce(Return(kNotEmptyRegion));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
@@ -2816,10 +2992,14 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                      std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
-                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
     };
 
     OutputFinishFrameTest() {
@@ -2837,27 +3017,63 @@
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, ifNotEnabledDoesNothing) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
 
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, takesEarlyOutifComposeSurfacesReturnsNoFence) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, _, _));
 
-    InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _));
-
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, queuesBufferIfComposeSurfacesReturnsAFence) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
 
     InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, _, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(base::unique_fd())));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
 
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, predictionSucceeded) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    result.succeeded = true;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, predictionFailedAndBufferIsReused) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    result.succeeded = false;
+    result.buffer =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput,
+                composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, result.buffer,
+                                Eq(ByRef(result.fence))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(base::unique_fd())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3104,8 +3320,15 @@
 
     struct ExecuteState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExecuteState> {
         auto execute() {
-            getInstance()->mReadyFence =
-                    getInstance()->mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+            base::unique_fd fence;
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> externalTexture;
+            const bool success =
+                    getInstance()->mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fence, &externalTexture);
+            if (success) {
+                getInstance()->mReadyFence =
+                        getInstance()->mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs,
+                                                               externalTexture, fence);
+            }
             return nextState<FenceCheckState>();
         }
     };
@@ -3728,7 +3951,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifRenderEngineDoesNotSupportIt) {
@@ -3736,7 +3963,11 @@
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNoProtectedContentLayers) {
@@ -3748,7 +3979,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNotEnabled) {
@@ -3770,7 +4005,11 @@
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledEverywhere) {
@@ -3780,7 +4019,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifFailsToEnableInRenderEngine) {
@@ -3791,7 +4034,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderEngine) {
@@ -3802,7 +4049,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderSurface) {
@@ -3813,7 +4064,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest {
@@ -3843,7 +4098,11 @@
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur
@@ -3878,7 +4137,12 @@
     mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreNotExpensive) {
@@ -3888,7 +4152,12 @@
     mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true)).Times(0);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 9116fd3..3651c8b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
                 static_cast<uint32_t>(SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers));
     }
 
+    mCompositionDisplay->setPredictCompositionStrategy(mFlinger->mPredictCompositionStrategy);
     mCompositionDisplay->createDisplayColorProfile(
             compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgsBuilder()
                     .setHasWideColorGamut(args.hasWideColorGamut)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index 389c3be..5e2ab78 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -280,6 +280,13 @@
     virtual Hwc2::AidlTransform getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(PhysicalDisplayId) const = 0;
 };
 
+static inline bool operator==(const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& lhs,
+                              const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& rhs) {
+    return lhs.changedTypes == rhs.changedTypes && lhs.displayRequests == rhs.displayRequests &&
+            lhs.layerRequests == rhs.layerRequests &&
+            lhs.clientTargetProperty == rhs.clientTargetProperty;
+}
+
 namespace impl {
 
 class HWComposer final : public android::HWComposer {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
index 307da41..e21095a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@
     virtual void dumpAsString(String8& result) const;
     virtual void resizeBuffers(const ui::Size&) override;
     virtual const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const override;
+    // Virtual display surface needs to prepare the frame based on composition type. Skip
+    // any client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override { return false; };
 
 private:
     enum Source : size_t {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index ee6675c..b83b54a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -411,6 +411,9 @@
     property_get("debug.sf.disable_client_composition_cache", value, "0");
     mDisableClientCompositionCache = atoi(value);
 
+    property_get("debug.sf.predict_hwc_composition_strategy", value, "0");
+    mPredictCompositionStrategy = atoi(value);
+
     // We should be reading 'persist.sys.sf.color_saturation' here
     // but since /data may be encrypted, we need to wait until after vold
     // comes online to attempt to read the property. The property is
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 4a6c0b8..ea2e71a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -343,6 +343,11 @@
     void disableExpensiveRendering();
     FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds();
 
+    // If set, composition engine tries to predict the composition strategy provided by HWC
+    // based on the previous frame. If the strategy can be predicted, gpu composition will
+    // run parallel to the hwc validateDisplay call and re-run if the predition is incorrect.
+    bool mPredictCompositionStrategy = false;
+
 protected:
     // We're reference counted, never destroy SurfaceFlinger directly
     virtual ~SurfaceFlinger();