diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index 159d0f0..758c468 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -675,8 +675,7 @@
     }
 
     using FrameRateCompatibility = scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility;
-    if (snapshot.frameRate.rate.isValid() ||
-        snapshot.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote) {
+    if (snapshot.frameRate.isValid()) {
         // we already have a valid framerate.
         return;
     }
@@ -684,15 +683,17 @@
     // We return whether this layer or its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes
     // for the same reason we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
     // RefreshRateSelector::rankFrameRates for details.
-    const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility = childSnapshot.frameRate.rate.isValid() &&
-            childSnapshot.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+    const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility = childSnapshot.frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() &&
+            childSnapshot.frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
     const auto layerVotedWithNoVote =
-            childSnapshot.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
-    const auto layerVotedWithExactCompatibility = childSnapshot.frameRate.rate.isValid() &&
-            childSnapshot.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
+            childSnapshot.frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
+    const auto layerVotedWithCategory =
+            childSnapshot.frameRate.category != FrameRateCategory::Default;
+    const auto layerVotedWithExactCompatibility = childSnapshot.frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() &&
+            childSnapshot.frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
 
     bool childHasValidFrameRate = layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility || layerVotedWithNoVote ||
-            layerVotedWithExactCompatibility;
+            layerVotedWithCategory || layerVotedWithExactCompatibility;
 
     // If we don't have a valid frame rate, but the children do, we set this
     // layer as NoVote to allow the children to control the refresh rate
@@ -820,11 +821,8 @@
                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy) ||
         snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate |
                              RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-        snapshot.frameRate = (requested.requestedFrameRate.rate.isValid() ||
-                              (requested.requestedFrameRate.type ==
-                               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote))
-                ? requested.requestedFrameRate
-                : parentSnapshot.frameRate;
+        snapshot.frameRate = requested.requestedFrameRate.isValid() ? requested.requestedFrameRate
+                                                                    : parentSnapshot.frameRate;
         snapshot.changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
index d979c46..43800e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
+
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "LayerLog.h"
@@ -123,6 +125,7 @@
     dimmingEnabled = true;
     defaultFrameRateCompatibility =
             static_cast<int8_t>(scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    frameRateCategory = static_cast<int8_t>(FrameRateCategory::Default);
     dataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB;
     gameMode = gui::GameMode::Unsupported;
     requestedFrameRate = {};
@@ -319,8 +322,14 @@
                 Layer::FrameRate::convertCompatibility(clientState.frameRateCompatibility);
         const auto strategy = Layer::FrameRate::convertChangeFrameRateStrategy(
                 clientState.changeFrameRateStrategy);
-        requestedFrameRate =
-                Layer::FrameRate(Fps::fromValue(clientState.frameRate), compatibility, strategy);
+        requestedFrameRate.vote =
+                Layer::FrameRate::FrameRateVote(Fps::fromValue(clientState.frameRate),
+                                                compatibility, strategy);
+        changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate;
+    }
+    if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eFrameRateCategoryChanged) {
+        const auto category = Layer::FrameRate::convertCategory(clientState.frameRateCategory);
+        requestedFrameRate.category = category;
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate;
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 59a8825..95e1a2f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@
     using FrameRateCompatibility = TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::FrameRateCompatibility;
     using Seamlessness = TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::Seamlessness;
     const auto frameRateCompatibility = [frameRate] {
-        switch (frameRate.type) {
+        switch (frameRate.vote.type) {
             case Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default:
                 return FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
             case Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple:
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@
     }();
 
     const auto seamlessness = [frameRate] {
-        switch (frameRate.seamlessness) {
+        switch (frameRate.vote.seamlessness) {
             case scheduler::Seamlessness::OnlySeamless:
                 return Seamlessness::ShouldBeSeamless;
             case scheduler::Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless:
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@
         }
     }();
 
-    return TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote{.frameRate = frameRate.rate.getValue(),
+    return TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote{.frameRate = frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(),
                                        .frameRateCompatibility = frameRateCompatibility,
                                        .seamlessness = seamlessness};
 }
@@ -1264,8 +1263,7 @@
 bool Layer::propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate parentFrameRate, bool* transactionNeeded) {
     // The frame rate for layer tree is this layer's frame rate if present, or the parent frame rate
     const auto frameRate = [&] {
-        if (mDrawingState.frameRate.rate.isValid() ||
-            mDrawingState.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote) {
+        if (mDrawingState.frameRate.isValid()) {
             return mDrawingState.frameRate;
         }
 
@@ -1281,23 +1279,23 @@
                 child->propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(frameRate, transactionNeeded);
     }
 
-    // If we don't have a valid frame rate, but the children do, we set this
+    // If we don't have a valid frame rate specification, but the children do, we set this
     // layer as NoVote to allow the children to control the refresh rate
-    if (!frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type != FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote &&
-        childrenHaveFrameRate) {
+    if (!frameRate.isValid() && childrenHaveFrameRate) {
         *transactionNeeded |=
                 setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(FrameRate(Fps(), FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote));
     }
 
-    // We return whether this layer ot its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes for
+    // We return whether this layer or its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes for
     // the same reason we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
     // RefreshRateSelector::rankFrameRates for details.
     const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility =
-            frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
-    const auto layerVotedWithNoVote = frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
+            frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() && frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+    const auto layerVotedWithNoVote = frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
+    const auto layerVotedWithCategory = frameRate.category != FrameRateCategory::Default;
     const auto layerVotedWithExactCompatibility =
-            frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
-    return layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility || layerVotedWithNoVote ||
+            frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() && frameRate.vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
+    return layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility || layerVotedWithNoVote || layerVotedWithCategory ||
             layerVotedWithExactCompatibility || childrenHaveFrameRate;
 }
 
@@ -1319,13 +1317,28 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool Layer::setFrameRate(FrameRate frameRate) {
-    if (mDrawingState.frameRate == frameRate) {
+bool Layer::setFrameRate(FrameRate::FrameRateVote frameRateVote) {
+    if (mDrawingState.frameRate.vote == frameRateVote) {
         return false;
     }
 
     mDrawingState.sequence++;
-    mDrawingState.frameRate = frameRate;
+    mDrawingState.frameRate.vote = frameRateVote;
+    mDrawingState.modified = true;
+
+    updateTreeHasFrameRateVote();
+
+    setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Layer::setFrameRateCategory(FrameRateCategory category) {
+    if (mDrawingState.frameRate.category == category) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mDrawingState.sequence++;
+    mDrawingState.frameRate.category = category;
     mDrawingState.modified = true;
 
     updateTreeHasFrameRateVote();
@@ -1651,10 +1664,10 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "%6.1f %6.1f %6.1f %6.1f | ", crop.left, crop.top, crop.right,
                   crop.bottom);
     const auto frameRate = getFrameRateForLayerTree();
-    if (frameRate.rate.isValid() || frameRate.type != FrameRateCompatibility::Default) {
-        StringAppendF(&result, "%s %15s %17s", to_string(frameRate.rate).c_str(),
-                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.type).c_str(),
-                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.seamlessness).c_str());
+    if (frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() || frameRate.vote.type != FrameRateCompatibility::Default) {
+        StringAppendF(&result, "%s %15s %17s", to_string(frameRate.vote.rate).c_str(),
+                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.vote.type).c_str(),
+                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.vote.seamlessness).c_str());
     } else {
         result.append(41, ' ');
     }
@@ -1686,10 +1699,10 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "%6.1f %6.1f %6.1f %6.1f | ", crop.left, crop.top, crop.right,
                   crop.bottom);
     const auto frameRate = snapshot.frameRate;
-    if (frameRate.rate.isValid() || frameRate.type != FrameRateCompatibility::Default) {
-        StringAppendF(&result, "%s %15s %17s", to_string(frameRate.rate).c_str(),
-                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.type).c_str(),
-                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.seamlessness).c_str());
+    if (frameRate.vote.rate.isValid() || frameRate.vote.type != FrameRateCompatibility::Default) {
+        StringAppendF(&result, "%s %15s %17s", to_string(frameRate.vote.rate).c_str(),
+                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.vote.type).c_str(),
+                      ftl::enum_string(frameRate.vote.seamlessness).c_str());
     } else {
         result.append(41, ' ');
     }
@@ -2823,36 +2836,6 @@
     layer->mDrawingParent = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(this);
 }
 
-Layer::FrameRateCompatibility Layer::FrameRate::convertCompatibility(int8_t compatibility) {
-    switch (compatibility) {
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_DEFAULT:
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_FIXED_SOURCE:
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple;
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_EXACT:
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_MIN:
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::Min;
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE:
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
-        default:
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid frame rate compatibility value %d", compatibility);
-            return FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
-    }
-}
-
-scheduler::Seamlessness Layer::FrameRate::convertChangeFrameRateStrategy(int8_t strategy) {
-    switch (strategy) {
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS:
-            return Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
-        case ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ALWAYS:
-            return Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-        default:
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid change frame sate strategy value %d", strategy);
-            return Seamlessness::Default;
-    }
-}
-
 bool Layer::isInternalDisplayOverlay() const {
     const State& s(mDrawingState);
     if (s.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot) {
@@ -4366,13 +4349,6 @@
     mLastLatchTime = latchTime;
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const Layer::FrameRate& rate) {
-    return stream << "{rate=" << rate.rate << " type=" << ftl::enum_string(rate.type)
-                  << " seamlessness=" << ftl::enum_string(rate.seamlessness) << '}';
-}
-
 } // namespace android
 
 #if defined(__gl_h_)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index d1912e4..568e4c4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -778,7 +778,8 @@
      */
     Rect getCroppedBufferSize(const Layer::State& s) const;
 
-    bool setFrameRate(FrameRate);
+    bool setFrameRate(FrameRate::FrameRateVote);
+    bool setFrameRateCategory(FrameRateCategory);
 
     virtual void setFrameTimelineInfoForBuffer(const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/) {}
     void setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferTransaction(const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t postTime);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index 5d00a26..565a490 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@
 namespace {
 
 bool isLayerActive(const LayerInfo& info, nsecs_t threshold) {
-    // Layers with an explicit vote are always kept active
-    if (info.getSetFrameRateVote().rate.isValid()) {
+    // Layers with an explicit frame rate or frame rate category are always kept active,
+    // but ignore NoVote/NoPreference.
+    if (info.getSetFrameRateVote().isValid() && !info.getSetFrameRateVote().isNoVote()) {
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@
     traceType(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact, fps);
     traceType(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, 1);
     traceType(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, 1);
+    traceType(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, 1);
 
     ALOGD("%s: %s @ %d Hz", __FUNCTION__, info.getName().c_str(), fps);
 }
@@ -171,27 +173,32 @@
               layerFocused ? "" : "not");
 
         ATRACE_FORMAT("%s", info->getName().c_str());
-        const auto vote = info->getRefreshRateVote(selector, now);
-        // Skip NoVote layer as those don't have any requirements
-        if (vote.type == LayerVoteType::NoVote) {
-            continue;
-        }
+        const auto votes = info->getRefreshRateVote(selector, now);
+        for (LayerInfo::LayerVote vote : votes) {
+            if (vote.isNoVote()) {
+                continue;
+            }
 
-        // Compute the layer's position on the screen
-        const Rect bounds = Rect(info->getBounds());
-        const ui::Transform transform = info->getTransform();
-        constexpr bool roundOutwards = true;
-        Rect transformed = transform.transform(bounds, roundOutwards);
+            // Compute the layer's position on the screen
+            const Rect bounds = Rect(info->getBounds());
+            const ui::Transform transform = info->getTransform();
+            constexpr bool roundOutwards = true;
+            Rect transformed = transform.transform(bounds, roundOutwards);
 
-        const float layerArea = transformed.getWidth() * transformed.getHeight();
-        float weight = mDisplayArea ? layerArea / mDisplayArea : 0.0f;
-        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s %s (%d%)", ftl::enum_string(vote.type).c_str(),
-                              to_string(vote.fps).c_str(), weight * 100);
-        summary.push_back({info->getName(), info->getOwnerUid(), vote.type, vote.fps,
-                           vote.seamlessness, weight, layerFocused});
+            const float layerArea = transformed.getWidth() * transformed.getHeight();
+            float weight = mDisplayArea ? layerArea / mDisplayArea : 0.0f;
+            const std::string categoryString = vote.category == FrameRateCategory::Default
+                    ? base::StringPrintf("category=%s", ftl::enum_string(vote.category).c_str())
+                    : "";
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s %s %s (%d%)", ftl::enum_string(vote.type).c_str(),
+                                  to_string(vote.fps).c_str(), categoryString.c_str(),
+                                  weight * 100);
+            summary.push_back({info->getName(), info->getOwnerUid(), vote.type, vote.fps,
+                               vote.seamlessness, vote.category, weight, layerFocused});
 
-        if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceEnabled)) {
-            trace(*info, vote.type, vote.fps.getIntValue());
+            if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceEnabled)) {
+                trace(*info, vote.type, vote.fps.getIntValue());
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -228,7 +235,7 @@
             // Set layer vote if set
             const auto frameRate = info->getSetFrameRateVote();
             const auto voteType = [&]() {
-                switch (frameRate.type) {
+                switch (frameRate.vote.type) {
                     case Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default:
                         return LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
                     case Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Min:
@@ -242,9 +249,10 @@
                 }
             }();
 
-            if (frameRate.rate.isValid() || voteType == LayerVoteType::NoVote) {
+            if (frameRate.isValid()) {
                 const auto type = info->isVisible() ? voteType : LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-                info->setLayerVote({type, frameRate.rate, frameRate.seamlessness});
+                info->setLayerVote({type, frameRate.vote.rate, frameRate.vote.seamlessness,
+                                    frameRate.category});
             } else {
                 info->resetLayerVote();
             }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
index bae3739..750803b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
@@ -26,10 +26,12 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <cutils/trace.h>
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
+#include <system/window.h>
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerInfo"
@@ -265,19 +267,34 @@
                                                : std::nullopt;
 }
 
-LayerInfo::LayerVote LayerInfo::getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector& selector,
-                                                   nsecs_t now) {
+LayerInfo::RefreshRateVotes LayerInfo::getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector& selector,
+                                                          nsecs_t now) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
+    LayerInfo::RefreshRateVotes votes;
+
     if (mLayerVote.type != LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
-        ALOGV("%s voted %d ", mName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.type));
-        return mLayerVote;
+        if (mLayerVote.category != FrameRateCategory::Default) {
+            ALOGV("%s uses frame rate category: %d", mName.c_str(),
+                  static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.category));
+            votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, mLayerVote.fps,
+                             Seamlessness::Default, mLayerVote.category});
+        }
+
+        if (mLayerVote.fps.isValid() ||
+            mLayerVote.type != LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
+            ALOGV("%s voted %d ", mName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.type));
+            votes.push_back(mLayerVote);
+        }
+
+        return votes;
     }
 
     if (isAnimating(now)) {
         ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("animating");
         ALOGV("%s is animating", mName.c_str());
         mLastRefreshRate.animating = true;
-        return {LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, Fps()};
+        votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, Fps()});
+        return votes;
     }
 
     const LayerInfo::Frequent frequent = isFrequent(now);
@@ -288,7 +305,8 @@
         mLastRefreshRate.infrequent = true;
         // Infrequent layers vote for minimal refresh rate for
         // battery saving purposes and also to prevent b/135718869.
-        return {LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, Fps()};
+        votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, Fps()});
+        return votes;
     }
 
     if (frequent.clearHistory) {
@@ -298,11 +316,13 @@
     auto refreshRate = calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(selector, now);
     if (refreshRate.has_value()) {
         ALOGV("%s calculated refresh rate: %s", mName.c_str(), to_string(*refreshRate).c_str());
-        return {LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic, refreshRate.value()};
+        votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic, refreshRate.value()});
+        return votes;
     }
 
     ALOGV("%s Max (can't resolve refresh rate)", mName.c_str());
-    return {LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, Fps()};
+    votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, Fps()});
+    return votes;
 }
 
 const char* LayerInfo::getTraceTag(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType type) const {
@@ -391,6 +411,68 @@
     return consistent;
 }
 
+LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility LayerInfo::FrameRate::convertCompatibility(int8_t compatibility) {
+    switch (compatibility) {
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_DEFAULT:
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_FIXED_SOURCE:
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_EXACT:
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_MIN:
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::Min;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE:
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid frame rate compatibility value %d", compatibility);
+            return FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+    }
+}
+
+Seamlessness LayerInfo::FrameRate::convertChangeFrameRateStrategy(int8_t strategy) {
+    switch (strategy) {
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS:
+            return Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ALWAYS:
+            return Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid change frame sate strategy value %d", strategy);
+            return Seamlessness::Default;
+    }
+}
+
+FrameRateCategory LayerInfo::FrameRate::convertCategory(int8_t category) {
+    switch (category) {
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_DEFAULT:
+            return FrameRateCategory::Default;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_NO_PREFERENCE:
+            return FrameRateCategory::NoPreference;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_LOW:
+            return FrameRateCategory::Low;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_NORMAL:
+            return FrameRateCategory::Normal;
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_HIGH:
+            return FrameRateCategory::High;
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid frame rate category value %d", category);
+            return FrameRateCategory::Default;
+    }
+}
+
+bool LayerInfo::FrameRate::isNoVote() const {
+    return vote.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote ||
+            category == FrameRateCategory::NoPreference;
+}
+
+bool LayerInfo::FrameRate::isValid() const {
+    return isNoVote() || vote.rate.isValid() || category != FrameRateCategory::Default;
+}
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const LayerInfo::FrameRate& rate) {
+    return stream << "{rate=" << rate.vote.rate << " type=" << ftl::enum_string(rate.vote.type)
+                  << " seamlessness=" << ftl::enum_string(rate.vote.seamlessness) << '}';
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
index c5a6057..7d2444c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/Seamlessness.h>
 
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
@@ -67,8 +68,15 @@
         LayerHistory::LayerVoteType type = LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
         Fps fps;
         Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+        // Category is in effect if fps is not specified.
+        FrameRateCategory category = FrameRateCategory::Default;
+
+        // Returns true if the layer explicitly should contribute to frame rate scoring.
+        bool isNoVote() const { return RefreshRateSelector::isNoVote(type, category); }
     };
 
+    using RefreshRateVotes = ftl::SmallVector<LayerInfo::LayerVote, 2>;
+
     // FrameRateCompatibility specifies how we should interpret the frame rate associated with
     // the layer.
     enum class FrameRateCompatibility {
@@ -87,24 +95,40 @@
         ftl_last = NoVote
     };
 
-    // Encapsulates the frame rate and compatibility of the layer. This information will be used
+    // Encapsulates the frame rate specifications of the layer. This information will be used
     // when the display refresh rate is determined.
     struct FrameRate {
         using Seamlessness = scheduler::Seamlessness;
 
-        Fps rate;
-        FrameRateCompatibility type = FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
-        Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+        // Information related to a specific desired frame rate vote.
+        struct FrameRateVote {
+            Fps rate;
+            FrameRateCompatibility type = FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+            Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+
+            bool operator==(const FrameRateVote& other) const {
+                return isApproxEqual(rate, other.rate) && type == other.type &&
+                        seamlessness == other.seamlessness;
+            }
+
+            FrameRateVote() = default;
+
+            FrameRateVote(Fps rate, FrameRateCompatibility type,
+                          Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless)
+                  : rate(rate), type(type), seamlessness(getSeamlessness(rate, seamlessness)) {}
+        } vote;
+
+        FrameRateCategory category = FrameRateCategory::Default;
 
         FrameRate() = default;
 
         FrameRate(Fps rate, FrameRateCompatibility type,
-                  Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless)
-              : rate(rate), type(type), seamlessness(getSeamlessness(rate, seamlessness)) {}
+                  Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless,
+                  FrameRateCategory category = FrameRateCategory::Default)
+              : vote(FrameRateVote(rate, type, seamlessness)), category(category) {}
 
         bool operator==(const FrameRate& other) const {
-            return isApproxEqual(rate, other.rate) && type == other.type &&
-                    seamlessness == other.seamlessness;
+            return vote == other.vote && category == other.category;
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const FrameRate& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
@@ -112,8 +136,22 @@
         // Convert an ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_* value to a
         // Layer::FrameRateCompatibility. Logs fatal if the compatibility value is invalid.
         static FrameRateCompatibility convertCompatibility(int8_t compatibility);
+
+        // Convert an ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_* value to a scheduler::Seamlessness.
+        // Logs fatal if the compatibility value is invalid.
         static scheduler::Seamlessness convertChangeFrameRateStrategy(int8_t strategy);
 
+        // Convert an ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_CATEGORY_* value to a FrameRateCategory.
+        // Logs fatal if the compatibility value is invalid.
+        static FrameRateCategory convertCategory(int8_t category);
+
+        // True if the FrameRate has explicit frame rate specifications.
+        bool isValid() const;
+
+        // Returns true if the FrameRate explicitly instructs to not contribute to frame rate
+        // selection.
+        bool isNoVote() const;
+
     private:
         static Seamlessness getSeamlessness(Fps rate, Seamlessness seamlessness) {
             if (!rate.isValid()) {
@@ -148,13 +186,15 @@
     void setDefaultLayerVote(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType type) { mDefaultVote = type; }
 
     // Resets the layer vote to its default.
-    void resetLayerVote() { mLayerVote = {mDefaultVote, Fps(), Seamlessness::Default}; }
+    void resetLayerVote() {
+        mLayerVote = {mDefaultVote, Fps(), Seamlessness::Default, FrameRateCategory::Default};
+    }
 
     std::string getName() const { return mName; }
 
     uid_t getOwnerUid() const { return mOwnerUid; }
 
-    LayerVote getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector&, nsecs_t now);
+    RefreshRateVotes getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector&, nsecs_t now);
 
     // Return the last updated time. If the present time is farther in the future than the
     // updated time, the updated time is the present time.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index fb985f7..a7ba731 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -275,6 +275,25 @@
     return {quotient, remainder};
 }
 
+float RefreshRateSelector::calculateNonExactMatchingDefaultLayerScoreLocked(
+        nsecs_t displayPeriod, nsecs_t layerPeriod) const {
+    // Find the actual rate the layer will render, assuming
+    // that layerPeriod is the minimal period to render a frame.
+    // For example if layerPeriod is 20ms and displayPeriod is 16ms,
+    // then the actualLayerPeriod will be 32ms, because it is the
+    // smallest multiple of the display period which is >= layerPeriod.
+    auto actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod;
+    int multiplier = 1;
+    while (layerPeriod > actualLayerPeriod + MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
+        multiplier++;
+        actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod * multiplier;
+    }
+
+    // Because of the threshold we used above it's possible that score is slightly
+    // above 1.
+    return std::min(1.0f, static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) / static_cast<float>(actualLayerPeriod));
+}
+
 float RefreshRateSelector::calculateNonExactMatchingLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer,
                                                                      Fps refreshRate) const {
     constexpr float kScoreForFractionalPairs = .8f;
@@ -282,22 +301,7 @@
     const auto displayPeriod = refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
     const auto layerPeriod = layer.desiredRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
-        // Find the actual rate the layer will render, assuming
-        // that layerPeriod is the minimal period to render a frame.
-        // For example if layerPeriod is 20ms and displayPeriod is 16ms,
-        // then the actualLayerPeriod will be 32ms, because it is the
-        // smallest multiple of the display period which is >= layerPeriod.
-        auto actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod;
-        int multiplier = 1;
-        while (layerPeriod > actualLayerPeriod + MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
-            multiplier++;
-            actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod * multiplier;
-        }
-
-        // Because of the threshold we used above it's possible that score is slightly
-        // above 1.
-        return std::min(1.0f,
-                        static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) / static_cast<float>(actualLayerPeriod));
+        return calculateNonExactMatchingDefaultLayerScoreLocked(displayPeriod, layerPeriod);
     }
 
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple ||
@@ -372,6 +376,22 @@
     constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
     const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
 
+    if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory) {
+        if (getFrameRateCategoryRange(layer.frameRateCategory).includes(refreshRate)) {
+            return 1.f;
+        }
+
+        FpsRange categoryRange = getFrameRateCategoryRange(layer.frameRateCategory);
+        using fps_approx_ops::operator<;
+        if (refreshRate < categoryRange.min) {
+            return calculateNonExactMatchingDefaultLayerScoreLocked(refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs(),
+                                                                    categoryRange.min
+                                                                            .getPeriodNsecs());
+        }
+        return calculateNonExactMatchingDefaultLayerScoreLocked(refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs(),
+                                                                categoryRange.max.getPeriodNsecs());
+    }
+
     // If the layer wants Max, give higher score to the higher refresh rate
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Max) {
         return calculateDistanceScoreFromMax(refreshRate);
@@ -391,7 +411,8 @@
 
     // If the layer frame rate is a divisor of the refresh rate it should score
     // the highest score.
-    if (getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, layer.desiredRefreshRate) > 0) {
+    if (layer.desiredRefreshRate.isValid() &&
+        getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, layer.desiredRefreshRate) > 0) {
         return 1.0f * seamlessness;
     }
 
@@ -441,6 +462,7 @@
     int explicitDefaultVoteLayers = 0;
     int explicitExactOrMultipleVoteLayers = 0;
     int explicitExact = 0;
+    int explicitCategoryVoteLayers = 0;
     int seamedFocusedLayers = 0;
 
     for (const auto& layer : layers) {
@@ -463,6 +485,9 @@
             case LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact:
                 explicitExact++;
                 break;
+            case LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory:
+                explicitCategoryVoteLayers++;
+                break;
             case LayerVoteType::Heuristic:
                 break;
         }
@@ -473,7 +498,8 @@
     }
 
     const bool hasExplicitVoteLayers = explicitDefaultVoteLayers > 0 ||
-            explicitExactOrMultipleVoteLayers > 0 || explicitExact > 0;
+            explicitExactOrMultipleVoteLayers > 0 || explicitExact > 0 ||
+            explicitCategoryVoteLayers > 0;
 
     const Policy* policy = getCurrentPolicyLocked();
     const auto& defaultMode = mDisplayModes.get(policy->defaultMode)->get();
@@ -536,10 +562,11 @@
     }
 
     for (const auto& layer : layers) {
-        ALOGV("Calculating score for %s (%s, weight %.2f, desired %.2f) ", layer.name.c_str(),
-              ftl::enum_string(layer.vote).c_str(), layer.weight,
-              layer.desiredRefreshRate.getValue());
-        if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::NoVote || layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Min) {
+        ALOGV("Calculating score for %s (%s, weight %.2f, desired %.2f, category %s) ",
+              layer.name.c_str(), ftl::enum_string(layer.vote).c_str(), layer.weight,
+              layer.desiredRefreshRate.getValue(),
+              ftl::enum_string(layer.frameRateCategory).c_str());
+        if (layer.isNoVote() || layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Min) {
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -607,6 +634,7 @@
                     case LayerVoteType::Max:
                     case LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault:
                     case LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact:
+                    case LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory:
                         return false;
                 }
             }(layer.vote);
@@ -722,7 +750,8 @@
     const auto touchRefreshRates = rankFrameRates(anchorGroup, RefreshRateOrder::Descending);
     using fps_approx_ops::operator<;
 
-    if (signals.touch && explicitDefaultVoteLayers == 0 && touchBoostForExplicitExact &&
+    if (signals.touch && explicitDefaultVoteLayers == 0 && explicitCategoryVoteLayers == 0 &&
+        touchBoostForExplicitExact &&
         scores.front().frameRateMode.fps < touchRefreshRates.front().frameRateMode.fps) {
         ALOGV("Touch Boost");
         ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s (Touch Boost [late])",
@@ -838,8 +867,10 @@
             }
 
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault &&
-                                layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple &&
-                                layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact);
+                                        layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple &&
+                                        layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact &&
+                                        layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory,
+                                "Invalid layer vote type for frame rate overrides");
             for (auto& [fps, score] : scoredFrameRates) {
                 constexpr bool isSeamlessSwitch = true;
                 const auto layerScore = calculateLayerScoreLocked(*layer, fps, isSeamlessSwitch);
@@ -1380,6 +1411,27 @@
     return mConfig.idleTimerTimeout;
 }
 
+// TODO(b/293651105): Extract category FpsRange mapping to OEM-configurable config.
+FpsRange RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateCategoryRange(FrameRateCategory category) {
+    switch (category) {
+        case FrameRateCategory::High:
+            return FpsRange{90_Hz, 120_Hz};
+        case FrameRateCategory::Normal:
+            return FpsRange{60_Hz, 90_Hz};
+        case FrameRateCategory::Low:
+            return FpsRange{30_Hz, 60_Hz};
+        case FrameRateCategory::NoPreference:
+        case FrameRateCategory::Default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Should not get fps range for frame rate category: %s",
+                             ftl::enum_string(category).c_str());
+            return FpsRange{0_Hz, 0_Hz};
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Invalid frame rate category for range: %s",
+                             ftl::enum_string(category).c_str());
+            return FpsRange{0_Hz, 0_Hz};
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
index 7af8d03..41db38d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
@@ -147,8 +147,9 @@
                                  // ExactOrMultiple compatibility
         ExplicitExact,           // Specific refresh rate that was provided by the app with
                                  // Exact compatibility
+        ExplicitCategory,        // Specific frame rate category was provided by the app
 
-        ftl_last = ExplicitExact
+        ftl_last = ExplicitCategory
     };
 
     // Captures the layer requirements for a refresh rate. This will be used to determine the
@@ -164,6 +165,8 @@
         Fps desiredRefreshRate;
         // If a seamless mode switch is required.
         Seamlessness seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+        // Layer frame rate category. Superseded by desiredRefreshRate.
+        FrameRateCategory frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::Default;
         // Layer's weight in the range of [0, 1]. The higher the weight the more impact this layer
         // would have on choosing the refresh rate.
         float weight = 0.0f;
@@ -174,12 +177,20 @@
             return name == other.name && vote == other.vote &&
                     isApproxEqual(desiredRefreshRate, other.desiredRefreshRate) &&
                     seamlessness == other.seamlessness && weight == other.weight &&
-                    focused == other.focused;
+                    focused == other.focused && frameRateCategory == other.frameRateCategory;
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const LayerRequirement& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+        bool isNoVote() const { return RefreshRateSelector::isNoVote(vote, frameRateCategory); }
     };
 
+    // Returns true if the layer explicitly instructs to not contribute to refresh rate selection.
+    // In other words, true if the layer should be ignored.
+    static bool isNoVote(LayerVoteType vote, FrameRateCategory category) {
+        return vote == LayerVoteType::NoVote || category == FrameRateCategory::NoPreference;
+    }
+
     // Global state describing signals that affect refresh rate choice.
     struct GlobalSignals {
         // Whether the user touched the screen recently. Used to apply touch boost.
@@ -344,6 +355,9 @@
                                                  Fps displayFrameRate, GlobalSignals) const
             EXCLUDES(mLock);
 
+    // Gets the FpsRange that the FrameRateCategory represents.
+    static FpsRange getFrameRateCategoryRange(FrameRateCategory category);
+
     std::optional<KernelIdleTimerController> kernelIdleTimerController() {
         return mConfig.kernelIdleTimerController;
     }
@@ -447,6 +461,11 @@
     float calculateNonExactMatchingLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement&, Fps refreshRate) const
             REQUIRES(mLock);
 
+    // Calculates the score for non-exact matching layer that has LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault.
+    float calculateNonExactMatchingDefaultLayerScoreLocked(nsecs_t displayPeriod,
+                                                           nsecs_t layerPeriod) const
+            REQUIRES(mLock);
+
     void updateDisplayModes(DisplayModes, DisplayModeId activeModeId) EXCLUDES(mLock)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
index d6329e2..19e951a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -81,6 +82,17 @@
     bool valid() const;
 };
 
+// The frame rate category of a Layer.
+enum class FrameRateCategory {
+    Default,
+    NoPreference,
+    Low,
+    Normal,
+    High,
+
+    ftl_last = High
+};
+
 static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Fps>);
 
 constexpr Fps operator""_Hz(unsigned long long frequency) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 06adfec..5c25dbc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -5192,9 +5192,15 @@
         const auto strategy =
             Layer::FrameRate::convertChangeFrameRateStrategy(s.changeFrameRateStrategy);
 
-        if (layer->setFrameRate(
-                Layer::FrameRate(Fps::fromValue(s.frameRate), compatibility, strategy))) {
-          flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+        if (layer->setFrameRate(Layer::FrameRate::FrameRateVote(Fps::fromValue(s.frameRate),
+                                                                compatibility, strategy))) {
+            flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+        }
+    }
+    if (what & layer_state_t::eFrameRateCategoryChanged) {
+        const FrameRateCategory category = Layer::FrameRate::convertCategory(s.frameRateCategory);
+        if (layer->setFrameRateCategory(category)) {
+            flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     }
     if (what & layer_state_t::eFixedTransformHintChanged) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
index f64ba2a..93438d8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
@@ -335,6 +335,17 @@
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
+    void setFrameRateCategory(uint32_t id, int8_t frameRateCategory) {
+        std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+        transactions.emplace_back();
+        transactions.back().states.push_back({});
+
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eFrameRateCategoryChanged;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.frameRateCategory = frameRateCategory;
+        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+    }
+
     void setRoundedCorners(uint32_t id, float radius) {
         std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
         transactions.emplace_back();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
index 85d86a7..51b5b05 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
@@ -437,6 +437,117 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, oneLayerExplicitCategory) {
+    auto layer = createLayer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(
+                    Return(Layer::FrameRate(0_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                            Seamlessness::OnlySeamless, FrameRateCategory::High)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+    for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    // First LayerRequirement is the frame rate specification
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].frameRateCategory);
+
+    // layer became inactive, but the vote stays
+    setDefaultLayerVote(layer.get(), LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic);
+    time += MAX_ACTIVE_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].frameRateCategory);
+}
+
+// This test case should be the same as oneLayerNoVote except instead of layer vote is NoVote,
+// the category is NoPreference.
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, oneLayerCategoryNoPreference) {
+    auto layer = createLayer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(Layer::FrameRate(0_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                                    Seamlessness::OnlySeamless,
+                                                    FrameRateCategory::NoPreference)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+    for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
+
+    // layer became inactive
+    time += MAX_ACTIVE_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, oneLayerExplicitVoteWithCategory) {
+    auto layer = createLayer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(
+                    Return(Layer::FrameRate(73.4_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                            Seamlessness::OnlySeamless, FrameRateCategory::High)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+    for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
+    }
+
+    // There are 2 LayerRequirement's due to the frame rate category.
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    // First LayerRequirement is the layer's category specification
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(73.4_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].frameRateCategory);
+
+    // Second LayerRequirement is the frame rate specification
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[1].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(73.4_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[1].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[1].frameRateCategory);
+
+    // layer became inactive, but the vote stays
+    setDefaultLayerVote(layer.get(), LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic);
+    time += MAX_ACTIVE_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
+    ASSERT_EQ(2, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(73.4_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].frameRateCategory);
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, multipleLayers) {
     auto layer1 = createLayer("A");
     auto layer2 = createLayer("B");
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
index 5c2d2e1..e0133d6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
@@ -24,13 +24,23 @@
 #include "FpsOps.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerInfo.h"
+#include "TestableScheduler.h"
+#include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
+#include "mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
+using android::mock::createDisplayMode;
+
 class LayerInfoTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     using FrameTimeData = LayerInfo::FrameTimeData;
 
+    static constexpr Fps LO_FPS = 30_Hz;
+    static constexpr Fps HI_FPS = 90_Hz;
+
+    LayerInfoTest() { mFlinger.resetScheduler(mScheduler); }
+
     void setFrameTimes(const std::deque<FrameTimeData>& frameTimes) {
         layerInfo.mFrameTimes = frameTimes;
     }
@@ -43,6 +53,16 @@
     auto calculateAverageFrameTime() { return layerInfo.calculateAverageFrameTime(); }
 
     LayerInfo layerInfo{"TestLayerInfo", 0, LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic};
+
+    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> mSelector =
+            std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(makeModes(createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(0),
+                                                                              LO_FPS),
+                                                            createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(1),
+                                                                              HI_FPS)),
+                                                  DisplayModeId(0));
+    mock::SchedulerCallback mSchedulerCallback;
+    TestableScheduler* mScheduler = new TestableScheduler(mSelector, mSchedulerCallback);
+    TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 };
 
 namespace {
@@ -171,5 +191,63 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(kExpectedFps, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(*averageFrameTime));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, getRefreshRateVote_explicitVote) {
+    LayerInfo::LayerVote vote = {.type = LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
+                                 .fps = 20_Hz};
+    layerInfo.setLayerVote(vote);
+
+    auto actualVotes =
+            layerInfo.getRefreshRateVote(*mScheduler->refreshRateSelector(), systemTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes.size(), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].type, vote.type);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].fps, vote.fps);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].seamlessness, vote.seamlessness);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].category, vote.category);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, getRefreshRateVote_explicitVoteWithCategory) {
+    LayerInfo::LayerVote vote = {.type = LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
+                                 .fps = 20_Hz,
+                                 .category = FrameRateCategory::High};
+    layerInfo.setLayerVote(vote);
+
+    auto actualVotes =
+            layerInfo.getRefreshRateVote(*mScheduler->refreshRateSelector(), systemTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes.size(), 2u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].type, LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].category, vote.category);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[1].type, vote.type);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[1].fps, vote.fps);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[1].seamlessness, vote.seamlessness);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[1].category, vote.category);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, getRefreshRateVote_explicitCategory) {
+    // When a layer only has a category set, the LayerVoteType should be the LayerInfo's default.
+    // The most common case should be Heuristic.
+    LayerInfo::LayerVote vote = {.type = LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
+                                 .category = FrameRateCategory::High};
+    layerInfo.setLayerVote(vote);
+
+    auto actualVotes =
+            layerInfo.getRefreshRateVote(*mScheduler->refreshRateSelector(), systemTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes.size(), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].type, LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].category, vote.category);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, getRefreshRateVote_noData) {
+    LayerInfo::LayerVote vote = {
+            .type = LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic,
+    };
+    layerInfo.setLayerVote(vote);
+
+    auto actualVotes =
+            layerInfo.getRefreshRateVote(*mScheduler->refreshRateSelector(), systemTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes.size(), 1u);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].type, LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max);
+    ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].fps, vote.fps);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index 84c3775..67cd4c6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -314,13 +314,15 @@
     mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(11)->frameRate.rate.getIntValue(), 90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(11)->frameRate.type, scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Exact);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->frameRate.rate.getIntValue(), 90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(11)->frameRate.vote.rate.getIntValue(), 90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(11)->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Exact);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(1)->frameRate.rate.getIntValue(), 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(1)->frameRate.type, scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->frameRate.vote.rate.getIntValue(), 90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Exact);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(1)->frameRate.vote.rate.getIntValue(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(1)->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, CanCropTouchableRegion) {
@@ -525,21 +527,21 @@
 
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
     // verify parent is gets no vote
-    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
     // verify layer and children get the requested votes
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
@@ -549,24 +551,24 @@
     std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {1, 11, 111, 122, 1221, 12, 121, 13, 2};
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
     // verify parent is gets no vote
-    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
 
     // verify layer and children get the requested votes
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
@@ -576,31 +578,31 @@
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
 
     // verify old parent has invalid framerate (default)
-    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
     // verify new parent get no vote
-    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 2})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 2})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 2})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 2})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
     EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 2})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
 
     // verify layer and children get the requested votes (unchanged)
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.rate.isValid());
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.type,
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.type,
               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
 }
 
@@ -610,6 +612,112 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->dataspace, ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB);
 }
 
+// This test is similar to "frameRate" test case but checks that the setFrameRateCategory API
+// interaction also works correctly with the setFrameRate API within SF frontend.
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, frameRateWithCategory) {
+    // ROOT
+    // ├── 1
+    // │   ├── 11 (frame rate set to 244.f)
+    // │   │   └── 111
+    // │   ├── 12
+    // │   │   ├── 121
+    // │   │   └── 122 (frame rate category set to Normal)
+    // │   │       └── 1221
+    // │   └── 13
+    // └── 2
+    setFrameRate(11, 244.f, 0, 0);
+    setFrameRateCategory(122, 3 /* Normal */);
+
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+    // verify parent 1 gets no vote
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    // verify layer 11 and children 111 get the requested votes
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    // verify parent 12 gets no vote
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 12})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 12})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 12})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    // verify layer 122 and children 1221 get the requested votes
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.category, FrameRateCategory::Normal);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.category, FrameRateCategory::Normal);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    // reparent and verify the child does NOT get the new parent's framerate because it already has
+    // the frame rate category specified.
+    // ROOT
+    //  ├─1
+    //  │  ├─11 (frame rate set to 244.f)
+    //  │  │  ├─111
+    //  │  │  └─122 (frame rate category set to Normal)
+    //  │  │     └─1221
+    //  │  ├─12
+    //  │  │  └─121
+    //  │  └─13
+    //  └─2
+    reparentLayer(122, 11);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {1, 11, 111, 122, 1221, 12, 121, 13, 2};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+    // verify parent is gets no vote
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote);
+
+    // verify layer 11 and children 111 get the requested votes
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 11})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.rate.getValue(), 244.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+
+    // verify layer 122 and children 1221 get the requested category vote (unchanged from
+    // reparenting)
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->frameRate.category, FrameRateCategory::Normal);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 122})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.vote.rate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.isValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.vote.type,
+              scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::Default);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->frameRate.category, FrameRateCategory::Normal);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 1221})->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, skipRoundCornersWhenProtected) {
     setRoundedCorners(1, 42.f);
     setRoundedCorners(2, 42.f);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
index aaf55fb..dc6b700 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/FrameRateMode.h>
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
 #include "FpsOps.h"
@@ -1381,6 +1382,120 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
 }
 
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_withFrameRateCategory_30_60_90_120) {
+    auto selector = createSelector(makeModes(kMode30, kMode60, kMode90, kMode120), kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, .weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory,
+                                             .weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    struct Case {
+        // Params
+        Fps desiredFrameRate = 0_Hz;
+        FrameRateCategory frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::Default;
+
+        // Expected result
+        Fps expectedFrameRate = 0_Hz;
+    };
+
+    // Prepare a table with the vote and the expected refresh rate
+    const std::initializer_list<Case> testCases = {
+            // Cases that only have frame rate category requirements, but no desired frame rate.
+            // When frame rates get an equal score, the lower is chosen, unless there are Max votes.
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 90_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Normal, 60_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Low, 30_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::NoPreference, 60_Hz},
+
+            // Cases that have both desired frame rate and frame rate category requirements.
+            {24_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 120_Hz},
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 90_Hz},
+            {12_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Normal, 60_Hz},
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::NoPreference, 30_Hz},
+
+            // Cases that only have desired frame rate.
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Default, 30_Hz},
+    };
+
+    for (auto testCase : testCases) {
+        ALOGI("**** %s: Testing desiredFrameRate=%s, frameRateCategory=%s", __func__,
+              to_string(testCase.desiredFrameRate).c_str(),
+              ftl::enum_string(testCase.frameRateCategory).c_str());
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = testCase.desiredFrameRate;
+
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << to_string(testCase.desiredFrameRate)
+           << ", category=" << ftl::enum_string(testCase.frameRateCategory);
+        lr.name = ss.str();
+
+        if (testCase.frameRateCategory != FrameRateCategory::Default) {
+            layers[1].frameRateCategory = testCase.frameRateCategory;
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(testCase.expectedFrameRate, selector.getBestFrameRateMode(layers)->getFps())
+                << "did not get expected frame rate for " << lr.name;
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_withFrameRateCategory_60_120) {
+    auto selector = createSelector(makeModes(kMode60, kMode120), kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, .weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory,
+                                             .weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    struct Case {
+        // Params
+        Fps desiredFrameRate = 0_Hz;
+        FrameRateCategory frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::Default;
+
+        // Expected result
+        Fps expectedFrameRate = 0_Hz;
+    };
+
+    // Prepare a table with the vote and the expected refresh rate
+    const std::initializer_list<Case> testCases = {
+            // Cases that only have frame rate category requirements, but no desired frame rate.
+            // When frame rates get an equal score, the lower is chosen, unless there are Max votes.
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 120_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Normal, 60_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Low, 60_Hz},
+            {0_Hz, FrameRateCategory::NoPreference, 60_Hz},
+
+            // Cases that have both desired frame rate and frame rate category requirements.
+            {24_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 120_Hz},
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::High, 120_Hz},
+            {12_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Normal, 60_Hz},
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::NoPreference, 60_Hz},
+
+            // Cases that only have desired frame rate.
+            {30_Hz, FrameRateCategory::Default, 60_Hz},
+    };
+
+    for (auto testCase : testCases) {
+        ALOGI("**** %s: Testing desiredFrameRate=%s, frameRateCategory=%s", __func__,
+              to_string(testCase.desiredFrameRate).c_str(),
+              ftl::enum_string(testCase.frameRateCategory).c_str());
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = testCase.desiredFrameRate;
+
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << to_string(testCase.desiredFrameRate)
+           << ", category=" << ftl::enum_string(testCase.frameRateCategory);
+        lr.name = ss.str();
+
+        if (testCase.frameRateCategory != FrameRateCategory::Default) {
+            layers[1].frameRateCategory = testCase.frameRateCategory;
+        }
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(testCase.expectedFrameRate, selector.getBestFrameRateMode(layers)->getFps())
+                << "did not get expected frame rate for " << lr.name;
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_ExplicitDefault) {
     auto selector = createSelector(kModes_60_90_72_120, kModeId60);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
index a1e4e25..608fa76 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     const auto& layerFactory = GetParam();
 
     auto layer = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
-    layer->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    layer->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, layer->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 }
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, child2);
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -139,27 +139,27 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, child2);
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
-    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2);
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
+    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2.vote);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -178,13 +178,13 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, child2);
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -203,27 +203,27 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, child2);
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
-    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2);
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
+    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2.vote);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE3, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE2, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@
 
     addChild(parent, child1);
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, child2);
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -305,14 +305,14 @@
     addChild(child1, child2);
     addChild(child1, child2_1);
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2_1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    child2->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@
     auto child = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
     addChild(parent, child);
 
-    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    parent->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
 
     auto& history = mFlinger.mutableScheduler().mutableLayerHistory();
@@ -388,8 +388,8 @@
     const auto summary = history.summarize(*selectorPtr, 0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(2u, summary.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.rate, summary[0].desiredRefreshRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.rate, summary[1].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote.rate, summary[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote.rate, summary[1].desiredRefreshRate);
 }
 
 TEST_P(SetFrameRateTest, addChildForParentWithTreeVote) {
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
     addChild(parent, child1);
     addChild(child1, childOfChild1);
 
-    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, childOfChild1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
 
-    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE.vote);
     commitTransaction();
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());