FTL: Generalize StaticVector in-place construction

Replace the std::in_place_type constructor, which is limited to one
argument per element, with construction from InitializerList, which
forwards argument tuples for each element.

SmallMap will use this syntax for its key-value pair constructor.

Bug: 160012986
Test: ftl_test
Change-Id: I9331f20268532cb09e980475d68768ba891aca1f
diff --git a/include/ftl/ArrayTraits.h b/include/ftl/ArrayTraits.h
index 28f717a..ff685c5 100644
--- a/include/ftl/ArrayTraits.h
+++ b/include/ftl/ArrayTraits.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #define FTL_ARRAY_TRAIT(T, U) using U = typename ArrayTraits<T>::U
 
@@ -40,11 +41,16 @@
     using const_iterator = const_pointer;
     using const_reverse_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
 
-    // TODO: Replace with std::construct_at in C++20.
     template <typename... Args>
     static pointer construct_at(const_iterator it, Args&&... args) {
         void* const ptr = const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const void*>(it));
-        return new (ptr) value_type{std::forward<Args>(args)...};
+        if constexpr (std::is_constructible_v<value_type, Args...>) {
+            // TODO: Replace with std::construct_at in C++20.
+            return new (ptr) value_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        } else {
+            // Fall back to list initialization.
+            return new (ptr) value_type{std::forward<Args>(args)...};
+        }
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/include/ftl/InitializerList.h b/include/ftl/InitializerList.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..204f79b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ftl/InitializerList.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace android::ftl {
+
+// Compile-time counterpart of std::initializer_list<T> that stores per-element constructor
+// arguments with heterogeneous types. For a container with elements of type T, given Sizes
+// (S0, S1, ..., SN), N elements are initialized: the first element is initialized with the
+// first S0 arguments, the second element is initialized with the next S1 arguments, and so
+// on. The list of Types (T0, ..., TM) is flattened, so M is equal to the sum of the Sizes.
+//
+// The InitializerList is created using ftl::init::list, and is consumed by constructors of
+// containers. The function call operator is overloaded such that arguments are accumulated
+// in a tuple with each successive call. For instance, the following calls initialize three
+// strings using different constructors, i.e. string literal, default, and count/character:
+//
+//     ... = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")()(3u, '?');
+//
+// WARNING: The InitializerList returned by an ftl::init::list expression must be consumed
+// immediately, since temporary arguments are destroyed after the full expression. Storing
+// an InitializerList results in dangling references.
+//
+template <typename T, typename Sizes = std::index_sequence<>, typename... Types>
+struct InitializerList;
+
+template <typename T, size_t... Sizes, typename... Types>
+struct InitializerList<T, std::index_sequence<Sizes...>, Types...> {
+    // Creates a superset InitializerList by appending the number of arguments to Sizes, and
+    // expanding Types with forwarding references for each argument.
+    template <typename... Args>
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto operator()(Args&&... args) && -> InitializerList<
+            T, std::index_sequence<Sizes..., sizeof...(Args)>, Types..., Args&&...> {
+        return {std::tuple_cat(std::move(tuple),
+                               std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...))};
+    }
+
+    // The temporary InitializerList returned by operator() is bound to an rvalue reference in
+    // container constructors, which extends the lifetime of any temporary arguments that this
+    // tuple refers to until the completion of the full expression containing the construction.
+    std::tuple<Types...> tuple;
+};
+
+namespace init {
+
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+[[nodiscard]] constexpr auto list(Args&&... args) {
+    return InitializerList<T>{}(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+} // namespace init
+} // namespace android::ftl
diff --git a/include/ftl/SmallVector.h b/include/ftl/SmallVector.h
index cecec7f..2f05a9b 100644
--- a/include/ftl/SmallVector.h
+++ b/include/ftl/SmallVector.h
@@ -64,6 +64,16 @@
 //     assert(vector == (ftl::SmallVector{'h', 'i', '\0'}));
 //     assert(!vector.dynamic());
 //
+//     ftl::SmallVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")
+//                                                            ("123456", 3u)
+//                                                            (3u, '?');
+//     assert(strings.size() == 3u);
+//     assert(!strings.dynamic());
+//
+//     assert(strings[0] == "abc");
+//     assert(strings[1] == "123");
+//     assert(strings[2] == "???");
+//
 template <typename T, size_t N>
 class SmallVector final : ArrayTraits<T>, ArrayComparators<SmallVector> {
     using Static = StaticVector<T, N>;
@@ -365,8 +375,9 @@
 SmallVector(T&&, Us&&...) -> SmallVector<V, 1 + sizeof...(Us)>;
 
 // Deduction guide for in-place constructor.
-template <typename T, typename... Us>
-SmallVector(std::in_place_type_t<T>, Us&&...) -> SmallVector<T, sizeof...(Us)>;
+template <typename T, size_t... Sizes, typename... Types>
+SmallVector(InitializerList<T, std::index_sequence<Sizes...>, Types...>&&)
+        -> SmallVector<T, sizeof...(Sizes)>;
 
 // Deduction guide for StaticVector conversion.
 template <typename T, size_t N>
diff --git a/include/ftl/StaticVector.h b/include/ftl/StaticVector.h
index 457095d..c132556 100644
--- a/include/ftl/StaticVector.h
+++ b/include/ftl/StaticVector.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <ftl/ArrayTraits.h>
+#include <ftl/InitializerList.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@
 // Fixed-capacity, statically allocated counterpart of std::vector. Akin to std::array, StaticVector
 // allocates contiguous storage for N elements of type T at compile time, but stores at most (rather
 // than exactly) N elements. Unlike std::array, its default constructor does not require T to have a
-// default constructor, since elements are constructed in-place as the vector grows. Operations that
+// default constructor, since elements are constructed in place as the vector grows. Operations that
 // insert an element (emplace_back, push_back, etc.) fail when the vector is full. The API otherwise
 // adheres to standard containers, except the unstable_erase operation that does not preserve order,
 // and the replace operation that destructively emplaces.
@@ -63,6 +64,14 @@
 //     vector = ftl::StaticVector(array);
 //     assert(vector == (ftl::StaticVector{'h', 'i', '\0'}));
 //
+//     ftl::StaticVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")
+//                                                             ("123456", 3u)
+//                                                             (3u, '?');
+//     assert(strings.size() == 3u);
+//     assert(strings[0] == "abc");
+//     assert(strings[1] == "123");
+//     assert(strings[2] == "???");
+//
 template <typename T, size_t N>
 class StaticVector final : ArrayTraits<T>,
                            ArrayIterators<StaticVector<T, N>, T>,
@@ -153,15 +162,22 @@
         static_assert(sizeof...(elements) < N, "Too many elements");
     }
 
-    // Constructs at most N elements. The template arguments T and N are inferred using the
-    // deduction guide defined below. Element types must be convertible to the specified T:
+    // Constructs at most N elements in place by forwarding per-element constructor arguments. The
+    // template arguments T and N are inferred using the deduction guide defined below. The syntax
+    // for listing arguments is as follows:
     //
-    //     ftl::StaticVector vector(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "red", "velvet", "cake");
+    //     ftl::StaticVector vector = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")()(3u, '?');
+    //
     //     static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(vector), ftl::StaticVector<std::string, 3>>);
+    //     assert(vector.full());
+    //     assert(vector[0] == "abc");
+    //     assert(vector[1].empty());
+    //     assert(vector[2] == "???");
     //
-    template <typename... Es>
-    explicit StaticVector(std::in_place_type_t<T>, Es... elements)
-          : StaticVector(std::forward<Es>(elements)...) {}
+    template <typename U, size_t Size, size_t... Sizes, typename... Types>
+    StaticVector(InitializerList<U, std::index_sequence<Size, Sizes...>, Types...>&& init)
+          : StaticVector(std::index_sequence<0, 0, Size>{}, std::make_index_sequence<Size>{},
+                         std::index_sequence<Sizes...>{}, init.tuple) {}
 
     ~StaticVector() { std::destroy(begin(), end()); }
 
@@ -292,6 +308,32 @@
     template <size_t I>
     explicit StaticVector(std::index_sequence<I>) : mSize(I) {}
 
+    // Recursion for in-place constructor.
+    //
+    // Construct element I by extracting its arguments from the InitializerList tuple. ArgIndex
+    // is the position of its first argument in Args, and ArgCount is the number of arguments.
+    // The Indices sequence corresponds to [0, ArgCount).
+    //
+    // The Sizes sequence lists the argument counts for elements after I, so Size is the ArgCount
+    // for the next element. The recursion stops when Sizes is empty for the last element.
+    //
+    template <size_t I, size_t ArgIndex, size_t ArgCount, size_t... Indices, size_t Size,
+              size_t... Sizes, typename... Args>
+    StaticVector(std::index_sequence<I, ArgIndex, ArgCount>, std::index_sequence<Indices...>,
+                 std::index_sequence<Size, Sizes...>, std::tuple<Args...>& tuple)
+          : StaticVector(std::index_sequence<I + 1, ArgIndex + ArgCount, Size>{},
+                         std::make_index_sequence<Size>{}, std::index_sequence<Sizes...>{}, tuple) {
+        construct_at(begin() + I, std::move(std::get<ArgIndex + Indices>(tuple))...);
+    }
+
+    // Base case for in-place constructor.
+    template <size_t I, size_t ArgIndex, size_t ArgCount, size_t... Indices, typename... Args>
+    StaticVector(std::index_sequence<I, ArgIndex, ArgCount>, std::index_sequence<Indices...>,
+                 std::index_sequence<>, std::tuple<Args...>& tuple)
+          : mSize(I + 1) {
+        construct_at(begin() + I, std::move(std::get<ArgIndex + Indices>(tuple))...);
+    }
+
     size_type mSize = 0;
     std::aligned_storage_t<sizeof(value_type), alignof(value_type)> mData[N];
 };
@@ -306,8 +348,9 @@
 StaticVector(T&&, Us&&...) -> StaticVector<V, 1 + sizeof...(Us)>;
 
 // Deduction guide for in-place constructor.
-template <typename T, typename... Us>
-StaticVector(std::in_place_type_t<T>, Us&&...) -> StaticVector<T, sizeof...(Us)>;
+template <typename T, size_t... Sizes, typename... Types>
+StaticVector(InitializerList<T, std::index_sequence<Sizes...>, Types...>&&)
+        -> StaticVector<T, sizeof...(Sizes)>;
 
 template <typename T, size_t N>
 template <typename E>
diff --git a/libs/ftl/SmallVector_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/SmallVector_test.cpp
index c41e622..d0c2858 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/SmallVector_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ftl/SmallVector_test.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,14 @@
     vector = ftl::SmallVector(array);
     EXPECT_EQ(vector, (ftl::SmallVector{'h', 'i', '\0'}));
     EXPECT_FALSE(vector.dynamic());
+
+    ftl::SmallVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")("123456", 3u)(3u, '?');
+    ASSERT_EQ(strings.size(), 3u);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(strings.dynamic());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[0], "abc");
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[1], "123");
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[2], "???");
 }
 
 TEST(SmallVector, Construct) {
@@ -99,7 +107,8 @@
     }
     {
         // In-place constructor with same types.
-        SmallVector vector(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "red", "velvet", "cake");
+        SmallVector vector =
+                ftl::init::list<std::string>("redolent", 3u)("velveteen", 6u)("cakewalk", 4u);
 
         static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(vector), SmallVector<std::string, 3>>);
         EXPECT_EQ(vector, (SmallVector{"red"s, "velvet"s, "cake"s}));
@@ -110,9 +119,10 @@
         const auto copy = "red"s;
         auto move = "velvet"s;
         std::initializer_list<char> list = {'c', 'a', 'k', 'e'};
-        SmallVector vector(std::in_place_type<std::string>, copy.c_str(), std::move(move), list);
+        SmallVector vector = ftl::init::list<std::string>(copy.c_str())(std::move(move))(list);
 
         static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(vector), SmallVector<std::string, 3>>);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(move.empty());
         EXPECT_EQ(vector, (SmallVector{"red"s, "velvet"s, "cake"s}));
         EXPECT_FALSE(vector.dynamic());
     }
@@ -206,9 +216,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(SmallVector, MovableElement) {
-    // Construct std::string elements in-place from C-style strings. Without std::in_place_type, the
-    // element type would be deduced from the first element, i.e. const char*.
-    SmallVector strings(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "", "", "", "cake", "velvet", "red", "");
+    // Construct std::string elements in place from per-element arguments.
+    SmallVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>()()()("cake")("velvet")("red")();
     strings.pop_back();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(strings.max_size(), 7u);
@@ -221,6 +230,7 @@
         ASSERT_FALSE(it == strings.end());
         EXPECT_EQ(*it, "cake");
 
+        // Construct std::string from first 4 characters of string literal.
         strings.unstable_erase(it);
         EXPECT_EQ(strings.emplace_back("cakewalk", 4u), "cake"s);
     }
@@ -260,7 +270,7 @@
         bool operator==(const Word& other) const { return other.str == str; }
     };
 
-    SmallVector words(std::in_place_type<Word>, "colored", "velour");
+    SmallVector words = ftl::init::list<Word>("colored")("velour");
 
     // The replaced element can be referenced by the replacement.
     {
@@ -301,7 +311,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(SmallVector, Sort) {
-    SmallVector strings(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "pie", "quince", "tart", "red", "velvet");
+    SmallVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>("pie")("quince")("tart")("red")("velvet");
     strings.push_back("cake"s);
 
     auto sorted = std::move(strings);
diff --git a/libs/ftl/StaticVector_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/StaticVector_test.cpp
index dd5ce35..db42d23 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/StaticVector_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ftl/StaticVector_test.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,13 @@
     const char array[] = "hi";
     vector = ftl::StaticVector(array);
     EXPECT_EQ(vector, (ftl::StaticVector{'h', 'i', '\0'}));
+
+    ftl::StaticVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>("abc")("123456", 3u)(3u, '?');
+    ASSERT_EQ(strings.size(), 3u);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[0], "abc");
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[1], "123");
+    EXPECT_EQ(strings[2], "???");
 }
 
 TEST(StaticVector, Construct) {
@@ -91,7 +98,8 @@
     }
     {
         // In-place constructor with same types.
-        StaticVector vector(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "red", "velvet", "cake");
+        StaticVector vector =
+                ftl::init::list<std::string>("redolent", 3u)("velveteen", 6u)("cakewalk", 4u);
 
         static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(vector), StaticVector<std::string, 3>>);
         EXPECT_EQ(vector, (StaticVector{"red"s, "velvet"s, "cake"s}));
@@ -101,9 +109,10 @@
         const auto copy = "red"s;
         auto move = "velvet"s;
         std::initializer_list<char> list = {'c', 'a', 'k', 'e'};
-        StaticVector vector(std::in_place_type<std::string>, copy.c_str(), std::move(move), list);
+        StaticVector vector = ftl::init::list<std::string>(copy.c_str())(std::move(move))(list);
 
         static_assert(std::is_same_v<decltype(vector), StaticVector<std::string, 3>>);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(move.empty());
         EXPECT_EQ(vector, (StaticVector{"red"s, "velvet"s, "cake"s}));
     }
     {
@@ -204,9 +213,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(StaticVector, MovableElement) {
-    // Construct std::string elements in-place from C-style strings. Without std::in_place_type, the
-    // element type would be deduced from the first element, i.e. const char*.
-    StaticVector strings(std::in_place_type<std::string>, "", "", "", "cake", "velvet", "red", "");
+    // Construct std::string elements in place from per-element arguments.
+    StaticVector strings = ftl::init::list<std::string>()()()("cake")("velvet")("red")();
     strings.pop_back();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(strings.max_size(), 7u);
@@ -221,7 +229,7 @@
 
         strings.unstable_erase(it);
 
-        // Construct std::string from first 4 characters of C-style string.
+        // Construct std::string from first 4 characters of string literal.
         it = strings.emplace_back("cakewalk", 4u);
         ASSERT_NE(it, strings.end());
         EXPECT_EQ(*it, "cake"s);
@@ -250,7 +258,7 @@
         const std::string str;
     };
 
-    StaticVector words(std::in_place_type<Word>, "red", "velour", "cake");
+    StaticVector words = ftl::init::list<Word>("red")("velour")("cake");
 
     // The replaced element can be referenced by the replacement.
     const auto it = words.begin() + 1;