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+<h1>Vulkan Android Platform Integration</h1>
+<span id="revnumber">version 1</span>
+<div id="toc">
+  <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
+  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="content">
+<div id="preamble">
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This document describes how the Vulkan API is integrated into Android. It focuses on the interfaces and division of responsibilities between applications, the platform, and drivers rather than internal implementation details of each of them.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This is still a fairly rough draft; details will be filled in over time.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_loader">1. Loader</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The Android Vulkan loader will be implemented in <span class="monospaced">/system/lib[64]/libvulkan.so</span>. It will export all of the Vulkan function symbols, as well as any extension functions that are mandatory on Android (in particular the window-system integration functions). Non-mandatory extension functions must be queried dynamically using <span class="monospaced">vkGet*ProcAddr</span>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The NDK will include a stub <span class="monospaced">libvulkan.so</span> exporting the same symbols. Calling the Vulkan functions exported from <span class="monospaced">libvulkan.so</span> will enter trampoline functions in the loader which will dispatch to the appropriate layer or driver based on their first argument. The <span class="monospaced">vkGet*ProcAddr</span> calls will in general (with a few exceptions that need special loader support) return the function pointers that the trampolines would dispatch to, so calling through these function pointers rather than the exported symbols will be slightly more efficient since it skips the trampoline and dispatch.</p></div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_driver_enumeration_and_loading">1.1. Driver Enumeration and Loading</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Android expects the GPUs available to the system to be known when the system image is built, so its driver enumeration process isn&#8217;t as elaborate as other platforms. The loader will use the existing HAL mechanism (see <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/hardware/libhardware/+/lollipop-mr1-release/include/hardware/hardware.h">hardware.h</a>) for discovering and loading the driver. As of this writing, the preferred paths for 32-bit and 64-bit Vulkan drivers are:</p></div>
+<div class="literalblock">
+<div class="content monospaced">
+<pre>/vendor/lib/hw/vulkan.&lt;ro.product.platform&gt;.so
+/vendor/lib64/hw/vulkan.&lt;ro.product.platform&gt;.so</pre>
+</div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>where <span class="monospaced">&lt;ro.product.platform&gt;</span> is replaced by the value of the system property of that name. See <a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/hardware/libhardware/+/lollipop-mr1-release/hardware.c">libhardware/hardware.c</a> for details and supported alternative locations.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The Vulkan <span class="monospaced">hw_module_t</span> derivative will have fields that provide a list of available device names. These names are strings, but the contents are arbitrary; they will only be passed to the module <span class="monospaced">open</span> call. The ability to expose more than one device is reserved for future use; existing Android products will only have one device, and the first implementation of the loader may ignore all devices except the first.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The Vulkan <span class="monospaced">hw_device_t</span> derivative corresponds to a single ICD. The structure will be extended to export <span class="monospaced">vkGetGlobalExtensionProperties</span>, <span class="monospaced">vkCreateInstance</span>, and <span class="monospaced">vkGetInstanceProcAddr</span> functions. The loader will find all other VkInstance and VkPhysicalDevice functions by calling <span class="monospaced">vkGetInstanceProcAddr</span>.</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_layer_discovery_and_loading">1.2. Layer Discovery and Loading</h3>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Details are still being worked out. The Android app distribution model as well as security requirements differ from other platforms enough that layer discovery and loading will work somewhat differently.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In particular, Android security policy does not allow loading external code into a non-debuggable process on production devices, or allowing external code to inspect or control the process&#8217;s memory/state/etc. This includes a prohibition on saving core dumps, API traces, etc. to disk for later inspection. So only layers delivered as part of the application will be enabled in these situations, and drivers must also not provide functionality that violates these policies.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>There are three major use cases for layers:</p></div>
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>
+Development-time layers: validation layers, shims for tracing/profiling/debugging tools, etc. These don&#8217;t need to be on end-user devices, and application developers have the ability to modify their application package (e.g. adding a file to their native libraries directory) to use them.
+</p>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>An important special case of this is IHV and OEM engineers who are trying to diagnose failures in shipping, unmodifiable apps. However, these engineers typically have access to non-production builds of the system image.</p></div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Utility layers, such as a layer that implements a device memory heap. These layers will almost always expose extensions. Developers choose which layers, and which versions of those layers, to use in their application.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Injected layers, like framerate, social network, or game launcher overlays, which are provided by the user or some other application without the application&#8217;s knowledge or consent. These violate Android&#8217;s security policies and will not be supported.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In the normal state the loader will only search in the application&#8217;s native library directory for layers; it will probably just try to load any library with a name matching a particular pattern(e.g. <span class="monospaced">libvklayer_foo.so</span>). It will probably not need a separate manifest file; the developer deliberately included these layers, so the reasons to avoid loading libraries before enabling them don&#8217;t apply.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>On debuggable devices (<span class="monospaced">ro.debuggable</span> property exists and is non-zero, generally rooted or engineering builds) or debuggable processes (prctl(PR_GET_DUMPABLE)==1, based on the application&#8217;s manifest), the loader may also search an adb-writeable location on /data for layers. It&#8217;s not clear whether this is useful; in all the cases it could be used, the layer could be just as easily put in the application&#8217;s native library directory.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, the loader may include a built-in validation layer that it will enable based on settings in the Developer Options menu, which would send validation errors or warnings to the system log. Drivers may be able to emit additional hardware-specific errors/warnings through this mechanism. This layer would not be enumerated through the API. This is intended to allow cooperative end-users to collect extra information about failures from unmodified applications on unmodified devices to aid triage/diagnosis of difficult-to-reproduce problems. The functionality is intentionally limited to minimize security and privacy risk.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_window_system_integration">2. Window System Integration</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>TODO: Add more internal implementation details.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The vk_wsi_swapchin and vk_wsi_device_swapchain extensions will primarily be implemented by the platform and live in <span class="monospaced">libvulkan.so</span>. The <span class="monospaced">VkSwapchain</span> object and all interaction with <span class="monospaced">ANativeWindow</span> will be handled by the platform and not exposed to drivers. The WSI implementation will rely on a few private interfaces to the driver for this implementation:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// VkNativeBufferANDROID is a vkCreateImage extension structure for creating an</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// image backed by a gralloc buffer.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// This structure is provided to vkCreateImage() in the VkImageCreateInfo</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// structure chain. Calls to vkCreateImage with this structure will happen</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// during the first call to</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   vkGetSwapChainInfoWSI(.. VK_SWAP_CHAIN_INFO_TYPE_IMAGES_WSI ..)</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// The WSI implementation will allocate the number of native buffers requested</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// for the swapchain, then create a VkImage for each one.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// TBD: During swapchain re-creation (using 'oldSwapChain'), we may have to</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// defer allocation of new gralloc buffers until old buffers have been released.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// If so, the vkCreateImage calls will be deferred until the first</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// vkAcquireNextImageWSI() that would return the new image.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// When creating a gralloc-backed image, the VkImageCreateInfo will have:</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .imageType     = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .format        = a VkFormat matching the format requested for the gralloc buffer</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .extent        = the 2D dimensions requested for the gralloc buffer</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .mipLevels     = 1</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .arraySize     = 1</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .samples       = 1</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .tiling        = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .usage         = VkSwapChainCreateInfoWSI::imageUsageFlags</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .flags         = 0</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .sharingMode   = TBD (see below)</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .queueFamilyCount = TBD (see below)</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//   .pQueueFamilyIndices = TBD (see below)</span></span>
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">typedef</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">struct</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">{</span>
+    <span style="color: #008080">VkStructureType</span>             sType<span style="color: #990000">;</span> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// must be VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">const</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">void</span><span style="color: #990000">*</span>                 pNext<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
+
+    <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// Buffer handle and stride returned from gralloc alloc()</span></span>
+    <span style="color: #008080">buffer_handle_t</span>             handle<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
+    <span style="color: #009900">int</span>                         stride<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
+
+    <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// Gralloc format and usage requested when the buffer was allocated.</span></span>
+    <span style="color: #009900">int</span>                         format<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
+    <span style="color: #009900">int</span>                         usage<span style="color: #990000">;</span>
+<span style="color: #FF0000">}</span> VkNativeBufferANDROID<span style="color: #990000">;</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>It&#8217;s not clear how we should set the <span class="monospaced">sharingMode</span>, <span class="monospaced">queueFamilyCount</span>, and <span class="monospaced">pQueueFamilyIndices</span> fields. See <a href="https://cvs.khronos.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14265">bug 14265</a> for details.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// vkImportNativeFenceANDROID imports an externally-signalled native fence into</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// an existing VkSemaphore object.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// This function is called during vkAcquireNextImageWSI to import a native fence</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// into the VkSemaphore object provided by the application. This call puts the</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// VkSemaphore into the same "pending" state as vkQueueSignalSemaphore, so</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// queues can wait on the semaphore. The VkSemaphore signals when the underlying</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// native fence signals; if the fence has already signalled, then the semaphore</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// will be in the signalled state when this function returns.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// The driver takes ownership of the fence fd and is responsible for closing it</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// when the VkSemaphore is destroyed, when a different native fence is imported,</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// or any other condition that replaces the VkSemaphore's underlying</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// synchronization object.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// If fenceFd is -1, the VkSemaphore will be considered signalled immediately,</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// but it can still be passed to vkQueueWaitSemaphore.</span></span>
+
+VkResult <span style="color: #008080">VKAPI</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">vkImportNativeFenceANDROID</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>
+    <span style="color: #008080">VkDevice</span>        device<span style="color: #990000">,</span>
+    <span style="color: #008080">VkSemaphore</span>     semaphore<span style="color: #990000">,</span>
+    <span style="color: #009900">int</span>             nativeFenceFd
+<span style="color: #990000">);</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// vkQueueSignalNativeFenceANDROID creates a native fence and schedules it to be</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// signalled when prior work on the queue has completed.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// This will be called during vkQueuePresentWSI on the provided queue.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// Effects are similar to vkQueueSignalSemaphore, except with a native fence</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// instead of a semaphore. Unlike vkQueueSignalSemaphore, however, this call</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// creates and returns the synchronization object that will be signalled rather</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// than having it provided as input.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// If the queue is already idle when this function is called, it is allowed but</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// not required to set *pNativeFenceFd to -1.</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">//</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// The file descriptor returned in *pNativeFenceFd is owned and will be closed</span></span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">// by the caller.</span></span>
+
+VkResult <span style="color: #008080">VKAPI</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">vkQueueSignalNativeFenceANDROID</span></span><span style="color: #990000">(</span>
+    <span style="color: #008080">VkQueue</span>         queue<span style="color: #990000">,</span>
+    <span style="color: #009900">int</span><span style="color: #990000">*</span>            pNativeFenceFd<span style="color: #990000">);</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_history">3. History</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p>
+<strong>2015-07-08</strong> Initial version
+</p>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div id="footnotes"><hr></div>
+<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer-text">
+Version 1<br>
+Last updated 2015-07-19 23:32:04 PDT
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>