diff --git a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
index bb3faaf..6686717 100644
--- a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
+++ b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
 
 package android.view;
 
-@JavaOnlyStableParcelable @NdkOnlyStableParcelable parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h" ndk_header "android/native_window_aidl.h";
+@JavaOnlyStableParcelable @NdkOnlyStableParcelable @RustOnlyStableParcelable parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h" ndk_header "android/native_window_aidl.h" rust_type "nativewindow::Surface";
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
index ae56cb0..07908ba 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
@@ -40,15 +40,12 @@
 public:
     static sp<BinderCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper) {
         sp<BinderCallback> cb = sp<BinderCallback>::make();
+        cb->mLooper = looper;
 
-        int binder_fd = -1;
-        IPCThreadState::self()->setupPolling(&binder_fd);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(binder_fd < 0, "Failed to setupPolling: %d", binder_fd);
+        IPCThreadState::self()->setupPolling(&cb->mBinderFd);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(cb->mBinderFd < 0, "Failed to setupPolling: %d", cb->mBinderFd);
 
-        int ret = looper->addFd(binder_fd,
-                                Looper::POLL_CALLBACK,
-                                Looper::EVENT_INPUT,
-                                cb,
+        int ret = looper->addFd(cb->mBinderFd, Looper::POLL_CALLBACK, Looper::EVENT_INPUT, cb,
                                 nullptr /*data*/);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(ret != 1, "Failed to add binder FD to Looper");
 
@@ -59,13 +56,26 @@
         IPCThreadState::self()->handlePolledCommands();
         return 1;  // Continue receiving callbacks.
     }
+
+    void repoll() {
+        if (!mLooper->repoll(mBinderFd)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to repoll binder FD.");
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    sp<Looper> mLooper;
+    int mBinderFd = -1;
 };
 
 // LooperCallback for IClientCallback
 class ClientCallbackCallback : public LooperCallback {
 public:
-    static sp<ClientCallbackCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper, const sp<ServiceManager>& manager) {
+    static sp<ClientCallbackCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper,
+                                              const sp<ServiceManager>& manager,
+                                              sp<BinderCallback> binderCallback) {
         sp<ClientCallbackCallback> cb = sp<ClientCallbackCallback>::make(manager);
+        cb->mBinderCallback = binderCallback;
 
         int fdTimer = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0 /*flags*/);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(fdTimer < 0, "Failed to timerfd_create: fd: %d err: %d", fdTimer, errno);
@@ -102,12 +112,15 @@
         }
 
         mManager->handleClientCallbacks();
+        mBinderCallback->repoll(); // b/316829336
+
         return 1;  // Continue receiving callbacks.
     }
 private:
     friend sp<ClientCallbackCallback>;
     ClientCallbackCallback(const sp<ServiceManager>& manager) : mManager(manager) {}
     sp<ServiceManager> mManager;
+    sp<BinderCallback> mBinderCallback;
 };
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -139,8 +152,8 @@
 
     sp<Looper> looper = Looper::prepare(false /*allowNonCallbacks*/);
 
-    BinderCallback::setupTo(looper);
-    ClientCallbackCallback::setupTo(looper, manager);
+    sp<BinderCallback> binderCallback = BinderCallback::setupTo(looper);
+    ClientCallbackCallback::setupTo(looper, manager, binderCallback);
 
 #ifndef VENDORSERVICEMANAGER
     if (!SetProperty("servicemanager.ready", "true")) {
diff --git a/include/android/asset_manager.h b/include/android/asset_manager.h
index 2ac7d4d..6420cd0 100644
--- a/include/android/asset_manager.h
+++ b/include/android/asset_manager.h
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+typedef off_t off64_t; // Mac OSX does not define off64_t
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
diff --git a/include/android/performance_hint.h b/include/android/performance_hint.h
index 30200c7..08d339b 100644
--- a/include/android/performance_hint.h
+++ b/include/android/performance_hint.h
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
  *     the actual GPU duration is not measured.
  *
  * @return 0 on success.
- *         EINVAL if session is nullptr or any duration is an invalid number.
+ *         EINVAL if any duration is an invalid number.
  *         EPIPE if communication with the system service has failed.
  */
 int APerformanceHint_reportActualWorkDuration2(
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
  *
  * @param aWorkDuration The {@link AWorkDuration} created by calling {@link AWorkDuration_create()}
  * @param workPeriodStartTimestampNanos The work period start timestamp in nanoseconds based on
- *        CLOCK_MONOTONIC about when the work starts, the timestamp must be positive.
+ *        CLOCK_MONOTONIC about when the work starts. This timestamp must be greater than zero.
  */
 void AWorkDuration_setWorkPeriodStartTimestampNanos(AWorkDuration* _Nonnull aWorkDuration,
         int64_t workPeriodStartTimestampNanos) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@
  * Sets the actual total work duration in nanoseconds.
  *
  * @param aWorkDuration The {@link AWorkDuration} created by calling {@link AWorkDuration_create()}
- * @param actualTotalDurationNanos The actual total work duration in nanoseconds, the number must be
- *        positive.
+ * @param actualTotalDurationNanos The actual total work duration in nanoseconds. This number must
+ *        be greater than zero.
  */
 void AWorkDuration_setActualTotalDurationNanos(AWorkDuration* _Nonnull aWorkDuration,
         int64_t actualTotalDurationNanos) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@
  * Sets the actual CPU work duration in nanoseconds.
  *
  * @param aWorkDuration The {@link AWorkDuration} created by calling {@link AWorkDuration_create()}
- * @param actualCpuDurationNanos The actual CPU work duration in nanoseconds, the number must be
- *        positive.
+ * @param actualCpuDurationNanos The actual CPU work duration in nanoseconds. This number must be
+ *        greater than zero.
  */
 void AWorkDuration_setActualCpuDurationNanos(AWorkDuration* _Nonnull aWorkDuration,
         int64_t actualCpuDurationNanos) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
diff --git a/include/ftl/details/future.h b/include/ftl/details/future.h
index df1323e..8d82e0f 100644
--- a/include/ftl/details/future.h
+++ b/include/ftl/details/future.h
@@ -73,8 +73,18 @@
     return std::get<Impl>(self()).get();
   }
 
+  template <class Rep, class Period>
+  std::future_status wait_for(const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& timeout_duration) const {
+    if (std::holds_alternative<T>(self())) {
+      return std::future_status::ready;
+    }
+
+    return std::get<Impl>(self()).wait_for(timeout_duration);
+  }
+
  private:
   auto& self() { return static_cast<Self&>(*this).future_; }
+  const auto& self() const { return static_cast<const Self&>(*this).future_; }
 };
 
 template <typename Self, typename T>
@@ -90,6 +100,15 @@
     return std::get<Impl>(self()).get();
   }
 
+  template <class Rep, class Period>
+  std::future_status wait_for(const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& timeout_duration) const {
+    if (std::holds_alternative<T>(self())) {
+      return std::future_status::ready;
+    }
+
+    return std::get<Impl>(self()).wait_for(timeout_duration);
+  }
+
  private:
   const auto& self() const { return static_cast<const Self&>(*this).future_; }
 };
diff --git a/include/ftl/future.h b/include/ftl/future.h
index c78f9b7..dad180f 100644
--- a/include/ftl/future.h
+++ b/include/ftl/future.h
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
   // Forwarding functions. Base::share is only defined when FutureImpl is std::future, whereas the
   // following are defined for either FutureImpl:
   using Base::get;
+  using Base::wait_for;
 
   // Attaches a continuation to the future. The continuation is a function that maps T to either R
   // or ftl::Future<R>. In the former case, the chain wraps the result in a future as if by
diff --git a/include/input/InputTransport.h b/include/input/InputTransport.h
index 750e170..2d64872 100644
--- a/include/input/InputTransport.h
+++ b/include/input/InputTransport.h
@@ -290,6 +290,17 @@
      */
     bool probablyHasInput() const;
 
+    /* Wait until there is a message in the channel.
+     *
+     * The |timeout| specifies how long to block waiting for an input event to appear. Negative
+     * values are not allowed.
+     *
+     * In some cases returning before timeout expiration can happen without a message available.
+     * This could happen after the channel was closed on the other side. Another possible reason
+     * is incorrect setup of the channel.
+     */
+    void waitForMessage(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) const;
+
     /* Return a new object that has a duplicate of this channel's fd. */
     std::unique_ptr<InputChannel> dup() const;
 
diff --git a/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h b/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
index 9e426d3..c50bc4a 100644
--- a/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
+++ b/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
@@ -62,7 +62,15 @@
     virtual HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
     createHintSession(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
                       int64_t durationNanos) override;
+    virtual HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
+    createHintSessionWithConfig(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                                int64_t durationNanos,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config) override;
     virtual HalResult<int64_t> getHintSessionPreferredRate() override;
+    virtual HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig> getSessionChannel(
+            int tgid, int uid) override;
+    virtual HalResult<void> closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) override;
 
 private:
     std::mutex mConnectedHalMutex;
@@ -75,7 +83,7 @@
 
     std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> initHal();
     template <typename T>
-    HalResult<T> processHalResult(HalResult<T> result, const char* functionName);
+    HalResult<T> processHalResult(HalResult<T>&& result, const char* functionName);
 };
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/include/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.h b/include/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.h
index 4e4a1b0..e2da014 100644
--- a/include/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.h
+++ b/include/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.h
@@ -14,19 +14,22 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef ANDROID_POWERHALWRAPPER_H
-#define ANDROID_POWERHALWRAPPER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/Boost.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/power/ChannelConfig.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPower.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPowerHintSession.h>
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/Mode.h>
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/power/SessionConfig.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/hardware/power/1.1/IPower.h>
 #include <android/hardware/power/1.2/IPower.h>
 #include <android/hardware/power/1.3/IPower.h>
 #include <binder/Status.h>
 
+#include <utility>
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace power {
@@ -42,44 +45,63 @@
 template <typename T>
 class HalResult {
 public:
-    static HalResult<T> ok(T value) { return HalResult(value); }
-    static HalResult<T> failed(std::string msg) {
-        return HalResult(std::move(msg), /* unsupported= */ false);
-    }
+    static HalResult<T> ok(T&& value) { return HalResult(std::forward<T>(value)); }
+    static HalResult<T> ok(T& value) { return HalResult<T>::ok(T{value}); }
+    static HalResult<T> failed(std::string msg) { return HalResult(msg, /* unsupported= */ false); }
     static HalResult<T> unsupported() { return HalResult("", /* unsupported= */ true); }
 
-    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const binder::Status& status, T data) {
+    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const binder::Status& status, T&& data) {
         if (status.exceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
             return HalResult<T>::unsupported();
         }
         if (status.isOk()) {
-            return HalResult<T>::ok(data);
+            return HalResult<T>::ok(std::forward<T>(data));
         }
         return HalResult<T>::failed(std::string(status.toString8().c_str()));
     }
 
-    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const ndk::ScopedAStatus& status, T data) {
+    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const binder::Status& status, T& data) {
+        return HalResult<T>::fromStatus(status, T{data});
+    }
+
+    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const ndk::ScopedAStatus& status, T&& data) {
         if (status.getExceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
             return HalResult<T>::unsupported();
         }
         if (status.isOk()) {
-            return HalResult<T>::ok(data);
+            return HalResult<T>::ok(std::forward<T>(data));
         }
         return HalResult<T>::failed(std::string(status.getDescription()));
     }
 
+    static HalResult<T> fromStatus(const ndk::ScopedAStatus& status, T& data) {
+        return HalResult<T>::fromStatus(status, T{data});
+    }
+
     template <typename R>
-    static HalResult<T> fromReturn(hardware::Return<R>& ret, T data) {
-        return ret.isOk() ? HalResult<T>::ok(data) : HalResult<T>::failed(ret.description());
+    static HalResult<T> fromReturn(hardware::Return<R>& ret, T&& data) {
+        return ret.isOk() ? HalResult<T>::ok(std::forward<T>(data))
+                          : HalResult<T>::failed(ret.description());
+    }
+
+    template <typename R>
+    static HalResult<T> fromReturn(hardware::Return<R>& ret, T& data) {
+        return HalResult<T>::fromReturn(ret, T{data});
     }
 
     template <typename R>
     static HalResult<T> fromReturn(hardware::Return<R>& ret, hardware::power::V1_0::Status status,
-                                   T data) {
-        return ret.isOk() ? HalResult<T>::fromStatus(status, data)
+                                   T&& data) {
+        return ret.isOk() ? HalResult<T>::fromStatus(status, std::forward<T>(data))
                           : HalResult<T>::failed(ret.description());
     }
 
+    template <typename R>
+    static HalResult<T> fromReturn(hardware::Return<R>& ret, hardware::power::V1_0::Status status,
+                                   T& data) {
+        return HalResult<T>::fromReturn(ret, status, T{data});
+    }
+
     // This will throw std::bad_optional_access if this result is not ok.
     const T& value() const { return mValue.value(); }
     bool isOk() const { return !mUnsupported && mValue.has_value(); }
@@ -92,8 +114,8 @@
     std::string mErrorMessage;
     bool mUnsupported;
 
-    explicit HalResult(T value)
-          : mValue(std::make_optional(value)), mErrorMessage(), mUnsupported(false) {}
+    explicit HalResult(T&& value)
+          : mValue{std::move(value)}, mErrorMessage(), mUnsupported(false) {}
     explicit HalResult(std::string errorMessage, bool unsupported)
           : mValue(), mErrorMessage(std::move(errorMessage)), mUnsupported(unsupported) {}
 };
@@ -158,7 +180,15 @@
     virtual HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
     createHintSession(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
                       int64_t durationNanos) = 0;
+    virtual HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
+    createHintSessionWithConfig(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                                int64_t durationNanos,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config) = 0;
     virtual HalResult<int64_t> getHintSessionPreferredRate() = 0;
+    virtual HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig> getSessionChannel(int tgid,
+                                                                                       int uid) = 0;
+    virtual HalResult<void> closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) = 0;
 };
 
 // Empty Power HAL wrapper that ignores all api calls.
@@ -173,11 +203,22 @@
     HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>> createHintSession(
             int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
             int64_t durationNanos) override;
+    HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
+    createHintSessionWithConfig(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                                int64_t durationNanos,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config) override;
     HalResult<int64_t> getHintSessionPreferredRate() override;
+    HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig> getSessionChannel(int tgid,
+                                                                               int uid) override;
+    HalResult<void> closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) override;
+
+protected:
+    virtual const char* getUnsupportedMessage();
 };
 
 // Wrapper for the HIDL Power HAL v1.0.
-class HidlHalWrapperV1_0 : public HalWrapper {
+class HidlHalWrapperV1_0 : public EmptyHalWrapper {
 public:
     explicit HidlHalWrapperV1_0(sp<hardware::power::V1_0::IPower> handleV1_0)
           : mHandleV1_0(std::move(handleV1_0)) {}
@@ -186,14 +227,11 @@
     HalResult<void> setBoost(aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost boost,
                              int32_t durationMs) override;
     HalResult<void> setMode(aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode mode, bool enabled) override;
-    HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>> createHintSession(
-            int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
-            int64_t durationNanos) override;
-    HalResult<int64_t> getHintSessionPreferredRate() override;
 
 protected:
     const sp<hardware::power::V1_0::IPower> mHandleV1_0;
     virtual HalResult<void> sendPowerHint(hardware::power::V1_3::PowerHint hintId, uint32_t data);
+    const char* getUnsupportedMessage();
 
 private:
     HalResult<void> setInteractive(bool enabled);
@@ -238,7 +276,7 @@
 };
 
 // Wrapper for the AIDL Power HAL.
-class AidlHalWrapper : public HalWrapper {
+class AidlHalWrapper : public EmptyHalWrapper {
 public:
     explicit AidlHalWrapper(std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPower> handle)
           : mHandle(std::move(handle)) {}
@@ -250,7 +288,19 @@
     HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>> createHintSession(
             int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
             int64_t durationNanos) override;
+    HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
+    createHintSessionWithConfig(int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                                int64_t durationNanos,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+                                aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config) override;
+
     HalResult<int64_t> getHintSessionPreferredRate() override;
+    HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig> getSessionChannel(int tgid,
+                                                                               int uid) override;
+    HalResult<void> closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) override;
+
+protected:
+    const char* getUnsupportedMessage() override;
 
 private:
     // Control access to the boost and mode supported arrays.
@@ -274,5 +324,3 @@
 }; // namespace power
 
 }; // namespace android
-
-#endif // ANDROID_POWERHALWRAPPER_H
diff --git a/libs/battery/MultiStateCounter.h b/libs/battery/MultiStateCounter.h
index ce9cd1c..7da8d51 100644
--- a/libs/battery/MultiStateCounter.h
+++ b/libs/battery/MultiStateCounter.h
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace battery {
 
+#define REPORTED_INVALID_TIMESTAMP_DELTA_MS 60000
+
 typedef uint16_t state_t;
 
 template <class T>
@@ -171,8 +173,12 @@
         if (timestamp >= lastStateChangeTimestamp) {
             states[currentState].timeInStateSinceUpdate += timestamp - lastStateChangeTimestamp;
         } else {
-            ALOGE("setState is called with an earlier timestamp: %lu, previous timestamp: %lu\n",
-                  (unsigned long)timestamp, (unsigned long)lastStateChangeTimestamp);
+            if (timestamp < lastStateChangeTimestamp - REPORTED_INVALID_TIMESTAMP_DELTA_MS) {
+                ALOGE("setState is called with an earlier timestamp: %lu, "
+                      "previous timestamp: %lu\n",
+                      (unsigned long)timestamp, (unsigned long)lastStateChangeTimestamp);
+            }
+
             // The accumulated durations have become unreliable. For example, if the timestamp
             // sequence was 1000, 2000, 1000, 3000, if we accumulated the positive deltas,
             // we would get 4000, which is greater than (last - first). This could lead to
@@ -232,8 +238,10 @@
                     }
                 }
             } else if (timestamp < lastUpdateTimestamp) {
-                ALOGE("updateValue is called with an earlier timestamp: %lu, previous: %lu\n",
-                      (unsigned long)timestamp, (unsigned long)lastUpdateTimestamp);
+                if (timestamp < lastUpdateTimestamp - REPORTED_INVALID_TIMESTAMP_DELTA_MS) {
+                    ALOGE("updateValue is called with an earlier timestamp: %lu, previous: %lu\n",
+                          (unsigned long)timestamp, (unsigned long)lastUpdateTimestamp);
+                }
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < stateCount; i++) {
                     states[i].timeInStateSinceUpdate = 0;
diff --git a/libs/ftl/future_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/future_test.cpp
index 5a245b6..1140639 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/future_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ftl/future_test.cpp
@@ -102,4 +102,42 @@
   decrement_thread.join();
 }
 
+TEST(Future, WaitFor) {
+  using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+  {
+    auto future = ftl::yield(42);
+    // Check that we can wait_for multiple times without invalidating the future
+    EXPECT_EQ(future.wait_for(1s), std::future_status::ready);
+    EXPECT_EQ(future.wait_for(1s), std::future_status::ready);
+    EXPECT_EQ(future.get(), 42);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::condition_variable cv;
+    std::mutex m;
+    bool ready = false;
+
+    std::packaged_task<int32_t()> get_int([&] {
+      std::unique_lock lk(m);
+      cv.wait(lk, [&] { return ready; });
+      return 24;
+    });
+
+    auto get_future = ftl::Future(get_int.get_future());
+    std::thread get_thread(std::move(get_int));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(get_future.wait_for(0s), std::future_status::timeout);
+    {
+      std::unique_lock lk(m);
+      ready = true;
+    }
+    cv.notify_one();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(get_future.wait_for(1s), std::future_status::ready);
+    EXPECT_EQ(get_future.get(), 24);
+
+    get_thread.join();
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::test
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 8d18551..83c2b7f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <gui/LayerStatePermissions.h>
+#include <gui/ScreenCaptureResults.h>
 #include <private/gui/ComposerService.h>
 #include <private/gui/ComposerServiceAIDL.h>
 
@@ -3138,11 +3139,19 @@
 }
 
 status_t ScreenshotClient::captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& captureArgs,
-                                         const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
+                                         const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener,
+                                         bool sync) {
     sp<gui::ISurfaceComposer> s(ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService());
     if (s == nullptr) return NO_INIT;
 
-    binder::Status status = s->captureLayers(captureArgs, captureListener);
+    binder::Status status;
+    if (sync) {
+        gui::ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
+        status = s->captureLayersSync(captureArgs, &captureResults);
+        captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
+    } else {
+        status = s->captureLayers(captureArgs, captureListener);
+    }
     return statusTFromBinderStatus(status);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
index e3122bc..51e0193 100644
--- a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 import android.gui.LayerDebugInfo;
 import android.gui.OverlayProperties;
 import android.gui.PullAtomData;
+import android.gui.ScreenCaptureResults;
 import android.gui.ARect;
 import android.gui.SchedulingPolicy;
 import android.gui.StalledTransactionInfo;
@@ -245,6 +246,16 @@
     /**
      * Capture a subtree of the layer hierarchy, potentially ignoring the root node.
      * This requires READ_FRAME_BUFFER permission. This function will fail if there
+     * is a secure window on screen. This is a blocking call and will return the
+     * ScreenCaptureResults, including the captured buffer. Because this is blocking, the
+     * caller doesn't care about the fence and the binder thread in SurfaceFlinger will wait
+     * on the fence to fire before returning the results.
+     */
+    ScreenCaptureResults captureLayersSync(in LayerCaptureArgs args);
+
+    /**
+     * Capture a subtree of the layer hierarchy, potentially ignoring the root node.
+     * This requires READ_FRAME_BUFFER permission. This function will fail if there
      * is a secure window on screen
      */
     oneway void captureLayers(in LayerCaptureArgs args, IScreenCaptureListener listener);
diff --git a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
index c952ba2..2bdbd43 100644
--- a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
+++ b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@
                 (int64_t, const gui::CaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, captureLayers,
                 (const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, captureLayersSync,
+                (const LayerCaptureArgs&, gui::ScreenCaptureResults*), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, clearAnimationFrameStats, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, getAnimationFrameStats, (gui::FrameStats*), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, overrideHdrTypes, (const sp<IBinder>&, const std::vector<int32_t>&),
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index e1dc791..6b8e824 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -416,26 +416,36 @@
 };
 
 struct DisplayState {
-    enum {
+    enum : uint32_t {
         eSurfaceChanged = 0x01,
         eLayerStackChanged = 0x02,
         eDisplayProjectionChanged = 0x04,
         eDisplaySizeChanged = 0x08,
-        eFlagsChanged = 0x10
+        eFlagsChanged = 0x10,
+
+        eAllChanged = ~0u
     };
 
+    // Not for direct use. Prefer constructor below for new displays.
     DisplayState();
+
+    DisplayState(sp<IBinder> token, ui::LayerStack layerStack)
+          : what(eAllChanged),
+            token(std::move(token)),
+            layerStack(layerStack),
+            layerStackSpaceRect(Rect::INVALID_RECT),
+            orientedDisplaySpaceRect(Rect::INVALID_RECT) {}
+
     void merge(const DisplayState& other);
     void sanitize(int32_t permissions);
 
     uint32_t what = 0;
     uint32_t flags = 0;
     sp<IBinder> token;
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
 
     ui::LayerStack layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
 
-    // These states define how layers are projected onto the physical display.
+    // These states define how layers are projected onto the physical or virtual display.
     //
     // Layers are first clipped to `layerStackSpaceRect'.  They are then translated and
     // scaled from `layerStackSpaceRect' to `orientedDisplaySpaceRect'.  Finally, they are rotated
@@ -446,10 +456,17 @@
     // will be scaled by a factor of 2 and translated by (20, 10). When orientation is 1, layers
     // will be additionally rotated by 90 degrees around the origin clockwise and translated by (W,
     // 0).
+    //
+    // Rect::INVALID_RECT sizes the space to the active resolution of the physical display, or the
+    // default dimensions of the virtual display surface.
+    //
     ui::Rotation orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
     Rect layerStackSpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
     Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
 
+    // Exclusive to virtual displays: The sink surface into which the virtual display is rendered,
+    // and an optional resolution that overrides its default dimensions.
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
     uint32_t width = 0;
     uint32_t height = 0;
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 14e3dd5..88a2c34 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -849,7 +849,8 @@
     static status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
     static status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId, const gui::CaptureArgs&,
                                    const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
-    static status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    static status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&,
+                                  bool sync);
 
     [[deprecated]] static status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId id,
                                                   const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& listener) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/EndToEndNativeInputTest.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/EndToEndNativeInputTest.cpp
index d4b8dbe..b9ab803 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/EndToEndNativeInputTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/EndToEndNativeInputTest.cpp
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@
         return std::make_unique<InputSurface>(surfaceControl, width, height);
     }
 
-    InputEvent *consumeEvent(int timeoutMs = 3000) {
-        waitForEventAvailable(timeoutMs);
+    InputEvent* consumeEvent(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = 3000ms) {
+        mClientChannel->waitForMessage(timeout);
 
         InputEvent *ev;
         uint32_t seqId;
@@ -302,15 +302,6 @@
         t.apply(true);
     }
 
-private:
-    void waitForEventAvailable(int timeoutMs) {
-        struct pollfd fd;
-
-        fd.fd = mClientChannel->getFd();
-        fd.events = POLLIN;
-        poll(&fd, 1, timeoutMs);
-    }
-
 public:
     sp<SurfaceControl> mSurfaceControl;
     std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> mClientChannel;
@@ -615,7 +606,7 @@
 
     // A tap within the surface but outside the touchable region should not be sent to the surface.
     injectTap(20, 30);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(200 /*timeoutMs*/), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/200ms), nullptr);
 
     injectTap(31, 52);
     surface->expectTap(20, 30);
@@ -981,12 +972,12 @@
     obscuringSurface->mInputInfo.ownerUid = gui::Uid{22222};
     obscuringSurface->showAt(100, 100);
     injectTap(101, 101);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus();
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKey(AKEYCODE_V);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, strict_unobscured_input_partially_obscured_window) {
@@ -1002,12 +993,12 @@
 
     injectTap(101, 101);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus();
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKey(AKEYCODE_V);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, strict_unobscured_input_alpha_window) {
@@ -1024,12 +1015,12 @@
 
     injectTap(101, 101);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus();
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKey(AKEYCODE_V);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, strict_unobscured_input_cropped_window) {
@@ -1046,12 +1037,12 @@
 
     injectTap(111, 111);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus();
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKey(AKEYCODE_V);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, ignore_touch_region_with_zero_sized_blast) {
@@ -1076,12 +1067,12 @@
 
     injectTap(101, 101);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus();
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKey(AKEYCODE_V);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, layer_with_valid_crop_can_be_focused) {
@@ -1116,7 +1107,7 @@
 
     // Does not receive events outside its crop
     injectTap(26, 26);
-    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1141,7 +1132,7 @@
 
     // Does not receive events outside parent bounds
     injectTap(31, 31);
-    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1167,7 +1158,7 @@
     // Does not receive events outside crop layer bounds
     injectTap(21, 21);
     injectTap(71, 71);
-    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(containerSurface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputSurfacesTest, child_container_with_no_input_channel_blocks_parent) {
@@ -1184,7 +1175,7 @@
             [&](auto &t, auto &sc) { t.reparent(sc, parent->mSurfaceControl); });
     injectTap(101, 101);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(parent->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(parent->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 class MultiDisplayTests : public InputSurfacesTest {
@@ -1233,7 +1224,7 @@
 
     // Touches should be dropped if the layer is on an invalid display.
     injectTapOnDisplay(101, 101, layerStack.id);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     // However, we still let the window be focused and receive keys.
     surface->requestFocus(layerStack.id);
@@ -1271,12 +1262,12 @@
 
     injectTapOnDisplay(101, 101, layerStack.id);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 
     surface->requestFocus(layerStack.id);
     surface->assertFocusChange(true);
     injectKeyOnDisplay(AKEYCODE_V, layerStack.id);
-    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(100), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(surface->consumeEvent(/*timeout=*/100ms), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MultiDisplayTests, dont_drop_input_for_secure_layer_on_secure_display) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index c6ea317..577d239 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -791,6 +791,10 @@
         return binder::Status::ok();
     }
 
+    binder::Status captureLayersSync(const LayerCaptureArgs&, ScreenCaptureResults*) override {
+        return binder::Status::ok();
+    }
+
     binder::Status captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&,
                                  const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override {
         return binder::Status::ok();
diff --git a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
index fa094df..37de00c 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
@@ -521,11 +521,11 @@
 bool InputChannel::probablyHasInput() const {
     struct pollfd pfds = {.fd = mFd, .events = POLLIN};
     if (::poll(&pfds, /*nfds=*/1, /*timeout=*/0) <= 0) {
-        // This can be a false negative because EAGAIN and ENOMEM are not handled. The latter should
-        // be extremely rare. The EAGAIN is also unlikely because it happens only when the signal
-        // arrives while the syscall is executed, and the syscall is quick. Hitting EAGAIN too often
+        // This can be a false negative because EINTR and ENOMEM are not handled. The latter should
+        // be extremely rare. The EINTR is also unlikely because it happens only when the signal
+        // arrives while the syscall is executed, and the syscall is quick. Hitting EINTR too often
         // would be a sign of having too many signals, which is a bigger performance problem. A
-        // common tradition is to repeat the syscall on each EAGAIN, but it is not necessary here.
+        // common tradition is to repeat the syscall on each EINTR, but it is not necessary here.
         // In other words, the missing one liner is replaced by a multiline explanation.
         return false;
     }
@@ -534,6 +534,22 @@
     return (pfds.revents & POLLIN) != 0;
 }
 
+void InputChannel::waitForMessage(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) const {
+    if (timeout < 0ms) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Timeout cannot be negative, received " << timeout.count();
+    }
+    struct pollfd pfds = {.fd = mFd, .events = POLLIN};
+    int ret;
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> stopTime =
+            std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + timeout;
+    std::chrono::milliseconds remaining = timeout;
+    do {
+        ret = ::poll(&pfds, /*nfds=*/1, /*timeout=*/remaining.count());
+        remaining = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
+                stopTime - std::chrono::steady_clock::now());
+    } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR && remaining > 0ms);
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<InputChannel> InputChannel::dup() const {
     base::unique_fd newFd(dupFd());
     return InputChannel::create(getName(), std::move(newFd), getConnectionToken());
diff --git a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
index 1baeb26..0c850fe 100644
--- a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
+++ b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
@@ -64,13 +64,6 @@
 }
 
 flag {
-  name: "remove_app_switch_drops"
-  namespace: "input"
-  description: "Remove the logic of dropping events due to pending app switch"
-  bug: "284808102"
-}
-
-flag {
   name: "disable_reject_touch_on_stylus_hover"
   namespace: "input"
   description: "Disable touch rejection when the stylus hovers the screen"
@@ -104,3 +97,10 @@
   description: "Change the acceleration curves for mouse pointer movements to match the touchpad ones"
   bug: "315313622"
 }
+
+flag {
+  name: "rate_limit_user_activity_poke_in_dispatcher"
+  namespace: "input"
+  description: "Move user-activity poke rate-limiting from PowerManagerService to InputDispatcher."
+  bug: "320499729"
+}
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
index d4278be..8056d9a 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #define ANDROID_DATA_SPACE_H
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
index aab7df0..22ad834 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 extern crate nativewindow_bindgen as ffi;
 
+pub mod surface;
+
 pub use ffi::{AHardwareBuffer_Format, AHardwareBuffer_UsageFlags};
 
 use binder::{
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@
 }
 
 impl Debug for HardwareBuffer {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("HardwareBuffer").field("id", &self.id()).finish()
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25fea80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Rust wrapper for `ANativeWindow` and related types.
+
+use binder::{
+    binder_impl::{BorrowedParcel, UnstructuredParcelable},
+    impl_deserialize_for_unstructured_parcelable, impl_serialize_for_unstructured_parcelable,
+    unstable_api::{status_result, AsNative},
+    StatusCode,
+};
+use nativewindow_bindgen::{
+    AHardwareBuffer_Format, ANativeWindow, ANativeWindow_acquire, ANativeWindow_getFormat,
+    ANativeWindow_getHeight, ANativeWindow_getWidth, ANativeWindow_readFromParcel,
+    ANativeWindow_release, ANativeWindow_writeToParcel,
+};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
+use std::ptr::{null_mut, NonNull};
+
+/// Wrapper around an opaque C `ANativeWindow`.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Surface(NonNull<ANativeWindow>);
+
+impl Surface {
+    /// Returns the current width in pixels of the window surface.
+    pub fn width(&self) -> Result<u32, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let width = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getWidth(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        width.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(width))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current height in pixels of the window surface.
+    pub fn height(&self) -> Result<u32, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let height = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getHeight(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        height.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(height))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current pixel format of the window surface.
+    pub fn format(&self) -> Result<AHardwareBuffer_Format::Type, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let format = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getFormat(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        format.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(format))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Surface {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_release(self.0.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Surface {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Surface")
+            .field("width", &self.width())
+            .field("height", &self.height())
+            .field("format", &self.format())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Surface {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_acquire(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        Self(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UnstructuredParcelable for Surface {
+    fn write_to_parcel(&self, parcel: &mut BorrowedParcel) -> Result<(), StatusCode> {
+        let status =
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(self.0.as_ptr(), parcel.as_native_mut()) };
+        status_result(status)
+    }
+
+    fn from_parcel(parcel: &BorrowedParcel) -> Result<Self, StatusCode> {
+        let mut buffer = null_mut();
+
+        let status =
+        // SAFETY: Both pointers must be valid because they are obtained from references.
+        // `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel` doesn't store them or do anything else special
+        // with them. If it returns success then it will have allocated a new
+        // `ANativeWindow` and incremented the reference count, so we can use it until we
+        // release it.
+            unsafe { ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(parcel.as_native(), &mut buffer) };
+
+        status_result(status)?;
+
+        Ok(Self(
+            NonNull::new(buffer)
+                .expect("ANativeWindow_readFromParcel returned success but didn't allocate buffer"),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl_deserialize_for_unstructured_parcelable!(Surface);
+impl_serialize_for_unstructured_parcelable!(Surface);
+
+// SAFETY: The underlying *ANativeWindow can be moved between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+
+// SAFETY: The underlying *ANativeWindow can be used from multiple threads concurrently.
+unsafe impl Sync for Surface {}
+
+/// An error code returned by methods on [`Surface`].
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ErrorCode(i32);
+
+impl Error for ErrorCode {}
+
+impl Display for ErrorCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Error {}", self.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h b/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
index 4525a42..5689f7d 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
@@ -19,3 +19,4 @@
 #include <android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h>
 #include <android/hdr_metadata.h>
 #include <android/native_window.h>
+#include <android/native_window_aidl.h>
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
index 3e1ac33..233134d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -28,28 +28,28 @@
 namespace renderengine {
 
 std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> RenderEngine::create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args) {
-    switch (args.renderEngineType) {
-        case RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL:
+    if (args.threaded == Threaded::YES) {
+        switch (args.graphicsApi) {
+            case GraphicsApi::GL:
+                ALOGD("Threaded RenderEngine with SkiaGL Backend");
+                return renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded::create([args]() {
+                    return android::renderengine::skia::SkiaGLRenderEngine::create(args);
+                });
+            case GraphicsApi::VK:
+                ALOGD("Threaded RenderEngine with SkiaVK Backend");
+                return renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded::create([args]() {
+                    return android::renderengine::skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine::create(args);
+                });
+        }
+    }
+
+    switch (args.graphicsApi) {
+        case GraphicsApi::GL:
             ALOGD("RenderEngine with SkiaGL Backend");
             return renderengine::skia::SkiaGLRenderEngine::create(args);
-        case RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK:
+        case GraphicsApi::VK:
             ALOGD("RenderEngine with SkiaVK Backend");
             return renderengine::skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine::create(args);
-        case RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED: {
-            ALOGD("Threaded RenderEngine with SkiaGL Backend");
-            return renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded::create(
-                    [args]() {
-                        return android::renderengine::skia::SkiaGLRenderEngine::create(args);
-                    },
-                    args.renderEngineType);
-        }
-        case RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK_THREADED:
-            ALOGD("Threaded RenderEngine with SkiaVK Backend");
-            return renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded::create(
-                    [args]() {
-                        return android::renderengine::skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine::create(args);
-                    },
-                    args.renderEngineType);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/benchmark/RenderEngineBench.cpp b/libs/renderengine/benchmark/RenderEngineBench.cpp
index a7f1df9..101f519 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/benchmark/RenderEngineBench.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/benchmark/RenderEngineBench.cpp
@@ -30,46 +30,6 @@
 using namespace android::renderengine;
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-//  Helpers for Benchmark::Apply
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-std::string RenderEngineTypeName(RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type) {
-    switch (type) {
-        case RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED:
-            return "skiaglthreaded";
-        case RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL:
-            return "skiagl";
-        case RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK:
-            return "skiavk";
-        case RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK_THREADED:
-            return "skiavkthreaded";
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Passed (indirectly - see RunSkiaGLThreaded) to Benchmark::Apply to create a
- * Benchmark which specifies which RenderEngineType it uses.
- *
- * This simplifies calling ->Arg(type)->Arg(type) and provides strings to make
- * it obvious which version is being run.
- *
- * @param b The benchmark family
- * @param type The type of RenderEngine to use.
- */
-static void AddRenderEngineType(benchmark::internal::Benchmark* b,
-                                RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type) {
-    b->Arg(static_cast<int64_t>(type));
-    b->ArgName(RenderEngineTypeName(type));
-}
-
-/**
- * Run a benchmark once using SKIA_GL_THREADED.
- */
-static void RunSkiaGLThreaded(benchmark::internal::Benchmark* b) {
-    AddRenderEngineType(b, RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED);
-}
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //  Helpers for calling drawLayers
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
@@ -104,7 +64,8 @@
     return std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t>(width, height);
 }
 
-static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> createRenderEngine(RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type) {
+static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> createRenderEngine(RenderEngine::Threaded threaded,
+                                                        RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi) {
     auto args = RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder()
                         .setPixelFormat(static_cast<int>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888))
                         .setImageCacheSize(1)
@@ -112,7 +73,8 @@
                         .setPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly(false)
                         .setSupportsBackgroundBlur(true)
                         .setContextPriority(RenderEngine::ContextPriority::REALTIME)
-                        .setRenderEngineType(type)
+                        .setThreaded(threaded)
+                        .setGraphicsApi(graphicsApi)
                         .build();
     return RenderEngine::create(args);
 }
@@ -214,8 +176,11 @@
 //  Benchmarks
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-void BM_blur(benchmark::State& benchState) {
-    auto re = createRenderEngine(static_cast<RenderEngine::RenderEngineType>(benchState.range()));
+template <class... Args>
+void BM_blur(benchmark::State& benchState, Args&&... args) {
+    auto args_tuple = std::make_tuple(std::move(args)...);
+    auto re = createRenderEngine(static_cast<RenderEngine::Threaded>(std::get<0>(args_tuple)),
+                                 static_cast<RenderEngine::GraphicsApi>(std::get<1>(args_tuple)));
 
     // Initially use cpu access so we can decode into it with AImageDecoder.
     auto [width, height] = getDisplaySize();
@@ -259,4 +224,5 @@
     benchDrawLayers(*re, layers, benchState, "blurred");
 }
 
-BENCHMARK(BM_blur)->Apply(RunSkiaGLThreaded);
+BENCHMARK_CAPTURE(BM_blur, SkiaGLThreaded, RenderEngine::Threaded::YES,
+                  RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 818d035..7047358 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 
 /**
- * Allows to set RenderEngine backend to GLES (default) or SkiaGL (NOT yet supported).
+ * Allows to override the RenderEngine backend.
  */
 #define PROPERTY_DEBUG_RENDERENGINE_BACKEND "debug.renderengine.backend"
 
@@ -92,11 +92,14 @@
         REALTIME = 4,
     };
 
-    enum class RenderEngineType {
-        SKIA_GL = 3,
-        SKIA_GL_THREADED = 4,
-        SKIA_VK = 5,
-        SKIA_VK_THREADED = 6,
+    enum class Threaded {
+        NO,
+        YES,
+    };
+
+    enum class GraphicsApi {
+        GL,
+        VK,
     };
 
     static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args);
@@ -176,10 +179,9 @@
     // query is required to be thread safe.
     virtual bool supportsBackgroundBlur() = 0;
 
-    // Returns the current type of RenderEngine instance that was created.
     // TODO(b/180767535): This is only implemented to allow for backend-specific behavior, which
     // we should not allow in general, so remove this.
-    RenderEngineType getRenderEngineType() const { return mRenderEngineType; }
+    bool isThreaded() const { return mThreaded == Threaded::YES; }
 
     static void validateInputBufferUsage(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&);
     static void validateOutputBufferUsage(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&);
@@ -191,9 +193,9 @@
     virtual void setEnableTracing(bool /*tracingEnabled*/) {}
 
 protected:
-    RenderEngine() : RenderEngine(RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL) {}
+    RenderEngine() : RenderEngine(Threaded::NO) {}
 
-    RenderEngine(RenderEngineType type) : mRenderEngineType(type) {}
+    RenderEngine(Threaded threaded) : mThreaded(threaded) {}
 
     // Maps GPU resources for this buffer.
     // Note that work may be deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@
     friend class impl::ExternalTexture;
     friend class threaded::RenderEngineThreaded;
     friend class RenderEngineTest_cleanupPostRender_cleansUpOnce_Test;
-    const RenderEngineType mRenderEngineType;
+    const Threaded mThreaded;
 
     // Update protectedContext mode depending on whether or not any layer has a protected buffer.
     void updateProtectedContext(const std::vector<LayerSettings>&,
@@ -251,7 +253,8 @@
     bool precacheToneMapperShaderOnly;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur;
     RenderEngine::ContextPriority contextPriority;
-    RenderEngine::RenderEngineType renderEngineType;
+    RenderEngine::Threaded threaded;
+    RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi;
 
     struct Builder;
 
@@ -261,14 +264,16 @@
                              bool _enableProtectedContext, bool _precacheToneMapperShaderOnly,
                              bool _supportsBackgroundBlur,
                              RenderEngine::ContextPriority _contextPriority,
-                             RenderEngine::RenderEngineType _renderEngineType)
+                             RenderEngine::Threaded _threaded,
+                             RenderEngine::GraphicsApi _graphicsApi)
           : pixelFormat(_pixelFormat),
             imageCacheSize(_imageCacheSize),
             enableProtectedContext(_enableProtectedContext),
             precacheToneMapperShaderOnly(_precacheToneMapperShaderOnly),
             supportsBackgroundBlur(_supportsBackgroundBlur),
             contextPriority(_contextPriority),
-            renderEngineType(_renderEngineType) {}
+            threaded(_threaded),
+            graphicsApi(_graphicsApi) {}
     RenderEngineCreationArgs() = delete;
 };
 
@@ -299,14 +304,18 @@
         this->contextPriority = contextPriority;
         return *this;
     }
-    Builder& setRenderEngineType(RenderEngine::RenderEngineType renderEngineType) {
-        this->renderEngineType = renderEngineType;
+    Builder& setThreaded(RenderEngine::Threaded threaded) {
+        this->threaded = threaded;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    Builder& setGraphicsApi(RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi) {
+        this->graphicsApi = graphicsApi;
         return *this;
     }
     RenderEngineCreationArgs build() const {
         return RenderEngineCreationArgs(pixelFormat, imageCacheSize, enableProtectedContext,
                                         precacheToneMapperShaderOnly, supportsBackgroundBlur,
-                                        contextPriority, renderEngineType);
+                                        contextPriority, threaded, graphicsApi);
     }
 
 private:
@@ -317,8 +326,8 @@
     bool precacheToneMapperShaderOnly = false;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur = false;
     RenderEngine::ContextPriority contextPriority = RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM;
-    RenderEngine::RenderEngineType renderEngineType =
-            RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
+    RenderEngine::Threaded threaded = RenderEngine::Threaded::YES;
+    RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi = RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL;
 };
 
 } // namespace renderengine
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index d688b51..fea4129 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
 SkiaGLRenderEngine::SkiaGLRenderEngine(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args, EGLDisplay display,
                                        EGLContext ctxt, EGLSurface placeholder,
                                        EGLContext protectedContext, EGLSurface protectedPlaceholder)
-      : SkiaRenderEngine(args.renderEngineType, static_cast<PixelFormat>(args.pixelFormat),
+      : SkiaRenderEngine(args.threaded, static_cast<PixelFormat>(args.pixelFormat),
                          args.supportsBackgroundBlur),
         mEGLDisplay(display),
         mEGLContext(ctxt),
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index 3729be6..330cc66 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@
     SkAndroidFrameworkTraceUtil::setEnableTracing(tracingEnabled);
 }
 
-SkiaRenderEngine::SkiaRenderEngine(RenderEngineType type, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+SkiaRenderEngine::SkiaRenderEngine(Threaded threaded, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
                                    bool supportsBackgroundBlur)
-      : RenderEngine(type), mDefaultPixelFormat(pixelFormat) {
+      : RenderEngine(threaded), mDefaultPixelFormat(pixelFormat) {
     if (supportsBackgroundBlur) {
         ALOGD("Background Blurs Enabled");
         mBlurFilter = new KawaseBlurFilter();
@@ -389,10 +389,9 @@
 void SkiaRenderEngine::mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
                                                   bool isRenderable) {
     // Only run this if RE is running on its own thread. This
-    // way the access to GL operations is guaranteed to be happening on the
+    // way the access to GL/VK operations is guaranteed to be happening on the
     // same thread.
-    if (mRenderEngineType != RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED &&
-        mRenderEngineType != RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK_THREADED) {
+    if (!isThreaded()) {
         return;
     }
     // We don't attempt to map a buffer if the buffer contains protected content. In GL this is
@@ -1017,7 +1016,7 @@
                                                   .fakeOutputDataspace = fakeDataspace}));
 
             // Turn on dithering when dimming beyond this (arbitrary) threshold...
-            static constexpr float kDimmingThreshold = 0.2f;
+            static constexpr float kDimmingThreshold = 0.9f;
             // ...or we're rendering an HDR layer down to an 8-bit target
             // Most HDR standards require at least 10-bits of color depth for source content, so we
             // can just extract the transfer function rather than dig into precise gralloc layout.
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index ac134af..e88d44c 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 class SkiaRenderEngine : public RenderEngine {
 public:
     static std::unique_ptr<SkiaRenderEngine> create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args);
-    SkiaRenderEngine(RenderEngineType type, PixelFormat pixelFormat, bool supportsBackgroundBlur);
+    SkiaRenderEngine(Threaded, PixelFormat pixelFormat, bool supportsBackgroundBlur);
     ~SkiaRenderEngine() override;
 
     std::future<void> primeCache(bool shouldPrimeUltraHDR) override final;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
index ba20d1f..3af85c0 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
 }
 
 SkiaVkRenderEngine::SkiaVkRenderEngine(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args)
-      : SkiaRenderEngine(args.renderEngineType, static_cast<PixelFormat>(args.pixelFormat),
+      : SkiaRenderEngine(args.threaded, static_cast<PixelFormat>(args.pixelFormat),
                          args.supportsBackgroundBlur) {}
 
 SkiaVkRenderEngine::~SkiaVkRenderEngine() {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
index 11d4fde..4c18704 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
@@ -106,92 +106,46 @@
     virtual ~RenderEngineFactory() = default;
 
     virtual std::string name() = 0;
-    virtual renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type() = 0;
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> createRenderEngine() = 0;
-    virtual bool typeSupported() = 0;
+    virtual renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi() = 0;
+    virtual bool apiSupported() = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> createRenderEngine() {
+        renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs reCreationArgs =
+                renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder()
+                        .setPixelFormat(static_cast<int>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888))
+                        .setImageCacheSize(1)
+                        .setEnableProtectedContext(false)
+                        .setPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly(false)
+                        .setSupportsBackgroundBlur(true)
+                        .setContextPriority(renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM)
+                        .setThreaded(renderengine::RenderEngine::Threaded::NO)
+                        .setGraphicsApi(graphicsApi())
+                        .build();
+        return renderengine::RenderEngine::create(reCreationArgs);
+    }
 };
 
 class SkiaVkRenderEngineFactory : public RenderEngineFactory {
 public:
     std::string name() override { return "SkiaVkRenderEngineFactory"; }
 
-    renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type() {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK;
+    renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi() override {
+        return renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> createRenderEngine() override {
-        std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> re = createSkiaVkRenderEngine();
-        return re;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine> createSkiaVkRenderEngine() {
-        renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs reCreationArgs =
-                renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder()
-                        .setPixelFormat(static_cast<int>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888))
-                        .setImageCacheSize(1)
-                        .setEnableProtectedContext(false)
-                        .setPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly(false)
-                        .setSupportsBackgroundBlur(true)
-                        .setContextPriority(renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM)
-                        .setRenderEngineType(type())
-                        .build();
-        return renderengine::skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine::create(reCreationArgs);
-    }
-
-    bool typeSupported() override {
+    bool apiSupported() override {
         return skia::SkiaVkRenderEngine::canSupportSkiaVkRenderEngine();
     }
-    void skip() { GTEST_SKIP(); }
 };
 
 class SkiaGLESRenderEngineFactory : public RenderEngineFactory {
 public:
     std::string name() override { return "SkiaGLRenderEngineFactory"; }
 
-    renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type() {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL;
+    renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi graphicsApi() {
+        return renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> createRenderEngine() override {
-        renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs reCreationArgs =
-                renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder()
-                        .setPixelFormat(static_cast<int>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888))
-                        .setImageCacheSize(1)
-                        .setEnableProtectedContext(false)
-                        .setPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly(false)
-                        .setSupportsBackgroundBlur(true)
-                        .setContextPriority(renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM)
-                        .setRenderEngineType(type())
-                        .build();
-        return renderengine::skia::SkiaGLRenderEngine::create(reCreationArgs);
-    }
-
-    bool typeSupported() override { return true; }
-};
-
-class SkiaGLESCMRenderEngineFactory : public RenderEngineFactory {
-public:
-    std::string name() override { return "SkiaGLCMRenderEngineFactory"; }
-
-    renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType type() {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> createRenderEngine() override {
-        renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs reCreationArgs =
-                renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder()
-                        .setPixelFormat(static_cast<int>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888))
-                        .setImageCacheSize(1)
-                        .setEnableProtectedContext(false)
-                        .setPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly(false)
-                        .setSupportsBackgroundBlur(true)
-                        .setContextPriority(renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM)
-                        .setRenderEngineType(type())
-                        .build();
-        return renderengine::skia::SkiaGLRenderEngine::create(reCreationArgs);
-    }
-
-    bool typeSupported() override { return true; }
+    bool apiSupported() override { return true; }
 };
 
 class RenderEngineTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::shared_ptr<RenderEngineFactory>> {
@@ -1526,7 +1480,7 @@
                                          std::make_shared<SkiaVkRenderEngineFactory>()));
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_noLayersToDraw) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1534,7 +1488,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedBufferAndEmptyBuffer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1561,7 +1515,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_withoutBuffers_withColorTransform) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1595,7 +1549,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_nullOutputBuffer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1616,7 +1570,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedBuffer_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1624,7 +1578,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillGreenBuffer_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1632,7 +1586,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBlueBuffer_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1640,7 +1594,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedTransparentBuffer_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1648,7 +1602,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferPhysicalOffset_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1656,7 +1610,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate0_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1664,7 +1618,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate90_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1672,7 +1626,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate180_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1680,7 +1634,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate270_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1688,7 +1642,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferLayerTransform_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1696,7 +1650,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransform_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1706,7 +1660,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransform_sourceDataspace) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -1717,7 +1671,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransform_outputDataspace) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -1726,7 +1680,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferRoundedCorners_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1734,7 +1688,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformZeroLayerAlpha_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1742,7 +1696,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferAndBlurBackground_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1750,7 +1704,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillSmallLayerAndBlurBackground_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1758,7 +1712,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_overlayCorners_colorSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1766,7 +1720,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedBuffer_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1774,7 +1728,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillGreenBuffer_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1782,7 +1736,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBlueBuffer_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1790,7 +1744,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedTransparentBuffer_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1798,7 +1752,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferPhysicalOffset_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1806,7 +1760,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate0_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1814,7 +1768,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate90_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1822,7 +1776,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate180_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1830,7 +1784,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate270_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1838,7 +1792,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferLayerTransform_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1846,7 +1800,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransform_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1856,7 +1810,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformAndSourceDataspace_opaqueBufferSource) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -1867,7 +1821,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformAndOutputDataspace_opaqueBufferSource) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -1876,7 +1830,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferRoundedCorners_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1884,7 +1838,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformZeroLayerAlpha_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1892,7 +1846,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferAndBlurBackground_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1900,7 +1854,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillSmallLayerAndBlurBackground_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1908,7 +1862,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_overlayCorners_opaqueBufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1916,7 +1870,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedBuffer_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1924,7 +1878,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillGreenBuffer_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1932,7 +1886,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBlueBuffer_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1940,7 +1894,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillRedTransparentBuffer_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1948,7 +1902,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferPhysicalOffset_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1956,7 +1910,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate0_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1964,7 +1918,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate90_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1972,7 +1926,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate180_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1980,7 +1934,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferCheckersRotate270_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1988,7 +1942,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferLayerTransform_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -1996,7 +1950,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransform_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2006,7 +1960,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformAndSourceDataspace_bufferSource) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -2017,7 +1971,7 @@
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformAndOutputDataspace_bufferSource) {
     const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
     // skip for non color management
-    if (!renderEngineFactory->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!renderEngineFactory->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -2026,7 +1980,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferRoundedCorners_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2034,7 +1988,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferColorTransformZeroLayerAlpha_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2042,7 +1996,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferAndBlurBackground_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2050,7 +2004,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillSmallLayerAndBlurBackground_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2058,7 +2012,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_overlayCorners_bufferSource) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2066,7 +2020,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBufferTextureTransform) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2074,7 +2028,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBuffer_premultipliesAlpha) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2082,7 +2036,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillBuffer_withoutPremultiplyingAlpha) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2090,7 +2044,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_castsWithoutCasterLayer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2108,7 +2062,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_casterLayerMinSize) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2131,7 +2085,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_casterColorLayer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2155,7 +2109,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_casterOpaqueBufferLayer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2180,7 +2134,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_casterWithRoundedCorner) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2206,7 +2160,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_translucentCasterWithAlpha) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2235,7 +2189,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, cleanupPostRender_cleansUpOnce) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2271,7 +2225,7 @@
     if (mRE->canSkipPostRenderCleanup()) {
         // Skia's Vk backend may keep the texture alive beyond drawLayersInternal, so
         // it never gets added to the cleanup list. In those cases, we can skip.
-        EXPECT_TRUE(GetParam()->type() == renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(GetParam()->graphicsApi() == renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK);
     } else {
         mRE->cleanupPostRender();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mRE->canSkipPostRenderCleanup());
@@ -2279,7 +2233,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersCrop) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2332,7 +2286,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCrop) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2380,7 +2334,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersParentCropSmallBounds) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2417,7 +2371,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testRoundedCornersXY) {
-    if (GetParam()->type() != renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -2460,7 +2414,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testClear) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2492,7 +2446,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDisableBlendingBuffer) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2543,7 +2497,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testBorder) {
-    if (GetParam()->type() != renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -2588,7 +2542,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDimming) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2663,7 +2617,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDimming_inGammaSpace) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2741,7 +2695,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDimming_inGammaSpace_withDisplayColorTransform) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2804,7 +2758,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDimming_inGammaSpace_withDisplayColorTransform_deviceHandles) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2868,7 +2822,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, testDimming_withoutTargetLuminance) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2922,7 +2876,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, test_isOpaque) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -2972,7 +2926,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, test_tonemapPQMatches) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -2989,7 +2943,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, test_tonemapHLGMatches) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
 
@@ -3006,7 +2960,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, r8_behaves_as_mask) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -3066,7 +3020,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, r8_respects_color_transform) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -3131,7 +3085,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, r8_respects_color_transform_when_device_handles) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
@@ -3199,7 +3153,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, primeShaderCache) {
-    if (!GetParam()->typeSupported()) {
+    if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
         GTEST_SKIP();
     }
     initializeRenderEngine();
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
index 1b9adba..d56dbb2 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@
 
     void SetUp() override {
         mThreadedRE = renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded::create(
-                [this]() { return std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine); },
-                renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED);
+                [this]() { return std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine); });
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<renderengine::threaded::RenderEngineThreaded> mThreadedRE;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index f58f543..f4cebc0 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -33,13 +33,12 @@
 namespace renderengine {
 namespace threaded {
 
-std::unique_ptr<RenderEngineThreaded> RenderEngineThreaded::create(CreateInstanceFactory factory,
-                                                                   RenderEngineType type) {
-    return std::make_unique<RenderEngineThreaded>(std::move(factory), type);
+std::unique_ptr<RenderEngineThreaded> RenderEngineThreaded::create(CreateInstanceFactory factory) {
+    return std::make_unique<RenderEngineThreaded>(std::move(factory));
 }
 
-RenderEngineThreaded::RenderEngineThreaded(CreateInstanceFactory factory, RenderEngineType type)
-      : RenderEngine(type) {
+RenderEngineThreaded::RenderEngineThreaded(CreateInstanceFactory factory)
+      : RenderEngine(Threaded::YES) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     std::lock_guard lockThread(mThreadMutex);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index 3f1e67f..d440c96 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -37,10 +37,9 @@
  */
 class RenderEngineThreaded : public RenderEngine {
 public:
-    static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngineThreaded> create(CreateInstanceFactory factory,
-                                                        RenderEngineType type);
+    static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngineThreaded> create(CreateInstanceFactory factory);
 
-    RenderEngineThreaded(CreateInstanceFactory factory, RenderEngineType type);
+    RenderEngineThreaded(CreateInstanceFactory factory);
     ~RenderEngineThreaded() override;
     std::future<void> primeCache(bool shouldPrimeUltraHDR) override;
 
diff --git a/libs/sensor/Android.bp b/libs/sensor/Android.bp
index d992aa5..cc92bc3 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/sensor/Android.bp
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
+aconfig_declarations {
+    name: "libsensor_flags",
+    package: "com.android.hardware.libsensor.flags",
+    srcs: ["libsensor_flags.aconfig"],
+}
+
+cc_aconfig_library {
+    name: "libsensor_flags_c_lib",
+    host_supported: true,
+    aconfig_declarations: "libsensor_flags",
+}
+
 cc_library {
     name: "libsensor",
 
@@ -52,6 +64,10 @@
         "android.companion.virtual.virtualdevice_aidl-cpp",
     ],
 
+    static_libs: [
+        "libsensor_flags_c_lib",
+    ],
+
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
diff --git a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
index b82a79f..9411e20 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
 #include <sensor/Sensor.h>
 #include <sensor/SensorEventQueue.h>
 
+#include <com_android_hardware_libsensor_flags.h>
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 namespace android {
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -192,6 +194,9 @@
 }
 
 status_t SensorManager::assertStateLocked() {
+#if COM_ANDROID_HARDWARE_LIBSENSOR_FLAGS(SENSORMANAGER_PING_BINDER)
+    if (mSensorServer == nullptr) {
+#else
     bool initSensorManager = false;
     if (mSensorServer == nullptr) {
         initSensorManager = true;
@@ -203,6 +208,7 @@
         }
     }
     if (initSensorManager) {
+#endif
         waitForSensorService(&mSensorServer);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSensorServer == nullptr, "getService(SensorService) NULL");
 
diff --git a/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig b/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8b38e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package: "com.android.hardware.libsensor.flags"
+
+flag {
+  name: "sensormanager_ping_binder"
+  namespace: "libsensors"
+  description: "Whether to pingBinder on SensorManager init"
+  bug: "322228259"
+  is_fixed_read_only: true
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
index 72c6f1a..1ada5e5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
@@ -118,6 +118,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+void InputFilter::setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+
+    if (mConfig.slowKeysThresholdNs != threshold) {
+        mConfig.slowKeysThresholdNs = threshold;
+        notifyConfigurationChangedLocked();
+    }
+}
+
 void InputFilter::setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
index 153d29d..4ddc9f4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
      */
     virtual void dump(std::string& dump) = 0;
     virtual void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) = 0;
+    virtual void setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) = 0;
     virtual void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) = 0;
 };
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
     void notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) override;
     void notifyPointerCaptureChanged(const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs& args) override;
     void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) override;
+    void setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) override;
     void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) override;
     void dump(std::string& dump) override;
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
index a8759b7..6c31442 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "InputFilterCallbacks"
 
 #include "InputFilterCallbacks.h"
+#include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/BnInputThread.h>
+#include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include <utils/Thread.h>
+#include <functional>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -29,6 +34,47 @@
                          event.scanCode, event.metaState, event.downTime);
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+using namespace aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger;
+
+class InputFilterThreadImpl : public Thread {
+public:
+    explicit InputFilterThreadImpl(std::function<void()> loop)
+          : Thread(/*canCallJava=*/true), mThreadLoop(loop) {}
+
+    ~InputFilterThreadImpl() {}
+
+private:
+    std::function<void()> mThreadLoop;
+
+    bool threadLoop() override {
+        mThreadLoop();
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+class InputFilterThread : public BnInputThread {
+public:
+    InputFilterThread(std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback> callback) : mCallback(callback) {
+        mThread = sp<InputFilterThreadImpl>::make([this]() { loopOnce(); });
+        mThread->run("InputFilterThread", ANDROID_PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY);
+    }
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus finish() override {
+        mThread->requestExit();
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
+private:
+    sp<Thread> mThread;
+    std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback> mCallback;
+
+    void loopOnce() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mCallback->loopOnce().isOk()); }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
 InputFilterCallbacks::InputFilterCallbacks(InputListenerInterface& listener,
                                            InputFilterPolicyInterface& policy)
       : mNextListener(listener), mPolicy(policy) {}
@@ -49,6 +95,13 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus InputFilterCallbacks::createInputFilterThread(
+        const std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback>& callback,
+        std::shared_ptr<IInputThread>* aidl_return) {
+    *aidl_return = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<InputFilterThread>(callback);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 uint32_t InputFilterCallbacks::getModifierState() {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
     return mStickyModifierState.modifierState;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
index 31c160a..a74955b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
 #include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include "InputFilterPolicyInterface.h"
 #include "InputListener.h"
@@ -31,6 +32,9 @@
 
 using IInputFilter = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputFilter;
 using AidlKeyEvent = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::KeyEvent;
+using aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread;
+using IInputThreadCallback =
+        aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread::IInputThreadCallback;
 
 class InputFilterCallbacks : public IInputFilter::BnInputFilterCallbacks {
 public:
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus sendKeyEvent(const AidlKeyEvent& event) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onModifierStateChanged(int32_t modifierState,
                                               int32_t lockedModifierState) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputFilterThread(
+            const std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback>& callback,
+            std::shared_ptr<IInputThread>* aidl_return) override;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
index 4571ef4..3ac4285 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@
     const float deltaX = args.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X);
     const float deltaY = args.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y);
     pc.move(deltaX, deltaY);
-    pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+    if (canUnfadeOnDisplay(displayId)) {
+        pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+    }
 
     const auto [x, y] = pc.getPosition();
     NotifyMotionArgs newArgs(args);
@@ -131,7 +133,9 @@
         const float deltaX = args.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X);
         const float deltaY = args.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y);
         pc.move(deltaX, deltaY);
-        pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+        if (canUnfadeOnDisplay(displayId)) {
+            pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+        }
 
         const auto [x, y] = pc.getPosition();
         newArgs.pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x);
@@ -140,7 +144,9 @@
         newArgs.yCursorPosition = y;
     } else {
         // This is a trackpad gesture with fake finger(s) that should not move the mouse pointer.
-        pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+        if (canUnfadeOnDisplay(displayId)) {
+            pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+        }
 
         const auto [x, y] = pc.getPosition();
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < newArgs.getPointerCount(); i++) {
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@
     if (args.action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT) {
         pc.fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
         pc.updatePointerIcon(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_NOT_SPECIFIED);
-    } else {
+    } else if (canUnfadeOnDisplay(args.displayId)) {
         pc.unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
     }
 }
@@ -323,6 +329,10 @@
     return it != mInputDeviceInfos.end() ? &(*it) : nullptr;
 }
 
+bool PointerChoreographer::canUnfadeOnDisplay(int32_t displayId) {
+    return mDisplaysWithPointersHidden.find(displayId) == mDisplaysWithPointersHidden.end();
+}
+
 void PointerChoreographer::updatePointerControllersLocked() {
     std::set<int32_t /*displayId*/> mouseDisplaysToKeep;
     std::set<DeviceId> touchDevicesToKeep;
@@ -342,7 +352,7 @@
                     mMousePointersByDisplay.try_emplace(displayId,
                                                         getMouseControllerConstructor(displayId));
             auto [_, isNewMouseDevice] = mMouseDevices.emplace(info.getId());
-            if (isNewMouseDevice || isNewMousePointer) {
+            if ((isNewMouseDevice || isNewMousePointer) && canUnfadeOnDisplay(displayId)) {
                 mousePointerIt->second->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
             }
         }
@@ -513,6 +523,28 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+void PointerChoreographer::setPointerIconVisibility(int32_t displayId, bool visible) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+    if (visible) {
+        mDisplaysWithPointersHidden.erase(displayId);
+        // We do not unfade the icons here, because we don't know when the last event happened.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mDisplaysWithPointersHidden.emplace(displayId);
+
+    // Hide any icons that are currently visible on the display.
+    if (auto it = mMousePointersByDisplay.find(displayId); it != mMousePointersByDisplay.end()) {
+        const auto& [_, controller] = *it;
+        controller->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+    }
+    for (const auto& [_, controller] : mStylusPointersByDevice) {
+        if (controller->getDisplayId() == displayId) {
+            controller->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 PointerChoreographer::ControllerConstructor PointerChoreographer::getMouseControllerConstructor(
         int32_t displayId) {
     std::function<std::shared_ptr<PointerControllerInterface>()> ctor =
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
index f46419e..6aab3aa 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@
      */
     virtual bool setPointerIcon(std::variant<std::unique_ptr<SpriteIcon>, PointerIconStyle> icon,
                                 int32_t displayId, DeviceId deviceId) = 0;
+    /**
+     * Set whether pointer icons for mice, touchpads, and styluses should be visible on the
+     * given display.
+     */
+    virtual void setPointerIconVisibility(int32_t displayId, bool visible) = 0;
 
     /**
      * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager on a binder thread).
@@ -89,6 +94,7 @@
     void setStylusPointerIconEnabled(bool enabled) override;
     bool setPointerIcon(std::variant<std::unique_ptr<SpriteIcon>, PointerIconStyle> icon,
                         int32_t displayId, DeviceId deviceId) override;
+    void setPointerIconVisibility(int32_t displayId, bool visible) override;
 
     void notifyInputDevicesChanged(const NotifyInputDevicesChangedArgs& args) override;
     void notifyConfigurationChanged(const NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs& args) override;
@@ -110,6 +116,7 @@
     std::pair<int32_t, PointerControllerInterface&> getDisplayIdAndMouseControllerLocked(
             int32_t associatedDisplayId) REQUIRES(mLock);
     InputDeviceInfo* findInputDeviceLocked(DeviceId deviceId) REQUIRES(mLock);
+    bool canUnfadeOnDisplay(int32_t displayId) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     NotifyMotionArgs processMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args);
     NotifyMotionArgs processMouseEventLocked(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) REQUIRES(mLock);
@@ -143,6 +150,7 @@
     std::vector<DisplayViewport> mViewports GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mShowTouchesEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mStylusPointerIconEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::set<int32_t /*displayId*/> mDisplaysWithPointersHidden;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
index 2921d30..994d1c4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package com.android.server.inputflinger;
 
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.DeviceInfo;
+import com.android.server.inputflinger.IInputThread;
+import com.android.server.inputflinger.IInputThread.IInputThreadCallback;
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.InputFilterConfiguration;
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.KeyEvent;
 
@@ -36,6 +38,9 @@
 
         /** Sends back modifier state */
         void onModifierStateChanged(int modifierState, int lockedModifierState);
+
+        /** Creates an Input filter thread */
+        IInputThread createInputFilterThread(in IInputThreadCallback callback);
     }
 
     /** Returns if InputFilter is enabled */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f6b8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.inputflinger;
+
+/** Interface to handle and run things on an InputThread
+  * Exposes main functionality of InputThread.h to rust which internally used system/core/libutils
+  * infrastructure.
+  *
+  * <p>
+  * NOTE: Tried using rust provided threading infrastructure but that uses std::thread which doesn't
+  * have JNI support and can't call into Java policy that we use currently. libutils provided
+  * Thread.h also recommends against using std::thread and using the provided infrastructure that
+  * already provides way of attaching JniEnv to the created thread. So, we are using this interface
+  * to expose the InputThread infrastructure to rust.
+  * </p>
+  * TODO(b/321769871): Implement the threading infrastructure with JniEnv support in rust
+  */
+interface IInputThread {
+    /** Finish input thread (if not running, this call does nothing) */
+    void finish();
+
+    /** Callbacks from C++ to call into inputflinger rust components */
+    interface IInputThreadCallback {
+        /**
+          * The created thread will keep looping and calling this function.
+          * It's the responsibility of RUST component to appropriately put the thread to sleep and
+          * wake according to the use case.
+          */
+        void loopOnce();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
index 38b1612..9984a6a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 parcelable InputFilterConfiguration {
     // Threshold value for Bounce keys filter (check bounce_keys_filter.rs)
     long bounceKeysThresholdNs;
-    // If sticky keys filter is enabled
+    // If sticky keys filter is enabled (check sticky_keys_filter.rs)
     boolean stickyKeysEnabled;
+    // Threshold value for Slow keys filter (check slow_keys_filter.rs)
+    long slowKeysThresholdNs;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
index c889b9b..fe33d94 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
@@ -98,13 +98,6 @@
 constexpr bool DEBUG_TOUCH_OCCLUSION = true;
 
 /**
- * Log debug messages about the app switch latency optimization.
- * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputDispatcherAppSwitch DEBUG" (requires restart)
- */
-const bool DEBUG_APP_SWITCH =
-        android::base::ShouldLog(android::base::LogSeverity::DEBUG, LOG_TAG "AppSwitch");
-
-/**
  * Log debug messages about hover events.
  * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputDispatcherHover DEBUG" (requires restart)
  */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index cc0d49c..2153d8a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -164,6 +164,11 @@
                         keyCode, scanCode, metaState, repeatCount, policyFlags);
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const KeyEntry& keyEntry) {
+    out << keyEntry.getDescription();
+    return out;
+}
+
 // --- TouchModeEntry ---
 
 TouchModeEntry::TouchModeEntry(int32_t id, nsecs_t eventTime, bool inTouchMode, int displayId)
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
index e2e13c3..a915805 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "InjectionState.h"
 #include "InputTarget.h"
+#include "trace/EventTrackerInterface.h"
 
 #include <gui/InputApplication.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@
     int32_t scanCode;
     int32_t metaState;
     nsecs_t downTime;
+    std::unique_ptr<trace::EventTrackerInterface> traceTracker;
 
     bool syntheticRepeat; // set to true for synthetic key repeats
 
@@ -147,6 +149,8 @@
     std::string getDescription() const override;
 };
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const KeyEntry& motionEntry);
+
 struct MotionEntry : EventEntry {
     int32_t deviceId;
     uint32_t source;
@@ -165,6 +169,7 @@
     nsecs_t downTime;
     std::vector<PointerProperties> pointerProperties;
     std::vector<PointerCoords> pointerCoords;
+    std::unique_ptr<trace::EventTrackerInterface> traceTracker;
 
     size_t getPointerCount() const { return pointerProperties.size(); }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index e998d91..c349a58 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #include <input/PrintTools.h>
 #include <input/TraceTools.h>
 #include <openssl/mem.h>
-#include <powermanager/PowerManager.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
@@ -72,12 +71,17 @@
 using android::os::InputEventInjectionSync;
 namespace input_flags = com::android::input::flags;
 
-// TODO(b/312714754): remove the corresponding code, as well.
-static const bool REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS = true;
-
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
 namespace {
+
+template <class Entry>
+void ensureEventTraced(const Entry& entry) {
+    if (!entry.traceTracker) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Expected event entry to be traced, but it wasn't: " << entry;
+    }
+}
+
 // Temporarily releases a held mutex for the lifetime of the instance.
 // Named to match std::scoped_lock
 class scoped_unlock {
@@ -95,10 +99,8 @@
         android::os::IInputConstants::UNMULTIPLIED_DEFAULT_DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT_MILLIS *
         HwTimeoutMultiplier());
 
-// Amount of time to allow for all pending events to be processed when an app switch
-// key is on the way.  This is used to preempt input dispatch and drop input events
-// when an application takes too long to respond and the user has pressed an app switch key.
-constexpr nsecs_t APP_SWITCH_TIMEOUT = 500 * 1000000LL; // 0.5sec
+// The default minimum time gap between two user activity poke events.
+const std::chrono::milliseconds DEFAULT_USER_ACTIVITY_POKE_INTERVAL = 100ms;
 
 const std::chrono::duration STALE_EVENT_TIMEOUT = std::chrono::seconds(10) * HwTimeoutMultiplier();
 
@@ -778,17 +780,39 @@
     return {};
 }
 
+int32_t getUserActivityEventType(const EventEntry& eventEntry) {
+    switch (eventEntry.type) {
+        case EventEntry::Type::KEY: {
+            return USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_BUTTON;
+        }
+        case EventEntry::Type::MOTION: {
+            const MotionEntry& motionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(eventEntry);
+            if (MotionEvent::isTouchEvent(motionEntry.source, motionEntry.action)) {
+                return USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH;
+            }
+            return USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_OTHER;
+        }
+        default: {
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s events are not user activity",
+                             ftl::enum_string(eventEntry.type).c_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 // --- InputDispatcher ---
 
 InputDispatcher::InputDispatcher(InputDispatcherPolicyInterface& policy)
+      : InputDispatcher(policy, nullptr) {}
+
+InputDispatcher::InputDispatcher(InputDispatcherPolicyInterface& policy,
+                                 std::unique_ptr<trace::InputTracingBackendInterface> traceBackend)
       : mPolicy(policy),
         mPendingEvent(nullptr),
         mLastDropReason(DropReason::NOT_DROPPED),
         mIdGenerator(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER),
-        mAppSwitchSawKeyDown(false),
-        mAppSwitchDueTime(LLONG_MAX),
+        mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(DEFAULT_USER_ACTIVITY_POKE_INTERVAL),
         mNextUnblockedEvent(nullptr),
         mMonitorDispatchingTimeout(DEFAULT_INPUT_DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT),
         mDispatchEnabled(false),
@@ -807,6 +831,12 @@
     SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault()->addWindowInfosListener(mWindowInfoListener);
 #endif
     mKeyRepeatState.lastKeyEntry = nullptr;
+
+    if (traceBackend) {
+        // TODO: Create input tracer instance.
+    }
+
+    mLastUserActivityTimes.fill(0);
 }
 
 InputDispatcher::~InputDispatcher() {
@@ -975,28 +1005,10 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    // Optimize latency of app switches.
-    // Essentially we start a short timeout when an app switch key (HOME / ENDCALL) has
-    // been pressed.  When it expires, we preempt dispatch and drop all other pending events.
-    bool isAppSwitchDue;
-    if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-        isAppSwitchDue = mAppSwitchDueTime <= currentTime;
-        nextWakeupTime = std::min(nextWakeupTime, mAppSwitchDueTime);
-    }
-
     // Ready to start a new event.
     // If we don't already have a pending event, go grab one.
     if (!mPendingEvent) {
         if (mInboundQueue.empty()) {
-            if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-                if (isAppSwitchDue) {
-                    // The inbound queue is empty so the app switch key we were waiting
-                    // for will never arrive.  Stop waiting for it.
-                    resetPendingAppSwitchLocked(false);
-                    isAppSwitchDue = false;
-                }
-            }
-
             // Synthesize a key repeat if appropriate.
             if (mKeyRepeatState.lastKeyEntry) {
                 if (currentTime >= mKeyRepeatState.nextRepeatTime) {
@@ -1091,16 +1103,6 @@
         case EventEntry::Type::KEY: {
             std::shared_ptr<const KeyEntry> keyEntry =
                     std::static_pointer_cast<const KeyEntry>(mPendingEvent);
-            if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-                if (isAppSwitchDue) {
-                    if (isAppSwitchKeyEvent(*keyEntry)) {
-                        resetPendingAppSwitchLocked(true);
-                        isAppSwitchDue = false;
-                    } else if (dropReason == DropReason::NOT_DROPPED) {
-                        dropReason = DropReason::APP_SWITCH;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
             if (dropReason == DropReason::NOT_DROPPED && isStaleEvent(currentTime, *keyEntry)) {
                 dropReason = DropReason::STALE;
             }
@@ -1108,17 +1110,16 @@
                 dropReason = DropReason::BLOCKED;
             }
             done = dispatchKeyLocked(currentTime, keyEntry, &dropReason, nextWakeupTime);
+            if (done && mTracer) {
+                ensureEventTraced(*keyEntry);
+                mTracer->eventProcessingComplete(*keyEntry->traceTracker);
+            }
             break;
         }
 
         case EventEntry::Type::MOTION: {
             std::shared_ptr<const MotionEntry> motionEntry =
                     std::static_pointer_cast<const MotionEntry>(mPendingEvent);
-            if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-                if (dropReason == DropReason::NOT_DROPPED && isAppSwitchDue) {
-                    dropReason = DropReason::APP_SWITCH;
-                }
-            }
             if (dropReason == DropReason::NOT_DROPPED && isStaleEvent(currentTime, *motionEntry)) {
                 // The event is stale. However, only drop stale events if there isn't an ongoing
                 // gesture. That would allow us to complete the processing of the current stroke.
@@ -1138,17 +1139,17 @@
                 }
             }
             done = dispatchMotionLocked(currentTime, motionEntry, &dropReason, nextWakeupTime);
+            if (done && mTracer) {
+                ensureEventTraced(*motionEntry);
+                mTracer->eventProcessingComplete(*motionEntry->traceTracker);
+            }
             break;
         }
 
         case EventEntry::Type::SENSOR: {
             std::shared_ptr<const SensorEntry> sensorEntry =
                     std::static_pointer_cast<const SensorEntry>(mPendingEvent);
-            if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-                if (dropReason == DropReason::NOT_DROPPED && isAppSwitchDue) {
-                    dropReason = DropReason::APP_SWITCH;
-                }
-            }
+
             //  Sensor timestamps use SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME time base, so we can't use
             // 'currentTime' here, get SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME instead.
             nsecs_t bootTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME);
@@ -1245,27 +1246,12 @@
         case EventEntry::Type::KEY: {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF((entry.policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED) == 0,
                                 "Unexpected untrusted event.");
-            // Optimize app switch latency.
-            // If the application takes too long to catch up then we drop all events preceding
-            // the app switch key.
-            const KeyEntry& keyEntry = static_cast<const KeyEntry&>(entry);
 
-            if (!REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS) {
-                if (isAppSwitchKeyEvent(keyEntry)) {
-                    if (keyEntry.action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
-                        mAppSwitchSawKeyDown = true;
-                    } else if (keyEntry.action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
-                        if (mAppSwitchSawKeyDown) {
-                            if (DEBUG_APP_SWITCH) {
-                                ALOGD("App switch is pending!");
-                            }
-                            mAppSwitchDueTime = keyEntry.eventTime + APP_SWITCH_TIMEOUT;
-                            mAppSwitchSawKeyDown = false;
-                            needWake = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
+            const KeyEntry& keyEntry = static_cast<const KeyEntry&>(entry);
+            if (mTracer) {
+                ensureEventTraced(keyEntry);
             }
+
             // If a new up event comes in, and the pending event with same key code has been asked
             // to try again later because of the policy. We have to reset the intercept key wake up
             // time for it may have been handled in the policy and could be dropped.
@@ -1286,7 +1272,11 @@
         case EventEntry::Type::MOTION: {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF((entry.policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED) == 0,
                                 "Unexpected untrusted event.");
-            if (shouldPruneInboundQueueLocked(static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(entry))) {
+            const auto& motionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(entry);
+            if (mTracer) {
+                ensureEventTraced(motionEntry);
+            }
+            if (shouldPruneInboundQueueLocked(motionEntry)) {
                 mNextUnblockedEvent = mInboundQueue.back();
                 needWake = true;
             }
@@ -1401,10 +1391,6 @@
             }
             reason = "inbound event was dropped because input dispatch is disabled";
             break;
-        case DropReason::APP_SWITCH:
-            ALOGI("Dropped event because of pending overdue app switch.");
-            reason = "inbound event was dropped because of pending overdue app switch";
-            break;
         case DropReason::BLOCKED:
             LOG(INFO) << "Dropping because the current application is not responding and the user "
                          "has started interacting with a different application: "
@@ -1468,33 +1454,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-static bool isAppSwitchKeyCode(int32_t keyCode) {
-    return keyCode == AKEYCODE_HOME || keyCode == AKEYCODE_ENDCALL ||
-            keyCode == AKEYCODE_APP_SWITCH;
-}
-
-bool InputDispatcher::isAppSwitchKeyEvent(const KeyEntry& keyEntry) {
-    return !(keyEntry.flags & AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED) && isAppSwitchKeyCode(keyEntry.keyCode) &&
-            (keyEntry.policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED) &&
-            (keyEntry.policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER);
-}
-
-bool InputDispatcher::isAppSwitchPendingLocked() const {
-    return mAppSwitchDueTime != LLONG_MAX;
-}
-
-void InputDispatcher::resetPendingAppSwitchLocked(bool handled) {
-    mAppSwitchDueTime = LLONG_MAX;
-
-    if (DEBUG_APP_SWITCH) {
-        if (handled) {
-            ALOGD("App switch has arrived.");
-        } else {
-            ALOGD("App switch was abandoned.");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 bool InputDispatcher::haveCommandsLocked() const {
     return !mCommandQueue.empty();
 }
@@ -1567,6 +1526,10 @@
                                        entry->repeatCount + 1, entry->downTime);
 
     newEntry->syntheticRepeat = true;
+    if (mTracer) {
+        newEntry->traceTracker = mTracer->traceInboundEvent(*newEntry);
+    }
+
     mKeyRepeatState.lastKeyEntry = newEntry;
     mKeyRepeatState.nextRepeatTime = currentTime + mConfig.keyRepeatDelay;
     return newEntry;
@@ -1873,6 +1836,13 @@
     // Add monitor channels from event's or focused display.
     addGlobalMonitoringTargetsLocked(inputTargets, getTargetDisplayId(*entry));
 
+    if (mTracer) {
+        ensureEventTraced(*entry);
+        for (const auto& target : inputTargets) {
+            mTracer->dispatchToTargetHint(*entry->traceTracker, target);
+        }
+    }
+
     // Dispatch the key.
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, inputTargets);
     return true;
@@ -1998,6 +1968,13 @@
     // Add monitor channels from event's or focused display.
     addGlobalMonitoringTargetsLocked(inputTargets, getTargetDisplayId(*entry));
 
+    if (mTracer) {
+        ensureEventTraced(*entry);
+        for (const auto& target : inputTargets) {
+            mTracer->dispatchToTargetHint(*entry->traceTracker, target);
+        }
+    }
+
     // Dispatch the motion.
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, inputTargets);
     return true;
@@ -3187,6 +3164,21 @@
         // Not poking user activity if the event type does not represent a user activity
         return;
     }
+
+    const int32_t eventType = getUserActivityEventType(eventEntry);
+    if (input_flags::rate_limit_user_activity_poke_in_dispatcher()) {
+        // Note that we're directly getting the time diff between the current event and the previous
+        // event. This is assuming that the first user event always happens at a timestamp that is
+        // greater than `mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes` (otherwise, the first user event will
+        // wrongly be dropped). In real life, `mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes` is a much smaller
+        // value than the potential first user activity event time, so this is ok.
+        std::chrono::nanoseconds timeSinceLastEvent =
+                std::chrono::nanoseconds(eventEntry.eventTime - mLastUserActivityTimes[eventType]);
+        if (timeSinceLastEvent < mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
     int32_t displayId = getTargetDisplayId(eventEntry);
     sp<WindowInfoHandle> focusedWindowHandle = getFocusedWindowHandleLocked(displayId);
     const WindowInfo* windowDisablingUserActivityInfo = nullptr;
@@ -3197,7 +3189,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    int32_t eventType = USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_OTHER;
     switch (eventEntry.type) {
         case EventEntry::Type::MOTION: {
             const MotionEntry& motionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(eventEntry);
@@ -3211,9 +3202,6 @@
                 }
                 return;
             }
-            if (MotionEvent::isTouchEvent(motionEntry.source, motionEntry.action)) {
-                eventType = USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH;
-            }
             break;
         }
         case EventEntry::Type::KEY: {
@@ -3237,7 +3225,6 @@
                 return;
             }
 
-            eventType = USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_BUTTON;
             break;
         }
         default: {
@@ -3247,6 +3234,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    mLastUserActivityTimes[eventType] = eventEntry.eventTime;
     auto command = [this, eventTime = eventEntry.eventTime, eventType, displayId]()
                            REQUIRES(mLock) {
                                scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
@@ -3635,6 +3623,7 @@
     PointerCoords scaledCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
     const PointerCoords* usingCoords = motionEntry.pointerCoords.data();
 
+    // TODO(b/316355518): Do not modify coords before dispatch.
     // Set the X and Y offset and X and Y scale depending on the input source.
     if ((motionEntry.source & AINPUT_SOURCE_CLASS_POINTER) &&
         !(dispatchEntry.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS))) {
@@ -3710,6 +3699,9 @@
                                                   keyEntry.keyCode, keyEntry.scanCode,
                                                   keyEntry.metaState, keyEntry.repeatCount,
                                                   keyEntry.downTime, keyEntry.eventTime);
+                if (mTracer) {
+                    mTracer->traceEventDispatch(*dispatchEntry, keyEntry.traceTracker.get());
+                }
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -3718,7 +3710,11 @@
                     LOG(INFO) << "Publishing " << *dispatchEntry << " to "
                               << connection->getInputChannelName();
                 }
+                const MotionEntry& motionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(eventEntry);
                 status = publishMotionEvent(*connection, *dispatchEntry);
+                if (mTracer) {
+                    mTracer->traceEventDispatch(*dispatchEntry, motionEntry.traceTracker.get());
+                }
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -4400,6 +4396,9 @@
                                            args.deviceId, args.source, args.displayId, policyFlags,
                                            args.action, flags, keyCode, args.scanCode, metaState,
                                            repeatCount, args.downTime);
+        if (mTracer) {
+            newEntry->traceTracker = mTracer->traceInboundEvent(*newEntry);
+        }
 
         needWake = enqueueInboundEventLocked(std::move(newEntry));
         mLock.unlock();
@@ -4526,6 +4525,9 @@
                                               args.yPrecision, args.xCursorPosition,
                                               args.yCursorPosition, args.downTime,
                                               args.pointerProperties, args.pointerCoords);
+        if (mTracer) {
+            newEntry->traceTracker = mTracer->traceInboundEvent(*newEntry);
+        }
 
         if (args.id != android::os::IInputConstants::INVALID_INPUT_EVENT_ID &&
             IdGenerator::getSource(args.id) == IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_READER &&
@@ -4713,6 +4715,9 @@
                                                incomingKey.getScanCode(), metaState,
                                                incomingKey.getRepeatCount(),
                                                incomingKey.getDownTime());
+            if (mTracer) {
+                injectedEntry->traceTracker = mTracer->traceInboundEvent(*injectedEntry);
+            }
             injectedEntries.push(std::move(injectedEntry));
             break;
         }
@@ -4770,6 +4775,9 @@
                                                                              samplePointerCoords +
                                                                                      pointerCount));
             transformMotionEntryForInjectionLocked(*injectedEntry, motionEvent.getTransform());
+            if (mTracer) {
+                injectedEntry->traceTracker = mTracer->traceInboundEvent(*injectedEntry);
+            }
             injectedEntries.push(std::move(injectedEntry));
             for (size_t i = motionEvent.getHistorySize(); i > 0; i--) {
                 sampleEventTimes += 1;
@@ -5319,6 +5327,14 @@
     resetNoFocusedWindowTimeoutLocked();
 }
 
+void InputDispatcher::setMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(std::chrono::milliseconds interval) {
+    if (interval.count() < 0) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Minimum time between user activity pokes should be >= 0");
+    }
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+    mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes = interval;
+}
+
 /**
  * Sets the focused display, which is responsible for receiving focus-dispatched input events where
  * the display not specified.
@@ -5843,16 +5859,6 @@
         dump += INDENT "Connections: <none>\n";
     }
 
-    dump += "input_flags::remove_app_switch_drops() = ";
-    dump += toString(REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS);
-    dump += "\n";
-    if (isAppSwitchPendingLocked()) {
-        dump += StringPrintf(INDENT "AppSwitch: pending, due in %" PRId64 "ms\n",
-                             ns2ms(mAppSwitchDueTime - now()));
-    } else {
-        dump += INDENT "AppSwitch: not pending\n";
-    }
-
     if (!mTouchModePerDisplay.empty()) {
         dump += INDENT "TouchModePerDisplay:\n";
         for (const auto& [displayId, touchMode] : mTouchModePerDisplay) {
@@ -5869,6 +5875,8 @@
                          ns2ms(mConfig.keyRepeatTimeout));
     dump += mLatencyTracker.dump(INDENT2);
     dump += mLatencyAggregator.dump(INDENT2);
+    dump += INDENT "InputTracer: ";
+    dump += mTracer == nullptr ? "Disabled" : "Enabled";
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::dumpMonitors(std::string& dump, const std::vector<Monitor>& monitors) const {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index 3567288..e635852 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #include "Monitor.h"
 #include "TouchState.h"
 #include "TouchedWindow.h"
+#include "trace/InputTracerInterface.h"
+#include "trace/InputTracingBackendInterface.h"
 
 #include <attestation/HmacKeyManager.h>
 #include <gui/InputApplication.h>
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include <powermanager/PowerManager.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/BitSet.h>
@@ -82,6 +85,9 @@
     static constexpr bool kDefaultInTouchMode = true;
 
     explicit InputDispatcher(InputDispatcherPolicyInterface& policy);
+    // Constructor used for testing.
+    explicit InputDispatcher(InputDispatcherPolicyInterface&,
+                             std::unique_ptr<trace::InputTracingBackendInterface>);
     ~InputDispatcher() override;
 
     void dump(std::string& dump) const override;
@@ -111,6 +117,7 @@
             int32_t displayId,
             const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) override;
     void setFocusedDisplay(int32_t displayId) override;
+    void setMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(std::chrono::milliseconds interval) override;
     void setInputDispatchMode(bool enabled, bool frozen) override;
     void setInputFilterEnabled(bool enabled) override;
     bool setInTouchMode(bool inTouchMode, gui::Pid pid, gui::Uid uid, bool hasPermission,
@@ -155,7 +162,6 @@
     enum class DropReason {
         NOT_DROPPED,
         POLICY,
-        APP_SWITCH,
         DISABLED,
         BLOCKED,
         STALE,
@@ -172,6 +178,9 @@
     std::condition_variable mDispatcherIsAlive;
     mutable std::condition_variable mDispatcherEnteredIdle;
 
+    // Input event tracer. The tracer will only exist on builds where input tracing is allowed.
+    std::unique_ptr<trace::InputTracerInterface> mTracer GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+
     sp<Looper> mLooper;
 
     std::shared_ptr<const EventEntry> mPendingEvent GUARDED_BY(mLock);
@@ -204,6 +213,11 @@
 
     int64_t mWindowInfosVsyncId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
+    std::chrono::milliseconds mMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+
+    /** Stores the latest user-activity poke event times per user activity types. */
+    std::array<nsecs_t, USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_LAST + 1> mLastUserActivityTimes GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+
     // With each iteration, InputDispatcher nominally processes one queued event,
     // a timeout, or a response from an input consumer.
     // This method should only be called on the input dispatcher's own thread.
@@ -228,14 +242,6 @@
     // Adds an event to a queue of recent events for debugging purposes.
     void addRecentEventLocked(std::shared_ptr<const EventEntry> entry) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
-    // App switch latency optimization.
-    bool mAppSwitchSawKeyDown GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    nsecs_t mAppSwitchDueTime GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
-    bool isAppSwitchKeyEvent(const KeyEntry& keyEntry);
-    bool isAppSwitchPendingLocked() const REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void resetPendingAppSwitchLocked(bool handled) REQUIRES(mLock);
-
     // Blocked event latency optimization.  Drops old events when the user intends
     // to transfer focus to a new application.
     std::shared_ptr<const EventEntry> mNextUnblockedEvent GUARDED_BY(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
index 001dc6c..c8f3d05 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
@@ -101,6 +101,9 @@
      */
     virtual void setFocusedDisplay(int32_t displayId) = 0;
 
+    /** Sets the minimum time between user activity pokes. */
+    virtual void setMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(std::chrono::milliseconds interval) = 0;
+
     /* Sets the input dispatching mode.
      *
      * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager).
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/EventTrackerInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/EventTrackerInterface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..929820e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/EventTrackerInterface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace {
+
+/**
+ * A tracker used to track the lifecycle of a traced input event.
+ * The tracker should be stored inside the traced event. When the event goes out of scope after
+ * the dispatcher has finished processing it, the tracker will call back into the tracer to
+ * initiate cleanup.
+ */
+class EventTrackerInterface {
+public:
+    virtual ~EventTrackerInterface() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracerInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracerInterface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6cd7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracerInterface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../Entry.h"
+#include "../InputTarget.h"
+#include "EventTrackerInterface.h"
+
+namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace {
+
+/**
+ * InputTracerInterface is the tracing interface for InputDispatcher.
+ *
+ * The tracer is responsible for tracing information about input events and where they are
+ * dispatched. The trace is logged to the backend using the InputTracingBackendInterface.
+ *
+ * A normal traced event should have the following lifecycle:
+ *  - The EventTracker is obtained from traceInboundEvent(), after which point the event
+ *    should not change.
+ *  - While the event is being processed, dispatchToTargetHint() is called for each target that
+ *    the event will be eventually sent to.
+ *  - Once all targets have been determined, eventProcessingComplete() is called, at which point
+ *    the tracer will have enough information to commit the event to the trace.
+ *  - For each event that is dispatched to the client, traceEventDispatch() is called, and the
+ *    tracer will record that the event was sent to the client.
+ */
+class InputTracerInterface {
+public:
+    InputTracerInterface() = default;
+    virtual ~InputTracerInterface() = default;
+    InputTracerInterface(const InputTracerInterface&) = delete;
+    InputTracerInterface& operator=(const InputTracerInterface&) = delete;
+
+    /**
+     * Trace an input event that is being processed by InputDispatcher. The event must not be
+     * modified after it is traced to keep the traced event consistent with the event that is
+     * eventually dispatched. An EventTracker is returned for each traced event that should be used
+     * to track the event's lifecycle inside InputDispatcher.
+     */
+    virtual std::unique_ptr<EventTrackerInterface> traceInboundEvent(const EventEntry&) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the tracer that the traced event will be sent to the given InputTarget.
+     * The tracer may change how the event is logged depending on the target. For example,
+     * events targeting certain UIDs may be logged as sensitive events.
+     * This may be called 0 or more times for each tracked event before event processing is
+     * completed.
+     */
+    virtual void dispatchToTargetHint(const EventTrackerInterface&, const InputTarget&) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the tracer that the event processing is complete. This may be called at most once
+     * for each traced event. If a tracked event is dropped before it can be processed, it is
+     * possible that this is never called before the EventTracker is destroyed.
+     *
+     * This is used to commit the event to the trace in a timely manner, rather than always
+     * waiting for the event to go out of scope (and thus for the EventTracker to be destroyed)
+     * before committing. The point at which the event is destroyed can depend on several factors
+     * outside of our control, such as how long apps take to respond, so we don't want to depend on
+     * that.
+     */
+    virtual void eventProcessingComplete(const EventTrackerInterface&) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Trace an input event being successfully dispatched to a window. The dispatched event may
+     * be a previously traced inbound event, or it may be a synthesized event that has not been
+     * previously traced. For inbound events that were previously traced, the EventTracker cookie
+     * must be provided. For events that were not previously traced, the cookie must be null.
+     */
+    virtual void traceEventDispatch(const DispatchEntry&, const EventTrackerInterface*) = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingBackendInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingBackendInterface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b430a5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingBackendInterface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../Entry.h"
+
+namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace {
+
+/**
+ * An interface for the tracing backend, used for setting a custom backend for testing.
+ */
+class InputTracingBackendInterface {
+public:
+    virtual ~InputTracingBackendInterface() = default;
+
+    /** Trace a KeyEvent. */
+    virtual void traceKeyEvent(const KeyEntry&) const = 0;
+
+    /** Trace a MotionEvent. */
+    virtual void traceMotionEvent(const MotionEntry&) const = 0;
+
+    /** Trace an event being sent to a window. */
+    struct WindowDispatchArgs {
+        std::variant<MotionEntry, KeyEntry> eventEntry;
+        nsecs_t deliveryTime;
+        int32_t resolvedFlags;
+        gui::Uid targetUid;
+        int64_t vsyncId;
+        int32_t windowId;
+        ui::Transform transform;
+        ui::Transform rawTransform;
+        std::array<uint8_t, 32> hmac;
+    };
+    virtual void traceWindowDispatch(const WindowDispatchArgs&) const = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::inputdispatcher::trace
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h b/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
index 40359a4..9abfef1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@
     // Currently only used when the enable_new_mouse_pointer_ballistics flag is enabled.
     int32_t mousePointerSpeed;
 
-    // Whether to apply an acceleration curve to pointer movements from mice.
+    // Displays on which an acceleration curve shouldn't be applied for pointer movements from mice.
     //
     // Currently only used when the enable_new_mouse_pointer_ballistics flag is enabled.
-    bool mousePointerAccelerationEnabled;
+    std::set<int32_t> displaysWithMousePointerAccelerationDisabled;
 
     // Velocity control parameters for mouse pointer movements.
     //
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
     InputReaderConfiguration()
           : virtualKeyQuietTime(0),
             mousePointerSpeed(0),
-            mousePointerAccelerationEnabled(true),
+            displaysWithMousePointerAccelerationDisabled(),
             pointerVelocityControlParameters(1.0f, 500.0f, 3000.0f,
                                              static_cast<float>(
                                                      android::os::IInputConstants::
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
index 4cebd64..d207ed1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -159,15 +159,15 @@
         out.push_back(NotifyDeviceResetArgs(getContext()->getNextId(), when, getDeviceId()));
     }
 
-    if (!changes.any() || changes.test(InputReaderConfiguration::Change::POINTER_SPEED) ||
-        configurePointerCapture) {
-        configureOnChangePointerSpeed(readerConfig);
-    }
-
     if (!changes.any() || changes.test(InputReaderConfiguration::Change::DISPLAY_INFO) ||
         configurePointerCapture) {
         configureOnChangeDisplayInfo(readerConfig);
     }
+
+    if (!changes.any() || changes.test(InputReaderConfiguration::Change::POINTER_SPEED) ||
+        configurePointerCapture) {
+        configureOnChangePointerSpeed(readerConfig);
+    }
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -510,7 +510,8 @@
     } else {
         if (mEnableNewMousePointerBallistics) {
             mNewPointerVelocityControl.setAccelerationEnabled(
-                    config.mousePointerAccelerationEnabled);
+                    config.displaysWithMousePointerAccelerationDisabled.count(
+                            mDisplayId.value_or(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)) == 0);
             mNewPointerVelocityControl.setCurve(
                     createAccelerationCurveForPointerSensitivity(config.mousePointerSpeed));
         } else {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SlopController.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SlopController.cpp
index f79219f..9ec02a6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SlopController.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SlopController.cpp
@@ -54,11 +54,13 @@
     mCumulativeValue += value;
 
     if (abs(mCumulativeValue) >= mSlopThreshold) {
+        ALOGD("SlopController: did not drop event with value .%3f", value);
         mHasSlopBeenMet = true;
         // Return the amount of value that exceeds the slop.
         return signOf(value) * (abs(mCumulativeValue) - mSlopThreshold);
     }
 
+    ALOGD("SlopController: dropping event with value .%3f", value);
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
index 2803805..9e6dbe4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
         "libbinder_rs",
         "liblog_rust",
         "liblogger",
+        "libnix",
     ],
     host_supported: true,
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
index 894b881..2d5039a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
@@ -118,6 +118,10 @@
         }
         self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        self.next.destroy();
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
index e94a71f..a544fa3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
@@ -22,11 +22,14 @@
 use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
     DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo,
     IInputFilter::{IInputFilter, IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks},
+    IInputThread::{IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback},
     InputFilterConfiguration::InputFilterConfiguration,
     KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
 };
 
 use crate::bounce_keys_filter::BounceKeysFilter;
+use crate::input_filter_thread::InputFilterThread;
+use crate::slow_keys_filter::SlowKeysFilter;
 use crate::sticky_keys_filter::StickyKeysFilter;
 use log::{error, info};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@
 pub trait Filter {
     fn notify_key(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent);
     fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]);
+    fn destroy(&mut self);
 }
 
 struct InputFilterState {
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@
     // Access to mutable references to mutable state (includes access to filters, enabled, etc.) is
     // guarded by Mutex for thread safety
     state: Mutex<InputFilterState>,
+    input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
 }
 
 impl Interface for InputFilter {}
@@ -67,7 +72,11 @@
         first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
         callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
     ) -> InputFilter {
-        Self { callbacks, state: Mutex::new(InputFilterState { first_filter, enabled: false }) }
+        Self {
+            callbacks: callbacks.clone(),
+            state: Mutex::new(InputFilterState { first_filter, enabled: false }),
+            input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread::new(InputFilterThreadCreator::new(callbacks)),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -89,24 +98,36 @@
     }
 
     fn notifyConfigurationChanged(&self, config: &InputFilterConfiguration) -> binder::Result<()> {
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        let mut first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync> =
-            Box::new(BaseFilter::new(self.callbacks.clone()));
-        if config.stickyKeysEnabled {
-            first_filter = Box::new(StickyKeysFilter::new(
-                first_filter,
-                ModifierStateListener::new(self.callbacks.clone()),
-            ));
-            state.enabled = true;
-            info!("Sticky keys filter is installed");
+        {
+            let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            state.first_filter.destroy();
+            let mut first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync> =
+                Box::new(BaseFilter::new(self.callbacks.clone()));
+            if config.stickyKeysEnabled {
+                first_filter = Box::new(StickyKeysFilter::new(
+                    first_filter,
+                    ModifierStateListener::new(self.callbacks.clone()),
+                ));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Sticky keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            if config.slowKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
+                first_filter = Box::new(SlowKeysFilter::new(
+                    first_filter,
+                    config.slowKeysThresholdNs,
+                    self.input_filter_thread.clone(),
+                ));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Slow keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            if config.bounceKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
+                first_filter =
+                    Box::new(BounceKeysFilter::new(first_filter, config.bounceKeysThresholdNs));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Bounce keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            state.first_filter = first_filter;
         }
-        if config.bounceKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
-            first_filter =
-                Box::new(BounceKeysFilter::new(first_filter, config.bounceKeysThresholdNs));
-            state.enabled = true;
-            info!("Bounce keys filter is installed");
-        }
-        state.first_filter = first_filter;
         Result::Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -132,27 +153,51 @@
     fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, _device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
         // do nothing
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
 }
 
-pub struct ModifierStateListener {
-    callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
-}
+/// This struct wraps around IInputFilterCallbacks restricting access to only
+/// {@code onModifierStateChanged()} method of the callback.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ModifierStateListener(Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>);
 
 impl ModifierStateListener {
-    /// Create a new InputFilter instance.
     pub fn new(callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>) -> ModifierStateListener {
-        Self { callbacks }
+        Self(callbacks)
     }
 
     pub fn modifier_state_changed(&self, modifier_state: u32, locked_modifier_state: u32) {
         let _ = self
-            .callbacks
+            .0
             .read()
             .unwrap()
             .onModifierStateChanged(modifier_state as i32, locked_modifier_state as i32);
     }
 }
 
+/// This struct wraps around IInputFilterCallbacks restricting access to only
+/// {@code createInputFilterThread()} method of the callback.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct InputFilterThreadCreator(Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>);
+
+impl InputFilterThreadCreator {
+    pub fn new(
+        callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
+    ) -> InputFilterThreadCreator {
+        Self(callbacks)
+    }
+
+    pub fn create(
+        &self,
+        input_thread_callback: &Strong<dyn IInputThreadCallback>,
+    ) -> Strong<dyn IInputThread> {
+        self.0.read().unwrap().createInputFilterThread(input_thread_callback).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::input_filter::{
@@ -218,7 +263,7 @@
         let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
         let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
             bounceKeysThresholdNs: 100,
-            stickyKeysEnabled: false,
+            ..Default::default()
         });
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
@@ -231,8 +276,8 @@
         let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
         let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
         let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
-            bounceKeysThresholdNs: 0,
             stickyKeysEnabled: true,
+            ..Default::default()
         });
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
@@ -240,6 +285,33 @@
         assert!(result.unwrap());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_configuration_changed_enabled_slow_keys() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
+        let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
+            slowKeysThresholdNs: 100,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        assert!(result.unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_configuration_changed_destroys_existing_filters() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::create_input_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)))),
+        );
+        let _ = input_filter
+            .notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration { ..Default::default() });
+        assert!(test_filter.is_destroy_called());
+    }
+
     fn create_key_event() -> KeyEvent {
         KeyEvent {
             id: 1,
@@ -271,6 +343,7 @@
     struct TestFilterInner {
         is_device_changed_called: bool,
         last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
+        is_destroy_called: bool,
     }
 
     #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -296,6 +369,10 @@
         pub fn is_device_changed_called(&self) -> bool {
             self.0.read().unwrap().is_device_changed_called
         }
+
+        pub fn is_destroy_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_destroy_called
+        }
     }
 
     impl Filter for TestFilter {
@@ -305,14 +382,19 @@
         fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, _device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
             self.inner().is_device_changed_called = true;
         }
+        fn destroy(&mut self) {
+            self.inner().is_destroy_called = true;
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod test_callbacks {
-    use binder::Interface;
+    use binder::{BinderFeatures, Interface, Strong};
     use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
-        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks, KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
+        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks,
+        IInputThread::{BnInputThread, IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback},
+        KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
     };
     use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
 
@@ -321,6 +403,7 @@
         last_modifier_state: u32,
         last_locked_modifier_state: u32,
         last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
+        test_thread: Option<TestThread>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -354,6 +437,17 @@
         pub fn get_last_locked_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
             self.0.read().unwrap().last_locked_modifier_state
         }
+
+        pub fn is_thread_created(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().test_thread.is_some()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_thread_finished(&self) -> bool {
+            if let Some(test_thread) = &self.0.read().unwrap().test_thread {
+                return test_thread.is_finish_called();
+            }
+            false
+        }
     }
 
     impl IInputFilterCallbacks for TestCallbacks {
@@ -371,5 +465,45 @@
             self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = locked_modifier_state as u32;
             Result::Ok(())
         }
+
+        fn createInputFilterThread(
+            &self,
+            _callback: &Strong<dyn IInputThreadCallback>,
+        ) -> std::result::Result<Strong<dyn IInputThread>, binder::Status> {
+            let test_thread = TestThread::new();
+            self.inner().test_thread = Some(test_thread.clone());
+            Result::Ok(BnInputThread::new_binder(test_thread, BinderFeatures::default()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct TestThreadInner {
+        is_finish_called: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default, Clone)]
+    struct TestThread(Arc<RwLock<TestThreadInner>>);
+
+    impl Interface for TestThread {}
+
+    impl TestThread {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            Default::default()
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadInner> {
+            self.0.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_finish_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_finish_called
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl IInputThread for TestThread {
+        fn finish(&self) -> binder::Result<()> {
+            self.inner().is_finish_called = true;
+            Result::Ok(())
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d503ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Input filter thread implementation in rust.
+//! Using IInputFilter.aidl interface to create ever looping thread with JNI support, rest of
+//! thread handling is done from rust side.
+//!
+//! NOTE: Tried using rust provided threading infrastructure but that uses std::thread which doesn't
+//! have JNI support and can't call into Java policy that we use currently. libutils provided
+//! Thread.h also recommends against using std::thread and using the provided infrastructure that
+//! already provides way of attaching JniEnv to the created thread. So, we are using an AIDL
+//! interface to expose the InputThread infrastructure to rust.
+
+use crate::input_filter::InputFilterThreadCreator;
+use binder::{BinderFeatures, Interface, Strong};
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread::{
+    IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::BnInputThreadCallback,
+    IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback,
+};
+use log::{debug, error};
+use nix::{sys::time::TimeValLike, time::clock_gettime, time::ClockId};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{thread, thread::Thread};
+
+/// Interface to receive callback from Input filter thread
+pub trait ThreadCallback {
+    /// Calls back after the requested timeout expires.
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.request_timeout_at_time(...)}
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: In case of multiple requests, the timeout request which is earliest in time, will be
+    /// fulfilled and notified to all the listeners. It's up to the listeners to re-request another
+    /// timeout in the future.
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64);
+    /// Unique name for the listener, which will be used to uniquely identify the listener.
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct InputFilterThread {
+    thread_creator: InputFilterThreadCreator,
+    thread_callback_handler: ThreadCallbackHandler,
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<InputFilterThreadInner>>,
+}
+
+struct InputFilterThreadInner {
+    cpp_thread: Option<Strong<dyn IInputThread>>,
+    looper: Option<Thread>,
+    next_timeout: i64,
+    is_finishing: bool,
+}
+
+impl InputFilterThread {
+    /// Create a new InputFilterThread instance.
+    /// NOTE: This will create a new thread. Clone the existing instance to reuse the same thread.
+    pub fn new(thread_creator: InputFilterThreadCreator) -> InputFilterThread {
+        Self {
+            thread_creator,
+            thread_callback_handler: ThreadCallbackHandler::new(),
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(InputFilterThreadInner {
+                cpp_thread: None,
+                looper: None,
+                next_timeout: i64::MAX,
+                is_finishing: false,
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Listener requesting a timeout in future will receive a callback at or before the requested
+    /// time on the input filter thread.
+    /// {@see ThreadCallback.notify_timeout_expired(...)}
+    pub fn request_timeout_at_time(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        if when_nanos < filter_thread.next_timeout {
+            filter_thread.next_timeout = when_nanos;
+            if let Some(looper) = &filter_thread.looper {
+                looper.unpark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a callback listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: If a listener with the same name already exists when registering using
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.register_thread_callback(...)}, we will ignore the listener. You
+    /// must clear any previously registered listeners using
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.unregister_thread_callback(...) before registering the new listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: Also, registering a callback will start the looper if not already started.
+    pub fn register_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        self.thread_callback_handler.register_thread_callback(callback);
+        self.start();
+    }
+
+    /// Unregisters a callback listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: Unregistering a callback will stop the looper if not other callback registered.
+    pub fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        self.thread_callback_handler.unregister_thread_callback(callback);
+        // Stop the thread if no registered callbacks exist. We will recreate the thread when new
+        // callbacks are registered.
+        let has_callbacks = self.thread_callback_handler.has_callbacks();
+        if !has_callbacks {
+            self.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn start(&self) {
+        debug!("InputFilterThread: start thread");
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        if filter_thread.cpp_thread.is_none() {
+            filter_thread.cpp_thread = Some(self.thread_creator.create(
+                &BnInputThreadCallback::new_binder(self.clone(), BinderFeatures::default()),
+            ));
+            filter_thread.looper = None;
+            filter_thread.is_finishing = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn stop(&self) {
+        debug!("InputFilterThread: stop thread");
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        filter_thread.is_finishing = true;
+        if let Some(looper) = &filter_thread.looper {
+            looper.unpark();
+        }
+        if let Some(cpp_thread) = &filter_thread.cpp_thread {
+            let _ = cpp_thread.finish();
+        }
+        // Clear all references
+        filter_thread.cpp_thread = None;
+        filter_thread.looper = None;
+    }
+
+    fn loop_once(&self, now: i64) {
+        let mut wake_up_time = i64::MAX;
+        let mut timeout_expired = false;
+        {
+            // acquire thread lock
+            let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+            if filter_thread.is_finishing {
+                // Thread is finishing so don't block processing on it and let it loop.
+                return;
+            }
+            if filter_thread.next_timeout != i64::MAX {
+                if filter_thread.next_timeout <= now {
+                    timeout_expired = true;
+                    filter_thread.next_timeout = i64::MAX;
+                } else {
+                    wake_up_time = filter_thread.next_timeout;
+                }
+            }
+            if filter_thread.looper.is_none() {
+                filter_thread.looper = Some(std::thread::current());
+            }
+        } // release thread lock
+        if timeout_expired {
+            self.thread_callback_handler.notify_timeout_expired(now);
+        }
+        if wake_up_time == i64::MAX {
+            thread::park();
+        } else {
+            let duration_now = Duration::from_nanos(now as u64);
+            let duration_wake_up = Duration::from_nanos(wake_up_time as u64);
+            thread::park_timeout(duration_wake_up - duration_now);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn filter_thread(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, InputFilterThreadInner> {
+        self.inner.write().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Interface for InputFilterThread {}
+
+impl IInputThreadCallback for InputFilterThread {
+    fn loopOnce(&self) -> binder::Result<()> {
+        self.loop_once(clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC).unwrap().num_nanoseconds());
+        Result::Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct ThreadCallbackHandler(Arc<RwLock<ThreadCallbackHandlerInner>>);
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ThreadCallbackHandlerInner {
+    callbacks: Vec<Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+impl ThreadCallbackHandler {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    fn has_callbacks(&self) -> bool {
+        !&self.0.read().unwrap().callbacks.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn register_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        let callbacks = &mut self.0.write().unwrap().callbacks;
+        if callbacks.iter().any(|x| x.name() == callback.name()) {
+            error!(
+                "InputFilterThread: register_thread_callback, callback {:?} already exists!",
+                callback.name()
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        debug!(
+            "InputFilterThread: register_thread_callback, callback {:?} added!",
+            callback.name()
+        );
+        callbacks.push(callback);
+    }
+
+    fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        let callbacks = &mut self.0.write().unwrap().callbacks;
+        if let Some(index) = callbacks.iter().position(|x| x.name() == callback.name()) {
+            callbacks.remove(index);
+            debug!(
+                "InputFilterThread: unregister_thread_callback, callback {:?} removed!",
+                callback.name()
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        error!(
+            "InputFilterThread: unregister_thread_callback, callback {:?} doesn't exist",
+            callback.name()
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        let callbacks = &self.0.read().unwrap().callbacks;
+        for callback in callbacks.iter() {
+            callback.notify_timeout_expired(when_nanos);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input_filter::test_callbacks::TestCallbacks;
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::{
+        test_thread::TestThread, test_thread_callback::TestThreadCallback,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_register_callback_creates_cpp_thread() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback);
+        assert!(test_callbacks.is_thread_created());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_unregister_callback_finishes_cpp_thread() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.unregister_thread_callback(test_thread_callback);
+        assert!(test_callbacks.is_thread_finished());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_timeout_called_after_timeout_expired() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        test_thread.request_timeout_at_time(500);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(500);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(test_thread_callback.is_notify_timeout_called());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_timeout_not_called_before_timeout_expired() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        test_thread.request_timeout_at_time(500);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(!test_thread_callback.is_notify_timeout_called());
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test_thread {
+
+    use crate::input_filter::{test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, InputFilterThreadCreator};
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::{test_thread_callback::TestThreadCallback, InputFilterThread};
+    use binder::Strong;
+    use std::sync::{
+        atomic::AtomicBool, atomic::AtomicI64, atomic::Ordering, Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard,
+    };
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct TestThread {
+        input_thread: InputFilterThread,
+        inner: Arc<RwLock<TestThreadInner>>,
+        exit_flag: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+        now: Arc<AtomicI64>,
+    }
+
+    struct TestThreadInner {
+        join_handle: Option<std::thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
+    }
+
+    impl TestThread {
+        pub fn new(callbacks: TestCallbacks) -> TestThread {
+            Self {
+                input_thread: InputFilterThread::new(InputFilterThreadCreator::new(Arc::new(
+                    RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(callbacks))),
+                ))),
+                inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(TestThreadInner { join_handle: None })),
+                exit_flag: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+                now: Arc::new(AtomicI64::new(0)),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadInner> {
+            self.inner.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn get_input_thread(&self) -> InputFilterThread {
+            self.input_thread.clone()
+        }
+
+        pub fn register_thread_callback(&self, thread_callback: TestThreadCallback) {
+            self.input_thread.register_thread_callback(Box::new(thread_callback));
+        }
+
+        pub fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, thread_callback: TestThreadCallback) {
+            self.input_thread.unregister_thread_callback(Box::new(thread_callback));
+        }
+
+        pub fn start_looper(&self) {
+            self.exit_flag.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let clone = self.clone();
+            let join_handle = std::thread::Builder::new()
+                .name("test_thread".to_string())
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    while !clone.exit_flag.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        clone.loop_once();
+                    }
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+            self.inner().join_handle = Some(join_handle);
+            // Sleep until the looper thread starts
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+
+        pub fn stop_looper(&self) {
+            self.exit_flag.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            {
+                let mut inner = self.inner();
+                if let Some(join_handle) = &inner.join_handle {
+                    join_handle.thread().unpark();
+                }
+                inner.join_handle.take().map(std::thread::JoinHandle::join);
+                inner.join_handle = None;
+            }
+            self.exit_flag.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+
+        pub fn move_time_forward(&self, value: i64) {
+            let _ = self.now.fetch_add(value, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            self.dispatch_next();
+        }
+
+        pub fn dispatch_next(&self) {
+            if let Some(join_handle) = &self.inner().join_handle {
+                join_handle.thread().unpark();
+            }
+            // Sleep until the looper thread runs a loop
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+
+        fn loop_once(&self) {
+            self.input_thread.loop_once(self.now.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+        }
+
+        pub fn request_timeout_at_time(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+            self.input_thread.request_timeout_at_time(when_nanos);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test_thread_callback {
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::ThreadCallback;
+    use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct TestThreadCallbackInner {
+        is_notify_timeout_called: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default, Clone)]
+    pub struct TestThreadCallback(Arc<RwLock<TestThreadCallbackInner>>);
+
+    impl TestThreadCallback {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            Default::default()
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadCallbackInner> {
+            self.0.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_notify_timeout_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_notify_timeout_called
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl ThreadCallback for TestThreadCallback {
+        fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, _when_nanos: i64) {
+            self.inner().is_notify_timeout_called = true;
+        }
+        fn name(&self) -> &str {
+            "TestThreadCallback"
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
index fa16898..da72134 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 mod bounce_keys_filter;
 mod input_filter;
+mod input_filter_thread;
+mod slow_keys_filter;
 mod sticky_keys_filter;
 
 use crate::input_filter::InputFilter;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01165b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Slow keys input filter implementation.
+//! Slow keys is an accessibility feature to aid users who have physical disabilities, that allows
+//! the user to specify the duration for which one must press-and-hold a key before the system
+//! accepts the keypress.
+use crate::input_filter::Filter;
+use crate::input_filter_thread::{InputFilterThread, ThreadCallback};
+use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+    DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+};
+use log::debug;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct OngoingKeyDown {
+    scancode: i32,
+    device_id: i32,
+    down_time: i64,
+}
+
+struct SlowKeysFilterInner {
+    next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+    slow_key_threshold_ns: i64,
+    external_devices: HashSet<i32>,
+    // This tracks KeyEvents that are blocked by Slow keys filter and will be passed through if the
+    // press duration exceeds the slow keys threshold.
+    pending_down_events: Vec<KeyEvent>,
+    // This tracks KeyEvent streams that have press duration greater than the slow keys threshold,
+    // hence any future ACTION_DOWN (if repeats are handled on HW side) or ACTION_UP are allowed to
+    // pass through without waiting.
+    ongoing_down_events: Vec<OngoingKeyDown>,
+    input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SlowKeysFilter(Arc<RwLock<SlowKeysFilterInner>>);
+
+impl SlowKeysFilter {
+    /// Create a new SlowKeysFilter instance.
+    pub fn new(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        slow_key_threshold_ns: i64,
+        input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        let filter = Self(Arc::new(RwLock::new(SlowKeysFilterInner {
+            next,
+            slow_key_threshold_ns,
+            external_devices: HashSet::new(),
+            pending_down_events: Vec::new(),
+            ongoing_down_events: Vec::new(),
+            input_filter_thread: input_filter_thread.clone(),
+        })));
+        input_filter_thread.register_thread_callback(Box::new(filter.clone()));
+        filter
+    }
+
+    fn read_inner(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, SlowKeysFilterInner> {
+        self.0.read().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn write_inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, SlowKeysFilterInner> {
+        self.0.write().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn request_next_callback(&self) {
+        let slow_filter = &self.read_inner();
+        if slow_filter.pending_down_events.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(event) = slow_filter.pending_down_events.iter().min_by_key(|x| x.downTime) {
+            slow_filter.input_filter_thread.request_timeout_at_time(event.downTime);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Filter for SlowKeysFilter {
+    fn notify_key(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent) {
+        {
+            // acquire write lock
+            let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+            if !(slow_filter.external_devices.contains(&event.deviceId)
+                && event.source == Source::KEYBOARD)
+            {
+                slow_filter.next.notify_key(event);
+                return;
+            }
+            // Pass all events through if key down has already been processed
+            // Do update the downtime before sending the events through
+            if let Some(index) = slow_filter
+                .ongoing_down_events
+                .iter()
+                .position(|x| x.device_id == event.deviceId && x.scancode == event.scanCode)
+            {
+                let mut new_event = *event;
+                new_event.downTime = slow_filter.ongoing_down_events[index].down_time;
+                slow_filter.next.notify_key(&new_event);
+                if event.action == KeyEventAction::UP {
+                    slow_filter.ongoing_down_events.remove(index);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            match event.action {
+                KeyEventAction::DOWN => {
+                    if slow_filter
+                        .pending_down_events
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|x| x.deviceId == event.deviceId && x.scanCode == event.scanCode)
+                    {
+                        debug!("Dropping key down event since another pending down event exists");
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    let mut pending_event = *event;
+                    pending_event.downTime += slow_filter.slow_key_threshold_ns;
+                    pending_event.eventTime = pending_event.downTime;
+                    slow_filter.pending_down_events.push(pending_event);
+                }
+                KeyEventAction::UP => {
+                    debug!("Dropping key up event due to insufficient press duration");
+                    if let Some(index) = slow_filter
+                        .pending_down_events
+                        .iter()
+                        .position(|x| x.deviceId == event.deviceId && x.scanCode == event.scanCode)
+                    {
+                        slow_filter.pending_down_events.remove(index);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        } // release write lock
+        self.request_next_callback();
+    }
+
+    fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
+        let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+        slow_filter
+            .pending_down_events
+            .retain(|event| device_infos.iter().any(|x| event.deviceId == x.deviceId));
+        slow_filter
+            .ongoing_down_events
+            .retain(|event| device_infos.iter().any(|x| event.device_id == x.deviceId));
+        slow_filter.external_devices.clear();
+        for device_info in device_infos {
+            if device_info.external {
+                slow_filter.external_devices.insert(device_info.deviceId);
+            }
+        }
+        slow_filter.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
+    }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+        slow_filter.input_filter_thread.unregister_thread_callback(Box::new(self.clone()));
+        slow_filter.next.destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+impl ThreadCallback for SlowKeysFilter {
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        {
+            // acquire write lock
+            let slow_filter = &mut self.write_inner();
+            for event in slow_filter.pending_down_events.clone() {
+                if event.downTime <= when_nanos {
+                    slow_filter.next.notify_key(&event);
+                    slow_filter.ongoing_down_events.push(OngoingKeyDown {
+                        scancode: event.scanCode,
+                        device_id: event.deviceId,
+                        down_time: event.downTime,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            slow_filter.pending_down_events.retain(|event| event.downTime > when_nanos);
+        } // release write lock
+        self.request_next_callback();
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "slow_keys_filter"
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input_filter::{test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, test_filter::TestFilter, Filter};
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::test_thread::TestThread;
+    use crate::slow_keys_filter::SlowKeysFilter;
+    use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
+    use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+        DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+    };
+
+    static BASE_KEY_EVENT: KeyEvent = KeyEvent {
+        id: 1,
+        deviceId: 1,
+        downTime: 0,
+        readTime: 0,
+        eventTime: 0,
+        source: Source::KEYBOARD,
+        displayId: 0,
+        policyFlags: 0,
+        action: KeyEventAction::DOWN,
+        flags: 0,
+        keyCode: 1,
+        scanCode: 0,
+        metaState: 0,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_notify_key_for_internal_keyboard_not_blocked() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_internal_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        let event = KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT };
+        filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(next.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_notify_key_for_external_stylus_not_blocked() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        let event =
+            KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, source: Source::STYLUS, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT };
+        filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(next.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_key_pressed_for_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert_eq!(
+            next.last_event().unwrap(),
+            KeyEvent {
+                action: KeyEventAction::DOWN,
+                downTime: 100,
+                eventTime: 100,
+                ..BASE_KEY_EVENT
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_key_not_pressed_for_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(10);
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::UP, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_device_removed_before_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        filter.notify_devices_changed(&[]);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_external_device(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        device_id: i32,
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        setup_filter_with_devices(
+            next,
+            test_thread,
+            &[DeviceInfo { deviceId: device_id, external: true }],
+            threshold,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_internal_device(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        device_id: i32,
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        setup_filter_with_devices(
+            next,
+            test_thread,
+            &[DeviceInfo { deviceId: device_id, external: false }],
+            threshold,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_devices(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        devices: &[DeviceInfo],
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        let mut filter = SlowKeysFilter::new(next, threshold, test_thread.get_input_thread());
+        filter.notify_devices_changed(devices);
+        filter
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
index da581b8..6c2277c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@
         }
         self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        self.next.destroy();
+    }
 }
 
 fn is_modifier_key(keycode: i32) -> bool {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/CursorInputMapper_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/CursorInputMapper_test.cpp
index e104543..7b793d8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/CursorInputMapper_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/CursorInputMapper_test.cpp
@@ -1324,6 +1324,42 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(20, relY2);
 }
 
+TEST_F(CursorInputMapperUnitTestWithNewBallistics, ConfigureAccelerationWithAssociatedViewport) {
+    mPropertyMap.addProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    DisplayViewport primaryViewport = createPrimaryViewport(ui::Rotation::Rotation0);
+    mReaderConfiguration.setDisplayViewports({primaryViewport});
+    createDevice();
+    ViewportFakingInputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID, primaryViewport);
+    mMapper = createInputMapper<CursorInputMapper>(deviceContext, mReaderConfiguration);
+
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args;
+
+    // Verify that acceleration is being applied by default by checking that the movement is scaled.
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 10);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_REL, REL_Y, 20);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(HOVER_MOVE), WithDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID)))));
+    const auto& coords = get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.back()).pointerCoords[0];
+    ASSERT_GT(coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X), 10.f);
+    ASSERT_GT(coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y), 20.f);
+
+    // Disable acceleration for the display, and verify that acceleration is no longer applied.
+    mReaderConfiguration.displaysWithMousePointerAccelerationDisabled.emplace(DISPLAY_ID);
+    args += mMapper->reconfigure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mReaderConfiguration,
+                                 InputReaderConfiguration::Change::POINTER_SPEED);
+    args.clear();
+
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 10);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_REL, REL_Y, 20);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(HOVER_MOVE), WithDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(10, 20)))));
+}
+
 namespace {
 
 // Minimum timestamp separation between subsequent input events from a Bluetooth device.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 48d7e55..f1f4a61 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -156,6 +156,20 @@
         sp<IBinder> token{};
         gui::Pid pid{gui::Pid::INVALID};
     };
+    /* Stores data about a user-activity-poke event from the dispatcher. */
+    struct UserActivityPokeEvent {
+        nsecs_t eventTime;
+        int32_t eventType;
+        int32_t displayId;
+
+        bool operator==(const UserActivityPokeEvent& rhs) const = default;
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const UserActivityPokeEvent& ev) {
+            os << "UserActivityPokeEvent[time=" << ev.eventTime << ", eventType=" << ev.eventType
+               << ", displayId=" << ev.displayId << "]";
+            return os;
+        }
+    };
 
 public:
     FakeInputDispatcherPolicy() = default;
@@ -351,14 +365,36 @@
 
     void setStaleEventTimeout(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) { mStaleEventTimeout = timeout; }
 
-    void assertUserActivityPoked() {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mPokedUserActivity) << "Expected user activity to have been poked";
+    void assertUserActivityNotPoked() {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
+
+        std::optional<UserActivityPokeEvent> pokeEvent =
+                getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(500ms, mUserActivityPokeEvents, lock,
+                                                      mNotifyUserActivity);
+
+        ASSERT_FALSE(pokeEvent) << "Expected user activity not to have been poked";
     }
 
-    void assertUserActivityNotPoked() {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        ASSERT_FALSE(mPokedUserActivity) << "Expected user activity not to have been poked";
+    /**
+     * Asserts that a user activity poke has happened. The earliest recorded poke event will be
+     * cleared after this call.
+     *
+     * If an expected UserActivityPokeEvent is provided, asserts that the given event is the
+     * earliest recorded poke event.
+     */
+    void assertUserActivityPoked(std::optional<UserActivityPokeEvent> expectedPokeEvent = {}) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
+
+        std::optional<UserActivityPokeEvent> pokeEvent =
+                getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(500ms, mUserActivityPokeEvents, lock,
+                                                      mNotifyUserActivity);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pokeEvent) << "Expected a user poke event";
+
+        if (expectedPokeEvent) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(expectedPokeEvent, *pokeEvent);
+        }
     }
 
     void assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(int32_t deviceId, std::set<gui::Uid> uids) {
@@ -414,7 +450,9 @@
 
     sp<IBinder> mDropTargetWindowToken GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mNotifyDropWindowWasCalled GUARDED_BY(mLock) = false;
-    bool mPokedUserActivity GUARDED_BY(mLock) = false;
+
+    std::condition_variable mNotifyUserActivity;
+    std::queue<UserActivityPokeEvent> mUserActivityPokeEvents;
 
     std::chrono::milliseconds mInterceptKeyTimeout = 0ms;
 
@@ -576,9 +614,10 @@
                 NotifySwitchArgs(InputEvent::nextId(), when, policyFlags, switchValues, switchMask);
     }
 
-    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t, int32_t) override {
+    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t eventType, int32_t displayId) override {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        mPokedUserActivity = true;
+        mNotifyUserActivity.notify_all();
+        mUserActivityPokeEvents.push({eventTime, eventType, displayId});
     }
 
     bool isStaleEvent(nsecs_t currentTime, nsecs_t eventTime) override {
@@ -861,30 +900,31 @@
     explicit FakeInputReceiver(std::unique_ptr<InputChannel> clientChannel, const std::string name)
           : mConsumer(std::move(clientChannel)), mName(name) {}
 
-    InputEvent* consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = false) {
-        InputEvent* event;
-        std::optional<uint32_t> consumeSeq = receiveEvent(timeout, &event);
+    std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = false) {
+        auto [consumeSeq, event] = receiveEvent(timeout);
         if (!consumeSeq) {
             return nullptr;
         }
         finishEvent(*consumeSeq, handled);
-        return event;
+        return std::move(event);
     }
 
     /**
      * Receive an event without acknowledging it.
      * Return the sequence number that could later be used to send finished signal.
      */
-    std::optional<uint32_t> receiveEvent(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout,
-                                         InputEvent** outEvent = nullptr) {
+    std::pair<std::optional<uint32_t>, std::unique_ptr<InputEvent>> receiveEvent(
+            std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
         uint32_t consumeSeq;
-        InputEvent* event;
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event;
 
         std::chrono::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
         status_t status = WOULD_BLOCK;
         while (status == WOULD_BLOCK) {
+            InputEvent* rawEventPtr = nullptr;
             status = mConsumer.consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq,
-                                       &event);
+                                       &rawEventPtr);
+            event = std::unique_ptr<InputEvent>(rawEventPtr);
             std::chrono::duration elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
             if (elapsed > timeout) {
                 break;
@@ -893,21 +933,17 @@
 
         if (status == WOULD_BLOCK) {
             // Just means there's no event available.
-            return std::nullopt;
+            return std::make_pair(std::nullopt, nullptr);
         }
 
         if (status != OK) {
             ADD_FAILURE() << mName.c_str() << ": consumer consume should return OK.";
-            return std::nullopt;
+            return std::make_pair(std::nullopt, nullptr);
         }
         if (event == nullptr) {
             ADD_FAILURE() << "Consumed correctly, but received NULL event from consumer";
-            return std::nullopt;
         }
-        if (outEvent != nullptr) {
-            *outEvent = event;
-        }
-        return consumeSeq;
+        return std::make_pair(consumeSeq, std::move(event));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -926,7 +962,7 @@
     void consumeEvent(InputEventType expectedEventType, int32_t expectedAction,
                       std::optional<int32_t> expectedDisplayId,
                       std::optional<int32_t> expectedFlags) {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
 
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event) << mName.c_str()
                                   << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
@@ -970,8 +1006,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    MotionEvent* consumeMotion() {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> consumeMotion() {
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
 
         if (event == nullptr) {
             ADD_FAILURE() << mName << ": expected a MotionEvent, but didn't get one.";
@@ -982,17 +1018,17 @@
             ADD_FAILURE() << mName << " expected a MotionEvent, got " << *event;
             return nullptr;
         }
-        return static_cast<MotionEvent*>(event);
+        return std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>(static_cast<MotionEvent*>(event.release()));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionEvent(const ::testing::Matcher<MotionEvent>& matcher) {
-        MotionEvent* motionEvent = consumeMotion();
+        std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> motionEvent = consumeMotion();
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent) << "Did not get a motion event, but expected " << matcher;
         ASSERT_THAT(*motionEvent, matcher);
     }
 
     void consumeFocusEvent(bool hasFocus, bool inTouchMode) {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event) << mName.c_str()
                                   << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
         ASSERT_EQ(InputEventType::FOCUS, event->getType())
@@ -1001,12 +1037,12 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE, event->getDisplayId())
                 << mName.c_str() << ": event displayId should always be NONE.";
 
-        FocusEvent* focusEvent = static_cast<FocusEvent*>(event);
-        EXPECT_EQ(hasFocus, focusEvent->getHasFocus());
+        FocusEvent& focusEvent = static_cast<FocusEvent&>(*event);
+        EXPECT_EQ(hasFocus, focusEvent.getHasFocus());
     }
 
     void consumeCaptureEvent(bool hasCapture) {
-        const InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event) << mName.c_str()
                                   << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
         ASSERT_EQ(InputEventType::CAPTURE, event->getType())
@@ -1020,7 +1056,7 @@
     }
 
     void consumeDragEvent(bool isExiting, float x, float y) {
-        const InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event) << mName.c_str()
                                   << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
         ASSERT_EQ(InputEventType::DRAG, event->getType()) << "Instead of DragEvent, got " << *event;
@@ -1035,7 +1071,7 @@
     }
 
     void consumeTouchModeEvent(bool inTouchMode) {
-        const InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event) << mName.c_str()
                                   << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
         ASSERT_EQ(InputEventType::TOUCH_MODE, event->getType())
@@ -1048,7 +1084,7 @@
     }
 
     void assertNoEvents() {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_NO_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_NO_EVENT_EXPECTED);
         if (event == nullptr) {
             return;
         }
@@ -1081,7 +1117,7 @@
 
 private:
     InputConsumer mConsumer;
-    PreallocatedInputEventFactory mEventFactory;
+    DynamicInputEventFactory mEventFactory;
 
     std::string mName;
 };
@@ -1229,17 +1265,23 @@
 
     void setWindowOffset(float offsetX, float offsetY) { mInfo.transform.set(offsetX, offsetY); }
 
-    const KeyEvent& consumeKey(bool handled = true) {
-        const InputEvent& event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED, handled);
-        if (event.getType() != InputEventType::KEY) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << "Instead of key event, got " << event;
+    std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> consumeKey(bool handled = true) {
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED, handled);
+        if (event == nullptr) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "No event";
+            return nullptr;
         }
-        return static_cast<const KeyEvent&>(event);
+        if (event->getType() != InputEventType::KEY) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Instead of key event, got " << event;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        return std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent>(static_cast<KeyEvent*>(event.release()));
     }
 
     void consumeKeyEvent(const ::testing::Matcher<KeyEvent>& matcher) {
-        const KeyEvent& keyEvent = consumeKey();
-        ASSERT_THAT(keyEvent, matcher);
+        std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> keyEvent = consumeKey();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, keyEvent);
+        ASSERT_THAT(*keyEvent, matcher);
     }
 
     void consumeKeyDown(int32_t expectedDisplayId, int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
@@ -1325,14 +1367,20 @@
         mInputReceiver->consumeCaptureEvent(hasCapture);
     }
 
-    const MotionEvent& consumeMotionEvent(
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> consumeMotionEvent(
             const ::testing::Matcher<MotionEvent>& matcher = testing::_) {
-        const InputEvent& event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
-        if (event.getType() != InputEventType::MOTION) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << "Instead of motion event, got " << event;
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        if (event == nullptr) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "No event";
+            return nullptr;
         }
-        const auto& motionEvent = static_cast<const MotionEvent&>(event);
-        EXPECT_THAT(motionEvent, matcher);
+        if (event->getType() != InputEventType::MOTION) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Instead of motion event, got " << *event;
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> motionEvent =
+                std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>(static_cast<MotionEvent*>(event.release()));
+        EXPECT_THAT(*motionEvent, matcher);
         return motionEvent;
     }
 
@@ -1346,12 +1394,12 @@
         mInputReceiver->consumeTouchModeEvent(inTouchMode);
     }
 
-    std::optional<uint32_t> receiveEvent(InputEvent** outEvent = nullptr) {
+    std::pair<std::optional<uint32_t>, std::unique_ptr<InputEvent>> receiveEvent() {
         if (mInputReceiver == nullptr) {
             ADD_FAILURE() << "Invalid receive event on window with no receiver";
-            return std::nullopt;
+            return std::make_pair(std::nullopt, nullptr);
         }
-        return mInputReceiver->receiveEvent(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED, outEvent);
+        return mInputReceiver->receiveEvent(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
     }
 
     void finishEvent(uint32_t sequenceNum) {
@@ -1396,15 +1444,15 @@
     static std::atomic<int32_t> sId; // each window gets a unique id, like in surfaceflinger
     friend class sp<FakeWindowHandle>;
 
-    const InputEvent& consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = true) {
+    std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = true) {
         if (mInputReceiver == nullptr) {
             LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot consume event from a window with no input event receiver";
         }
-        InputEvent* event = mInputReceiver->consume(timeout, handled);
+        std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> event = mInputReceiver->consume(timeout, handled);
         if (event == nullptr) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << "Consume failed: no event";
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Consume failed: no event";
         }
-        return *event;
+        return event;
     }
 };
 
@@ -1423,7 +1471,8 @@
     }
 
     std::optional<int32_t> receiveEvent() {
-        return mInputReceiver.receiveEvent(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        const auto [sequenceNum, _] = mInputReceiver.receiveEvent(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        return sequenceNum;
     }
 
     void finishEvent(uint32_t consumeSeq) { return mInputReceiver.finishEvent(consumeSeq); }
@@ -1461,7 +1510,7 @@
         mInputReceiver.consumeMotionEvent(matcher);
     }
 
-    MotionEvent* consumeMotion() { return mInputReceiver.consumeMotion(); }
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> consumeMotion() { return mInputReceiver.consumeMotion(); }
 
     void assertNoEvents() { mInputReceiver.assertNoEvents(); }
 
@@ -3779,18 +3828,20 @@
 
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
 
-    const MotionEvent& motionEvent1 = window1->consumeMotionEvent();
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> motionEvent1 = window1->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent1);
     window2->assertNoEvents();
-    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow1 = motionEvent1.getDownTime();
-    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent1.getDownTime(), motionEvent1.getEventTime());
+    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow1 = motionEvent1->getDownTime();
+    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent1->getDownTime(), motionEvent1->getEventTime());
 
     // Now touch down on the window with another pointer
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(generateTouchArgs(POINTER_1_DOWN, {{50, 50}, {150, 50}}));
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    const MotionEvent& motionEvent2 = window2->consumeMotionEvent();
-    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow2 = motionEvent2.getDownTime();
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> motionEvent2 = window2->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent2);
+    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow2 = motionEvent2->getDownTime();
     ASSERT_NE(downTimeForWindow1, downTimeForWindow2);
-    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent2.getDownTime(), motionEvent2.getEventTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent2->getDownTime(), motionEvent2->getEventTime());
 
     // Now move the pointer on the second window
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(generateTouchArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, {{50, 50}, {151, 51}}));
@@ -4624,12 +4675,13 @@
                                 InputEventInjectionSync::WAIT_FOR_RESULT))
             << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
 
-    const MotionEvent& event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
-    EXPECT_EQ(POINTER_1_DOWN, event.getAction());
-    EXPECT_EQ(70, event.getX(0));  // 50 + 20
-    EXPECT_EQ(90, event.getY(0));  // 50 + 40
-    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event.getX(1)); // -30 + 20
-    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event.getY(1)); // -50 + 40
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
+    EXPECT_EQ(POINTER_1_DOWN, event->getAction());
+    EXPECT_EQ(70, event->getX(0));  // 50 + 20
+    EXPECT_EQ(90, event->getY(0));  // 50 + 40
+    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event->getX(1)); // -30 + 20
+    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event->getY(1)); // -50 + 40
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4895,15 +4947,16 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, mDispatcher->pilferPointers(spyWindowDefaultDisplay->getToken()));
 
     // windowDefaultDisplay gets cancel
-    const MotionEvent& event = windowDefaultDisplay->consumeMotionEvent();
-    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, event.getAction());
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> event = windowDefaultDisplay->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
+    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, event->getAction());
 
     // The cancel event is sent to windowDefaultDisplay of the ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT display, so the
     // coordinates of the cancel are converted by windowDefaultDisplay's transform, the x and y
     // coordinates are both 100, otherwise if the cancel event is sent to windowSecondDisplay of
     // SECOND_DISPLAY_ID, the x and y coordinates are 200
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getY(0));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5033,18 +5086,19 @@
                                                  {PointF{150, 220}}));
 
     firstWindow->assertNoEvents();
-    const MotionEvent& event = secondWindow->consumeMotionEvent();
-    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, event.getAction());
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> event = secondWindow->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
+    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, event->getAction());
 
     // Ensure that the events from the "getRaw" API are in logical display coordinates.
-    EXPECT_EQ(300, event.getRawX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(880, event.getRawY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(300, event->getRawX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(880, event->getRawY(0));
 
     // Ensure that the x and y values are in the window's coordinate space.
     // The left-top of the second window is at (100, 200) in display space, which is (200, 800) in
     // the logical display space. This will be the origin of the window space.
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(80, event.getY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(80, event->getY(0));
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherDisplayProjectionTest, CancelMotionWithCorrectCoordinates) {
@@ -6081,7 +6135,8 @@
               injectMotionDown(*mDispatcher, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))
             << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
     window->consumeMotionDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
-    MotionEvent* event = monitor.consumeMotion();
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> event = monitor.consumeMotion();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
     // Even though window has transform, gesture monitor must not.
     ASSERT_EQ(ui::Transform(), event->getTransform());
 }
@@ -6188,9 +6243,9 @@
     const NotifyKeyArgs keyArgs = generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN);
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(keyArgs);
 
-    const KeyEvent& event = window->consumeKey();
-
-    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(event);
+    std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> event = window->consumeKey();
+    ASSERT_NE(event, nullptr);
+    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(*event);
     ASSERT_NE(verified, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(verified->type, VerifiedInputEvent::Type::KEY);
 
@@ -6231,9 +6286,9 @@
                                ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(motionArgs);
 
-    const MotionEvent& event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
-
-    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(event);
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
+    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(*event);
     ASSERT_NE(verified, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(verified->type, VerifiedInputEvent::Type::MOTION);
 
@@ -6760,13 +6815,13 @@
                                                      ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {PointF{50, 50}});
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(notifyArgs);
 
-    const MotionEvent& leftEnter = left->consumeMotionEvent(
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> leftEnter = left->consumeMotionEvent(
             AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), Not(WithEventId(notifyArgs.id)),
                   WithEventIdSource(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER)));
-
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, leftEnter);
     spy->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER),
                                   Not(WithEventId(notifyArgs.id)),
-                                  Not(WithEventId(leftEnter.getId())),
+                                  Not(WithEventId(leftEnter->getId())),
                                   WithEventIdSource(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER)));
 
     // Send move to the right window, and ensure hover exit and enter are synthesized with new ids.
@@ -6774,13 +6829,13 @@
                                     {PointF{150, 50}});
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(notifyArgs);
 
-    const MotionEvent& leftExit = left->consumeMotionEvent(
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> leftExit = left->consumeMotionEvent(
             AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT), Not(WithEventId(notifyArgs.id)),
                   WithEventIdSource(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER)));
-
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, leftExit);
     right->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER),
                                     Not(WithEventId(notifyArgs.id)),
-                                    Not(WithEventId(leftExit.getId())),
+                                    Not(WithEventId(leftExit->getId())),
                                     WithEventIdSource(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER)));
 
     spy->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithEventId(notifyArgs.id)));
@@ -6811,8 +6866,9 @@
     }
 
     void consumeKey(bool handled, const ::testing::Matcher<KeyEvent>& matcher) {
-        const KeyEvent& event = mWindow->consumeKey(handled);
-        ASSERT_THAT(event, matcher);
+        std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> event = mWindow->consumeKey(handled);
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
+        ASSERT_THAT(*event, matcher);
     }
 };
 
@@ -7146,9 +7202,10 @@
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Flaky test (b/270393106)";
     sendAndConsumeKeyDown(/*deviceId=*/1);
     for (int32_t repeatCount = 1; repeatCount <= 10; ++repeatCount) {
-        const KeyEvent& repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
+        std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, repeatEvent);
         EXPECT_EQ(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER,
-                  IdGenerator::getSource(repeatEvent.getId()));
+                  IdGenerator::getSource(repeatEvent->getId()));
     }
 }
 
@@ -7158,8 +7215,9 @@
 
     std::unordered_set<int32_t> idSet;
     for (int32_t repeatCount = 1; repeatCount <= 10; ++repeatCount) {
-        const KeyEvent& repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
-        int32_t id = repeatEvent.getId();
+        std::unique_ptr<KeyEvent> repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, repeatEvent);
+        int32_t id = repeatEvent->getId();
         EXPECT_EQ(idSet.end(), idSet.find(id));
         idSet.insert(id);
     }
@@ -7671,6 +7729,130 @@
                     /*resolvedDeviceId=*/VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID, /*flags=*/0);
 }
 
+class InputDispatcherUserActivityPokeTests : public InputDispatcherTest {
+protected:
+    virtual void SetUp() override {
+        InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
+
+        std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application =
+                std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+        application->setDispatchingTimeout(100ms);
+        mWindow = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "TestWindow",
+                                             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+        mWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+        mWindow->setDispatchingTimeout(100ms);
+        mWindow->setFocusable(true);
+
+        // Set focused application.
+        mDispatcher->setFocusedApplication(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, application);
+
+        mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*mWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
+        setFocusedWindow(mWindow);
+        mWindow->consumeFocusEvent(true);
+    }
+
+    void notifyAndConsumeMotion(int32_t action, uint32_t source, int32_t displayId,
+                                nsecs_t eventTime) {
+        mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(action, source)
+                                          .displayId(displayId)
+                                          .eventTime(eventTime)
+                                          .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                                          .build());
+        mWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(action));
+    }
+
+private:
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> mWindow;
+};
+
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(
+        InputDispatcherUserActivityPokeTests, MinPokeTimeObserved,
+        REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(ACONFIG_FLAG(com::android::input::flags,
+                                            rate_limit_user_activity_poke_in_dispatcher))) {
+    mDispatcher->setMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(50ms);
+
+    // First event of type TOUCH. Should poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(50));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(50), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    // 80ns > 50ns has passed since previous TOUCH event. Should poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(130));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(130), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    // First event of type OTHER. Should poke (despite being within 50ns of previous TOUCH event).
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_SCROLL, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(135));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(135), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_OTHER, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    // Within 50ns of previous TOUCH event. Should NOT poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(140));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+
+    // Within 50ns of previous OTHER event. Should NOT poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_SCROLL, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(150));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+
+    // Within 50ns of previous TOUCH event (which was at time 130). Should NOT poke.
+    // Note that STYLUS is mapped to TOUCH user activity, since it's a pointer-type source.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(160));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+
+    // 65ns > 50ns has passed since previous OTHER event. Should poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_SCROLL, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(200));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(200), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_OTHER, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    // 170ns > 50ns has passed since previous TOUCH event. Should poke.
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(300));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(300), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    // Assert that there's no more user activity poke event.
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+}
+
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(
+        InputDispatcherUserActivityPokeTests, DefaultMinPokeTimeOf100MsUsed,
+        REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(ACONFIG_FLAG(com::android::input::flags,
+                                            rate_limit_user_activity_poke_in_dispatcher))) {
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(200));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(200), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(280));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                           milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(340));
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked(
+            {{milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(340), USER_ACTIVITY_EVENT_TOUCH, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT}});
+}
+
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(
+        InputDispatcherUserActivityPokeTests, ZeroMinPokeTimeDisablesRateLimiting,
+        REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(ACONFIG_FLAG(com::android::input::flags,
+                                            rate_limit_user_activity_poke_in_dispatcher))) {
+    mDispatcher->setMinTimeBetweenUserActivityPokes(0ms);
+
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, 20);
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
+
+    notifyAndConsumeMotion(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, 30);
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
+}
+
 class InputDispatcherOnPointerDownOutsideFocus : public InputDispatcherTest {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
@@ -7813,21 +7995,21 @@
     void consumeMotionEvent(const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& window, int32_t expectedAction,
                             const std::vector<PointF>& points) {
         const std::string name = window->getName();
-        const MotionEvent& motionEvent =
+        std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> motionEvent =
                 window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(expectedAction));
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(points.size(), motionEvent.getPointerCount());
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent);
+        ASSERT_EQ(points.size(), motionEvent->getPointerCount());
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); i++) {
             float expectedX = points[i].x;
             float expectedY = points[i].y;
 
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectedX, motionEvent.getX(i))
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectedX, motionEvent->getX(i))
                     << "expected " << expectedX << " for x[" << i << "] coord of " << name.c_str()
-                    << ", got " << motionEvent.getX(i);
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectedY, motionEvent.getY(i))
+                    << ", got " << motionEvent->getX(i);
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectedY, motionEvent->getY(i))
                     << "expected " << expectedY << " for y[" << i << "] coord of " << name.c_str()
-                    << ", got " << motionEvent.getY(i);
+                    << ", got " << motionEvent->getY(i);
         }
     }
 
@@ -8115,7 +8297,7 @@
               injectMotionDown(*mDispatcher, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                                WINDOW_LOCATION));
 
-    std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
+    const auto [sequenceNum, _] = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
@@ -8131,7 +8313,7 @@
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherSingleWindowAnr, OnKeyDown_BasicAnr) {
     // Inject a key, and don't respond - expect that ANR is called.
     ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED, injectKeyDownNoRepeat(*mDispatcher));
-    std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto [sequenceNum, _] = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
@@ -8291,7 +8473,7 @@
                                WINDOW_LOCATION));
     mWindow->consumeMotionDown();
 
-    std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = spy->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
+    const auto [sequenceNum, _] = spy->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = spy->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, spy);
@@ -8446,9 +8628,9 @@
     mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*mWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
 
     tapOnWindow();
-    std::optional<uint32_t> downSequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto& [downSequenceNum, downEvent] = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(downSequenceNum);
-    std::optional<uint32_t> upSequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto& [upSequenceNum, upEvent] = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(upSequenceNum);
     // Don't finish the events yet, and send a key
     // Injection will "succeed" because we will eventually give up and send the key to the focused
@@ -8486,9 +8668,9 @@
     mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*mWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
 
     tapOnWindow();
-    std::optional<uint32_t> downSequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto& [downSequenceNum, _] = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(downSequenceNum);
-    std::optional<uint32_t> upSequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto& [upSequenceNum, upEvent] = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(upSequenceNum);
     // Don't finish the events yet, and send a key
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(
@@ -8524,7 +8706,7 @@
                                       .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(10).y(10))
                                       .build());
 
-    std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
+    const auto [sequenceNum, _] = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
@@ -8653,7 +8835,7 @@
                                                          .x(FOCUSED_WINDOW_LOCATION.x)
                                                          .y(FOCUSED_WINDOW_LOCATION.y))
                                         .build()));
-    std::optional<uint32_t> unfocusedSequenceNum = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto [unfocusedSequenceNum, _] = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(unfocusedSequenceNum);
 
     const std::chrono::duration timeout =
@@ -8718,9 +8900,9 @@
     tapOnFocusedWindow();
     mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionOutside(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
     // Receive the events, but don't respond
-    std::optional<uint32_t> downEventSequenceNum = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
+    const auto [downEventSequenceNum, downEvent] = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(downEventSequenceNum);
-    std::optional<uint32_t> upEventSequenceNum = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_UP
+    const auto [upEventSequenceNum, upEvent] = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_UP
     ASSERT_TRUE(upEventSequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout =
             mFocusedWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
@@ -8798,9 +8980,9 @@
             {{*mFocusedWindow->getInfo(), *mUnfocusedWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
 
     tapOnUnfocusedWindow();
-    std::optional<uint32_t> downSequenceNum = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto [downSequenceNum, downEvent] = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(downSequenceNum);
-    std::optional<uint32_t> upSequenceNum = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
+    const auto [upSequenceNum, upEvent] = mUnfocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(upSequenceNum);
     // Don't finish the events yet, and send a key
     // Injection will succeed because we will eventually give up and send the key to the focused
@@ -8863,8 +9045,7 @@
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionDown();
     // Focused window may or may not receive ACTION_MOVE
     // But it should definitely receive ACTION_CANCEL due to the ANR
-    InputEvent* event;
-    std::optional<int32_t> moveOrCancelSequenceNum = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(&event);
+    const auto [moveOrCancelSequenceNum, event] = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(moveOrCancelSequenceNum);
     mFocusedWindow->finishEvent(*moveOrCancelSequenceNum);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
index 1ac043c..e9e5061 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
@@ -1557,4 +1557,122 @@
     mousePc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
 }
 
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetPointerIconVisibilityHidesPointerOnDisplay) {
+    // Make sure there are two PointerControllers on different displays.
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
+              generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto firstMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, firstMousePc->getDisplayId());
+    auto secondMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, secondMousePc->getDisplayId());
+
+    // Both pointers should be visible.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstMousePc->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secondMousePc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // Hide the icon on the second display.
+    mChoreographer.setPointerIconVisibility(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, false);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstMousePc->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(secondMousePc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // Move and set pointer icons for both mice. The second pointer should still be hidden.
+    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
+            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
+                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
+                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
+                    .build());
+    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
+            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
+                    .deviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID)
+                    .displayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)
+                    .build());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mChoreographer.setPointerIcon(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT, DISPLAY_ID, DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mChoreographer.setPointerIcon(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                              SECOND_DEVICE_ID));
+    firstMousePc->assertPointerIconSet(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT);
+    secondMousePc->assertPointerIconSet(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstMousePc->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(secondMousePc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // Allow the icon to be visible on the second display, and move the mouse.
+    mChoreographer.setPointerIconVisibility(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, true);
+    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
+            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
+                    .deviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID)
+                    .displayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)
+                    .build());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstMousePc->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secondMousePc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetPointerIconVisibilityHidesPointerWhenDeviceConnected) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
+
+    // Hide the pointer on the display, and then connect the mouse.
+    mChoreographer.setPointerIconVisibility(DISPLAY_ID, false);
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+    auto mousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, mousePc->getDisplayId());
+
+    // The pointer should not be visible.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mousePc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetPointerIconVisibilityHidesPointerForTouchpad) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
+
+    // Hide the pointer on the display.
+    mChoreographer.setPointerIconVisibility(DISPLAY_ID, false);
+
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
+                                     ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+    auto touchpadPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, touchpadPc->getDisplayId());
+
+    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                                  AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD)
+                                        .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
+                                        .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
+                                        .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
+                                        .build());
+
+    // The pointer should not be visible.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(touchpadPc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetPointerIconVisibilityHidesPointerForStylus) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setStylusPointerIconEnabled(true);
+
+    // Hide the pointer on the display.
+    mChoreographer.setPointerIconVisibility(DISPLAY_ID, false);
+
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS, DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
+            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                    .pointer(STYLUS_POINTER)
+                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
+                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
+                    .build());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mChoreographer.setPointerIcon(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT, DISPLAY_ID, DEVICE_ID));
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::STYLUS);
+    pc->assertPointerIconSet(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT);
+
+    // The pointer should not be visible.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp b/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
index 9a23c84..bc178bc 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 // Check if a call to Power HAL function failed; if so, log the failure and
 // invalidate the current Power HAL handle.
 template <typename T>
-HalResult<T> PowerHalController::processHalResult(HalResult<T> result, const char* fnName) {
+HalResult<T> PowerHalController::processHalResult(HalResult<T>&& result, const char* fnName) {
     if (result.isFailed()) {
         ALOGE("%s failed: %s", fnName, result.errorMessage());
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectedHalMutex);
@@ -88,21 +88,19 @@
         mConnectedHal = nullptr;
         mHalConnector->reset();
     }
-    return result;
+    return std::move(result);
 }
 
 HalResult<void> PowerHalController::setBoost(aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost boost,
                                              int32_t durationMs) {
     std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
-    auto result = handle->setBoost(boost, durationMs);
-    return processHalResult(result, "setBoost");
+    return processHalResult(handle->setBoost(boost, durationMs), "setBoost");
 }
 
 HalResult<void> PowerHalController::setMode(aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode mode,
                                             bool enabled) {
     std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
-    auto result = handle->setMode(mode, enabled);
-    return processHalResult(result, "setMode");
+    return processHalResult(handle->setMode(mode, enabled), "setMode");
 }
 
 HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
@@ -110,14 +108,35 @@
                                       const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
                                       int64_t durationNanos) {
     std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
-    auto result = handle->createHintSession(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos);
-    return processHalResult(result, "createHintSession");
+    return processHalResult(handle->createHintSession(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos),
+                            "createHintSession");
+}
+
+HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>
+PowerHalController::createHintSessionWithConfig(
+        int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds, int64_t durationNanos,
+        aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+        aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config) {
+    std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
+    return processHalResult(handle->createHintSessionWithConfig(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos,
+                                                                tag, config),
+                            "createHintSessionWithConfig");
 }
 
 HalResult<int64_t> PowerHalController::getHintSessionPreferredRate() {
     std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
-    auto result = handle->getHintSessionPreferredRate();
-    return processHalResult(result, "getHintSessionPreferredRate");
+    return processHalResult(handle->getHintSessionPreferredRate(), "getHintSessionPreferredRate");
+}
+
+HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig> PowerHalController::getSessionChannel(
+        int tgid, int uid) {
+    std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
+    return processHalResult(handle->getSessionChannel(tgid, uid), "getSessionChannel");
+}
+
+HalResult<void> PowerHalController::closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) {
+    std::shared_ptr<HalWrapper> handle = initHal();
+    return processHalResult(handle->closeSessionChannel(tgid, uid), "closeSessionChannel");
 }
 
 } // namespace power
diff --git a/services/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.cpp b/services/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.cpp
index 76afbfc..1009100 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/PowerHalWrapper.cpp
@@ -42,37 +42,58 @@
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 HalResult<void> EmptyHalWrapper::setBoost(Aidl::Boost boost, int32_t durationMs) {
-    ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s with duration %dms because Power HAL not available",
-          toString(boost).c_str(), durationMs);
+    ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s with duration %dms because %s", toString(boost).c_str(), durationMs,
+          getUnsupportedMessage());
     return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
 }
 
 HalResult<void> EmptyHalWrapper::setMode(Aidl::Mode mode, bool enabled) {
-    ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s to %s because Power HAL not available", toString(mode).c_str(),
-          enabled ? "true" : "false");
+    ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s to %s because %s", toString(mode).c_str(), enabled ? "true" : "false",
+          getUnsupportedMessage());
     return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
 }
 
 HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>> EmptyHalWrapper::createHintSession(
         int32_t, int32_t, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds, int64_t) {
-    ALOGV("Skipped createHintSession(task num=%zu) because Power HAL not available",
-          threadIds.size());
+    ALOGV("Skipped createHintSession(task num=%zu) because %s", threadIds.size(),
+          getUnsupportedMessage());
+    return HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>>::unsupported();
+}
+
+HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>> EmptyHalWrapper::createHintSessionWithConfig(
+        int32_t, int32_t, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds, int64_t, Aidl::SessionTag,
+        Aidl::SessionConfig*) {
+    ALOGV("Skipped createHintSessionWithConfig(task num=%zu) because %s", threadIds.size(),
+          getUnsupportedMessage());
     return HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>>::unsupported();
 }
 
 HalResult<int64_t> EmptyHalWrapper::getHintSessionPreferredRate() {
-    ALOGV("Skipped getHintSessionPreferredRate because Power HAL not available");
+    ALOGV("Skipped getHintSessionPreferredRate because %s", getUnsupportedMessage());
     return HalResult<int64_t>::unsupported();
 }
 
+HalResult<Aidl::ChannelConfig> EmptyHalWrapper::getSessionChannel(int, int) {
+    ALOGV("Skipped getSessionChannel because %s", getUnsupportedMessage());
+    return HalResult<Aidl::ChannelConfig>::unsupported();
+}
+
+HalResult<void> EmptyHalWrapper::closeSessionChannel(int, int) {
+    ALOGV("Skipped closeSessionChannel because %s", getUnsupportedMessage());
+    return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
+}
+
+const char* EmptyHalWrapper::getUnsupportedMessage() {
+    return "Power HAL is not supported";
+}
+
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 HalResult<void> HidlHalWrapperV1_0::setBoost(Aidl::Boost boost, int32_t durationMs) {
     if (boost == Aidl::Boost::INTERACTION) {
         return sendPowerHint(V1_3::PowerHint::INTERACTION, durationMs);
     } else {
-        ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s because Power HAL AIDL not available", toString(boost).c_str());
-        return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
+        return EmptyHalWrapper::setBoost(boost, durationMs);
     }
 }
 
@@ -92,9 +113,7 @@
         case Aidl::Mode::DOUBLE_TAP_TO_WAKE:
             return setFeature(V1_0::Feature::POWER_FEATURE_DOUBLE_TAP_TO_WAKE, enabled);
         default:
-            ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s because Power HAL AIDL not available",
-                  toString(mode).c_str());
-            return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
+            return EmptyHalWrapper::setMode(mode, enabled);
     }
 }
 
@@ -113,16 +132,8 @@
     return HalResult<void>::fromReturn(ret);
 }
 
-HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>> HidlHalWrapperV1_0::createHintSession(
-        int32_t, int32_t, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds, int64_t) {
-    ALOGV("Skipped createHintSession(task num=%zu) because Power HAL not available",
-          threadIds.size());
-    return HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>>::unsupported();
-}
-
-HalResult<int64_t> HidlHalWrapperV1_0::getHintSessionPreferredRate() {
-    ALOGV("Skipped getHintSessionPreferredRate because Power HAL not available");
-    return HalResult<int64_t>::unsupported();
+const char* HidlHalWrapperV1_0::getUnsupportedMessage() {
+    return "Power HAL AIDL is not supported";
 }
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -191,7 +202,7 @@
 
     // Quick return if boost is not supported by HAL
     if (idx >= mBoostSupportedArray.size() || mBoostSupportedArray[idx] == HalSupport::OFF) {
-        ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s because Power HAL doesn't support it", toString(boost).c_str());
+        ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s because %s", toString(boost).c_str(), getUnsupportedMessage());
         return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
     }
 
@@ -207,8 +218,8 @@
 
         mBoostSupportedArray[idx] = isSupported ? HalSupport::ON : HalSupport::OFF;
         if (!isSupported) {
-            ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s because Power HAL doesn't support it",
-                  toString(boost).c_str());
+            ALOGV("Skipped setBoost %s because %s", toString(boost).c_str(),
+                  getUnsupportedMessage());
             return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
         }
     }
@@ -223,7 +234,7 @@
 
     // Quick return if mode is not supported by HAL
     if (idx >= mModeSupportedArray.size() || mModeSupportedArray[idx] == HalSupport::OFF) {
-        ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s because Power HAL doesn't support it", toString(mode).c_str());
+        ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s because %s", toString(mode).c_str(), getUnsupportedMessage());
         return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
     }
 
@@ -236,8 +247,7 @@
 
         mModeSupportedArray[idx] = isSupported ? HalSupport::ON : HalSupport::OFF;
         if (!isSupported) {
-            ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s because Power HAL doesn't support it",
-                  toString(mode).c_str());
+            ALOGV("Skipped setMode %s because %s", toString(mode).c_str(), getUnsupportedMessage());
             return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
         }
     }
@@ -251,7 +261,17 @@
     std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession> appSession;
     return HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>>::
             fromStatus(mHandle->createHintSession(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos, &appSession),
-                       appSession);
+                       std::move(appSession));
+}
+
+HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>> AidlHalWrapper::createHintSessionWithConfig(
+        int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds, int64_t durationNanos,
+        Aidl::SessionTag tag, Aidl::SessionConfig* config) {
+    std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession> appSession;
+    return HalResult<std::shared_ptr<Aidl::IPowerHintSession>>::
+            fromStatus(mHandle->createHintSessionWithConfig(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos,
+                                                            tag, config, &appSession),
+                       std::move(appSession));
 }
 
 HalResult<int64_t> AidlHalWrapper::getHintSessionPreferredRate() {
@@ -260,6 +280,20 @@
     return HalResult<int64_t>::fromStatus(result, rate);
 }
 
+HalResult<Aidl::ChannelConfig> AidlHalWrapper::getSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) {
+    Aidl::ChannelConfig config;
+    auto result = mHandle->getSessionChannel(tgid, uid, &config);
+    return HalResult<Aidl::ChannelConfig>::fromStatus(result, std::move(config));
+}
+
+HalResult<void> AidlHalWrapper::closeSessionChannel(int tgid, int uid) {
+    return toHalResult(mHandle->closeSessionChannel(tgid, uid));
+}
+
+const char* AidlHalWrapper::getUnsupportedMessage() {
+    return "Power HAL doesn't support it";
+}
+
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 } // namespace power
diff --git a/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp b/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
index 3d2cf29..a720296 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
@@ -256,6 +256,23 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
 }
 
+TEST_F(PowerHalWrapperAidlTest, TestCreateHintSessionWithConfigSuccessful) {
+    std::vector<int> threadIds{gettid()};
+    int32_t tgid = 999;
+    int32_t uid = 1001;
+    int64_t durationNanos = 16666666L;
+    SessionTag tag = SessionTag::OTHER;
+    SessionConfig out;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(),
+                createHintSessionWithConfig(Eq(tgid), Eq(uid), Eq(threadIds), Eq(durationNanos),
+                                            Eq(tag), _, _))
+            .Times(Exactly(1))
+            .WillOnce(Return(testing::ByMove(ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok())));
+    auto result =
+            mWrapper->createHintSessionWithConfig(tgid, uid, threadIds, durationNanos, tag, &out);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.isOk());
+}
+
 TEST_F(PowerHalWrapperAidlTest, TestCreateHintSessionFailed) {
     int32_t tgid = 999;
     int32_t uid = 1001;
@@ -279,3 +296,18 @@
     int64_t rate = result.value();
     ASSERT_GE(0, rate);
 }
+
+TEST_F(PowerHalWrapperAidlTest, TestSessionChannel) {
+    int32_t tgid = 999;
+    int32_t uid = 1001;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), getSessionChannel(Eq(tgid), Eq(uid), _))
+            .Times(Exactly(1))
+            .WillOnce(Return(testing::ByMove(ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), closeSessionChannel(Eq(tgid), Eq(uid)))
+            .Times(Exactly(1))
+            .WillOnce(Return(testing::ByMove(ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok())));
+    auto createResult = mWrapper->getSessionChannel(tgid, uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(createResult.isOk());
+    auto closeResult = mWrapper->closeSessionChannel(tgid, uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(closeResult.isOk());
+}
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
index 45fab7e..8e9dfea 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
@@ -16,13 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "SensorDevice.h"
 
-#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h"
-#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h"
-#include "convertV2_1.h"
-
-#include "AidlSensorHalWrapper.h"
-#include "HidlSensorHalWrapper.h"
-
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/util/ProtoOutputStream.h>
 #include <com_android_frameworks_sensorservice_flags.h>
@@ -36,10 +29,16 @@
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cinttypes>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <thread>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "AidlSensorHalWrapper.h"
+#include "HidlSensorHalWrapper.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.0/types.h"
+#include "android/hardware/sensors/2.1/types.h"
+#include "convertV2_1.h"
 
 using namespace android::hardware::sensors;
 using android::util::ProtoOutputStream;
@@ -168,6 +167,9 @@
 
     mActivationCount.clear();
     mSensorList.clear();
+    if (sensorservice_flags::dynamic_sensor_hal_reconnect_handling()) {
+        mConnectedDynamicSensors.clear();
+    }
 
     if (mHalWrapper->connect(this)) {
         initializeSensorList();
@@ -342,6 +344,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+std::vector<int32_t> SensorDevice::getDynamicSensorHandles() {
+    std::vector<int32_t> sensorHandles;
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mDynamicSensorsMutex);
+    for (auto& sensors : mConnectedDynamicSensors) {
+        sensorHandles.push_back(sensors.first);
+    }
+    return sensorHandles;
+}
+
 ssize_t SensorDevice::getSensorList(sensor_t const** list) {
     *list = &mSensorList[0];
 
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.h b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.h
index f127c0f..52f7cf2 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.h
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.h
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@
 
     ssize_t getSensorList(sensor_t const** list);
 
+    std::vector<int32_t> getDynamicSensorHandles();
+
     void handleDynamicSensorConnection(int handle, bool connected);
     status_t initCheck() const;
     int getHalDeviceVersion() const;
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
index 85043c9..e1c43c6 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+#include "SensorService.h"
+
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/sensors/ISensors.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.h>
@@ -22,20 +24,36 @@
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/PermissionCache.h>
 #include <binder/PermissionController.h>
+#include <com_android_frameworks_sensorservice_flags.h>
 #include <cutils/ashmem.h>
 #include <cutils/misc.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <frameworks/base/core/proto/android/service/sensor_service.proto.h>
 #include <hardware/sensors.h>
 #include <hardware_legacy/power.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <math.h>
 #include <openssl/digest.h>
 #include <openssl/hmac.h>
 #include <openssl/rand.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <sched.h>
 #include <sensor/SensorEventQueue.h>
 #include <sensorprivacy/SensorPrivacyManager.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <future>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "BatteryService.h"
 #include "CorrectedGyroSensor.h"
 #include "GravitySensor.h"
@@ -43,35 +61,17 @@
 #include "LinearAccelerationSensor.h"
 #include "OrientationSensor.h"
 #include "RotationVectorSensor.h"
-#include "SensorFusion.h"
-#include "SensorInterface.h"
-
-#include "SensorService.h"
 #include "SensorDirectConnection.h"
 #include "SensorEventAckReceiver.h"
 #include "SensorEventConnection.h"
+#include "SensorFusion.h"
+#include "SensorInterface.h"
 #include "SensorRecord.h"
 #include "SensorRegistrationInfo.h"
 #include "SensorServiceUtils.h"
 
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <sched.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <condition_variable>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <future>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
-
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+namespace sensorservice_flags = com::android::frameworks::sensorservice::flags;
 
 namespace android {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -335,6 +335,11 @@
                     case SENSOR_TYPE_GYROSCOPE_UNCALIBRATED:
                         hasGyroUncalibrated = true;
                         break;
+                    case SENSOR_TYPE_DYNAMIC_SENSOR_META:
+                        if (sensorservice_flags::dynamic_sensor_hal_reconnect_handling()) {
+                            mDynamicMetaSensorHandle = list[i].handle;
+                        }
+                      break;
                     case SENSOR_TYPE_GRAVITY:
                     case SENSOR_TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION:
                     case SENSOR_TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR:
@@ -1055,6 +1060,68 @@
    }
 }
 
+void SensorService::sendEventsToAllClients(
+    const std::vector<sp<SensorEventConnection>>& activeConnections,
+    ssize_t count) {
+   // Send our events to clients. Check the state of wake lock for each client
+   // and release the lock if none of the clients need it.
+   bool needsWakeLock = false;
+   for (const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection : activeConnections) {
+       connection->sendEvents(mSensorEventBuffer, count, mSensorEventScratch,
+                              mMapFlushEventsToConnections);
+       needsWakeLock |= connection->needsWakeLock();
+       // If the connection has one-shot sensors, it may be cleaned up after
+       // first trigger. Early check for one-shot sensors.
+       if (connection->hasOneShotSensors()) {
+           cleanupAutoDisabledSensorLocked(connection, mSensorEventBuffer, count);
+       }
+   }
+
+   if (mWakeLockAcquired && !needsWakeLock) {
+        setWakeLockAcquiredLocked(false);
+   }
+}
+
+void SensorService::disconnectDynamicSensor(
+    int handle,
+    const std::vector<sp<SensorEventConnection>>& activeConnections) {
+   ALOGI("Dynamic sensor handle 0x%x disconnected", handle);
+   SensorDevice::getInstance().handleDynamicSensorConnection(
+       handle, false /*connected*/);
+   if (!unregisterDynamicSensorLocked(handle)) {
+        ALOGE("Dynamic sensor release error.");
+   }
+   for (const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection : activeConnections) {
+        connection->removeSensor(handle);
+   }
+}
+
+void SensorService::handleDeviceReconnection(SensorDevice& device) {
+    if (sensorservice_flags::dynamic_sensor_hal_reconnect_handling()) {
+        const std::vector<sp<SensorEventConnection>> activeConnections =
+                mConnectionHolder.lock(mLock).getActiveConnections();
+
+        for (int32_t handle : device.getDynamicSensorHandles()) {
+            if (mDynamicMetaSensorHandle.has_value()) {
+                // Sending one event at a time to prevent the number of handle is more than the
+                // buffer can hold.
+                mSensorEventBuffer[0].type = SENSOR_TYPE_DYNAMIC_SENSOR_META;
+                mSensorEventBuffer[0].sensor = *mDynamicMetaSensorHandle;
+                mSensorEventBuffer[0].dynamic_sensor_meta.connected = false;
+                mSensorEventBuffer[0].dynamic_sensor_meta.handle = handle;
+                mMapFlushEventsToConnections[0] = nullptr;
+
+                disconnectDynamicSensor(handle, activeConnections);
+                sendEventsToAllClients(activeConnections, 1);
+            } else {
+                ALOGE("Failed to find mDynamicMetaSensorHandle during init.");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    device.reconnect();
+}
+
 bool SensorService::threadLoop() {
     ALOGD("nuSensorService thread starting...");
 
@@ -1071,8 +1138,8 @@
     do {
         ssize_t count = device.poll(mSensorEventBuffer, numEventMax);
         if (count < 0) {
-            if(count == DEAD_OBJECT && device.isReconnecting()) {
-                device.reconnect();
+            if (count == DEAD_OBJECT && device.isReconnecting()) {
+                handleDeviceReconnection(device);
                 continue;
             } else {
                 ALOGE("sensor poll failed (%s)", strerror(-count));
@@ -1176,7 +1243,6 @@
                     rec->removeFirstPendingFlushConnection();
                 }
             }
-
             // handle dynamic sensor meta events, process registration and unregistration of dynamic
             // sensor based on content of event.
             if (mSensorEventBuffer[i].type == SENSOR_TYPE_DYNAMIC_SENSOR_META) {
@@ -1206,37 +1272,14 @@
                     }
                 } else {
                     int handle = mSensorEventBuffer[i].dynamic_sensor_meta.handle;
-                    ALOGI("Dynamic sensor handle 0x%x disconnected", handle);
-
-                    device.handleDynamicSensorConnection(handle, false /*connected*/);
-                    if (!unregisterDynamicSensorLocked(handle)) {
-                        ALOGE("Dynamic sensor release error.");
-                    }
-
-                    for (const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection : activeConnections) {
-                        connection->removeSensor(handle);
-                    }
+                    disconnectDynamicSensor(handle, activeConnections);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // Send our events to clients. Check the state of wake lock for each client and release the
         // lock if none of the clients need it.
-        bool needsWakeLock = false;
-        for (const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection : activeConnections) {
-            connection->sendEvents(mSensorEventBuffer, count, mSensorEventScratch,
-                                   mMapFlushEventsToConnections);
-            needsWakeLock |= connection->needsWakeLock();
-            // If the connection has one-shot sensors, it may be cleaned up after first trigger.
-            // Early check for one-shot sensors.
-            if (connection->hasOneShotSensors()) {
-                cleanupAutoDisabledSensorLocked(connection, mSensorEventBuffer, count);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (mWakeLockAcquired && !needsWakeLock) {
-            setWakeLockAcquiredLocked(false);
-        }
+        sendEventsToAllClients(activeConnections, count);
     } while (!Thread::exitPending());
 
     ALOGW("Exiting SensorService::threadLoop => aborting...");
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
index b643f6b..ad10e7a 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_SENSOR_SERVICE_H
 #define ANDROID_SENSOR_SERVICE_H
 
-#include "SensorList.h"
-#include "RecentEventLogger.h"
-
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <binder/AppOpsManager.h>
 #include <binder/BinderService.h>
@@ -27,11 +24,11 @@
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <cutils/multiuser.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
-#include <sensor/ISensorServer.h>
 #include <sensor/ISensorEventConnection.h>
+#include <sensor/ISensorServer.h>
 #include <sensor/Sensor.h>
-#include "android/hardware/BnSensorPrivacyListener.h"
-
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <utils/AndroidThreads.h>
 #include <utils/KeyedVector.h>
 #include <utils/Looper.h>
@@ -40,8 +37,6 @@
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 #include <utils/threads.h>
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <queue>
@@ -49,6 +44,10 @@
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "RecentEventLogger.h"
+#include "SensorList.h"
+#include "android/hardware/BnSensorPrivacyListener.h"
+
 #if __clang__
 // Clang warns about SensorEventConnection::dump hiding BBinder::dump. The cause isn't fixable
 // without changing the API, so let's tell clang this is indeed intentional.
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #define IGNORE_HARDWARE_FUSION  false
-#define DEBUG_CONNECTIONS   false
+#define DEBUG_CONNECTIONS false
 // Max size is 100 KB which is enough to accept a batch of about 1000 events.
 #define MAX_SOCKET_BUFFER_SIZE_BATCHED (100 * 1024)
 // For older HALs which don't support batching, use a smaller socket buffer size.
@@ -453,6 +452,11 @@
     // Send events from the event cache for this particular connection.
     void sendEventsFromCache(const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection);
 
+    // Send all events in the buffer to all clients.
+    void sendEventsToAllClients(
+        const std::vector<sp<SensorEventConnection>>& activeConnections,
+        ssize_t count);
+
     // If SensorService is operating in RESTRICTED mode, only select whitelisted packages are
     // allowed to register for or call flush on sensors. Typically only cts test packages are
     // allowed.
@@ -516,6 +520,14 @@
 
     bool isInjectionMode(int mode);
 
+    void handleDeviceReconnection(SensorDevice& device);
+
+    // Removes a connected dynamic sensor and send the corresponding event to
+    // all connections.
+    void disconnectDynamicSensor(
+        int handle,
+        const std::vector<sp<SensorEventConnection>>& activeConnections);
+
     static inline bool isAudioServerOrSystemServerUid(uid_t uid) {
         return multiuser_get_app_id(uid) == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_AUDIOSERVER;
     }
@@ -583,6 +595,10 @@
     bool mLastReportedProxIsActive;
     // Listeners subscribed to receive updates on the proximity sensor active state.
     std::vector<sp<ProximityActiveListener>> mProximityActiveListeners;
+
+    // Stores the handle of the dynamic_meta sensor to send clean up event once
+    // HAL crashes.
+    std::optional<int> mDynamicMetaSensorHandle;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
index c71c517..39748b8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     virtual void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
 
     // Sends the brightness setting to HWC
-    virtual void applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) = 0;
+    virtual void applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~Display() = default;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index c53b461..2dc9a1a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
             const compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&) override;
     void createRenderSurface(const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) override;
     void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) override;
-    void applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) override;
+    void applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) override;
     void setSecure(bool secure) override;
 
     // Internal helpers used by chooseCompositionStrategy()
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index d907bf5..6428d08 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -204,13 +204,12 @@
     setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
 }
 
-void Display::applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) {
-    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
-    const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(*getDisplayId());
-    if (const auto physicalDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(*halDisplayId);
-        physicalDisplayId && getState().displayBrightness) {
+void Display::applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) {
+    if (const auto displayId = ftl::Optional(getDisplayId()).and_then(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast);
+        displayId && getState().displayBrightness) {
+        auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
         const status_t result =
-                hwc.setDisplayBrightness(*physicalDisplayId, *getState().displayBrightness,
+                hwc.setDisplayBrightness(*displayId, *getState().displayBrightness,
                                          getState().displayBrightnessNits,
                                          Hwc2::Composer::DisplayBrightnessOptions{
                                                  .applyImmediately = applyImmediately})
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeRequest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeRequest.h
index c0e77bb..d07cdf5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeRequest.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeRequest.h
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@
 
     // Whether to emit DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_MODE_CHANGE.
     bool emitEvent = false;
-
-    // Whether to force the request to be applied, even if the mode is unchanged.
-    bool force = false;
 };
 
 inline bool operator==(const DisplayModeRequest& lhs, const DisplayModeRequest& rhs) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index b96264b..4f81482 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
-#include <common/FlagManager.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
@@ -68,6 +67,7 @@
         mActiveModeFpsTrace(concatId("ActiveModeFps")),
         mRenderRateFpsTrace(concatId("RenderRateFps")),
         mPhysicalOrientation(args.physicalOrientation),
+        mPowerMode(ftl::Concat("PowerMode ", getId().value).c_str(), args.initialPowerMode),
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary),
         mRequestedRefreshRate(args.requestedRefreshRate),
         mRefreshRateSelector(std::move(args.refreshRateSelector)),
@@ -106,9 +106,7 @@
 
     mCompositionDisplay->getRenderSurface()->initialize();
 
-    if (const auto powerModeOpt = args.initialPowerMode) {
-        setPowerMode(*powerModeOpt);
-    }
+    setPowerMode(args.initialPowerMode);
 
     // initialize the display orientation transform.
     setProjection(ui::ROTATION_0, Rect::INVALID_RECT, Rect::INVALID_RECT);
@@ -173,6 +171,7 @@
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
+    // TODO(b/241285876): Skip this for virtual displays.
     if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         if (mStagedBrightness && mBrightness != mStagedBrightness) {
             getCompositionDisplay()->setNextBrightness(*mStagedBrightness);
@@ -182,33 +181,26 @@
         getCompositionDisplay()->applyDisplayBrightness(true);
     }
 
-    if (mPowerMode) {
-        *mPowerMode = mode;
-    } else {
-        mPowerMode.emplace("PowerMode -" + to_string(getId()), mode);
-    }
+    mPowerMode = mode;
 
     getCompositionDisplay()->setCompositionEnabled(isPoweredOn());
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::tracePowerMode() {
-    // assign the same value for tracing
-    if (mPowerMode) {
-        const hal::PowerMode powerMode = *mPowerMode;
-        *mPowerMode = powerMode;
-    }
+    // Assign the same value for tracing.
+    mPowerMode = mPowerMode.get();
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::enableLayerCaching(bool enable) {
     getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingEnabled(enable);
 }
 
-std::optional<hal::PowerMode> DisplayDevice::getPowerMode() const {
+hal::PowerMode DisplayDevice::getPowerMode() const {
     return mPowerMode;
 }
 
 bool DisplayDevice::isPoweredOn() const {
-    return mPowerMode && *mPowerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF;
+    return mPowerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF;
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::setActiveMode(DisplayModeId modeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
@@ -222,17 +214,6 @@
 bool DisplayDevice::initiateModeChange(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode,
                                        const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints,
                                        hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline) {
-    // TODO(b/255635711): Flow the DisplayModeRequest through the desired/pending/active states. For
-    // now, `desiredMode` and `mDesiredModeOpt` are one and the same, but the latter is not cleared
-    // until the next `SF::initiateDisplayModeChanges`. However, the desired mode has been consumed
-    // at this point, so clear the `force` flag to prevent an endless loop of `initiateModeChange`.
-    if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-        if (mDesiredModeOpt) {
-            mDesiredModeOpt->force = false;
-        }
-    }
-
     mPendingModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
     mIsModeSetPending = true;
 
@@ -538,7 +519,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-auto DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode) -> DesiredModeAction {
+auto DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode, bool force)
+        -> DesiredModeAction {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     const auto& desiredModePtr = desiredMode.mode.modePtr;
@@ -546,26 +528,20 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getPhysicalId() != desiredModePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
                         "DisplayId mismatch");
 
-    // TODO (b/318533819): Stringize DisplayModeRequest.
-    ALOGD("%s(%s, force=%s)", __func__, to_string(*desiredModePtr).c_str(),
-          desiredMode.force ? "true" : "false");
+    ALOGV("%s(%s)", __func__, to_string(*desiredModePtr).c_str());
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
     if (mDesiredModeOpt) {
         // A mode transition was already scheduled, so just override the desired mode.
         const bool emitEvent = mDesiredModeOpt->emitEvent;
-        const bool force = mDesiredModeOpt->force;
         mDesiredModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
         mDesiredModeOpt->emitEvent |= emitEvent;
-        if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
-            mDesiredModeOpt->force |= force;
-        }
         return DesiredModeAction::None;
     }
 
     // If the desired mode is already active...
     const auto activeMode = refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode();
-    if (!desiredMode.force && activeMode.modePtr->getId() == desiredModePtr->getId()) {
+    if (!force && activeMode.modePtr->getId() == desiredModePtr->getId()) {
         if (activeMode == desiredMode.mode) {
             return DesiredModeAction::None;
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index 46534de..4ab6321 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Display power mode management.
      */
-    std::optional<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> getPowerMode() const;
-    void setPowerMode(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode mode);
+    hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode getPowerMode() const;
+    void setPowerMode(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode);
     bool isPoweredOn() const;
     void tracePowerMode();
 
@@ -189,7 +189,8 @@
 
     enum class DesiredModeAction { None, InitiateDisplayModeSwitch, InitiateRenderRateSwitch };
 
-    DesiredModeAction setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&) EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
+    DesiredModeAction setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&, bool force = false)
+            EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
 
     using DisplayModeRequestOpt = ftl::Optional<display::DisplayModeRequest>;
 
@@ -270,9 +271,7 @@
     ui::Rotation mOrientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
     bool mIsOrientationChanged = false;
 
-    // Allow nullopt as initial power mode.
-    using TracedPowerMode = TracedOrdinal<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode>;
-    std::optional<TracedPowerMode> mPowerMode;
+    TracedOrdinal<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> mPowerMode;
 
     std::optional<float> mStagedBrightness;
     std::optional<float> mBrightness;
@@ -362,7 +361,8 @@
     HdrCapabilities hdrCapabilities;
     int32_t supportedPerFrameMetadata{0};
     std::unordered_map<ui::ColorMode, std::vector<ui::RenderIntent>> hwcColorModes;
-    std::optional<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> initialPowerMode;
+    hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode initialPowerMode{
+            hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode::OFF};
     bool isPrimary{false};
     DisplayModeId activeModeId;
     // Refer to DisplayDevice::mRequestedRefreshRate, for virtual display only
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index 64a8ae7..17f6f31 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -330,7 +330,11 @@
 
     t.join();
     close(pipefds[0]);
-    return str;
+
+    std::string hash;
+    mAidlComposer->getInterfaceHash(&hash);
+    return std::string(mAidlComposer->descriptor) +
+            " version:" + std::to_string(mComposerInterfaceVersion) + " hash:" + hash + str;
 }
 
 void AidlComposer::registerCallback(HWC2::ComposerCallback& callback) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
index db66f5b..704ece5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include "HWC2.h"
 
 #include <android/configuration.h>
-#include <common/FlagManager.h>
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
@@ -417,19 +416,7 @@
                                               VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline* outTimeline) {
     ALOGV("[%" PRIu64 "] setActiveConfigWithConstraints", mId);
 
-    // FIXME (b/319505580): At least the first config set on an external display must be
-    // `setActiveConfig`, so skip over the block that calls `setActiveConfigWithConstraints`
-    // for simplicity.
-    ui::DisplayConnectionType type = ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
-    const bool connected_display = FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display();
-    if (connected_display) {
-        if (auto err = getConnectionType(&type); err != Error::NONE) {
-            return err;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported() &&
-        (!connected_display || type != ui::DisplayConnectionType::External)) {
+    if (isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported()) {
         Hwc2::IComposerClient::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints hwc2Constraints;
         hwc2Constraints.desiredTimeNanos = constraints.desiredTimeNanos;
         hwc2Constraints.seamlessRequired = constraints.seamlessRequired;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index c4ff9cc..12ab2c2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -291,6 +291,7 @@
 
 std::string HidlComposer::dumpDebugInfo() {
     std::string info;
+    info += std::string(mComposer->descriptor) + "\n";
     mComposer->dumpDebugInfo([&](const auto& tmpInfo) { info = tmpInfo.c_str(); });
 
     return info;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
index 155cf4d..a47348f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-FpsReporter::FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, SurfaceFlinger& flinger,
-                         std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock)
-      : mFrameTimeline(frameTimeline), mFlinger(flinger), mClock(std::move(clock)) {
+FpsReporter::FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock)
+      : mFrameTimeline(frameTimeline), mClock(std::move(clock)) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mClock == nullptr, "Passed in null clock when constructing FpsReporter!");
 }
 
-void FpsReporter::dispatchLayerFps() {
+void FpsReporter::dispatchLayerFps(const frontend::LayerHierarchy& layerHierarchy) {
     const auto now = mClock->now();
     if (now - mLastDispatch < kMinDispatchDuration) {
         return;
@@ -52,31 +51,42 @@
     }
 
     std::unordered_set<int32_t> seenTasks;
-    std::vector<std::pair<TrackedListener, sp<Layer>>> listenersAndLayersToReport;
+    std::vector<std::pair<TrackedListener, const frontend::LayerHierarchy*>>
+            listenersAndLayersToReport;
 
-    mFlinger.mCurrentState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
-        auto& currentState = layer->getDrawingState();
-        if (currentState.metadata.has(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID)) {
-            int32_t taskId = currentState.metadata.getInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, 0);
+    layerHierarchy.traverse([&](const frontend::LayerHierarchy& hierarchy,
+                                const frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath) {
+        if (traversalPath.variant == frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Detached) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto& metadata = hierarchy.getLayer()->metadata;
+        if (metadata.has(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID)) {
+            int32_t taskId = metadata.getInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, 0);
             if (seenTasks.count(taskId) == 0) {
                 // localListeners is expected to be tiny
                 for (TrackedListener& listener : localListeners) {
                     if (listener.taskId == taskId) {
                         seenTasks.insert(taskId);
-                        listenersAndLayersToReport.push_back(
-                                {listener, sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer)});
+                        listenersAndLayersToReport.push_back({listener, &hierarchy});
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+        return true;
     });
 
-    for (const auto& [listener, layer] : listenersAndLayersToReport) {
+    for (const auto& [listener, hierarchy] : listenersAndLayersToReport) {
         std::unordered_set<int32_t> layerIds;
 
-        layer->traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Current,
-                        [&](Layer* layer) { layerIds.insert(layer->getSequence()); });
+        hierarchy->traverse([&](const frontend::LayerHierarchy& hierarchy,
+                                const frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath) {
+            if (traversalPath.variant == frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Detached) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            layerIds.insert(static_cast<int32_t>(hierarchy.getLayer()->id));
+            return true;
+        });
 
         listener.listener->onFpsReported(mFrameTimeline.computeFps(layerIds));
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
index 438b1aa..01f1e07 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include "Clock.h"
 #include "FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "WpHash.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -33,13 +34,13 @@
 
 class FpsReporter : public IBinder::DeathRecipient {
 public:
-    FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, SurfaceFlinger& flinger,
+    FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline,
                 std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
 
     // Dispatches updated layer fps values for the registered listeners
     // This method promotes Layer weak pointers and performs layer stack traversals, so mStateLock
     // must be held when calling this method.
-    void dispatchLayerFps() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void dispatchLayerFps(const frontend::LayerHierarchy&) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
     // Override for IBinder::DeathRecipient
     void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>&) override;
@@ -58,7 +59,6 @@
     };
 
     frametimeline::FrameTimeline& mFrameTimeline;
-    SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
     static const constexpr std::chrono::steady_clock::duration kMinDispatchDuration =
             std::chrono::milliseconds(500);
     std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index bb32afa..8df5d8c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -587,8 +587,8 @@
 bool LayerSnapshotBuilder::sortSnapshotsByZ(const Args& args) {
     if (!mResortSnapshots && args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::NONE &&
         !args.layerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().any(
-                RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy |
-                RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility)) {
+                RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility |
+                RequestedLayerState::Changes::Input)) {
         // We are not force updating and there are no hierarchy or visibility changes. Avoid sorting
         // the snapshots.
         return false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index c8b1059..219a8e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -78,11 +78,13 @@
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
 #include "TunnelModeEnabledReporter.h"
+#include "Utils/FenceUtils.h"
 
 #define DEBUG_RESIZE 0
 #define EARLY_RELEASE_ENABLED false
 
 namespace android {
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 namespace {
 constexpr int kDumpTableRowLength = 159;
 
@@ -2911,7 +2913,8 @@
 }
 
 void Layer::onLayerDisplayed(ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> futureFenceResult,
-                             ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
+                             ui::LayerStack layerStack,
+                             std::function<FenceResult(FenceResult)>&& continuation) {
     // If we are displayed on multiple displays in a single composition cycle then we would
     // need to do careful tracking to enable the use of the mLastClientCompositionFence.
     //  For example we can only use it if all the displays are client comp, and we need
@@ -2946,11 +2949,41 @@
             break;
         }
     }
+
+    if (!FlagManager::getInstance().screenshot_fence_preservation() && continuation) {
+        futureFenceResult = ftl::Future(futureFenceResult).then(std::move(continuation)).share();
+    }
+
     if (ch != nullptr) {
         ch->previousReleaseCallbackId = mPreviousReleaseCallbackId;
         ch->previousReleaseFences.emplace_back(std::move(futureFenceResult));
         ch->name = mName;
+    } else if (FlagManager::getInstance().screenshot_fence_preservation()) {
+        // If we didn't get a release callback yet, e.g. some scenarios when capturing screenshots
+        // asynchronously, then make sure we don't drop the fence.
+        mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences.emplace_back(std::move(futureFenceResult),
+                                                      std::move(continuation));
+        std::vector<FenceAndContinuation> mergedFences;
+        sp<Fence> prevFence = nullptr;
+        // For a layer that's frequently screenshotted, try to merge fences to make sure we don't
+        // grow unbounded.
+        for (const auto& futureAndContinution : mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences) {
+            auto result = futureAndContinution.future.wait_for(0s);
+            if (result != std::future_status::ready) {
+                mergedFences.emplace_back(futureAndContinution);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            mergeFence(getDebugName(), futureAndContinution.chain().get().value_or(Fence::NO_FENCE),
+                       prevFence);
+        }
+        if (prevFence != nullptr) {
+            mergedFences.emplace_back(ftl::yield(FenceResult(std::move(prevFence))).share());
+        }
+
+        mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences.swap(mergedFences);
     }
+
     if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer) {
         mPreviouslyPresentedLayerStacks.push_back(layerStack);
     }
@@ -3440,6 +3473,15 @@
             handle->acquireTimeOrFence = mCallbackHandleAcquireTimeOrFence;
             handle->frameNumber = mDrawingState.frameNumber;
             handle->previousFrameNumber = mDrawingState.previousFrameNumber;
+            if (FlagManager::getInstance().screenshot_fence_preservation() &&
+                mPreviousReleaseBufferEndpoint == handle->listener) {
+                // Add fences from previous screenshots now so that they can be dispatched to the
+                // client.
+                for (const auto& futureAndContinution : mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences) {
+                    handle->previousReleaseFences.emplace_back(futureAndContinution.chain());
+                }
+                mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences.clear();
+            }
 
             // Store so latched time and release fence can be set
             mDrawingState.callbackHandles.push_back(handle);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index c772e0e..dfd57c6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -555,7 +555,8 @@
     const compositionengine::LayerFECompositionState* getCompositionState() const;
     bool fenceHasSignaled() const;
     void onPreComposition(nsecs_t refreshStartTime);
-    void onLayerDisplayed(ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult>, ui::LayerStack layerStack);
+    void onLayerDisplayed(ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult>, ui::LayerStack layerStack,
+                          std::function<FenceResult(FenceResult)>&& continuation = nullptr);
 
     void setWasClientComposed(const sp<Fence>& fence) {
         mLastClientCompositionFence = fence;
@@ -932,6 +933,19 @@
     // the release fences from the correct displays when we release the last buffer
     // from the layer.
     std::vector<ui::LayerStack> mPreviouslyPresentedLayerStacks;
+    struct FenceAndContinuation {
+        ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> future;
+        std::function<FenceResult(FenceResult)> continuation;
+
+        ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> chain() const {
+            if (continuation) {
+                return ftl::Future(future).then(continuation).share();
+            } else {
+                return future;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    std::vector<FenceAndContinuation> mAdditionalPreviousReleaseFences;
     // Exposed so SurfaceFlinger can assert that it's held
     const sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
index cf8b3bf..a145e59 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@
     mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
 }
 
-void MessageQueue::initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
-                             frametimeline::TokenManager& tokenManager,
-                             std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) {
+void MessageQueue::initVsyncInternal(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
+                                     frametimeline::TokenManager& tokenManager,
+                                     std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) {
     std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration> oldRegistration;
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
     }
 
     // See comments in onNewVsyncSchedule. Today, oldRegistration should be
-    // empty, but nothing prevents us from calling initVsync multiple times, so
+    // empty, but nothing prevents us from calling initVsyncInternal multiple times, so
     // go ahead and destruct it outside the lock for safety.
     oldRegistration.reset();
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
index a523147..edb424b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
@@ -65,8 +65,9 @@
 public:
     virtual ~MessageQueue() = default;
 
-    virtual void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
-                           std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
+    virtual void initVsyncInternal(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>,
+                                   frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+                                   std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
     virtual void destroyVsync() = 0;
     virtual void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
     virtual void waitMessage() = 0;
@@ -137,8 +138,8 @@
 public:
     explicit MessageQueue(ICompositor&);
 
-    void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
-                   std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
+    void initVsyncInternal(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+                           std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
     void destroyVsync() override;
     void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
index 67e1b9c..d51af9a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@
 
 public:
     // TODO(b/185535769): Inject clock to avoid sleeping in tests.
-    RefreshRateStats(TimeStats& timeStats, Fps currentRefreshRate, PowerMode currentPowerMode)
+    RefreshRateStats(TimeStats& timeStats, Fps currentRefreshRate)
           : mTimeStats(timeStats),
             mCurrentRefreshRate(currentRefreshRate),
-            mCurrentPowerMode(currentPowerMode) {}
+            mCurrentPowerMode(PowerMode::OFF) {}
 
     void setPowerMode(PowerMode mode) {
         if (mCurrentPowerMode == mode) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 27ca17f..c76d4bd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@
         mFeatures(features),
         mVsyncConfiguration(factory.createVsyncConfiguration(activeRefreshRate)),
         mVsyncModulator(sp<VsyncModulator>::make(mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs())),
-        mRefreshRateStats(std::make_unique<RefreshRateStats>(timeStats, activeRefreshRate,
-                                                             hal::PowerMode::OFF)),
+        mRefreshRateStats(std::make_unique<RefreshRateStats>(timeStats, activeRefreshRate)),
         mSchedulerCallback(callback),
         mVsyncTrackerCallback(vsyncTrackerCallback) {}
 
@@ -96,6 +95,11 @@
     demotePacesetterDisplay();
 }
 
+void Scheduler::initVsync(frametimeline::TokenManager& tokenManager,
+                          std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) {
+    Impl::initVsyncInternal(getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(), tokenManager, workDuration);
+}
+
 void Scheduler::startTimers() {
     using namespace sysprop;
     using namespace std::string_literals;
@@ -642,13 +646,13 @@
         return Fps{};
     }
     const Display& display = *displayOpt;
-    const nsecs_t threshold =
-            display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriodNsecs() / 2;
-    const nsecs_t nextVsyncTime =
-            display.schedulePtr->getTracker()
-                    .nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(currentExpectedPresentTime.ns() + threshold,
-                                                  currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
-    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(nextVsyncTime - currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
+    const Duration threshold =
+            display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriod() / 2;
+    const TimePoint nextVsyncTime =
+            display.schedulePtr->vsyncDeadlineAfter(currentExpectedPresentTime + threshold,
+                                                    currentExpectedPresentTime);
+    const Duration frameInterval = nextVsyncTime - currentExpectedPresentTime;
+    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(frameInterval.ns());
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resync() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index f62f1ba..9912622 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
     void run();
 
-    using Impl::initVsync;
+    void initVsync(frametimeline::TokenManager&, std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration);
 
     using Impl::getScheduledFrameTime;
     using Impl::setDuration;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index db6a187..3491600 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -89,8 +89,12 @@
     return period();
 }
 
-TimePoint VsyncSchedule::vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint timePoint) const {
-    return TimePoint::fromNs(mTracker->nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(timePoint.ns()));
+TimePoint VsyncSchedule::vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint timePoint,
+                                            ftl::Optional<TimePoint> lastVsyncOpt) const {
+    return TimePoint::fromNs(
+            mTracker->nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(timePoint.ns(),
+                                                   lastVsyncOpt.transform(
+                                                           [](TimePoint t) { return t.ns(); })));
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::dump(std::string& out) const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 722ea0b..6f656d2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
 
     // IVsyncSource overrides:
     Period period() const override;
-    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override;
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint,
+                                 ftl::Optional<TimePoint> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const override;
     Period minFramePeriod() const override;
 
     // Inform the schedule that the display mode changed the schedule needs to recalibrate
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
index 0154060..f0f7a87 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 struct IVsyncSource {
     virtual Period period() const = 0;
-    virtual TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const = 0;
+    virtual TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const = 0;
     virtual Period minFramePeriod() const = 0;
 
 protected:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
index a9abcaf..29711af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
     const TimePoint vsyncDeadline;
 
     Period period() const override { return vsyncPeriod; }
-    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override { return vsyncDeadline; }
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const override {
+        return vsyncDeadline;
+    }
     Period minFramePeriod() const override { return framePeriod; }
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 31d120d..aa6be36 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@
 #include <common/FlagManager.h>
 #include <gui/LayerStatePermissions.h>
 #include <gui/SchedulingPolicy.h>
+#include <gui/SyncScreenCaptureListener.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayIdentification.h>
 #include "BackgroundExecutor.h"
 #include "Client.h"
@@ -492,14 +493,6 @@
     mSupportsBlur = supportsBlurs;
     ALOGI_IF(!mSupportsBlur, "Disabling blur effects, they are not supported.");
 
-    const size_t defaultListSize = MAX_LAYERS;
-    auto listSize = property_get_int32("debug.sf.max_igbp_list_size", int32_t(defaultListSize));
-    mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize = (listSize > 0) ? size_t(listSize) : defaultListSize;
-    mGraphicBufferProducerListSizeLogThreshold =
-            std::max(static_cast<int>(0.95 *
-                                      static_cast<double>(mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize)),
-                     1);
-
     property_get("debug.sf.luma_sampling", value, "1");
     mLumaSampling = atoi(value);
 
@@ -806,22 +799,26 @@
     }));
 }
 
-static std::optional<renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType>
-chooseRenderEngineTypeViaSysProp() {
+void chooseRenderEngineType(renderengine::RenderEngineCreationArgs::Builder& builder) {
     char prop[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
-    property_get(PROPERTY_DEBUG_RENDERENGINE_BACKEND, prop, "skiaglthreaded");
+    property_get(PROPERTY_DEBUG_RENDERENGINE_BACKEND, prop, "");
 
     if (strcmp(prop, "skiagl") == 0) {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL;
+        builder.setThreaded(renderengine::RenderEngine::Threaded::NO)
+                .setGraphicsApi(renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL);
     } else if (strcmp(prop, "skiaglthreaded") == 0) {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
+        builder.setThreaded(renderengine::RenderEngine::Threaded::YES)
+                .setGraphicsApi(renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL);
     } else if (strcmp(prop, "skiavk") == 0) {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK;
+        builder.setThreaded(renderengine::RenderEngine::Threaded::NO)
+                .setGraphicsApi(renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK);
     } else if (strcmp(prop, "skiavkthreaded") == 0) {
-        return renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_VK_THREADED;
+        builder.setThreaded(renderengine::RenderEngine::Threaded::YES)
+                .setGraphicsApi(renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK);
     } else {
-        ALOGE("Unrecognized RenderEngineType %s; ignoring!", prop);
-        return {};
+        builder.setGraphicsApi(FlagManager::getInstance().vulkan_renderengine()
+                                       ? renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK
+                                       : renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL);
     }
 }
 
@@ -847,9 +844,7 @@
                                    useContextPriority
                                            ? renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::REALTIME
                                            : renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM);
-    if (auto type = chooseRenderEngineTypeViaSysProp()) {
-        builder.setRenderEngineType(type.value());
-    }
+    chooseRenderEngineType(builder);
     mRenderEngine = renderengine::RenderEngine::create(builder.build());
     mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mRenderEngine.get());
     mMaxRenderTargetSize =
@@ -1235,10 +1230,8 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode) {
-    const auto mode = desiredMode.mode;
-    const auto displayId = mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-
+void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& request, bool force) {
+    const auto displayId = request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
     ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', displayId.value).c_str());
 
     const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
@@ -1247,9 +1240,10 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    const bool emitEvent = desiredMode.emitEvent;
+    const auto mode = request.mode;
+    const bool emitEvent = request.emitEvent;
 
-    switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(desiredMode))) {
+    switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(request), force)) {
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
             // DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode updated the render rate, so inform Scheduler.
             mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId,
@@ -1435,8 +1429,7 @@
               to_string(displayModePtrOpt->get()->getVsyncRate()).c_str(),
               to_string(display->getId()).c_str());
 
-        if ((!FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display() || !desiredModeOpt->force) &&
-            display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
+        if (display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
             applyActiveMode(display);
             continue;
         }
@@ -1960,6 +1953,7 @@
 
     const char* const whence = __func__;
     return ftl::Future(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+               // TODO(b/241285876): Validate that the display is physical instead of failing later.
                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
                    const bool supportsDisplayBrightnessCommand =
                            getHwComposer().getComposer()->isSupported(
@@ -2009,7 +2003,6 @@
                                                      Hwc2::Composer::DisplayBrightnessOptions{
                                                              .applyImmediately = true});
                    }
-
                } else {
                    ALOGE("%s: Invalid display token %p", whence, displayToken.get());
                    return ftl::yield<status_t>(NAME_NOT_FOUND);
@@ -3105,7 +3098,7 @@
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
         if (mFpsReporter) {
-            mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+            mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
         }
 
         if (mTunnelModeEnabledReporter) {
@@ -3302,88 +3295,14 @@
     std::vector<HWComposer::HWCDisplayMode> hwcModes;
     std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> activeModeHwcId;
 
-    const bool isExternalDisplay = FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display() &&
-            getHwComposer().getDisplayConnectionType(displayId) ==
-                    ui::DisplayConnectionType::External;
-
     int attempt = 0;
     constexpr int kMaxAttempts = 3;
     do {
         hwcModes = getHwComposer().getModes(displayId,
                                             scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::kMinSupportedFrameRate
                                                     .getPeriodNsecs());
-
         activeModeHwcId = getHwComposer().getActiveMode(displayId);
 
-        if (isExternalDisplay) {
-            constexpr nsecs_t k59HzVsyncPeriod = 16949153;
-            constexpr nsecs_t k60HzVsyncPeriod = 16666667;
-
-            // DM sets the initial mode for an external display to 1080p@60, but
-            // this comes after SF creates its own state (including the
-            // DisplayDevice). For now, pick the same mode in order to avoid
-            // inconsistent state and unnecessary mode switching.
-            // TODO (b/318534874): Let DM decide the initial mode.
-            //
-            // Try to find 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz
-            if (const auto iter = std::find_if(hwcModes.begin(), hwcModes.end(),
-                                               [](const auto& mode) {
-                                                   return mode.width == 1920 &&
-                                                           mode.height == 1080 &&
-                                                           mode.vsyncPeriod == k60HzVsyncPeriod;
-                                               });
-                iter != hwcModes.end()) {
-                activeModeHwcId = iter->hwcId;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // Try to find 1920x1080 @ 59-60 Hz
-            if (const auto iter = std::find_if(hwcModes.begin(), hwcModes.end(),
-                                               [](const auto& mode) {
-                                                   return mode.width == 1920 &&
-                                                           mode.height == 1080 &&
-                                                           mode.vsyncPeriod >= k60HzVsyncPeriod &&
-                                                           mode.vsyncPeriod <= k59HzVsyncPeriod;
-                                               });
-                iter != hwcModes.end()) {
-                activeModeHwcId = iter->hwcId;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // The display does not support 1080p@60, and this is the last attempt to pick a display
-            // mode. Prefer 60 Hz if available, with the closest resolution to 1080p.
-            if (attempt + 1 == kMaxAttempts) {
-                std::vector<HWComposer::HWCDisplayMode> hwcModeOpts;
-
-                for (const auto& mode : hwcModes) {
-                    if (mode.width <= 1920 && mode.height <= 1080 &&
-                        mode.vsyncPeriod >= k60HzVsyncPeriod &&
-                        mode.vsyncPeriod <= k59HzVsyncPeriod) {
-                        hwcModeOpts.push_back(mode);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (const auto iter = std::max_element(hwcModeOpts.begin(), hwcModeOpts.end(),
-                                                       [](const auto& a, const auto& b) {
-                                                           const auto aSize = a.width * a.height;
-                                                           const auto bSize = b.width * b.height;
-                                                           if (aSize < bSize)
-                                                               return true;
-                                                           else if (aSize == bSize)
-                                                               return a.vsyncPeriod > b.vsyncPeriod;
-                                                           else
-                                                               return false;
-                                                       });
-                    iter != hwcModeOpts.end()) {
-                    activeModeHwcId = iter->hwcId;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                // hwcModeOpts was empty, use hwcModes[0] as the last resort
-                activeModeHwcId = hwcModes[0].hwcId;
-            }
-        }
-
         const auto isActiveMode = [activeModeHwcId](const HWComposer::HWCDisplayMode& mode) {
             return mode.hwcId == activeModeHwcId;
         };
@@ -3443,10 +3362,6 @@
                 return pair.second->getHwcId() == activeModeHwcId;
             })->second;
 
-    if (isExternalDisplay) {
-        ALOGI("External display %s initial mode: {%s}", to_string(displayId).c_str(),
-              to_string(*activeMode).c_str());
-    }
     return {modes, activeMode};
 }
 
@@ -3632,9 +3547,7 @@
             getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(compositionDisplay->getId(), creationArgs.isPrimary);
     ALOGV("Display Orientation: %s", toCString(creationArgs.physicalOrientation));
 
-    // virtual displays are always considered enabled
-    creationArgs.initialPowerMode =
-            state.isVirtual() ? std::make_optional(hal::PowerMode::ON) : std::nullopt;
+    creationArgs.initialPowerMode = state.isVirtual() ? hal::PowerMode::ON : hal::PowerMode::OFF;
 
     creationArgs.requestedRefreshRate = state.requestedRefreshRate;
 
@@ -3753,27 +3666,6 @@
     }
 
     mDisplays.try_emplace(displayToken, std::move(display));
-
-    // For an external display, loadDisplayModes already selected the same mode
-    // as DM, but SF still needs to be updated to match.
-    // TODO (b/318534874): Let DM decide the initial mode.
-    if (const auto& physical = state.physical;
-        mScheduler && physical && FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
-        const bool isInternalDisplay = mPhysicalDisplays.get(physical->id)
-                                               .transform(&PhysicalDisplay::isInternal)
-                                               .value_or(false);
-
-        if (!isInternalDisplay) {
-            auto activeModePtr = physical->activeMode;
-            const auto fps = activeModePtr->getPeakFps();
-
-            setDesiredMode(
-                    {.mode = scheduler::FrameRateMode{fps,
-                                                      ftl::as_non_null(std::move(activeModePtr))},
-                     .emitEvent = false,
-                     .force = true});
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::processDisplayRemoved(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
@@ -4342,13 +4234,12 @@
                                           /* workDuration */ activeRefreshRate.getPeriod(),
                                           /* readyDuration */ configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
-    mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(),
-                          *mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager(), configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
+    mScheduler->initVsync(*mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager(), configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
     mRegionSamplingThread =
             sp<RegionSamplingThread>::make(*this,
                                            RegionSamplingThread::EnvironmentTimingTunables());
-    mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(*mFrameTimeline, *this);
+    mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(*mFrameTimeline);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::doCommitTransactions() {
@@ -5920,12 +5811,6 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::initializeDisplays() {
-    const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
-    if (!display) return;
-
-    const sp<IBinder> token = display->getDisplayToken().promote();
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(token == nullptr);
-
     TransactionState state;
     state.inputWindowCommands = mInputWindowCommands;
     const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
@@ -5936,18 +5821,10 @@
     const uint64_t transactionId = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mPid) << 32) | mUniqueTransactionId++;
     state.id = transactionId;
 
-    // reset screen orientation and use primary layer stack
-    DisplayState d;
-    d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
-             DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
-    d.token = token;
-    d.layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
-    d.orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
-    d.orientedDisplaySpaceRect.makeInvalid();
-    d.layerStackSpaceRect.makeInvalid();
-    d.width = 0;
-    d.height = 0;
-    state.displays.add(d);
+    auto layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK.id;
+    for (const auto& [id, display] : FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mPhysicalDisplays)) {
+        state.displays.push(DisplayState(display.token(), ui::LayerStack::fromValue(layerStack++)));
+    }
 
     std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back(state);
@@ -5960,12 +5837,25 @@
 
     {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
-        setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
+
+        // In case of a restart, ensure all displays are off.
+        for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            setPowerModeInternal(getDisplayDeviceLocked(id), hal::PowerMode::OFF);
+        }
+
+        // Power on all displays. The primary display is first, so becomes the active display. Also,
+        // the DisplayCapability set of a display is populated on its first powering on. Do this now
+        // before responding to any Binder query from DisplayManager about display capabilities.
+        for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            setPowerModeInternal(getDisplayDeviceLocked(id), hal::PowerMode::ON);
+        }
     }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode) {
     if (display->isVirtual()) {
+        // TODO(b/241285876): This code path should not be reachable, so enforce this at compile
+        // time.
         ALOGE("%s: Invalid operation on virtual display", __func__);
         return;
     }
@@ -5973,8 +5863,8 @@
     const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
     ALOGD("Setting power mode %d on display %s", mode, to_string(displayId).c_str());
 
-    const auto currentModeOpt = display->getPowerMode();
-    if (currentModeOpt == mode) {
+    const auto currentMode = display->getPowerMode();
+    if (currentMode == mode) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -5991,7 +5881,7 @@
     display->setPowerMode(mode);
 
     const auto activeMode = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().modePtr;
-    if (!currentModeOpt || *currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
+    if (currentMode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
         // Turn on the display
 
         // Activate the display (which involves a modeset to the active mode) when the inner or
@@ -6036,7 +5926,7 @@
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
         scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kActive);
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
-        const bool currentModeNotDozeSuspend = (*currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND);
+        const bool currentModeNotDozeSuspend = (currentMode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND);
         // Turn off the display
         if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
             if (const auto display = getActivatableDisplay()) {
@@ -6077,7 +5967,7 @@
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         // Update display while dozing
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (*currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND &&
+        if (currentMode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND &&
             (displayId == mActiveDisplayId || FlagManager::getInstance().multithreaded_present())) {
             if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
                 ALOGI("Force repainting for DOZE_SUSPEND -> DOZE or ON.");
@@ -7850,6 +7740,12 @@
                         kAllowProtected, kGrayscale, captureListener);
 }
 
+ScreenCaptureResults SurfaceFlinger::captureLayersSync(const LayerCaptureArgs& args) {
+    sp<SyncScreenCaptureListener> captureListener = sp<SyncScreenCaptureListener>::make();
+    captureLayers(args, captureListener);
+    return captureListener->waitForResults();
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
                                    const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -8259,23 +8155,27 @@
     //
     // TODO(b/196334700) Once we use RenderEngineThreaded everywhere we can always defer the call
     // to CompositionEngine::present.
-    const bool renderEngineIsThreaded = [&]() {
-        using Type = renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType;
-        const auto type = mRenderEngine->getRenderEngineType();
-        return type == Type::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
-    }();
-    auto presentFuture = renderEngineIsThreaded ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
-                                                : ftl::yield(present()).share();
+    auto presentFuture = mRenderEngine->isThreaded() ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
+                                                     : ftl::yield(present()).share();
 
     for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
-        layer->onLayerDisplayed(ftl::Future(presentFuture)
-                                        .then([layerFE = std::move(layerFE)](FenceResult) {
-                                            return layerFE->stealCompositionResult()
-                                                    .releaseFences.back()
-                                                    .first.get();
-                                        })
-                                        .share(),
-                                ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK);
+        layer->onLayerDisplayed(presentFuture, ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK,
+                                [layerFE = std::move(layerFE)](FenceResult) {
+                                    if (FlagManager::getInstance()
+                                                .screenshot_fence_preservation()) {
+                                        const auto compositionResult =
+                                                layerFE->stealCompositionResult();
+                                        const auto& fences = compositionResult.releaseFences;
+                                        // CompositionEngine may choose to cull layers that
+                                        // aren't visible, so pass a non-fence.
+                                        return fences.empty() ? Fence::NO_FENCE
+                                                              : fences.back().first.get();
+                                    } else {
+                                        return layerFE->stealCompositionResult()
+                                                .releaseFences.back()
+                                                .first.get();
+                                    }
+                                });
     }
 
     return presentFuture;
@@ -8442,7 +8342,7 @@
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
-    setDesiredMode({std::move(preferredMode), .emitEvent = true, .force = force});
+    setDesiredMode({std::move(preferredMode), .emitEvent = true}, force);
 
     // Update the frameRateOverride list as the display render rate might have changed
     if (mScheduler->updateFrameRateOverrides(scheduler::GlobalSignals{}, preferredFps)) {
@@ -9694,6 +9594,12 @@
     return binderStatusFromStatusT(NO_ERROR);
 }
 
+binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::captureLayersSync(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
+                                                      ScreenCaptureResults* outResults) {
+    *outResults = mFlinger->captureLayersSync(args);
+    return binderStatusFromStatusT(NO_ERROR);
+}
+
 binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::captureLayers(
         const LayerCaptureArgs& args, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     mFlinger->captureLayers(args, captureListener);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index b23b519..c8e2a4d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -560,6 +560,7 @@
 
     void captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
     void captureDisplay(DisplayId, const CaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    ScreenCaptureResults captureLayersSync(const LayerCaptureArgs&);
     void captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
 
     status_t getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, DisplayStatInfo* stats);
@@ -718,7 +719,7 @@
     // Show hdr sdr ratio overlay
     bool mHdrSdrRatioOverlay = false;
 
-    void setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&, bool force = false) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     status_t setActiveModeFromBackdoor(const sp<display::DisplayToken>&, DisplayModeId, Fps minFps,
                                        Fps maxFps);
@@ -903,7 +904,8 @@
      * Display and layer stack management
      */
 
-    // Called during boot, and restart after system_server death.
+    // Called during boot and restart after system_server death, setting the stage for bootanimation
+    // before DisplayManager takes over.
     void initializeDisplays() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) const
@@ -1212,12 +1214,6 @@
     float mGlobalSaturationFactor = 1.0f;
     mat4 mClientColorMatrix;
 
-    size_t mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize = MAX_LAYERS;
-    // If there are more GraphicBufferProducers tracked by SurfaceFlinger than
-    // this threshold, then begin logging.
-    size_t mGraphicBufferProducerListSizeLogThreshold =
-            static_cast<size_t>(0.95 * static_cast<double>(MAX_LAYERS));
-
     // protected by mStateLock (but we could use another lock)
     bool mLayersRemoved = false;
     bool mLayersAdded = false;
@@ -1552,6 +1548,7 @@
                                       const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override;
     binder::Status captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&,
                                  const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override;
+    binder::Status captureLayersSync(const LayerCaptureArgs&, ScreenCaptureResults* results);
 
     // TODO(b/239076119): Remove deprecated AIDL.
     [[deprecated]] binder::Status clearAnimationFrameStats() override {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
index 6a155c1..7b5298c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionCallbackInvoker.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include "TransactionCallbackInvoker.h"
 #include "BackgroundExecutor.h"
+#include "Utils/FenceUtils.h"
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 
@@ -127,33 +128,8 @@
     sp<IBinder> surfaceControl = handle->surfaceControl.promote();
     if (surfaceControl) {
         sp<Fence> prevFence = nullptr;
-
         for (const auto& future : handle->previousReleaseFences) {
-            sp<Fence> currentFence = future.get().value_or(Fence::NO_FENCE);
-            if (prevFence == nullptr && currentFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid) {
-                prevFence = std::move(currentFence);
-            } else if (prevFence != nullptr) {
-                // If both fences are signaled or both are unsignaled, we need to merge
-                // them to get an accurate timestamp.
-                if (prevFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid &&
-                    prevFence->getStatus() == currentFence->getStatus()) {
-                    char fenceName[32] = {};
-                    snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s", handle->name.c_str());
-                    sp<Fence> mergedFence = Fence::merge(fenceName, prevFence, currentFence);
-                    if (mergedFence->isValid()) {
-                        prevFence = std::move(mergedFence);
-                    }
-                } else if (currentFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Unsignaled) {
-                    // If one fence has signaled and the other hasn't, the unsignaled
-                    // fence will approximately correspond with the correct timestamp.
-                    // There's a small race if both fences signal at about the same time
-                    // and their statuses are retrieved with unfortunate timing. However,
-                    // by this point, they will have both signaled and only the timestamp
-                    // will be slightly off; any dependencies after this point will
-                    // already have been met.
-                    prevFence = std::move(currentFence);
-                }
-            }
+            mergeFence(handle->name.c_str(), future.get().value_or(Fence::NO_FENCE), prevFence);
         }
         handle->previousReleaseFence = prevFence;
         handle->previousReleaseFences.clear();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/FenceUtils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/FenceUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6f7006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/FenceUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ui/Fence.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// TODO: measure if Fence::merge is cheaper
+inline void mergeFence(const char* debugName, sp<Fence>&& incomingFence, sp<Fence>& prevFence) {
+    if (prevFence == nullptr && incomingFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid) {
+        prevFence = std::move(incomingFence);
+    } else if (prevFence != nullptr) {
+        // If both fences are signaled or both are unsignaled, we need to merge
+        // them to get an accurate timestamp.
+        if (prevFence->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Invalid &&
+            prevFence->getStatus() == incomingFence->getStatus()) {
+            char fenceName[32] = {};
+            snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s", debugName);
+            sp<Fence> mergedFence = Fence::merge(fenceName, prevFence, incomingFence);
+            if (mergedFence->isValid()) {
+                prevFence = std::move(mergedFence);
+            }
+        } else if (incomingFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Unsignaled) {
+            // If one fence has signaled and the other hasn't, the unsignaled
+            // fence will approximately correspond with the correct timestamp.
+            // There's a small race if both fences signal at about the same time
+            // and their statuses are retrieved with unfortunate timing. However,
+            // by this point, they will have both signaled and only the timestamp
+            // will be slightly off; any dependencies after this point will
+            // already have been met.
+            prevFence = std::move(incomingFence);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
index a27e100..b07e7ac 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
@@ -128,6 +128,8 @@
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(fp16_client_target);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(game_default_frame_rate);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_layer_command_batching);
+    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(screenshot_fence_preservation);
+    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(vulkan_renderengine);
 #undef DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG
 #undef DUMP_SERVER_FLAG
 #undef DUMP_FLAG_INTERVAL
@@ -202,6 +204,8 @@
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(fp16_client_target, "debug.sf.fp16_client_target")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(game_default_frame_rate, "")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_layer_command_batching, "")
+FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(screenshot_fence_preservation, "debug.sf.screenshot_fence_preservation")
+FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(vulkan_renderengine, "debug.renderengine.vulkan")
 
 /// Trunk stable server flags ///
 FLAG_MANAGER_SERVER_FLAG(late_boot_misc2, "")
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
index c01465b..2a30a40 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@
     bool fp16_client_target() const;
     bool game_default_frame_rate() const;
     bool enable_layer_command_batching() const;
+    bool screenshot_fence_preservation() const;
+    bool vulkan_renderengine() const;
 
 protected:
     // overridden for unit tests
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index 8a5500f..a6b12d0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -405,8 +405,8 @@
                                              Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
 
     android::mock::TimeStats timeStats;
-    RefreshRateStats refreshRateStats(timeStats, Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
-                                      PowerMode::OFF);
+    RefreshRateStats refreshRateStats(timeStats,
+                                      Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
 
     const auto fpsOpt = displayModes.get(modeId).transform(
             [](const DisplayModePtr& mode) { return mode->getVsyncRate(); });
@@ -441,7 +441,9 @@
         FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzer;
 
         Period period() const { return getFuzzedDuration(fuzzer); }
-        TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const { return getFuzzedTimePoint(fuzzer); }
+        TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const {
+            return getFuzzedTimePoint(fuzzer);
+        }
         Period minFramePeriod() const { return period(); }
     } vsyncSource{mFdp};
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
index f097a13..fcbef01 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
@@ -166,3 +166,11 @@
   bug: "293371537"
   is_fixed_read_only: true
 }
+
+flag {
+  name: "screenshot_fence_preservation"
+  namespace: "core_graphics"
+  description: "Bug fix around screenshot fences"
+  bug: "302703346"
+  is_fixed_read_only: true
+}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
index f1bb231..b17b529 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -25,31 +25,10 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-struct ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
-    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
-    ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
-
+struct ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest
+      : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::ON, hal::PowerMode::OFF> {
     void SetUp() override {
-        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
-
-        // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
-        constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-        {
-            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
-            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-        {
-            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-
-        mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-        mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+        DualDisplayTransactionTest::SetUp();
 
         // The flags are a static variable, so by modifying them in the test, we
         // are modifying the real ones used by SurfaceFlinger. Save the original
@@ -64,10 +43,6 @@
 
     void TearDown() override { mFlinger.mutableActiveDisplayRotationFlags() = mOldRotationFlags; }
 
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags mOldRotationFlags;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index 99fef7e..387d2f2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@
 
     // The HWC active configuration id
     static constexpr hal::HWConfigId HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID = 2001;
-    static constexpr PowerMode INIT_POWER_MODE = hal::PowerMode::ON;
 
     static void injectPendingHotplugEvent(DisplayTransactionTest* test, Connection connection) {
         test->mFlinger.mutablePendingHotplugEvents().emplace_back(
@@ -355,7 +354,7 @@
     }
 
     // Called by tests to inject a HWC display setup
-    template <bool kInitPowerMode = true>
+    template <hal::PowerMode kPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON>
     static void injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         const auto displayId = DisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
         ASSERT_FALSE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
@@ -364,22 +363,37 @@
                 .setHwcDisplayId(HWC_DISPLAY_ID)
                 .setResolution(DisplayVariant::RESOLUTION)
                 .setActiveConfig(HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID)
-                .setPowerMode(kInitPowerMode ? std::make_optional(INIT_POWER_MODE) : std::nullopt)
+                .setPowerMode(kPowerMode)
                 .inject(&test->mFlinger, test->mComposer);
     }
 
     // Called by tests to inject a HWC display setup
-    template <bool kInitPowerMode = true>
+    //
+    // TODO(b/241285876): The `kExpectSetPowerModeOnce` argument is set to `false` by tests that
+    // power on/off displays several times. Replace those catch-all expectations with `InSequence`
+    // and `RetiresOnSaturation`.
+    //
+    template <hal::PowerMode kPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON, bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = true>
     static void injectHwcDisplay(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        if constexpr (kInitPowerMode) {
-            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
-                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
-                                    Return(Error::NONE)));
+        if constexpr (kExpectSetPowerModeOnce) {
+            if constexpr (kPowerMode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
+                EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                        .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
+                                        Return(Error::NONE)));
+            }
 
-            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, INIT_POWER_MODE))
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kPowerMode))
                     .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                    .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
+                                          Return(Error::NONE)));
+
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                    .WillRepeatedly(Return(Error::NONE));
         }
-        injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities<kInitPowerMode>(test);
+
+        injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities<kPowerMode>(test);
     }
 
     static std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> injectCompositionDisplay(
@@ -447,11 +461,9 @@
                     ? IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::INTERNAL
                     : IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::EXTERNAL;
 
-            using ::testing::AtLeast;
             EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayConnectionType(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
-                    .Times(AtLeast(1))
-                    .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(CONNECTION_TYPE),
-                                          Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
+                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(CONNECTION_TYPE),
+                                    Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
         }
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setClientTargetSlotCount(_))
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90e716f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+template <hal::PowerMode kInnerDisplayPowerMode, hal::PowerMode kOuterDisplayPowerMode,
+          bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = true>
+struct DualDisplayTransactionTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
+    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
+    DualDisplayTransactionTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
+
+        {
+            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInnerDisplayPowerMode, kExpectSetPowerModeOnce>(
+                    this);
+
+            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
+            injector.setPowerMode(kInnerDisplayPowerMode);
+            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+        {
+            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kOuterDisplayPowerMode, kExpectSetPowerModeOnce>(
+                    this);
+
+            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setPowerMode(kOuterDisplayPowerMode);
+            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+
+    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
index f695b09..9e8e306 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
 
+#include "Client.h" // temporarily needed for LayerCreationArgs
 #include "FpsReporter.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "fake/FakeClock.h"
@@ -76,7 +80,15 @@
 
     sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata);
 
-    TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
+    LayerCreationArgs createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, uint32_t parentId,
+                                 LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    void createRootLayer(uint32_t id, LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    void createLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId, LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    frontend::LayerLifecycleManager mLifecycleManager;
+
     mock::FrameTimeline mFrameTimeline =
             mock::FrameTimeline(std::make_shared<impl::TimeStats>(), 0);
 
@@ -89,8 +101,8 @@
 
     sp<TestableFpsListener> mFpsListener;
     fake::FakeClock* mClock = new fake::FakeClock();
-    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(mFrameTimeline, *(mFlinger.flinger()),
-                                                         std::unique_ptr<Clock>(mClock));
+    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter =
+            sp<FpsReporter>::make(mFrameTimeline, std::unique_ptr<Clock>(mClock));
 };
 
 FpsReporterTest::FpsReporterTest() {
@@ -98,9 +110,6 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
-
     mFpsListener = sp<TestableFpsListener>::make();
 }
 
@@ -110,76 +119,94 @@
     ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 }
 
-sp<Layer> FpsReporterTest::createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata = {}) {
+LayerCreationArgs FpsReporterTest::createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, uint32_t parentId,
+                                              LayerMetadata metadata) {
     sp<Client> client;
-    LayerCreationArgs args(mFlinger.flinger(), client, "buffer-state-layer", LAYER_FLAGS, metadata);
-    return sp<Layer>::make(args);
+    LayerCreationArgs args(std::make_optional(id));
+    args.name = "testlayer";
+    args.addToRoot = canBeRoot;
+    args.flags = LAYER_FLAGS;
+    args.metadata = metadata;
+    args.parentId = parentId;
+    return args;
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::createRootLayer(uint32_t id, LayerMetadata metadata = LayerMetadata()) {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> layers;
+    layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(
+            createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true, /*parent=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                       /*metadata=*/metadata)));
+    mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::createLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId,
+                                  LayerMetadata metadata = LayerMetadata()) {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> layers;
+    layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(
+            createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/parentId,
+                       /*mirror=*/metadata)));
+    mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
 }
 
 namespace {
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, callsListeners) {
-    mParent = createBufferStateLayer();
     constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
     LayerMetadata targetMetadata;
     targetMetadata.setInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, kTaskId);
-    mTarget = createBufferStateLayer(targetMetadata);
-    mChild = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mGrandChild = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mUnrelated = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mParent->addChild(mTarget);
-    mTarget->addChild(mChild);
-    mChild->addChild(mGrandChild);
-    mParent->commitChildList();
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mParent);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mTarget);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mChild);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mGrandChild);
+
+    createRootLayer(1, targetMetadata);
+    createLayer(11, 1);
+    createLayer(111, 11);
+
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     float expectedFps = 44.0;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline,
-                computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(mTarget->getSequence(), mChild->getSequence(),
-                                                mGrandChild->getSequence())))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 11, 111)))
             .WillOnce(Return(expectedFps));
 
     mFpsReporter->addListener(mFpsListener, kTaskId);
     mClock->advanceTime(600ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(expectedFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mFpsReporter->removeListener(mFpsListener);
     Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mFrameTimeline);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(_)).Times(0);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
 }
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, rateLimits) {
     const constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
     LayerMetadata targetMetadata;
     targetMetadata.setInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, kTaskId);
-    mTarget = createBufferStateLayer(targetMetadata);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mTarget);
+    createRootLayer(1);
+    createLayer(11, 1, targetMetadata);
+
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     float firstFps = 44.0;
     float secondFps = 53.0;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(mTarget->getSequence())))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(11)))
             .WillOnce(Return(firstFps))
             .WillOnce(Return(secondFps));
 
     mFpsReporter->addListener(mFpsListener, kTaskId);
     mClock->advanceTime(600ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(secondFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index 6394d63..13b47ff 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -64,6 +64,18 @@
         actualBuilder.update(args);
     }
 
+    void update(LayerSnapshotBuilder& actualBuilder) {
+        LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                                        .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
+                                        .includeMetadata = false,
+                                        .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                        .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+                                        .supportsBlur = true,
+                                        .supportedLayerGenericMetadata = {},
+                                        .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = {}};
+        update(actualBuilder, args);
+    }
+
     void updateAndVerify(LayerSnapshotBuilder& actualBuilder, bool hasDisplayChanges,
                          const std::vector<uint32_t> expectedVisibleLayerIdsInZOrder) {
         LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
@@ -1199,4 +1211,30 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(11)->dropInputMode, gui::DropInputMode::ALL);
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, NonVisibleLayerWithInput) {
+    LayerHierarchyTestBase::createRootLayer(3);
+    setColor(3, {-1._hf, -1._hf, -1._hf});
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+
+    std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+    transactions.emplace_back();
+    transactions.back().states.push_back({});
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 3;
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.windowInfoHandle = sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle>::make();
+    auto inputInfo = transactions.back().states.front().state.windowInfoHandle->editInfo();
+    inputInfo->token = sp<BBinder>::make();
+    mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+
+    update(mSnapshotBuilder);
+
+    bool foundInputLayer = false;
+    mSnapshotBuilder.forEachInputSnapshot([&](const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot) {
+        if (snapshot.uniqueSequence == 3) {
+            foundInputLayer = true;
+        }
+    });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(foundInputLayer);
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index e9c4d80..249ed40 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@
 struct MessageQueueTest : testing::Test {
     void SetUp() override {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
-        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.initVsync(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, kDuration));
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                mEventQueue.initVsyncInternal(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, kDuration));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateStatsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateStatsTest.cpp
index e2e3d7b..fba77e9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateStatsTest.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
     ~RefreshRateStatsTest();
 
     void resetStats(Fps fps) {
-        mRefreshRateStats = std::make_unique<RefreshRateStats>(mTimeStats, fps, PowerMode::OFF);
+        mRefreshRateStats = std::make_unique<RefreshRateStats>(mTimeStats, fps);
     }
 
     mock::TimeStats mTimeStats;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index 82b4ad0..8b16a8a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -21,13 +21,9 @@
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
 #include "mock/MockDisplayModeSpecs.h"
 
-#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
-#include <common/test/FlagUtils.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 
-using namespace com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger;
-
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
@@ -364,13 +360,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, innerXorOuterDisplay) {
-    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::connected_display, true);
-
-    // For the inner display, this is handled by setupHwcHotplugCallExpectations.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getDisplayConnectionType(kOuterDisplayHwcId, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::INTERNAL),
-                            Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
-
     const auto [innerDisplay, outerDisplay] = injectOuterDisplay();
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
@@ -440,12 +429,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, innerAndOuterDisplay) {
-    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::connected_display, true);
-
-    // For the inner display, this is handled by setupHwcHotplugCallExpectations.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getDisplayConnectionType(kOuterDisplayHwcId, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::INTERNAL),
-                            Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
     const auto [innerDisplay, outerDisplay] = injectOuterDisplay();
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
@@ -529,13 +512,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, powerOffDuringConcurrentModeSet) {
-    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::connected_display, true);
-
-    // For the inner display, this is handled by setupHwcHotplugCallExpectations.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getDisplayConnectionType(kOuterDisplayHwcId, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::INTERNAL),
-                            Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
-
     const auto [innerDisplay, outerDisplay] = injectOuterDisplay();
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
index 844b96c..93c2829 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -25,35 +25,9 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-struct FoldableTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
-    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
-    FoldableTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
-
-    void SetUp() override {
-        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
-
-        // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
-        constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-        {
-            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
-            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-        {
-            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-    }
-
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
-};
+constexpr bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = false;
+struct FoldableTest : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::OFF, hal::PowerMode::OFF,
+                                                 kExpectSetPowerModeOnce> {};
 
 TEST_F(FoldableTest, promotesPacesetterOnBoot) {
     // When the device boots, the inner display should be the pacesetter.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index 1583f64..eaf4684 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -17,66 +17,49 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-class InitializeDisplaysTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
+constexpr bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = false;
+struct InitializeDisplaysTest : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::OFF, hal::PowerMode::OFF,
+                                                           kExpectSetPowerModeOnce> {};
 
-TEST_F(InitializeDisplaysTest, commitsPrimaryDisplay) {
-    using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
-
-    // A primary display is set up
-    Case::Display::injectHwcDisplay(this);
-    auto primaryDisplay = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-    primaryDisplay.inject();
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Call Expectations
-
-    // We expect a call to get the active display config.
-    Case::Display::setupHwcGetActiveConfigCallExpectations(this);
-
-    // We expect a scheduled commit for the display transaction.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(1);
+TEST_F(InitializeDisplaysTest, initializesDisplays) {
+    // Scheduled by the display transaction, and by powering on each display.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(3);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(
                         mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker()),
                 nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
-
     FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger.initializeDisplays());
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
+    for (const auto& display : {mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay}) {
+        const auto token = display->getDisplayToken().promote();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(token);
 
-    // The primary display should have a current state
-    ASSERT_TRUE(hasCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token()));
-    const auto& primaryDisplayState = getCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(hasCurrentDisplayState(token));
+        const auto& state = getCurrentDisplayState(token);
 
-    // The primary display state should be reset
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, primaryDisplayState.layerStack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ROTATION_0, primaryDisplayState.orientation);
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect);
+        const ui::LayerStack expectedLayerStack = display == mInnerDisplay
+                ? ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK
+                : ui::LayerStack::fromValue(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK.id + 1);
 
-    // The width and height should both be zero
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, primaryDisplayState.width);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, primaryDisplayState.height);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayerStack, state.layerStack);
+        EXPECT_EQ(ui::ROTATION_0, state.orientation);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, state.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, state.layerStackSpaceRect);
 
-    // The display should be set to PowerMode::ON
-    ASSERT_TRUE(hasDisplayDevice(primaryDisplay.token()));
-    auto displayDevice = primaryDisplay.mutableDisplayDevice();
-    EXPECT_EQ(PowerMode::ON, displayDevice->getPowerMode());
+        EXPECT_EQ(0u, state.width);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0u, state.height);
 
-    // The display transaction needed flag should be set.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(hasDisplayDevice(token));
+        EXPECT_EQ(PowerMode::ON, getDisplayDevice(token).getPowerMode());
+    }
+
     EXPECT_TRUE(hasTransactionFlagSet(eDisplayTransactionNeeded));
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index f00eacc..9ef0749 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
                                                           vsyncTrackerCallback);
         }
 
-        mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(), *mTokenManager, 0ms);
+        mScheduler->initVsync(*mTokenManager, 0ms);
 
         mScheduler->mutableAppConnectionHandle() =
                 mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
@@ -750,7 +750,6 @@
         static constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_CONFIG_GROUP = 7;
         static constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DPI = 320;
         static constexpr hal::HWConfigId DEFAULT_ACTIVE_CONFIG = 0;
-        static constexpr hal::PowerMode DEFAULT_POWER_MODE = hal::PowerMode::ON;
 
         FakeHwcDisplayInjector(HalDisplayId displayId, hal::DisplayType hwcDisplayType,
                                bool isPrimary)
@@ -793,7 +792,7 @@
             return *this;
         }
 
-        auto& setPowerMode(std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mode) {
+        auto& setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
             mPowerMode = mode;
             return *this;
         }
@@ -817,9 +816,7 @@
                                                          mHwcDisplayType);
             display->mutableIsConnected() = true;
 
-            if (mPowerMode) {
-                display->setPowerMode(*mPowerMode);
-            }
+            display->setPowerMode(mPowerMode);
 
             flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData()[mDisplayId].hwcDisplay = std::move(display);
 
@@ -885,7 +882,7 @@
         int32_t mDpiY = DEFAULT_DPI;
         int32_t mConfigGroup = DEFAULT_CONFIG_GROUP;
         hal::HWConfigId mActiveConfig = DEFAULT_ACTIVE_CONFIG;
-        std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mPowerMode = DEFAULT_POWER_MODE;
+        hal::PowerMode mPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON;
         const std::unordered_set<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>*
                 mCapabilities = nullptr;
     };
@@ -962,7 +959,7 @@
             return *this;
         }
 
-        auto& setPowerMode(std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mode) {
+        auto& setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
             mCreationArgs.initialPowerMode = mode;
             return *this;
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
index b17c8ad..ae41e7e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
 
 namespace android::Hwc2::mock {
 
-using aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost;
-using aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode;
 using android::power::HalResult;
 
 class MockPowerHalController : public power::PowerHalController {
@@ -43,12 +41,22 @@
     MockPowerHalController();
     ~MockPowerHalController() override;
     MOCK_METHOD(void, init, (), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setBoost, (Boost, int32_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setMode, (Mode, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setBoost, (aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost, int32_t),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setMode, (aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>,
                 createHintSession, (int32_t, int32_t, const std::vector<int32_t>&, int64_t),
                 (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>,
+                createHintSessionWithConfig,
+                (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                 int64_t durationNanos, aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag tag,
+                 aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig* config),
+                (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<int64_t>, getHintSessionPreferredRate, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig>, getSessionChannel,
+                (int tgid, int uid), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, closeSessionChannel, (int tgid, int uid), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::Hwc2::mock
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index 6b3c379..867fc45 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -1369,197 +1369,221 @@
     const VkPhysicalDevice& pdev = GetData(device).driver_physical_device;
     const InstanceData& instance_data = GetData(pdev);
     const InstanceDriverTable& instance_dispatch = instance_data.driver;
-    if (!instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2 &&
-            !instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR) {
-        uint64_t native_usage = 0;
-        void* usage_info_pNext = nullptr;
-        VkResult result;
+    if (instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2 ||
+            instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR) {
+        // Look through the create_info pNext chain passed to createSwapchainKHR
+        // for an image compression control struct.
+        // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled, create a
+        // VkImageCompressionControlEXT structure to pass on to
+        // GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2
+        void* compression_control_pNext = nullptr;
         VkImageCompressionControlEXT image_compression = {};
-        const auto& dispatch = GetData(device).driver;
-        if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID) {
-            ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID");
-            VkGrallocUsageInfo2ANDROID gralloc_usage_info = {};
-            gralloc_usage_info.sType =
-                VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRALLOC_USAGE_INFO_2_ANDROID;
-            gralloc_usage_info.format = create_info->imageFormat;
-            gralloc_usage_info.imageUsage = create_info->imageUsage;
-            gralloc_usage_info.swapchainImageUsage = swapchain_image_usage;
-
-            // Look through the pNext chain for an image compression control struct
-            // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled,
-            // append it to be the gralloc usage pNext chain
-            const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
-            while (create_infos->pNext) {
-                create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(
-                    create_infos->pNext);
-                switch (create_infos->sType) {
-                    case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
-                        const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
-                            reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(
-                                create_infos);
-                        image_compression = *compression_infos;
-                        image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
-                        usage_info_pNext = &image_compression;
-                    } break;
-
-                    default:
-                        // Ignore all other info structs
-                        break;
-                }
+        const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
+        while (create_infos->pNext) {
+            create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(create_infos->pNext);
+            switch (create_infos->sType) {
+                case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
+                    const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
+                        reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(create_infos);
+                    image_compression = *compression_infos;
+                    image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
+                    compression_control_pNext = &image_compression;
+                } break;
+                default:
+                    // Ignore all other info structs
+                    break;
             }
-            gralloc_usage_info.pNext = usage_info_pNext;
-
-            result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID(
-                device, &gralloc_usage_info, &native_usage);
-            ATRACE_END();
-            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-                ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID failed: %d", result);
-                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-            }
-        } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID) {
-            ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID");
-            VkGrallocUsageInfoANDROID gralloc_usage_info = {};
-            gralloc_usage_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRALLOC_USAGE_INFO_ANDROID;
-            gralloc_usage_info.format = create_info->imageFormat;
-            gralloc_usage_info.imageUsage = create_info->imageUsage;
-
-            // Look through the pNext chain for an image compression control struct
-            // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled,
-            // append it to be the gralloc usage pNext chain
-            const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
-            while (create_infos->pNext) {
-                create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(
-                    create_infos->pNext);
-                switch (create_infos->sType) {
-                    case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
-                        const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
-                            reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(
-                                create_infos);
-                        image_compression = *compression_infos;
-                        image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
-                        usage_info_pNext = &image_compression;
-                    } break;
-
-                    default:
-                        // Ignore all other info structs
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-            gralloc_usage_info.pNext = usage_info_pNext;
-
-            result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID(
-                device, &gralloc_usage_info, &native_usage);
-            ATRACE_END();
-            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-                ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID failed: %d", result);
-                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-            }
-        } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID) {
-            uint64_t consumer_usage, producer_usage;
-            ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID");
-            result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID(
-                device, create_info->imageFormat, create_info->imageUsage,
-                swapchain_image_usage, &consumer_usage, &producer_usage);
-            ATRACE_END();
-            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-                ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID failed: %d", result);
-                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-            }
-            native_usage =
-                convertGralloc1ToBufferUsage(producer_usage, consumer_usage);
-        } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID) {
-            ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID");
-            int32_t legacy_usage = 0;
-            result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID(
-                device, create_info->imageFormat, create_info->imageUsage,
-                &legacy_usage);
-            ATRACE_END();
-            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-                ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID failed: %d", result);
-                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-            }
-            native_usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(legacy_usage);
         }
-        *producer_usage = native_usage;
 
-        return VK_SUCCESS;
+        // call GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR
+        VkPhysicalDeviceExternalImageFormatInfo external_image_format_info = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO,
+            .pNext = compression_control_pNext,
+            .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_BIT_ANDROID,
+        };
+
+        // AHB does not have an sRGB format so we can't pass it to GPDIFP
+        // We need to convert the format to unorm if it is srgb
+        VkFormat format = create_info->imageFormat;
+        if (format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB) {
+            format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
+        }
+
+        VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 image_format_info = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2,
+            .pNext = &external_image_format_info,
+            .format = format,
+            .type = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+            .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
+            .usage = create_info->imageUsage,
+            .flags = create_protected_swapchain ? VK_IMAGE_CREATE_PROTECTED_BIT : 0u,
+        };
+
+        VkAndroidHardwareBufferUsageANDROID ahb_usage;
+        ahb_usage.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_USAGE_ANDROID;
+        ahb_usage.pNext = nullptr;
+
+        VkImageFormatProperties2 image_format_properties;
+        image_format_properties.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
+        image_format_properties.pNext = &ahb_usage;
+
+        if (instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2) {
+            VkResult result = instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
+                pdev, &image_format_info, &image_format_properties);
+            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+                ALOGE("VkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2 for AHB usage failed: %d", result);
+                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            VkResult result = instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR(
+                pdev, &image_format_info,
+                &image_format_properties);
+            if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+                ALOGE("VkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR for AHB usage failed: %d",
+                    result);
+                return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Determine if USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER is needed.
+        // GPDIFP2 has no means of using VkSwapchainImageUsageFlagsANDROID when
+        // querying for producer_usage. So androidHardwareBufferUsage will not
+        // contain USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER. We need to manually check for usage here.
+        if (!(swapchain_image_usage & VK_SWAPCHAIN_IMAGE_USAGE_SHARED_BIT_ANDROID)) {
+            *producer_usage = ahb_usage.androidHardwareBufferUsage;
+            return VK_SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        // Check if USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER is supported for this swapchain
+        AHardwareBuffer_Desc ahb_desc = {
+            .width = create_info->imageExtent.width,
+            .height = create_info->imageExtent.height,
+            .layers = create_info->imageArrayLayers,
+            .format = create_info->imageFormat,
+            .usage = ahb_usage.androidHardwareBufferUsage | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER,
+            .stride = 0, // stride is always ignored when calling isSupported()
+        };
+
+        // If FRONT_BUFFER is not supported,
+        // then we need to call GetSwapchainGrallocUsageXAndroid below
+        if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&ahb_desc)) {
+            *producer_usage = ahb_usage.androidHardwareBufferUsage;
+            *producer_usage |= AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER;
+            return VK_SUCCESS;
+        }
     }
 
-    // Look through the create_info pNext chain passed to createSwapchainKHR
-    // for an image compression control struct.
-    // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled, create a
-    // VkImageCompressionControlEXT structure to pass on to GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2
-    void* compression_control_pNext = nullptr;
+    uint64_t native_usage = 0;
+    void* usage_info_pNext = nullptr;
+    VkResult result;
     VkImageCompressionControlEXT image_compression = {};
-    const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
-    while (create_infos->pNext) {
-        create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(create_infos->pNext);
-        switch (create_infos->sType) {
-            case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
-                const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
-                    reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(create_infos);
-                image_compression = *compression_infos;
-                image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
-                compression_control_pNext = &image_compression;
-            } break;
-            default:
-                // Ignore all other info structs
-                break;
+    const auto& dispatch = GetData(device).driver;
+    if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID) {
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID");
+        VkGrallocUsageInfo2ANDROID gralloc_usage_info = {};
+        gralloc_usage_info.sType =
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRALLOC_USAGE_INFO_2_ANDROID;
+        gralloc_usage_info.format = create_info->imageFormat;
+        gralloc_usage_info.imageUsage = create_info->imageUsage;
+        gralloc_usage_info.swapchainImageUsage = swapchain_image_usage;
+
+        // Look through the pNext chain for an image compression control struct
+        // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled,
+        // append it to be the gralloc usage pNext chain
+        const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
+        while (create_infos->pNext) {
+            create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(
+                create_infos->pNext);
+            switch (create_infos->sType) {
+                case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
+                    const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
+                        reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(
+                            create_infos);
+                    image_compression = *compression_infos;
+                    image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
+                    usage_info_pNext = &image_compression;
+                } break;
+
+                default:
+                    // Ignore all other info structs
+                    break;
+            }
         }
-    }
+        gralloc_usage_info.pNext = usage_info_pNext;
 
-    // call GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR
-    VkPhysicalDeviceExternalImageFormatInfo external_image_format_info = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO,
-        .pNext = compression_control_pNext,
-        .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_BIT_ANDROID,
-    };
-
-    // AHB does not have an sRGB format so we can't pass it to GPDIFP
-    // We need to convert the format to unorm if it is srgb
-    VkFormat format = create_info->imageFormat;
-    if (format == VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB) {
-        format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
-    }
-
-    VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 image_format_info = {
-        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2,
-        .pNext = &external_image_format_info,
-        .format = format,
-        .type = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
-        .tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
-        .usage = create_info->imageUsage,
-        .flags = create_protected_swapchain ? VK_IMAGE_CREATE_PROTECTED_BIT : 0u,
-    };
-
-    VkAndroidHardwareBufferUsageANDROID ahb_usage;
-    ahb_usage.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_USAGE_ANDROID;
-    ahb_usage.pNext = nullptr;
-
-    VkImageFormatProperties2 image_format_properties;
-    image_format_properties.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
-    image_format_properties.pNext = &ahb_usage;
-
-    if (instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2) {
-        VkResult result = instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
-            pdev, &image_format_info, &image_format_properties);
+        result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID(
+            device, &gralloc_usage_info, &native_usage);
+        ATRACE_END();
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            ALOGE("VkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2 for AHB usage failed: %d", result);
+            ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage4ANDROID failed: %d", result);
             return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
         }
-    }
-    else {
-        VkResult result = instance_dispatch.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR(
-            pdev, &image_format_info,
-            &image_format_properties);
+    } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID) {
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID");
+        VkGrallocUsageInfoANDROID gralloc_usage_info = {};
+        gralloc_usage_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRALLOC_USAGE_INFO_ANDROID;
+        gralloc_usage_info.format = create_info->imageFormat;
+        gralloc_usage_info.imageUsage = create_info->imageUsage;
+
+        // Look through the pNext chain for an image compression control struct
+        // if one is found AND the appropriate extensions are enabled,
+        // append it to be the gralloc usage pNext chain
+        const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* create_infos = create_info;
+        while (create_infos->pNext) {
+            create_infos = reinterpret_cast<const VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR*>(
+                create_infos->pNext);
+            switch (create_infos->sType) {
+                case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_COMPRESSION_CONTROL_EXT: {
+                    const VkImageCompressionControlEXT* compression_infos =
+                        reinterpret_cast<const VkImageCompressionControlEXT*>(
+                            create_infos);
+                    image_compression = *compression_infos;
+                    image_compression.pNext = nullptr;
+                    usage_info_pNext = &image_compression;
+                } break;
+
+                default:
+                    // Ignore all other info structs
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        gralloc_usage_info.pNext = usage_info_pNext;
+
+        result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID(
+            device, &gralloc_usage_info, &native_usage);
+        ATRACE_END();
         if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
-            ALOGE("VkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR for AHB usage failed: %d",
-                result);
+            ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage3ANDROID failed: %d", result);
             return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
         }
+    } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID) {
+        uint64_t consumer_usage, producer_usage;
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID");
+        result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID(
+            device, create_info->imageFormat, create_info->imageUsage,
+            swapchain_image_usage, &consumer_usage, &producer_usage);
+        ATRACE_END();
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsage2ANDROID failed: %d", result);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        native_usage =
+            convertGralloc1ToBufferUsage(producer_usage, consumer_usage);
+    } else if (dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID) {
+        ATRACE_BEGIN("GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID");
+        int32_t legacy_usage = 0;
+        result = dispatch.GetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID(
+            device, create_info->imageFormat, create_info->imageUsage,
+            &legacy_usage);
+        ATRACE_END();
+        if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            ALOGE("vkGetSwapchainGrallocUsageANDROID failed: %d", result);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        native_usage = static_cast<uint64_t>(legacy_usage);
     }
-
-    *producer_usage = ahb_usage.androidHardwareBufferUsage;
+    *producer_usage = native_usage;
 
     return VK_SUCCESS;
 }