diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index 298c01a..1393f61 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -85,4 +85,4 @@
 cc_library_headers{
     name: "libandroid_headers_private",
     export_include_dirs: ["include/private"],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
index 990aa53..cfc405a 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
@@ -1657,8 +1657,6 @@
     for_each_tid(show_wchan, "BLOCKED PROCESS WAIT-CHANNELS");
     for_each_pid(show_showtime, "PROCESS TIMES (pid cmd user system iowait+percentage)");
 
-    /* Dump Bluetooth HCI logs */
-    ds.AddDir("/data/misc/bluetooth/logs", true);
     /* Dump Nfc NCI logs */
     ds.AddDir("/data/misc/nfc/logs", true);
 
@@ -1744,6 +1742,9 @@
 
     RUN_SLOW_FUNCTION_WITH_CONSENT_CHECK(RunDumpsysNormal);
 
+    /* Dump Bluetooth HCI logs after getting bluetooth_manager dumpsys */
+    ds.AddDir("/data/misc/bluetooth/logs", true);
+
     if (ds.dump_pool_) {
         WAIT_TASK_WITH_CONSENT_CHECK(DUMP_CHECKINS_TASK, ds.dump_pool_);
     } else {
@@ -2060,7 +2061,7 @@
 }
 
 Dumpstate::RunStatus Dumpstate::DumpTraces(const char** path) {
-    const std::string temp_file_pattern = "/data/anr/dumptrace_XXXXXX";
+    const std::string temp_file_pattern = ds.bugreport_internal_dir_ + "/dumptrace_XXXXXX";
     const size_t buf_size = temp_file_pattern.length() + 1;
     std::unique_ptr<char[]> file_name_buf(new char[buf_size]);
     memcpy(file_name_buf.get(), temp_file_pattern.c_str(), buf_size);
@@ -3067,6 +3068,9 @@
     android::os::UnlinkAndLogOnError(tmp_path_);
     android::os::UnlinkAndLogOnError(screenshot_path_);
     android::os::UnlinkAndLogOnError(path_);
+    if (dump_traces_path != nullptr) {
+        android::os::UnlinkAndLogOnError(dump_traces_path);
+    }
 }
 
 void Dumpstate::EnableParallelRunIfNeeded() {
diff --git a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
index 4dfd1d0..0cf50a3 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
@@ -2112,8 +2112,9 @@
     {
         struct stat s;
         if (stat(b_path.c_str(), &s) != 0) {
-            // Silently ignore for now. The service calling this isn't smart enough to understand
-            // lack of artifacts at the moment.
+            // Ignore for now. The service calling this isn't smart enough to
+            // understand lack of artifacts at the moment.
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "A/B artifact " << b_path << " does not exist!";
             return false;
         }
         if (!S_ISREG(s.st_mode)) {
diff --git a/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
index 443821c..ef052bd 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
@@ -473,24 +473,29 @@
     // Run dexopt with the parameters of parameters_.
     // TODO(calin): embed the profile name in the parameters.
     int Dexopt() {
-        std::string dummy;
-        return dexopt(parameters_.apk_path,
-                      parameters_.uid,
-                      parameters_.pkgName,
-                      parameters_.instruction_set,
-                      parameters_.dexopt_needed,
-                      parameters_.oat_dir,
-                      parameters_.dexopt_flags,
-                      parameters_.compiler_filter,
-                      parameters_.volume_uuid,
-                      parameters_.shared_libraries,
-                      parameters_.se_info,
-                      parameters_.downgrade,
-                      parameters_.target_sdk_version,
-                      parameters_.profile_name,
-                      parameters_.dex_metadata_path,
-                      parameters_.compilation_reason,
-                      &dummy);
+        std::string error;
+        int res = dexopt(parameters_.apk_path,
+                         parameters_.uid,
+                         parameters_.pkgName,
+                         parameters_.instruction_set,
+                         parameters_.dexopt_needed,
+                         parameters_.oat_dir,
+                         parameters_.dexopt_flags,
+                         parameters_.compiler_filter,
+                         parameters_.volume_uuid,
+                         parameters_.shared_libraries,
+                         parameters_.se_info,
+                         parameters_.downgrade,
+                         parameters_.target_sdk_version,
+                         parameters_.profile_name,
+                         parameters_.dex_metadata_path,
+                         parameters_.compilation_reason,
+                         &error);
+        if (res != 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "During preopt of " << parameters_.apk_path << " got result " << res
+                       << " error: " << error;
+        }
+        return res;
     }
 
     int RunPreopt() {
diff --git a/cmds/surfacereplayer/proto/Android.bp b/cmds/surfacereplayer/proto/Android.bp
index dae976e..23b54ee 100644
--- a/cmds/surfacereplayer/proto/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/surfacereplayer/proto/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/data/etc/Android.bp b/data/etc/Android.bp
index 83b6aa0..9d88ca6 100644
--- a/data/etc/Android.bp
+++ b/data/etc/Android.bp
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 prebuilt_etc {
     name: "android.hardware.biometrics.face.xml",
     product_specific: true,
     sub_dir: "permissions",
     src: "android.hardware.biometrics.face.xml",
     filename_from_src: true,
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/include/android/imagedecoder.h b/include/android/imagedecoder.h
index cac67d4..ee1eee2 100644
--- a/include/android/imagedecoder.h
+++ b/include/android/imagedecoder.h
@@ -367,6 +367,10 @@
  * the first frame (e.g. before calling {@link AImageDecoder_advanceFrame} or
  * after calling {@link AImageDecoder_rewind}).
  *
+ * It is strongly recommended to use setTargetSize only for downscaling, as it
+ * is often more efficient to scale-up when rendering than up-front due to
+ * reduced overall memory.
+ *
  * Available since API level 30.
  *
  * @param width Width of the output (prior to cropping).
diff --git a/include/input/Flags.h b/include/input/Flags.h
index 072dd18..b12a9ed 100644
--- a/include/input/Flags.h
+++ b/include/input/Flags.h
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 template <typename F>
 constexpr std::optional<std::string_view> flag_name(F flag) {
     using U = std::underlying_type_t<F>;
-    auto idx = __builtin_ctzl(static_cast<U>(flag));
+    auto idx = static_cast<size_t>(__builtin_ctzl(static_cast<U>(flag)));
     return details::flag_names<F>[idx];
 }
 
@@ -280,4 +280,4 @@
 } // namespace flag_operators
 } // namespace android
 
-#endif // __UI_INPUT_FLAGS_H
\ No newline at end of file
+#endif // __UI_INPUT_FLAGS_H
diff --git a/libs/attestation/Android.bp b/libs/attestation/Android.bp
index b85aecd..ea3c341 100644
--- a/libs/attestation/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/attestation/Android.bp
@@ -11,6 +11,15 @@
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libattestation",
     cflags: [
@@ -28,4 +37,4 @@
         "liblog",
         "libcrypto",
     ],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/libs/attestation/tests/Android.bp b/libs/attestation/tests/Android.bp
index 6ce5ea1..8dac0ce 100644
--- a/libs/attestation/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/attestation/tests/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "libattestation_tests",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/serialization.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/serialization.rs
index 2bf3d03..f1b068e 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/serialization.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/serialization.rs
@@ -40,6 +40,41 @@
     include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/bindings.rs"));
 }
 
+macro_rules! assert_eq {
+    ($left:expr, $right:expr $(,)?) => {
+        match (&$left, &$right) {
+            (left, right) => {
+                if *left != *right {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "assertion failed: `{:?}` == `{:?}`, {}:{}:{}",
+                        &*left,
+                        &*right,
+                        file!(),
+                        line!(),
+                        column!()
+                    );
+                    return Err(StatusCode::FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! assert {
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        if !$expr {
+            eprintln!(
+                "assertion failed: `{:?}`, {}:{}:{}",
+                $expr,
+                file!(),
+                line!(),
+                column!()
+            );
+            return Err(StatusCode::FAILED_TRANSACTION);
+        }
+    };
+}
+
 static SERVICE_ONCE: Once = Once::new();
 static mut SERVICE: Option<SpIBinder> = None;
 
@@ -282,7 +317,7 @@
             ))?;
         }
         bindings::Transaction_TEST_FAIL => {
-            return Err(StatusCode::FAILED_TRANSACTION)
+            assert!(false);
         }
         _ => return Err(StatusCode::UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION),
     }
diff --git a/libs/ftl/Android.bp b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
index 5bccaca..97626be 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "ftl_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
diff --git a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
index eba7b3c..05e1935 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
@@ -17,15 +17,10 @@
 // tag as surfaceflinger
 #define LOG_TAG "SurfaceFlinger"
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
 #include <android/gui/ITransactionTraceListener.h>
-
-#include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
-
+#include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <gui/IDisplayEventConnection.h>
 #include <gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.h>
 #include <gui/IRegionSamplingListener.h>
@@ -33,16 +28,15 @@
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <gui/LayerDebugInfo.h>
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
-
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <system/graphics.h>
-
 #include <ui/DisplayMode.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayStatInfo.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayState.h>
 #include <ui/DynamicDisplayInfo.h>
 #include <ui/HdrCapabilities.h>
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
-
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -761,6 +755,33 @@
         return error;
     }
 
+    virtual status_t addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                                    const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+        Parcel data, reply;
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeInterfaceToken, ISurfaceComposer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeStrongBinder, layerHandle);
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeStrongBinder, IInterface::asBinder(listener));
+        const status_t error =
+                remote()->transact(BnSurfaceComposer::ADD_FPS_LISTENER, data, &reply);
+        if (error != OK) {
+            ALOGE("addFpsListener: Failed to transact");
+        }
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    virtual status_t removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+        Parcel data, reply;
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeInterfaceToken, ISurfaceComposer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeStrongBinder, IInterface::asBinder(listener));
+
+        const status_t error =
+                remote()->transact(BnSurfaceComposer::REMOVE_FPS_LISTENER, data, &reply);
+        if (error != OK) {
+            ALOGE("removeFpsListener: Failed to transact");
+        }
+        return error;
+    }
+
     status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                         ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching,
                                         float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax,
@@ -1646,6 +1667,32 @@
             }
             return removeRegionSamplingListener(listener);
         }
+        case ADD_FPS_LISTENER: {
+            CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
+            sp<IBinder> layerHandle;
+            status_t result = data.readNullableStrongBinder(&layerHandle);
+            if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+                ALOGE("addFpsListener: Failed to read layer handle");
+                return result;
+            }
+            sp<gui::IFpsListener> listener;
+            result = data.readNullableStrongBinder(&listener);
+            if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+                ALOGE("addFpsListener: Failed to read listener");
+                return result;
+            }
+            return addFpsListener(layerHandle, listener);
+        }
+        case REMOVE_FPS_LISTENER: {
+            CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
+            sp<gui::IFpsListener> listener;
+            status_t result = data.readNullableStrongBinder(&listener);
+            if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+                ALOGE("removeFpsListener: Failed to read listener");
+                return result;
+            }
+            return removeFpsListener(listener);
+        }
         case SET_DESIRED_DISPLAY_MODE_SPECS: {
             CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
             sp<IBinder> displayToken = data.readStrongBinder();
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 0317b2b..f5cde59 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -1982,6 +1982,15 @@
     return ComposerService::getComposerService()->removeRegionSamplingListener(listener);
 }
 
+status_t SurfaceComposerClient::addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                                               const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+    return ComposerService::getComposerService()->addFpsListener(layerHandle, listener);
+}
+
+status_t SurfaceComposerClient::removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+    return ComposerService::getComposerService()->removeFpsListener(listener);
+}
+
 bool SurfaceComposerClient::getDisplayBrightnessSupport(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
     bool support = false;
     ComposerService::getComposerService()->getDisplayBrightnessSupport(displayToken, &support);
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IFpsListener.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IFpsListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63d333c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IFpsListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.gui;
+
+/** @hide */
+oneway interface IFpsListener {
+
+    // Reports the most recent recorded fps for the tree rooted at this layer
+    void onFpsReported(float fps);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
index 6289e5a..8b64bcf 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
@@ -16,21 +16,17 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <binder/IInterface.h>
-
+#include <android/gui/IFpsListener.h>
 #include <android/gui/IScreenCaptureListener.h>
 #include <android/gui/ITransactionTraceListener.h>
+#include <binder/IBinder.h>
+#include <binder/IInterface.h>
 #include <gui/FrameTimelineInfo.h>
 #include <gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h>
-
 #include <input/Flags.h>
-
 #include <math/vec4.h>
-
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/ConfigStoreTypes.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayMode.h>
@@ -40,7 +36,6 @@
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rotation.h>
-
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
@@ -354,6 +349,23 @@
      */
     virtual status_t removeRegionSamplingListener(const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener) = 0;
 
+    /* Registers a listener that streams fps updates from SurfaceFlinger.
+     *
+     * The listener will stream fps updates for the layer tree rooted at layerHandle. Usually, this
+     * should be tied to a task. Layers that are not descendants of that task are out of scope for
+     * FPS computations.
+     *
+     * Multiple listeners may be supported.
+     *
+     * Requires the ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER permission.
+     */
+    virtual status_t addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                                    const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) = 0;
+    /*
+     * Removes a listener that was streaming fps updates from SurfaceFlinger.
+     */
+    virtual status_t removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) = 0;
+
     /* Sets the refresh rate boundaries for the display.
      *
      * The primary refresh rate range represents display manager's general guidance on the display
@@ -559,6 +571,8 @@
         GET_GPU_CONTEXT_PRIORITY,
         GET_EXTRA_BUFFER_COUNT,
         GET_DYNAMIC_DISPLAY_INFO,
+        ADD_FPS_LISTENER,
+        REMOVE_FPS_LISTENER,
         // Always append new enum to the end.
     };
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 64c8af5..ab0347c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -589,6 +589,9 @@
                                               const sp<IBinder>& stopLayerHandle,
                                               const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener);
     static status_t removeRegionSamplingListener(const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener);
+    static status_t addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                                   const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener);
+    static status_t removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener);
 
 private:
     virtual void onFirstRef();
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index 69bb866..91b2aff 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -824,6 +824,11 @@
             const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& /*listener*/) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
+    status_t addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& /*layerHandle*/,
+                            const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& /*listener*/) {
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    status_t removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& /*listener*/) { return NO_ERROR; }
     status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& /*displayToken*/,
                                         ui::DisplayModeId /*defaultMode*/,
                                         bool /*allowGroupSwitching*/,
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index 9f40011..6c6db46 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -404,10 +404,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-static bool hasUsage(const AHardwareBuffer_Desc& desc, uint64_t usage) {
-    return !!(desc.usage & usage);
-}
-
 static float toDegrees(uint32_t transform) {
     switch (transform) {
         case ui::Transform::ROT_90:
@@ -606,8 +602,6 @@
     auto& cache = mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedTextureCache : mTextureCache;
     AHardwareBuffer_Desc bufferDesc;
     AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(), &bufferDesc);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!hasUsage(bufferDesc, AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE),
-                        "missing usage");
 
     std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> surfaceTextureRef = nullptr;
     if (useFramebufferCache) {
diff --git a/libs/ui/Android.bp b/libs/ui/Android.bp
index de2b9a4..74d17ce 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ui/Android.bp
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
         "libarect",
         "libmath",
     ],
+
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbroadcastring/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libbroadcastring/Android.bp
index 2eb2f9f..d4538f1 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbroadcastring/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbroadcastring/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/Android.bp
index 45bdd35..583ad1d 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/Android.bp
index f372bd7..0bda798 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/benchmarks/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/benchmarks/Android.bp
index fc1f376..e33e03b 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/Android.bp
index e883916..33a0d75 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/Android.bp
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdisplay/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdisplay/Android.bp
index 365a676..b0ed950 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdisplay/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdisplay/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
index 83c30d7..96023dd 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
index 4ed80a4..fe7feb8 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvrcommon/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdvrcommon/Android.bp
index 9e1e516..fe4dfc7 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvrcommon/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvrcommon/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libpdx_default_transport/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libpdx_default_transport/Android.bp
index ea73d7a..8046857 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libpdx_default_transport/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libpdx_default_transport/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/Android.bp
index 532d1a7..216ca9f 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libperformance/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libperformance/Android.bp
index 5beee35..38bf4ea 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libperformance/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libperformance/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
index 8aca9a5..bf848af 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp
index dafd354..095f556 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrsensor/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libvrsensor/Android.bp
index 8f566a0..40a5099 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libvrsensor/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrsensor/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/opengl/tests/configdump/Android.bp b/opengl/tests/configdump/Android.bp
index ffb0c1f..1bb5983 100644
--- a/opengl/tests/configdump/Android.bp
+++ b/opengl/tests/configdump/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/opengl/tests/filter/Android.bp b/opengl/tests/filter/Android.bp
index 3b92b37..b93576f 100644
--- a/opengl/tests/filter/Android.bp
+++ b/opengl/tests/filter/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/opengl/tests/gl_basic/Android.bp b/opengl/tests/gl_basic/Android.bp
index f777401..f55cd0d 100644
--- a/opengl/tests/gl_basic/Android.bp
+++ b/opengl/tests/gl_basic/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/opengl/tests/tritex/Android.bp b/opengl/tests/tritex/Android.bp
index 759582c..87da93f 100644
--- a/opengl/tests/tritex/Android.bp
+++ b/opengl/tests/tritex/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
index 182736f..b2ddb42 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 
     void notifySwitch(nsecs_t, uint32_t, uint32_t, uint32_t) override {}
 
-    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t) override {}
+    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t, int32_t) override {}
 
     bool checkInjectEventsPermissionNonReentrant(int32_t, int32_t) override { return false; }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
index 45a007b..ed17e68 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
@@ -273,6 +273,7 @@
     bool enabled;
     int32_t pid;
     nsecs_t consumeTime; // time when the event was consumed by InputConsumer
+    int32_t displayId;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.cpp
index ee6b38b..2db8c13 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.cpp
@@ -40,110 +40,102 @@
     return it != mFocusedWindowTokenByDisplay.end() ? it->second.second : nullptr;
 }
 
-std::optional<FocusRequest> FocusResolver::getPendingRequest(int32_t displayId) {
-    auto it = mPendingFocusRequests.find(displayId);
-    return it != mPendingFocusRequests.end() ? std::make_optional<>(it->second) : std::nullopt;
+std::optional<FocusRequest> FocusResolver::getFocusRequest(int32_t displayId) {
+    auto it = mFocusRequestByDisplay.find(displayId);
+    return it != mFocusRequestByDisplay.end() ? std::make_optional<>(it->second) : std::nullopt;
 }
 
+/**
+ * 'setInputWindows' is called when the window properties change. Here we will check whether the
+ * currently focused window can remain focused. If the currently focused window remains eligible
+ * for focus ('isTokenFocusable' returns OK), then we will continue to grant it focus otherwise
+ * we will check if the previous focus request is eligible to receive focus.
+ */
 std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> FocusResolver::setInputWindows(
         int32_t displayId, const std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>& windows) {
-    // If the current focused window becomes unfocusable, remove focus.
-    sp<IBinder> currentFocus = getFocusedWindowToken(displayId);
+    std::string removeFocusReason;
+
+    // Check if the currently focused window is still focusable.
+    const sp<IBinder> currentFocus = getFocusedWindowToken(displayId);
     if (currentFocus) {
-        FocusResult result = isTokenFocusable(currentFocus, windows);
-        if (result != FocusResult::OK) {
-            return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, NamedEnum::string(result), nullptr);
+        Focusability result = isTokenFocusable(currentFocus, windows);
+        if (result == Focusability::OK) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        removeFocusReason = NamedEnum::string(result);
+    }
+
+    // We don't have a focused window or the currently focused window is no longer focusable. Check
+    // to see if we can grant focus to the window that previously requested focus.
+    const std::optional<FocusRequest> request = getFocusRequest(displayId);
+    if (request) {
+        sp<IBinder> requestedFocus = request->token;
+        const Focusability result = isTokenFocusable(requestedFocus, windows);
+        const Focusability previousResult = mLastFocusResultByDisplay[displayId];
+        mLastFocusResultByDisplay[displayId] = result;
+        if (result == Focusability::OK) {
+            return updateFocusedWindow(displayId,
+                                       "Window became focusable. Previous reason: " +
+                                               NamedEnum::string(previousResult),
+                                       requestedFocus, request->windowName);
         }
     }
 
-    // Check if any pending focus requests can be resolved.
-    std::optional<FocusRequest> pendingRequest = getPendingRequest(displayId);
-    if (!pendingRequest) {
-        return std::nullopt;
-    }
-
-    sp<IBinder> requestedFocus = pendingRequest->token;
-    std::string windowName = pendingRequest->windowName;
-    if (currentFocus == requestedFocus) {
-        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
-                 "setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason: already focused",
-                 windowName.c_str(), displayId);
-        mPendingFocusRequests.erase(displayId);
-        return std::nullopt;
-    }
-
-    FocusResult result = isTokenFocusable(requestedFocus, windows);
-    // If the window from the pending request is now visible, provide it focus.
-    if (result == FocusResult::OK) {
-        mPendingFocusRequests.erase(displayId);
-        return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, "Window became visible", requestedFocus, windowName);
-    }
-
-    if (result != FocusResult::NOT_VISIBLE) {
-        // Drop the request if we are unable to change the focus for a reason other than visibility.
-        ALOGW("Focus request %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason:%s", windowName.c_str(),
-              displayId, NamedEnum::string(result).c_str());
-        mPendingFocusRequests.erase(displayId);
-    }
-    return std::nullopt;
+    // Focused window is no longer focusable and we don't have a suitable focus request to grant.
+    // Remove focus if needed.
+    return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, removeFocusReason, nullptr);
 }
 
 std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> FocusResolver::setFocusedWindow(
         const FocusRequest& request, const std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>& windows) {
     const int32_t displayId = request.displayId;
     const sp<IBinder> currentFocus = getFocusedWindowToken(displayId);
-    if (request.focusedToken && currentFocus != request.focusedToken) {
-        ALOGW("setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32
-              " ignored, reason: focusedToken  %s is not focused",
-              request.windowName.c_str(), displayId, request.focusedWindowName.c_str());
-        return std::nullopt;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<FocusRequest> pendingRequest = getPendingRequest(displayId);
-    if (pendingRequest) {
-        ALOGW("Pending focus request %s on display %" PRId32
-              " ignored, reason:replaced by new request",
-              pendingRequest->windowName.c_str(), displayId);
-
-        // clear any pending focus requests
-        mPendingFocusRequests.erase(displayId);
-    }
-
     if (currentFocus == request.token) {
         ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
-                 "setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason:already focused",
+                 "setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason: already focused",
                  request.windowName.c_str(), displayId);
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    FocusResult result = isTokenFocusable(request.token, windows);
-    if (result == FocusResult::OK) {
-        std::string reason =
-                (request.focusedToken) ? "setFocusedWindow with focus check" : "setFocusedWindow";
-        return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, reason, request.token, request.windowName);
-    }
-
-    if (result == FocusResult::NOT_VISIBLE) {
-        // The requested window is not currently visible. Wait for the window to become visible
-        // and then provide it focus. This is to handle situations where a user action triggers
-        // a new window to appear. We want to be able to queue any key events after the user
-        // action and deliver it to the newly focused window. In order for this to happen, we
-        // take focus from the currently focused window so key events can be queued.
-        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
-                 "setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32
-                 " pending, reason: window is not visible",
-                 request.windowName.c_str(), displayId);
-        mPendingFocusRequests[displayId] = request;
-        return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, "Waiting for window to be visible", nullptr);
-    } else {
-        ALOGW("setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason:%s",
+    // Handle conditional focus requests, i.e. requests that have a focused token. These requests
+    // are not persistent. If the window is no longer focusable, we expect focus to go back to the
+    // previously focused window.
+    if (request.focusedToken) {
+        if (currentFocus != request.focusedToken) {
+            ALOGW("setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32
+                  " ignored, reason: focusedToken %s is not focused",
+                  request.windowName.c_str(), displayId, request.focusedWindowName.c_str());
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        Focusability result = isTokenFocusable(request.token, windows);
+        if (result == Focusability::OK) {
+            return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, "setFocusedWindow with focus check",
+                                       request.token, request.windowName);
+        }
+        ALOGW("setFocusedWindow %s on display %" PRId32 " ignored, reason: %s",
               request.windowName.c_str(), displayId, NamedEnum::string(result).c_str());
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    return std::nullopt;
+    Focusability result = isTokenFocusable(request.token, windows);
+    // Update focus request. The focus resolver will always try to handle this request if there is
+    // no focused window on the display.
+    mFocusRequestByDisplay[displayId] = request;
+    mLastFocusResultByDisplay[displayId] = result;
+
+    if (result == Focusability::OK) {
+        return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, "setFocusedWindow", request.token,
+                                   request.windowName);
+    }
+
+    // The requested window is not currently focusable. Wait for the window to become focusable
+    // but remove focus from the current window so that input events can go into a pending queue
+    // and be sent to the window when it becomes focused.
+    return updateFocusedWindow(displayId, "Waiting for window because " + NamedEnum::string(result),
+                               nullptr);
 }
 
-FocusResolver::FocusResult FocusResolver::isTokenFocusable(
+FocusResolver::Focusability FocusResolver::isTokenFocusable(
         const sp<IBinder>& token, const std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>& windows) {
     bool allWindowsAreFocusable = true;
     bool visibleWindowFound = false;
@@ -165,16 +157,16 @@
     }
 
     if (!windowFound) {
-        return FocusResult::NO_WINDOW;
+        return Focusability::NO_WINDOW;
     }
     if (!allWindowsAreFocusable) {
-        return FocusResult::NOT_FOCUSABLE;
+        return Focusability::NOT_FOCUSABLE;
     }
     if (!visibleWindowFound) {
-        return FocusResult::NOT_VISIBLE;
+        return Focusability::NOT_VISIBLE;
     }
 
-    return FocusResult::OK;
+    return Focusability::OK;
 }
 
 std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> FocusResolver::updateFocusedWindow(
@@ -209,15 +201,17 @@
 
 std::string FocusResolver::dump() const {
     std::string dump = dumpFocusedWindows();
-
-    if (mPendingFocusRequests.empty()) {
-        return dump + INDENT "PendingFocusRequests: <none>\n";
+    if (mFocusRequestByDisplay.empty()) {
+        return dump + INDENT "FocusRequests: <none>\n";
     }
 
-    dump += INDENT "PendingFocusRequests:\n";
-    for (const auto& [displayId, request] : mPendingFocusRequests) {
-        dump += base::StringPrintf(INDENT2 "displayId=%" PRId32 ", name='%s'\n", displayId,
-                                   request.windowName.c_str());
+    dump += INDENT "FocusRequests:\n";
+    for (const auto& [displayId, request] : mFocusRequestByDisplay) {
+        auto it = mLastFocusResultByDisplay.find(displayId);
+        std::string result =
+                it != mLastFocusResultByDisplay.end() ? NamedEnum::string(it->second) : "";
+        dump += base::StringPrintf(INDENT2 "displayId=%" PRId32 ", name='%s' result='%s'\n",
+                                   displayId, request.windowName.c_str(), result.c_str());
     }
     return dump;
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.h
index e067ad9..dc5eeeb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/FocusResolver.h
@@ -34,11 +34,18 @@
 //   is visible with the same token and all window handles with the same token are focusable.
 //   See FocusResolver::isTokenFocusable
 //
-//   Focus request - Request will be granted if the window is focusable. If the window is not
-//   visible, then the request is kept in a pending state and granted when it becomes visible.
-//   If window becomes not focusable, or another request comes in, the pending request is dropped.
+//   Focus request - Request will be granted if the window is focusable. If it's not
+//   focusable, then the request is persisted and granted when it becomes focusable. The currently
+//   focused window will lose focus and any pending keys will be added to a queue so it can be sent
+//   to the window when it gets focus.
+//
+//   Condition focus request - Request with a focus token specified. Request will be granted if the
+//   window is focusable and the focus token is the currently focused. Otherwise, the request is
+//   dropped. Conditional focus requests are not persisted. The window will lose focus and go back
+//   to the focus token if it becomes not focusable.
 //
 //   Window handle updates - Focus is lost when the currently focused window becomes not focusable.
+//   If the previous focus request is focusable, then we will try to grant that window focus.
 class FocusResolver {
 public:
     // Returns the focused window token on the specified display.
@@ -61,7 +68,7 @@
     std::string dump() const;
 
 private:
-    enum class FocusResult {
+    enum class Focusability {
         OK,
         NO_WINDOW,
         NOT_FOCUSABLE,
@@ -77,8 +84,8 @@
     // we expect the focusability of the windows to match since its hard to reason why one window
     // can receive focus events and the other cannot when both are backed by the same input channel.
     //
-    static FocusResult isTokenFocusable(const sp<IBinder>& token,
-                                        const std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>& windows);
+    static Focusability isTokenFocusable(const sp<IBinder>& token,
+                                         const std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>& windows);
 
     // Focus tracking for keys, trackball, etc. A window token can be associated with one or
     // more InputWindowHandles. If a window is mirrored, the window and its mirror will share
@@ -87,15 +94,18 @@
     typedef std::pair<std::string /* name */, sp<IBinder>> NamedToken;
     std::unordered_map<int32_t /* displayId */, NamedToken> mFocusedWindowTokenByDisplay;
 
-    // This map will store a single pending focus request per display that cannot be currently
-    // processed. This can happen if the window requested to be focused is not currently visible.
-    // Such a window might become visible later, and these requests would be processed at that time.
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t /* displayId */, FocusRequest> mPendingFocusRequests;
+    // This map will store the focus request per display. When the input window handles are updated,
+    // the current request will be checked to see if it can be processed at that time.
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t /* displayId */, FocusRequest> mFocusRequestByDisplay;
+
+    // Last reason for not granting a focus request. This is used to add more debug information
+    // in the event logs.
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t /* displayId */, Focusability> mLastFocusResultByDisplay;
 
     std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> updateFocusedWindow(
             int32_t displayId, const std::string& reason, const sp<IBinder>& token,
             const std::string& tokenName = "");
-    std::optional<FocusRequest> getPendingRequest(int32_t displayId);
+    std::optional<FocusRequest> getFocusRequest(int32_t displayId);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 9898e9d..d0a5c09 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -2591,6 +2591,7 @@
             std::make_unique<CommandEntry>(&InputDispatcher::doPokeUserActivityLockedInterruptible);
     commandEntry->eventTime = eventEntry.eventTime;
     commandEntry->userActivityEventType = eventType;
+    commandEntry->displayId = displayId;
     postCommandLocked(std::move(commandEntry));
 }
 
@@ -5715,7 +5716,8 @@
 void InputDispatcher::doPokeUserActivityLockedInterruptible(CommandEntry* commandEntry) {
     mLock.unlock();
 
-    mPolicy->pokeUserActivity(commandEntry->eventTime, commandEntry->userActivityEventType);
+    mPolicy->pokeUserActivity(commandEntry->eventTime, commandEntry->userActivityEventType,
+                              commandEntry->displayId);
 
     mLock.lock();
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index 909ce54..439d85e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
                               uint32_t policyFlags) = 0;
 
     /* Poke user activity for an event dispatched to a window. */
-    virtual void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t eventType) = 0;
+    virtual void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t eventType, int32_t displayId) = 0;
 
     /* Checks whether a given application pid/uid has permission to inject input events
      * into other applications.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
index a0d3b6a..d0a9ca7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 // #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <input/KeyCharacterMap.h>
@@ -1361,13 +1362,14 @@
 
     // Some devices report battery capacity as an integer through the "capacity" file
     if (base::ReadFileToString(device->sysfsBatteryPath.value() / "capacity", &buffer)) {
-        return std::stoi(buffer);
+        return std::stoi(base::Trim(buffer));
     }
 
     // Other devices report capacity as an enum value POWER_SUPPLY_CAPACITY_LEVEL_XXX
     // These values are taken from kernel source code include/linux/power_supply.h
     if (base::ReadFileToString(device->sysfsBatteryPath.value() / "capacity_level", &buffer)) {
-        const auto it = BATTERY_LEVEL.find(buffer);
+        // Remove any white space such as trailing new line
+        const auto it = BATTERY_LEVEL.find(base::Trim(buffer));
         if (it != BATTERY_LEVEL.end()) {
             return it->second;
         }
@@ -1389,9 +1391,8 @@
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    // Remove trailing new line
-    buffer.erase(std::remove(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), '\n'), buffer.end());
-    const auto it = BATTERY_STATUS.find(buffer);
+    // Remove white space like trailing new line
+    const auto it = BATTERY_STATUS.find(base::Trim(buffer));
 
     if (it != BATTERY_STATUS.end()) {
         return it->second;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
index ef3dd65..17efb5b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
 
 #include "../FocusResolver.h"
 
+#define ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(_changes, _oldFocus, _newFocus) \
+    {                                                       \
+        ASSERT_EQ(_oldFocus, _changes->oldFocus);           \
+        ASSERT_EQ(_newFocus, _changes->newFocus);           \
+    }
+
 // atest inputflinger_tests:FocusResolverTest
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
@@ -56,8 +62,7 @@
     FocusResolver focusResolver;
     std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> changes =
             focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, changes->oldFocus);
-    ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ focusableWindowToken);
     ASSERT_EQ(request.displayId, changes->displayId);
 
     // invisible window cannot get focused
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@
     changes = focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
     ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->oldFocus);
     ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, changes->newFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ focusableWindowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
 
     // unfocusableWindowToken window cannot get focused
     request.token = unfocusableWindowToken;
@@ -99,19 +105,17 @@
     FocusResolver focusResolver;
     std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> changes =
             focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, changes->oldFocus);
-    ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ focusableWindowToken);
 
     // mirrored window with one visible window can get focused
     request.token = invisibleWindowToken;
     changes = focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
-    ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->oldFocus);
-    ASSERT_EQ(invisibleWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ focusableWindowToken, /*to*/ invisibleWindowToken);
 
     // mirrored window with one or more unfocusable window cannot get focused
     request.token = unfocusableWindowToken;
     changes = focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ invisibleWindowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(FocusResolverTest, SetInputWindows) {
@@ -130,11 +134,10 @@
             focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
     ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
 
-    // Window visibility changes and the window loses focused
+    // Window visibility changes and the window loses focus
     window->setVisible(false);
     changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, changes->newFocus);
-    ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->oldFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ focusableWindowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(FocusResolverTest, FocusRequestsCanBePending) {
@@ -158,8 +161,100 @@
     // Window visibility changes and the window gets focused
     invisibleWindow->setVisible(true);
     changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, changes->oldFocus);
-    ASSERT_EQ(invisibleWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ invisibleWindowToken);
+}
+
+TEST(FocusResolverTest, FocusRequestsArePersistent) {
+    sp<IBinder> windowToken = new BBinder();
+    std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>> windows;
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = new FakeWindowHandle("Test Window", windowToken,
+                                                       false /* focusable */, true /* visible */);
+    windows.push_back(window);
+
+    // non-focusable window cannot get focused
+    FocusRequest request;
+    request.displayId = 42;
+    request.token = windowToken;
+    FocusResolver focusResolver;
+    std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> changes =
+            focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
+
+    // Focusability changes and the window gets focused
+    window->setFocusable(true);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ windowToken);
+
+    // Visibility changes and the window loses focus
+    window->setVisible(false);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ windowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
+
+    // Visibility changes and the window gets focused
+    window->setVisible(true);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ windowToken);
+
+    // Window is gone and the window loses focus
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {});
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ windowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
+
+    // Window returns and the window gains focus
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ windowToken);
+}
+
+TEST(FocusResolverTest, ConditionalFocusRequestsAreNotPersistent) {
+    sp<IBinder> hostWindowToken = new BBinder();
+    std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>> windows;
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> hostWindow =
+            new FakeWindowHandle("Host Window", hostWindowToken, true /* focusable */,
+                                 true /* visible */);
+    windows.push_back(hostWindow);
+    sp<IBinder> embeddedWindowToken = new BBinder();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> embeddedWindow =
+            new FakeWindowHandle("Embedded Window", embeddedWindowToken, true /* focusable */,
+                                 true /* visible */);
+    windows.push_back(embeddedWindow);
+
+    FocusRequest request;
+    request.displayId = 42;
+    request.token = hostWindowToken;
+    FocusResolver focusResolver;
+    std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> changes =
+            focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ hostWindowToken);
+
+    request.focusedToken = hostWindow->getToken();
+    request.token = embeddedWindowToken;
+    changes = focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ hostWindowToken, /*to*/ embeddedWindowToken);
+
+    embeddedWindow->setFocusable(false);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    // The embedded window is no longer focusable, provide focus back to the original focused
+    // window.
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ embeddedWindowToken, /*to*/ hostWindowToken);
+
+    embeddedWindow->setFocusable(true);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    // The embedded window is focusable again, but we it cannot gain focus unless there is another
+    // focus request.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
+
+    embeddedWindow->setVisible(false);
+    changes = focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
+    // If the embedded window is not visible/focusable, then we do not grant it focus and the
+    // request is dropped.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
+
+    embeddedWindow->setVisible(true);
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    // If the embedded window becomes visble/focusable, nothing changes since the request has been
+    // dropped.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
 }
 
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 7ad5152..e027c5e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@
         mLastNotifySwitch = NotifySwitchArgs(1 /*id*/, when, policyFlags, switchValues, switchMask);
     }
 
-    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t) override {}
+    void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t, int32_t) override {}
 
     bool checkInjectEventsPermissionNonReentrant(int32_t, int32_t) override { return false; }
 
@@ -908,6 +908,8 @@
         mInfo.addTouchableRegion(frame);
     }
 
+    void addFlags(Flags<InputWindowInfo::Flag> flags) { mInfo.flags |= flags; }
+
     void setFlags(Flags<InputWindowInfo::Flag> flags) { mInfo.flags = flags; }
 
     void setInputFeatures(InputWindowInfo::Feature features) { mInfo.inputFeatures = features; }
@@ -4318,6 +4320,17 @@
     mTouchWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest,
+       WindowWithBlockUntrustedOcclusionMode_DoesNotReceiveTouch) {
+    const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w =
+            getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::BLOCK_UNTRUSTED);
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {w, mTouchWindow}}});
+
+    touch();
+
+    w->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest, WindowWithAllowOcclusionMode_AllowsTouch) {
     const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w = getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::ALLOW);
     mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {w, mTouchWindow}}});
@@ -4358,6 +4371,48 @@
     mTouchWindow->consumeAnyMotionDown();
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest, WindowWithZeroOpacity_DoesNotReceiveTouch) {
+    const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w =
+            getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::BLOCK_UNTRUSTED, 0.0f);
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {w, mTouchWindow}}});
+
+    touch();
+
+    w->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+/**
+ * This is important to make sure apps can't indirectly learn the position of touches (outside vs
+ * inside) while letting them pass-through. Note that even though touch passes through the occluding
+ * window, the occluding window will still receive ACTION_OUTSIDE event.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest,
+       WindowWithZeroOpacityAndWatchOutside_ReceivesOutsideEvent) {
+    const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w =
+            getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::BLOCK_UNTRUSTED, 0.0f);
+    w->addFlags(InputWindowInfo::Flag::WATCH_OUTSIDE_TOUCH);
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {w, mTouchWindow}}});
+
+    touch();
+
+    w->consumeMotionOutside();
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest, OutsideEvent_HasZeroCoordinates) {
+    const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w =
+            getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::BLOCK_UNTRUSTED, 0.0f);
+    w->addFlags(InputWindowInfo::Flag::WATCH_OUTSIDE_TOUCH);
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {w, mTouchWindow}}});
+
+    touch();
+
+    InputEvent* event = w->consume();
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION, event->getType());
+    MotionEvent& motionEvent = static_cast<MotionEvent&>(*event);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, motionEvent.getRawPointerCoords(0)->getX());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, motionEvent.getRawPointerCoords(0)->getY());
+}
+
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherUntrustedTouchesTest, WindowWithOpacityBelowThreshold_AllowsTouch) {
     const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& w =
             getOccludingWindow(APP_B_UID, "B", TouchOcclusionMode::USE_OPACITY, 0.7f);
diff --git a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
index ad93a65..a489253 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_benchmark {
     name: "libpowermanager_benchmarks",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
index 0f5037e..69e4041 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "libpowermanager_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index 625f315..470059a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@
         "DisplayRenderArea.cpp",
         "Effects/Daltonizer.cpp",
         "EventLog/EventLog.cpp",
+        "FpsReporter.cpp",
         "FrameTracer/FrameTracer.cpp",
         "FrameTracker.cpp",
         "Layer.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index 50bc5ed..f9e5b9a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
         "liblog",
         "libnativewindow",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
+        "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
         "libtimestats",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
@@ -51,6 +52,11 @@
     name: "libcompositionengine",
     defaults: ["libcompositionengine_defaults"],
     srcs: [
+        "src/planner/CachedSet.cpp",
+        "src/planner/Flattener.cpp",
+        "src/planner/LayerState.cpp",
+        "src/planner/Planner.cpp",
+        "src/planner/Predictor.cpp",
         "src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp",
         "src/CompositionEngine.cpp",
         "src/Display.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
index 018a687..1fd07b0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFE.h
@@ -135,6 +135,9 @@
 
     // Gets some kind of identifier for the layer for debug purposes.
     virtual const char* getDebugName() const = 0;
+
+    // Gets the sequence number: a serial number that uniquely identifies a Layer
+    virtual int32_t getSequence() const = 0;
 };
 
 // TODO(b/121291683): Specialize std::hash<> for sp<T> so these and others can
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index 3be1cc4..4976213 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include <utils/Vector.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
@@ -183,6 +184,9 @@
     // Outputs a string with a state dump
     virtual void dump(std::string&) const = 0;
 
+    // Outputs planner information
+    virtual void dumpPlannerInfo(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string&) const = 0;
+
     // Gets the debug name for the output
     virtual const std::string& getName() const = 0;
 
@@ -264,7 +268,9 @@
     virtual void ensureOutputLayerIfVisible(sp<LayerFE>&, CoverageState&) = 0;
     virtual void setReleasedLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
 
-    virtual void updateAndWriteCompositionState(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void updateCompositionState(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void planComposition() = 0;
+    virtual void writeCompositionState(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void setColorTransform(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void updateColorProfile(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void beginFrame() = 0;
@@ -274,6 +280,7 @@
     virtual std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) = 0;
     virtual void postFramebuffer() = 0;
+    virtual void renderCachedSets() = 0;
     virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
     virtual bool getSkipColorTransform() const = 0;
     virtual FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
index fb19216..3a84327 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 #include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
+#include "LayerFE.h"
+
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
 
@@ -43,7 +45,6 @@
 
 class CompositionEngine;
 class Output;
-class LayerFE;
 
 namespace impl {
 struct OutputLayerCompositionState;
@@ -88,8 +89,9 @@
 
     // Writes the geometry state to the HWC, or does nothing if this layer does
     // not use the HWC. If includeGeometry is false, the geometry state can be
-    // skipped.
-    virtual void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) = 0;
+    // skipped. If skipLayer is true, then the alpha of the layer is forced to
+    // 0 so that HWC will ignore it.
+    virtual void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry, bool skipLayer) = 0;
 
     // Updates the cursor position with the HWC
     virtual void writeCursorPositionToHWC() const = 0;
@@ -115,6 +117,10 @@
     // Returns true if the composition settings scale pixels
     virtual bool needsFiltering() const = 0;
 
+    // Returns a composition list to be used by RenderEngine if the layer has been overridden
+    // during the composition process
+    virtual std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> getOverrideCompositionList() const = 0;
+
     // Debugging
     virtual void dump(std::string& result) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index 651230c..eeb20fc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -28,10 +28,15 @@
 
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
 
+namespace planner {
+class Planner;
+} // namespace planner
+
 // The implementation class contains the common implementation, but does not
 // actually contain the final output state.
 class Output : public virtual compositionengine::Output {
 public:
+    Output();
     ~Output() override;
 
     // compositionengine::Output overrides
@@ -48,6 +53,7 @@
     void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) override;
 
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
+    void dumpPlannerInfo(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string&) const override;
 
     const std::string& getName() const override;
     void setName(const std::string&) override;
@@ -77,7 +83,9 @@
     void setReleasedLayers(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
 
     void updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) const override;
-    void updateAndWriteCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void updateCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void planComposition() override;
+    void writeCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void beginFrame() override;
     void prepareFrame() override;
@@ -86,12 +94,14 @@
     std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) override;
     void postFramebuffer() override;
+    void renderCachedSets() override;
     void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t) override;
 
     // Testing
     const ReleasedLayers& getReleasedLayersForTest() const;
     void setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>);
     void setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>);
+    bool plannerEnabled() const { return mPlanner != nullptr; }
 
 protected:
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
@@ -130,6 +140,7 @@
     ReleasedLayers mReleasedLayers;
     OutputLayer* mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur = nullptr;
     std::unique_ptr<ClientCompositionRequestCache> mClientCompositionRequestCache;
+    std::unique_ptr<planner::Planner> mPlanner;
 };
 
 // This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
index 8cb5ae8..f113c34 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
 
     void updateCompositionState(bool includeGeometry, bool forceClientComposition,
                                 ui::Transform::RotationFlags) override;
-    void writeStateToHWC(bool) override;
+    void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry, bool skipLayer) override;
     void writeCursorPositionToHWC() const override;
 
     HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer() const override;
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@
     void prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() override;
     void applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) override;
     bool needsFiltering() const override;
+    std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> getOverrideCompositionList() const override;
 
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
 
@@ -66,7 +68,8 @@
 private:
     Rect calculateInitialCrop() const;
     void writeOutputDependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition);
-    void writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&,
+                                                  bool skipLayer);
     void writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*);
     void writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
     void writeSolidColorStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
index 9a118d3..5f834be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
@@ -84,6 +84,13 @@
     // The Z order index of this layer on this output
     uint32_t z{0};
 
+    // Overrides the buffer, acquire fence, and display frame stored in LayerFECompositionState
+    struct {
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = nullptr;
+        sp<Fence> acquireFence = nullptr;
+        Rect displayFrame = {};
+    } overrideInfo;
+
     /*
      * HWC state
      */
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00424b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace renderengine {
+class RenderEngine;
+} // namespace renderengine
+
+namespace compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+std::string durationString(std::chrono::milliseconds duration);
+
+class LayerState;
+
+class CachedSet {
+public:
+    class Layer {
+    public:
+        Layer(const LayerState*, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate);
+
+        const LayerState* getState() const { return mState; }
+        const std::string& getName() const { return mState->getName(); }
+        Rect getDisplayFrame() const { return mState->getDisplayFrame(); }
+        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mState->getBuffer(); }
+        int64_t getFramesSinceBufferUpdate() const { return mState->getFramesSinceBufferUpdate(); }
+        NonBufferHash getHash() const { return mHash; }
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point getLastUpdate() const { return mLastUpdate; }
+
+    private:
+        const LayerState* mState;
+        NonBufferHash mHash;
+        std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point mLastUpdate;
+    };
+
+    CachedSet(const LayerState*, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate);
+    CachedSet(Layer layer);
+
+    void addLayer(const LayerState*, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate);
+
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point getLastUpdate() const { return mLastUpdate; }
+    NonBufferHash getFingerprint() const { return mFingerprint; }
+    size_t getLayerCount() const { return mLayers.size(); }
+    const Layer& getFirstLayer() const { return mLayers[0]; }
+    const Rect& getBounds() const { return mBounds; }
+    size_t getAge() const { return mAge; }
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
+    const sp<Fence>& getDrawFence() const { return mDrawFence; }
+
+    NonBufferHash getNonBufferHash() const;
+
+    size_t getComponentDisplayCost() const;
+    size_t getCreationCost() const;
+    size_t getDisplayCost() const;
+
+    bool hasBufferUpdate(std::vector<const LayerState*>::const_iterator layers) const;
+    bool hasReadyBuffer() const;
+
+    // Decomposes this CachedSet into a vector of its layers as individual CachedSets
+    std::vector<CachedSet> decompose() const;
+
+    void updateAge(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
+
+    void setLastUpdate(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now) { mLastUpdate = now; }
+    void append(const CachedSet& other) {
+        mBuffer = nullptr;
+        mDrawFence = nullptr;
+
+        mLayers.insert(mLayers.end(), other.mLayers.cbegin(), other.mLayers.cend());
+        Region boundingRegion;
+        boundingRegion.orSelf(mBounds);
+        boundingRegion.orSelf(other.mBounds);
+        mBounds = boundingRegion.getBounds();
+    }
+    void incrementAge() { ++mAge; }
+
+    void render(renderengine::RenderEngine&);
+
+    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+
+private:
+    CachedSet() = default;
+
+    NonBufferHash mFingerprint = 0;
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point mLastUpdate = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    std::vector<Layer> mLayers;
+    Rect mBounds = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
+    size_t mAge = 0;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
+    sp<Fence> mDrawFence;
+
+    static const bool sDebugHighlighLayers;
+};
+
+} // namespace compositionengine::impl::planner
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c86408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace renderengine {
+class RenderEngine;
+} // namespace renderengine
+
+namespace compositionengine::impl::planner {
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+class LayerState;
+class Predictor;
+
+class Flattener {
+public:
+    Flattener(Predictor& predictor) : mPredictor(predictor) {}
+
+    void setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) { mDisplaySize = size; }
+
+    NonBufferHash flattenLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, NonBufferHash);
+
+    void renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine&);
+
+    void reset();
+
+    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+
+private:
+    size_t calculateDisplayCost(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) const;
+
+    void resetActivities(NonBufferHash, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
+
+    void updateLayersHash();
+
+    bool mergeWithCachedSets(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers,
+                             std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
+
+    void buildCachedSets(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
+
+    Predictor& mPredictor;
+
+    ui::Size mDisplaySize;
+
+    NonBufferHash mCurrentGeometry;
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point mLastGeometryUpdate;
+
+    std::vector<CachedSet> mLayers;
+    NonBufferHash mLayersHash = 0;
+    std::optional<CachedSet> mNewCachedSet;
+
+    // Statistics
+    size_t mUnflattenedDisplayCost = 0;
+    size_t mFlattenedDisplayCost = 0;
+    std::unordered_map<size_t, size_t> mInitialLayerCounts;
+    std::unordered_map<size_t, size_t> mFinalLayerCounts;
+    size_t mCachedSetCreationCount = 0;
+    size_t mCachedSetCreationCost = 0;
+    std::unordered_map<size_t, size_t> mInvalidatedCachedSetAges;
+
+    static constexpr auto kActiveLayerTimeout = std::chrono::nanoseconds(150ms);
+};
+
+} // namespace compositionengine::impl::planner
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d19ac62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
+#include <input/Flags.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
+
+namespace std {
+template <typename T>
+struct hash<android::sp<T>> {
+    size_t operator()(const android::sp<T>& p) { return std::hash<void*>()(p.get()); }
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+using LayerId = int32_t;
+
+// clang-format off
+enum class LayerStateField : uint32_t {
+    Id              = 1u << 0,
+    Name            = 1u << 1,
+    DisplayFrame    = 1u << 2,
+    SourceCrop      = 1u << 3,
+    ZOrder          = 1u << 4,
+    BufferTransform = 1u << 5,
+    BlendMode       = 1u << 6,
+    Alpha           = 1u << 7,
+    VisibleRegion   = 1u << 8,
+    Dataspace       = 1u << 9,
+    ColorTransform  = 1u << 10,
+    CompositionType = 1u << 11,
+    SidebandStream  = 1u << 12,
+    Buffer          = 1u << 13,
+    SolidColor      = 1u << 14,
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+std::string to_string(LayerStateField field);
+
+// An abstract interface allows us to iterate over all of the OutputLayerState fields
+// without having to worry about their templated types.
+// See `LayerState::getNonUniqueFields` below.
+class StateInterface {
+public:
+    virtual ~StateInterface() = default;
+
+    virtual Flags<LayerStateField> update(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) = 0;
+
+    virtual size_t getHash(Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields) const = 0;
+
+    virtual LayerStateField getField() const = 0;
+
+    virtual Flags<LayerStateField> getFieldIfDifferent(const StateInterface* other) const = 0;
+
+    virtual bool equals(const StateInterface* other) const = 0;
+
+    virtual std::vector<std::string> toStrings() const = 0;
+};
+
+template <typename T, LayerStateField FIELD>
+class OutputLayerState : public StateInterface {
+public:
+    using ReadFromLayerState = std::function<T(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer)>;
+    using ToStrings = std::function<std::vector<std::string>(const T&)>;
+    using Equals = std::function<bool(const T&, const T&)>;
+
+    static ToStrings getDefaultToStrings() {
+        return [](const T& value) {
+            using std::to_string;
+            return std::vector<std::string>{to_string(value)};
+        };
+    }
+
+    static ToStrings getHalToStrings() {
+        return [](const T& value) { return std::vector<std::string>{toString(value)}; };
+    }
+
+    static Equals getDefaultEquals() {
+        return [](const T& lhs, const T& rhs) { return lhs == rhs; };
+    }
+
+    OutputLayerState(ReadFromLayerState reader,
+                     ToStrings toStrings = OutputLayerState::getDefaultToStrings(),
+                     Equals equals = OutputLayerState::getDefaultEquals())
+          : mReader(reader), mToStrings(toStrings), mEquals(equals) {}
+
+    ~OutputLayerState() override = default;
+
+    // Returns this member's field flag if it was changed
+    Flags<LayerStateField> update(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) override {
+        T newValue = mReader(layer);
+        if (!mEquals(mValue, newValue)) {
+            mValue = newValue;
+            mHash = {};
+            return FIELD;
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    LayerStateField getField() const override { return FIELD; }
+    const T& get() const { return mValue; }
+
+    size_t getHash(Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields) const override {
+        if (skipFields.test(FIELD)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (!mHash) {
+            mHash = std::hash<T>{}(mValue);
+        }
+        return *mHash;
+    }
+
+    Flags<LayerStateField> getFieldIfDifferent(const StateInterface* other) const override {
+        if (other->getField() != FIELD) {
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        // The early return ensures that this downcast is sound
+        const OutputLayerState* otherState = static_cast<const OutputLayerState*>(other);
+        return *this != *otherState ? FIELD : Flags<LayerStateField>{};
+    }
+
+    bool equals(const StateInterface* other) const override {
+        if (other->getField() != FIELD) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The early return ensures that this downcast is sound
+        const OutputLayerState* otherState = static_cast<const OutputLayerState*>(other);
+        return *this == *otherState;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::string> toStrings() const override { return mToStrings(mValue); }
+
+    bool operator==(const OutputLayerState& other) const { return mEquals(mValue, other.mValue); }
+    bool operator!=(const OutputLayerState& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+private:
+    const ReadFromLayerState mReader;
+    const ToStrings mToStrings;
+    const Equals mEquals;
+    T mValue = {};
+    mutable std::optional<size_t> mHash = {};
+};
+
+class LayerState {
+public:
+    LayerState(compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer);
+
+    // Returns which fields were updated
+    Flags<LayerStateField> update(compositionengine::OutputLayer*);
+
+    size_t getHash(Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields) const;
+
+    Flags<LayerStateField> getDifferingFields(const LayerState& other,
+                                              Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields) const;
+
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* getOutputLayer() const { return mOutputLayer; }
+    int32_t getId() const { return mId.get(); }
+    const std::string& getName() const { return mName.get(); }
+    Rect getDisplayFrame() const { return mDisplayFrame.get(); }
+    hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition getCompositionType() const {
+        return mCompositionType.get();
+    }
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer.get(); }
+
+    void incrementFramesSinceBufferUpdate() { ++mFramesSinceBufferUpdate; }
+    void resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate() { mFramesSinceBufferUpdate = 0; }
+    int64_t getFramesSinceBufferUpdate() const { return mFramesSinceBufferUpdate; }
+
+    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+    std::optional<std::string> compare(const LayerState& other) const;
+
+    // This makes LayerState's private members accessible to the operator
+    friend bool operator==(const LayerState& lhs, const LayerState& rhs);
+    friend bool operator!=(const LayerState& lhs, const LayerState& rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
+
+private:
+    compositionengine::OutputLayer* mOutputLayer = nullptr;
+
+    OutputLayerState<LayerId, LayerStateField::Id> mId{
+            [](const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) {
+                return layer->getLayerFE().getSequence();
+            }};
+
+    OutputLayerState<std::string, LayerStateField::Name>
+            mName{[](auto layer) { return layer->getLayerFE().getDebugName(); },
+                  [](const std::string& name) { return std::vector<std::string>{name}; }};
+
+    // Output-dependent geometry state
+
+    OutputLayerState<Rect, LayerStateField::DisplayFrame>
+            mDisplayFrame{[](auto layer) { return layer->getState().displayFrame; },
+                          [](const Rect& rect) {
+                              return std::vector<std::string>{
+                                      base::StringPrintf("[%d, %d, %d, %d]", rect.left, rect.top,
+                                                         rect.right, rect.bottom)};
+                          }};
+
+    OutputLayerState<FloatRect, LayerStateField::SourceCrop>
+            mSourceCrop{[](auto layer) { return layer->getState().sourceCrop; },
+                        [](const FloatRect& rect) {
+                            return std::vector<std::string>{
+                                    base::StringPrintf("[%.2f, %.2f, %.2f, %.2f]", rect.left,
+                                                       rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom)};
+                        }};
+
+    OutputLayerState<uint32_t, LayerStateField::ZOrder> mZOrder{
+            [](auto layer) { return layer->getState().z; }};
+
+    using BufferTransformState = OutputLayerState<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Transform,
+                                                  LayerStateField::BufferTransform>;
+    BufferTransformState mBufferTransform{[](auto layer) {
+                                              return layer->getState().bufferTransform;
+                                          },
+                                          BufferTransformState::getHalToStrings()};
+
+    // Output-independent geometry state
+
+    using BlendModeState = OutputLayerState<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::BlendMode,
+                                            LayerStateField::BlendMode>;
+    BlendModeState mBlendMode{[](auto layer) {
+                                  return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->blendMode;
+                              },
+                              BlendModeState::getHalToStrings()};
+
+    OutputLayerState<float, LayerStateField::Alpha> mAlpha{
+            [](auto layer) { return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->alpha; }};
+
+    // TODO(b/180638831): Generic layer metadata
+
+    // Output-dependent per-frame state
+
+    OutputLayerState<Region, LayerStateField::VisibleRegion>
+            mVisibleRegion{[](auto layer) { return layer->getState().visibleRegion; },
+                           [](const Region& region) {
+                               using namespace std::string_literals;
+                               std::string dump;
+                               region.dump(dump, "");
+                               std::vector<std::string> split = base::Split(dump, "\n"s);
+                               split.erase(split.begin()); // Strip the header
+                               split.pop_back();           // Strip the last (empty) line
+                               for (std::string& line : split) {
+                                   line.erase(0, 4); // Strip leading padding before each rect
+                               }
+                               return split;
+                           },
+                           [](const Region& lhs, const Region& rhs) {
+                               return lhs.hasSameRects(rhs);
+                           }};
+
+    using DataspaceState = OutputLayerState<ui::Dataspace, LayerStateField::Dataspace>;
+    DataspaceState mDataspace{[](auto layer) { return layer->getState().dataspace; },
+                              DataspaceState::getHalToStrings()};
+
+    // TODO(b/180638831): Buffer format
+
+    // Output-independent per-frame state
+
+    OutputLayerState<mat4, LayerStateField::ColorTransform>
+            mColorTransform{[](auto layer) {
+                                const auto state = layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState();
+                                return state->colorTransformIsIdentity ? mat4{}
+                                                                       : state->colorTransform;
+                            },
+                            [](const mat4& mat) {
+                                using namespace std::string_literals;
+                                std::vector<std::string> split =
+                                        base::Split(std::string(mat.asString().string()), "\n"s);
+                                split.pop_back(); // Strip the last (empty) line
+                                return split;
+                            }};
+
+    // TODO(b/180638831): Surface damage
+
+    using CompositionTypeState = OutputLayerState<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition,
+                                                  LayerStateField::CompositionType>;
+    CompositionTypeState
+            mCompositionType{[](auto layer) {
+                                 return layer->getState().forceClientComposition
+                                         ? hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition::CLIENT
+                                         : layer->getLayerFE()
+                                                   .getCompositionState()
+                                                   ->compositionType;
+                             },
+                             CompositionTypeState::getHalToStrings()};
+
+    OutputLayerState<void*, LayerStateField::SidebandStream>
+            mSidebandStream{[](auto layer) {
+                                return layer->getLayerFE()
+                                        .getCompositionState()
+                                        ->sidebandStream.get();
+                            },
+                            [](void* p) {
+                                return std::vector<std::string>{base::StringPrintf("%p", p)};
+                            }};
+
+    OutputLayerState<sp<GraphicBuffer>, LayerStateField::Buffer>
+            mBuffer{[](auto layer) { return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->buffer; },
+                    [](const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+                        return std::vector<std::string>{base::StringPrintf("%p", buffer.get())};
+                    }};
+
+    int64_t mFramesSinceBufferUpdate = 0;
+
+    OutputLayerState<half4, LayerStateField::SolidColor>
+            mSolidColor{[](auto layer) { return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->color; },
+                        [](const half4& vec) {
+                            std::stringstream stream;
+                            stream << vec;
+                            return std::vector<std::string>{stream.str()};
+                        }};
+
+    std::array<StateInterface*, 13> getNonUniqueFields() {
+        std::array<const StateInterface*, 13> constFields =
+                const_cast<const LayerState*>(this)->getNonUniqueFields();
+        std::array<StateInterface*, 13> fields;
+        std::transform(constFields.cbegin(), constFields.cend(), fields.begin(),
+                       [](const StateInterface* constField) {
+                           return const_cast<StateInterface*>(constField);
+                       });
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    std::array<const StateInterface*, 13> getNonUniqueFields() const {
+        return {
+                &mDisplayFrame,   &mSourceCrop,      &mZOrder,         &mBufferTransform,
+                &mBlendMode,      &mAlpha,           &mVisibleRegion,  &mDataspace,
+                &mColorTransform, &mCompositionType, &mSidebandStream, &mBuffer,
+                &mSolidColor,
+        };
+    }
+};
+
+using NonBufferHash = size_t;
+NonBufferHash getNonBufferHash(const std::vector<const LayerState*>&);
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e96abb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h>
+#include <utils/String16.h>
+#include <utils/Vector.h>
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace renderengine {
+class RenderEngine;
+} // namespace renderengine
+
+namespace compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+// This is the top level class for layer caching. It is responsible for
+// heuristically determining the composition strategy of the current layer stack,
+// and flattens inactive layers into an override buffer so it can be used
+// as a more efficient representation of parts of the layer stack.
+class Planner {
+public:
+    Planner() : mFlattener(mPredictor) {}
+
+    void setDisplaySize(ui::Size);
+
+    // Updates the Planner with the current set of layers before a composition strategy is
+    // determined.
+    // The Planner will call to the Flattener to determine to:
+    // 1. Replace any cached sets with a newly available flattened cached set
+    // 2. Create a new cached set if possible
+    void plan(
+            compositionengine::Output::OutputLayersEnumerator<compositionengine::Output>&& layers);
+
+    // Updates the Planner with the current set of layers after a composition strategy is
+    // determined.
+    void reportFinalPlan(
+            compositionengine::Output::OutputLayersEnumerator<compositionengine::Output>&& layers);
+
+    // The planner will call to the Flattener to render any pending cached set
+    void renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine&);
+
+    void dump(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string&);
+
+private:
+    void dumpUsage(std::string&) const;
+
+    std::unordered_map<LayerId, LayerState> mPreviousLayers;
+
+    std::vector<const LayerState*> mCurrentLayers;
+
+    Predictor mPredictor;
+    Flattener mFlattener;
+
+    std::optional<Predictor::PredictedPlan> mPredictedPlan;
+    NonBufferHash mFlattenedHash = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace compositionengine::impl::planner
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..422af77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+class LayerStack {
+public:
+    LayerStack(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) : mLayers(copyLayers(layers)) {}
+
+    struct ApproximateMatch {
+        bool operator==(const ApproximateMatch& other) const {
+            return differingIndex == other.differingIndex &&
+                    differingFields == other.differingFields;
+        }
+
+        size_t differingIndex;
+        Flags<LayerStateField> differingFields;
+    };
+
+    std::optional<ApproximateMatch> getApproximateMatch(
+            const std::vector<const LayerState*>& other) const;
+
+    void compare(const LayerStack& other, std::string& result) const {
+        if (mLayers.size() != other.mLayers.size()) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "Cannot compare stacks of different sizes (%zd vs. %zd)\n",
+                                mLayers.size(), other.mLayers.size());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (size_t l = 0; l < mLayers.size(); ++l) {
+            const auto& thisLayer = mLayers[l];
+            const auto& otherLayer = other.mLayers[l];
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n+ - - - - - - - - - Layer %d [%s]\n", thisLayer.getId(),
+                                thisLayer.getName().c_str());
+            auto comparisonOpt = thisLayer.compare(otherLayer);
+            base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                "    %s     + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
+                                "- Layer %d [%s]\n",
+                                comparisonOpt ? "         " : "Identical", otherLayer.getId(),
+                                otherLayer.getName().c_str());
+            if (comparisonOpt) {
+                result.append(*comparisonOpt);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void dump(std::string& result) const {
+        for (const LayerState& layer : mLayers) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "+ - - - - - - - - - Layer %d [%s]\n", layer.getId(),
+                                layer.getName().c_str());
+            layer.dump(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void dumpLayerNames(std::string& result, const std::string& prefix = "  ") const {
+        for (const LayerState& layer : mLayers) {
+            result.append(prefix);
+            result.append(layer.getName());
+            result.append("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<const LayerState> copyLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) {
+        std::vector<const LayerState> copiedLayers;
+        copiedLayers.reserve(layers.size());
+        std::transform(layers.cbegin(), layers.cend(), std::back_inserter(copiedLayers),
+                       [](const LayerState* layerState) { return *layerState; });
+        return copiedLayers;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const LayerState> mLayers;
+
+    // TODO(b/180976743): Tune kMaxDifferingFields
+    constexpr static int kMaxDifferingFields = 6;
+};
+
+class Plan {
+public:
+    static std::optional<Plan> fromString(const std::string&);
+
+    void reset() { mLayerTypes.clear(); }
+    void addLayerType(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition type) {
+        mLayerTypes.emplace_back(type);
+    }
+
+    friend std::string to_string(const Plan& plan);
+
+    friend bool operator==(const Plan& lhs, const Plan& rhs) {
+        return lhs.mLayerTypes == rhs.mLayerTypes;
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(const Plan& lhs, const Plan& rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition> mLayerTypes;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
+
+namespace std {
+template <>
+struct hash<android::compositionengine::impl::planner::Plan> {
+    size_t operator()(const android::compositionengine::impl::planner::Plan& plan) const {
+        return std::hash<std::string>{}(to_string(plan));
+    }
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+class Prediction {
+public:
+    enum class Type {
+        Exact,
+        Approximate,
+        Total,
+    };
+
+    friend std::string to_string(Type type) {
+        using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case Type::Exact:
+                return "Exact";
+            case Type::Approximate:
+                return "Approximate";
+            case Type::Total:
+                return "Total";
+        }
+    }
+
+    Prediction(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, Plan plan)
+          : mExampleLayerStack(layers), mPlan(std::move(plan)) {}
+
+    const LayerStack& getExampleLayerStack() const { return mExampleLayerStack; }
+    const Plan& getPlan() const { return mPlan; }
+
+    size_t getHitCount(Type type) const {
+        if (type == Type::Total) {
+            return getHitCount(Type::Exact) + getHitCount(Type::Approximate);
+        }
+        return getStatsForType(type).hitCount;
+    }
+
+    size_t getMissCount(Type type) const {
+        if (type == Type::Total) {
+            return getMissCount(Type::Exact) + getMissCount(Type::Approximate);
+        }
+        return getStatsForType(type).missCount;
+    }
+
+    void recordHit(Type type) { ++getStatsForType(type).hitCount; }
+
+    void recordMiss(Type type) { ++getStatsForType(type).missCount; }
+
+    void dump(std::string&) const;
+
+private:
+    struct Stats {
+        void dump(std::string& result) const {
+            const size_t totalAttempts = hitCount + missCount;
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "%.2f%% (%zd/%zd)", 100.0f * hitCount / totalAttempts,
+                                hitCount, totalAttempts);
+        }
+
+        size_t hitCount = 0;
+        size_t missCount = 0;
+    };
+
+    const Stats& getStatsForType(Type type) const {
+        return (type == Type::Exact) ? mExactStats : mApproximateStats;
+    }
+
+    Stats& getStatsForType(Type type) {
+        return const_cast<Stats&>(const_cast<const Prediction*>(this)->getStatsForType(type));
+    }
+
+    LayerStack mExampleLayerStack;
+    Plan mPlan;
+
+    Stats mExactStats;
+    Stats mApproximateStats;
+};
+
+class Predictor {
+public:
+    struct PredictedPlan {
+        NonBufferHash hash;
+        Plan plan;
+        Prediction::Type type;
+    };
+
+    std::optional<PredictedPlan> getPredictedPlan(const std::vector<const LayerState*>&,
+                                                  NonBufferHash) const;
+
+    void recordResult(std::optional<PredictedPlan> predictedPlan, NonBufferHash flattenedHash,
+                      const std::vector<const LayerState*>&, bool hasSkippedLayers, Plan result);
+
+    void dump(std::string&) const;
+
+    void compareLayerStacks(NonBufferHash leftHash, NonBufferHash rightHash, std::string&) const;
+    void describeLayerStack(NonBufferHash, std::string&) const;
+    void listSimilarStacks(Plan, std::string&) const;
+
+private:
+    // Retrieves a prediction from either the main prediction list or from the candidate list
+    const Prediction& getPrediction(NonBufferHash) const;
+    Prediction& getPrediction(NonBufferHash);
+
+    std::optional<Plan> getExactMatch(NonBufferHash) const;
+    std::optional<NonBufferHash> getApproximateMatch(
+            const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) const;
+
+    void promoteIfCandidate(NonBufferHash);
+    void recordPredictedResult(PredictedPlan, const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers,
+                               Plan result);
+    bool findSimilarPrediction(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, Plan result);
+
+    void dumpPredictionsByFrequency(std::string&) const;
+
+    struct PromotionCandidate {
+        PromotionCandidate(NonBufferHash hash, Prediction&& prediction)
+              : hash(hash), prediction(std::move(prediction)) {}
+
+        NonBufferHash hash;
+        Prediction prediction;
+    };
+
+    static constexpr const size_t MAX_CANDIDATES = 4;
+    std::deque<PromotionCandidate> mCandidates;
+    decltype(mCandidates)::const_iterator getCandidateEntryByHash(NonBufferHash hash) const {
+        const auto candidateMatches = [&](const PromotionCandidate& candidate) {
+            return candidate.hash == hash;
+        };
+
+        return std::find_if(mCandidates.cbegin(), mCandidates.cend(), candidateMatches);
+    }
+
+    std::unordered_map<NonBufferHash, Prediction> mPredictions;
+    std::unordered_map<Plan, std::vector<NonBufferHash>> mSimilarStacks;
+
+    struct ApproximateStack {
+        ApproximateStack(NonBufferHash hash, LayerStack::ApproximateMatch match)
+              : hash(hash), match(match) {}
+
+        bool operator==(const ApproximateStack& other) const {
+            return hash == other.hash && match == other.match;
+        }
+
+        NonBufferHash hash;
+        LayerStack::ApproximateMatch match;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<ApproximateStack> mApproximateStacks;
+
+    mutable size_t mExactHitCount = 0;
+    mutable size_t mApproximateHitCount = 0;
+    mutable size_t mMissCount = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
index 45891a7..dde8999 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/LayerFE.h
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(onLayerDisplayed, void(const sp<Fence>&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDebugName, const char*());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSequence, int32_t());
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index 95db4da..5aa53e5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setColorProfile, void(const ColorProfile&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(dumpPlannerInfo, void(const Vector<String16>&, std::string&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getName, const std::string&());
     MOCK_METHOD1(setName, void(const std::string&));
 
@@ -85,7 +86,9 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setReleasedLayers, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(updateLayerStateFromFE, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(updateAndWriteCompositionState, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(updateCompositionState, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(planComposition, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(writeCompositionState, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(updateColorProfile, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
@@ -104,6 +107,7 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(renderCachedSets, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(presentAndGetFrameFences, compositionengine::Output::FrameFences());
 
     MOCK_METHOD3(generateClientCompositionRequests,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
index 81e1fc7..2454ff7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(editState, impl::OutputLayerCompositionState&());
 
     MOCK_METHOD3(updateCompositionState, void(bool, bool, ui::Transform::RotationFlags));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(writeStateToHWC, void(bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(writeStateToHWC, void(bool, bool));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(writeCursorPositionToHWC, void());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getHwcLayer, HWC2::Layer*());
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(prepareForDeviceLayerRequests, void());
     MOCK_METHOD1(applyDeviceLayerRequest, void(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(needsFiltering, bool());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOverrideCompositionList, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>());
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 3907ac5..dc1aacc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
+
+#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop.h>
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
@@ -38,6 +41,7 @@
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
 #include <ui/HdrCapabilities.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
@@ -50,6 +54,18 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 
+Output::Output() {
+    const bool enableLayerCaching = [] {
+        const bool enable =
+                android::sysprop::SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_layer_caching().value_or(false);
+        return base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_layer_caching"), enable);
+    }();
+
+    if (enableLayerCaching) {
+        mPlanner = std::make_unique<planner::Planner>();
+    }
+}
+
 namespace {
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -182,6 +198,10 @@
     const Rect newOrientedBounds(orientedSize);
     state.orientedDisplaySpace.bounds = newOrientedBounds;
 
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->setDisplaySize(size);
+    }
+
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
@@ -269,6 +289,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+void Output::dumpPlannerInfo(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& out) const {
+    if (!mPlanner) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&out, "Planner is disabled\n");
+        return;
+    }
+    base::StringAppendF(&out, "Planner info for display [%s]\n", mName.c_str());
+    mPlanner->dump(args, out);
+}
+
 compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile* Output::getDisplayColorProfile() const {
     return mDisplayColorProfile.get();
 }
@@ -292,7 +321,11 @@
 
 void Output::setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> surface) {
     mRenderSurface = std::move(surface);
-    editState().framebufferSpace.bounds = Rect(mRenderSurface->getSize());
+    const auto size = mRenderSurface->getSize();
+    editState().framebufferSpace.bounds = Rect(size);
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->setDisplaySize(size);
+    }
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
@@ -368,13 +401,16 @@
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
     updateColorProfile(refreshArgs);
-    updateAndWriteCompositionState(refreshArgs);
+    updateCompositionState(refreshArgs);
+    planComposition();
+    writeCompositionState(refreshArgs);
     setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
     beginFrame();
     prepareFrame();
     devOptRepaintFlash(refreshArgs);
     finishFrame(refreshArgs);
     postFramebuffer();
+    renderCachedSets();
 }
 
 void Output::rebuildLayerStacks(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
@@ -632,8 +668,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Output::updateAndWriteCompositionState(
-        const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+void Output::updateCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
@@ -653,9 +688,45 @@
         if (mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur == layer) {
             forceClientComposition = false;
         }
+    }
+}
 
-        // Send the updated state to the HWC, if appropriate.
-        layer->writeStateToHWC(refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame);
+void Output::planComposition() {
+    if (!mPlanner || !getState().isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    mPlanner->plan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+}
+
+void Output::writeCompositionState(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (!getState().isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> previousOverride = nullptr;
+    for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        bool skipLayer = false;
+        if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
+            if (previousOverride != nullptr &&
+                layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer == previousOverride) {
+                ALOGV("Skipping redundant buffer");
+                skipLayer = true;
+            }
+            previousOverride = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+        }
+
+        // TODO(b/181172795): We now update geometry for all flattened layers. We should update it
+        // only when the geometry actually changes
+        const bool includeGeometry = refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame ||
+                layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr || skipLayer;
+        layer->writeStateToHWC(includeGeometry, skipLayer);
     }
 }
 
@@ -826,6 +897,10 @@
 
     chooseCompositionStrategy();
 
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->reportFinalPlan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+    }
+
     mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(outputState.usesClientComposition,
                                  outputState.usesDeviceComposition);
 }
@@ -1075,10 +1150,16 @@
                                    .realContentIsVisible = realContentIsVisible,
                                    .clearContent = !clientComposition,
                                    .disableBlurs = disableBlurs};
-            std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> results =
-                    layerFE.prepareClientCompositionList(targetSettings);
-            if (realContentIsVisible && !results.empty()) {
-                layer->editState().clientCompositionTimestamp = systemTime();
+
+            std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> results;
+            if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
+                results = layer->getOverrideCompositionList();
+                ALOGV("Replacing [%s] with override in RE", layer->getLayerFE().getDebugName());
+            } else {
+                results = layerFE.prepareClientCompositionList(targetSettings);
+                if (realContentIsVisible && !results.empty()) {
+                    layer->editState().clientCompositionTimestamp = systemTime();
+                }
             }
 
             clientCompositionLayers.insert(clientCompositionLayers.end(),
@@ -1169,6 +1250,12 @@
     mReleasedLayers.clear();
 }
 
+void Output::renderCachedSets() {
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->renderCachedSets(getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine());
+    }
+}
+
 void Output::dirtyEntireOutput() {
     auto& outputState = editState();
     outputState.dirtyRegion.set(outputState.displaySpace.bounds);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index 0faab6f..54784a2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
-#include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void OutputLayer::writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) {
+void OutputLayer::writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry, bool skipLayer) {
     const auto& state = getState();
     // Skip doing this if there is no HWC interface
     if (!state.hwc) {
@@ -336,7 +335,8 @@
 
     if (includeGeometry) {
         writeOutputDependentGeometryStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), requestedCompositionType);
-        writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState);
+        writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState,
+                                                 skipLayer);
     }
 
     writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get());
@@ -352,23 +352,27 @@
         HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, hal::Composition requestedCompositionType) {
     const auto& outputDependentState = getState();
 
-    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setDisplayFrame(outputDependentState.displayFrame);
-        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set display frame [%d, %d, %d, %d]: %s (%d)",
-              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), outputDependentState.displayFrame.left,
-              outputDependentState.displayFrame.top, outputDependentState.displayFrame.right,
-              outputDependentState.displayFrame.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
-              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    Rect displayFrame = outputDependentState.displayFrame;
+    FloatRect sourceCrop = outputDependentState.sourceCrop;
+    if (outputDependentState.overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) { // adyabr
+        displayFrame = outputDependentState.overrideInfo.displayFrame;
+        sourceCrop = displayFrame.toFloatRect();
     }
 
-    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSourceCrop(outputDependentState.sourceCrop);
-        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+    ALOGV("Writing display frame [%d, %d, %d, %d]", displayFrame.left, displayFrame.top,
+          displayFrame.right, displayFrame.bottom);
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setDisplayFrame(displayFrame); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set display frame [%d, %d, %d, %d]: %s (%d)",
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), displayFrame.left, displayFrame.top, displayFrame.right,
+              displayFrame.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    }
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setSourceCrop(sourceCrop); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
         ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set source crop [%.3f, %.3f, %.3f, %.3f]: "
               "%s (%d)",
-              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), outputDependentState.sourceCrop.left,
-              outputDependentState.sourceCrop.top, outputDependentState.sourceCrop.right,
-              outputDependentState.sourceCrop.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(),
-              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+              getLayerFE().getDebugName(), sourceCrop.left, sourceCrop.top, sourceCrop.right,
+              sourceCrop.bottom, to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
     }
 
     if (auto error = hwcLayer->setZOrder(outputDependentState.z); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
@@ -389,7 +393,8 @@
 }
 
 void OutputLayer::writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(
-        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState,
+        bool skipLayer) {
     if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBlendMode(outputIndependentState.blendMode);
         error != hal::Error::NONE) {
         ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set blend mode %s: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
@@ -397,10 +402,12 @@
               static_cast<int32_t>(error));
     }
 
-    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPlaneAlpha(outputIndependentState.alpha);
-        error != hal::Error::NONE) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set plane alpha %.3f: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
-              outputIndependentState.alpha, to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+    const float alpha = skipLayer ? 0.0f : outputIndependentState.alpha;
+    ALOGV("Writing alpha %f", alpha);
+
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPlaneAlpha(alpha); error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set plane alpha %.3f: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(), alpha,
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
     }
 
     for (const auto& [name, entry] : outputIndependentState.metadata) {
@@ -509,19 +516,26 @@
               to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
     }
 
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = outputIndependentState.buffer;
+    sp<Fence> acquireFence = outputIndependentState.acquireFence;
+    if (getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
+        buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+        acquireFence = getState().overrideInfo.acquireFence;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("Writing buffer %p", buffer.get());
+
     uint32_t hwcSlot = 0;
     sp<GraphicBuffer> hwcBuffer;
     // We need access to the output-dependent state for the buffer cache there,
     // though otherwise the buffer is not output-dependent.
-    editState().hwc->hwcBufferCache.getHwcBuffer(outputIndependentState.bufferSlot,
-                                                 outputIndependentState.buffer, &hwcSlot,
-                                                 &hwcBuffer);
+    editState().hwc->hwcBufferCache.getHwcBuffer(outputIndependentState.bufferSlot, buffer,
+                                                 &hwcSlot, &hwcBuffer);
 
-    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBuffer(hwcSlot, hwcBuffer, outputIndependentState.acquireFence);
+    if (auto error = hwcLayer->setBuffer(hwcSlot, hwcBuffer, acquireFence);
         error != hal::Error::NONE) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set buffer %p: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(),
-              outputIndependentState.buffer->handle, to_string(error).c_str(),
-              static_cast<int32_t>(error));
+        ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set buffer %p: %s (%d)", getLayerFE().getDebugName(), buffer->handle,
+              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
     }
 }
 
@@ -652,6 +666,26 @@
             sourceCrop.getWidth() != displayFrame.getWidth();
 }
 
+std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> OutputLayer::getOverrideCompositionList() const {
+    if (getState().overrideInfo.buffer == nullptr) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    LayerFE::LayerSettings settings;
+    settings.geometry = renderengine::Geometry{
+            .boundaries = getState().overrideInfo.displayFrame.toFloatRect(),
+    };
+    settings.bufferId = getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getId();
+    settings.source =
+            renderengine::PixelSource{.buffer = renderengine::Buffer{
+                                              .buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer,
+                                              .fence = getState().overrideInfo.acquireFence,
+                                      }};
+    settings.alpha = 1.0f;
+
+    return {static_cast<LayerFE::LayerSettings>(settings)};
+}
+
 void OutputLayer::dump(std::string& out) const {
     using android::base::StringAppendF;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab3fe9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Planner"
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h>
+#include <math/HashCombine.h>
+#include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+const bool CachedSet::sDebugHighlighLayers =
+        base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.layer_caching_highlight"), false);
+
+std::string durationString(std::chrono::milliseconds duration) {
+    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+    std::string result;
+
+    if (duration >= 1h) {
+        const auto hours = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::hours>(duration);
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "%d hr ", static_cast<int>(hours.count()));
+        duration -= hours;
+    }
+    if (duration >= 1min) {
+        const auto minutes = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::minutes>(duration);
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "%d min ", static_cast<int>(minutes.count()));
+        duration -= minutes;
+    }
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "%.3f sec ", duration.count() / 1000.0f);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+CachedSet::Layer::Layer(const LayerState* state, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate)
+      : mState(state), mHash(state->getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer)), mLastUpdate(lastUpdate) {}
+
+CachedSet::CachedSet(const LayerState* layer, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate)
+      : mFingerprint(layer->getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer)), mLastUpdate(lastUpdate) {
+    addLayer(layer, lastUpdate);
+}
+
+CachedSet::CachedSet(Layer layer)
+      : mFingerprint(layer.getHash()),
+        mLastUpdate(layer.getLastUpdate()),
+        mBounds(layer.getDisplayFrame()) {
+    mLayers.emplace_back(std::move(layer));
+}
+
+void CachedSet::addLayer(const LayerState* layer,
+                         std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point lastUpdate) {
+    mLayers.emplace_back(layer, lastUpdate);
+
+    Region boundingRegion;
+    boundingRegion.orSelf(mBounds);
+    boundingRegion.orSelf(layer->getDisplayFrame());
+    mBounds = boundingRegion.getBounds();
+}
+
+NonBufferHash CachedSet::getNonBufferHash() const {
+    if (mLayers.size() == 1) {
+        return mFingerprint;
+    }
+
+    // TODO(b/181192080): Add all fields which contribute to geometry of override layer (e.g.,
+    // dataspace)
+    size_t hash = 0;
+    android::hashCombineSingle(hash, mBounds);
+    return hash;
+}
+
+size_t CachedSet::getComponentDisplayCost() const {
+    size_t displayCost = 0;
+
+    for (const Layer& layer : mLayers) {
+        displayCost += static_cast<size_t>(layer.getDisplayFrame().width() *
+                                           layer.getDisplayFrame().height());
+    }
+
+    return displayCost;
+}
+
+size_t CachedSet::getCreationCost() const {
+    if (mLayers.size() == 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Reads
+    size_t creationCost = getComponentDisplayCost();
+
+    // Write - assumes that the output buffer only gets written once per pixel
+    creationCost += static_cast<size_t>(mBounds.width() * mBounds.height());
+
+    return creationCost;
+}
+
+size_t CachedSet::getDisplayCost() const {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(mBounds.width() * mBounds.height());
+}
+
+bool CachedSet::hasBufferUpdate(std::vector<const LayerState*>::const_iterator layers) const {
+    for (const Layer& layer : mLayers) {
+        if (layer.getFramesSinceBufferUpdate() == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        ++layers;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool CachedSet::hasReadyBuffer() const {
+    return mBuffer != nullptr && mDrawFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Signaled;
+}
+
+std::vector<CachedSet> CachedSet::decompose() const {
+    std::vector<CachedSet> layers;
+
+    std::transform(mLayers.begin(), mLayers.end(), std::back_inserter(layers),
+                   [](Layer layer) { return CachedSet(std::move(layer)); });
+
+    return layers;
+}
+
+void CachedSet::updateAge(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mLayers.size() > 1, "[%s] This should only be called on single-layer sets",
+                        __func__);
+
+    if (mLayers[0].getFramesSinceBufferUpdate() == 0) {
+        mLastUpdate = now;
+        mAge = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) {
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings displaySettings{
+            .physicalDisplay = Rect(0, 0, mBounds.getWidth(), mBounds.getHeight()),
+            .clip = mBounds,
+    };
+
+    Region clearRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+    Rect viewport = mBounds;
+    LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings targetSettings{
+            .clip = Region(mBounds),
+            .needsFiltering = false,
+            .isSecure = true,
+            .supportsProtectedContent = false,
+            .clearRegion = clearRegion,
+            .viewport = viewport,
+            // TODO(181192086): Propagate the Output's dataspace instead of using UNKNOWN
+            .dataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+            .realContentIsVisible = true,
+            .clearContent = false,
+            .disableBlurs = false,
+    };
+
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layerSettings;
+    for (const auto& layer : mLayers) {
+        const auto clientCompositionList =
+                layer.getState()->getOutputLayer()->getLayerFE().prepareClientCompositionList(
+                        targetSettings);
+        layerSettings.insert(layerSettings.end(), clientCompositionList.cbegin(),
+                             clientCompositionList.cend());
+    }
+
+    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layerSettingsPointers;
+    std::transform(layerSettings.cbegin(), layerSettings.cend(),
+                   std::back_inserter(layerSettingsPointers),
+                   [](const renderengine::LayerSettings& settings) { return &settings; });
+
+    if (sDebugHighlighLayers) {
+        renderengine::LayerSettings highlight{
+                .geometry =
+                        renderengine::Geometry{
+                                .boundaries = FloatRect(0.0f, 0.0f,
+                                                        static_cast<float>(mBounds.getWidth()),
+                                                        static_cast<float>(mBounds.getHeight())),
+                        },
+                .source =
+                        renderengine::PixelSource{
+                                .solidColor = half3(0.25f, 0.0f, 0.5f),
+                        },
+                .alpha = half(0.05f),
+        };
+
+        layerSettingsPointers.emplace_back(&highlight);
+    }
+
+    const uint64_t usageFlags = GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_RENDER | GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
+            GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getWidth()),
+                                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getHeight()),
+                                                 HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usageFlags);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(buffer->initCheck() != OK);
+    base::unique_fd drawFence;
+    status_t result = renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, buffer, false,
+                                              base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+
+    if (result == NO_ERROR) {
+        mBuffer = buffer;
+        mDrawFence = new Fence(drawFence.release());
+    }
+}
+
+void CachedSet::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    const auto lastUpdate =
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - mLastUpdate);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "  + Fingerprint %016zx, last update %sago, age %zd\n",
+                        mFingerprint, durationString(lastUpdate).c_str(), mAge);
+
+    if (mLayers.size() == 1) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "    Layer [%s]\n", mLayers[0].getName().c_str());
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "    Buffer %p", mLayers[0].getBuffer().get());
+    } else {
+        result.append("    Cached set of:");
+        for (const Layer& layer : mLayers) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n      Layer [%s]", layer.getName().c_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n    Creation cost: %zd", getCreationCost());
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n    Display cost: %zd\n", getDisplayCost());
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c09714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Planner"
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h>
+
+using time_point = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+NonBufferHash Flattener::flattenLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers,
+                                       NonBufferHash hash) {
+    const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    const size_t unflattenedDisplayCost = calculateDisplayCost(layers);
+    mUnflattenedDisplayCost += unflattenedDisplayCost;
+
+    if (mCurrentGeometry != hash) {
+        resetActivities(hash, now);
+        mFlattenedDisplayCost += unflattenedDisplayCost;
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    ++mInitialLayerCounts[layers.size()];
+
+    if (mergeWithCachedSets(layers, now)) {
+        hash = mLayersHash;
+    }
+
+    ++mFinalLayerCounts[mLayers.size()];
+
+    buildCachedSets(now);
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+void Flattener::renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) {
+    if (!mNewCachedSet) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mNewCachedSet->render(renderEngine);
+}
+
+void Flattener::reset() {
+    resetActivities(0, std::chrono::steady_clock::now());
+
+    mUnflattenedDisplayCost = 0;
+    mFlattenedDisplayCost = 0;
+    mInitialLayerCounts.clear();
+    mFinalLayerCounts.clear();
+    mCachedSetCreationCount = 0;
+    mCachedSetCreationCost = 0;
+    mInvalidatedCachedSetAges.clear();
+}
+
+void Flattener::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "Flattener state:\n");
+
+    result.append("\n  Statistics:\n");
+
+    result.append("    Display cost (in screen-size buffers):\n");
+    const size_t displayArea = static_cast<size_t>(mDisplaySize.width * mDisplaySize.height);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "      Unflattened: %.2f\n",
+                        static_cast<float>(mUnflattenedDisplayCost) / displayArea);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "      Flattened:   %.2f\n",
+                        static_cast<float>(mFlattenedDisplayCost) / displayArea);
+
+    const auto compareLayerCounts = [](const std::pair<size_t, size_t>& left,
+                                       const std::pair<size_t, size_t>& right) {
+        return left.first < right.first;
+    };
+
+    const size_t maxLayerCount = std::max_element(mInitialLayerCounts.cbegin(),
+                                                  mInitialLayerCounts.cend(), compareLayerCounts)
+                                         ->first;
+
+    result.append("\n    Initial counts:\n");
+    for (size_t count = 1; count < maxLayerCount; ++count) {
+        size_t initial = mInitialLayerCounts.count(count) > 0 ? mInitialLayerCounts.at(count) : 0;
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "      % 2zd: %zd\n", count, initial);
+    }
+
+    result.append("\n    Final counts:\n");
+    for (size_t count = 1; count < maxLayerCount; ++count) {
+        size_t final = mFinalLayerCounts.count(count) > 0 ? mFinalLayerCounts.at(count) : 0;
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "      % 2zd: %zd\n", count, final);
+    }
+
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n    Cached sets created: %zd\n", mCachedSetCreationCount);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "    Cost: %.2f\n",
+                        static_cast<float>(mCachedSetCreationCost) / displayArea);
+
+    const auto lastUpdate =
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - mLastGeometryUpdate);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "\n  Current hash %016zx, last update %sago\n\n", mCurrentGeometry,
+                        durationString(lastUpdate).c_str());
+
+    result.append("  Current layers:");
+    for (const CachedSet& layer : mLayers) {
+        result.append("\n");
+        layer.dump(result);
+    }
+}
+
+size_t Flattener::calculateDisplayCost(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) const {
+    Region coveredRegion;
+    size_t displayCost = 0;
+    bool hasClientComposition = false;
+
+    for (const LayerState* layer : layers) {
+        coveredRegion.orSelf(layer->getDisplayFrame());
+
+        // Regardless of composition type, we always have to read each input once
+        displayCost += static_cast<size_t>(layer->getDisplayFrame().width() *
+                                           layer->getDisplayFrame().height());
+
+        hasClientComposition |= layer->getCompositionType() == hal::Composition::CLIENT;
+    }
+
+    if (hasClientComposition) {
+        // If there is client composition, the client target buffer has to be both written by the
+        // GPU and read by the DPU, so we pay its cost twice
+        displayCost += 2 *
+                static_cast<size_t>(coveredRegion.bounds().width() *
+                                    coveredRegion.bounds().height());
+    }
+
+    return displayCost;
+}
+
+void Flattener::resetActivities(NonBufferHash hash, time_point now) {
+    ALOGV("[%s]", __func__);
+
+    mCurrentGeometry = hash;
+    mLastGeometryUpdate = now;
+
+    for (const CachedSet& cachedSet : mLayers) {
+        if (cachedSet.getLayerCount() > 1) {
+            ++mInvalidatedCachedSetAges[cachedSet.getAge()];
+        }
+    }
+
+    mLayers.clear();
+
+    if (mNewCachedSet) {
+        ++mInvalidatedCachedSetAges[mNewCachedSet->getAge()];
+        mNewCachedSet = std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+
+void Flattener::updateLayersHash() {
+    size_t hash = 0;
+    for (const auto& layer : mLayers) {
+        android::hashCombineSingleHashed(hash, layer.getNonBufferHash());
+    }
+    mLayersHash = hash;
+}
+
+bool Flattener::mergeWithCachedSets(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, time_point now) {
+    std::vector<CachedSet> merged;
+
+    if (mLayers.empty()) {
+        merged.reserve(layers.size());
+        for (const LayerState* layer : layers) {
+            merged.emplace_back(layer, now);
+            mFlattenedDisplayCost += merged.back().getDisplayCost();
+        }
+        mLayers = std::move(merged);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Incoming layers:", __func__);
+    for (const LayerState* layer : layers) {
+        ALOGV("%s", layer->getName().c_str());
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Current layers:", __func__);
+    for (const CachedSet& layer : mLayers) {
+        std::string dump;
+        layer.dump(dump);
+        ALOGV("%s", dump.c_str());
+    }
+
+    auto currentLayerIter = mLayers.begin();
+    auto incomingLayerIter = layers.begin();
+    while (incomingLayerIter != layers.end()) {
+        if (mNewCachedSet &&
+            mNewCachedSet->getFingerprint() ==
+                    (*incomingLayerIter)->getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer)) {
+            if (mNewCachedSet->hasBufferUpdate(incomingLayerIter)) {
+                ALOGV("[%s] Dropping new cached set", __func__);
+                ++mInvalidatedCachedSetAges[0];
+                mNewCachedSet = std::nullopt;
+            } else if (mNewCachedSet->hasReadyBuffer()) {
+                ALOGV("[%s] Found ready buffer", __func__);
+                size_t skipCount = mNewCachedSet->getLayerCount();
+                while (skipCount != 0) {
+                    const size_t layerCount = currentLayerIter->getLayerCount();
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < layerCount; ++i) {
+                        OutputLayer::CompositionState& state =
+                                (*incomingLayerIter)->getOutputLayer()->editState();
+                        state.overrideInfo = {
+                                .buffer = mNewCachedSet->getBuffer(),
+                                .acquireFence = mNewCachedSet->getDrawFence(),
+                                .displayFrame = mNewCachedSet->getBounds(),
+                        };
+                        ++incomingLayerIter;
+                    }
+
+                    if (currentLayerIter->getLayerCount() > 1) {
+                        ++mInvalidatedCachedSetAges[currentLayerIter->getAge()];
+                    }
+                    ++currentLayerIter;
+
+                    skipCount -= layerCount;
+                }
+                merged.emplace_back(std::move(*mNewCachedSet));
+                mNewCachedSet = std::nullopt;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!currentLayerIter->hasBufferUpdate(incomingLayerIter)) {
+            currentLayerIter->incrementAge();
+            merged.emplace_back(*currentLayerIter);
+
+            // Skip the incoming layers corresponding to this valid current layer
+            const size_t layerCount = currentLayerIter->getLayerCount();
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < layerCount; ++i) {
+                OutputLayer::CompositionState& state =
+                        (*incomingLayerIter)->getOutputLayer()->editState();
+                state.overrideInfo = {
+                        .buffer = currentLayerIter->getBuffer(),
+                        .acquireFence = currentLayerIter->getDrawFence(),
+                        .displayFrame = currentLayerIter->getBounds(),
+                };
+                ++incomingLayerIter;
+            }
+        } else if (currentLayerIter->getLayerCount() > 1) {
+            // Break the current layer into its constituent layers
+            ++mInvalidatedCachedSetAges[currentLayerIter->getAge()];
+            for (CachedSet& layer : currentLayerIter->decompose()) {
+                layer.updateAge(now);
+                merged.emplace_back(layer);
+                ++incomingLayerIter;
+            }
+        } else {
+            currentLayerIter->updateAge(now);
+            merged.emplace_back(*currentLayerIter);
+            ++incomingLayerIter;
+        }
+        ++currentLayerIter;
+    }
+
+    for (const CachedSet& layer : merged) {
+        mFlattenedDisplayCost += layer.getDisplayCost();
+    }
+
+    mLayers = std::move(merged);
+    updateLayersHash();
+    return true;
+}
+
+void Flattener::buildCachedSets(time_point now) {
+    struct Run {
+        Run(std::vector<CachedSet>::const_iterator start, size_t length)
+              : start(start), length(length) {}
+
+        std::vector<CachedSet>::const_iterator start;
+        size_t length;
+    };
+
+    if (mLayers.empty()) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] No layers found, returning", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<Run> runs;
+    bool isPartOfRun = false;
+    for (auto currentSet = mLayers.cbegin(); currentSet != mLayers.cend(); ++currentSet) {
+        if (now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > kActiveLayerTimeout) {
+            // Layer is inactive
+            if (isPartOfRun) {
+                runs.back().length += currentSet->getLayerCount();
+            } else {
+                // Runs can't start with a non-buffer layer
+                if (currentSet->getFirstLayer().getBuffer() == nullptr) {
+                    ALOGV("[%s] Skipping initial non-buffer layer", __func__);
+                } else {
+                    runs.emplace_back(currentSet, currentSet->getLayerCount());
+                    isPartOfRun = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Runs must be at least 2 sets long or there's nothing to combine
+            if (isPartOfRun && runs.back().start->getLayerCount() == runs.back().length) {
+                runs.pop_back();
+            }
+
+            isPartOfRun = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Check for at least 2 sets one more time in case the set includes the last layer
+    if (isPartOfRun && runs.back().start->getLayerCount() == runs.back().length) {
+        runs.pop_back();
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Found %zu candidate runs", __func__, runs.size());
+
+    if (runs.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mNewCachedSet.emplace(*runs[0].start);
+    mNewCachedSet->setLastUpdate(now);
+    auto currentSet = runs[0].start;
+    while (mNewCachedSet->getLayerCount() < runs[0].length) {
+        ++currentSet;
+        mNewCachedSet->append(*currentSet);
+    }
+
+    // TODO(b/181192467): Actually compute new LayerState vector and corresponding hash for each run
+    mPredictor.getPredictedPlan({}, 0);
+
+    ++mCachedSetCreationCount;
+    mCachedSetCreationCost += mNewCachedSet->getCreationCost();
+    std::string setDump;
+    mNewCachedSet->dump(setDump);
+    ALOGV("[%s] Added new cached set:\n%s", __func__, setDump.c_str());
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cf4819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+LayerState::LayerState(compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) : mOutputLayer(layer) {
+    update(layer);
+}
+
+Flags<LayerStateField> LayerState::update(compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) {
+    ALOGE_IF(layer != mOutputLayer, "[%s] Expected mOutputLayer to never change", __func__);
+
+    Flags<LayerStateField> differences;
+
+    // Update the unique fields as well, since we have to set them at least
+    // once from the OutputLayer
+    differences |= mId.update(layer);
+    differences |= mName.update(layer);
+
+    for (StateInterface* field : getNonUniqueFields()) {
+        differences |= field->update(layer);
+    }
+
+    return differences;
+}
+
+size_t LayerState::getHash(
+        Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields = static_cast<LayerStateField>(0)) const {
+    size_t hash = 0;
+    for (const StateInterface* field : getNonUniqueFields()) {
+        android::hashCombineSingleHashed(hash, field->getHash(skipFields));
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+Flags<LayerStateField> LayerState::getDifferingFields(
+        const LayerState& other,
+        Flags<LayerStateField> skipFields = static_cast<LayerStateField>(0)) const {
+    Flags<LayerStateField> differences;
+    auto myFields = getNonUniqueFields();
+    auto otherFields = other.getNonUniqueFields();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < myFields.size(); ++i) {
+        if (skipFields.test(myFields[i]->getField())) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        differences |= myFields[i]->getFieldIfDifferent(otherFields[i]);
+    }
+
+    return differences;
+}
+
+void LayerState::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    for (const StateInterface* field : getNonUniqueFields()) {
+        if (auto viewOpt = flag_name(field->getField()); viewOpt) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "  %16s: ", std::string(*viewOpt).c_str());
+        } else {
+            result.append("<UNKNOWN FIELD>:\n");
+        }
+
+        bool first = true;
+        for (const std::string& line : field->toStrings()) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "%s%s\n", first ? "" : "                    ",
+                                line.c_str());
+            first = false;
+        }
+    }
+    result.append("\n");
+}
+
+std::optional<std::string> LayerState::compare(const LayerState& other) const {
+    std::string result;
+
+    const auto& thisFields = getNonUniqueFields();
+    const auto& otherFields = other.getNonUniqueFields();
+    for (size_t f = 0; f < thisFields.size(); ++f) {
+        const auto& thisField = thisFields[f];
+        const auto& otherField = otherFields[f];
+        // Skip comparing buffers
+        if (thisField->getField() == LayerStateField::Buffer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (thisField->equals(otherField)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto viewOpt = flag_name(thisField->getField()); viewOpt) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "  %16s: ", std::string(*viewOpt).c_str());
+        } else {
+            result.append("<UNKNOWN FIELD>:\n");
+        }
+
+        const auto& thisStrings = thisField->toStrings();
+        const auto& otherStrings = otherField->toStrings();
+        bool first = true;
+        for (size_t line = 0; line < std::max(thisStrings.size(), otherStrings.size()); ++line) {
+            if (!first) {
+                result.append("                    ");
+            }
+            first = false;
+
+            if (line < thisStrings.size()) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "%-48.48s", thisStrings[line].c_str());
+            } else {
+                result.append("                                                ");
+            }
+
+            if (line < otherStrings.size()) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "%-48.48s", otherStrings[line].c_str());
+            } else {
+                result.append("                                                ");
+            }
+            result.append("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result.empty() ? std::nullopt : std::make_optional(result);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const LayerState& lhs, const LayerState& rhs) {
+    return lhs.mId == rhs.mId && lhs.mName == rhs.mName && lhs.mDisplayFrame == rhs.mDisplayFrame &&
+            lhs.mSourceCrop == rhs.mSourceCrop && lhs.mZOrder == rhs.mZOrder &&
+            lhs.mBufferTransform == rhs.mBufferTransform && lhs.mBlendMode == rhs.mBlendMode &&
+            lhs.mAlpha == rhs.mAlpha && lhs.mVisibleRegion == rhs.mVisibleRegion &&
+            lhs.mDataspace == rhs.mDataspace && lhs.mColorTransform == rhs.mColorTransform &&
+            lhs.mCompositionType == rhs.mCompositionType &&
+            lhs.mSidebandStream == rhs.mSidebandStream && lhs.mBuffer == rhs.mBuffer &&
+            (lhs.mCompositionType.get() != hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR ||
+             lhs.mSolidColor == rhs.mSolidColor);
+}
+
+NonBufferHash getNonBufferHash(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) {
+    size_t hash = 0;
+    for (const auto layer : layers) {
+        android::hashCombineSingleHashed(hash, layer->getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer));
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52efff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Planner"
+
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+void Planner::setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) {
+    mFlattener.setDisplaySize(size);
+}
+
+void Planner::plan(
+        compositionengine::Output::OutputLayersEnumerator<compositionengine::Output>&& layers) {
+    std::unordered_set<LayerId> removedLayers;
+    removedLayers.reserve(mPreviousLayers.size());
+
+    std::transform(mPreviousLayers.begin(), mPreviousLayers.end(),
+                   std::inserter(removedLayers, removedLayers.begin()),
+                   [](const auto& layer) { return layer.first; });
+
+    std::vector<LayerId> currentLayerIds;
+    for (auto layer : layers) {
+        LayerId id = layer->getLayerFE().getSequence();
+        if (const auto layerEntry = mPreviousLayers.find(id); layerEntry != mPreviousLayers.end()) {
+            // Track changes from previous info
+            LayerState& state = layerEntry->second;
+            Flags<LayerStateField> differences = state.update(layer);
+            if (differences.get() == 0) {
+                state.incrementFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
+            } else {
+                ALOGV("Layer %s changed: %s", state.getName().c_str(),
+                      differences.string().c_str());
+
+                if (differences.test(LayerStateField::Buffer)) {
+                    state.resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
+                } else {
+                    state.incrementFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            LayerState state(layer);
+            ALOGV("Added layer %s", state.getName().c_str());
+            mPreviousLayers.emplace(std::make_pair(id, std::move(state)));
+        }
+
+        currentLayerIds.emplace_back(id);
+
+        if (const auto found = removedLayers.find(id); found != removedLayers.end()) {
+            removedLayers.erase(found);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (LayerId removedLayer : removedLayers) {
+        if (const auto layerEntry = mPreviousLayers.find(removedLayer);
+            layerEntry != mPreviousLayers.end()) {
+            const auto& [id, state] = *layerEntry;
+            ALOGV("Removed layer %s", state.getName().c_str());
+            mPreviousLayers.erase(removedLayer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    mCurrentLayers.clear();
+    mCurrentLayers.reserve(currentLayerIds.size());
+    std::transform(currentLayerIds.cbegin(), currentLayerIds.cend(),
+                   std::back_inserter(mCurrentLayers), [this](LayerId id) {
+                       LayerState* state = &mPreviousLayers.at(id);
+                       state->getOutputLayer()->editState().overrideInfo = {};
+                       return state;
+                   });
+
+    const NonBufferHash hash = getNonBufferHash(mCurrentLayers);
+    mFlattenedHash = mFlattener.flattenLayers(mCurrentLayers, hash);
+    const bool layersWereFlattened = hash != mFlattenedHash;
+    ALOGV("[%s] Initial hash %zx flattened hash %zx", __func__, hash, mFlattenedHash);
+
+    mPredictedPlan =
+            mPredictor.getPredictedPlan(layersWereFlattened ? std::vector<const LayerState*>()
+                                                            : mCurrentLayers,
+                                        mFlattenedHash);
+    if (mPredictedPlan) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Predicting plan %s", __func__, to_string(mPredictedPlan->plan).c_str());
+    } else {
+        ALOGV("[%s] No prediction found\n", __func__);
+    }
+}
+
+void Planner::reportFinalPlan(
+        compositionengine::Output::OutputLayersEnumerator<compositionengine::Output>&& layers) {
+    Plan finalPlan;
+    const GraphicBuffer* currentOverrideBuffer = nullptr;
+    bool hasSkippedLayers = false;
+    for (auto layer : layers) {
+        const GraphicBuffer* overrideBuffer = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer.get();
+        if (overrideBuffer != nullptr && overrideBuffer == currentOverrideBuffer) {
+            // Skip this layer since it is part of a previous cached set
+            hasSkippedLayers = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        currentOverrideBuffer = overrideBuffer;
+
+        const bool forcedOrRequestedClient =
+                layer->getState().forceClientComposition || layer->requiresClientComposition();
+
+        finalPlan.addLayerType(
+                forcedOrRequestedClient
+                        ? hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Composition::CLIENT
+                        : layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->compositionType);
+    }
+
+    mPredictor.recordResult(mPredictedPlan, mFlattenedHash, mCurrentLayers, hasSkippedLayers,
+                            finalPlan);
+}
+
+void Planner::renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) {
+    mFlattener.renderCachedSets(renderEngine);
+}
+
+void Planner::dump(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) {
+    if (args.size() > 1) {
+        const String8 command(args[1]);
+        if (command == "--compare" || command == "-c") {
+            if (args.size() < 4) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                    "Expected two layer stack hashes, e.g. '--planner %s "
+                                    "<left_hash> <right_hash>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (args.size() > 4) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                    "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <left_hash> "
+                                    "<right_hash>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const String8 leftHashString(args[2]);
+            size_t leftHash = 0;
+            int fieldsRead = sscanf(leftHashString.string(), "%zx", &leftHash);
+            if (fieldsRead != 1) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
+                                    leftHashString.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const String8 rightHashString(args[3]);
+            size_t rightHash = 0;
+            fieldsRead = sscanf(rightHashString.string(), "%zx", &rightHash);
+            if (fieldsRead != 1) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
+                                    rightHashString.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mPredictor.compareLayerStacks(leftHash, rightHash, result);
+        } else if (command == "--describe" || command == "-d") {
+            if (args.size() < 3) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                    "Expected a layer stack hash, e.g. '--planner %s <hash>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (args.size() > 3) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                    "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <hash>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const String8 hashString(args[2]);
+            size_t hash = 0;
+            const int fieldsRead = sscanf(hashString.string(), "%zx", &hash);
+            if (fieldsRead != 1) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
+                                    hashString.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mPredictor.describeLayerStack(hash, result);
+        } else if (command == "--help" || command == "-h") {
+            dumpUsage(result);
+        } else if (command == "--similar" || command == "-s") {
+            if (args.size() < 3) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Expected a plan string, e.g. '--planner %s <plan>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (args.size() > 3) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                                    "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <plan>'\n",
+                                    command.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const String8 planString(args[2]);
+            std::optional<Plan> plan = Plan::fromString(std::string(planString.string()));
+            if (!plan) {
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a Plan\n", planString.string());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mPredictor.listSimilarStacks(*plan, result);
+        } else {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "Unknown command '%s'\n\n", command.string());
+            dumpUsage(result);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // If there are no specific commands, dump the usual state
+
+    mFlattener.dump(result);
+    result.append("\n");
+
+    mPredictor.dump(result);
+}
+
+void Planner::dumpUsage(std::string& result) const {
+    result.append("Planner command line interface usage\n");
+    result.append("  dumpsys SurfaceFlinger --planner <command> [arguments]\n\n");
+
+    result.append("If run without a command, dumps current Planner state\n\n");
+
+    result.append("Commands:\n");
+
+    result.append("[--compare|-c] <left_hash> <right_hash>\n");
+    result.append("  Compares the predictions <left_hash> and <right_hash> by showing differences"
+                  " in their example layer stacks\n");
+
+    result.append("[--describe|-d] <hash>\n");
+    result.append("  Prints the example layer stack and prediction statistics for <hash>\n");
+
+    result.append("[--help|-h]\n");
+    result.append("  Shows this message\n");
+
+    result.append("[--similar|-s] <plan>\n");
+    result.append("  Prints the example layer names for similar stacks matching <plan>\n");
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Predictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Predictor.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba5e64d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Predictor.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Planner"
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Predictor.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+std::optional<LayerStack::ApproximateMatch> LayerStack::getApproximateMatch(
+        const std::vector<const LayerState*>& other) const {
+    // Differing numbers of layers are never an approximate match
+    if (mLayers.size() != other.size()) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    std::optional<ApproximateMatch> approximateMatch = {};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mLayers.size(); ++i) {
+        // Skip identical layers
+        if (mLayers[i].getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer) ==
+            other[i]->getHash(LayerStateField::Buffer)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Skip layers where both are client-composited, since that doesn't change the
+        // composition plan
+        if (mLayers[i].getCompositionType() == hal::Composition::CLIENT &&
+            other[i]->getCompositionType() == hal::Composition::CLIENT) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // If layers differ in composition type, their stacks are too different
+        if (mLayers[i].getCompositionType() != other[i]->getCompositionType()) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+
+        // If layers are not identical, but we already have a prior approximate match,
+        // the LayerStacks differ by too much, so return nothing
+        if (approximateMatch) {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+
+        Flags<LayerStateField> differingFields =
+                mLayers[i].getDifferingFields(*other[i], LayerStateField::Buffer);
+
+        // If we don't find an approximate match on this layer, then the LayerStacks differ
+        // by too much, so return nothing
+        const int differingFieldCount = __builtin_popcount(differingFields.get());
+        if (differingFieldCount <= kMaxDifferingFields) {
+            approximateMatch = ApproximateMatch{
+                    .differingIndex = i,
+                    .differingFields = differingFields,
+            };
+        } else {
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If we make it through the layer-by-layer comparison without an approximate match,
+    // it means that all layers were either identical or had client-composited layers in common,
+    // which don't affect the composition strategy, so return a successful result with
+    // no differences.
+    return ApproximateMatch{
+            .differingIndex = 0,
+            .differingFields = {},
+    };
+}
+
+std::optional<Plan> Plan::fromString(const std::string& string) {
+    Plan plan;
+    for (char c : string) {
+        switch (c) {
+            case 'C':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::CLIENT);
+                continue;
+            case 'U':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::CURSOR);
+                continue;
+            case 'D':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::DEVICE);
+                continue;
+            case 'I':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::INVALID);
+                continue;
+            case 'B':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::SIDEBAND);
+                continue;
+            case 'S':
+                plan.addLayerType(hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR);
+                continue;
+            default:
+                return std::nullopt;
+        }
+    }
+    return plan;
+}
+
+std::string to_string(const Plan& plan) {
+    std::string result;
+    for (auto type : plan.mLayerTypes) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case hal::Composition::CLIENT:
+                result.append("C");
+                break;
+            case hal::Composition::CURSOR:
+                result.append("U");
+                break;
+            case hal::Composition::DEVICE:
+                result.append("D");
+                break;
+            case hal::Composition::INVALID:
+                result.append("I");
+                break;
+            case hal::Composition::SIDEBAND:
+                result.append("B");
+                break;
+            case hal::Composition::SOLID_COLOR:
+                result.append("S");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+void Prediction::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    result.append(to_string(mPlan));
+    result.append(" [Exact ");
+    mExactStats.dump(result);
+    result.append("] [Approximate ");
+    mApproximateStats.dump(result);
+    result.append("]");
+}
+
+std::optional<Predictor::PredictedPlan> Predictor::getPredictedPlan(
+        const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, NonBufferHash hash) const {
+    // First check for an exact match
+    if (std::optional<Plan> exactMatch = getExactMatch(hash); exactMatch) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Found an exact match for %zx", __func__, hash);
+        return PredictedPlan{.hash = hash, .plan = *exactMatch, .type = Prediction::Type::Exact};
+    }
+
+    // If only a hash was passed in for a layer stack with a cached set, don't perform
+    // approximate matches and return early
+    if (layers.empty()) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Only hash was passed, but no exact match was found", __func__);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // Then check for approximate matches
+    if (std::optional<NonBufferHash> approximateMatch = getApproximateMatch(layers);
+        approximateMatch) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Found an approximate match for %zx", __func__, *approximateMatch);
+        const Prediction& prediction = getPrediction(*approximateMatch);
+        return PredictedPlan{.hash = *approximateMatch,
+                             .plan = prediction.getPlan(),
+                             .type = Prediction::Type::Approximate};
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+void Predictor::recordResult(std::optional<PredictedPlan> predictedPlan,
+                             NonBufferHash flattenedHash,
+                             const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, bool hasSkippedLayers,
+                             Plan result) {
+    if (predictedPlan) {
+        recordPredictedResult(*predictedPlan, layers, std::move(result));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ++mMissCount;
+
+    if (!hasSkippedLayers && findSimilarPrediction(layers, result)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Adding novel candidate %zx", __func__, flattenedHash);
+    mCandidates.emplace_front(flattenedHash, Prediction(layers, result));
+    if (mCandidates.size() > MAX_CANDIDATES) {
+        mCandidates.pop_back();
+    }
+}
+
+void Predictor::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    result.append("Predictor state:\n");
+
+    const size_t hitCount = mExactHitCount + mApproximateHitCount;
+    const size_t totalAttempts = hitCount + mMissCount;
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "Global non-skipped hit rate: %.2f%% (%zd/%zd)\n",
+                        100.0f * hitCount / totalAttempts, hitCount, totalAttempts);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "  Exact hits: %zd\n", mExactHitCount);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "  Approximate hits: %zd\n", mApproximateHitCount);
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "  Misses: %zd\n\n", mMissCount);
+
+    dumpPredictionsByFrequency(result);
+}
+
+void Predictor::compareLayerStacks(NonBufferHash leftHash, NonBufferHash rightHash,
+                                   std::string& result) const {
+    const auto& [leftPredictionEntry, rightPredictionEntry] =
+            std::make_tuple(mPredictions.find(leftHash), mPredictions.find(rightHash));
+    if (leftPredictionEntry == mPredictions.end()) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "No prediction found for %zx\n", leftHash);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (rightPredictionEntry == mPredictions.end()) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "No prediction found for %zx\n", rightHash);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    base::StringAppendF(&result,
+                        "Comparing           %-16zx                                %-16zx\n",
+                        leftHash, rightHash);
+
+    const auto& [leftPrediction, rightPrediction] =
+            std::make_tuple(leftPredictionEntry->second, rightPredictionEntry->second);
+    const auto& [leftStack, rightStack] = std::make_tuple(leftPrediction.getExampleLayerStack(),
+                                                          rightPrediction.getExampleLayerStack());
+    leftStack.compare(rightStack, result);
+}
+
+void Predictor::describeLayerStack(NonBufferHash hash, std::string& result) const {
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "Describing %zx:\n\n", hash);
+
+    if (const auto predictionsEntry = mPredictions.find(hash);
+        predictionsEntry != mPredictions.cend()) {
+        const auto& [hash, prediction] = *predictionsEntry;
+
+        prediction.getExampleLayerStack().dump(result);
+
+        result.append("Prediction: ");
+        prediction.dump(result);
+        result.append("\n");
+    } else {
+        result.append("No predictions found\n");
+    }
+}
+
+void Predictor::listSimilarStacks(Plan plan, std::string& result) const {
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "Similar stacks for plan %s:\n", to_string(plan).c_str());
+
+    if (const auto similarStacksEntry = mSimilarStacks.find(plan);
+        similarStacksEntry != mSimilarStacks.end()) {
+        const auto& [_, similarStacks] = *similarStacksEntry;
+        for (NonBufferHash hash : similarStacks) {
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "\nPrediction hash %zx:\n", hash);
+            const Prediction& prediction = mPredictions.at(hash);
+            prediction.getExampleLayerStack().dumpLayerNames(result);
+        }
+    } else {
+        result.append("No similar stacks found\n");
+    }
+}
+
+const Prediction& Predictor::getPrediction(NonBufferHash hash) const {
+    if (const auto predictionEntry = mPredictions.find(hash);
+        predictionEntry != mPredictions.end()) {
+        const auto& [_, prediction] = *predictionEntry;
+        return prediction;
+    } else {
+        const auto candidateEntry = getCandidateEntryByHash(hash);
+        ALOGE_IF(candidateEntry == mCandidates.cend(),
+                 "Hash should have been found in either predictions or candidates");
+        const auto& [_, prediction] = *candidateEntry;
+        return prediction;
+    }
+}
+
+Prediction& Predictor::getPrediction(NonBufferHash hash) {
+    return const_cast<Prediction&>(const_cast<const Predictor*>(this)->getPrediction(hash));
+}
+
+std::optional<Plan> Predictor::getExactMatch(NonBufferHash hash) const {
+    const Prediction* match = nullptr;
+    if (const auto predictionEntry = mPredictions.find(hash);
+        predictionEntry != mPredictions.end()) {
+        const auto& [hash, prediction] = *predictionEntry;
+        match = &prediction;
+    } else if (const auto candidateEntry = getCandidateEntryByHash(hash);
+               candidateEntry != mCandidates.cend()) {
+        match = &(candidateEntry->prediction);
+    }
+
+    if (match == nullptr) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    if (match->getMissCount(Prediction::Type::Exact) != 0) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Skipping exact match for %zx because of prior miss", __func__, hash);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    return match->getPlan();
+}
+
+std::optional<NonBufferHash> Predictor::getApproximateMatch(
+        const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) const {
+    const auto approximateStackMatches = [&](const ApproximateStack& approximateStack) {
+        const auto& exampleStack = mPredictions.at(approximateStack.hash).getExampleLayerStack();
+        if (const auto approximateMatchOpt = exampleStack.getApproximateMatch(layers);
+            approximateMatchOpt) {
+            return *approximateMatchOpt == approximateStack.match;
+        }
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    const auto candidateMatches = [&](const PromotionCandidate& candidate) {
+        ALOGV("[getApproximateMatch] checking against %zx", candidate.hash);
+        return candidate.prediction.getExampleLayerStack().getApproximateMatch(layers) !=
+                std::nullopt;
+    };
+
+    const Prediction* match = nullptr;
+    NonBufferHash hash;
+    if (const auto approximateStackIter =
+                std::find_if(mApproximateStacks.cbegin(), mApproximateStacks.cend(),
+                             approximateStackMatches);
+        approximateStackIter != mApproximateStacks.cend()) {
+        match = &mPredictions.at(approximateStackIter->hash);
+        hash = approximateStackIter->hash;
+    } else if (const auto candidateEntry =
+                       std::find_if(mCandidates.cbegin(), mCandidates.cend(), candidateMatches);
+               candidateEntry != mCandidates.cend()) {
+        match = &(candidateEntry->prediction);
+        hash = candidateEntry->hash;
+    }
+
+    if (match == nullptr) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    if (match->getMissCount(Prediction::Type::Approximate) != 0) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] Skipping approximate match for %zx because of prior miss", __func__, hash);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    return hash;
+}
+
+void Predictor::promoteIfCandidate(NonBufferHash predictionHash) {
+    // Return if the candidate has already been promoted
+    if (mPredictions.count(predictionHash) != 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Promoting %zx from candidate to prediction", __func__, predictionHash);
+
+    auto candidateEntry = getCandidateEntryByHash(predictionHash);
+    ALOGE_IF(candidateEntry == mCandidates.end(), "Expected to find candidate");
+
+    mSimilarStacks[candidateEntry->prediction.getPlan()].push_back(predictionHash);
+    mPredictions.emplace(predictionHash, std::move(candidateEntry->prediction));
+    mCandidates.erase(candidateEntry);
+}
+
+void Predictor::recordPredictedResult(PredictedPlan predictedPlan,
+                                      const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, Plan result) {
+    Prediction& prediction = getPrediction(predictedPlan.hash);
+    if (prediction.getPlan() != result) {
+        ALOGV("[%s] %s prediction missed, expected %s, found %s", __func__,
+              to_string(predictedPlan.type).c_str(), to_string(prediction.getPlan()).c_str(),
+              to_string(result).c_str());
+        prediction.recordMiss(predictedPlan.type);
+        ++mMissCount;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (predictedPlan.type) {
+        case Prediction::Type::Approximate:
+            ++mApproximateHitCount;
+            break;
+        case Prediction::Type::Exact:
+            ++mExactHitCount;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] %s prediction hit", __func__, to_string(predictedPlan.type).c_str());
+    ALOGV("[%s] Plan: %s", __func__, to_string(result).c_str());
+    prediction.recordHit(predictedPlan.type);
+
+    const auto stackMatchesHash = [hash = predictedPlan.hash](const ApproximateStack& stack) {
+        return stack.hash == hash;
+    };
+
+    if (predictedPlan.type == Prediction::Type::Approximate) {
+        // If this approximate match is not already in the list of approximate stacks, add it
+        if (std::find_if(mApproximateStacks.cbegin(), mApproximateStacks.cend(),
+                         stackMatchesHash) == mApproximateStacks.cend()) {
+            ALOGV("[%s] Adding approximate match to list", __func__);
+            const auto approximateMatchOpt =
+                    prediction.getExampleLayerStack().getApproximateMatch(layers);
+            ALOGE_IF(!approximateMatchOpt, "Expected an approximate match");
+            mApproximateStacks.emplace_back(predictedPlan.hash, *approximateMatchOpt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    promoteIfCandidate(predictedPlan.hash);
+}
+
+bool Predictor::findSimilarPrediction(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, Plan result) {
+    const auto stacksEntry = mSimilarStacks.find(result);
+    if (stacksEntry == mSimilarStacks.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::optional<ApproximateStack> bestMatch;
+    const auto& [plan, similarStacks] = *stacksEntry;
+    for (NonBufferHash hash : similarStacks) {
+        const Prediction& prediction = mPredictions.at(hash);
+        auto approximateMatch = prediction.getExampleLayerStack().getApproximateMatch(layers);
+        if (!approximateMatch) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const int differingFieldCount = __builtin_popcount(approximateMatch->differingFields.get());
+        if (!bestMatch ||
+            differingFieldCount < __builtin_popcount(bestMatch->match.differingFields.get())) {
+            bestMatch = {hash, *approximateMatch};
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!bestMatch) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("[%s] Adding %zx to approximate stacks", __func__, bestMatch->hash);
+
+    mApproximateStacks.emplace_back(*bestMatch);
+    return true;
+}
+
+void Predictor::dumpPredictionsByFrequency(std::string& result) const {
+    struct HashFrequency {
+        HashFrequency(NonBufferHash hash, size_t totalAttempts)
+              : hash(hash), totalAttempts(totalAttempts) {}
+
+        NonBufferHash hash;
+        size_t totalAttempts;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<HashFrequency> hashFrequencies;
+    for (const auto& [hash, prediction] : mPredictions) {
+        hashFrequencies.emplace_back(hash,
+                                     prediction.getHitCount(Prediction::Type::Total) +
+                                             prediction.getMissCount(Prediction::Type::Total));
+    }
+
+    std::sort(hashFrequencies.begin(), hashFrequencies.end(),
+              [](const HashFrequency& lhs, const HashFrequency& rhs) {
+                  return lhs.totalAttempts > rhs.totalAttempts;
+              });
+
+    result.append("Predictions:\n");
+    for (const auto& [hash, totalAttempts] : hashFrequencies) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&result, "  %016zx ", hash);
+        mPredictions.at(hash).dump(result);
+        result.append("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index dcfc162..9dd199d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -840,19 +840,19 @@
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoFECompositionState) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getCompositionState()).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoHWCState) {
     mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, doesNothingIfNoHWCLayer) {
     mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc(nullptr);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetAllState) {
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@
 
     expectNoSetCompositionTypeCall();
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, displayInstallOrientationBufferTransformSetTo90) {
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR);
     expectSetColorCall();
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForSideband) {
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@
     expectSetSidebandHandleCall();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SIDEBAND);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForCursor) {
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@
     expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, canSetPerFrameStateForDevice) {
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@
     expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsNotSetIfUnchanged) {
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@
     expectSetColorCall();
     expectNoSetCompositionTypeCall();
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsSetToClientIfColorTransformNotSupported) {
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@
     expectSetColorCall();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, compositionTypeIsSetToClientIfClientCompositionForced) {
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@
     expectSetColorCall();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, allStateIncludesMetadataIfPresent) {
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@
     expectGenericLayerMetadataCalls();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(true);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, perFrameStateDoesNotIncludeMetadataIfPresent) {
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@
     expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
-    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index c4ae3a7..3059beb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*outputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&layerFEState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getSequence()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getDebugName()).WillRepeatedly(Return("InjectedLayer"));
     }
 
     mock::OutputLayer* outputLayer = {new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>};
@@ -111,6 +113,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(outputLayer, editState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(outputLayerState));
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getCompositionState()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&layerFEState));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getSequence()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, getDebugName()).WillRepeatedly(Return("NonInjectedLayer"));
     }
 
     mock::OutputLayer outputLayer;
@@ -751,7 +755,9 @@
     mOutput->editState().isEnabled = true;
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, doesNothingIfOutputNotEnabled) {
@@ -766,7 +772,9 @@
     injectOutputLayer(layer3);
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, updatesLayerContentForAllLayers) {
@@ -775,11 +783,14 @@
     InjectedLayer layer3;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_180));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
 
     injectOutputLayer(layer1);
     injectOutputLayer(layer2);
@@ -791,7 +802,9 @@
     args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
     args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
     args.internalDisplayRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_180;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, updatesLayerGeometryAndContentForAllLayers) {
@@ -800,11 +813,14 @@
     InjectedLayer layer3;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(true, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false));
 
     injectOutputLayer(layer1);
     injectOutputLayer(layer2);
@@ -815,7 +831,9 @@
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
     args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = true;
     args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, forcesClientCompositionForAllLayers) {
@@ -824,11 +842,14 @@
     InjectedLayer layer3;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
 
     injectOutputLayer(layer1);
     injectOutputLayer(layer2);
@@ -839,7 +860,9 @@
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
     args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
     args.devOptForceClientComposition = true;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -877,6 +900,9 @@
     mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
+    if (mOutput.plannerEnabled()) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillOnce(Return(0u));
+    }
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
 
     mOutput.prepareFrame();
@@ -1621,14 +1647,17 @@
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
         MOCK_METHOD1(updateColorProfile, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
-        MOCK_METHOD1(updateAndWriteCompositionState,
+        MOCK_METHOD1(updateCompositionState,
                      void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(planComposition, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(writeCompositionState, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
         MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
         MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(renderCachedSets, void());
     };
 
     StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
@@ -1639,13 +1668,16 @@
 
     InSequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateColorProfile(Ref(args)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateAndWriteCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, planComposition());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, writeCompositionState(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets());
 
     mOutput.present(args);
 }
@@ -3461,7 +3493,8 @@
         mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
 
         EXPECT_CALL(mLayer.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mLayer.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mLayer.outputLayer,
+                    writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, _, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
                 .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
         EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
@@ -3476,7 +3509,9 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreExpensive) {
     mRefreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = true;
-    mOutput.updateAndWriteCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+    mOutput.updateCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+    mOutput.planComposition();
+    mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
     mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
@@ -3484,7 +3519,9 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreNotExpensive) {
     mRefreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = false;
-    mOutput.updateAndWriteCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+    mOutput.updateCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
+    mOutput.planComposition();
+    mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true)).Times(0);
     mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
@@ -4038,11 +4075,14 @@
 
     // Layer requesting blur, or below, should request client composition.
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
 
     layer2.layerFEState.backgroundBlurRadius = 10;
 
@@ -4055,7 +4095,9 @@
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
     args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
     args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputUpdateAndWriteCompositionStateTest, handlesBlurRegionRequests) {
@@ -4065,11 +4107,14 @@
 
     // Layer requesting blur, or below, should request client composition.
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer1.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, true, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer2.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, updateCompositionState(false, false, ui::Transform::ROT_0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer, writeStateToHWC(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer3.outputLayer,
+                writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ false, /*skipLayer*/ false));
 
     BlurRegion region;
     layer2.layerFEState.blurRegions.push_back(region);
@@ -4083,7 +4128,9 @@
     CompositionRefreshArgs args;
     args.updatingGeometryThisFrame = false;
     args.devOptForceClientComposition = false;
-    mOutput->updateAndWriteCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->updateCompositionState(args);
+    mOutput->planComposition();
+    mOutput->writeCompositionState(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest, handlesLandscapeModeSplitScreenRequests) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7dbf88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "FpsReporter"
+#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
+
+#include "FpsReporter.h"
+
+#include "Layer.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+FpsReporter::FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline)
+      : mFrameTimeline(frameTimeline) {}
+
+void FpsReporter::dispatchLayerFps() const {
+    std::vector<TrackedListener> localListeners;
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
+        if (mListeners.empty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        std::transform(mListeners.begin(), mListeners.end(), std::back_inserter(localListeners),
+                       [](const std::pair<wp<IBinder>, TrackedListener>& entry) {
+                           return entry.second;
+                       });
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& listener : localListeners) {
+        sp<Layer> promotedLayer = listener.layer.promote();
+        if (promotedLayer != nullptr) {
+            std::unordered_set<int32_t> layerIds;
+
+            promotedLayer->traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing,
+                                    [&](Layer* layer) { layerIds.insert(layer->getSequence()); });
+
+            listener.listener->onFpsReported(mFrameTimeline.computeFps(layerIds));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void FpsReporter::binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& who) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
+    mListeners.erase(who);
+}
+
+void FpsReporter::addListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener, const wp<Layer>& layer) {
+    sp<IBinder> asBinder = IInterface::asBinder(listener);
+    asBinder->linkToDeath(this);
+    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    mListeners.emplace(wp<IBinder>(asBinder), TrackedListener{listener, layer});
+}
+
+void FpsReporter::removeListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    mListeners.erase(wp<IBinder>(IInterface::asBinder(listener)));
+}
+
+} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d64b3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <android/gui/IFpsListener.h>
+#include <binder/IBinder.h>
+
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+class Layer;
+
+class FpsReporter : public IBinder::DeathRecipient {
+public:
+    FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline);
+
+    // Dispatches updated layer fps values for the registered listeners
+    // This method promotes Layer weak pointers and performs layer stack traversals, so mStateLock
+    // must be held when calling this method.
+    void dispatchLayerFps() const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
+    // Override for IBinder::DeathRecipient
+    void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>&) override;
+
+    // Registers an Fps listener that listens to fps updates for the provided layer
+    void addListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener, const wp<Layer>& layer);
+    // Deregisters an Fps listener
+    void removeListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener);
+
+private:
+    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
+    struct WpHash {
+        size_t operator()(const wp<IBinder>& p) const {
+            return std::hash<IBinder*>()(p.unsafe_get());
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct TrackedListener {
+        sp<gui::IFpsListener> listener;
+        wp<Layer> layer;
+    };
+
+    frametimeline::FrameTimeline& mFrameTimeline;
+    std::unordered_map<wp<IBinder>, TrackedListener, WpHash> mListeners GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+};
+
+} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/Android.bp
index 1e6d21e..10a5833 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/Android.bp
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libframetimeline",
     defaults: ["surfaceflinger_defaults"],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
index da04202..ff000c9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
@@ -19,12 +19,15 @@
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
 #include "FrameTimeline.h"
+
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
+
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <numeric>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 namespace android::frametimeline {
 
@@ -277,8 +280,8 @@
 }
 
 SurfaceFrame::SurfaceFrame(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid,
-                           uid_t ownerUid, std::string layerName, std::string debugName,
-                           PredictionState predictionState,
+                           uid_t ownerUid, int32_t layerId, std::string layerName,
+                           std::string debugName, PredictionState predictionState,
                            frametimeline::TimelineItem&& predictions,
                            std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats,
                            JankClassificationThresholds thresholds,
@@ -289,6 +292,7 @@
         mOwnerUid(ownerUid),
         mLayerName(std::move(layerName)),
         mDebugName(std::move(debugName)),
+        mLayerId(layerId),
         mPresentState(PresentState::Unknown),
         mPredictionState(predictionState),
         mPredictions(predictions),
@@ -397,6 +401,8 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "Scheduled rendering rate: %d fps\n",
                   mRenderRate ? mRenderRate->getIntValue() : 0);
     StringAppendF(&result, "%s", indent.c_str());
+    StringAppendF(&result, "Layer ID : %d\n", mLayerId);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "%s", indent.c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, "Present State : %s\n", toString(mPresentState).c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, "%s", indent.c_str());
     if (mPresentState == PresentState::Dropped) {
@@ -458,7 +464,9 @@
 
     const nsecs_t presentDelta = mActuals.presentTime - mPredictions.presentTime;
     const nsecs_t deadlineDelta = mActuals.endTime - mPredictions.endTime;
-    const nsecs_t deltaToVsync = std::abs(presentDelta) % refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const nsecs_t deltaToVsync = refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs() > 0
+            ? std::abs(presentDelta) % refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs()
+            : 0;
 
     if (deadlineDelta > mJankClassificationThresholds.deadlineThreshold) {
         mFrameReadyMetadata = FrameReadyMetadata::LateFinish;
@@ -698,11 +706,11 @@
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> FrameTimeline::createSurfaceFrameForToken(
-        const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
+        const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid, int32_t layerId,
         std::string layerName, std::string debugName) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
-        return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid,
+        return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid, layerId,
                                               std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                               PredictionState::None, TimelineItem(), mTimeStats,
                                               mJankClassificationThresholds, &mTraceCookieCounter);
@@ -710,13 +718,13 @@
     std::optional<TimelineItem> predictions =
             mTokenManager.getPredictionsForToken(frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId);
     if (predictions) {
-        return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid,
+        return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid, layerId,
                                               std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                               PredictionState::Valid, std::move(*predictions),
                                               mTimeStats, mJankClassificationThresholds,
                                               &mTraceCookieCounter);
     }
-    return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid,
+    return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid, layerId,
                                           std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                           PredictionState::Expired, TimelineItem(), mTimeStats,
                                           mJankClassificationThresholds, &mTraceCookieCounter);
@@ -804,7 +812,9 @@
 
     // How far off was the presentDelta when compared to the vsyncPeriod. Used in checking if there
     // was a prediction error or not.
-    nsecs_t deltaToVsync = std::abs(presentDelta) % mRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    nsecs_t deltaToVsync = mRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs() > 0
+            ? std::abs(presentDelta) % mRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs()
+            : 0;
     if (std::abs(presentDelta) > mJankClassificationThresholds.presentThreshold) {
         mFramePresentMetadata = presentDelta > 0 ? FramePresentMetadata::LatePresent
                                                  : FramePresentMetadata::EarlyPresent;
@@ -968,6 +978,65 @@
     }
 }
 
+float FrameTimeline::computeFps(const std::unordered_set<int32_t>& layerIds) {
+    if (layerIds.empty()) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<nsecs_t> presentTimes;
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
+        presentTimes.reserve(mDisplayFrames.size());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < mDisplayFrames.size(); i++) {
+            const auto& displayFrame = mDisplayFrames[i];
+            if (displayFrame->getActuals().presentTime <= 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (const auto& surfaceFrame : displayFrame->getSurfaceFrames()) {
+                if (surfaceFrame->getPresentState() == SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented &&
+                    layerIds.count(surfaceFrame->getLayerId()) > 0) {
+                    // We're looking for DisplayFrames that presents at least one layer from
+                    // layerIds, so push the present time and skip looking through the rest of the
+                    // SurfaceFrames.
+                    presentTimes.push_back(displayFrame->getActuals().presentTime);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // FPS can't be computed when there's fewer than 2 presented frames.
+    if (presentTimes.size() <= 1) {
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    nsecs_t priorPresentTime = -1;
+    nsecs_t totalPresentToPresentWalls = 0;
+
+    for (const nsecs_t presentTime : presentTimes) {
+        if (priorPresentTime == -1) {
+            priorPresentTime = presentTime;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        totalPresentToPresentWalls += (presentTime - priorPresentTime);
+        priorPresentTime = presentTime;
+    }
+
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(totalPresentToPresentWalls <= 0)) {
+        ALOGW("Invalid total present-to-present duration when computing fps: %" PRId64,
+              totalPresentToPresentWalls);
+        return 0.0f;
+    }
+
+    const constexpr nsecs_t kOneSecond =
+            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(1s).count();
+    // (10^9 nanoseconds / second) * (N present deltas) / (total nanoseconds in N present deltas) =
+    // M frames / second
+    return kOneSecond * static_cast<nsecs_t>((presentTimes.size() - 1)) /
+            static_cast<float>(totalPresentToPresentWalls);
+}
+
 void FrameTimeline::flushPendingPresentFences() {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mPendingPresentFences.size(); i++) {
         const auto& pendingPresentFence = mPendingPresentFences[i];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
index 8f3157d..d65769b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
@@ -156,9 +156,10 @@
     // Only FrameTimeline can construct a SurfaceFrame as it provides Predictions(through
     // TokenManager), Thresholds and TimeStats pointer.
     SurfaceFrame(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
-                 std::string layerName, std::string debugName, PredictionState predictionState,
-                 TimelineItem&& predictions, std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats,
-                 JankClassificationThresholds thresholds, TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter);
+                 int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName,
+                 PredictionState predictionState, TimelineItem&& predictions,
+                 std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats, JankClassificationThresholds thresholds,
+                 TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter);
     ~SurfaceFrame() = default;
 
     // Returns std::nullopt if the frame hasn't been classified yet.
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@
     // Getter functions used only by FrameTimelineTests and SurfaceFrame internally
     TimelineItem getActuals() const;
     pid_t getOwnerPid() const { return mOwnerPid; };
+    int32_t getLayerId() const { return mLayerId; };
     PredictionState getPredictionState() const;
     PresentState getPresentState() const;
     FrameReadyMetadata getFrameReadyMetadata() const;
@@ -221,6 +223,7 @@
     const uid_t mOwnerUid;
     const std::string mLayerName;
     const std::string mDebugName;
+    const int32_t mLayerId;
     PresentState mPresentState GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     const PredictionState mPredictionState;
     const TimelineItem mPredictions;
@@ -267,7 +270,7 @@
     // Debug name is the human-readable debugging string for dumpsys.
     virtual std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForToken(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
-            std::string layerName, std::string debugName) = 0;
+            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName) = 0;
 
     // Adds a new SurfaceFrame to the current DisplayFrame. Frames from multiple layers can be
     // composited into one display frame.
@@ -292,6 +295,11 @@
     // Sets the max number of display frames that can be stored. Called by SF backdoor.
     virtual void setMaxDisplayFrames(uint32_t size);
 
+    // Computes the historical fps for the provided set of layer IDs
+    // The fps is compted from the linear timeline of present timestamps for DisplayFrames
+    // containing at least one layer ID.
+    virtual float computeFps(const std::unordered_set<int32_t>& layerIds);
+
     // Restores the max number of display frames to default. Called by SF backdoor.
     virtual void reset() = 0;
 };
@@ -417,13 +425,14 @@
     frametimeline::TokenManager* getTokenManager() override { return &mTokenManager; }
     std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForToken(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
-            std::string layerName, std::string debugName) override;
+            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName) override;
     void addSurfaceFrame(std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> surfaceFrame) override;
     void setSfWakeUp(int64_t token, nsecs_t wakeupTime, Fps refreshRate) override;
     void setSfPresent(nsecs_t sfPresentTime,
                       const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence) override;
     void parseArgs(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) override;
     void setMaxDisplayFrames(uint32_t size) override;
+    float computeFps(const std::unordered_set<int32_t>& layerIds) override;
     void reset() override;
 
     // Sets up the perfetto tracing backend and data source.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 141a112..937868a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -1595,7 +1595,8 @@
 std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> Layer::createSurfaceFrameForTransaction(
         const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t postTime) {
     auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid, mName,
+            mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid,
+                                                                 getSequence(), mName,
                                                                  mTransactionName);
     // For Transactions, the post time is considered to be both queue and acquire fence time.
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(postTime);
@@ -1611,8 +1612,8 @@
 std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> Layer::createSurfaceFrameForBuffer(
         const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t queueTime, std::string debugName) {
     auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid, mName,
-                                                                 debugName);
+            mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid,
+                                                                 getSequence(), mName, debugName);
     // For buffers, acquire fence time will set during latch.
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(queueTime);
     const auto fps = mFlinger->mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(getOwnerUid());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 14bb5b7..23758c9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -501,6 +501,7 @@
     // one empty rect.
     virtual void useSurfaceDamage() {}
     virtual void useEmptyDamage() {}
+    Region getVisibleRegion(const DisplayDevice*) const;
 
     virtual void incrementPendingBufferCount() {}
 
@@ -723,7 +724,7 @@
     // Returns the bounds of the layer without any buffer scaling.
     FloatRect getBoundsPreScaling(const ui::Transform& bufferScaleTransform) const;
 
-    int32_t getSequence() const { return sequence; }
+    int32_t getSequence() const override { return sequence; }
 
     // For tracing.
     // TODO: Replace with raw buffer id from buffer metadata when that becomes available.
@@ -1009,6 +1010,7 @@
 
     // For unit tests
     friend class TestableSurfaceFlinger;
+    friend class FpsReporterTest;
     friend class RefreshRateSelectionTest;
     friend class SetFrameRateTest;
     friend class TransactionFrameTracerTest;
@@ -1165,7 +1167,6 @@
     virtual bool canDrawShadows() const { return true; }
 
     Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition getCompositionType(const DisplayDevice&) const;
-    Region getVisibleRegion(const DisplayDevice*) const;
 
     /**
      * Returns an unsorted vector of all layers that are part of this tree.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 487988b..5364adf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@
 #include "DisplayRenderArea.h"
 #include "EffectLayer.h"
 #include "Effects/Daltonizer.h"
+#include "FpsReporter.h"
 #include "FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h"
 #include "FrameTracer/FrameTracer.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
@@ -1427,6 +1428,25 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                                        const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+    if (!listener) {
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    const wp<Layer> layer = fromHandle(layerHandle);
+    mFpsReporter->addListener(listener, layer);
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) {
+    if (!listener) {
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    mFpsReporter->removeListener(listener);
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayBrightnessSupport(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                                      bool* outSupport) const {
     if (!displayToken || !outSupport) {
@@ -2113,6 +2133,13 @@
         }
     });
 
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+        if (mFpsReporter) {
+            mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+        }
+    }
+
     mTransactionCallbackInvoker.addPresentFence(mPreviousPresentFences[0]);
     mTransactionCallbackInvoker.sendCallbacks();
 
@@ -2929,6 +2956,7 @@
     mRegionSamplingThread =
             new RegionSamplingThread(*this, *mScheduler,
                                      RegionSamplingThread::EnvironmentTimingTunables());
+    mFpsReporter = new FpsReporter(*mFrameTimeline);
     // Dispatch a mode change request for the primary display on scheduler
     // initialization, so that the EventThreads always contain a reference to a
     // prior configuration.
@@ -4344,6 +4372,7 @@
                 {"--latency"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpStatsLocked)},
                 {"--latency-clear"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::clearStatsLocked)},
                 {"--list"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::listLayersLocked)},
+                {"--planner"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpPlannerInfo)},
                 {"--static-screen"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpStaticScreenStats)},
                 {"--timestats"s, protoDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpTimeStats)},
                 {"--vsync"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpVSync)},
@@ -4480,6 +4509,13 @@
     mScheduler->dumpVsync(result);
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpPlannerInfo(const DumpArgs& args, std::string& result) const {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        const auto compositionDisplay = display->getCompositionDisplay();
+        compositionDisplay->dumpPlannerInfo(args, result);
+    }
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::dumpStaticScreenStats(std::string& result) const {
     result.append("Static screen stats:\n");
     for (size_t b = 0; b < SurfaceFlingerBE::NUM_BUCKETS - 1; ++b) {
@@ -4909,6 +4945,8 @@
         case GET_DISPLAYED_CONTENT_SAMPLE:
         case NOTIFY_POWER_BOOST:
         case SET_GLOBAL_SHADOW_SETTINGS:
+        case ADD_FPS_LISTENER:
+        case REMOVE_FPS_LISTENER:
         case ACQUIRE_FRAME_RATE_FLEXIBILITY_TOKEN: {
             // ACQUIRE_FRAME_RATE_FLEXIBILITY_TOKEN is used by CTS tests, which acquire the
             // necessary permission dynamically. Don't use the permission cache for this check.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index f73a13d..1615ab6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
 
 class Client;
 class EventThread;
+class FpsReporter;
 class HWComposer;
 struct SetInputWindowsListener;
 class IGraphicBufferProducer;
@@ -589,6 +590,9 @@
     status_t addRegionSamplingListener(const Rect& samplingArea, const sp<IBinder>& stopLayerHandle,
                                        const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener) override;
     status_t removeRegionSamplingListener(const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener) override;
+    status_t addFpsListener(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle,
+                            const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) override;
+    status_t removeFpsListener(const sp<gui::IFpsListener>& listener) override;
     status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                         ui::DisplayModeId displayModeId, bool allowGroupSwitching,
                                         float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax,
@@ -1013,6 +1017,7 @@
     LayersProto dumpProtoFromMainThread(uint32_t traceFlags = SurfaceTracing::TRACE_ALL)
             EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
     void dumpOffscreenLayers(std::string& result) EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
+    void dumpPlannerInfo(const DumpArgs& args, std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     bool isLayerTripleBufferingDisabled() const {
         return this->mLayerTripleBufferingDisabled;
@@ -1269,6 +1274,7 @@
 
     bool mLumaSampling = true;
     sp<RegionSamplingThread> mRegionSamplingThread;
+    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter;
     ui::DisplayPrimaries mInternalDisplayPrimaries;
 
     const float mInternalDisplayDensity;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
index c043866..b3dca78 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
@@ -380,5 +380,9 @@
     return SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_frame_rate_override().value_or(defaultValue);
 }
 
+bool enable_layer_caching(bool defaultValue) {
+    return SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_layer_caching().value_or(defaultValue);
+}
+
 } // namespace sysprop
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
index 816cb09..b19d216 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@
 
 bool enable_frame_rate_override(bool defaultValue);
 
+bool enable_layer_caching(bool defaultValue);
+
 } // namespace sysprop
 } // namespace android
 #endif // SURFACEFLINGERPROPERTIES_H_
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
index 4d25a7a..ee5542d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
@@ -454,3 +454,12 @@
     access: Readonly
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_frame_rate_override"
 }
+
+# Enables Layer Caching
+prop {
+    api_name: "enable_layer_caching"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Public
+    access: Readonly
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_layer_caching"
+}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
index 0e0be09..47e14f6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_frame_rate_override"
   }
   prop {
+    api_name: "enable_layer_caching"
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_layer_caching"
+  }
+  prop {
     api_name: "enable_protected_contents"
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.protected_contents"
   }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 2ac6b09..3c1b9d8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
         "DisplayDevice_GetBestColorModeTest.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice_SetProjectionTest.cpp",
         "EventThreadTest.cpp",
+        "FpsReporterTest.cpp",
         "FpsTest.cpp",
         "FrameTimelineTest.cpp",
         "HWComposerTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9e5df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "FpsReporterTest"
+
+#include <android/gui/BnFpsListener.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
+
+#include "BufferQueueLayer.h"
+#include "BufferStateLayer.h"
+#include "EffectLayer.h"
+#include "FpsReporter.h"
+#include "Layer.h"
+#include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
+#include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
+#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
+#include "mock/MockFrameTimeline.h"
+#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+using testing::_;
+using testing::DoAll;
+using testing::Mock;
+using testing::Return;
+using testing::SetArgPointee;
+using testing::UnorderedElementsAre;
+
+using android::Hwc2::IComposer;
+using android::Hwc2::IComposerClient;
+
+using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
+
+struct TestableFpsListener : public gui::BnFpsListener {
+    TestableFpsListener() {}
+
+    float lastReportedFps = 0;
+
+    binder::Status onFpsReported(float fps) override {
+        lastReportedFps = fps;
+        return binder::Status::ok();
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * This class covers all the test that are related to refresh rate selection.
+ */
+class FpsReporterTest : public testing::Test {
+public:
+    FpsReporterTest();
+    ~FpsReporterTest() override;
+
+protected:
+    static constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
+    static constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1024;
+    static constexpr uint32_t WIDTH = 100;
+    static constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT = 100;
+    static constexpr uint32_t LAYER_FLAGS = 0;
+    static constexpr int32_t PRIORITY_UNSET = -1;
+
+    void setupScheduler();
+    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount);
+    sp<BufferStateLayer> createBufferStateLayer();
+
+    TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
+    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
+    mock::FrameTimeline mFrameTimeline =
+            mock::FrameTimeline(std::make_shared<impl::TimeStats>(), 0);
+
+    sp<Client> mClient;
+    sp<Layer> mParent;
+    sp<Layer> mTarget;
+    sp<Layer> mChild;
+    sp<Layer> mGrandChild;
+    sp<Layer> mUnrelated;
+
+    sp<TestableFpsListener> mFpsListener;
+    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter = new FpsReporter(mFrameTimeline);
+};
+
+FpsReporterTest::FpsReporterTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+
+    setupScheduler();
+    setupComposer(0);
+    mFpsListener = new TestableFpsListener();
+}
+
+FpsReporterTest::~FpsReporterTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+sp<BufferStateLayer> FpsReporterTest::createBufferStateLayer() {
+    sp<Client> client;
+    LayerCreationArgs args(mFlinger.flinger(), client, "buffer-state-layer", WIDTH, HEIGHT,
+                           LAYER_FLAGS, LayerMetadata());
+    return new BufferStateLayer(args);
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::setupScheduler() {
+    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
+    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(new EventThreadConnection(eventThread.get(), /*callingUid=*/0,
+                                                       ResyncCallback())));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(new EventThreadConnection(sfEventThread.get(), /*callingUid=*/0,
+                                                       ResyncCallback())));
+
+    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
+                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
+    mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
+    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
+
+    Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, callsListeners) {
+    mParent = createBufferStateLayer();
+    mTarget = createBufferStateLayer();
+    mChild = createBufferStateLayer();
+    mGrandChild = createBufferStateLayer();
+    mUnrelated = createBufferStateLayer();
+    mParent->addChild(mTarget);
+    mTarget->addChild(mChild);
+    mChild->addChild(mGrandChild);
+    mParent->commitChildList();
+
+    float expectedFps = 44.0;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline,
+                computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(mTarget->getSequence(), mChild->getSequence(),
+                                                mGrandChild->getSequence())))
+            .WillOnce(Return(expectedFps));
+
+    mFpsReporter->addListener(mFpsListener, mTarget);
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(expectedFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
+    mFpsReporter->removeListener(mFpsListener);
+    Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mFrameTimeline);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(_)).Times(0);
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
index b8c1607..9a4e020 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@
 static constexpr pid_t sPidOne = 10;
 static constexpr pid_t sPidTwo = 20;
 static constexpr int32_t sInputEventId = 5;
+static constexpr int32_t sLayerIdOne = 1;
+static constexpr int32_t sLayerIdTwo = 2;
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, tokenManagerRemovesStalePredictions) {
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({0, 0, 0});
@@ -187,17 +189,20 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, createSurfaceFrameForToken_getOwnerPidReturnsCorrectPid) {
-    auto surfaceFrame1 = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                                    sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
-    auto surfaceFrame2 = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidTwo, sUidOne,
-                                                                    sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto surfaceFrame2 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidTwo, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame1->getOwnerPid(), sPidOne);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame2->getOwnerPid(), sPidTwo);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, createSurfaceFrameForToken_noToken) {
-    auto surfaceFrame = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                                   sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto surfaceFrame =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::None);
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +211,7 @@
     flushTokens(systemTime() + maxTokenRetentionTime);
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::Expired);
 }
@@ -215,7 +220,7 @@
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 30});
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::Valid);
     EXPECT_EQ(compareTimelineItems(surfaceFrame->getPredictions(), TimelineItem(10, 20, 30)), true);
@@ -226,7 +231,7 @@
     constexpr int32_t inputEventId = 1;
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, inputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(inputEventId, surfaceFrame->getInputEventId());
 }
@@ -236,7 +241,7 @@
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 30});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -263,10 +268,12 @@
     int64_t sfToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo,
+                                                       sLayerNameTwo);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -307,8 +314,8 @@
                 {22 + frameTimeFactor, 26 + frameTimeFactor, 30 + frameTimeFactor});
         auto surfaceFrame =
                 mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId},
-                                                           sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           sLayerNameOne);
+                                                           sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                           sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22 + frameTimeFactor, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
         mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -329,7 +336,8 @@
             {22 + frameTimeFactor, 26 + frameTimeFactor, 30 + frameTimeFactor});
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22 + frameTimeFactor, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -343,18 +351,18 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, surfaceFrameEndTimeAcquireFenceAfterQueue) {
-    auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue");
+    auto surfaceFrame = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue");
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(123);
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(456);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getActuals().endTime, 456);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, surfaceFrameEndTimeAcquireFenceBeforeQueue) {
-    auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue");
+    auto surfaceFrame = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue");
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(456);
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(123);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getActuals().endTime, 456);
@@ -367,8 +375,8 @@
     // Size shouldn't exceed maxDisplayFrames - 64
     for (size_t i = 0; i < *maxDisplayFrames + 10; i++) {
         auto surfaceFrame =
-                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           sLayerNameOne);
+                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                           sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -383,8 +391,8 @@
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < *maxDisplayFrames + 10; i++) {
         auto surfaceFrame =
-                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           sLayerNameOne);
+                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                           sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -399,8 +407,8 @@
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < *maxDisplayFrames + 10; i++) {
         auto surfaceFrame =
-                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           sLayerNameOne);
+                mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                           sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -434,7 +442,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(60ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(20ms).count());
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -460,7 +469,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(60ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(20ms).count());
@@ -488,7 +498,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(90ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(45ms).count());
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
 
@@ -519,7 +530,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(60ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(50ms).count());
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
 
@@ -550,7 +562,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(60ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(40ms).count());
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
 
@@ -580,7 +593,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(90ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(40ms).count());
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(82ms).count(), refreshRate);
 
@@ -614,7 +628,8 @@
              std::chrono::nanoseconds(90ms).count()});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds(45ms).count());
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, std::chrono::nanoseconds(52ms).count(), refreshRate);
 
@@ -641,7 +656,7 @@
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 30});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -667,7 +682,7 @@
     int64_t token2 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({40, 50, 60});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token2, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -710,8 +725,9 @@
 
     tracingSession->StartBlocking();
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 30});
-    auto surfaceFrame1 = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
-                                                                    sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -1015,10 +1031,12 @@
 
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setActualQueueTime(10);
     surfaceFrame1->setDropTime(15);
 
@@ -1174,7 +1192,7 @@
     flushTokens(systemTime() + maxTokenRetentionTime);
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
-                                                       sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
                                                        sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setActualQueueTime(appEndTime);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(appEndTime);
@@ -1246,7 +1264,8 @@
     int64_t sfToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -1401,7 +1420,8 @@
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken2 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({25, 36, 70});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(16);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1420,7 +1440,8 @@
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(36);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1479,7 +1500,8 @@
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken2 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({25, 36, 70});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(16);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1498,7 +1520,8 @@
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(36);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1556,7 +1579,8 @@
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({5, 26, 60});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 42, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1599,7 +1623,8 @@
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken2 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({25, 36, 50});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(26);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 32, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1618,7 +1643,8 @@
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 43, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1671,7 +1697,8 @@
     int64_t sfToken2 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({112, 116, 120});
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(50);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1690,7 +1717,8 @@
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
-                                                       sUidOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+                                                       sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                       sLayerNameOne);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(84);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 112, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented, 54);
@@ -1735,4 +1763,151 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(presentedSurfaceFrame2.getJankType(),
               JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing);
 }
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_noLayerIds_returnsZero) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({}), 0.0f);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_singleDisplayFrame_returnsZero) {
+    const auto oneHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(100ms).count();
+
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
+    presentFence1->signalForTest(oneHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(oneHundredMs, presentFence1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({sLayerIdOne}), 0.0f);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_twoDisplayFrames_oneLayer) {
+    const auto oneHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(100ms).count();
+    const auto twoHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(200ms).count();
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
+    presentFence1->signalForTest(oneHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(oneHundredMs, presentFence1);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame2 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
+    presentFence2->signalForTest(twoHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(twoHundredMs, presentFence2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({sLayerIdOne}), 10.0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_twoDisplayFrames_twoLayers) {
+    const auto oneHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(100ms).count();
+    const auto twoHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(200ms).count();
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
+    presentFence1->signalForTest(oneHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(oneHundredMs, presentFence1);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame2 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo);
+    auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
+    presentFence2->signalForTest(twoHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(twoHundredMs, presentFence2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({sLayerIdOne, sLayerIdTwo}), 10.0f);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_filtersOutLayers) {
+    const auto oneHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(100ms).count();
+    const auto twoHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(200ms).count();
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
+    presentFence1->signalForTest(oneHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(oneHundredMs, presentFence1);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame2 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo);
+    auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
+    presentFence2->signalForTest(twoHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(twoHundredMs, presentFence2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({sLayerIdOne}), 0.0f);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, computeFps_averagesOverMultipleFrames) {
+    const auto oneHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(100ms).count();
+    const auto twoHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(200ms).count();
+    const auto threeHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(300ms).count();
+    const auto fiveHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(500ms).count();
+    const auto sixHundredMs = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(600ms).count();
+    auto surfaceFrame1 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
+    presentFence1->signalForTest(oneHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(oneHundredMs, presentFence1);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame2 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
+    presentFence2->signalForTest(twoHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(twoHundredMs, presentFence2);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame3 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo);
+    auto presentFence3 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame3->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame3);
+    presentFence3->signalForTest(threeHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(threeHundredMs, presentFence3);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame4 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence4 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    surfaceFrame4->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame4);
+    presentFence4->signalForTest(fiveHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(fiveHundredMs, presentFence4);
+
+    auto surfaceFrame5 =
+            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
+                                                       sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne);
+    auto presentFence5 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    // Dropped frames will be excluded from fps computation
+    surfaceFrame5->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Dropped);
+    mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame5);
+    presentFence5->signalForTest(sixHundredMs);
+    mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(sixHundredMs, presentFence5);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mFrameTimeline->computeFps({sLayerIdOne}), 5.0f);
+}
+
 } // namespace android::frametimeline
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameTimeline.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameTimeline.h
index 44b9b73..b9d1794 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameTimeline.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameTimeline.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(addSurfaceFrame, void(std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setSfWakeUp, void(int64_t, nsecs_t, Fps));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setSfPresent, void(nsecs_t, const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(computeFps, float(const std::unordered_set<int32_t>&));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/Android.bp b/services/vibratorservice/Android.bp
index 4f89353..2002bdf 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "libvibratorservice",
 
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/benchmarks/Android.bp b/services/vibratorservice/benchmarks/Android.bp
index 7b4cc19..a468146 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_benchmark {
     name: "libvibratorservice_benchmarks",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/test/Android.bp b/services/vibratorservice/test/Android.bp
index ad85990..3294724 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/test/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/test/Android.bp
@@ -12,6 +12,15 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "libvibratorservice_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/Android.bp b/services/vr/bufferhubd/Android.bp
index 8523bb2..f5491cf 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/Android.bp
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
diff --git a/services/vr/hardware_composer/aidl/Android.bp b/services/vr/hardware_composer/aidl/Android.bp
index 98afdec..fa71ed7 100644
--- a/services/vr/hardware_composer/aidl/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vr/hardware_composer/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
     // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
     // to get the below license kinds:
     //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-MIT
-    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Unicode-DFS
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }