diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4de749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+struct ISchedulerCallback {
+    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
+    virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
+    virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
+    virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
+
+protected:
+    ~ISchedulerCallback() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 5fc250b..d1f6e87 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features) {
-    mVsyncSchedule.emplace(features);
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::make_unique<VsyncSchedule>(features);
 }
 
 std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
@@ -393,38 +393,17 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled && mHWVsyncAvailable) {
-        mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().resetModel();
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
-    }
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    if (mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(false);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = false;
-    }
-    if (makeUnavailable) {
-        mHWVsyncAvailable = false;
-    }
+void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow) {
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, Fps refreshRate) {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        if (makeAvailable) {
-            mHWVsyncAvailable = makeAvailable;
-        } else if (!mHWVsyncAvailable) {
-            // Hardware vsync is not currently available, so abort the resync
-            // attempt for now
-            return;
-        }
+void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable, Fps refreshRate) {
+    if (mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(allowToEnable) && refreshRate.isValid()) {
+        mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate.getPeriod());
     }
-
-    setVsyncPeriod(refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs());
 }
 
 void Scheduler::setRenderRate(Fps renderFrameRate) {
@@ -457,37 +436,12 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period) {
-    if (period <= 0) return;
-
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    mVsyncSchedule->getController().startPeriodTransition(period);
-
-    if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-        mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().resetModel();
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
-    }
-}
-
-void Scheduler::addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                                bool* periodFlushed) {
-    bool needsHwVsync = false;
-    *periodFlushed = false;
-    { // Scope for the lock
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        if (mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-            needsHwVsync =
-                    mVsyncSchedule->getController().addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp, hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                                                                        periodFlushed);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (needsHwVsync) {
-        enableHardwareVsync();
-    } else {
-        disableHardwareVsync(false);
-    }
+bool Scheduler::addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriodIn) {
+    const auto hwcVsyncPeriod = ftl::Optional(hwcVsyncPeriodIn).transform([](nsecs_t nanos) {
+        return Period::fromNs(nanos);
+    });
+    return mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mSchedulerCallback, TimePoint::fromNs(timestamp),
+                                           hwcVsyncPeriod);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
@@ -635,14 +589,6 @@
 
     mFrameRateOverrideMappings.dump(dumper);
     dumper.eol();
-
-    {
-        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Hardware VSYNC"sv);
-
-        std::lock_guard lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        dumper.dump("hwVsyncAvailable"sv, mHWVsyncAvailable);
-        dumper.dump("hwVsyncEnabled"sv, mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled);
-    }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::dumpVsync(std::string& out) const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index dae9546..a340919 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
+#include "ISchedulerCallback.h"
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
 #include "MessageQueue.h"
 #include "OneShotTimer.h"
@@ -92,16 +93,6 @@
 
 using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals;
 
-struct ISchedulerCallback {
-    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
-    virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
-    virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
-    virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
-
-protected:
-    ~ISchedulerCallback() = default;
-};
-
 class Scheduler : android::impl::MessageQueue {
     using Impl = android::impl::MessageQueue;
 
@@ -192,20 +183,20 @@
     void setRenderRate(Fps);
 
     void enableHardwareVsync();
-    void disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable);
+    void disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow);
 
     // Resyncs the scheduler to hardware vsync.
-    // If makeAvailable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
+    // If allowToEnable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
     // Otherwise, if hardware vsync is not already enabled then this method will
     // no-op.
-    void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, Fps refreshRate);
+    void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable, Fps refreshRate);
     void resync() EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
     void forceNextResync() { mLastResyncTime = 0; }
 
-    // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. periodFlushed will be true if
-    // VsyncController detected that the vsync period changed, and false otherwise.
-    void addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                         bool* periodFlushed);
+    // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. Returns true if
+    // VsyncController detected that the vsync period changed and false
+    // otherwise.
+    bool addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod);
     void addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>);
 
     // Layers are registered on creation, and unregistered when the weak reference expires.
@@ -297,7 +288,6 @@
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
 
-    void setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period);
     void setVsyncConfig(const VsyncConfig&, Period vsyncPeriod);
 
     // Chooses a leader among the registered displays, unless `leaderIdOpt` is specified. The new
@@ -362,14 +352,10 @@
     ConnectionHandle mAppConnectionHandle;
     ConnectionHandle mSfConnectionHandle;
 
-    mutable std::mutex mHWVsyncLock;
-    bool mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
-    bool mHWVsyncAvailable GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
-
     std::atomic<nsecs_t> mLastResyncTime = 0;
 
     const FeatureFlags mFeatures;
-    std::optional<VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::unique_ptr<VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
 
     // Shifts the VSYNC phase during certain transactions and refresh rate changes.
     const sp<VsyncModulator> mVsyncModulator;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index 95bc31f..5245556 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@
 
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/Timer.h>
 
 #include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
+#include "ISchedulerCallback.h"
+#include "Utils/Dumper.h"
 #include "VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h"
 #include "VSyncPredictor.h"
 #include "VSyncReactor.h"
@@ -54,18 +57,16 @@
 VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features)
       : mTracker(createTracker()),
         mDispatch(createDispatch(*mTracker)),
-        mController(createController(*mTracker, features)) {
-    if (features.test(Feature::kTracePredictedVsync)) {
-        mTracer = std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(*mDispatch);
-    }
-}
+        mController(createController(*mTracker, features)),
+        mTracer(features.test(Feature::kTracePredictedVsync)
+                        ? std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(*mDispatch)
+                        : nullptr) {}
 
 VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch, ControllerPtr controller)
       : mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
         mController(std::move(controller)) {}
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(VsyncSchedule&&) = default;
 VsyncSchedule::~VsyncSchedule() = default;
 
 Period VsyncSchedule::period() const {
@@ -77,6 +78,16 @@
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::dump(std::string& out) const {
+    utils::Dumper dumper(out);
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+        dumper.dump("hwVsyncState", ftl::enum_string(mHwVsyncState));
+
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        dumper.dump("pendingHwVsyncState", ftl::enum_string(mPendingHwVsyncState));
+        dumper.eol();
+    }
+
     out.append("VsyncController:\n");
     mController->dump(out);
 
@@ -120,4 +131,67 @@
     return reactor;
 }
 
+void VsyncSchedule::startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback& callback, Period period) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    mController->startPeriodTransition(period.ns());
+    enableHardwareVsyncLocked(callback);
+}
+
+bool VsyncSchedule::addResyncSample(ISchedulerCallback& callback, TimePoint timestamp,
+                                    ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod) {
+    bool needsHwVsync = false;
+    bool periodFlushed = false;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+        if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Enabled) {
+            needsHwVsync = mController->addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp.ns(),
+                                                            hwcVsyncPeriod.transform(&Period::ns),
+                                                            &periodFlushed);
+        }
+    }
+    if (needsHwVsync) {
+        enableHardwareVsync(callback);
+    } else {
+        disableHardwareVsync(callback, false /* disallow */);
+    }
+    return periodFlushed;
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    enableHardwareVsyncLocked(callback);
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
+    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disabled) {
+        getTracker().resetModel();
+        callback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
+        mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Enabled;
+    }
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback, bool disallow) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Enabled) {
+        callback.setVsyncEnabled(false);
+    }
+    mHwVsyncState = disallow ? HwVsyncState::Disallowed : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+}
+
+bool VsyncSchedule::isHardwareVsyncAllowed(bool makeAllowed) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    if (makeAllowed && mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disallowed) {
+        mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+    }
+    return mHwVsyncState != HwVsyncState::Disallowed;
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::setPendingHardwareVsyncState(bool enabled) {
+    mPendingHwVsyncState = enabled ? HwVsyncState::Enabled : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+}
+
+bool VsyncSchedule::getPendingHardwareVsyncState() const {
+    return mPendingHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Enabled;
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 173b1d0..d88f1d1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <ThreadContext.h>
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <scheduler/Features.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
@@ -32,6 +35,8 @@
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
+struct ISchedulerCallback;
+
 // TODO(b/185535769): Rename classes, and remove aliases.
 class VSyncDispatch;
 class VSyncTracker;
@@ -44,12 +49,24 @@
 class VsyncSchedule {
 public:
     explicit VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags);
-    VsyncSchedule(VsyncSchedule&&);
     ~VsyncSchedule();
 
     Period period() const;
     TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const;
 
+    // Inform the schedule that the period is changing and the schedule needs to recalibrate
+    // itself. The schedule will end the period transition internally. This will
+    // enable hardware VSYNCs in order to calibrate.
+    //
+    // \param [in] period   The period that the system is changing into.
+    void startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback&, Period period);
+
+    // Pass a VSYNC sample to VsyncController. Return true if
+    // VsyncController detected that the VSYNC period changed. Enable or disable
+    // hardware VSYNCs depending on whether more samples are needed.
+    bool addResyncSample(ISchedulerCallback&, TimePoint timestamp,
+                         ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod);
+
     // TODO(b/185535769): Hide behind API.
     const VsyncTracker& getTracker() const { return *mTracker; }
     VsyncTracker& getTracker() { return *mTracker; }
@@ -60,6 +77,22 @@
 
     void dump(std::string&) const;
 
+    // Turn on hardware VSYNCs, unless mHwVsyncState is Disallowed, in which
+    // case this call is ignored.
+    void enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    // Disable hardware VSYNCs. If `disallow` is true, future calls to
+    // enableHardwareVsync are ineffective until allowHardwareVsync is called.
+    void disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&, bool disallow) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    // If true, enableHardwareVsync can enable hardware VSYNC (if not already
+    // enabled). If false, enableHardwareVsync does nothing.
+    bool isHardwareVsyncAllowed(bool makeAllowed) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    void setPendingHardwareVsyncState(bool enabled) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    bool getPendingHardwareVsyncState() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
     friend class android::EventThreadTest;
@@ -76,14 +109,36 @@
     static DispatchPtr createDispatch(VsyncTracker&);
     static ControllerPtr createController(VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
 
+    void enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback&) REQUIRES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    mutable std::mutex mHwVsyncLock;
+    enum class HwVsyncState {
+        // Hardware VSYNCs are currently enabled.
+        Enabled,
+
+        // Hardware VSYNCs are currently disabled. They can be enabled by a call
+        // to `enableHardwareVsync`.
+        Disabled,
+
+        // Hardware VSYNCs are not currently allowed (e.g. because the display
+        // is off).
+        Disallowed,
+
+        ftl_last = Disallowed,
+    };
+    HwVsyncState mHwVsyncState GUARDED_BY(mHwVsyncLock) = HwVsyncState::Disallowed;
+
+    // Pending state, in case an attempt is made to set the state while the
+    // device is off.
+    HwVsyncState mPendingHwVsyncState GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext) = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+
     class PredictedVsyncTracer;
     using TracerPtr = std::unique_ptr<PredictedVsyncTracer>;
 
-    // Effectively const except in move constructor.
-    TrackerPtr mTracker;
-    DispatchPtr mDispatch;
-    ControllerPtr mController;
-    TracerPtr mTracer;
+    const TrackerPtr mTracker;
+    const DispatchPtr mDispatch;
+    const ControllerPtr mController;
+    const TracerPtr mTracer;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler