diff --git a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
index 7e89220..bb3faaf 100644
--- a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
+++ b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
 
 package android.view;
 
-parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h";
+@JavaOnlyStableParcelable @NdkOnlyStableParcelable parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h" ndk_header "android/native_window_aidl.h";
diff --git a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
index ebb7891..34ea759 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
@@ -1956,7 +1956,7 @@
                       join_fds(context_input_fds), swap_fd.get(), instruction_set, compiler_filter,
                       debuggable, boot_complete, for_restore, target_sdk_version,
                       enable_hidden_api_checks, generate_compact_dex, use_jitzygote_image,
-                      compilation_reason);
+                      background_job_compile, compilation_reason);
 
     bool cancelled = false;
     pid_t pid = dexopt_status_->check_cancellation_and_fork(&cancelled);
diff --git a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.cpp b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.cpp
index 51c4589..4221a3a 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.cpp
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
                             bool enable_hidden_api_checks,
                             bool generate_compact_dex,
                             bool use_jitzygote,
+                            bool background_job_compile,
                             const char* compilation_reason) {
     PrepareBootImageFlags(use_jitzygote);
 
@@ -92,7 +93,8 @@
                                debuggable, target_sdk_version, enable_hidden_api_checks,
                                generate_compact_dex, compilation_reason);
 
-    PrepareCompilerRuntimeAndPerfConfigFlags(post_bootcomplete, for_restore);
+    PrepareCompilerRuntimeAndPerfConfigFlags(post_bootcomplete, for_restore,
+                                             background_job_compile);
 
     const std::string dex2oat_flags = GetProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-flags", "");
     std::vector<std::string> dex2oat_flags_args = SplitBySpaces(dex2oat_flags);
@@ -296,7 +298,8 @@
 }
 
 void RunDex2Oat::PrepareCompilerRuntimeAndPerfConfigFlags(bool post_bootcomplete,
-                                                          bool for_restore) {
+                                                          bool for_restore,
+                                                          bool background_job_compile) {
     // CPU set
     {
         std::string cpu_set_format = "--cpu-set=%s";
@@ -306,7 +309,12 @@
                            "dalvik.vm.restore-dex2oat-cpu-set",
                            "dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set",
                            cpu_set_format)
-                   : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set", cpu_set_format))
+                   : (background_job_compile
+                      ? MapPropertyToArgWithBackup(
+                              "dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-cpu-set",
+                              "dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set",
+                              cpu_set_format)
+                      : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set", cpu_set_format)))
                 : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.boot-dex2oat-cpu-set", cpu_set_format);
         AddArg(dex2oat_cpu_set_arg);
     }
@@ -320,7 +328,12 @@
                            "dalvik.vm.restore-dex2oat-threads",
                            "dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads",
                            threads_format)
-                   : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads", threads_format))
+                   : (background_job_compile
+                      ? MapPropertyToArgWithBackup(
+                              "dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-threads",
+                              "dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads",
+                              threads_format)
+                      : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads", threads_format)))
                 : MapPropertyToArg("dalvik.vm.boot-dex2oat-threads", threads_format);
         AddArg(dex2oat_threads_arg);
     }
diff --git a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.h b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.h
index 559244f..c13e1f1 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.h
+++ b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat.h
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
                     bool enable_hidden_api_checks,
                     bool generate_compact_dex,
                     bool use_jitzygote,
+                    bool background_job_compile,
                     const char* compilation_reason);
 
     void Exec(int exit_code);
@@ -76,7 +77,9 @@
                                     bool enable_hidden_api_checks,
                                     bool generate_compact_dex,
                                     const char* compilation_reason);
-    void PrepareCompilerRuntimeAndPerfConfigFlags(bool post_bootcomplete, bool for_restore);
+    void PrepareCompilerRuntimeAndPerfConfigFlags(bool post_bootcomplete,
+                                                  bool for_restore,
+                                                  bool background_job_compile);
 
     virtual std::string GetProperty(const std::string& key, const std::string& default_value);
     virtual bool GetBoolProperty(const std::string& key, bool default_value);
diff --git a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat_test.cpp
index 2a8135a..304ba7b 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/run_dex2oat_test.cpp
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@
         bool enable_hidden_api_checks = false;
         bool generate_compact_dex = true;
         bool use_jitzygote = false;
+        bool background_job_compile = false;
         const char* compilation_reason = nullptr;
     };
 
@@ -259,6 +260,7 @@
                           args->enable_hidden_api_checks,
                           args->generate_compact_dex,
                           args->use_jitzygote,
+                          args->background_job_compile,
                           args->compilation_reason);
         runner.Exec(/*exit_code=*/ 0);
     }
@@ -375,6 +377,30 @@
     VerifyExpectedFlags();
 }
 
+TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, CpuSetPostBootCompleteBackground) {
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-cpu-set", "1,3");
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set", "1,2");
+    auto args = RunDex2OatArgs::MakeDefaultTestArgs();
+    args->post_bootcomplete = true;
+    args->background_job_compile = true;
+    CallRunDex2Oat(std::move(args));
+
+    SetExpectedFlagUsed("--cpu-set", "=1,3");
+    VerifyExpectedFlags();
+}
+
+TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, CpuSetPostBootCompleteBackground_Backup) {
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-cpu-set", "");
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set", "1,2");
+    auto args = RunDex2OatArgs::MakeDefaultTestArgs();
+    args->post_bootcomplete = true;
+    args->background_job_compile = true;
+    CallRunDex2Oat(std::move(args));
+
+    SetExpectedFlagUsed("--cpu-set", "=1,2");
+    VerifyExpectedFlags();
+}
+
 TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, CpuSetPostBootCompleteForRestore) {
     setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.restore-dex2oat-cpu-set", "1,2");
     setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-cpu-set", "2,3");
@@ -481,6 +507,30 @@
     VerifyExpectedFlags();
 }
 
+TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, ThreadsPostBootCompleteBackground) {
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-threads", "2");
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads", "3");
+    auto args = RunDex2OatArgs::MakeDefaultTestArgs();
+    args->post_bootcomplete = true;
+    args->background_job_compile = true;
+    CallRunDex2Oat(std::move(args));
+
+    SetExpectedFlagUsed("-j", "2");
+    VerifyExpectedFlags();
+}
+
+TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, ThreadsPostBootCompleteBackground_Backup) {
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.background-dex2oat-threads", "");
+    setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads", "3");
+    auto args = RunDex2OatArgs::MakeDefaultTestArgs();
+    args->post_bootcomplete = true;
+    args->background_job_compile = true;
+    CallRunDex2Oat(std::move(args));
+
+    SetExpectedFlagUsed("-j", "3");
+    VerifyExpectedFlags();
+}
+
 TEST_F(RunDex2OatTest, ThreadsPostBootCompleteForRestore) {
     setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.restore-dex2oat-threads", "4");
     setSystemProperty("dalvik.vm.dex2oat-threads", "5");
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
index 2684f04..2ae61b9 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
@@ -612,7 +612,8 @@
 }
 
 void ServiceManager::tryStartService(const std::string& name) {
-    ALOGI("Since '%s' could not be found, trying to start it as a lazy AIDL service",
+    ALOGI("Since '%s' could not be found, trying to start it as a lazy AIDL service. (if it's not "
+          "configured to be a lazy service, it may be stuck starting or still starting).",
           name.c_str());
 
     std::thread([=] {
diff --git a/data/etc/android.software.opengles.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml b/data/etc/android.software.opengles.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0b594c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/etc/android.software.opengles.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<!-- This is the standard feature indicating that the device passes OpenGL ES
+     dEQP tests associated with date 2023-03-01 (0x07E70301). -->
+<permissions>
+    <feature name="android.software.opengles.deqp.level" version="132580097" />
+</permissions>
diff --git a/data/etc/android.software.vulkan.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml b/data/etc/android.software.vulkan.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ae248a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/etc/android.software.vulkan.deqp.level-2023-03-01.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<!-- This is the standard feature indicating that the device passes Vulkan dEQP
+     tests associated with date 2023-03-01 (0x07E70301). -->
+<permissions>
+    <feature name="android.software.vulkan.deqp.level" version="132580097" />
+</permissions>
diff --git a/include/android/font.h b/include/android/font.h
index 45eb81a..0225725 100644
--- a/include/android/font.h
+++ b/include/android/font.h
@@ -87,10 +87,11 @@
     AFONT_WEIGHT_MAX = 1000
 };
 
+struct AFont;
 /**
  * AFont provides information of the single font configuration.
  */
-struct AFont;
+typedef struct AFont AFont;
 
 /**
  * Close an AFont.
diff --git a/include/android/font_matcher.h b/include/android/font_matcher.h
index 63b0328..60ff95e 100644
--- a/include/android/font_matcher.h
+++ b/include/android/font_matcher.h
@@ -117,11 +117,12 @@
     AFAMILY_VARIANT_ELEGANT = 2,
 };
 
+struct AFontMatcher;
 /**
  * AFontMatcher performs match operation on given parameters and available font files.
  * This matcher is not a thread-safe object. Do not pass this matcher to other threads.
  */
-struct AFontMatcher;
+typedef struct AFontMatcher AFontMatcher;
 
 /**
  * Select the best font from given parameters.
diff --git a/include/android/performance_hint.h b/include/android/performance_hint.h
index 5fa47f6..eed6b33 100644
--- a/include/android/performance_hint.h
+++ b/include/android/performance_hint.h
@@ -88,6 +88,36 @@
 typedef struct APerformanceHintSession APerformanceHintSession;
 
 /**
+ * Hints for the session used by {@link APerformanceHint_sendHint} to signal upcoming changes
+ * in the mode or workload.
+ */
+enum SessionHint {
+    /**
+     * This hint indicates a sudden increase in CPU workload intensity. It means
+     * that this hint session needs extra CPU resources immediately to meet the
+     * target duration for the current work cycle.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_UP = 0,
+    /**
+     * This hint indicates a decrease in CPU workload intensity. It means that
+     * this hint session can reduce CPU resources and still meet the target duration.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_DOWN = 1,
+    /*
+     * This hint indicates an upcoming CPU workload that is completely changed and
+     * unknown. It means that the hint session should reset CPU resources to a known
+     * baseline to prepare for an arbitrary load, and must wake up if inactive.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_RESET = 2,
+    /*
+     * This hint indicates that the most recent CPU workload is resuming after a
+     * period of inactivity. It means that the hint session should allocate similar
+     * CPU resources to what was used previously, and must wake up if inactive.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_RESUME = 3,
+};
+
+/**
   * Acquire an instance of the performance hint manager.
   *
   * @return manager instance on success, nullptr on failure.
@@ -159,6 +189,17 @@
 void APerformanceHint_closeSession(
         APerformanceHintSession* session) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_T__);
 
+/**
+ * Sends performance hints to inform the hint session of changes in the workload.
+ *
+ * @param session The performance hint session instance to update.
+ * @param hint The hint to send to the session.
+ * @return 0 on success
+ *         EPIPE if communication with the system service has failed.
+ */
+int APerformanceHint_sendHint(
+        APerformanceHintSession* session, int hint) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
 __END_DECLS
 
 #endif // ANDROID_NATIVE_PERFORMANCE_HINT_H
diff --git a/include/android/system_fonts.h b/include/android/system_fonts.h
index b0bbb95..94484ea 100644
--- a/include/android/system_fonts.h
+++ b/include/android/system_fonts.h
@@ -87,13 +87,14 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
+struct ASystemFontIterator;
 /**
  * ASystemFontIterator provides access to the system font configuration.
  *
  * ASystemFontIterator is an iterator for all available system font settings.
  * This iterator is not a thread-safe object. Do not pass this iterator to other threads.
  */
-struct ASystemFontIterator;
+typedef struct ASystemFontIterator ASystemFontIterator;
 
 /**
  * Create a system font iterator.
diff --git a/include/ftl/flags.h b/include/ftl/flags.h
index 70aaa0e..cdb4e84 100644
--- a/include/ftl/flags.h
+++ b/include/ftl/flags.h
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
     /* Tests whether all of the given flags are set */
     bool all(Flags<F> f) const { return (mFlags & f.mFlags) == f.mFlags; }
 
-    Flags<F> operator|(Flags<F> rhs) const { return static_cast<F>(mFlags | rhs.mFlags); }
+    constexpr Flags<F> operator|(Flags<F> rhs) const { return static_cast<F>(mFlags | rhs.mFlags); }
     Flags<F>& operator|=(Flags<F> rhs) {
         mFlags = mFlags | rhs.mFlags;
         return *this;
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename F, typename = std::enable_if_t<is_scoped_enum_v<F>>>
-Flags<F> operator|(F lhs, F rhs) {
+constexpr Flags<F> operator|(F lhs, F rhs) {
     return static_cast<F>(to_underlying(lhs) | to_underlying(rhs));
 }
 
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index 172e5b4..dd74a51 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
 
     // Values of axes that are stored in this structure packed in order by axis id
     // for each axis that is present in the structure according to 'bits'.
-    float values[MAX_AXES];
+    std::array<float, MAX_AXES> values;
 
     inline void clear() {
         BitSet64::clear(bits);
@@ -406,7 +406,8 @@
         return !(*this == other);
     }
 
-    void copyFrom(const PointerCoords& other);
+    inline void copyFrom(const PointerCoords& other) { *this = other; }
+    PointerCoords& operator=(const PointerCoords&) = default;
 
 private:
     void tooManyAxes(int axis);
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index fdf4167..f17bb7d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -495,6 +495,7 @@
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libcutils_sockets",
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
index 83d0de7..399667d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
@@ -564,6 +564,29 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
+status_t RpcServer::setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd socket_fd) {
+    RpcTransportFd transportFd(std::move(socket_fd));
+    if (!transportFd.fd.ok()) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not get initialized Unix socket: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
+    }
+    // Right now, we create all threads at once, making accept4 slow. To avoid hanging the client,
+    // the backlog is increased to a large number.
+    // TODO(b/189955605): Once we create threads dynamically & lazily, the backlog can be reduced
+    //  to 1.
+    if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(listen(transportFd.fd.get(), 50 /*backlog*/))) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not listen initialized Unix socket: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
+    }
+    if (status_t status = setupExternalServer(std::move(transportFd.fd)); status != OK) {
+        ALOGE("Another thread has set up server while calling setupSocketServer. Race?");
+        return status;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
 void RpcServer::onSessionAllIncomingThreadsEnded(const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
     const std::vector<uint8_t>& id = session->mId;
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(id.empty(), "Server sessions must be initialized with ID");
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
index 81ae26a3..4ad0a47 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@
     [[nodiscard]] status_t setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path);
 
     /**
+     * Sets up an RPC server with a raw socket file descriptor.
+     * The socket should be created and bound to a socket address already, e.g.
+     * the socket can be created in init.rc.
+     *
+     * This method is used in the libbinder_rpc_unstable API
+     * RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer().
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd socket_fd);
+
+    /**
      * Creates an RPC server at the current port.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] status_t setupVsockServer(unsigned int port);
diff --git a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
index e4a9f99..dd177af 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
+++ b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
@@ -42,6 +42,20 @@
 
 AIBinder* VsockRpcClient(unsigned int cid, unsigned int port);
 
+// Starts a Unix domain RPC server with a given init-managed Unix domain `name` and
+// a given root IBinder object.
+// The socket should be created in init.rc with the same `name`.
+//
+// This function sets up the server, calls readyCallback with a given param, and
+// then joins before returning.
+bool RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(AIBinder* service, const char* name,
+                                void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param);
+
+// Gets the service via the RPC binder with Unix domain socket with the given
+// Unix socket `name`.
+// The final Unix domain socket path name is /dev/socket/`name`.
+AIBinder* UnixDomainRpcClient(const char* name);
+
 // Connect to an RPC server with preconnected file descriptors.
 //
 // requestFd should connect to the server and return a valid file descriptor, or
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
index 1f38bb9..ae07aee 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <linux/vm_sockets.h>
 
 using android::OK;
@@ -30,6 +31,17 @@
 
 extern "C" {
 
+void RunRpcServer(android::sp<RpcServer>& server, AIBinder* service,
+                  void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param) {
+    server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
+
+    if (readyCallback) readyCallback(param);
+    server->join();
+
+    // Shutdown any open sessions since server failed.
+    (void)server->shutdown();
+}
+
 bool RunVsockRpcServerWithFactory(AIBinder* (*factory)(unsigned int cid, void* context),
                                   void* factoryContext, unsigned int port) {
     auto server = RpcServer::make();
@@ -60,13 +72,7 @@
                    << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
         return false;
     }
-    server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
-
-    if (readyCallback) readyCallback(param);
-    server->join();
-
-    // Shutdown any open sessions since server failed.
-    (void)server->shutdown();
+    RunRpcServer(server, service, readyCallback, param);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -84,6 +90,31 @@
     return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
 }
 
+bool RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(AIBinder* service, const char* name,
+                                void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param) {
+    auto server = RpcServer::make();
+    auto fd = unique_fd(android_get_control_socket(name));
+    if (status_t status = server->setupRawSocketServer(std::move(fd)); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up Unix Domain RPC server with name " << name
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
+        return false;
+    }
+    RunRpcServer(server, service, readyCallback, param);
+    return true;
+}
+
+AIBinder* UnixDomainRpcClient(const char* name) {
+    std::string pathname(name);
+    pathname = ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR "/" + pathname;
+    auto session = RpcSession::make();
+    if (status_t status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(pathname.c_str()); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up Unix Domain RPC client with path: " << pathname
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
+}
+
 AIBinder* RpcPreconnectedClient(int (*requestFd)(void* param), void* param) {
     auto session = RpcSession::make();
     auto request = [=] { return unique_fd{requestFd(param)}; };
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
index 347831a..f9c7bcf 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
     RunVsockRpcServer;
     RunVsockRpcServerCallback;
     VsockRpcClient;
+    RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer;
+    UnixDomainRpcClient;
     RpcPreconnectedClient;
   local:
     *;
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_auto_utils.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_auto_utils.h
index fccc0af..d6937c2 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_auto_utils.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_auto_utils.h
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@
 #include <android/binder_internal_logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_parcel.h>
 #include <android/binder_status.h>
-
 #include <assert.h>
-
 #include <unistd.h>
+
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace ndk {
@@ -270,14 +270,19 @@
     std::string getDescription() const {
 #ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
         if (__builtin_available(android 30, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 30) {
 #endif
+
+#if defined(__ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__) || __ANDROID_API__ >= 30
             const char* cStr = AStatus_getDescription(get());
             std::string ret = cStr;
             AStatus_deleteDescription(cStr);
             return ret;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
         }
+#endif
+
         binder_exception_t exception = getExceptionCode();
         std::string desc = std::to_string(exception);
         if (exception == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
@@ -315,6 +320,11 @@
     }
 };
 
+static inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ScopedAStatus& status) {
+    return os << status.getDescription();
+    return os;
+}
+
 /**
  * Convenience wrapper. See AIBinder_DeathRecipient.
  */
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcelable_utils.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcelable_utils.h
index c1f2620..caee471 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcelable_utils.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcelable_utils.h
@@ -41,68 +41,34 @@
         if (_status != STATUS_OK) return _status; \
     } while (false)
 
+// AParcelableHolder has been introduced in 31.
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 31
 class AParcelableHolder {
    public:
     AParcelableHolder() = delete;
     explicit AParcelableHolder(parcelable_stability_t stability)
         : mParcel(AParcel_create()), mStability(stability) {}
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 31
     AParcelableHolder(const AParcelableHolder& other)
         : mParcel(AParcel_create()), mStability(other.mStability) {
-        // AParcelableHolder has been introduced in 31.
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            AParcel_appendFrom(other.mParcel.get(), this->mParcel.get(), 0,
-                               AParcel_getDataSize(other.mParcel.get()));
-        } else {
-            syslog(LOG_ERR,
-                   "sdk_version not compatible, AParcelableHolder need sdk_version >= 31!");
-        }
+        AParcel_appendFrom(other.mParcel.get(), this->mParcel.get(), 0,
+                           AParcel_getDataSize(other.mParcel.get()));
     }
-#endif
 
     AParcelableHolder(AParcelableHolder&& other) = default;
     virtual ~AParcelableHolder() = default;
 
     binder_status_t writeToParcel(AParcel* parcel) const {
         RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_writeInt32(parcel, static_cast<int32_t>(this->mStability)));
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            int32_t size = AParcel_getDataSize(this->mParcel.get());
-            RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_writeInt32(parcel, size));
-        } else {
-            return STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
-        }
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            int32_t size = AParcel_getDataSize(this->mParcel.get());
-            RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_appendFrom(this->mParcel.get(), parcel, 0, size));
-        } else {
-            return STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
-        }
+        int32_t size = AParcel_getDataSize(this->mParcel.get());
+        RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_writeInt32(parcel, size));
+        size = AParcel_getDataSize(this->mParcel.get());
+        RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_appendFrom(this->mParcel.get(), parcel, 0, size));
         return STATUS_OK;
     }
 
     binder_status_t readFromParcel(const AParcel* parcel) {
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            AParcel_reset(mParcel.get());
-        } else {
-            return STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
-        }
+        AParcel_reset(mParcel.get());
 
         parcelable_stability_t wireStability;
         RETURN_ON_FAILURE(AParcel_readInt32(parcel, &wireStability));
@@ -123,15 +89,7 @@
             return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
         }
 
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            status = AParcel_appendFrom(parcel, mParcel.get(), dataStartPos, dataSize);
-        } else {
-            status = STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
-        }
+        status = AParcel_appendFrom(parcel, mParcel.get(), dataStartPos, dataSize);
         if (status != STATUS_OK) {
             return status;
         }
@@ -143,15 +101,7 @@
         if (this->mStability > T::_aidl_stability) {
             return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
         }
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            AParcel_reset(mParcel.get());
-        } else {
-            return STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
-        }
+        AParcel_reset(mParcel.get());
         AParcel_writeString(mParcel.get(), T::descriptor, strlen(T::descriptor));
         p.writeToParcel(mParcel.get());
         return STATUS_OK;
@@ -161,17 +111,9 @@
     binder_status_t getParcelable(std::optional<T>* ret) const {
         const std::string parcelableDesc(T::descriptor);
         AParcel_setDataPosition(mParcel.get(), 0);
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            if (AParcel_getDataSize(mParcel.get()) == 0) {
-                *ret = std::nullopt;
-                return STATUS_OK;
-            }
-        } else {
-            return STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION;
+        if (AParcel_getDataSize(mParcel.get()) == 0) {
+            *ret = std::nullopt;
+            return STATUS_OK;
         }
         std::string parcelableDescInParcel;
         binder_status_t status = AParcel_readString(mParcel.get(), &parcelableDescInParcel);
@@ -188,18 +130,7 @@
         return STATUS_OK;
     }
 
-    void reset() {
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            AParcel_reset(mParcel.get());
-        } else {
-            syslog(LOG_ERR,
-                   "sdk_version not compatible, AParcelableHolder need sdk_version >= 31!");
-        }
-    }
+    void reset() { AParcel_reset(mParcel.get()); }
 
     inline bool operator!=(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) const { return this != &rhs; }
     inline bool operator<(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) const { return this < &rhs; }
@@ -207,34 +138,23 @@
     inline bool operator==(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) const { return this == &rhs; }
     inline bool operator>(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) const { return this > &rhs; }
     inline bool operator>=(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) const { return this >= &rhs; }
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 31
     inline AParcelableHolder& operator=(const AParcelableHolder& rhs) {
-        // AParcelableHolder has been introduced in 31.
-#ifdef __ANDROID_UNAVAILABLE_SYMBOLS_ARE_WEAK__
-        if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
-#else
-        if (__ANDROID_API__ >= 31) {
-#endif
-            this->reset();
-            if (this->mStability != rhs.mStability) {
-                syslog(LOG_ERR, "AParcelableHolder stability mismatch: this %d rhs %d!",
-                       this->mStability, rhs.mStability);
-                abort();
-            }
-            AParcel_appendFrom(rhs.mParcel.get(), this->mParcel.get(), 0,
-                               AParcel_getDataSize(rhs.mParcel.get()));
-        } else {
-            syslog(LOG_ERR,
-                   "sdk_version not compatible, AParcelableHolder need sdk_version >= 31!");
+        this->reset();
+        if (this->mStability != rhs.mStability) {
+            syslog(LOG_ERR, "AParcelableHolder stability mismatch: this %d rhs %d!",
+                   this->mStability, rhs.mStability);
+            abort();
         }
+        AParcel_appendFrom(rhs.mParcel.get(), this->mParcel.get(), 0,
+                           AParcel_getDataSize(rhs.mParcel.get()));
         return *this;
     }
-#endif
 
    private:
     mutable ndk::ScopedAParcel mParcel;
     parcelable_stability_t mStability;
 };
+#endif  // __ANDROID_API__ >= 31
 
 #undef RETURN_ON_FAILURE
 }  // namespace ndk
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_to_string.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_to_string.h
index d7840ec..6a25db2 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_to_string.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_to_string.h
@@ -136,8 +136,10 @@
     template <typename _U>
     static std::enable_if_t<
 #ifdef HAS_NDK_INTERFACE
-            std::is_base_of_v<::ndk::ICInterface, _U> ||
-                    std::is_same_v<::ndk::AParcelableHolder, _U>
+            std::is_base_of_v<::ndk::ICInterface, _U>
+#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 31
+                    || std::is_same_v<::ndk::AParcelableHolder, _U>
+#endif
 #else
             std::is_base_of_v<IInterface, _U> || std::is_same_v<IBinder, _U> ||
                     std::is_same_v<os::ParcelFileDescriptor, _U> ||
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/binderVendorDoubleLoadTest.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/binderVendorDoubleLoadTest.cpp
index f3cd218..43b2cb8 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/binderVendorDoubleLoadTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/binderVendorDoubleLoadTest.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
         std::string outString;
         ScopedAStatus status = server->RepeatString("foo", &outString);
         EXPECT_EQ(STATUS_OK, AStatus_getExceptionCode(status.get()))
-                << serviceName << " " << status.getDescription();
+                << serviceName << " " << status;
         EXPECT_EQ("foo", outString) << serviceName;
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
index 5ebc27f..9771cc9 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libdowncast_rs",
         "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.compos",
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
index 4343ff4..48c787b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 use binder::{unstable_api::new_spibinder, FromIBinder, SpIBinder, StatusCode, Strong};
+use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::os::{
     raw::{c_int, c_void},
     unix::io::RawFd,
@@ -35,6 +36,27 @@
     interface_cast(get_vsock_rpc_service(cid, port))
 }
 
+/// Connects to an RPC Binder server over Unix domain socket.
+pub fn get_unix_domain_rpc_service(socket_name: &str) -> Option<SpIBinder> {
+    let socket_name = match CString::new(socket_name) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", socket_name, e);
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+    // SAFETY: AIBinder returned by UnixDomainRpcClient has correct reference count,
+    // and the ownership can safely be taken by new_spibinder.
+    unsafe { new_spibinder(binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::UnixDomainRpcClient(socket_name.as_ptr())) }
+}
+
+/// Connects to an RPC Binder server for a particular interface over Unix domain socket.
+pub fn get_unix_domain_rpc_interface<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
+    socket_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
+    interface_cast(get_unix_domain_rpc_service(socket_name))
+}
+
 /// Connects to an RPC Binder server, using the given callback to get (and take ownership of)
 /// file descriptors already connected to it.
 pub fn get_preconnected_rpc_service(
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
index fb6b90c..89a49a4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 mod server;
 
 pub use client::{
-    get_preconnected_rpc_interface, get_preconnected_rpc_service, get_vsock_rpc_interface,
-    get_vsock_rpc_service,
+    get_preconnected_rpc_interface, get_preconnected_rpc_service, get_unix_domain_rpc_interface,
+    get_unix_domain_rpc_service, get_vsock_rpc_interface, get_vsock_rpc_service,
 };
-pub use server::{run_vsock_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server_with_factory};
+pub use server::{
+    run_init_unix_domain_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server_with_factory,
+};
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
index 8009297..b350a13 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     unstable_api::{AIBinder, AsNative},
     SpIBinder,
 };
-use std::{os::raw, ptr::null_mut};
+use std::{ffi::CString, os::raw, ptr::null_mut};
 
 /// Runs a binder RPC server, serving the supplied binder service implementation on the given vsock
 /// port.
@@ -35,7 +35,28 @@
     F: FnOnce(),
 {
     let mut ready_notifier = ReadyNotifier(Some(on_ready));
-    ready_notifier.run_server(service, port)
+    ready_notifier.run_vsock_server(service, port)
+}
+
+/// Runs a binder RPC server, serving the supplied binder service implementation on the given
+/// socket file name. The socket should be initialized in init.rc with the same name.
+///
+/// If and when the server is ready for connections, `on_ready` is called to allow appropriate
+/// action to be taken - e.g. to notify clients that they may now attempt to connect.
+///
+/// The current thread is joined to the binder thread pool to handle incoming messages.
+///
+/// Returns true if the server has shutdown normally, false if it failed in some way.
+pub fn run_init_unix_domain_rpc_server<F>(
+    service: SpIBinder,
+    socket_name: &str,
+    on_ready: F,
+) -> bool
+where
+    F: FnOnce(),
+{
+    let mut ready_notifier = ReadyNotifier(Some(on_ready));
+    ready_notifier.run_init_unix_domain_server(service, socket_name)
 }
 
 struct ReadyNotifier<F>(Option<F>)
@@ -46,7 +67,7 @@
 where
     F: FnOnce(),
 {
-    fn run_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, port: u32) -> bool {
+    fn run_vsock_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, port: u32) -> bool {
         let service = service.as_native_mut();
         let param = self.as_void_ptr();
 
@@ -64,6 +85,31 @@
         }
     }
 
+    fn run_init_unix_domain_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, socket_name: &str) -> bool {
+        let socket_name = match CString::new(socket_name) {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", socket_name, e);
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+        let service = service.as_native_mut();
+        let param = self.as_void_ptr();
+
+        // SAFETY: Service ownership is transferring to the server and won't be valid afterward.
+        // Plus the binder objects are threadsafe.
+        // RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer does not retain a reference to `ready_callback` or `param`;
+        // it only uses them before it returns, which is during the lifetime of `self`.
+        unsafe {
+            binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(
+                service,
+                socket_name.as_ptr(),
+                Some(Self::ready_callback),
+                param,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     fn as_void_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut raw::c_void {
         self as *mut _ as *mut raw::c_void
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/lib.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/lib.rs
index 195d9ac..a0e61d9 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/lib.rs
@@ -148,4 +148,5 @@
     pub use crate::binder::AsNative;
     pub use crate::proxy::unstable_api::new_spibinder;
     pub use crate::sys::AIBinder;
+    pub use crate::sys::AParcel;
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28e0200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
+rust_fuzz {
+    name: "parcel_fuzzer_rs",
+    srcs: [
+        "parcel_fuzzer.rs",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libarbitrary",
+        "libnum_traits",
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "libbinder_random_parcel_rs",
+        "binderReadParcelIface-rust",
+    ],
+
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "waghpawan@google.com",
+            "smoreland@google.com",
+        ],
+    },
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/parcel_fuzzer.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/parcel_fuzzer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5c7719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/parcel_fuzzer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+#![no_main]
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate libfuzzer_sys;
+
+mod read_utils;
+
+use crate::read_utils::READ_FUNCS;
+use binder::binder_impl::{
+    Binder, BorrowedParcel, IBinderInternal, Parcel, Stability, TransactionCode,
+};
+use binder::{
+    declare_binder_interface, BinderFeatures, Interface, Parcelable, ParcelableHolder, SpIBinder,
+    StatusCode,
+};
+use binder_random_parcel_rs::create_random_parcel;
+use libfuzzer_sys::arbitrary::Arbitrary;
+
+#[derive(Arbitrary, Debug)]
+enum ReadOperation {
+    SetDataPosition { pos: i32 },
+    GetDataSize,
+    ReadParcelableHolder { is_vintf: bool },
+    ReadBasicTypes { instructions: Vec<usize> },
+}
+
+#[derive(Arbitrary, Debug)]
+enum Operation<'a> {
+    Transact { code: u32, flag: u32, data: &'a [u8] },
+    Append { start: i32, len: i32, data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8], append_all: bool },
+    Read { read_operations: Vec<ReadOperation>, data: &'a [u8] },
+}
+
+/// Interface to fuzz transact with random parcel
+pub trait BinderTransactTest: Interface {}
+
+declare_binder_interface! {
+    BinderTransactTest["Binder_Transact_Test"] {
+        native: BnBinderTransactTest(on_transact),
+        proxy: BpBinderTransactTest,
+    }
+}
+
+impl BinderTransactTest for Binder<BnBinderTransactTest> {}
+
+impl BinderTransactTest for BpBinderTransactTest {}
+
+impl BinderTransactTest for () {}
+
+fn on_transact(
+    _service: &dyn BinderTransactTest,
+    _code: TransactionCode,
+    _parcel: &BorrowedParcel<'_>,
+    _reply: &mut BorrowedParcel<'_>,
+) -> Result<(), StatusCode> {
+    Err(StatusCode::UNKNOWN_ERROR)
+}
+
+fn do_transact(code: u32, data: &[u8], flag: u32) {
+    let p: Parcel = create_random_parcel(data);
+    let spibinder: Option<SpIBinder> =
+        Some(BnBinderTransactTest::new_binder((), BinderFeatures::default()).as_binder());
+    let _reply = spibinder.submit_transact(code, p, flag);
+}
+
+fn do_append_fuzz(start: i32, len: i32, data1: &[u8], data2: &[u8], append_all: bool) {
+    let mut p1 = create_random_parcel(data1);
+    let p2 = create_random_parcel(data2);
+
+    // Fuzz both append methods
+    if append_all {
+        match p1.append_all_from(&p2) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("Error occurred while appending a parcel using append_all_from: {:?}", e)
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        match p1.append_from(&p2, start, len) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("Error occurred while appending a parcel using append_from: {:?}", e)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+fn do_read_fuzz(read_operations: Vec<ReadOperation>, data: &[u8]) {
+    let parcel = create_random_parcel(data);
+
+    for operation in read_operations {
+        match operation {
+            ReadOperation::SetDataPosition { pos } => {
+                unsafe {
+                    // Safety: Safe if pos is less than current size of the parcel.
+                    // It relies on C++ code for bound checks
+                    match parcel.set_data_position(pos) {
+                        Ok(result) => result,
+                        Err(e) => println!("error occurred while setting data position: {:?}", e),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ReadOperation::GetDataSize => {
+                let data_size = parcel.get_data_size();
+                println!("data size from parcel: {:?}", data_size);
+            }
+
+            ReadOperation::ReadParcelableHolder { is_vintf } => {
+                let stability = if is_vintf { Stability::Vintf } else { Stability::Local };
+                let mut holder: ParcelableHolder = ParcelableHolder::new(stability);
+                match holder.read_from_parcel(parcel.borrowed_ref()) {
+                    Ok(result) => result,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        println!("error occurred while reading from parcel: {:?}", err)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ReadOperation::ReadBasicTypes { instructions } => {
+                for instruction in instructions.iter() {
+                    let read_index = instruction % READ_FUNCS.len();
+                    READ_FUNCS[read_index](parcel.borrowed_ref());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fuzz_target!(|operation: Operation| {
+    match operation {
+        Operation::Transact { code, flag, data } => {
+            do_transact(code, data, flag);
+        }
+
+        Operation::Append { start, len, data1, data2, append_all } => {
+            do_append_fuzz(start, len, data1, data2, append_all);
+        }
+
+        Operation::Read { read_operations, data } => {
+            do_read_fuzz(read_operations, data);
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43a3094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
+rust_bindgen {
+    name: "libbinder_random_parcel_bindgen",
+    crate_name: "binder_random_parcel_bindgen",
+    host_supported: true,
+    wrapper_src: "wrappers/RandomParcelWrapper.hpp",
+    source_stem: "bindings",
+    visibility: [":__subpackages__"],
+    bindgen_flags: [
+        "--size_t-is-usize",
+        "--allowlist-function",
+        "createRandomParcel",
+        "--allowlist-function",
+        "fuzzRustService",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libc++",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libbinder_rs",
+    ],
+}
+
+rust_library {
+    name: "libbinder_random_parcel_rs",
+    crate_name: "binder_random_parcel_rs",
+    host_supported: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "src/lib.rs",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder",
+        "libutils",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libc++",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbinder_create_parcel",
+        "libbinder_random_parcel",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "libbinder_random_parcel_bindgen",
+    ],
+    lints: "none",
+    clippy_lints: "none",
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e407c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "testServiceInterface",
+    srcs: ["ITestService.aidl"],
+    unstable: true,
+    backend: {
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+rust_fuzz {
+    name: "example_service_fuzzer",
+    srcs: [
+        "service_fuzzer.rs",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "libbinder_random_parcel_rs",
+        "testServiceInterface-rust",
+    ],
+    fuzz_config: {
+        cc: [
+            "waghpawan@google.com",
+            "smoreland@google.com",
+        ],
+    },
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/ITestService.aidl b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/ITestService.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ce6558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/ITestService.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+interface ITestService {
+    boolean repeatData(boolean token);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/service_fuzzer.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/service_fuzzer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a427f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/service_fuzzer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#![allow(missing_docs)]
+#![no_main]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate libfuzzer_sys;
+
+use binder::{self, BinderFeatures, Interface};
+use binder_random_parcel_rs::fuzz_service;
+use testServiceInterface::aidl::ITestService::{self, BnTestService};
+
+struct TestService;
+
+impl Interface for TestService {}
+
+impl ITestService::ITestService for TestService {
+    fn repeatData(&self, token: bool) -> binder::Result<bool> {
+        Ok(token)
+    }
+}
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    let service = BnTestService::new_binder(TestService, BinderFeatures::default());
+    fuzz_service(&mut service.as_binder(), data);
+});
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/src/lib.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bbd674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+use binder::binder_impl::Parcel;
+use binder::unstable_api::{AParcel, AsNative};
+use binder::SpIBinder;
+use binder_random_parcel_bindgen::{createRandomParcel, fuzzRustService};
+use std::os::raw::c_void;
+
+/// This API creates a random parcel to be used by fuzzers
+pub fn create_random_parcel(fuzzer_data: &[u8]) -> Parcel {
+    let mut parcel = Parcel::new();
+    let aparcel_ptr: *mut AParcel = parcel.as_native_mut();
+    let ptr = aparcel_ptr as *mut c_void;
+    unsafe {
+        // Safety: `Parcel::as_native_mut` and `slice::as_ptr` always
+        // return valid pointers.
+        createRandomParcel(ptr, fuzzer_data.as_ptr(), fuzzer_data.len());
+    }
+    parcel
+}
+
+/// This API automatically fuzzes provided service
+pub fn fuzz_service(binder: &mut SpIBinder, fuzzer_data: &[u8]) {
+    let ptr = binder.as_native_mut() as *mut c_void;
+    unsafe {
+        // Safety: `SpIBinder::as_native_mut` and `slice::as_ptr` always
+        // return valid pointers.
+        fuzzRustService(ptr, fuzzer_data.as_ptr(), fuzzer_data.len());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/wrappers/RandomParcelWrapper.hpp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/wrappers/RandomParcelWrapper.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..831bd56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/wrappers/RandomParcelWrapper.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+extern "C" {
+    // This API is used by rust to fill random parcel.
+    void createRandomParcel(void* aParcel, const uint8_t* data, size_t len);
+
+    // This API is used by fuzzers to automatically fuzz aidl services
+    void fuzzRustService(void* binder, const uint8_t* data, size_t len);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/read_utils.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/read_utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2bfde1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/read_utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+use binder::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel;
+use binder::{ParcelFileDescriptor, Parcelable, SpIBinder};
+use binderReadParcelIface::aidl::EmptyParcelable::EmptyParcelable;
+use binderReadParcelIface::aidl::GenericDataParcelable::GenericDataParcelable;
+use binderReadParcelIface::aidl::SingleDataParcelable::SingleDataParcelable;
+
+macro_rules! read_parcel_interface {
+    ($data_type:ty) => {
+        |parcel: &BorrowedParcel<'_>| {
+            let _res = parcel.read::<$data_type>();
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct SomeParcelable {
+    pub data: i32,
+}
+
+impl binder::Parcelable for SomeParcelable {
+    fn write_to_parcel(
+        &self,
+        parcel: &mut binder::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<(), binder::StatusCode> {
+        parcel.sized_write(|subparcel| subparcel.write(&self.data))
+    }
+
+    fn read_from_parcel(
+        &mut self,
+        parcel: &binder::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel,
+    ) -> std::result::Result<(), binder::StatusCode> {
+        parcel.sized_read(|subparcel| match subparcel.read() {
+            Ok(result) => {
+                self.data = result;
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+binder::impl_deserialize_for_parcelable!(SomeParcelable);
+
+pub const READ_FUNCS: &[fn(&BorrowedParcel<'_>)] = &[
+    //read basic types
+    read_parcel_interface!(bool),
+    read_parcel_interface!(i8),
+    read_parcel_interface!(i32),
+    read_parcel_interface!(i64),
+    read_parcel_interface!(f32),
+    read_parcel_interface!(f64),
+    read_parcel_interface!(u16),
+    read_parcel_interface!(u32),
+    read_parcel_interface!(u64),
+    read_parcel_interface!(String),
+    //read vec of basic types
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<i8>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<i32>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<i64>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<f32>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<f64>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<u16>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<u32>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<u64>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<String>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<i8>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<i32>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<i64>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<f32>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<f64>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<u16>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<u32>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<u64>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<String>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(ParcelFileDescriptor),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<Option<ParcelFileDescriptor>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<ParcelFileDescriptor>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<Option<ParcelFileDescriptor>>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(SpIBinder),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<Option<SpIBinder>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<SpIBinder>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<Option<SpIBinder>>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(SomeParcelable),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Vec<Option<SomeParcelable>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<SomeParcelable>>),
+    read_parcel_interface!(Option<Vec<Option<SomeParcelable>>>),
+    // Fuzz read_from_parcel for AIDL generated parcelables
+    |parcel| {
+        let mut empty_parcelable: EmptyParcelable = EmptyParcelable::default();
+        match empty_parcelable.read_from_parcel(parcel) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("EmptyParcelable: error occurred while reading from a parcel: {:?}", e)
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    |parcel| {
+        let mut single_parcelable: SingleDataParcelable = SingleDataParcelable::default();
+        match single_parcelable.read_from_parcel(parcel) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(e) => println!(
+                "SingleDataParcelable: error occurred while reading from a parcel: {:?}",
+                e
+            ),
+        }
+    },
+    |parcel| {
+        let mut generic_parcelable: GenericDataParcelable = GenericDataParcelable::default();
+        match generic_parcelable.read_from_parcel(parcel) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(e) => println!(
+                "GenericDataParcelable: error occurred while reading from a parcel: {:?}",
+                e
+            ),
+        }
+    },
+];
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index 92d132f..03e4a23 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "binderRpcTest.cpp",
         "binderRpcTestCommon.cpp",
+        "binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp",
     ],
 
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl b/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
index 4cdeac4..aac4b04 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@
     int serverVersion;
     int vsockPort;
     int unixBootstrapFd; // Inherited from parent
+    int socketFd;
     @utf8InCpp String addr;
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
index 7294305..79bd9d4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 
 #include "binderRpcTestCommon.h"
+#include "binderRpcTestFixture.h"
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::placeholders;
@@ -44,37 +44,6 @@
 constexpr bool kEnableSharedLibs = true;
 #endif
 
-static_assert(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION + 1 == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT ||
-              RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL);
-
-TEST(BinderRpcParcel, EntireParcelFormatted) {
-    Parcel p;
-    p.writeInt32(3);
-
-    EXPECT_DEATH(p.markForBinder(sp<BBinder>::make()), "format must be set before data is written");
-}
-
-TEST(BinderRpc, CannotUseNextWireVersion) {
-    auto session = RpcSession::make();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 1));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 2));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 15));
-}
-
-TEST(BinderRpc, CanUseExperimentalWireVersion) {
-    auto session = RpcSession::make();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL));
-}
-
-using android::binder::Status;
-
-#define EXPECT_OK(status)                 \
-    do {                                  \
-        Status stat = (status);           \
-        EXPECT_TRUE(stat.isOk()) << stat; \
-    } while (false)
-
 static std::string WaitStatusToString(int wstatus) {
     if (WIFEXITED(wstatus)) {
         return base::StringPrintf("exit status %d", WEXITSTATUS(wstatus));
@@ -92,7 +61,15 @@
 
 class Process {
 public:
-    Process(Process&&) = default;
+    Process(Process&& other)
+          : mCustomExitStatusCheck(std::move(other.mCustomExitStatusCheck)),
+            mReadEnd(std::move(other.mReadEnd)),
+            mWriteEnd(std::move(other.mWriteEnd)) {
+        // The default move constructor doesn't clear mPid after moving it,
+        // which we need to do because the destructor checks for mPid!=0
+        mPid = other.mPid;
+        other.mPid = 0;
+    }
     Process(const std::function<void(android::base::borrowed_fd /* writeEnd */,
                                      android::base::borrowed_fd /* readEnd */)>& f) {
         android::base::unique_fd childWriteEnd;
@@ -152,21 +129,26 @@
     return vsockPort++;
 }
 
-struct ProcessSession {
+static base::unique_fd initUnixSocket(std::string addr) {
+    auto socket_addr = UnixSocketAddress(addr.c_str());
+    base::unique_fd fd(
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(socket_addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM, AF_UNIX)));
+    CHECK(fd.ok());
+    CHECK_EQ(0, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(bind(fd.get(), socket_addr.addr(), socket_addr.addrSize())));
+    return fd;
+}
+
+// Destructors need to be defined, even if pure virtual
+ProcessSession::~ProcessSession() {}
+
+class LinuxProcessSession : public ProcessSession {
+public:
     // reference to process hosting a socket server
     Process host;
 
-    struct SessionInfo {
-        sp<RpcSession> session;
-        sp<IBinder> root;
-    };
-
-    // client session objects associated with other process
-    // each one represents a separate session
-    std::vector<SessionInfo> sessions;
-
-    ProcessSession(ProcessSession&&) = default;
-    ~ProcessSession() {
+    LinuxProcessSession(LinuxProcessSession&&) = default;
+    LinuxProcessSession(Process&& host) : host(std::move(host)) {}
+    ~LinuxProcessSession() override {
         for (auto& session : sessions) {
             session.root = nullptr;
         }
@@ -197,46 +179,12 @@
             }
         }
     }
-};
 
-// Process session where the process hosts IBinderRpcTest, the server used
-// for most testing here
-struct BinderRpcTestProcessSession {
-    ProcessSession proc;
-
-    // pre-fetched root object (for first session)
-    sp<IBinder> rootBinder;
-
-    // pre-casted root object (for first session)
-    sp<IBinderRpcTest> rootIface;
-
-    // whether session should be invalidated by end of run
-    bool expectAlreadyShutdown = false;
-
-    BinderRpcTestProcessSession(BinderRpcTestProcessSession&&) = default;
-    ~BinderRpcTestProcessSession() {
-        if (!expectAlreadyShutdown) {
-            EXPECT_NE(nullptr, rootIface);
-            if (rootIface == nullptr) return;
-
-            std::vector<int32_t> remoteCounts;
-            // calling over any sessions counts across all sessions
-            EXPECT_OK(rootIface->countBinders(&remoteCounts));
-            EXPECT_EQ(remoteCounts.size(), proc.sessions.size());
-            for (auto remoteCount : remoteCounts) {
-                EXPECT_EQ(remoteCount, 1);
-            }
-
-            // even though it is on another thread, shutdown races with
-            // the transaction reply being written
-            if (auto status = rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
-                EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
-            }
-        }
-
-        rootIface = nullptr;
-        rootBinder = nullptr;
+    void setCustomExitStatusCheck(std::function<void(int wstatus)> f) override {
+        host.setCustomExitStatusCheck(std::move(f));
     }
+
+    void terminate() override { host.terminate(); }
 };
 
 static base::unique_fd connectTo(const RpcSocketAddress& addr) {
@@ -273,552 +221,137 @@
     return std::move(sockClient);
 }
 
-using RunServiceFn = void (*)(android::base::borrowed_fd writeEnd,
-                              android::base::borrowed_fd readEnd);
+std::string BinderRpc::PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
+    auto [type, security, clientVersion, serverVersion, singleThreaded, noKernel] = info.param;
+    auto ret = PrintToString(type) + "_" + newFactory(security)->toCString() + "_clientV" +
+            std::to_string(clientVersion) + "_serverV" + std::to_string(serverVersion);
+    if (singleThreaded) {
+        ret += "_single_threaded";
+    }
+    if (noKernel) {
+        ret += "_no_kernel";
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
 
-class BinderRpc : public ::testing::TestWithParam<
-                          std::tuple<SocketType, RpcSecurity, uint32_t, uint32_t, bool, bool>> {
-public:
-    SocketType socketType() const { return std::get<0>(GetParam()); }
-    RpcSecurity rpcSecurity() const { return std::get<1>(GetParam()); }
-    uint32_t clientVersion() const { return std::get<2>(GetParam()); }
-    uint32_t serverVersion() const { return std::get<3>(GetParam()); }
-    bool serverSingleThreaded() const { return std::get<4>(GetParam()); }
-    bool noKernel() const { return std::get<5>(GetParam()); }
+// This creates a new process serving an interface on a certain number of
+// threads.
+std::unique_ptr<ProcessSession> BinderRpc::createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(
+        const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
+    CHECK_GE(options.numSessions, 1) << "Must have at least one session to a server";
 
-    bool clientOrServerSingleThreaded() const {
-        return !kEnableRpcThreads || serverSingleThreaded();
+    SocketType socketType = std::get<0>(GetParam());
+    RpcSecurity rpcSecurity = std::get<1>(GetParam());
+    uint32_t clientVersion = std::get<2>(GetParam());
+    uint32_t serverVersion = std::get<3>(GetParam());
+    bool singleThreaded = std::get<4>(GetParam());
+    bool noKernel = std::get<5>(GetParam());
+
+    std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
+    auto servicePath = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/binder_rpc_test_service%s%s", path.c_str(),
+                                                   singleThreaded ? "_single_threaded" : "",
+                                                   noKernel ? "_no_kernel" : "");
+
+    base::unique_fd bootstrapClientFd, bootstrapServerFd, socketFd;
+    // Do not set O_CLOEXEC, bootstrapServerFd needs to survive fork/exec.
+    // This is because we cannot pass ParcelFileDescriptor over a pipe.
+    if (!base::Socketpair(SOCK_STREAM, &bootstrapClientFd, &bootstrapServerFd)) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed socketpair(): " << strerror(savedErrno);
+    }
+    auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
+    // Initializes the socket before the fork/exec.
+    if (socketType == SocketType::UNIX_RAW) {
+        socketFd = initUnixSocket(addr);
     }
 
-    // Whether the test params support sending FDs in parcels.
-    bool supportsFdTransport() const {
-        return clientVersion() >= 1 && serverVersion() >= 1 && rpcSecurity() != RpcSecurity::TLS &&
-                (socketType() == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || socketType() == SocketType::UNIX ||
-                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP);
+    auto ret = std::make_unique<LinuxProcessSession>(
+            Process([=](android::base::borrowed_fd writeEnd, android::base::borrowed_fd readEnd) {
+                auto writeFd = std::to_string(writeEnd.get());
+                auto readFd = std::to_string(readEnd.get());
+                execl(servicePath.c_str(), servicePath.c_str(), writeFd.c_str(), readFd.c_str(),
+                      NULL);
+            }));
+
+    BinderRpcTestServerConfig serverConfig;
+    serverConfig.numThreads = options.numThreads;
+    serverConfig.socketType = static_cast<int32_t>(socketType);
+    serverConfig.rpcSecurity = static_cast<int32_t>(rpcSecurity);
+    serverConfig.serverVersion = serverVersion;
+    serverConfig.vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
+    serverConfig.addr = addr;
+    serverConfig.unixBootstrapFd = bootstrapServerFd.get();
+    serverConfig.socketFd = socketFd.get();
+    for (auto mode : options.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes) {
+        serverConfig.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes.push_back(
+                static_cast<int32_t>(mode));
+    }
+    writeToFd(ret->host.writeEnd(), serverConfig);
+
+    std::vector<sp<RpcSession>> sessions;
+    auto certVerifier = std::make_shared<RpcCertificateVerifierSimple>();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < options.numSessions; i++) {
+        sessions.emplace_back(RpcSession::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier)));
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override {
-        if (socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP && rpcSecurity() == RpcSecurity::TLS) {
-            GTEST_SKIP() << "Unix bootstrap not supported over a TLS transport";
-        }
+    auto serverInfo = readFromFd<BinderRpcTestServerInfo>(ret->host.readEnd());
+    BinderRpcTestClientInfo clientInfo;
+    for (const auto& session : sessions) {
+        auto& parcelableCert = clientInfo.certs.emplace_back();
+        parcelableCert.data = session->getCertificate(RpcCertificateFormat::PEM);
+    }
+    writeToFd(ret->host.writeEnd(), clientInfo);
+
+    CHECK_LE(serverInfo.port, std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max());
+    if (socketType == SocketType::INET) {
+        CHECK_NE(0, serverInfo.port);
     }
 
-    static inline std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
-        auto [type, security, clientVersion, serverVersion, singleThreaded, noKernel] = info.param;
-        auto ret = PrintToString(type) + "_" + newFactory(security)->toCString() + "_clientV" +
-                std::to_string(clientVersion) + "_serverV" + std::to_string(serverVersion);
-        if (singleThreaded) {
-            ret += "_single_threaded";
-        }
-        if (noKernel) {
-            ret += "_no_kernel";
-        }
-        return ret;
+    if (rpcSecurity == RpcSecurity::TLS) {
+        const auto& serverCert = serverInfo.cert.data;
+        CHECK_EQ(OK,
+                 certVerifier->addTrustedPeerCertificate(RpcCertificateFormat::PEM, serverCert));
     }
 
-    // This creates a new process serving an interface on a certain number of
-    // threads.
-    ProcessSession createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
-        CHECK_GE(options.numSessions, 1) << "Must have at least one session to a server";
+    status_t status;
 
-        SocketType socketType = std::get<0>(GetParam());
-        RpcSecurity rpcSecurity = std::get<1>(GetParam());
-        uint32_t clientVersion = std::get<2>(GetParam());
-        uint32_t serverVersion = std::get<3>(GetParam());
-        bool singleThreaded = std::get<4>(GetParam());
-        bool noKernel = std::get<5>(GetParam());
+    for (const auto& session : sessions) {
+        CHECK(session->setProtocolVersion(clientVersion));
+        session->setMaxIncomingThreads(options.numIncomingConnections);
+        session->setMaxOutgoingThreads(options.numOutgoingConnections);
+        session->setFileDescriptorTransportMode(options.clientFileDescriptorTransportMode);
 
-        std::string path = android::base::GetExecutableDirectory();
-        auto servicePath =
-                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/binder_rpc_test_service%s%s", path.c_str(),
-                                            singleThreaded ? "_single_threaded" : "",
-                                            noKernel ? "_no_kernel" : "");
-
-        base::unique_fd bootstrapClientFd, bootstrapServerFd;
-        // Do not set O_CLOEXEC, bootstrapServerFd needs to survive fork/exec.
-        // This is because we cannot pass ParcelFileDescriptor over a pipe.
-        if (!base::Socketpair(SOCK_STREAM, &bootstrapClientFd, &bootstrapServerFd)) {
-            int savedErrno = errno;
-            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed socketpair(): " << strerror(savedErrno);
-        }
-
-        auto ret = ProcessSession{
-                .host = Process([=](android::base::borrowed_fd writeEnd,
-                                    android::base::borrowed_fd readEnd) {
-                    auto writeFd = std::to_string(writeEnd.get());
-                    auto readFd = std::to_string(readEnd.get());
-                    execl(servicePath.c_str(), servicePath.c_str(), writeFd.c_str(), readFd.c_str(),
-                          NULL);
-                }),
-        };
-
-        BinderRpcTestServerConfig serverConfig;
-        serverConfig.numThreads = options.numThreads;
-        serverConfig.socketType = static_cast<int32_t>(socketType);
-        serverConfig.rpcSecurity = static_cast<int32_t>(rpcSecurity);
-        serverConfig.serverVersion = serverVersion;
-        serverConfig.vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
-        serverConfig.addr = allocateSocketAddress();
-        serverConfig.unixBootstrapFd = bootstrapServerFd.get();
-        for (auto mode : options.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes) {
-            serverConfig.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes.push_back(
-                    static_cast<int32_t>(mode));
-        }
-        writeToFd(ret.host.writeEnd(), serverConfig);
-
-        std::vector<sp<RpcSession>> sessions;
-        auto certVerifier = std::make_shared<RpcCertificateVerifierSimple>();
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < options.numSessions; i++) {
-            sessions.emplace_back(RpcSession::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier)));
-        }
-
-        auto serverInfo = readFromFd<BinderRpcTestServerInfo>(ret.host.readEnd());
-        BinderRpcTestClientInfo clientInfo;
-        for (const auto& session : sessions) {
-            auto& parcelableCert = clientInfo.certs.emplace_back();
-            parcelableCert.data = session->getCertificate(RpcCertificateFormat::PEM);
-        }
-        writeToFd(ret.host.writeEnd(), clientInfo);
-
-        CHECK_LE(serverInfo.port, std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max());
-        if (socketType == SocketType::INET) {
-            CHECK_NE(0, serverInfo.port);
-        }
-
-        if (rpcSecurity == RpcSecurity::TLS) {
-            const auto& serverCert = serverInfo.cert.data;
-            CHECK_EQ(OK,
-                     certVerifier->addTrustedPeerCertificate(RpcCertificateFormat::PEM,
-                                                             serverCert));
-        }
-
-        status_t status;
-
-        for (const auto& session : sessions) {
-            CHECK(session->setProtocolVersion(clientVersion));
-            session->setMaxIncomingThreads(options.numIncomingConnections);
-            session->setMaxOutgoingThreads(options.numOutgoingConnections);
-            session->setFileDescriptorTransportMode(options.clientFileDescriptorTransportMode);
-
-            switch (socketType) {
-                case SocketType::PRECONNECTED:
-                    status = session->setupPreconnectedClient({}, [=]() {
-                        return connectTo(UnixSocketAddress(serverConfig.addr.c_str()));
-                    });
-                    break;
-                case SocketType::UNIX:
-                    status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(serverConfig.addr.c_str());
-                    break;
-                case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
-                    status = session->setupUnixDomainSocketBootstrapClient(
-                            base::unique_fd(dup(bootstrapClientFd.get())));
-                    break;
-                case SocketType::VSOCK:
-                    status = session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, serverConfig.vsockPort);
-                    break;
-                case SocketType::INET:
-                    status = session->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", serverInfo.port);
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
-            }
-            if (options.allowConnectFailure && status != OK) {
-                ret.sessions.clear();
+        switch (socketType) {
+            case SocketType::PRECONNECTED:
+                status = session->setupPreconnectedClient({}, [=]() {
+                    return connectTo(UnixSocketAddress(serverConfig.addr.c_str()));
+                });
                 break;
-            }
-            CHECK_EQ(status, OK) << "Could not connect: " << statusToString(status);
-            ret.sessions.push_back({session, session->getRootObject()});
+            case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
+            case SocketType::UNIX:
+                status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(serverConfig.addr.c_str());
+                break;
+            case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
+                status = session->setupUnixDomainSocketBootstrapClient(
+                        base::unique_fd(dup(bootstrapClientFd.get())));
+                break;
+            case SocketType::VSOCK:
+                status = session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, serverConfig.vsockPort);
+                break;
+            case SocketType::INET:
+                status = session->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", serverInfo.port);
+                break;
+            default:
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
         }
-        return ret;
+        if (options.allowConnectFailure && status != OK) {
+            ret->sessions.clear();
+            break;
+        }
+        CHECK_EQ(status, OK) << "Could not connect: " << statusToString(status);
+        ret->sessions.push_back({session, session->getRootObject()});
     }
-
-    BinderRpcTestProcessSession createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
-        BinderRpcTestProcessSession ret{
-                .proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(options),
-        };
-
-        ret.rootBinder = ret.proc.sessions.empty() ? nullptr : ret.proc.sessions.at(0).root;
-        ret.rootIface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(ret.rootBinder);
-
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    void testThreadPoolOverSaturated(sp<IBinderRpcTest> iface, size_t numCalls,
-                                     size_t sleepMs = 500);
-};
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, Ping) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    ASSERT_NE(proc.rootBinder, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, GetInterfaceDescriptor) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    ASSERT_NE(proc.rootBinder, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(IBinderRpcTest::descriptor, proc.rootBinder->getInterfaceDescriptor());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, MultipleSessions) {
-    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
-        // Tests with multiple sessions require a multi-threaded service,
-        // but work fine on a single-threaded client
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
-    }
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 5});
-    for (auto session : proc.proc.sessions) {
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, session.root);
-        EXPECT_EQ(OK, session.root->pingBinder());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SeparateRootObject) {
-    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
-    }
-
-    SocketType type = std::get<0>(GetParam());
-    if (type == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || type == SocketType::UNIX ||
-        type == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP) {
-        // we can't get port numbers for unix sockets
-        return;
-    }
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numSessions = 2});
-
-    int port1 = 0;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->getClientPort(&port1));
-
-    sp<IBinderRpcTest> rootIface2 = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(proc.proc.sessions.at(1).root);
-    int port2;
-    EXPECT_OK(rootIface2->getClientPort(&port2));
-
-    // we should have a different IBinderRpcTest object created for each
-    // session, because we use setPerSessionRootObject
-    EXPECT_NE(port1, port2);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, TransactionsMustBeMarkedRpc) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    Parcel data;
-    Parcel reply;
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, proc.rootBinder->transact(IBinder::PING_TRANSACTION, data, &reply, 0));
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, AppendSeparateFormats) {
-    auto proc1 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    auto proc2 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    Parcel pRaw;
-
-    Parcel p1;
-    p1.markForBinder(proc1.rootBinder);
-    p1.writeInt32(3);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p1.appendFrom(&pRaw, 0, pRaw.dataSize()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, pRaw.appendFrom(&p1, 0, p1.dataSize()));
-
-    Parcel p2;
-    p2.markForBinder(proc2.rootBinder);
-    p2.writeInt32(7);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p1.appendFrom(&p2, 0, p2.dataSize()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p2.appendFrom(&p1, 0, p1.dataSize()));
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, UnknownTransaction) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    Parcel data;
-    data.markForBinder(proc.rootBinder);
-    Parcel reply;
-    EXPECT_EQ(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION, proc.rootBinder->transact(1337, data, &reply, 0));
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendSomethingOneway) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sendString("asdf"));
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendAndGetResultBack) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    std::string doubled;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doubleString("cool ", &doubled));
-    EXPECT_EQ("cool cool ", doubled);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendAndGetResultBackBig) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    std::string single = std::string(1024, 'a');
-    std::string doubled;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doubleString(single, &doubled));
-    EXPECT_EQ(single + single, doubled);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, InvalidNullBinderReturn) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc.rootIface->getNullBinder(&outBinder).transactionError(), UNEXPECTED_NULL);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, CallMeBack) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    int32_t pingResult;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->pingMe(new MyBinderRpcSession("foo"), &pingResult));
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, pingResult);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, MyBinderRpcSession::gNum);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatBinder) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> inBinder = new MyBinderRpcSession("foo");
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(inBinder, &outBinder));
-    EXPECT_EQ(inBinder, outBinder);
-
-    wp<IBinder> weak = inBinder;
-    inBinder = nullptr;
-    outBinder = nullptr;
-
-    // Force reading a reply, to process any pending dec refs from the other
-    // process (the other process will process dec refs there before processing
-    // the ping here).
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, MyBinderRpcSession::gNum);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatTheirBinder) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession("aoeu", &session));
-
-    sp<IBinder> inBinder = IInterface::asBinder(session);
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(inBinder, &outBinder));
-    EXPECT_EQ(inBinder, outBinder);
-
-    wp<IBinder> weak = inBinder;
-    session = nullptr;
-    inBinder = nullptr;
-    outBinder = nullptr;
-
-    // Force reading a reply, to process any pending dec refs from the other
-    // process (the other process will process dec refs there before processing
-    // the ping here).
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatBinderNull) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(nullptr, &outBinder));
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, outBinder);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, HoldBinder) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    IBinder* ptr = nullptr;
-    {
-        sp<IBinder> binder = new BBinder();
-        ptr = binder.get();
-        EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->holdBinder(binder));
-    }
-
-    sp<IBinder> held;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->getHeldBinder(&held));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(held.get(), ptr);
-
-    // stop holding binder, because we test to make sure references are cleaned
-    // up
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->holdBinder(nullptr));
-    // and flush ref counts
-    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
-}
-
-// START TESTS FOR LIMITATIONS OF SOCKET BINDER
-// These are behavioral differences form regular binder, where certain usecases
-// aren't supported.
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotMixBindersBetweenUnrelatedSocketSessions) {
-    auto proc1 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    auto proc2 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
-              proc1.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc2.rootBinder, &outBinder).transactionError());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotMixBindersBetweenTwoSessionsToTheSameServer) {
-    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
-    }
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 2});
-
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
-              proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.proc.sessions.at(1).root, &outBinder)
-                      .transactionError());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotSendRegularBinderOverSocketBinder) {
-    if (!kEnableKernelIpc || noKernel()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test disabled because Binder kernel driver was disabled "
-                        "at build time.";
-    }
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> someRealBinder = IInterface::asBinder(defaultServiceManager());
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
-              proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(someRealBinder, &outBinder).transactionError());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotSendSocketBinderOverRegularBinder) {
-    if (!kEnableKernelIpc || noKernel()) {
-        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test disabled because Binder kernel driver was disabled "
-                        "at build time.";
-    }
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    // for historical reasons, IServiceManager interface only returns the
-    // exception code
-    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED,
-              defaultServiceManager()->addService(String16("not_suspicious"), proc.rootBinder));
-}
-
-// END TESTS FOR LIMITATIONS OF SOCKET BINDER
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatRootObject) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.rootBinder, &outBinder));
-    EXPECT_EQ(proc.rootBinder, outBinder);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, NestedTransactions) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({
-            // Enable FD support because it uses more stack space and so represents
-            // something closer to a worst case scenario.
-            .clientFileDescriptorTransportMode = RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX,
-            .serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes =
-                    {RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX},
-    });
-
-    auto nastyNester = sp<MyBinderRpcTest>::make();
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->nestMe(nastyNester, 10));
-
-    wp<IBinder> weak = nastyNester;
-    nastyNester = nullptr;
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SameBinderEquality) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> a;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&a));
-
-    sp<IBinder> b;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&b));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(a, b);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SameBinderEqualityWeak) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinder> a;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&a));
-    wp<IBinder> weak = a;
-    a = nullptr;
-
-    sp<IBinder> b;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&b));
-
-    // this is the wrong behavior, since BpBinder
-    // doesn't implement onIncStrongAttempted
-    // but make sure there is no crash
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
-
-    GTEST_SKIP() << "Weak binders aren't currently re-promotable for RPC binder.";
-
-    // In order to fix this:
-    // - need to have incStrongAttempted reflected across IPC boundary (wait for
-    //   response to promote - round trip...)
-    // - sendOnLastWeakRef, to delete entries out of RpcState table
-    EXPECT_EQ(b, weak.promote());
-}
-
-#define expectSessions(expected, iface)                   \
-    do {                                                  \
-        int session;                                      \
-        EXPECT_OK((iface)->getNumOpenSessions(&session)); \
-        EXPECT_EQ(expected, session);                     \
-    } while (false)
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, SingleSession) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession("aoeu", &session));
-    std::string out;
-    EXPECT_OK(session->getName(&out));
-    EXPECT_EQ("aoeu", out);
-
-    expectSessions(1, proc.rootIface);
-    session = nullptr;
-    expectSessions(0, proc.rootIface);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, ManySessions) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    std::vector<sp<IBinderRpcSession>> sessions;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
-        expectSessions(i, proc.rootIface);
-        sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
-        EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession(std::to_string(i), &session));
-        sessions.push_back(session);
-    }
-    expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < sessions.size(); i++) {
-        std::string out;
-        EXPECT_OK(sessions.at(i)->getName(&out));
-        EXPECT_EQ(std::to_string(i), out);
-    }
-    expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
-
-    while (!sessions.empty()) {
-        sessions.pop_back();
-        expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
-    }
-    expectSessions(0, proc.rootIface);
-}
-
-size_t epochMillis() {
-    using std::chrono::duration_cast;
-    using std::chrono::milliseconds;
-    using std::chrono::seconds;
-    using std::chrono::system_clock;
-    return duration_cast<milliseconds>(system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+    return ret;
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, ThreadPoolGreaterThanEqualRequested) {
@@ -857,8 +390,8 @@
     for (auto& t : ts) t.join();
 }
 
-void BinderRpc::testThreadPoolOverSaturated(sp<IBinderRpcTest> iface, size_t numCalls,
-                                            size_t sleepMs) {
+static void testThreadPoolOverSaturated(sp<IBinderRpcTest> iface, size_t numCalls,
+                                        size_t sleepMs = 500) {
     size_t epochMsBefore = epochMillis();
 
     std::vector<std::thread> ts;
@@ -958,20 +491,6 @@
     saturateThreadPool(kNumServerThreads, proc.rootIface);
 }
 
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallDoesNotWait) {
-    constexpr size_t kReallyLongTimeMs = 100;
-    constexpr size_t kSleepMs = kReallyLongTimeMs * 5;
-
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-
-    size_t epochMsBefore = epochMillis();
-
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sleepMsAsync(kSleepMs));
-
-    size_t epochMsAfter = epochMillis();
-    EXPECT_LT(epochMsAfter, epochMsBefore + kReallyLongTimeMs);
-}
-
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallQueueingWithFds) {
     if (!supportsFdTransport()) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "Would fail trivially (which is tested elsewhere)";
@@ -1057,7 +576,7 @@
     // Build up oneway calls on the second session to make sure it terminates
     // and shuts down. The first session should be unaffected (proc destructor
     // checks the first session).
-    auto iface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(proc.proc.sessions.at(1).root);
+    auto iface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(proc.proc->sessions.at(1).root);
 
     std::vector<std::thread> threads;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumClients; i++) {
@@ -1085,66 +604,7 @@
     // any pending commands). We need to erase this session from the record
     // here, so that the destructor for our session won't check that this
     // session is valid, but we still want it to test the other session.
-    proc.proc.sessions.erase(proc.proc.sessions.begin() + 1);
-}
-
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, Callbacks) {
-    const static std::string kTestString = "good afternoon!";
-
-    for (bool callIsOneway : {true, false}) {
-        for (bool callbackIsOneway : {true, false}) {
-            for (bool delayed : {true, false}) {
-                if (clientOrServerSingleThreaded() &&
-                    (callIsOneway || callbackIsOneway || delayed)) {
-                    // we have no incoming connections to receive the callback
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                size_t numIncomingConnections = clientOrServerSingleThreaded() ? 0 : 1;
-                auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
-                        {.numThreads = 1,
-                         .numSessions = 1,
-                         .numIncomingConnections = numIncomingConnections});
-                auto cb = sp<MyBinderRpcCallback>::make();
-
-                if (callIsOneway) {
-                    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doCallbackAsync(cb, callbackIsOneway, delayed,
-                                                              kTestString));
-                } else {
-                    EXPECT_OK(
-                            proc.rootIface->doCallback(cb, callbackIsOneway, delayed, kTestString));
-                }
-
-                // if both transactions are synchronous and the response is sent back on the
-                // same thread, everything should have happened in a nested call. Otherwise,
-                // the callback will be processed on another thread.
-                if (callIsOneway || callbackIsOneway || delayed) {
-                    using std::literals::chrono_literals::operator""s;
-                    RpcMutexUniqueLock _l(cb->mMutex);
-                    cb->mCv.wait_for(_l, 1s, [&] { return !cb->mValues.empty(); });
-                }
-
-                EXPECT_EQ(cb->mValues.size(), 1)
-                        << "callIsOneway: " << callIsOneway
-                        << " callbackIsOneway: " << callbackIsOneway << " delayed: " << delayed;
-                if (cb->mValues.empty()) continue;
-                EXPECT_EQ(cb->mValues.at(0), kTestString)
-                        << "callIsOneway: " << callIsOneway
-                        << " callbackIsOneway: " << callbackIsOneway << " delayed: " << delayed;
-
-                // since we are severing the connection, we need to go ahead and
-                // tell the server to shutdown and exit so that waitpid won't hang
-                if (auto status = proc.rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
-                    EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
-                }
-
-                // since this session has an incoming connection w/ a threadpool, we
-                // need to manually shut it down
-                EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
-                proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    proc.proc->sessions.erase(proc.proc->sessions.begin() + 1);
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, SingleDeathRecipient) {
@@ -1177,7 +637,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(dr->mCv.wait_for(lock, 100ms, [&]() { return dr->dead; }));
 
     // need to wait for the session to shutdown so we don't "Leak session"
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
     proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
 }
 
@@ -1205,7 +665,7 @@
 
     // Explicitly calling shutDownAndWait will cause the death recipients
     // to be called.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
 
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(dr->mMtx);
     if (!dr->dead) {
@@ -1213,8 +673,8 @@
     }
     EXPECT_TRUE(dr->dead) << "Failed to receive the death notification.";
 
-    proc.proc.host.terminate();
-    proc.proc.host.setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
+    proc.proc->terminate();
+    proc.proc->setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(wstatus) && WTERMSIG(wstatus) == SIGTERM)
                 << "server process failed incorrectly: " << WaitStatusToString(wstatus);
     });
@@ -1259,18 +719,10 @@
     }
 
     // need to wait for the session to shutdown so we don't "Leak session"
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
     proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
 }
 
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallbackWithNoThread) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    auto cb = sp<MyBinderRpcCallback>::make();
-
-    Status status = proc.rootIface->doCallback(cb, true /*oneway*/, false /*delayed*/, "anything");
-    EXPECT_EQ(WOULD_BLOCK, status.transactionError());
-}
-
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, Die) {
     for (bool doDeathCleanup : {true, false}) {
         auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
@@ -1286,7 +738,7 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, proc.rootIface->die(doDeathCleanup).transactionError())
                 << "Do death cleanup: " << doDeathCleanup;
 
-        proc.proc.host.setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
+        proc.proc->setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
             EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(wstatus) && WEXITSTATUS(wstatus) == 1)
                     << "server process failed incorrectly: " << WaitStatusToString(wstatus);
         });
@@ -1316,7 +768,7 @@
     // second time! we catch the error :)
     EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, proc.rootIface->useKernelBinderCallingId().transactionError());
 
-    proc.proc.host.setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
+    proc.proc->setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(wstatus) && WTERMSIG(wstatus) == SIGABRT)
                 << "server process failed incorrectly: " << WaitStatusToString(wstatus);
     });
@@ -1330,9 +782,9 @@
                     {RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX},
             .allowConnectFailure = true,
     });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.empty()) << "session connections should have failed";
-    proc.proc.host.terminate();
-    proc.proc.host.setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.empty()) << "session connections should have failed";
+    proc.proc->terminate();
+    proc.proc->setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(wstatus) && WTERMSIG(wstatus) == SIGTERM)
                 << "server process failed incorrectly: " << WaitStatusToString(wstatus);
     });
@@ -1346,9 +798,9 @@
                     {RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::NONE},
             .allowConnectFailure = true,
     });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc.sessions.empty()) << "session connections should have failed";
-    proc.proc.host.terminate();
-    proc.proc.host.setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.empty()) << "session connections should have failed";
+    proc.proc->terminate();
+    proc.proc->setCustomExitStatusCheck([](int wstatus) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(wstatus) && WTERMSIG(wstatus) == SIGTERM)
                 << "server process failed incorrectly: " << WaitStatusToString(wstatus);
     });
@@ -1516,16 +968,6 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(beforeFds, countFds()) << (system("ls -l /proc/self/fd/"), "fd leak?");
 }
 
-TEST_P(BinderRpc, AidlDelegatorTest) {
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
-    auto myDelegator = sp<IBinderRpcTestDelegator>::make(proc.rootIface);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, myDelegator);
-
-    std::string doubled;
-    EXPECT_OK(myDelegator->doubleString("cool ", &doubled));
-    EXPECT_EQ("cool cool ", doubled);
-}
-
 static bool testSupportVsockLoopback() {
     // We don't need to enable TLS to know if vsock is supported.
     unsigned int vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
@@ -1616,7 +1058,8 @@
 }
 
 static std::vector<SocketType> testSocketTypes(bool hasPreconnected = true) {
-    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP, SocketType::INET};
+    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP, SocketType::INET,
+                                   SocketType::UNIX_RAW};
 
     if (hasPreconnected) ret.push_back(SocketType::PRECONNECTED);
 
@@ -1858,6 +1301,17 @@
                     mAcceptConnection = &Server::recvmsgServerConnection;
                     mConnectToServer = [this] { return connectToUnixBootstrap(mBootstrapSocket); };
                 } break;
+                case SocketType::UNIX_RAW: {
+                    auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
+                    auto status = rpcServer->setupRawSocketServer(initUnixSocket(addr));
+                    if (status != OK) {
+                        return AssertionFailure()
+                                << "setupRawSocketServer: " << statusToString(status);
+                    }
+                    mConnectToServer = [addr] {
+                        return connectTo(UnixSocketAddress(addr.c_str()));
+                    };
+                } break;
                 case SocketType::VSOCK: {
                     auto port = allocateVsockPort();
                     auto status = rpcServer->setupVsockServer(port);
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
index 823bbf6..654e16c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
     PRECONNECTED,
     UNIX,
     UNIX_BOOTSTRAP,
+    UNIX_RAW,
     VSOCK,
     INET,
 };
@@ -81,6 +82,8 @@
             return "unix_domain_socket";
         case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
             return "unix_domain_socket_bootstrap";
+        case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
+            return "raw_uds";
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
             return "vm_socket";
         case SocketType::INET:
@@ -91,6 +94,14 @@
     }
 }
 
+static inline size_t epochMillis() {
+    using std::chrono::duration_cast;
+    using std::chrono::milliseconds;
+    using std::chrono::seconds;
+    using std::chrono::system_clock;
+    return duration_cast<milliseconds>(system_clock::now().time_since_epoch()).count();
+}
+
 struct BinderRpcOptions {
     size_t numThreads = 1;
     size_t numSessions = 1;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a78782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "binderRpcTestCommon.h"
+
+#define EXPECT_OK(status)                        \
+    do {                                         \
+        android::binder::Status stat = (status); \
+        EXPECT_TRUE(stat.isOk()) << stat;        \
+    } while (false)
+
+namespace android {
+
+// Abstract base class with a virtual destructor that handles the
+// ownership of a process session for BinderRpcTestSession below
+class ProcessSession {
+public:
+    struct SessionInfo {
+        sp<RpcSession> session;
+        sp<IBinder> root;
+    };
+
+    // client session objects associated with other process
+    // each one represents a separate session
+    std::vector<SessionInfo> sessions;
+
+    virtual ~ProcessSession() = 0;
+
+    // If the process exits with a status, run the given callback on that value.
+    virtual void setCustomExitStatusCheck(std::function<void(int wstatus)> f) = 0;
+
+    // Kill the process. Avoid if possible. Shutdown gracefully via an RPC instead.
+    virtual void terminate() = 0;
+};
+
+// Process session where the process hosts IBinderRpcTest, the server used
+// for most testing here
+struct BinderRpcTestProcessSession {
+    std::unique_ptr<ProcessSession> proc;
+
+    // pre-fetched root object (for first session)
+    sp<IBinder> rootBinder;
+
+    // pre-casted root object (for first session)
+    sp<IBinderRpcTest> rootIface;
+
+    // whether session should be invalidated by end of run
+    bool expectAlreadyShutdown = false;
+
+    BinderRpcTestProcessSession(BinderRpcTestProcessSession&&) = default;
+    ~BinderRpcTestProcessSession() {
+        if (!expectAlreadyShutdown) {
+            EXPECT_NE(nullptr, rootIface);
+            if (rootIface == nullptr) return;
+
+            std::vector<int32_t> remoteCounts;
+            // calling over any sessions counts across all sessions
+            EXPECT_OK(rootIface->countBinders(&remoteCounts));
+            EXPECT_EQ(remoteCounts.size(), proc->sessions.size());
+            for (auto remoteCount : remoteCounts) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(remoteCount, 1);
+            }
+
+            // even though it is on another thread, shutdown races with
+            // the transaction reply being written
+            if (auto status = rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
+                EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
+            }
+        }
+
+        rootIface = nullptr;
+        rootBinder = nullptr;
+    }
+};
+
+class BinderRpc : public ::testing::TestWithParam<
+                          std::tuple<SocketType, RpcSecurity, uint32_t, uint32_t, bool, bool>> {
+public:
+    SocketType socketType() const { return std::get<0>(GetParam()); }
+    RpcSecurity rpcSecurity() const { return std::get<1>(GetParam()); }
+    uint32_t clientVersion() const { return std::get<2>(GetParam()); }
+    uint32_t serverVersion() const { return std::get<3>(GetParam()); }
+    bool serverSingleThreaded() const { return std::get<4>(GetParam()); }
+    bool noKernel() const { return std::get<5>(GetParam()); }
+
+    bool clientOrServerSingleThreaded() const {
+        return !kEnableRpcThreads || serverSingleThreaded();
+    }
+
+    // Whether the test params support sending FDs in parcels.
+    bool supportsFdTransport() const {
+        return clientVersion() >= 1 && serverVersion() >= 1 && rpcSecurity() != RpcSecurity::TLS &&
+                (socketType() == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || socketType() == SocketType::UNIX ||
+                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP ||
+                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_RAW);
+    }
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        if (socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP && rpcSecurity() == RpcSecurity::TLS) {
+            GTEST_SKIP() << "Unix bootstrap not supported over a TLS transport";
+        }
+    }
+
+    BinderRpcTestProcessSession createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
+        BinderRpcTestProcessSession ret{
+                .proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(options),
+        };
+
+        ret.rootBinder = ret.proc->sessions.empty() ? nullptr : ret.proc->sessions.at(0).root;
+        ret.rootIface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(ret.rootBinder);
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    static std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info);
+
+protected:
+    std::unique_ptr<ProcessSession> createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(
+            const BinderRpcOptions& options);
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
index a922b21..cc40995 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
         case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
             CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainSocketBootstrapServer(std::move(unixBootstrapFd)));
             break;
+        case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
+            CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd(serverConfig.socketFd)));
+            break;
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
             CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupVsockServer(serverConfig.vsockPort));
             break;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f960442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "binderRpcTestCommon.h"
+#include "binderRpcTestFixture.h"
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using namespace std::placeholders;
+using testing::AssertionFailure;
+using testing::AssertionResult;
+using testing::AssertionSuccess;
+
+namespace android {
+
+static_assert(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION + 1 == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT ||
+              RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL);
+
+TEST(BinderRpcParcel, EntireParcelFormatted) {
+    Parcel p;
+    p.writeInt32(3);
+
+    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(p.markForBinder(sp<BBinder>::make()),
+                              "format must be set before data is written");
+}
+
+TEST(BinderRpc, CannotUseNextWireVersion) {
+    auto session = RpcSession::make();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 1));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 2));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT + 15));
+}
+
+TEST(BinderRpc, CanUseExperimentalWireVersion) {
+    auto session = RpcSession::make();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(session->setProtocolVersion(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL));
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, Ping) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    ASSERT_NE(proc.rootBinder, nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, GetInterfaceDescriptor) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    ASSERT_NE(proc.rootBinder, nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(IBinderRpcTest::descriptor, proc.rootBinder->getInterfaceDescriptor());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, MultipleSessions) {
+    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
+        // Tests with multiple sessions require a multi-threaded service,
+        // but work fine on a single-threaded client
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
+    }
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 5});
+    for (auto session : proc.proc->sessions) {
+        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, session.root);
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, session.root->pingBinder());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SeparateRootObject) {
+    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
+    }
+
+    SocketType type = std::get<0>(GetParam());
+    if (type == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || type == SocketType::UNIX ||
+        type == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP || type == SocketType::UNIX_RAW) {
+        // we can't get port numbers for unix sockets
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numSessions = 2});
+
+    int port1 = 0;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->getClientPort(&port1));
+
+    sp<IBinderRpcTest> rootIface2 = interface_cast<IBinderRpcTest>(proc.proc->sessions.at(1).root);
+    int port2;
+    EXPECT_OK(rootIface2->getClientPort(&port2));
+
+    // we should have a different IBinderRpcTest object created for each
+    // session, because we use setPerSessionRootObject
+    EXPECT_NE(port1, port2);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, TransactionsMustBeMarkedRpc) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    Parcel data;
+    Parcel reply;
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, proc.rootBinder->transact(IBinder::PING_TRANSACTION, data, &reply, 0));
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, AppendSeparateFormats) {
+    auto proc1 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    auto proc2 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    Parcel pRaw;
+
+    Parcel p1;
+    p1.markForBinder(proc1.rootBinder);
+    p1.writeInt32(3);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p1.appendFrom(&pRaw, 0, pRaw.dataSize()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, pRaw.appendFrom(&p1, 0, p1.dataSize()));
+
+    Parcel p2;
+    p2.markForBinder(proc2.rootBinder);
+    p2.writeInt32(7);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p1.appendFrom(&p2, 0, p2.dataSize()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_TYPE, p2.appendFrom(&p1, 0, p1.dataSize()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, UnknownTransaction) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    Parcel data;
+    data.markForBinder(proc.rootBinder);
+    Parcel reply;
+    EXPECT_EQ(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION, proc.rootBinder->transact(1337, data, &reply, 0));
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendSomethingOneway) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sendString("asdf"));
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendAndGetResultBack) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    std::string doubled;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doubleString("cool ", &doubled));
+    EXPECT_EQ("cool cool ", doubled);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SendAndGetResultBackBig) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    std::string single = std::string(1024, 'a');
+    std::string doubled;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doubleString(single, &doubled));
+    EXPECT_EQ(single + single, doubled);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, InvalidNullBinderReturn) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_EQ(proc.rootIface->getNullBinder(&outBinder).transactionError(), UNEXPECTED_NULL);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, CallMeBack) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    int32_t pingResult;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->pingMe(new MyBinderRpcSession("foo"), &pingResult));
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, pingResult);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, MyBinderRpcSession::gNum);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatBinder) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> inBinder = new MyBinderRpcSession("foo");
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(inBinder, &outBinder));
+    EXPECT_EQ(inBinder, outBinder);
+
+    wp<IBinder> weak = inBinder;
+    inBinder = nullptr;
+    outBinder = nullptr;
+
+    // Force reading a reply, to process any pending dec refs from the other
+    // process (the other process will process dec refs there before processing
+    // the ping here).
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, MyBinderRpcSession::gNum);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatTheirBinder) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession("aoeu", &session));
+
+    sp<IBinder> inBinder = IInterface::asBinder(session);
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(inBinder, &outBinder));
+    EXPECT_EQ(inBinder, outBinder);
+
+    wp<IBinder> weak = inBinder;
+    session = nullptr;
+    inBinder = nullptr;
+    outBinder = nullptr;
+
+    // Force reading a reply, to process any pending dec refs from the other
+    // process (the other process will process dec refs there before processing
+    // the ping here).
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatBinderNull) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(nullptr, &outBinder));
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, outBinder);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, HoldBinder) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    IBinder* ptr = nullptr;
+    {
+        sp<IBinder> binder = new BBinder();
+        ptr = binder.get();
+        EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->holdBinder(binder));
+    }
+
+    sp<IBinder> held;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->getHeldBinder(&held));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(held.get(), ptr);
+
+    // stop holding binder, because we test to make sure references are cleaned
+    // up
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->holdBinder(nullptr));
+    // and flush ref counts
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->pingBinder());
+}
+
+// START TESTS FOR LIMITATIONS OF SOCKET BINDER
+// These are behavioral differences form regular binder, where certain usecases
+// aren't supported.
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotMixBindersBetweenUnrelatedSocketSessions) {
+    auto proc1 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    auto proc2 = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
+              proc1.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc2.rootBinder, &outBinder).transactionError());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotMixBindersBetweenTwoSessionsToTheSameServer) {
+    if (serverSingleThreaded()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires a multi-threaded service";
+    }
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 2});
+
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
+              proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.proc->sessions.at(1).root, &outBinder)
+                      .transactionError());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotSendRegularBinderOverSocketBinder) {
+    if (!kEnableKernelIpc || noKernel()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test disabled because Binder kernel driver was disabled "
+                        "at build time.";
+    }
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> someRealBinder = IInterface::asBinder(defaultServiceManager());
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION,
+              proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(someRealBinder, &outBinder).transactionError());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, CannotSendSocketBinderOverRegularBinder) {
+    if (!kEnableKernelIpc || noKernel()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Test disabled because Binder kernel driver was disabled "
+                        "at build time.";
+    }
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    // for historical reasons, IServiceManager interface only returns the
+    // exception code
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_TRANSACTION_FAILED,
+              defaultServiceManager()->addService(String16("not_suspicious"), proc.rootBinder));
+}
+
+// END TESTS FOR LIMITATIONS OF SOCKET BINDER
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, RepeatRootObject) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> outBinder;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.rootBinder, &outBinder));
+    EXPECT_EQ(proc.rootBinder, outBinder);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, NestedTransactions) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({
+            // Enable FD support because it uses more stack space and so represents
+            // something closer to a worst case scenario.
+            .clientFileDescriptorTransportMode = RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX,
+            .serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes =
+                    {RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX},
+    });
+
+    auto nastyNester = sp<MyBinderRpcTest>::make();
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->nestMe(nastyNester, 10));
+
+    wp<IBinder> weak = nastyNester;
+    nastyNester = nullptr;
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SameBinderEquality) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> a;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&a));
+
+    sp<IBinder> b;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&b));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(a, b);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SameBinderEqualityWeak) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinder> a;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&a));
+    wp<IBinder> weak = a;
+    a = nullptr;
+
+    sp<IBinder> b;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->alwaysGiveMeTheSameBinder(&b));
+
+    // this is the wrong behavior, since BpBinder
+    // doesn't implement onIncStrongAttempted
+    // but make sure there is no crash
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, weak.promote());
+
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Weak binders aren't currently re-promotable for RPC binder.";
+
+    // In order to fix this:
+    // - need to have incStrongAttempted reflected across IPC boundary (wait for
+    //   response to promote - round trip...)
+    // - sendOnLastWeakRef, to delete entries out of RpcState table
+    EXPECT_EQ(b, weak.promote());
+}
+
+#define expectSessions(expected, iface)                   \
+    do {                                                  \
+        int session;                                      \
+        EXPECT_OK((iface)->getNumOpenSessions(&session)); \
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected, session);                     \
+    } while (false)
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SingleSession) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession("aoeu", &session));
+    std::string out;
+    EXPECT_OK(session->getName(&out));
+    EXPECT_EQ("aoeu", out);
+
+    expectSessions(1, proc.rootIface);
+    session = nullptr;
+    expectSessions(0, proc.rootIface);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, ManySessions) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    std::vector<sp<IBinderRpcSession>> sessions;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 15; i++) {
+        expectSessions(i, proc.rootIface);
+        sp<IBinderRpcSession> session;
+        EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->openSession(std::to_string(i), &session));
+        sessions.push_back(session);
+    }
+    expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sessions.size(); i++) {
+        std::string out;
+        EXPECT_OK(sessions.at(i)->getName(&out));
+        EXPECT_EQ(std::to_string(i), out);
+    }
+    expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
+
+    while (!sessions.empty()) {
+        sessions.pop_back();
+        expectSessions(sessions.size(), proc.rootIface);
+    }
+    expectSessions(0, proc.rootIface);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallDoesNotWait) {
+    constexpr size_t kReallyLongTimeMs = 100;
+    constexpr size_t kSleepMs = kReallyLongTimeMs * 5;
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+
+    size_t epochMsBefore = epochMillis();
+
+    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sleepMsAsync(kSleepMs));
+
+    size_t epochMsAfter = epochMillis();
+    EXPECT_LT(epochMsAfter, epochMsBefore + kReallyLongTimeMs);
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, Callbacks) {
+    const static std::string kTestString = "good afternoon!";
+
+    for (bool callIsOneway : {true, false}) {
+        for (bool callbackIsOneway : {true, false}) {
+            for (bool delayed : {true, false}) {
+                if (clientOrServerSingleThreaded() &&
+                    (callIsOneway || callbackIsOneway || delayed)) {
+                    // we have no incoming connections to receive the callback
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                size_t numIncomingConnections = clientOrServerSingleThreaded() ? 0 : 1;
+                auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
+                        {.numThreads = 1,
+                         .numSessions = 1,
+                         .numIncomingConnections = numIncomingConnections});
+                auto cb = sp<MyBinderRpcCallback>::make();
+
+                if (callIsOneway) {
+                    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->doCallbackAsync(cb, callbackIsOneway, delayed,
+                                                              kTestString));
+                } else {
+                    EXPECT_OK(
+                            proc.rootIface->doCallback(cb, callbackIsOneway, delayed, kTestString));
+                }
+
+                // if both transactions are synchronous and the response is sent back on the
+                // same thread, everything should have happened in a nested call. Otherwise,
+                // the callback will be processed on another thread.
+                if (callIsOneway || callbackIsOneway || delayed) {
+                    using std::literals::chrono_literals::operator""s;
+                    RpcMutexUniqueLock _l(cb->mMutex);
+                    cb->mCv.wait_for(_l, 1s, [&] { return !cb->mValues.empty(); });
+                }
+
+                EXPECT_EQ(cb->mValues.size(), 1)
+                        << "callIsOneway: " << callIsOneway
+                        << " callbackIsOneway: " << callbackIsOneway << " delayed: " << delayed;
+                if (cb->mValues.empty()) continue;
+                EXPECT_EQ(cb->mValues.at(0), kTestString)
+                        << "callIsOneway: " << callIsOneway
+                        << " callbackIsOneway: " << callbackIsOneway << " delayed: " << delayed;
+
+                // since we are severing the connection, we need to go ahead and
+                // tell the server to shutdown and exit so that waitpid won't hang
+                if (auto status = proc.rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
+                    EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
+                }
+
+                // since this session has an incoming connection w/ a threadpool, we
+                // need to manually shut it down
+                EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
+                proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallbackWithNoThread) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    auto cb = sp<MyBinderRpcCallback>::make();
+
+    Status status = proc.rootIface->doCallback(cb, true /*oneway*/, false /*delayed*/, "anything");
+    EXPECT_EQ(WOULD_BLOCK, status.transactionError());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, AidlDelegatorTest) {
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({});
+    auto myDelegator = sp<IBinderRpcTestDelegator>::make(proc.rootIface);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, myDelegator);
+
+    std::string doubled;
+    EXPECT_OK(myDelegator->doubleString("cool ", &doubled));
+    EXPECT_EQ("cool cool ", doubled);
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
index 3904e1d..61a2412 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
         java: {
             enabled: false,
         },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/libbinder_ndk_driver.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/libbinder_ndk_driver.cpp
index 462ef9a..a1fb701 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/libbinder_ndk_driver.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/libbinder_ndk_driver.cpp
@@ -29,3 +29,12 @@
 }
 
 } // namespace android
+
+extern "C" {
+// This API is used by fuzzers to automatically fuzz aidl services
+void fuzzRustService(void* binder, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+    AIBinder* aiBinder = static_cast<AIBinder*>(binder);
+    FuzzedDataProvider provider(data, len);
+    android::fuzzService(aiBinder, std::move(provider));
+}
+} // extern "C"
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b48dc27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libbinder_create_parcel",
+    host_supported: true,
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+    srcs: [
+        "RandomParcelWrapper.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbinder_random_parcel",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/RandomParcelWrapper.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/RandomParcelWrapper.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fb7820
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/rust_interface/RandomParcelWrapper.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
+#include <android/binder_parcel.h>
+#include <fuzzbinder/random_parcel.h>
+
+extern "C" {
+
+void createRandomParcel(void* aParcel, const uint8_t* data, size_t len) {
+    CHECK_NE(aParcel, nullptr);
+    AParcel* parcel = static_cast<AParcel*>(aParcel);
+    FuzzedDataProvider provider(data, len);
+    android::RandomParcelOptions options;
+
+    android::Parcel* platformParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
+    fillRandomParcel(platformParcel, std::move(provider), &options);
+}
+
+} // extern "C"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp b/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
index 3d81c32..6d1dfe8 100644
--- a/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     ],
 
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V3-ndk",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V4-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libhidlbase",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/Android.bp b/libs/graphicsenv/Android.bp
index a96a07a..af50a29 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/Android.bp
@@ -27,10 +27,13 @@
     srcs: [
         "GpuStatsInfo.cpp",
         "GraphicsEnv.cpp",
-        "IGpuService.cpp"
+        "IGpuService.cpp",
     ],
 
-    cflags: ["-Wall", "-Werror"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
 
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -46,4 +49,13 @@
     ],
 
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+
+    product_variables: {
+        // `debuggable` is set for eng and userdebug builds
+        debuggable: {
+            cflags: [
+                "-DANDROID_DEBUGGABLE",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
 }
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp b/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
index 4a0a839..5f5f85a 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,20 @@
 }
 
 bool GraphicsEnv::isDebuggable() {
-    return prctl(PR_GET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0, 0, 0) > 0;
+    // This flag determines if the application is marked debuggable
+    bool appDebuggable = prctl(PR_GET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0, 0, 0) > 0;
+
+    // This flag is set only in `debuggable` builds of the platform
+#if defined(ANDROID_DEBUGGABLE)
+    bool platformDebuggable = true;
+#else
+    bool platformDebuggable = false;
+#endif
+
+    ALOGV("GraphicsEnv::isDebuggable returning appDebuggable=%s || platformDebuggable=%s",
+          appDebuggable ? "true" : "false", platformDebuggable ? "true" : "false");
+
+    return appDebuggable || platformDebuggable;
 }
 
 void GraphicsEnv::setDriverPathAndSphalLibraries(const std::string path,
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.h b/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.h
index 82a6b6c..73d3196 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.h
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
     // Check if the process is debuggable. It returns false except in any of the
     // following circumstances:
-    // 1. ro.debuggable=1 (global debuggable enabled).
+    // 1. ANDROID_DEBUGGABLE is defined (global debuggable enabled).
     // 2. android:debuggable="true" in the manifest for an individual app.
     // 3. An app which explicitly calls prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 1).
     // 4. GraphicsEnv calls prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 1) in the presence of
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index 0021bd6..97e45c6 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -360,11 +360,12 @@
                     }
                 }
                 for (const auto& staleRelease : staleReleases) {
-                    BQA_LOGE("Faking releaseBufferCallback from transactionCompleteCallback");
-                    BBQ_TRACE("FakeReleaseCallback");
                     releaseBufferCallbackLocked(staleRelease,
-                        stat.previousReleaseFence ? stat.previousReleaseFence : Fence::NO_FENCE,
-                        stat.currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount);
+                                                stat.previousReleaseFence
+                                                        ? stat.previousReleaseFence
+                                                        : Fence::NO_FENCE,
+                                                stat.currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount,
+                                                true /* fakeRelease */);
                 }
             } else {
                 BQA_LOGE("Failed to find matching SurfaceControl in transactionCallback");
@@ -408,11 +409,13 @@
     BBQ_TRACE();
 
     std::unique_lock _lock{mMutex};
-    releaseBufferCallbackLocked(id, releaseFence, currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount);
+    releaseBufferCallbackLocked(id, releaseFence, currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount,
+                                false /* fakeRelease */);
 }
 
-void BLASTBufferQueue::releaseBufferCallbackLocked(const ReleaseCallbackId& id,
-        const sp<Fence>& releaseFence, std::optional<uint32_t> currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount) {
+void BLASTBufferQueue::releaseBufferCallbackLocked(
+        const ReleaseCallbackId& id, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
+        std::optional<uint32_t> currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount, bool fakeRelease) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     BQA_LOGV("releaseBufferCallback %s", id.to_string().c_str());
 
@@ -435,6 +438,11 @@
     auto rb = ReleasedBuffer{id, releaseFence};
     if (std::find(mPendingRelease.begin(), mPendingRelease.end(), rb) == mPendingRelease.end()) {
         mPendingRelease.emplace_back(rb);
+        if (fakeRelease) {
+            BQA_LOGE("Faking releaseBufferCallback from transactionCompleteCallback %" PRIu64,
+                     id.framenumber);
+            BBQ_TRACE("FakeReleaseCallback");
+        }
     }
 
     // Release all buffers that are beyond the ones that we need to hold
diff --git a/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp b/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
index 52d9540..bd640df 100644
--- a/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,13 @@
 #include <gui/DisplayInfo.h>
 #include <private/gui/ParcelUtils.h>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#define INDENT "  "
+
 namespace android::gui {
 
 // --- DisplayInfo ---
@@ -67,4 +72,17 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
+void DisplayInfo::dump(std::string& out, const char* prefix) const {
+    using android::base::StringAppendF;
+
+    out += prefix;
+    StringAppendF(&out, "DisplayViewport[id=%" PRId32 "]\n", displayId);
+    out += prefix;
+    StringAppendF(&out, INDENT "Width=%" PRId32 ", Height=%" PRId32 "\n", logicalWidth,
+                  logicalHeight);
+    std::string transformPrefix(prefix);
+    transformPrefix.append(INDENT);
+    transform.dump(out, "Transform", transformPrefix.c_str());
+}
+
 } // namespace android::gui
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 9c2ce0f..9e175ec 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -2375,42 +2375,22 @@
     return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(
-        const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching,
-        float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax, float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-        float appRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+status_t SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                                           const gui::DisplayModeSpecs& specs) {
     binder::Status status =
-            ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService()
-                    ->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, defaultMode, allowGroupSwitching,
-                                                 primaryRefreshRateMin, primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                 appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                 appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+            ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService()->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken,
+                                                                                  specs);
     return statusTFromBinderStatus(status);
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
-                                                           ui::DisplayModeId* outDefaultMode,
-                                                           bool* outAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                                           float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                           float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                           float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                           float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMax) {
-    if (!outDefaultMode || !outAllowGroupSwitching || !outPrimaryRefreshRateMin ||
-        !outPrimaryRefreshRateMax || !outAppRequestRefreshRateMin || !outAppRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+                                                           gui::DisplayModeSpecs* outSpecs) {
+    if (!outSpecs) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
-    gui::DisplayModeSpecs specs;
     binder::Status status =
             ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService()->getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken,
-                                                                                  &specs);
-    if (status.isOk()) {
-        *outDefaultMode = specs.defaultMode;
-        *outAllowGroupSwitching = specs.allowGroupSwitching;
-        *outPrimaryRefreshRateMin = specs.primaryRefreshRateMin;
-        *outPrimaryRefreshRateMax = specs.primaryRefreshRateMax;
-        *outAppRequestRefreshRateMin = specs.appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-        *outAppRequestRefreshRateMax = specs.appRequestRefreshRateMax;
-    }
+                                                                                  outSpecs);
     return statusTFromBinderStatus(status);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/DisplayModeSpecs.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/DisplayModeSpecs.aidl
index fb4fcdf..af138c7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/DisplayModeSpecs.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/DisplayModeSpecs.aidl
@@ -18,10 +18,58 @@
 
 /** @hide */
 parcelable DisplayModeSpecs {
+    /**
+     * Defines the refresh rates ranges that should be used by SF.
+     */
+    parcelable RefreshRateRanges {
+        /**
+         * Defines a range of refresh rates.
+         */
+        parcelable RefreshRateRange {
+            float min;
+            float max;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         *  The range of refresh rates that the display should run at.
+         */
+        RefreshRateRange physical;
+
+        /**
+         *  The range of refresh rates that apps should render at.
+         */
+        RefreshRateRange render;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base mode ID. This is what system defaults to for all other settings, or
+     * if the refresh rate range is not available.
+     */
     int defaultMode;
+
+    /**
+     * If true this will allow switching between modes in different display configuration
+     * groups. This way the user may see visual interruptions when the display mode changes.
+     */
+
     boolean allowGroupSwitching;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMin;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMax;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMax;
+
+    /**
+     * The primary physical and render refresh rate ranges represent DisplayManager's general
+     * guidance on the display modes SurfaceFlinger will consider when switching refresh
+     * rates and scheduling the frame rate. Unless SurfaceFlinger has a specific reason to do
+     * otherwise, it will stay within this range.
+     */
+    RefreshRateRanges primaryRanges;
+
+    /**
+     * The app request physical and render refresh rate ranges allow SurfaceFlinger to consider
+     * more display modes when switching refresh rates. Although SurfaceFlinger will
+     * generally stay within the primary range, specific considerations, such as layer frame
+     * rate settings specified via the setFrameRate() API, may cause SurfaceFlinger to go
+     * outside the primary range. SurfaceFlinger never goes outside the app request range.
+     * The app request range will be greater than or equal to the primary refresh rate range,
+     * never smaller.
+     */
+    RefreshRateRanges appRequestRanges;
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
index 92d9e77..40410fb 100644
--- a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/ISurfaceComposer.aidl
@@ -327,25 +327,9 @@
     /**
      * Sets the refresh rate boundaries for the display.
      *
-     * The primary refresh rate range represents display manager's general guidance on the display
-     * modes we'll consider when switching refresh rates. Unless we get an explicit signal from an
-     * app, we should stay within this range.
-     *
-     * The app request refresh rate range allows us to consider more display modes when switching
-     * refresh rates. Although we should generally stay within the primary range, specific
-     * considerations, such as layer frame rate settings specified via the setFrameRate() api, may
-     * cause us to go outside the primary range. We never go outside the app request range. The app
-     * request range will be greater than or equal to the primary refresh rate range, never smaller.
-     *
-     * defaultMode is used to narrow the list of display modes SurfaceFlinger will consider
-     * switching between. Only modes with a mode group and resolution matching defaultMode
-     * will be considered for switching. The defaultMode corresponds to an ID of mode in the list
-     * of supported modes returned from getDynamicDisplayInfo().
+     * @see DisplayModeSpecs.aidl for details.
      */
-    void setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(
-            IBinder displayToken, int defaultMode,
-            boolean allowGroupSwitching, float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax,
-            float appRequestRefreshRateMin, float appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+    void setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(IBinder displayToken, in DisplayModeSpecs specs);
 
     DisplayModeSpecs getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(IBinder displayToken);
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/fuzzer/Android.bp b/libs/gui/fuzzer/Android.bp
index cdc9376..1c61d6b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gui/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
         "android.hardware.configstore-utils",
         "android.hardware.graphics.bufferqueue@1.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.bufferqueue@2.0",
-        "android.hardware.power-V2-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
         "android.hidl.token@1.0",
         "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
         "libgui",
diff --git a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
index 2025170..9d1ee8f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
+++ b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
@@ -127,9 +127,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, removeTunnelModeEnabledListener,
                 (const sp<gui::ITunnelModeEnabledListener>&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs,
-                (const sp<IBinder>&, int32_t, bool, float, float, float,
-                 float appRequestRefreshRateMax),
-                (override));
+                (const sp<IBinder>&, const gui::DisplayModeSpecs&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs,
                 (const sp<IBinder>&, gui::DisplayModeSpecs*), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(binder::Status, getDisplayBrightnessSupport, (const sp<IBinder>&, bool*),
diff --git a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_surfaceComposerClient_fuzzer.cpp b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_surfaceComposerClient_fuzzer.cpp
index eecbe0f..57720dd 100644
--- a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_surfaceComposerClient_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_surfaceComposerClient_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -123,10 +123,37 @@
     sp<SurfaceControl> makeSurfaceControl();
     BlurRegion getBlurRegion();
     void fuzzOnPullAtom();
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs getDisplayModeSpecs();
 
     FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
 };
 
+gui::DisplayModeSpecs SurfaceComposerClientFuzzer::getDisplayModeSpecs() {
+    const auto getRefreshRateRange = [&] {
+        gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges::RefreshRateRange range;
+        range.min = mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>();
+        range.max = mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>();
+        return range;
+    };
+
+    const auto getRefreshRateRanges = [&] {
+        gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges ranges;
+        ranges.physical = getRefreshRateRange();
+        ranges.render = getRefreshRateRange();
+        return ranges;
+    };
+
+    String8 displayName((mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kRandomStringMaxBytes)).c_str());
+    sp<IBinder> displayToken =
+            SurfaceComposerClient::createDisplay(displayName, mFdp.ConsumeBool() /*secure*/);
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs specs;
+    specs.defaultMode = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
+    specs.allowGroupSwitching = mFdp.ConsumeBool();
+    specs.primaryRanges = getRefreshRateRanges();
+    specs.appRequestRanges = getRefreshRateRanges();
+    return specs;
+}
+
 BlurRegion SurfaceComposerClientFuzzer::getBlurRegion() {
     int32_t left = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
     int32_t right = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
@@ -247,12 +274,7 @@
     String8 displayName((mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kRandomStringMaxBytes)).c_str());
     sp<IBinder> displayToken =
             SurfaceComposerClient::createDisplay(displayName, mFdp.ConsumeBool() /*secure*/);
-    SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>(),
-                                                      mFdp.ConsumeBool() /*allowGroupSwitching*/,
-                                                      mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
-                                                      mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
-                                                      mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
-                                                      mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>());
+    SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, getDisplayModeSpecs());
 
     ui::ColorMode colorMode = mFdp.PickValueInArray(kColormodes);
     SurfaceComposerClient::setActiveColorMode(displayToken, colorMode);
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
index 957652e..47dcc42 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@
     void releaseBufferCallback(const ReleaseCallbackId& id, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
                                std::optional<uint32_t> currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount);
     void releaseBufferCallbackLocked(const ReleaseCallbackId& id, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
-                               std::optional<uint32_t> currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount);
+                                     std::optional<uint32_t> currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount,
+                                     bool fakeRelease);
     void syncNextTransaction(std::function<void(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction*)> callback,
                              bool acquireSingleBuffer = true);
     void stopContinuousSyncTransaction();
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
index 74f33a2..42b62c7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
     status_t writeToParcel(android::Parcel*) const override;
 
     status_t readFromParcel(const android::Parcel*) override;
+
+    void dump(std::string& result, const char* prefix = "") const;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::gui
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
index 1f19f4e..7aec0bf 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
@@ -113,6 +113,24 @@
         return surface != nullptr && surface->getIGraphicBufferProducer() != nullptr;
     }
 
+    static sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> getIGraphicBufferProducer(ANativeWindow* window) {
+        int val;
+        if (window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE, &val) >= 0 &&
+            val == NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE) {
+            return ((Surface*) window)->mGraphicBufferProducer;
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    static sp<IBinder> getSurfaceControlHandle(ANativeWindow* window) {
+        int val;
+        if (window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE, &val) >= 0 &&
+            val == NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE) {
+            return ((Surface*) window)->mSurfaceControlHandle;
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     /* Attaches a sideband buffer stream to the Surface's IGraphicBufferProducer.
      *
      * A sideband stream is a device-specific mechanism for passing buffers
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index c450e85..2038f14 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -159,18 +159,11 @@
     static status_t getActiveDisplayMode(const sp<IBinder>& display, ui::DisplayMode*);
 
     // Sets the refresh rate boundaries for the display.
-    static status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(
-            const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode,
-            bool allowGroupSwitching, float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax,
-            float appRequestRefreshRateMin, float appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+    static status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                               const gui::DisplayModeSpecs&);
     // Gets the refresh rate boundaries for the display.
     static status_t getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
-                                               ui::DisplayModeId* outDefaultMode,
-                                               bool* outAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                               float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                               float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                               float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                               float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMax);
+                                               gui::DisplayModeSpecs*);
 
     // Get the coordinates of the display's native color primaries
     static status_t getDisplayNativePrimaries(const sp<IBinder>& display,
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index 346b686..67c669d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -920,16 +920,12 @@
     }
 
     binder::Status setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& /*displayToken*/,
-                                              int32_t /*defaultMode*/, bool /*allowGroupSwitching*/,
-                                              float /*primaryRefreshRateMin*/,
-                                              float /*primaryRefreshRateMax*/,
-                                              float /*appRequestRefreshRateMin*/,
-                                              float /*appRequestRefreshRateMax*/) override {
+                                              const gui::DisplayModeSpecs&) override {
         return binder::Status::ok();
     }
 
     binder::Status getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& /*displayToken*/,
-                                              gui::DisplayModeSpecs* /*outSpecs*/) override {
+                                              gui::DisplayModeSpecs*) override {
         return binder::Status::ok();
     }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index c1eb8e2..cf5a7e7 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -438,14 +438,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void PointerCoords::copyFrom(const PointerCoords& other) {
-    bits = other.bits;
-    uint32_t count = BitSet64::count(bits);
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        values[i] = other.values[i];
-    }
-}
-
 void PointerCoords::transform(const ui::Transform& transform) {
     const vec2 xy = transform.transform(getXYValue());
     setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xy.x);
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
index 3ab2ba8..0375915 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
@@ -23,16 +23,19 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libjpegrecoverymap",
-    vendor_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
 
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     srcs: [
         "recoverymap.cpp",
+        "recoverymapmath.cpp",
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
+        "libimage_io",
+        "libjpeg",
         "libutils",
     ],
 }
@@ -63,4 +66,4 @@
     srcs: [
         "jpegdecoder.cpp",
     ],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.h
index 2ab7550..df24b10 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.h
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGDECODER_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGDECODER_H
+
 // We must include cstdio before jpeglib.h. It is a requirement of libjpeg.
 #include <cstdio>
 extern "C" {
@@ -41,12 +45,22 @@
      * Returns the decompressed raw image buffer pointer. This method must be called only after
      * calling decompressImage().
      */
-    const void* getDecompressedImagePtr();
+    void* getDecompressedImagePtr();
     /*
      * Returns the decompressed raw image buffer size. This method must be called only after
      * calling decompressImage().
      */
     size_t getDecompressedImageSize();
+    /*
+     * Returns the image width in pixels. This method must be called only after calling
+     * decompressImage().
+     */
+    size_t getDecompressedImageWidth();
+    /*
+     * Returns the image width in pixels. This method must be called only after calling
+     * decompressImage().
+     */
+    size_t getDecompressedImageHeight();
 private:
     bool decode(const void* image, int length);
     // Returns false if errors occur.
@@ -56,7 +70,12 @@
     // Process 16 lines of Y and 16 lines of U/V each time.
     // We must pass at least 16 scanlines according to libjpeg documentation.
     static const int kCompressBatchSize = 16;
-    // The buffer that holds the compressed result.
+    // The buffer that holds the decompressed result.
     std::vector<JOCTET> mResultBuffer;
+    // Resolution of the decompressed image.
+    size_t mWidth;
+    size_t mHeight;
 };
 } /* namespace android  */
+
+#endif // ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGDECODER_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.h
index 9641fda..61aeb8a 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.h
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGENCODER_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGENCODER_H
+
 // We must include cstdio before jpeglib.h. It is a requirement of libjpeg.
 #include <cstdio>
 
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@
      * Returns the compressed JPEG buffer pointer. This method must be called only after calling
      * compressImage().
      */
-    const void* getCompressedImagePtr();
+    void* getCompressedImagePtr();
 
     /*
      * Returns the compressed JPEG buffer size. This method must be called only after calling
@@ -87,4 +90,6 @@
     std::vector<JOCTET> mResultBuffer;
 };
 
-} /* namespace android  */
\ No newline at end of file
+} /* namespace android  */
+
+#endif // ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGENCODER_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrerrorcode.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrerrorcode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..194cd2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrerrorcode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+
+namespace android::recoverymap {
+
+enum {
+    // status_t map for errors in the media framework
+    // OK or NO_ERROR or 0 represents no error.
+
+    // See system/core/include/utils/Errors.h
+    // System standard errors from -1 through (possibly) -133
+    //
+    // Errors with special meanings and side effects.
+    // INVALID_OPERATION:  Operation attempted in an illegal state (will try to signal to app).
+    // DEAD_OBJECT:        Signal from CodecBase to MediaCodec that MediaServer has died.
+    // NAME_NOT_FOUND:     Signal from CodecBase to MediaCodec that the component was not found.
+
+    // JPEGR errors
+    JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE                 = -10000,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_INPUT_TYPE      = JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_OUTPUT_TYPE     = JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE - 1,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR        = JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE - 2,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH     = JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE - 3,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL        = JPEGR_IO_ERROR_BASE - 4,
+
+    JPEGR_RUNTIME_ERROR_BASE            = -20000,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_ENCODE_ERROR            = JPEGR_RUNTIME_ERROR_BASE - 1,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR            = JPEGR_RUNTIME_ERROR_BASE - 2,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_CALCULATION_ERROR       = JPEGR_RUNTIME_ERROR_BASE - 3,
+    ERROR_JPEGR_METADATA_ERROR          = JPEGR_RUNTIME_ERROR_BASE - 4,
+};
+
+}  // namespace android::recoverymap
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h
index 15eca1e..b2ca481 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h
@@ -14,10 +14,20 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
- #include <utils/Errors.h>
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAP_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAP_H
+
+#include "jpegrerrorcode.h"
 
 namespace android::recoverymap {
 
+typedef enum {
+  JPEGR_COLORSPACE_UNSPECIFIED,
+  JPEGR_COLORSPACE_BT709,
+  JPEGR_COLORSPACE_P3,
+  JPEGR_COLORSPACE_BT2100,
+} jpegr_color_space;
+
 /*
  * Holds information for uncompressed image or recovery map.
  */
@@ -28,6 +38,8 @@
     int width;
     // Height of the recovery map or image in pixels.
     int height;
+    // Color space.
+    jpegr_color_space colorSpace;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -36,12 +48,25 @@
 struct jpegr_compressed_struct {
     // Pointer to the data location.
     void* data;
+    // Data length.
+    int length;
+    // Color space.
+    jpegr_color_space colorSpace;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Holds information for EXIF metadata.
+ */
+struct jpegr_exif_struct {
+    // Pointer to the data location.
+    void* data;
     // Data length;
     int length;
 };
 
 typedef struct jpegr_uncompressed_struct* jr_uncompressed_ptr;
 typedef struct jpegr_compressed_struct* jr_compressed_ptr;
+typedef struct jpegr_exif_struct* jr_exif_ptr;
 
 class RecoveryMap {
 public:
@@ -49,21 +74,29 @@
      * Compress JPEGR image from 10-bit HDR YUV and 8-bit SDR YUV.
      *
      * Generate recovery map from the HDR and SDR inputs, compress SDR YUV to 8-bit JPEG and append
-     * the recovery map to the end of the compressed JPEG.
+     * the recovery map to the end of the compressed JPEG. HDR and SDR inputs must be the same
+     * resolution and color space.
      * @param uncompressed_p010_image uncompressed HDR image in P010 color format
      * @param uncompressed_yuv_420_image uncompressed SDR image in YUV_420 color format
      * @param dest destination of the compressed JPEGR image
+     * @param quality target quality of the JPEG encoding, must be in range of 0-100 where 100 is
+     *                the highest quality
+     * @param exif pointer to the exif metadata.
      * @return NO_ERROR if encoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
     status_t encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
                          jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                         void* dest);
+                         jr_compressed_ptr dest,
+                         int quality,
+                         jr_exif_ptr exif);
 
     /*
-     * Compress JPEGR image from 10-bit HDR YUV and 8-bit SDR YUV.
+     * Compress JPEGR image from 10-bit HDR YUV, 8-bit SDR YUV and compressed 8-bit JPEG.
+     *
+     * This method requires HAL Hardware JPEG encoder.
      *
      * Generate recovery map from the HDR and SDR inputs, append the recovery map to the end of the
-     * compressed JPEG.
+     * compressed JPEG. HDR and SDR inputs must be the same resolution and color space.
      * @param uncompressed_p010_image uncompressed HDR image in P010 color format
      * @param uncompressed_yuv_420_image uncompressed SDR image in YUV_420 color format
      * @param compressed_jpeg_image compressed 8-bit JPEG image
@@ -72,31 +105,48 @@
      */
     status_t encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
                          jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                         void* compressed_jpeg_image,
-                         void* dest);
+                         jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                         jr_compressed_ptr dest);
 
     /*
      * Compress JPEGR image from 10-bit HDR YUV and 8-bit SDR YUV.
      *
+     * This method requires HAL Hardware JPEG encoder.
+     *
      * Decode the compressed 8-bit JPEG image to YUV SDR, generate recovery map from the HDR input
-     * and the decoded SDR result, append the recovery map to the end of the compressed JPEG.
+     * and the decoded SDR result, append the recovery map to the end of the compressed JPEG. HDR
+     * and SDR inputs must be the same resolution and color space.
      * @param uncompressed_p010_image uncompressed HDR image in P010 color format
      * @param compressed_jpeg_image compressed 8-bit JPEG image
      * @param dest destination of the compressed JPEGR image
      * @return NO_ERROR if encoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
     status_t encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                         void* compressed_jpeg_image,
-                         void* dest);
+                         jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                         jr_compressed_ptr dest);
 
     /*
      * Decompress JPEGR image.
      *
      * @param compressed_jpegr_image compressed JPEGR image
      * @param dest destination of the uncompressed JPEGR image
+     * @param exif destination of the decoded EXIF metadata. Default value is nullptr where EXIF
+     *             metadata will not be decoded.
+     * @param request_sdr flag that request SDR output, default to false (request HDR output). If
+     *                    set to true, decoder will only decode the primary image which is SDR.
+     *                    Setting of request_sdr and input source (HDR or SDR) can be found in
+     *                    the table below:
+     *                    |  input source  |  request_sdr  |  output of decoding  |
+     *                    |       HDR      |     true      |          SDR         |
+     *                    |       HDR      |     false     |          HDR         |
+     *                    |       SDR      |     true      |          SDR         |
+     *                    |       SDR      |     false     |          SDR         |
      * @return NO_ERROR if decoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
-    status_t decodeJPEGR(void* compressed_jpegr_image, jr_uncompressed_ptr dest);
+    status_t decodeJPEGR(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
+                         jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
+                         jr_exif_ptr exif = nullptr,
+                         bool request_sdr = false);
 private:
     /*
      * This method is called in the decoding pipeline. It will decode the recovery map.
@@ -105,7 +155,7 @@
      * @param dest decoded recover map
      * @return NO_ERROR if decoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
-    status_t decodeRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
+    status_t decompressRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
                                jr_uncompressed_ptr dest);
 
     /*
@@ -115,21 +165,24 @@
      * @param dest encoded recover map
      * @return NO_ERROR if encoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
-    status_t encodeRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
+    status_t compressRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
                                jr_compressed_ptr dest);
 
     /*
      * This method is called in the encoding pipeline. It will take the uncompressed 8-bit and
-     * 10-bit yuv images as input, and calculate the uncompressed recovery map.
+     * 10-bit yuv images as input, and calculate the uncompressed recovery map. The input images
+     * must be the same resolution.
      *
      * @param uncompressed_yuv_420_image uncompressed SDR image in YUV_420 color format
      * @param uncompressed_p010_image uncompressed HDR image in P010 color format
-     * @param dest recover map
+     * @param dest recovery map; caller responsible for memory of data
+     * @param hdr_ratio HDR ratio will be updated in this method
      * @return NO_ERROR if calculation succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
     status_t generateRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                 jr_uncompressed_ptr dest);
+                                 jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
+                                 float &hdr_ratio);
 
     /*
      * This method is called in the decoding pipeline. It will take the uncompressed (decoded)
@@ -153,7 +206,7 @@
      * @param dest destination of compressed recovery map
      * @return NO_ERROR if calculation succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
-    status_t extractRecoveryMap(void* compressed_jpegr_image, jr_compressed_ptr dest);
+    status_t extractRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image, jr_compressed_ptr dest);
 
     /*
      * This method is called in the encoding pipeline. It will take the standard 8-bit JPEG image
@@ -162,12 +215,57 @@
      *
      * @param compressed_jpeg_image compressed 8-bit JPEG image
      * @param compress_recovery_map compressed recover map
+     * @param hdr_ratio HDR ratio
      * @param dest compressed JPEGR image
      * @return NO_ERROR if calculation succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
-    status_t appendRecoveryMap(void* compressed_jpeg_image,
+    status_t appendRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
                                jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
-                               void* dest);
+                               float hdr_ratio,
+                               jr_compressed_ptr dest);
+
+    /*
+     * This method generates XMP metadata.
+     *
+     * below is an example of the XMP metadata that this function generates where
+     * secondary_image_length = 1000
+     * hdr_ratio = 1.25
+     *
+     * <x:xmpmeta
+     *   xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"
+     *   x:xmptk="Adobe XMP Core 5.1.2">
+     *   <rdf:RDF
+     *     xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+     *     <rdf:Description
+     *       xmlns:GContainer="http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/">
+     *       <GContainer:Version>1</GContainer:Version>
+     *       <GContainer:HdrRatio>1.25</GContainer:HdrRatio>
+     *       <GContainer:Directory>
+     *         <rdf:Seq>
+     *           <rdf:li>
+     *             <GContainer:Item
+     *               Item:Semantic="Primary"
+     *               Item:Mime="image/jpeg"/>
+     *           </rdf:li>
+     *           <rdf:li>
+     *             <GContainer:Item
+     *               Item:Semantic="RecoveryMap"
+     *               Item:Mime="image/jpeg"
+     *               Item:Length="1000"/>
+     *           </rdf:li>
+     *         </rdf:Seq>
+     *       </GContainer:Directory>
+     *     </rdf:Description>
+     *   </rdf:RDF>
+     * </x:xmpmeta>
+     *
+     * @param secondary_image_length length of secondary image
+     * @param hdr_ratio hdr ratio
+     * @return XMP metadata in type of string
+     */
+    std::string generateXmp(int secondary_image_length, float hdr_ratio);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::recoverymap
+
+#endif // ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAP_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e9b07b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAPMATH_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAPMATH_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h>
+
+namespace android::recoverymap {
+
+const float kSdrWhiteNits = 100.0f;
+
+struct Color {
+  union {
+    struct {
+      float r;
+      float g;
+      float b;
+    };
+    struct {
+      float y;
+      float u;
+      float v;
+    };
+  };
+};
+
+/*
+ * Convert from OETF'd bt.2100 RGB to YUV, according to BT.2100
+ */
+Color bt2100RgbToYuv(Color e);
+
+/*
+ * Convert srgb YUV to RGB, according to ECMA TR/98.
+ */
+Color srgbYuvToRgb(Color e);
+
+/*
+ * TODO: better source for srgb transfer function
+ * Convert from srgb to linear, according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB.
+ * [0.0, 1.0] range in and out.
+ */
+float srgbInvOetf(float e);
+Color srgbInvOetf(Color e);
+
+/*
+ * Convert from HLG to scene luminance in nits, according to BT.2100.
+ */
+float hlgInvOetf(float e);
+
+/*
+ * Convert from scene luminance in nits to HLG,  according to BT.2100.
+ */
+float hlgOetf(float e);
+Color hlgOetf(Color e);
+
+/*
+ * Calculate the 8-bit unsigned integer recovery value for the given SDR and HDR
+ * luminances in linear space, and the hdr ratio to encode against.
+ */
+uint8_t encodeRecovery(float y_sdr, float y_hdr, float hdr_ratio);
+
+/*
+ * Calculates the linear luminance in nits after applying the given recovery
+ * value, with the given hdr ratio, to the given sdr input in the range [0, 1].
+ */
+Color applyRecovery(Color e, float recovery, float hdr_ratio);
+
+/*
+ * Helper for sampling from images.
+ */
+Color getYuv420Pixel(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t x, size_t y);
+
+/*
+ * Sample the recovery value for the map from a given x,y coordinate on a scale
+ * that is map scale factor larger than the map size.
+ */
+float sampleMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr map, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y);
+
+/*
+ * Sample the image Y value at the provided location, with a weighting based on nearby pixels
+ * and the map scale factor.
+ *
+ * Expect narrow-range image data for P010.
+ */
+float sampleYuv420Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr map, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y);
+float sampleP010Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr map, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y);
+
+} // namespace android::recoverymap
+
+#endif // ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAPMATH_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.cpp
index 22a5389..c1fb6c3 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-const void* JpegDecoder::getDecompressedImagePtr() {
+void* JpegDecoder::getDecompressedImagePtr() {
     return mResultBuffer.data();
 }
 
@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@
     return mResultBuffer.size();
 }
 
+size_t JpegDecoder::getDecompressedImageWidth() {
+    return mWidth;
+}
+
+size_t JpegDecoder::getDecompressedImageHeight() {
+    return mHeight;
+}
+
 bool JpegDecoder::decode(const void* image, int length) {
     jpeg_decompress_struct cinfo;
     jpegr_source_mgr mgr(static_cast<const uint8_t*>(image), length);
@@ -119,6 +127,9 @@
     cinfo.src = &mgr;
     jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);
 
+    mWidth = cinfo.image_width;
+    mHeight = cinfo.image_height;
+
     if (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_YCbCr) {
         mResultBuffer.resize(cinfo.image_width * cinfo.image_height * 3 / 2, 0);
     } else if (cinfo.jpeg_color_space == JCS_GRAYSCALE) {
@@ -222,4 +233,4 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.cpp
index d45d9b3..1997bf9 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-const void* JpegEncoder::getCompressedImagePtr() {
+void* JpegEncoder::getCompressedImagePtr() {
     return mResultBuffer.data();
 }
 
@@ -236,4 +236,4 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.cpp
index 5d25722..bd16a68 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.cpp
@@ -14,91 +14,322 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+// TODO: need to clean up handling around hdr_ratio and passing it around
+// TODO: need to handle color space information; currently we assume everything
+// is srgb in.
+// TODO: handle PQ encode/decode (currently only HLG)
+
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymap.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegencoder.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoder.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h>
+
+#include <image_io/jpeg/jpeg_marker.h>
+#include <image_io/xml/xml_writer.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+using namespace std;
 
 namespace android::recoverymap {
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                  void* dest) {
-  if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
-   || uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
-   || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+#define JPEGR_CHECK(x)          \
+  {                             \
+    status_t status = (x);      \
+    if ((status) != NO_ERROR) { \
+      return status;            \
+    }                           \
   }
 
-  // TBD
+// Map is quarter res / sixteenth size
+static const size_t kMapDimensionScaleFactor = 4;
+
+
+/*
+ * Helper function used for generating XMP metadata.
+ *
+ * @param prefix The prefix part of the name.
+ * @param suffix The suffix part of the name.
+ * @return A name of the form "prefix:suffix".
+ */
+string Name(const string &prefix, const string &suffix) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << prefix << ":" << suffix;
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper function used for writing data to destination.
+ *
+ * @param destination destination of the data to be written.
+ * @param source source of data being written.
+ * @param length length of the data to be written.
+ * @param position cursor in desitination where the data is to be written.
+ * @return status of succeed or error code.
+ */
+status_t Write(jr_compressed_ptr destination, const void* source, size_t length, int &position) {
+  if (position + length > destination->length) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+  }
+
+  memcpy((uint8_t*)destination->data + sizeof(uint8_t) * position, source, length);
+  position += length;
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t RecoveryMap::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
                                   jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                  void* compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                  void* dest) {
-
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest,
+                                  int quality,
+                                  jr_exif_ptr /* exif */) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
-   || compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  if (quality < 0 || quality > 100) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_INPUT_TYPE;
+  }
+
+  if (uncompressed_p010_image->width != uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width
+   || uncompressed_p010_image->height != uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH;
+  }
+
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
+  float hdr_ratio = 0.0f;
+  JPEGR_CHECK(generateRecoveryMap(
+      uncompressed_yuv_420_image, uncompressed_p010_image, &map, hdr_ratio));
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> map_data;
+  map_data.reset(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map.data));
+
+  jpegr_compressed_struct compressed_map;
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> compressed_map_data =
+      std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(map.width * map.height);
+  compressed_map.data = compressed_map_data.get();
+  JPEGR_CHECK(compressRecoveryMap(&map, &compressed_map));
+
+  JpegEncoder jpeg_encoder;
+  // TODO: ICC data - need color space information
+  if (!jpeg_encoder.compressImage(uncompressed_yuv_420_image->data,
+                                  uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width,
+                                  uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height, quality, nullptr, 0)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_ENCODE_ERROR;
+  }
+  jpegr_compressed_struct jpeg;
+  jpeg.data = jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImagePtr();
+  jpeg.length = jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImageSize();
+
+  JPEGR_CHECK(appendRecoveryMap(&jpeg, &compressed_map, hdr_ratio, dest));
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t RecoveryMap::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  void* compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                  void* dest) {
+                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
+   || uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  if (uncompressed_p010_image->width != uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width
+   || uncompressed_p010_image->height != uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH;
+  }
+
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
+  float hdr_ratio = 0.0f;
+  JPEGR_CHECK(generateRecoveryMap(
+      uncompressed_yuv_420_image, uncompressed_p010_image, &map, hdr_ratio));
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> map_data;
+  map_data.reset(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map.data));
+
+  jpegr_compressed_struct compressed_map;
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> compressed_map_data =
+      std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(map.width * map.height);
+  compressed_map.data = compressed_map_data.get();
+  JPEGR_CHECK(compressRecoveryMap(&map, &compressed_map));
+
+  JPEGR_CHECK(appendRecoveryMap(compressed_jpeg_image, &compressed_map, hdr_ratio, dest));
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::decodeJPEGR(void* compressed_jpegr_image, jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+status_t RecoveryMap::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+  if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
+   || compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
+   || dest == nullptr) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
+  }
+
+  JpegDecoder jpeg_decoder;
+  if (!jpeg_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_jpeg_image->data, compressed_jpeg_image->length)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  }
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct uncompressed_yuv_420_image;
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.data = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImagePtr();
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.width = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageWidth();
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.height = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageHeight();
+
+  if (uncompressed_p010_image->width != uncompressed_yuv_420_image.width
+   || uncompressed_p010_image->height != uncompressed_yuv_420_image.height) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH;
+  }
+
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
+  float hdr_ratio = 0.0f;
+  JPEGR_CHECK(generateRecoveryMap(
+      &uncompressed_yuv_420_image, uncompressed_p010_image, &map, hdr_ratio));
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> map_data;
+  map_data.reset(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map.data));
+
+  jpegr_compressed_struct compressed_map;
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> compressed_map_data =
+      std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(map.width * map.height);
+  compressed_map.data = compressed_map_data.get();
+  JPEGR_CHECK(compressRecoveryMap(&map, &compressed_map));
+
+  JPEGR_CHECK(appendRecoveryMap(compressed_jpeg_image, &compressed_map, hdr_ratio, dest));
+
+  return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
+status_t RecoveryMap::decodeJPEGR(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
+                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
+                                  jr_exif_ptr /* exif */,
+                                  bool /* request_sdr */) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  jpegr_compressed_struct compressed_map;
+  JPEGR_CHECK(extractRecoveryMap(compressed_jpegr_image, &compressed_map));
+
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
+  JPEGR_CHECK(decompressRecoveryMap(&compressed_map, &map));
+
+  JpegDecoder jpeg_decoder;
+  if (!jpeg_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_jpegr_image->data, compressed_jpegr_image->length)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  jpegr_uncompressed_struct uncompressed_yuv_420_image;
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.data = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImagePtr();
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.width = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageWidth();
+  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.height = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageHeight();
+
+  JPEGR_CHECK(applyRecoveryMap(&uncompressed_yuv_420_image, &map, dest));
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::decodeRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
-                                        jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+status_t RecoveryMap::decompressRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
+                                            jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
   if (compressed_recovery_map == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  JpegDecoder jpeg_decoder;
+  if (!jpeg_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_recovery_map->data,
+                                    compressed_recovery_map->length)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  dest->data = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImagePtr();
+  dest->width = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageWidth();
+  dest->height = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageHeight();
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::encodeRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
-                                        jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+status_t RecoveryMap::compressRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
+                                          jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_recovery_map == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  // TODO: should we have ICC data?
+  JpegEncoder jpeg_encoder;
+  if (!jpeg_encoder.compressImage(uncompressed_recovery_map->data, uncompressed_recovery_map->width,
+                                  uncompressed_recovery_map->height, 85, nullptr, 0,
+                                  true /* isSingleChannel */)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_ENCODE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if (dest->length < jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImageSize()) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+  }
+
+  memcpy(dest->data, jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImagePtr(), jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImageSize());
+  dest->length = jpeg_encoder.getCompressedImageSize();
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t RecoveryMap::generateRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
                                           jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                          jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+                                          jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
+                                          float &hdr_ratio) {
   if (uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  if (uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width != uncompressed_p010_image->width
+   || uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height != uncompressed_p010_image->height) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH;
+  }
+
+  size_t image_width = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width;
+  size_t image_height = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height;
+  size_t map_width = image_width / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
+  size_t map_height = image_height / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
+
+  dest->width = map_width;
+  dest->height = map_height;
+  dest->data = new uint8_t[map_width * map_height];
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> map_data;
+  map_data.reset(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(dest->data));
+
+  uint16_t yp_hdr_max = 0;
+  for (size_t y = 0; y < image_height; ++y) {
+    for (size_t x = 0; x < image_width; ++x) {
+      size_t pixel_idx =  x + y * image_width;
+      uint16_t yp_hdr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(uncompressed_yuv_420_image->data)[pixel_idx];
+      if (yp_hdr > yp_hdr_max) {
+        yp_hdr_max = yp_hdr;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  float y_hdr_max_nits = hlgInvOetf(yp_hdr_max);
+  hdr_ratio = y_hdr_max_nits / kSdrWhiteNits;
+
+  for (size_t y = 0; y < map_height; ++y) {
+    for (size_t x = 0; x < map_width; ++x) {
+      float yp_sdr = sampleYuv420Y(uncompressed_yuv_420_image, kMapDimensionScaleFactor, x, y);
+      float yp_hdr = sampleP010Y(uncompressed_p010_image, kMapDimensionScaleFactor, x, y);
+
+      float y_sdr_nits = srgbInvOetf(yp_sdr);
+      float y_hdr_nits = hlgInvOetf(yp_hdr);
+
+      size_t pixel_idx =  x + y * map_width;
+      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_idx] =
+          encodeRecovery(y_sdr_nits, y_hdr_nits, hdr_ratio);
+    }
+  }
+
+  map_data.release();
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -108,33 +339,148 @@
   if (uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_recovery_map == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  // TODO: need to get this from the XMP; should probably be a function
+  // parameter
+  float hdr_ratio = 4.0f;
+
+  size_t width = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width;
+  size_t height = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height;
+
+  dest->width = width;
+  dest->height = height;
+  size_t pixel_count = width * height;
+
+  for (size_t y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
+    for (size_t x = 0; x < width; ++x) {
+      size_t pixel_y_idx =  x + y * width;
+
+      size_t pixel_uv_idx = x / 2 + (y / 2) * (width / 2);
+
+      Color ypuv_sdr = getYuv420Pixel(uncompressed_yuv_420_image, x, y);
+      Color rgbp_sdr = srgbYuvToRgb(ypuv_sdr);
+      Color rgb_sdr = srgbInvOetf(rgbp_sdr);
+
+      float recovery = sampleMap(uncompressed_recovery_map, kMapDimensionScaleFactor, x, y);
+      Color rgb_hdr = applyRecovery(rgb_sdr, recovery, hdr_ratio);
+
+      Color rgbp_hdr = hlgOetf(rgb_hdr);
+      Color ypuv_hdr = bt2100RgbToYuv(rgbp_hdr);
+
+      reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_y_idx] = ypuv_hdr.r;
+      reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_count + pixel_uv_idx] = ypuv_hdr.g;
+      reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_count + pixel_uv_idx + 1] = ypuv_hdr.b;
+    }
+  }
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::extractRecoveryMap(void* compressed_jpegr_image, jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+status_t RecoveryMap::extractRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
+                                         jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
   // TBD
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t RecoveryMap::appendRecoveryMap(void* compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                     jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
-                                     void* dest) {
+status_t RecoveryMap::appendRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                                        jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
+                                        float hdr_ratio,
+                                        jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
    || compressed_recovery_map == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  // TBD
+  string xmp = generateXmp(compressed_recovery_map->length, hdr_ratio);
+  string nameSpace = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0";
+
+  // 2 bytes: APP1 sign (ff e1)
+  // 29 bytes: length of name space "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0"
+  // x bytes: length of xmp packet
+  int length = 2 + nameSpace.size() + xmp.size();
+  uint8_t lengthH = ((length >> 8) & 0xff);
+  uint8_t lengthL = (length & 0xff);
+
+  int pos = 0;
+
+  // JPEG/R structure:
+  // SOI (ff d8)
+  // APP1 (ff e1)
+  // 2 bytes of length (2 + 29 + length of xmp packet)
+  // name space ("http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0")
+  // xmp
+  // primary image (without the first two bytes, the SOI sign)
+  // secondary image (the recovery map)
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kSOI, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kAPP1, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthH, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthL, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)nameSpace.c_str(), nameSpace.size(), pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)xmp.c_str(), xmp.size(), pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest,
+      (uint8_t*)compressed_jpeg_image->data + 2, compressed_jpeg_image->length - 2, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, compressed_recovery_map->data, compressed_recovery_map->length, pos));
+  dest->length = pos;
+
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+string RecoveryMap::generateXmp(int secondary_image_length, float hdr_ratio) {
+  const string kContainerPrefix = "GContainer";
+  const string kContainerUri    = "http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/";
+  const string kItemPrefix      = "Item";
+  const string kRecoveryMap     = "RecoveryMap";
+  const string kDirectory       = "Directory";
+  const string kImageJpeg       = "image/jpeg";
+  const string kItem            = "Item";
+  const string kLength          = "Length";
+  const string kMime            = "Mime";
+  const string kPrimary         = "Primary";
+  const string kSemantic        = "Semantic";
+  const string kVersion         = "Version";
+  const int    kVersionValue    = 1;
+
+  const string kConDir          = Name(kContainerPrefix, kDirectory);
+  const string kContainerItem   = Name(kContainerPrefix, kItem);
+  const string kItemLength      = Name(kItemPrefix, kLength);
+  const string kItemMime        = Name(kItemPrefix, kMime);
+  const string kItemSemantic    = Name(kItemPrefix, kSemantic);
+
+  const vector<string> kConDirSeq({kConDir, string("rdf:Seq")});
+  const vector<string> kLiItem({string("rdf:li"), kContainerItem});
+
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  photos_editing_formats::image_io::XmlWriter writer(ss);
+  writer.StartWritingElement("x:xmpmeta");
+  writer.WriteXmlns("x", "adobe:ns:meta/");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue("x:xmptk", "Adobe XMP Core 5.1.2");
+  writer.StartWritingElement("rdf:RDF");
+  writer.WriteXmlns("rdf", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#");
+  writer.StartWritingElement("rdf:Description");
+  writer.WriteXmlns(kContainerPrefix, kContainerUri);
+  writer.WriteElementAndContent(Name(kContainerPrefix, kVersion), kVersionValue);
+  writer.WriteElementAndContent(Name(kContainerPrefix, "HdrRatio"), hdr_ratio);
+  writer.StartWritingElements(kConDirSeq);
+  size_t item_depth = writer.StartWritingElements(kLiItem);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemSemantic, kPrimary);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemMime, kImageJpeg);
+  writer.FinishWritingElementsToDepth(item_depth);
+  writer.StartWritingElements(kLiItem);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemSemantic, kRecoveryMap);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemMime, kImageJpeg);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemLength, secondary_image_length);
+  writer.FinishWriting();
+
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
 } // namespace android::recoverymap
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e110bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h>
+
+namespace android::recoverymap {
+
+static const float kBt2100R = 0.2627f, kBt2100G = 0.6780f, kBt2100B = 0.0593f;
+static const float kBt2100Cb = 1.8814f, kBt2100Cr = 1.4746f;
+
+Color bt2100RgbToYuv(Color e) {
+  float yp = kBt2100R * e.r + kBt2100G * e.g + kBt2100B * e.b;
+  return {{{yp, (e.b - yp) / kBt2100Cb, (e.r - yp) / kBt2100Cr }}};
+}
+
+static const float kSrgbRCr = 1.402f, kSrgbGCb = 0.34414f, kSrgbGCr = 0.71414f, kSrgbBCb = 1.772f;
+
+Color srgbYuvToRgb(Color e) {
+  return {{{ e.y + kSrgbRCr * e.v, e.y - kSrgbGCb * e.u - kSrgbGCr * e.v, e.y + kSrgbBCb * e.u }}};
+}
+
+float srgbInvOetf(float e) {
+  if (e <= 0.04045f) {
+    return e / 12.92f;
+  } else {
+    return pow((e + 0.055f) / 1.055f, 2.4);
+  }
+}
+
+Color srgbInvOetf(Color e) {
+  return {{{ srgbInvOetf(e.r), srgbInvOetf(e.g), srgbInvOetf(e.b) }}};
+}
+
+static const float kHlgA = 0.17883277f, kHlgB = 0.28466892f, kHlgC = 0.55991073;
+
+float hlgInvOetf(float e) {
+  if (e <= 0.5f) {
+    return pow(e, 2.0f) / 3.0f;
+  } else {
+    return (exp((e - kHlgC) / kHlgA) + kHlgB) / 12.0f;
+  }
+}
+
+float hlgOetf(float e) {
+  if (e <= 1.0f/12.0f) {
+    return sqrt(3.0f * e);
+  } else {
+    return kHlgA * log(12.0f * e - kHlgB) + kHlgC;
+  }
+}
+
+Color hlgOetf(Color e) {
+  return {{{ hlgOetf(e.r), hlgOetf(e.g), hlgOetf(e.b) }}};
+}
+
+uint8_t EncodeRecovery(float y_sdr, float y_hdr, float hdr_ratio) {
+  float gain = 1.0f;
+  if (y_sdr > 0.0f) {
+    gain = y_hdr / y_sdr;
+  }
+
+  if (gain < -hdr_ratio) gain = -hdr_ratio;
+  if (gain > hdr_ratio) gain = hdr_ratio;
+
+  return static_cast<uint8_t>(log2(gain) / log2(hdr_ratio) * 127.5f  + 127.5f);
+}
+
+float applyRecovery(float y_sdr, float recovery, float hdr_ratio) {
+  return exp2(log2(y_sdr) + recovery * log2(hdr_ratio));
+}
+
+// TODO: do we need something more clever for filtering either the map or images
+// to generate the map?
+
+static float mapUintToFloat(uint8_t map_uint) {
+  return (static_cast<float>(map_uint) - 127.5f) / 127.5f;
+}
+
+float sampleMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr map, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  float x_map = static_cast<float>(x) / static_cast<float>(map_scale_factor);
+  float y_map = static_cast<float>(y) / static_cast<float>(map_scale_factor);
+
+  size_t x_lower = static_cast<size_t>(floor(x_map));
+  size_t x_upper = x_lower + 1;
+  size_t y_lower = static_cast<size_t>(floor(y_map));
+  size_t y_upper = y_lower + 1;
+
+  float x_influence = x_map - static_cast<float>(x_lower);
+  float y_influence = y_map - static_cast<float>(y_lower);
+
+  float e1 = mapUintToFloat(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->data)[x_lower + y_lower * map->width]);
+  float e2 = mapUintToFloat(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->data)[x_lower + y_upper * map->width]);
+  float e3 = mapUintToFloat(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->data)[x_upper + y_lower * map->width]);
+  float e4 = mapUintToFloat(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->data)[x_upper + y_upper * map->width]);
+
+  return e1 * (x_influence + y_influence) / 2.0f
+      + e2 * (x_influence + 1.0f - y_influence) / 2.0f
+      + e3 * (1.0f - x_influence + y_influence) / 2.0f
+      + e4 * (1.0f - x_influence + 1.0f - y_influence) / 2.0f;
+}
+
+Color getYuv420Pixel(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  size_t pixel_count = image->width * image->height;
+
+  size_t pixel_y_idx = x + y * image->width;
+  size_t pixel_uv_idx = x / 2 + (y / 2) * (image->width / 2);
+
+  uint8_t y_uint = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(image->data)[pixel_y_idx];
+  uint8_t u_uint = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(image->data)[pixel_count + pixel_uv_idx];
+  uint8_t v_uint = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(image->data)[pixel_count * 5 / 4 + pixel_uv_idx];
+
+  // 128 bias for UV given we are using jpeglib; see:
+  // https://github.com/kornelski/libjpeg/blob/master/structure.doc
+  return {{{ static_cast<float>(y_uint) / 255.0f,
+             (static_cast<float>(u_uint) - 128.0f) / 255.0f,
+             (static_cast<float>(v_uint) - 128.0f) / 255.0f }}};
+}
+
+typedef float (*sampleComponentFn)(jr_uncompressed_ptr, size_t, size_t);
+
+static float sampleComponent(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y,
+                             sampleComponentFn sample_fn) {
+  float e = 0.0f;
+  for (size_t dy = 0; dy < map_scale_factor; ++dy) {
+    for (size_t dx = 0; dx < map_scale_factor; ++dx) {
+      e += sample_fn(image, x * map_scale_factor + dx, y * map_scale_factor + dy);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return e / static_cast<float>(map_scale_factor * map_scale_factor);
+}
+
+static float getYuv420Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  size_t pixel_idx = x + y * image->width;
+  uint8_t y_uint = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(image->data)[pixel_idx];
+  return static_cast<float>(y_uint) / 255.0f;
+}
+
+
+float sampleYuv420Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  return sampleComponent(image, map_scale_factor, x, y, getYuv420Y);
+}
+
+static float getP010Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  size_t pixel_idx = x + y * image->width;
+  uint8_t y_uint = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(image->data)[pixel_idx];
+  // Expecting narrow range input
+  return (static_cast<float>(y_uint) - 64.0f) / 960.0f;
+}
+
+float sampleP010Y(jr_uncompressed_ptr image, size_t map_scale_factor, size_t x, size_t y) {
+  return sampleComponent(image, map_scale_factor, x, y, getP010Y);
+}
+} // namespace android::recoverymap
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
index 7f37f61..41af991 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
@@ -62,4 +62,4 @@
         "libjpegdecoder",
         "libgtest",
     ],
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
index b075080..c345385 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
@@ -20,10 +20,15 @@
 // from nativewindow/includes/system/window.h
 // (not to be confused with the compatibility-only window.h from system/core/includes)
 #include <system/window.h>
+#include <android/native_window_aidl.h>
 
 #include <private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h>
 
+#include <log/log.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+#include <gui/Surface.h>
+#include <gui/view/Surface.h>
+#include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
 
 using namespace android;
 
@@ -59,6 +64,13 @@
             return false;
     }
 }
+static sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> IGraphicBufferProducer_from_ANativeWindow(ANativeWindow* window) {
+    return Surface::getIGraphicBufferProducer(window);
+}
+
+static sp<IBinder> SurfaceControlHandle_from_ANativeWindow(ANativeWindow* window) {
+    return Surface::getSurfaceControlHandle(window);
+}
 
 /**************************************************************************************************
  * NDK
@@ -350,6 +362,42 @@
     return native_window_set_auto_prerotation(window, autoPrerotation);
 }
 
+binder_status_t ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(
+        const AParcel* _Nonnull parcel, ANativeWindow* _Nullable* _Nonnull outWindow) {
+    const Parcel* nativeParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
+
+    // Use a android::view::Surface to unparcel the window
+    std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface> shimSurface = std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface>();
+    status_t ret = shimSurface->readFromParcel(nativeParcel);
+    if (ret != OK) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Error: Failed to create android::view::Surface from AParcel", __FUNCTION__);
+        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    sp<Surface> surface = sp<Surface>::make(
+            shimSurface->graphicBufferProducer, false, shimSurface->surfaceControlHandle);
+    ANativeWindow* anw = surface.get();
+    ANativeWindow_acquire(anw);
+    *outWindow = anw;
+    return STATUS_OK;
+}
+
+binder_status_t ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(
+        ANativeWindow* _Nonnull window, AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) {
+    int value;
+    int err = (*window->query)(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE, &value);
+    if (err != OK || value != NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE) {
+        ALOGE("Error: ANativeWindow is not backed by Surface");
+        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    // Use a android::view::Surface to parcelize the window
+    std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface> shimSurface = std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface>();
+    shimSurface->graphicBufferProducer = IGraphicBufferProducer_from_ANativeWindow(window);
+    shimSurface->surfaceControlHandle = SurfaceControlHandle_from_ANativeWindow(window);
+
+    Parcel* nativeParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
+    return shimSurface->writeToParcel(nativeParcel);
+}
+
 /**************************************************************************************************
  * apex-stable
  **************************************************************************************************/
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/Android.bp b/libs/nativewindow/Android.bp
index 3b58265..bc0bfc5 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/Android.bp
@@ -110,9 +110,11 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libarect",
         "libgrallocusage",
+        "libgui_aidl_static",
     ],
 
     header_libs: [
+        "libgui_headers",
         "libarect_headers",
         "libnativebase_headers",
         "libnativewindow_headers",
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window.h
index 281ec52..a27e3dd 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window.h
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
         __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
-};
+}
 #endif
 
 #endif // ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_H
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a252245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file native_window_aidl.h
+ * @brief NativeWindow NDK AIDL glue code
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @addtogroup ANativeWindow
+ *
+ * Parcelable support for ANativeWindow. Can be used with libbinder_ndk
+ *
+ * @{
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_AIDL_H
+#define ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_AIDL_H
+
+#include <android/binder_parcel.h>
+#include <android/native_window.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/**
+ * Read an ANativeWindow from a AParcel. The output buffer will have an
+ * initial reference acquired and will need to be released with
+ * ANativeWindow_release.
+ *
+ * Available since API level 34.
+ *
+ * \return STATUS_OK on success
+ *         STATUS_BAD_VALUE if the parcel or outBuffer is null, or if there's an
+ *                          issue deserializing (eg, corrupted parcel)
+ *         STATUS_BAD_TYPE if the parcel's current data position is not that of
+ *                         an ANativeWindow type
+ *         STATUS_NO_MEMORY if an allocation fails
+ */
+binder_status_t ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(const AParcel* _Nonnull parcel,
+        ANativeWindow* _Nullable* _Nonnull outWindow) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+/**
+ * Write an ANativeWindow to an AParcel.
+ *
+ * Available since API level 34.
+ *
+ * \return STATUS_OK on success.
+ *         STATUS_BAD_VALUE if either buffer or parcel is null, or if the ANativeWindow*
+ *                          fails to serialize (eg, internally corrupted)
+ *         STATUS_NO_MEMORY if the parcel runs out of space to store the buffer & is
+ *                          unable to allocate more
+ *         STATUS_FDS_NOT_ALLOWED if the parcel does not allow storing FDs
+ */
+binder_status_t ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(ANativeWindow* _Nonnull window,
+        AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+// Only enable the AIDL glue helper if this is C++
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+namespace aidl::android::hardware {
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper class that enables interop with AIDL NDK generation
+ * Takes ownership of the ANativeWindow* given to it in reset() and will automatically
+ * destroy it in the destructor, similar to a smart pointer container
+ */
+class NativeWindow {
+public:
+    NativeWindow() noexcept {}
+    explicit NativeWindow(ANativeWindow* _Nullable window) {
+        reset(window);
+    }
+
+    explicit NativeWindow(NativeWindow&& other) noexcept {
+        mWindow = other.release(); // steal ownership from r-value
+    }
+
+    ~NativeWindow() {
+        reset();
+    }
+
+    binder_status_t readFromParcel(const AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) {
+        reset();
+        return ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(parcel, &mWindow);
+    }
+
+    binder_status_t writeToParcel(AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) const {
+        if (!mWindow) {
+            return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+        }
+        return ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(mWindow, parcel);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys any currently owned ANativeWindow* and takes ownership of the given
+     * ANativeWindow*
+     *
+     * @param buffer The buffer to take ownership of
+     */
+    void reset(ANativeWindow* _Nullable window = nullptr) noexcept {
+        if (mWindow) {
+            ANativeWindow_release(mWindow);
+            mWindow = nullptr;
+        }
+        if (window != nullptr) {
+            ANativeWindow_acquire(window);
+        }
+        mWindow = window;
+    }
+    inline ANativeWindow* _Nullable operator-> () const { return mWindow;  }
+    inline ANativeWindow* _Nullable get() const { return mWindow; }
+    inline explicit operator bool () const { return mWindow != nullptr; }
+
+    NativeWindow& operator=(NativeWindow&& other) noexcept {
+        mWindow = other.release(); // steal ownership from r-value
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stops managing any contained ANativeWindow*, returning it to the caller. Ownership
+     * is released.
+     * @return ANativeWindow* or null if this was empty
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] ANativeWindow* _Nullable release() noexcept {
+        ANativeWindow* _Nullable ret = mWindow;
+        mWindow = nullptr;
+        return ret;
+    }
+private:
+    ANativeWindow* _Nullable mWindow = nullptr;
+    NativeWindow(const NativeWindow &other) = delete;
+    NativeWindow& operator=(const NativeWindow &other) = delete;
+};
+
+} // aidl::android::hardware
+  //
+namespace aidl::android::view {
+    using Surface = aidl::android::hardware::NativeWindow;
+}
+
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+#endif // ANDROID_NATIVE_WINDOW_AIDL_H
+
+/** @} */
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt b/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
index ce108b6..76d23fa 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@
     ANativeWindow_setUsage; # llndk
     ANativeWindow_tryAllocateBuffers; # introduced=30
     ANativeWindow_unlockAndPost;
+    ANativeWindow_readFromParcel; # introduced=UpsideDownCake
+    ANativeWindow_writeToParcel; # introduced=UpsideDownCake
   local:
     *;
 };
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
index 9d9cb6b..f1fc0a4 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include "gl/GLESRenderEngine.h"
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #include "threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h"
 
 #include "skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h"
@@ -70,10 +71,22 @@
                                                   base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<FenceResult>>();
     std::future<FenceResult> resultFuture = resultPromise->get_future();
+    updateProtectedContext(layers, buffer);
     drawLayersInternal(std::move(resultPromise), display, layers, buffer, useFramebufferCache,
                        std::move(bufferFence));
     return resultFuture;
 }
 
+void RenderEngine::updateProtectedContext(const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
+                                          const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer) {
+    const bool needsProtectedContext =
+            (buffer && (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED)) ||
+            std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(), [](const LayerSettings& layer) {
+                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer = layer.source.buffer.buffer;
+                return buffer && (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED);
+            });
+    useProtectedContext(needsProtectedContext);
+}
+
 } // namespace renderengine
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index 1ee5cba..1b34921 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
     std::future<void> primeCache() override;
     void genTextures(size_t count, uint32_t* names) override;
     void deleteTextures(size_t count, uint32_t const* names) override;
-    bool isProtected() const override { return mInProtectedContext; }
+    bool isProtected() const { return mInProtectedContext; }
     bool supportsProtectedContent() const override;
     void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) override;
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 199392c..9182feb 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -126,12 +126,8 @@
     // ----- BEGIN NEW INTERFACE -----
 
     // queries that are required to be thread safe
-    virtual bool isProtected() const = 0;
     virtual bool supportsProtectedContent() const = 0;
 
-    // Attempt to switch RenderEngine into and out of protectedContext mode
-    virtual void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) = 0;
-
     // Notify RenderEngine of changes to the dimensions of the active display
     // so that it can configure its internal caches accordingly.
     virtual void onActiveDisplaySizeChanged(ui::Size size) = 0;
@@ -238,6 +234,13 @@
     friend class RenderEngineTest_cleanupPostRender_cleansUpOnce_Test;
     const RenderEngineType mRenderEngineType;
 
+    // Update protectedContext mode depending on whether or not any layer has a protected buffer.
+    void updateProtectedContext(const std::vector<LayerSettings>&,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&);
+
+    // Attempt to switch RenderEngine into and out of protectedContext mode
+    virtual void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) = 0;
+
     virtual void drawLayersInternal(
             const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
             const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index e7c5b8f..1973c7d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@
     std::future<void> primeCache() override final;
     void cleanupPostRender() override final;
     void cleanFramebufferCache() override final{ }
-    bool isProtected() const override final{ return mInProtectedContext; }
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur() override final {
         return mBlurFilter != nullptr;
     }
@@ -102,6 +101,8 @@
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override final;
     GrDirectContext* getActiveGrContext();
 
+    bool isProtected() const { return mInProtectedContext; }
+
     // Implements PersistentCache as a way to monitor what SkSL shaders Skia has
     // cached.
     class SkSLCacheMonitor : public GrContextOptions::PersistentCache {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
index 1a96289..fe3a16d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <hardware/gralloc.h>
 #include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include "../threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -95,18 +97,6 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(dims, result);
 }
 
-TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, isProtected_returnsFalse) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, isProtected()).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    status_t result = mThreadedRE->isProtected();
-    ASSERT_EQ(false, result);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, isProtected_returnsTrue) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, isProtected()).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    size_t result = mThreadedRE->isProtected();
-    ASSERT_EQ(true, result);
-}
-
 TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, supportsProtectedContent_returnsFalse) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillOnce(Return(false));
     status_t result = mThreadedRE->supportsProtectedContent();
@@ -119,28 +109,6 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(true, result);
 }
 
-TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, useProtectedContext) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
-    auto& ipExpect = EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, isProtected()).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, isProtected()).After(ipExpect).WillOnce(Return(true));
-
-    mThreadedRE->useProtectedContext(true);
-    ASSERT_EQ(true, mThreadedRE->isProtected());
-
-    // call ANY synchronous function to ensure that useProtectedContext has completed.
-    mThreadedRE->getContextPriority();
-    ASSERT_EQ(true, mThreadedRE->isProtected());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, useProtectedContext_quickReject) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false)).Times(0);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, isProtected()).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    mThreadedRE->useProtectedContext(false);
-    // call ANY synchronous function to ensure that useProtectedContext has completed.
-    mThreadedRE->getContextPriority();
-}
-
 TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, PostRenderCleanup_skipped) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, canSkipPostRenderCleanup()).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, cleanupPostRender()).Times(0);
@@ -182,6 +150,68 @@
 
     base::unique_fd bufferFence;
 
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayersInternal)
+            .WillOnce([&](const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
+                          const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                          const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                          base::unique_fd&&) { resultPromise->set_value(Fence::NO_FENCE); });
+
+    ftl::Future<FenceResult> future =
+            mThreadedRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, buffer, false, std::move(bufferFence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(future.valid());
+    auto result = future.get();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, drawLayers_protectedLayer) {
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
+    auto layerBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make();
+    layerBuffer->usage |= GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
+    renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
+    layer.source.buffer.buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture>(std::move(layerBuffer), *mRenderEngine,
+                                                 renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::
+                                                         READABLE);
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers = {std::move(layer)};
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::impl::
+                    ExternalTexture>(sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(), *mRenderEngine,
+                                     renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                             renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayersInternal)
+            .WillOnce([&](const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
+                          const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                          const std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings>&,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                          base::unique_fd&&) { resultPromise->set_value(Fence::NO_FENCE); });
+
+    ftl::Future<FenceResult> future =
+            mThreadedRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, buffer, false, std::move(bufferFence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(future.valid());
+    auto result = future.get();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.ok());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, drawLayers_protectedOutputBuffer) {
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
+    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> layers;
+    auto graphicBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make();
+    graphicBuffer->usage |= GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::impl::
+                    ExternalTexture>(std::move(graphicBuffer), *mRenderEngine,
+                                     renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                             renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayersInternal)
             .WillOnce([&](const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
                           const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index b41e843..8aa41b3 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@
     }
 
     mRenderEngine = factory();
-    mIsProtected = mRenderEngine->isProtected();
 
     pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), mThreadName);
 
@@ -255,41 +254,11 @@
     return mRenderEngine->getMaxViewportDims();
 }
 
-bool RenderEngineThreaded::isProtected() const {
-    waitUntilInitialized();
-    std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-    return mIsProtected;
-}
-
 bool RenderEngineThreaded::supportsProtectedContent() const {
     waitUntilInitialized();
     return mRenderEngine->supportsProtectedContent();
 }
 
-void RenderEngineThreaded::useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) {
-    if (isProtected() == useProtectedContext ||
-        (useProtectedContext && !supportsProtectedContent())) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mFunctionCalls.push([useProtectedContext, this](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
-            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::useProtectedContext");
-            instance.useProtectedContext(useProtectedContext);
-            if (instance.isProtected() != useProtectedContext) {
-                ALOGE("Failed to switch RenderEngine context.");
-                // reset the cached mIsProtected value to a good state, but this does not
-                // prevent other callers of this method and isProtected from reading the
-                // invalid cached value.
-                mIsProtected = instance.isProtected();
-            }
-        });
-        mIsProtected = useProtectedContext;
-    }
-    mCondition.notify_one();
-}
-
 void RenderEngineThreaded::cleanupPostRender() {
     if (canSkipPostRenderCleanup()) {
         return;
@@ -334,6 +303,7 @@
         mFunctionCalls.push([resultPromise, display, layers, buffer, useFramebufferCache,
                              fd](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
             ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::drawLayers");
+            instance.updateProtectedContext(layers, buffer);
             instance.drawLayersInternal(std::move(resultPromise), display, layers, buffer,
                                         useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd(fd));
         });
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index bf2ebea..168e2d2 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@
     size_t getMaxTextureSize() const override;
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override;
 
-    bool isProtected() const override;
     bool supportsProtectedContent() const override;
-    void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) override;
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
 
     ftl::Future<FenceResult> drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
@@ -84,6 +82,9 @@
     void waitUntilInitialized() const;
     static status_t setSchedFifo(bool enabled);
 
+    // No-op. This method is only called on leaf implementations of RenderEngine.
+    void useProtectedContext(bool) override {}
+
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Threading
      */
@@ -107,7 +108,6 @@
      * Render Engine
      */
     std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
-    std::atomic<bool> mIsProtected = false;
 };
 } // namespace threaded
 } // namespace renderengine
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
index 6db89d4..628ce6f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@
         common::PointerCoords coords;
         // OK to copy bits because we have static_assert for pointerCoords axes
         coords.bits = args.pointerCoords[i].bits;
-        coords.values = std::vector<float>(args.pointerCoords[i].values,
-                                           args.pointerCoords[i].values +
+        coords.values = std::vector<float>(args.pointerCoords[i].values.cbegin(),
+                                           args.pointerCoords[i].values.cbegin() +
                                                    BitSet64::count(args.pointerCoords[i].bits));
         outPointerCoords.push_back(coords);
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
index 99c4936..ab5c5ef 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
         "LatencyAggregator.cpp",
         "LatencyTracker.cpp",
         "Monitor.cpp",
+        "TouchedWindow.cpp",
         "TouchState.cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index 33e7e17..ec9701a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@
 
 volatile int32_t DispatchEntry::sNextSeqAtomic;
 
-DispatchEntry::DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry, int32_t targetFlags,
+DispatchEntry::DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+                             ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
                              const ui::Transform& transform, const ui::Transform& rawTransform,
                              float globalScaleFactor)
       : seq(nextSeq()),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
index 60f319a..f801912 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
     const uint32_t seq; // unique sequence number, never 0
 
     std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry; // the event to dispatch
-    int32_t targetFlags;
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags;
     ui::Transform transform;
     ui::Transform rawTransform;
     float globalScaleFactor;
@@ -238,13 +238,15 @@
     int32_t resolvedAction;
     int32_t resolvedFlags;
 
-    DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry, int32_t targetFlags,
-                  const ui::Transform& transform, const ui::Transform& rawTransform,
-                  float globalScaleFactor);
+    DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+                  ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, const ui::Transform& transform,
+                  const ui::Transform& rawTransform, float globalScaleFactor);
 
-    inline bool hasForegroundTarget() const { return targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND; }
+    inline bool hasForegroundTarget() const {
+        return targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND);
+    }
 
-    inline bool isSplit() const { return targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT; }
+    inline bool isSplit() const { return targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT); }
 
 private:
     static volatile int32_t sNextSeqAtomic;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 694c127..7b7c42a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #endif
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
+#include <input/PrintTools.h>
 #include <powermanager/PowerManager.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@
 #define INDENT3 "      "
 #define INDENT4 "        "
 
+using namespace android::ftl::flag_operators;
 using android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier;
 using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
@@ -241,9 +243,9 @@
         }
         dump.append(INDENT4);
         dump += entry.eventEntry->getDescription();
-        dump += StringPrintf(", seq=%" PRIu32
-                             ", targetFlags=0x%08x, resolvedAction=%d, age=%" PRId64 "ms",
-                             entry.seq, entry.targetFlags, entry.resolvedAction,
+        dump += StringPrintf(", seq=%" PRIu32 ", targetFlags=%s, resolvedAction=%d, age=%" PRId64
+                             "ms",
+                             entry.seq, entry.targetFlags.string().c_str(), entry.resolvedAction,
                              ns2ms(currentTime - entry.eventEntry->eventTime));
         if (entry.deliveryTime != 0) {
             // This entry was delivered, so add information on how long we've been waiting
@@ -288,9 +290,9 @@
             first->applicationInfo.token == second->applicationInfo.token;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<DispatchEntry> createDispatchEntry(const InputTarget& inputTarget,
-                                                   std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
-                                                   int32_t inputTargetFlags) {
+std::unique_ptr<DispatchEntry> createDispatchEntry(
+        const InputTarget& inputTarget, std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> inputTargetFlags) {
     if (inputTarget.useDefaultPointerTransform()) {
         const ui::Transform& transform = inputTarget.getDefaultPointerTransform();
         return std::make_unique<DispatchEntry>(eventEntry, inputTargetFlags, transform,
@@ -483,11 +485,11 @@
              entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].toolType == AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_ERASER);
 }
 
-// Determines if the given window can be targeted as InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND.
+// Determines if the given window can be targeted as InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND.
 // Foreground events are only sent to "foreground targetable" windows, but not all gestures sent to
 // such window are necessarily targeted with the flag. For example, an event with ACTION_OUTSIDE can
 // be sent to such a window, but it is not a foreground event and doesn't use
-// InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND.
+// InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND.
 bool canReceiveForegroundTouches(const WindowInfo& info) {
     // A non-touchable window can still receive touch events (e.g. in the case of
     // STYLUS_INTERCEPTOR), so prevent such windows from receiving foreground events for touches.
@@ -1100,7 +1102,7 @@
 
         if (addOutsideTargets &&
             info.inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::WATCH_OUTSIDE_TOUCH)) {
-            touchState->addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE,
+            touchState->addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE,
                                           BitSet32(0));
         }
     }
@@ -1371,7 +1373,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     std::string message = std::string("Focus ") + (entry->hasFocus ? "entering " : "leaving ") +
             channel->getName();
@@ -1445,7 +1447,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, {target});
 
@@ -1482,7 +1484,7 @@
         }
         InputTarget target;
         target.inputChannel = channel;
-        target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
         inputTargets.push_back(target);
     }
     return inputTargets;
@@ -1595,7 +1597,7 @@
 
     std::vector<InputTarget> inputTargets;
     addWindowTargetLocked(focusedWindow,
-                          InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                          InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND | InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
                           BitSet32(0), getDownTime(*entry), inputTargets);
 
     // Add monitor channels from event's or focused display.
@@ -1692,8 +1694,7 @@
         }
 
         std::vector<TouchedWindow> touchedWindows =
-                findTouchedWindowTargetsLocked(currentTime, *entry, nextWakeupTime,
-                                               &conflictingPointerActions,
+                findTouchedWindowTargetsLocked(currentTime, *entry, &conflictingPointerActions,
                                                /*byref*/ injectionResult);
         for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : touchedWindows) {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(injectionResult != InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
@@ -1709,7 +1710,8 @@
         if (injectionResult == InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED) {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(focusedWindow == nullptr);
             addWindowTargetLocked(focusedWindow,
-                                  InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                                  InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND |
+                                          InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
                                   BitSet32(0), getDownTime(*entry), inputTargets);
         }
     }
@@ -1761,7 +1763,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, {target});
 }
@@ -2035,9 +2037,39 @@
     return responsiveMonitors;
 }
 
+/**
+ * In general, touch should be always split between windows. Some exceptions:
+ * 1. Don't split touch is if we have an active pointer down, and a new pointer is going down that's
+ * from the same device, *and* the window that's receiving the current pointer does not support
+ * split touch.
+ * 2. Don't split mouse events
+ */
+bool InputDispatcher::shouldSplitTouch(const TouchState& touchState,
+                                       const MotionEntry& entry) const {
+    if (isFromSource(entry.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)) {
+        // We should never split mouse events
+        return false;
+    }
+    for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : touchState.windows) {
+        if (touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()->isSpy()) {
+            // Spy windows should not affect whether or not touch is split.
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()->supportsSplitTouch()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Eventually, touchedWindow will contain the deviceId of each pointer that's currently
+        // being sent there. For now, use deviceId from touch state.
+        if (entry.deviceId == touchState.deviceId && !touchedWindow.pointerIds.isEmpty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 std::vector<TouchedWindow> InputDispatcher::findTouchedWindowTargetsLocked(
-        nsecs_t currentTime, const MotionEntry& entry, nsecs_t* nextWakeupTime,
-        bool* outConflictingPointerActions, InputEventInjectionResult& outInjectionResult) {
+        nsecs_t currentTime, const MotionEntry& entry, bool* outConflictingPointerActions,
+        InputEventInjectionResult& outInjectionResult) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     std::vector<TouchedWindow> touchedWindows;
@@ -2062,10 +2094,9 @@
         tempTouchState = *oldState;
     }
 
-    bool isSplit = tempTouchState.split;
-    bool switchedDevice = tempTouchState.deviceId >= 0 && tempTouchState.displayId >= 0 &&
-            (tempTouchState.deviceId != entry.deviceId || tempTouchState.source != entry.source ||
-             tempTouchState.displayId != displayId);
+    bool isSplit = shouldSplitTouch(tempTouchState, entry);
+    const bool switchedDevice = (oldState != nullptr) &&
+            (tempTouchState.deviceId != entry.deviceId || tempTouchState.source != entry.source);
 
     const bool isHoverAction = (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE ||
                                 maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER ||
@@ -2073,24 +2104,19 @@
     const bool newGesture = (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN ||
                              maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL || isHoverAction);
     const bool isFromMouse = isFromSource(entry.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE);
-    bool wrongDevice = false;
     if (newGesture) {
         bool down = maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
-        if (switchedDevice && tempTouchState.down && !down && !isHoverAction) {
+        if (switchedDevice && tempTouchState.isDown() && !down && !isHoverAction) {
             ALOGI("Dropping event because a pointer for a different device is already down "
                   "in display %" PRId32,
                   displayId);
             // TODO: test multiple simultaneous input streams.
             outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
-            switchedDevice = false;
-            wrongDevice = true;
-            goto Failed;
+            return touchedWindows; // wrong device
         }
         tempTouchState.reset();
-        tempTouchState.down = down;
         tempTouchState.deviceId = entry.deviceId;
         tempTouchState.source = entry.source;
-        tempTouchState.displayId = displayId;
         isSplit = false;
     } else if (switchedDevice && maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE) {
         ALOGI("Dropping move event because a pointer for a different device is already active "
@@ -2098,9 +2124,7 @@
               displayId);
         // TODO: test multiple simultaneous input streams.
         outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
-        switchedDevice = false;
-        wrongDevice = true;
-        goto Failed;
+        return touchedWindows; // wrong device
     }
 
     if (newGesture || (isSplit && maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN)) {
@@ -2142,7 +2166,7 @@
             // No window is touched, so set split to true. This will allow the next pointer down to
             // be delivered to a new window which supports split touch. Pointers from a mouse device
             // should never be split.
-            tempTouchState.split = isSplit = !isFromMouse;
+            isSplit = !isFromMouse;
         }
 
         // Update hover state.
@@ -2174,20 +2198,20 @@
             }
 
             // Set target flags.
-            int32_t targetFlags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
             if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*windowHandle->getInfo())) {
                 // There should only be one touched window that can be "foreground" for the pointer.
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
             }
 
             if (isSplit) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT;
             }
             if (isWindowObscuredAtPointLocked(windowHandle, x, y)) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
             } else if (isWindowObscuredLocked(windowHandle)) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
             }
 
             // Update the temporary touch state.
@@ -2210,12 +2234,11 @@
         /* Case 2: Pointer move, up, cancel or non-splittable pointer down. */
 
         // If the pointer is not currently down, then ignore the event.
-        if (!tempTouchState.down) {
-            if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                ALOGD("Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
-                      "dropped the pointer down event in display %" PRId32,
-                      displayId);
-            }
+        if (!tempTouchState.isDown()) {
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
+                     "Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
+                     "dropped the pointer down event in display %" PRId32 ": %s",
+                     displayId, entry.getDescription().c_str());
             outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
             goto Failed;
         }
@@ -2255,7 +2278,7 @@
                 }
                 // Make a slippery exit from the old window.
                 tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(oldTouchedWindowHandle,
-                                                 InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT,
+                                                 InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT,
                                                  BitSet32(0));
 
                 // Make a slippery entrance into the new window.
@@ -2263,17 +2286,18 @@
                     isSplit = !isFromMouse;
                 }
 
-                int32_t targetFlags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
+                ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags =
+                        InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
                 if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*newTouchedWindowHandle->getInfo())) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
                 }
                 if (isSplit) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT;
                 }
                 if (isWindowObscuredAtPointLocked(newTouchedWindowHandle, x, y)) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
                 } else if (isWindowObscuredLocked(newTouchedWindowHandle)) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
                 }
 
                 BitSet32 pointerIds;
@@ -2296,7 +2320,8 @@
                       mLastHoverWindowHandle->getName().c_str());
             }
             tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(mLastHoverWindowHandle,
-                                             InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT, BitSet32(0));
+                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT,
+                                             BitSet32(0));
         }
 
         // Let the new window know that the hover sequence is starting, unless we already did it
@@ -2309,7 +2334,7 @@
                       newHoverWindowHandle->getName().c_str());
             }
             tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(newHoverWindowHandle,
-                                             InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER,
                                              BitSet32(0));
         }
     }
@@ -2322,7 +2347,7 @@
                      [](const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow) {
                          return !canReceiveForegroundTouches(
                                         *touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()) ||
-                                 (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) != 0;
+                                 touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND);
                      })) {
         ALOGI("Dropping event because there is no touched window on display %d to receive it: %s",
               displayId, entry.getDescription().c_str());
@@ -2334,7 +2359,7 @@
     if (entry.injectionState != nullptr) {
         std::string errs;
         for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-            if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+            if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                 // Allow ACTION_OUTSIDE events generated by targeted injection to be
                 // dispatched to any uid, since the coords will be zeroed out later.
                 continue;
@@ -2359,11 +2384,11 @@
         if (foregroundWindowHandle) {
             const int32_t foregroundWindowUid = foregroundWindowHandle->getInfo()->ownerUid;
             for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-                if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+                if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                     sp<WindowInfoHandle> windowInfoHandle = touchedWindow.windowHandle;
                     if (windowInfoHandle->getInfo()->ownerUid != foregroundWindowUid) {
                         tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowInfoHandle,
-                                                         InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS,
+                                                         InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS,
                                                          BitSet32(0));
                     }
                 }
@@ -2390,13 +2415,12 @@
                 if (info->displayId == displayId &&
                     windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                             WindowInfo::InputConfig::IS_WALLPAPER)) {
-                    tempTouchState
-                            .addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle,
-                                               InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
-                                                       InputTarget::
-                                                               FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED |
-                                                       InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
-                                               BitSet32(0), entry.eventTime);
+                    tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle,
+                                                     InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+                                                             InputTarget::Flags::
+                                                                     WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED |
+                                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                                                     BitSet32(0), entry.eventTime);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2412,83 +2436,76 @@
 
 Failed:
     // Update final pieces of touch state if the injector had permission.
-    if (!wrongDevice) {
-        if (switchedDevice) {
-            if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Switched to a different device.");
-            }
+    if (switchedDevice) {
+        if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
+            ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Switched to a different device.");
+        }
+        *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
+    }
+
+    if (isHoverAction) {
+        // Started hovering, therefore no longer down.
+        if (oldState && oldState->isDown()) {
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
+                     "Conflicting pointer actions: Hover received while pointer was down.");
             *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
         }
-
-        if (isHoverAction) {
-            // Started hovering, therefore no longer down.
-            if (oldState && oldState->down) {
-                if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                    ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Hover received while pointer was "
-                          "down.");
-                }
-                *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
-            }
-            tempTouchState.reset();
-            if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER ||
-                maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE) {
-                tempTouchState.deviceId = entry.deviceId;
-                tempTouchState.source = entry.source;
-                tempTouchState.displayId = displayId;
-            }
-        } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP ||
-                   maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
-            // All pointers up or canceled.
-            tempTouchState.reset();
-        } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
-            // First pointer went down.
-            if (oldState && oldState->down) {
-                if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                    ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down.");
-                }
-                *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
-            }
-        } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
-            // One pointer went up.
-            int32_t pointerIndex = getMotionEventActionPointerIndex(action);
-            uint32_t pointerId = entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id;
-
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < tempTouchState.windows.size();) {
-                TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = tempTouchState.windows[i];
-                touchedWindow.pointerIds.clearBit(pointerId);
-                if (touchedWindow.pointerIds.isEmpty()) {
-                    tempTouchState.windows.erase(tempTouchState.windows.begin() + i);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                i += 1;
-            }
-        } else if (!isSplit && maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN) {
-            // If no split, we suppose all touched windows should receive pointer down.
-            const int32_t pointerIndex = getMotionEventActionPointerIndex(action);
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < tempTouchState.windows.size(); i++) {
-                TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = tempTouchState.windows[i];
-                // Ignore drag window for it should just track one pointer.
-                if (mDragState && mDragState->dragWindow == touchedWindow.windowHandle) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                touchedWindow.pointerIds.markBit(entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id);
-            }
+        tempTouchState.reset();
+        if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER ||
+            maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE) {
+            tempTouchState.deviceId = entry.deviceId;
+            tempTouchState.source = entry.source;
         }
-
-        // Save changes unless the action was scroll in which case the temporary touch
-        // state was only valid for this one action.
-        if (maskedAction != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL) {
-            if (tempTouchState.displayId >= 0) {
-                mTouchStatesByDisplay[displayId] = tempTouchState;
-            } else {
-                mTouchStatesByDisplay.erase(displayId);
-            }
+    } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP ||
+               maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
+        // All pointers up or canceled.
+        tempTouchState.reset();
+    } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
+        // First pointer went down.
+        if (oldState && oldState->isDown()) {
+            ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down.");
+            *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
         }
+    } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
+        // One pointer went up.
+        int32_t pointerIndex = getMotionEventActionPointerIndex(action);
+        uint32_t pointerId = entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id;
 
-        // Update hover state.
-        mLastHoverWindowHandle = newHoverWindowHandle;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tempTouchState.windows.size();) {
+            TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = tempTouchState.windows[i];
+            touchedWindow.pointerIds.clearBit(pointerId);
+            if (touchedWindow.pointerIds.isEmpty()) {
+                tempTouchState.windows.erase(tempTouchState.windows.begin() + i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    } else if (!isSplit && maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN) {
+        // If no split, we suppose all touched windows should receive pointer down.
+        const int32_t pointerIndex = getMotionEventActionPointerIndex(action);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < tempTouchState.windows.size(); i++) {
+            TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = tempTouchState.windows[i];
+            // Ignore drag window for it should just track one pointer.
+            if (mDragState && mDragState->dragWindow == touchedWindow.windowHandle) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            touchedWindow.pointerIds.markBit(entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id);
+        }
     }
 
+    // Save changes unless the action was scroll in which case the temporary touch
+    // state was only valid for this one action.
+    if (maskedAction != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL) {
+        if (displayId >= 0) {
+            mTouchStatesByDisplay[displayId] = tempTouchState;
+        } else {
+            mTouchStatesByDisplay.erase(displayId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update hover state.
+    mLastHoverWindowHandle = newHoverWindowHandle;
+
     return touchedWindows;
 }
 
@@ -2594,7 +2611,8 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::addWindowTargetLocked(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                                            int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                                            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
+                                            BitSet32 pointerIds,
                                             std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget,
                                             std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets) const {
     std::vector<InputTarget>::iterator it =
@@ -2642,7 +2660,7 @@
     for (const Monitor& monitor : selectResponsiveMonitorsLocked(monitorsIt->second)) {
         InputTarget target;
         target.inputChannel = monitor.inputChannel;
-        target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
         // target.firstDownTimeInTarget is not set for global monitors. It is only required in split
         // touch and global monitoring works as intended even without setting firstDownTimeInTarget
         if (const auto& it = mDisplayInfos.find(displayId); it != mDisplayInfos.end()) {
@@ -2674,7 +2692,7 @@
         // We do want to potentially flag touchable windows even if they have 0
         // opacity, since they can consume touches and alter the effects of the
         // user interaction (eg. apps that rely on
-        // FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED should still be told about those
+        // Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED should still be told about those
         // windows), hence we also check for FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE.
         return false;
     } else if (info->ownerUid == otherInfo->ownerUid) {
@@ -2903,9 +2921,9 @@
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
     if (DEBUG_DISPATCH_CYCLE) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ prepareDispatchCycle - flags=0x%08x, "
+        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ prepareDispatchCycle - flags=%s, "
               "globalScaleFactor=%f, pointerIds=0x%x %s",
-              connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(), inputTarget.flags,
+              connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(), inputTarget.flags.string().c_str(),
               inputTarget.globalScaleFactor, inputTarget.pointerIds.value,
               inputTarget.getPointerInfoString().c_str());
     }
@@ -2922,9 +2940,9 @@
     }
 
     // Split a motion event if needed.
-    if (inputTarget.flags & InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT) {
+    if (inputTarget.flags.test(InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT)) {
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(eventEntry->type != EventEntry::Type::MOTION,
-                            "Entry type %s should not have FLAG_SPLIT",
+                            "Entry type %s should not have Flags::SPLIT",
                             ftl::enum_string(eventEntry->type).c_str());
 
         const MotionEntry& originalMotionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(*eventEntry);
@@ -2973,17 +2991,17 @@
 
     // Enqueue dispatch entries for the requested modes.
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER);
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
     if (wasEmpty && !connection->outboundQueue.empty()) {
@@ -2994,18 +3012,20 @@
 void InputDispatcher::enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(const sp<Connection>& connection,
                                                  std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
                                                  const InputTarget& inputTarget,
-                                                 int32_t dispatchMode) {
+                                                 ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> dispatchMode) {
     if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
         std::string message = StringPrintf("enqueueDispatchEntry(inputChannel=%s, dispatchMode=%s)",
                                            connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(),
-                                           dispatchModeToString(dispatchMode).c_str());
+                                           dispatchMode.string().c_str());
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
-    int32_t inputTargetFlags = inputTarget.flags;
-    if (!(inputTargetFlags & dispatchMode)) {
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> inputTargetFlags = inputTarget.flags;
+    if (!inputTargetFlags.any(dispatchMode)) {
         return;
     }
-    inputTargetFlags = (inputTargetFlags & ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK) | dispatchMode;
+
+    inputTargetFlags.clear(InputTarget::DISPATCH_MASK);
+    inputTargetFlags |= dispatchMode;
 
     // This is a new event.
     // Enqueue a new dispatch entry onto the outbound queue for this connection.
@@ -3042,15 +3062,15 @@
             constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_RESOLVED_EVENT_ID =
                     static_cast<int32_t>(IdGenerator::Source::OTHER);
             dispatchEntry->resolvedEventId = DEFAULT_RESOLVED_EVENT_ID;
-            if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+            if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
             } else {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = motionEntry.action;
@@ -3070,10 +3090,10 @@
             }
 
             dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags = motionEntry.flags;
-            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED) {
+            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
             }
-            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED) {
+            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
             }
 
@@ -3173,8 +3193,7 @@
     std::unordered_set<sp<IBinder>, StrongPointerHash<IBinder>> newConnectionTokens;
     std::vector<sp<Connection>> newConnections;
     for (const InputTarget& target : targets) {
-        if ((target.flags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) ==
-            InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+        if (target.flags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
             continue; // Skip windows that receive ACTION_OUTSIDE
         }
 
@@ -3233,7 +3252,7 @@
 
     // Set the X and Y offset and X and Y scale depending on the input source.
     if ((motionEntry.source & AINPUT_SOURCE_CLASS_POINTER) &&
-        !(dispatchEntry.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS)) {
+        !(dispatchEntry.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS))) {
         float globalScaleFactor = dispatchEntry.globalScaleFactor;
         if (globalScaleFactor != 1.0f) {
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < motionEntry.pointerCount; i++) {
@@ -3246,7 +3265,7 @@
             }
             usingCoords = scaledCoords;
         }
-    } else if (dispatchEntry.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS) {
+    } else if (dispatchEntry.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS)) {
         // We don't want the dispatch target to know the coordinates
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < motionEntry.pointerCount; i++) {
             scaledCoords[i].clear();
@@ -3648,7 +3667,7 @@
         target.globalScaleFactor = windowInfo->globalScaleFactor;
     }
     target.inputChannel = connection->inputChannel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
     const bool wasEmpty = connection->outboundQueue.empty();
 
@@ -3683,7 +3702,7 @@
         }
 
         enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, std::move(cancelationEventEntry), target,
-                                   InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     }
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
@@ -3719,7 +3738,7 @@
         target.globalScaleFactor = windowInfo->globalScaleFactor;
     }
     target.inputChannel = connection->inputChannel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
     const bool wasEmpty = connection->outboundQueue.empty();
     for (std::unique_ptr<EventEntry>& downEventEntry : downEvents) {
@@ -3745,7 +3764,7 @@
         }
 
         enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, std::move(downEventEntry), target,
-                                   InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     }
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
@@ -4808,7 +4827,7 @@
                     synthesizeCancelationEventsForInputChannelLocked(touchedInputChannel, options);
                     // Since we are about to drop the touch, cancel the events for the wallpaper as
                     // well.
-                    if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND &&
+                    if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND) &&
                         touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                                 gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER)) {
                         sp<WindowInfoHandle> wallpaper = state.getWallpaperWindow();
@@ -5082,16 +5101,16 @@
     mMaximumObscuringOpacityForTouch = opacity;
 }
 
-std::pair<TouchState*, TouchedWindow*> InputDispatcher::findTouchStateAndWindowLocked(
-        const sp<IBinder>& token) {
+std::tuple<TouchState*, TouchedWindow*, int32_t /*displayId*/>
+InputDispatcher::findTouchStateWindowAndDisplayLocked(const sp<IBinder>& token) {
     for (auto& [displayId, state] : mTouchStatesByDisplay) {
         for (TouchedWindow& w : state.windows) {
             if (w.windowHandle->getToken() == token) {
-                return std::make_pair(&state, &w);
+                return std::make_tuple(&state, &w, displayId);
             }
         }
     }
-    return std::make_pair(nullptr, nullptr);
+    return std::make_tuple(nullptr, nullptr, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 bool InputDispatcher::transferTouchFocus(const sp<IBinder>& fromToken, const sp<IBinder>& toToken,
@@ -5107,13 +5126,12 @@
         std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
         // Find the target touch state and touched window by fromToken.
-        auto [state, touchedWindow] = findTouchStateAndWindowLocked(fromToken);
+        auto [state, touchedWindow, displayId] = findTouchStateWindowAndDisplayLocked(fromToken);
         if (state == nullptr || touchedWindow == nullptr) {
             ALOGD("Focus transfer failed because from window is not being touched.");
             return false;
         }
 
-        const int32_t displayId = state->displayId;
         sp<WindowInfoHandle> toWindowHandle = getWindowHandleLocked(toToken, displayId);
         if (toWindowHandle == nullptr) {
             ALOGW("Cannot transfer focus because to window not found.");
@@ -5127,16 +5145,16 @@
         }
 
         // Erase old window.
-        int32_t oldTargetFlags = touchedWindow->targetFlags;
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> oldTargetFlags = touchedWindow->targetFlags;
         BitSet32 pointerIds = touchedWindow->pointerIds;
         state->removeWindowByToken(fromToken);
 
         // Add new window.
         nsecs_t downTimeInTarget = now();
-        int32_t newTargetFlags =
-                oldTargetFlags & (InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> newTargetFlags =
+                oldTargetFlags & (InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT | InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
         if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*toWindowHandle->getInfo())) {
-            newTargetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+            newTargetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
         }
         state->addOrUpdateWindow(toWindowHandle, newTargetFlags, pointerIds, downTimeInTarget);
 
@@ -5190,7 +5208,7 @@
     sp<WindowInfoHandle> touchedForegroundWindow;
     // If multiple foreground windows are touched, return nullptr
     for (const TouchedWindow& window : state.windows) {
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             if (touchedForegroundWindow != nullptr) {
                 ALOGI("Two or more foreground windows: %s and %s",
                       touchedForegroundWindow->getName().c_str(),
@@ -5302,25 +5320,9 @@
 
     if (!mTouchStatesByDisplay.empty()) {
         dump += StringPrintf(INDENT "TouchStatesByDisplay:\n");
-        for (const std::pair<int32_t, TouchState>& pair : mTouchStatesByDisplay) {
-            const TouchState& state = pair.second;
-            dump += StringPrintf(INDENT2 "%d: down=%s, split=%s, deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x\n",
-                                 state.displayId, toString(state.down), toString(state.split),
-                                 state.deviceId, state.source);
-            if (!state.windows.empty()) {
-                dump += INDENT3 "Windows:\n";
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < state.windows.size(); i++) {
-                    const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = state.windows[i];
-                    dump += StringPrintf(INDENT4 "%zu: name='%s', pointerIds=0x%0x, "
-                                                 "targetFlags=0x%x, firstDownTimeInTarget=%" PRId64
-                                                 "ms\n",
-                                         i, touchedWindow.windowHandle->getName().c_str(),
-                                         touchedWindow.pointerIds.value, touchedWindow.targetFlags,
-                                         ns2ms(touchedWindow.firstDownTimeInTarget.value_or(0)));
-                }
-            } else {
-                dump += INDENT3 "Windows: <none>\n";
-            }
+        for (const auto& [displayId, state] : mTouchStatesByDisplay) {
+            std::string touchStateDump = addLinePrefix(state.dump(), INDENT2);
+            dump += INDENT2 + std::to_string(displayId) + " : " + touchStateDump;
         }
     } else {
         dump += INDENT "TouchStates: <no displays touched>\n";
@@ -5665,8 +5667,8 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    auto [statePtr, windowPtr] = findTouchStateAndWindowLocked(token);
-    if (statePtr == nullptr || windowPtr == nullptr || !statePtr->down) {
+    auto [statePtr, windowPtr, displayId] = findTouchStateWindowAndDisplayLocked(token);
+    if (statePtr == nullptr || windowPtr == nullptr || windowPtr->pointerIds.isEmpty()) {
         ALOGW("Attempted to pilfer points from a channel without any on-going pointer streams."
               " Ignoring.");
         return BAD_VALUE;
@@ -5678,11 +5680,8 @@
     CancelationOptions options(CancelationOptions::CANCEL_POINTER_EVENTS,
                                "input channel stole pointer stream");
     options.deviceId = state.deviceId;
-    options.displayId = state.displayId;
-    if (state.split) {
-        // If split pointers then selectively cancel pointers otherwise cancel all pointers
-        options.pointerIds = window.pointerIds;
-    }
+    options.displayId = displayId;
+    options.pointerIds = window.pointerIds;
     std::string canceledWindows;
     for (const TouchedWindow& w : state.windows) {
         const std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> channel =
@@ -5701,11 +5700,7 @@
     // This only blocks relevant pointers to be sent to other windows
     window.isPilferingPointers = true;
 
-    if (state.split) {
-        state.cancelPointersForWindowsExcept(window.pointerIds, token);
-    } else {
-        state.filterWindowsExcept(token);
-    }
+    state.cancelPointersForWindowsExcept(window.pointerIds, token);
     return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index dea2cae..5efb39e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -541,19 +541,19 @@
     // shade is pulled down while we are counting down the timeout).
     void resetNoFocusedWindowTimeoutLocked() REQUIRES(mLock);
 
+    bool shouldSplitTouch(const TouchState& touchState, const MotionEntry& entry) const;
     int32_t getTargetDisplayId(const EventEntry& entry);
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> findFocusedWindowTargetLocked(
             nsecs_t currentTime, const EventEntry& entry, nsecs_t* nextWakeupTime,
             android::os::InputEventInjectionResult& outInjectionResult) REQUIRES(mLock);
     std::vector<TouchedWindow> findTouchedWindowTargetsLocked(
-            nsecs_t currentTime, const MotionEntry& entry, nsecs_t* nextWakeupTime,
-            bool* outConflictingPointerActions,
+            nsecs_t currentTime, const MotionEntry& entry, bool* outConflictingPointerActions,
             android::os::InputEventInjectionResult& outInjectionResult) REQUIRES(mLock);
     std::vector<Monitor> selectResponsiveMonitorsLocked(
             const std::vector<Monitor>& gestureMonitors) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     void addWindowTargetLocked(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                               int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                               ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
                                std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget,
                                std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets) const REQUIRES(mLock);
     void addGlobalMonitoringTargetsLocked(std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets, int32_t displayId)
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@
                                       std::shared_ptr<EventEntry>, const InputTarget& inputTarget)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
     void enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(const sp<Connection>& connection, std::shared_ptr<EventEntry>,
-                                    const InputTarget& inputTarget, int32_t dispatchMode)
-            REQUIRES(mLock);
+                                    const InputTarget& inputTarget,
+                                    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> dispatchMode) REQUIRES(mLock);
     status_t publishMotionEvent(Connection& connection, DispatchEntry& dispatchEntry) const;
     void startDispatchCycleLocked(nsecs_t currentTime, const sp<Connection>& connection)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
@@ -676,8 +676,8 @@
                                              bool handled) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Find touched state and touched window by token.
-    std::pair<TouchState*, TouchedWindow*> findTouchStateAndWindowLocked(const sp<IBinder>& token)
-            REQUIRES(mLock);
+    std::tuple<TouchState*, TouchedWindow*, int32_t /*displayId*/>
+    findTouchStateWindowAndDisplayLocked(const sp<IBinder>& token) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Statistics gathering.
     LatencyAggregator mLatencyAggregator GUARDED_BY(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
index 2df97d9..2f39480 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
@@ -24,24 +24,6 @@
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
-std::string dispatchModeToString(int32_t dispatchMode) {
-    switch (dispatchMode) {
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_IS";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER";
-    }
-    return StringPrintf("%" PRId32, dispatchMode);
-}
-
 void InputTarget::addPointers(BitSet32 newPointerIds, const ui::Transform& transform) {
     // The pointerIds can be empty, but still a valid InputTarget. This can happen when there is no
     // valid pointer property from the input event.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
index b2966f6..61b07fe 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ftl/flags.h>
 #include <gui/constants.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -30,70 +31,70 @@
  * window area.
  */
 struct InputTarget {
-    enum {
+    enum class Flags : uint32_t {
         /* This flag indicates that the event is being delivered to a foreground application. */
-        FLAG_FOREGROUND = 1 << 0,
+        FOREGROUND = 1 << 0,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the MotionEvent falls within the area of the target
          * obscured by another visible window above it.  The motion event should be
          * delivered with flag AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED. */
-        FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = 1 << 1,
+        WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = 1 << 1,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a motion event is being split across multiple windows. */
-        FLAG_SPLIT = 1 << 2,
+        SPLIT = 1 << 2,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the pointer coordinates dispatched to the application
          * will be zeroed out to avoid revealing information to an application. This is
          * used in conjunction with FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE to prevent apps not sharing
          * the same UID from watching all touches. */
-        FLAG_ZERO_COORDS = 1 << 3,
+        ZERO_COORDS = 1 << 3,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be sent as is.
          * Should always be set unless the event is to be transmuted. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS = 1 << 8,
+        DISPATCH_AS_IS = 1 << 8,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a MotionEvent with AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN falls outside
          * of the area of this target and so should instead be delivered as an
          * AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE to this target. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE = 1 << 9,
+        DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE = 1 << 9,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a hover sequence is starting in the given window.
          * The event is transmuted into ACTION_HOVER_ENTER. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER = 1 << 10,
+        DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER = 1 << 10,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a hover event happened outside of a window which handled
          * previous hover events, signifying the end of the current hover sequence for that
          * window.
          * The event is transmuted into ACTION_HOVER_ENTER. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT = 1 << 11,
+        DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT = 1 << 11,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be canceled.
          * It is used to transmute ACTION_MOVE into ACTION_CANCEL when a touch slips
          * outside of a window. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT = 1 << 12,
+        DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT = 1 << 12,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be dispatched as an initial down.
          * It is used to transmute ACTION_MOVE into ACTION_DOWN when a touch slips
          * into a new window. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER = 1 << 13,
-
-        /* Mask for all dispatch modes. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK = FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE |
-                FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT |
-                FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER,
+        DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER = 1 << 13,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the target of a MotionEvent is partly or wholly
          * obscured by another visible window above it.  The motion event should be
          * delivered with flag AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED. */
-        FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = 1 << 14,
-
+        WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = 1 << 14,
     };
 
+    /* Mask for all dispatch modes. */
+    static constexpr const ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> DISPATCH_MASK =
+            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags>() | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE |
+            Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT |
+            Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
+
     // The input channel to be targeted.
     std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> inputChannel;
 
     // Flags for the input target.
-    int32_t flags = 0;
+    ftl::Flags<Flags> flags;
 
     // Scaling factor to apply to MotionEvent as it is delivered.
     // (ignored for KeyEvents)
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
index cf0c38a..ee7da93 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 
 #include "InputTarget.h"
-
 #include "TouchState.h"
 
+using namespace android::ftl::flag_operators;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::gui::WindowInfo;
 using android::gui::WindowInfoHandle;
 
@@ -29,18 +31,15 @@
     *this = TouchState();
 }
 
-void TouchState::addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle, int32_t targetFlags,
-                                   BitSet32 pointerIds, std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime) {
-    if (targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT) {
-        split = true;
-    }
-
+void TouchState::addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
+                                   ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                                   std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
         TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = windows[i];
         if (touchedWindow.windowHandle == windowHandle) {
             touchedWindow.targetFlags |= targetFlags;
-            if (targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT) {
-                touchedWindow.targetFlags &= ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+            if (targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT)) {
+                touchedWindow.targetFlags.clear(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
             }
             // For cases like hover enter/exit or DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE a touch window might not have
             // downTime set initially. Need to update existing window when an pointer is down for
@@ -73,10 +72,10 @@
 void TouchState::filterNonAsIsTouchWindows() {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size();) {
         TouchedWindow& window = windows[i];
-        if (window.targetFlags &
-            (InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
-            window.targetFlags &= ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK;
-            window.targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        if (window.targetFlags.any(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS |
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
+            window.targetFlags.clear(InputTarget::DISPATCH_MASK);
+            window.targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
             i += 1;
         } else {
             windows.erase(windows.begin() + i);
@@ -105,15 +104,10 @@
     std::erase_if(windows, [](const TouchedWindow& w) { return w.pointerIds.isEmpty(); });
 }
 
-void TouchState::filterWindowsExcept(const sp<IBinder>& token) {
-    std::erase_if(windows,
-                  [&token](const TouchedWindow& w) { return w.windowHandle->getToken() != token; });
-}
-
 sp<WindowInfoHandle> TouchState::getFirstForegroundWindowHandle() const {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
         const TouchedWindow& window = windows[i];
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             return window.windowHandle;
         }
     }
@@ -124,7 +118,7 @@
     // Must have exactly one foreground window.
     bool haveSlipperyForegroundWindow = false;
     for (const TouchedWindow& window : windows) {
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             if (haveSlipperyForegroundWindow ||
                 !window.windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                         WindowInfo::InputConfig::SLIPPERY)) {
@@ -147,14 +141,24 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-sp<WindowInfoHandle> TouchState::getWindow(const sp<IBinder>& token) const {
-    for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : windows) {
-        const auto& windowHandle = touchedWindow.windowHandle;
-        if (windowHandle->getToken() == token) {
-            return windowHandle;
+bool TouchState::isDown() const {
+    return std::any_of(windows.begin(), windows.end(),
+                       [](const TouchedWindow& window) { return !window.pointerIds.isEmpty(); });
+}
+
+std::string TouchState::dump() const {
+    std::string out;
+    out += StringPrintf("deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x\n", deviceId, source);
+    if (!windows.empty()) {
+        out += "  Windows:\n";
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
+            const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = windows[i];
+            out += StringPrintf("    %zu : ", i) + touchedWindow.dump();
         }
+    } else {
+        out += "  Windows: <none>\n";
     }
-    return nullptr;
+    return out;
 }
 
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
index cf5f1e5..77c1cdf 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Monitor.h"
 #include "TouchedWindow.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -28,15 +27,10 @@
 namespace inputdispatcher {
 
 struct TouchState {
-    bool down = false;
-    bool split = false;
-
     // id of the device that is currently down, others are rejected
     int32_t deviceId = -1;
     // source of the device that is current down, others are rejected
     uint32_t source = 0;
-    // id to the display that currently has a touch, others are rejected
-    int32_t displayId = ADISPLAY_ID_NONE;
 
     std::vector<TouchedWindow> windows;
 
@@ -46,11 +40,10 @@
 
     void reset();
     void addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                           int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                           ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
                            std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime = std::nullopt);
     void removeWindowByToken(const sp<IBinder>& token);
     void filterNonAsIsTouchWindows();
-    void filterWindowsExcept(const sp<IBinder>& token);
 
     // Cancel pointers for current set of windows except the window with particular binder token.
     void cancelPointersForWindowsExcept(const BitSet32 pointerIds, const sp<IBinder>& token);
@@ -61,7 +54,9 @@
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> getFirstForegroundWindowHandle() const;
     bool isSlippery() const;
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> getWallpaperWindow() const;
-    sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> getWindow(const sp<IBinder>&) const;
+    // Whether any of the windows are currently being touched
+    bool isDown() const;
+    std::string dump() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af74598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "TouchedWindow.h"
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <input/PrintTools.h>
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace inputdispatcher {
+
+std::string TouchedWindow::dump() const {
+    return StringPrintf("name='%s', pointerIds=0x%0x, "
+                        "targetFlags=%s, firstDownTimeInTarget=%s\n",
+                        windowHandle->getName().c_str(), pointerIds.value,
+                        targetFlags.string().c_str(), toString(firstDownTimeInTarget).c_str());
+}
+
+} // namespace inputdispatcher
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
index a6c505b..dd08323 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
@@ -16,23 +16,24 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-namespace android {
+#include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
+#include <utils/BitSet.h>
+#include "InputTarget.h"
 
-namespace gui {
-class WindowInfoHandle;
-}
+namespace android {
 
 namespace inputdispatcher {
 
 // Focus tracking for touch.
 struct TouchedWindow {
     sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle> windowHandle;
-    int32_t targetFlags;
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags;
     BitSet32 pointerIds;
     bool isPilferingPointers = false;
     // Time at which the first action down occurred on this window.
     // NOTE: This is not initialized in case of HOVER entry/exit and DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE scenario.
     std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget;
+    std::string dump() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
index 647e10c..7e0c1c7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@
         POINTER,
         // Show spots and a spot anchor in place of the mouse pointer.
         SPOT,
+
+        ftl_last = SPOT,
     };
 
     /* Sets the mode of the pointer controller. */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
index a53fcd7..24168a1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
         "mapper/accumulator/CursorButtonAccumulator.cpp",
         "mapper/accumulator/CursorScrollAccumulator.cpp",
         "mapper/accumulator/HidUsageAccumulator.cpp",
+        "mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp",
         "mapper/accumulator/SingleTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp",
         "mapper/accumulator/TouchButtonAccumulator.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
index 5291776..e6ab872 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -313,7 +313,10 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_ENABLED_STATE)) {
+        if (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_ENABLED_STATE) {
+            // Do not execute this code on the first configure, because 'setEnabled' would call
+            // InputMapper::reset, and you can't reset a mapper before it has been configured.
+            // The mappers are configured for the first time at the bottom of this function.
             auto it = config->disabledDevices.find(mId);
             bool enabled = it == config->disabledDevices.end();
             out += setEnabled(enabled, when);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
index 6933ec7..8e5f15f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
@@ -67,22 +67,15 @@
 
 /* Describes an absolute axis. */
 struct RawAbsoluteAxisInfo {
-    bool valid; // true if the information is valid, false otherwise
+    bool valid{false}; // true if the information is valid, false otherwise
 
-    int32_t minValue;   // minimum value
-    int32_t maxValue;   // maximum value
-    int32_t flat;       // center flat position, eg. flat == 8 means center is between -8 and 8
-    int32_t fuzz;       // error tolerance, eg. fuzz == 4 means value is +/- 4 due to noise
-    int32_t resolution; // resolution in units per mm or radians per mm
+    int32_t minValue{};   // minimum value
+    int32_t maxValue{};   // maximum value
+    int32_t flat{};       // center flat position, eg. flat == 8 means center is between -8 and 8
+    int32_t fuzz{};       // error tolerance, eg. fuzz == 4 means value is +/- 4 due to noise
+    int32_t resolution{}; // resolution in units per mm or radians per mm
 
-    inline void clear() {
-        valid = false;
-        minValue = 0;
-        maxValue = 0;
-        flat = 0;
-        fuzz = 0;
-        resolution = 0;
-    }
+    inline void clear() { *this = RawAbsoluteAxisInfo(); }
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
index c691ca9..a4f257c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 // --- CursorInputMapper ---
 
 CursorInputMapper::CursorInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext)
-      : InputMapper(deviceContext) {}
+      : InputMapper(deviceContext), mLastEventTime(std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min()) {}
 
 CursorInputMapper::~CursorInputMapper() {
     if (mPointerController != nullptr) {
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@
 std::list<NotifyArgs> CursorInputMapper::reset(nsecs_t when) {
     mButtonState = 0;
     mDownTime = 0;
+    mLastEventTime = std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min();
 
     mPointerVelocityControl.reset();
     mWheelXVelocityControl.reset();
@@ -295,7 +296,11 @@
     mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
     if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-        out += sync(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime);
+        const nsecs_t eventTime =
+                applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier(),
+                                                   rawEvent->when, mLastEventTime);
+        out += sync(eventTime, rawEvent->readTime);
+        mLastEventTime = eventTime;
     }
     return out;
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
index 6a4275e..20746e5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@
 
     int32_t mButtonState;
     nsecs_t mDownTime;
+    nsecs_t mLastEventTime;
 
     void configureParameters();
     void dumpParameters(std::string& dump);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
index acba4f6..8e757a5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -28,163 +28,6 @@
 // Maximum number of slots supported when using the slot-based Multitouch Protocol B.
 static constexpr size_t MAX_SLOTS = 32;
 
-// --- MultiTouchMotionAccumulator ---
-
-MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::MultiTouchMotionAccumulator()
-      : mCurrentSlot(-1),
-        mUsingSlotsProtocol(false),
-        mHaveStylus(false) {}
-
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::configure(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext, size_t slotCount,
-                                            bool usingSlotsProtocol) {
-    mUsingSlotsProtocol = usingSlotsProtocol;
-    mHaveStylus = deviceContext.hasAbsoluteAxis(ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE);
-    mSlots = std::vector<Slot>(slotCount);
-
-    mCurrentSlot = -1;
-    if (mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
-        // Query the driver for the current slot index and use it as the initial slot
-        // before we start reading events from the device.  It is possible that the
-        // current slot index will not be the same as it was when the first event was
-        // written into the evdev buffer, which means the input mapper could start
-        // out of sync with the initial state of the events in the evdev buffer.
-        // In the extremely unlikely case that this happens, the data from
-        // two slots will be confused until the next ABS_MT_SLOT event is received.
-        // This can cause the touch point to "jump", but at least there will be
-        // no stuck touches.
-        int32_t initialSlot;
-        if (const auto status = deviceContext.getAbsoluteAxisValue(ABS_MT_SLOT, &initialSlot);
-            status == OK) {
-            mCurrentSlot = initialSlot;
-        } else {
-            ALOGD("Could not retrieve current multi-touch slot index. status=%d", status);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::resetSlots() {
-    for (Slot& slot : mSlots) {
-        slot.clear();
-    }
-    mCurrentSlot = -1;
-}
-
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
-    if (rawEvent->type == EV_ABS) {
-        bool newSlot = false;
-        if (mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
-            if (rawEvent->code == ABS_MT_SLOT) {
-                mCurrentSlot = rawEvent->value;
-                newSlot = true;
-            }
-        } else if (mCurrentSlot < 0) {
-            mCurrentSlot = 0;
-        }
-
-        if (mCurrentSlot < 0 || size_t(mCurrentSlot) >= mSlots.size()) {
-            if (DEBUG_POINTERS) {
-                if (newSlot) {
-                    ALOGW("MultiTouch device emitted invalid slot index %d but it "
-                          "should be between 0 and %zd; ignoring this slot.",
-                          mCurrentSlot, mSlots.size() - 1);
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            Slot& slot = mSlots[mCurrentSlot];
-            // If mUsingSlotsProtocol is true, it means the raw pointer has axis info of
-            // ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID and ABS_MT_SLOT, so driver should send a valid trackingId while
-            // updating the slot.
-            if (!mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
-                slot.mInUse = true;
-            }
-
-            switch (rawEvent->code) {
-                case ABS_MT_POSITION_X:
-                    slot.mAbsMTPositionX = rawEvent->value;
-                    warnIfNotInUse(*rawEvent, slot);
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_POSITION_Y:
-                    slot.mAbsMTPositionY = rawEvent->value;
-                    warnIfNotInUse(*rawEvent, slot);
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR:
-                    slot.mAbsMTTouchMajor = rawEvent->value;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_TOUCH_MINOR:
-                    slot.mAbsMTTouchMinor = rawEvent->value;
-                    slot.mHaveAbsMTTouchMinor = true;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR:
-                    slot.mAbsMTWidthMajor = rawEvent->value;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_WIDTH_MINOR:
-                    slot.mAbsMTWidthMinor = rawEvent->value;
-                    slot.mHaveAbsMTWidthMinor = true;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_ORIENTATION:
-                    slot.mAbsMTOrientation = rawEvent->value;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID:
-                    if (mUsingSlotsProtocol && rawEvent->value < 0) {
-                        // The slot is no longer in use but it retains its previous contents,
-                        // which may be reused for subsequent touches.
-                        slot.mInUse = false;
-                    } else {
-                        slot.mInUse = true;
-                        slot.mAbsMTTrackingId = rawEvent->value;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_PRESSURE:
-                    slot.mAbsMTPressure = rawEvent->value;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_DISTANCE:
-                    slot.mAbsMTDistance = rawEvent->value;
-                    break;
-                case ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE:
-                    slot.mAbsMTToolType = rawEvent->value;
-                    slot.mHaveAbsMTToolType = true;
-                    break;
-            }
-        }
-    } else if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_MT_REPORT) {
-        // MultiTouch Sync: The driver has returned all data for *one* of the pointers.
-        mCurrentSlot += 1;
-    }
-}
-
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::finishSync() {
-    if (!mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
-        resetSlots();
-    }
-}
-
-bool MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::hasStylus() const {
-    return mHaveStylus;
-}
-
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::warnIfNotInUse(const RawEvent& event, const Slot& slot) {
-    if (!slot.mInUse) {
-        ALOGW("Received unexpected event (0x%0x, 0x%0x) for slot %i with tracking id %i",
-              event.code, event.value, mCurrentSlot, slot.mAbsMTTrackingId);
-    }
-}
-
-// --- MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::Slot ---
-
-int32_t MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::Slot::getToolType() const {
-    if (mHaveAbsMTToolType) {
-        switch (mAbsMTToolType) {
-            case MT_TOOL_FINGER:
-                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER;
-            case MT_TOOL_PEN:
-                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS;
-            case MT_TOOL_PALM:
-                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_PALM;
-        }
-    }
-    return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
-}
-
 // --- MultiTouchInputMapper ---
 
 MultiTouchInputMapper::MultiTouchInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext)
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
index 047e62d..ddf9e80 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
@@ -17,77 +17,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "TouchInputMapper.h"
+#include "accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
-/* Keeps track of the state of multi-touch protocol. */
-class MultiTouchMotionAccumulator {
-public:
-    class Slot {
-    public:
-        inline bool isInUse() const { return mInUse; }
-        inline int32_t getX() const { return mAbsMTPositionX; }
-        inline int32_t getY() const { return mAbsMTPositionY; }
-        inline int32_t getTouchMajor() const { return mAbsMTTouchMajor; }
-        inline int32_t getTouchMinor() const {
-            return mHaveAbsMTTouchMinor ? mAbsMTTouchMinor : mAbsMTTouchMajor;
-        }
-        inline int32_t getToolMajor() const { return mAbsMTWidthMajor; }
-        inline int32_t getToolMinor() const {
-            return mHaveAbsMTWidthMinor ? mAbsMTWidthMinor : mAbsMTWidthMajor;
-        }
-        inline int32_t getOrientation() const { return mAbsMTOrientation; }
-        inline int32_t getTrackingId() const { return mAbsMTTrackingId; }
-        inline int32_t getPressure() const { return mAbsMTPressure; }
-        inline int32_t getDistance() const { return mAbsMTDistance; }
-        inline int32_t getToolType() const;
-
-    private:
-        friend class MultiTouchMotionAccumulator;
-
-        bool mInUse = false;
-        bool mHaveAbsMTTouchMinor = false;
-        bool mHaveAbsMTWidthMinor = false;
-        bool mHaveAbsMTToolType = false;
-
-        int32_t mAbsMTPositionX = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTPositionY = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTTouchMajor = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTTouchMinor = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTWidthMajor = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTWidthMinor = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTOrientation = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTTrackingId = -1;
-        int32_t mAbsMTPressure = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTDistance = 0;
-        int32_t mAbsMTToolType = 0;
-
-        void clear() { *this = Slot(); }
-    };
-
-    MultiTouchMotionAccumulator();
-
-    void configure(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext, size_t slotCount, bool usingSlotsProtocol);
-    void process(const RawEvent* rawEvent);
-    void finishSync();
-    bool hasStylus() const;
-
-    inline size_t getSlotCount() const { return mSlots.size(); }
-    inline const Slot& getSlot(size_t index) const {
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(index < 0 || index >= mSlots.size(), "Invalid index: %zu", index);
-        return mSlots[index];
-    }
-
-private:
-    int32_t mCurrentSlot;
-    std::vector<Slot> mSlots;
-    bool mUsingSlotsProtocol;
-    bool mHaveStylus;
-
-    void resetSlots();
-    void warnIfNotInUse(const RawEvent& event, const Slot& slot);
-};
-
 class MultiTouchInputMapper : public TouchInputMapper {
 public:
     explicit MultiTouchInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
index 5a7ba9a..0b7ff84 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
@@ -101,4 +101,30 @@
     return out;
 }
 
+// For devices connected over Bluetooth, although they may produce events at a consistent rate,
+// the events might end up reaching Android in a "batched" manner through the Bluetooth
+// stack, where a few events may be clumped together and processed around the same time.
+// In this case, if the input device or its driver does not send or process the actual event
+// generation timestamps, the event time will set to whenever the kernel received the event.
+// When the timestamp deltas are minuscule for these batched events, any changes in x or y
+// coordinates result in extremely large instantaneous velocities, which can negatively impact
+// user experience. To avoid this, we augment the timestamps so that subsequent event timestamps
+// differ by at least a minimum delta value.
+static nsecs_t applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                                                  nsecs_t currentEventTime, nsecs_t lastEventTime) {
+    if (identifier.bus != BUS_BLUETOOTH) {
+        return currentEventTime;
+    }
+
+    // Assume the fastest rate at which a Bluetooth touch device can report input events is one
+    // every 4 milliseconds, or 250 Hz. Timestamps for successive events from a Bluetooth device
+    // will be separated by at least this amount.
+    constexpr static nsecs_t MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA = ms2ns(4);
+    // We define a maximum smoothing time delta so that we don't generate events too far into the
+    // future.
+    constexpr static nsecs_t MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA = ms2ns(32);
+    return std::min(std::max(currentEventTime, lastEventTime + MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA),
+                    currentEventTime + MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
index d17cdf5..bf73ce5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -73,53 +73,8 @@
     return value >= 8 ? value - 16 : value;
 }
 
-// --- RawPointerAxes ---
-
-RawPointerAxes::RawPointerAxes() {
-    clear();
-}
-
-void RawPointerAxes::clear() {
-    x.clear();
-    y.clear();
-    pressure.clear();
-    touchMajor.clear();
-    touchMinor.clear();
-    toolMajor.clear();
-    toolMinor.clear();
-    orientation.clear();
-    distance.clear();
-    tiltX.clear();
-    tiltY.clear();
-    trackingId.clear();
-    slot.clear();
-}
-
 // --- RawPointerData ---
 
-RawPointerData::RawPointerData() {
-    clear();
-}
-
-void RawPointerData::clear() {
-    pointerCount = 0;
-    clearIdBits();
-}
-
-void RawPointerData::copyFrom(const RawPointerData& other) {
-    pointerCount = other.pointerCount;
-    hoveringIdBits = other.hoveringIdBits;
-    touchingIdBits = other.touchingIdBits;
-    canceledIdBits = other.canceledIdBits;
-
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
-        pointers[i] = other.pointers[i];
-
-        int id = pointers[i].id;
-        idToIndex[id] = other.idToIndex[id];
-    }
-}
-
 void RawPointerData::getCentroidOfTouchingPointers(float* outX, float* outY) const {
     float x = 0, y = 0;
     uint32_t count = touchingIdBits.count();
@@ -137,35 +92,6 @@
     *outY = y;
 }
 
-// --- CookedPointerData ---
-
-CookedPointerData::CookedPointerData() {
-    clear();
-}
-
-void CookedPointerData::clear() {
-    pointerCount = 0;
-    hoveringIdBits.clear();
-    touchingIdBits.clear();
-    canceledIdBits.clear();
-    validIdBits.clear();
-}
-
-void CookedPointerData::copyFrom(const CookedPointerData& other) {
-    pointerCount = other.pointerCount;
-    hoveringIdBits = other.hoveringIdBits;
-    touchingIdBits = other.touchingIdBits;
-    validIdBits = other.validIdBits;
-
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
-        pointerProperties[i].copyFrom(other.pointerProperties[i]);
-        pointerCoords[i].copyFrom(other.pointerCoords[i]);
-
-        int id = pointerProperties[i].id;
-        idToIndex[id] = other.idToIndex[id];
-    }
-}
-
 // --- TouchInputMapper ---
 
 TouchInputMapper::TouchInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext)
@@ -511,6 +437,10 @@
     mParameters.supportsUsi = false;
     getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.supportsUsi",
                                                          mParameters.supportsUsi);
+
+    mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport = false;
+    getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.enableForInactiveViewport",
+                                                         mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport);
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::dumpParameters(std::string& dump) {
@@ -528,6 +458,8 @@
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT4 "OrientationAware: %s\n", toString(mParameters.orientationAware));
     dump += INDENT4 "Orientation: " + ftl::enum_string(mParameters.orientation) + "\n";
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT4 "SupportsUsi: %s\n", toString(mParameters.supportsUsi));
+    dump += StringPrintf(INDENT4 "EnableForInactiveViewport: %s\n",
+                         toString(mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport));
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::configureRawPointerAxes() {
@@ -898,6 +830,8 @@
         mDeviceMode = DeviceMode::POINTER;
         if (hasStylus()) {
             mSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS;
+        } else {
+            mSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD;
         }
     } else if (isTouchScreen()) {
         mSource = AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN;
@@ -930,7 +864,7 @@
               "becomes available.",
               getDeviceName().c_str());
         mDeviceMode = DeviceMode::DISABLED;
-    } else if (!newViewportOpt->isActive) {
+    } else if (!mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport && !newViewportOpt->isActive) {
         ALOGI("Disabling %s (device %i) because the associated viewport is not active",
               getDeviceName().c_str(), getDeviceId());
         mDeviceMode = DeviceMode::DISABLED;
@@ -1535,6 +1469,9 @@
     const RawState& last =
             mRawStatesPending.size() == 1 ? mCurrentRawState : mRawStatesPending.rbegin()[1];
 
+    next.when = applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier(), when,
+                                                   last.when);
+
     // Assign pointer ids.
     if (!mHavePointerIds) {
         assignPointerIds(last, next);
@@ -1583,7 +1520,7 @@
 
         // All ready to go.
         clearStylusDataPendingFlags();
-        mCurrentRawState.copyFrom(next);
+        mCurrentRawState = next;
         if (mCurrentRawState.when < mLastRawState.when) {
             mCurrentRawState.when = mLastRawState.when;
             mCurrentRawState.readTime = mLastRawState.readTime;
@@ -1598,7 +1535,7 @@
         if (timeout) {
             nsecs_t when = mExternalStylusFusionTimeout - STYLUS_DATA_LATENCY;
             clearStylusDataPendingFlags();
-            mCurrentRawState.copyFrom(mLastRawState);
+            mCurrentRawState = mLastRawState;
             ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_STYLUS_FUSION,
                      "Timeout expired, synthesizing event with new stylus data");
             const nsecs_t readTime = when; // consider this synthetic event to be zero latency
@@ -1723,8 +1660,8 @@
     mCurrentRawState.rawHScroll = 0;
 
     // Copy current touch to last touch in preparation for the next cycle.
-    mLastRawState.copyFrom(mCurrentRawState);
-    mLastCookedState.copyFrom(mCurrentCookedState);
+    mLastRawState = mCurrentRawState;
+    mLastCookedState = mCurrentCookedState;
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -1744,8 +1681,8 @@
     mPointerController->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::GRADUAL);
 
     mPointerController->setButtonState(mCurrentRawState.buttonState);
-    mPointerController->setSpots(mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords,
-                                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.idToIndex,
+    mPointerController->setSpots(mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords.cbegin(),
+                                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.idToIndex.cbegin(),
                                  mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.touchingIdBits,
                                  mViewport.displayId);
 }
@@ -1993,6 +1930,36 @@
     return out;
 }
 
+// Updates pointer coords and properties for pointers with specified ids that have moved.
+// Returns true if any of them changed.
+static bool updateMovedPointers(const PropertiesArray& inProperties, CoordsArray& inCoords,
+                                const IdToIndexArray& inIdToIndex, PropertiesArray& outProperties,
+                                CoordsArray& outCoords, IdToIndexArray& outIdToIndex,
+                                BitSet32 idBits) {
+    bool changed = false;
+    while (!idBits.isEmpty()) {
+        uint32_t id = idBits.clearFirstMarkedBit();
+        uint32_t inIndex = inIdToIndex[id];
+        uint32_t outIndex = outIdToIndex[id];
+
+        const PointerProperties& curInProperties = inProperties[inIndex];
+        const PointerCoords& curInCoords = inCoords[inIndex];
+        PointerProperties& curOutProperties = outProperties[outIndex];
+        PointerCoords& curOutCoords = outCoords[outIndex];
+
+        if (curInProperties != curOutProperties) {
+            curOutProperties.copyFrom(curInProperties);
+            changed = true;
+        }
+
+        if (curInCoords != curOutCoords) {
+            curOutCoords.copyFrom(curInCoords);
+            changed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return changed;
+}
+
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::dispatchTouches(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                         uint32_t policyFlags) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
@@ -2160,9 +2127,9 @@
         out.push_back(dispatchMotion(when, readTime, policyFlags, mSource,
                                      AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE, actionButton, 0,
                                      metaState, buttonState, 0,
-                                     mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerProperties,
-                                     mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords,
-                                     mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.idToIndex, idBits, -1,
+                                     mLastCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerProperties,
+                                     mLastCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords,
+                                     mLastCookedState.cookedPointerData.idToIndex, idBits, -1,
                                      mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision, mDownTime,
                                      MotionClassification::NONE));
     }
@@ -2539,8 +2506,8 @@
         }
 
         if (mPointerGesture.currentGestureMode == PointerGesture::Mode::FREEFORM) {
-            mPointerController->setSpots(mPointerGesture.currentGestureCoords,
-                                         mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdToIndex,
+            mPointerController->setSpots(mPointerGesture.currentGestureCoords.cbegin(),
+                                         mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdToIndex.cbegin(),
                                          mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdBits,
                                          mPointerController->getDisplayId());
         }
@@ -3600,6 +3567,8 @@
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::dispatchPointerSimple(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                               uint32_t policyFlags, bool down,
                                                               bool hovering) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mDeviceMode != DeviceMode::POINTER,
+                        "%s cannot be used when the device is not in POINTER mode.", __func__);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
     int32_t metaState = getContext()->getGlobalMetaState();
 
@@ -3726,6 +3695,10 @@
     if (down || hovering) {
         mPointerSimple.lastCoords.copyFrom(mPointerSimple.currentCoords);
         mPointerSimple.lastProperties.copyFrom(mPointerSimple.currentProperties);
+        mPointerSimple.displayId = displayId;
+        mPointerSimple.source = mSource;
+        mPointerSimple.lastCursorX = xCursorPosition;
+        mPointerSimple.lastCursorY = yCursorPosition;
     } else {
         mPointerSimple.reset();
     }
@@ -3734,17 +3707,32 @@
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::abortPointerSimple(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                            uint32_t policyFlags) {
-    mPointerSimple.currentCoords.clear();
-    mPointerSimple.currentProperties.clear();
-
-    return dispatchPointerSimple(when, readTime, policyFlags, false, false);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
+    if (mPointerSimple.down || mPointerSimple.hovering) {
+        int32_t metaState = getContext()->getGlobalMetaState();
+        out.push_back(NotifyMotionArgs(getContext()->getNextId(), when, readTime, getDeviceId(),
+                                       mPointerSimple.source, mPointerSimple.displayId, policyFlags,
+                                       AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED,
+                                       metaState, mLastRawState.buttonState,
+                                       MotionClassification::NONE, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, 1,
+                                       &mPointerSimple.lastProperties, &mPointerSimple.lastCoords,
+                                       mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
+                                       mPointerSimple.lastCursorX, mPointerSimple.lastCursorY,
+                                       mPointerSimple.downTime,
+                                       /* videoFrames */ {}));
+        if (mPointerController != nullptr) {
+            mPointerController->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::GRADUAL);
+        }
+    }
+    mPointerSimple.reset();
+    return out;
 }
 
 NotifyMotionArgs TouchInputMapper::dispatchMotion(
         nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime, uint32_t policyFlags, uint32_t source, int32_t action,
         int32_t actionButton, int32_t flags, int32_t metaState, int32_t buttonState,
-        int32_t edgeFlags, const PointerProperties* properties, const PointerCoords* coords,
-        const uint32_t* idToIndex, BitSet32 idBits, int32_t changedId, float xPrecision,
+        int32_t edgeFlags, const PropertiesArray& properties, const CoordsArray& coords,
+        const IdToIndexArray& idToIndex, BitSet32 idBits, int32_t changedId, float xPrecision,
         float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime, MotionClassification classification) {
     PointerCoords pointerCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
     PointerProperties pointerProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
@@ -3798,36 +3786,6 @@
                             downTime, std::move(frames));
 }
 
-bool TouchInputMapper::updateMovedPointers(const PointerProperties* inProperties,
-                                           const PointerCoords* inCoords,
-                                           const uint32_t* inIdToIndex,
-                                           PointerProperties* outProperties,
-                                           PointerCoords* outCoords, const uint32_t* outIdToIndex,
-                                           BitSet32 idBits) const {
-    bool changed = false;
-    while (!idBits.isEmpty()) {
-        uint32_t id = idBits.clearFirstMarkedBit();
-        uint32_t inIndex = inIdToIndex[id];
-        uint32_t outIndex = outIdToIndex[id];
-
-        const PointerProperties& curInProperties = inProperties[inIndex];
-        const PointerCoords& curInCoords = inCoords[inIndex];
-        PointerProperties& curOutProperties = outProperties[outIndex];
-        PointerCoords& curOutCoords = outCoords[outIndex];
-
-        if (curInProperties != curOutProperties) {
-            curOutProperties.copyFrom(curInProperties);
-            changed = true;
-        }
-
-        if (curInCoords != curOutCoords) {
-            curOutCoords.copyFrom(curInCoords);
-            changed = true;
-        }
-    }
-    return changed;
-}
-
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::cancelTouch(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
     out += abortPointerUsage(when, readTime, 0 /*policyFlags*/);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
index 7680090..c20f28b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
@@ -29,53 +29,56 @@
 
 /* Raw axis information from the driver. */
 struct RawPointerAxes {
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo x;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo y;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo pressure;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo touchMajor;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo touchMinor;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo toolMajor;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo toolMinor;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo orientation;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo distance;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo tiltX;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo tiltY;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo trackingId;
-    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo slot;
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo x{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo y{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo pressure{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo touchMajor{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo touchMinor{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo toolMajor{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo toolMinor{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo orientation{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo distance{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo tiltX{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo tiltY{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo trackingId{};
+    RawAbsoluteAxisInfo slot{};
 
-    RawPointerAxes();
     inline int32_t getRawWidth() const { return x.maxValue - x.minValue + 1; }
     inline int32_t getRawHeight() const { return y.maxValue - y.minValue + 1; }
-    void clear();
+    inline void clear() { *this = RawPointerAxes(); }
 };
 
+using PropertiesArray = std::array<PointerProperties, MAX_POINTERS>;
+using CoordsArray = std::array<PointerCoords, MAX_POINTERS>;
+using IdToIndexArray = std::array<uint32_t, MAX_POINTER_ID + 1>;
+
 /* Raw data for a collection of pointers including a pointer id mapping table. */
 struct RawPointerData {
     struct Pointer {
-        uint32_t id;
-        int32_t x;
-        int32_t y;
-        int32_t pressure;
-        int32_t touchMajor;
-        int32_t touchMinor;
-        int32_t toolMajor;
-        int32_t toolMinor;
-        int32_t orientation;
-        int32_t distance;
-        int32_t tiltX;
-        int32_t tiltY;
-        int32_t toolType; // a fully decoded AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE constant
-        bool isHovering;
+        uint32_t id{0xFFFFFFFF};
+        int32_t x{};
+        int32_t y{};
+        int32_t pressure{};
+        int32_t touchMajor{};
+        int32_t touchMinor{};
+        int32_t toolMajor{};
+        int32_t toolMinor{};
+        int32_t orientation{};
+        int32_t distance{};
+        int32_t tiltX{};
+        int32_t tiltY{};
+        // A fully decoded AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE constant.
+        int32_t toolType{AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_UNKNOWN};
+        bool isHovering{false};
     };
 
-    uint32_t pointerCount;
-    Pointer pointers[MAX_POINTERS];
-    BitSet32 hoveringIdBits, touchingIdBits, canceledIdBits;
-    uint32_t idToIndex[MAX_POINTER_ID + 1];
+    uint32_t pointerCount{};
+    std::array<Pointer, MAX_POINTERS> pointers{};
+    BitSet32 hoveringIdBits{}, touchingIdBits{}, canceledIdBits{};
+    IdToIndexArray idToIndex{};
 
-    RawPointerData();
-    void clear();
-    void copyFrom(const RawPointerData& other);
+    inline void clear() { *this = RawPointerData(); }
+
     void getCentroidOfTouchingPointers(float* outX, float* outY) const;
 
     inline void markIdBit(uint32_t id, bool isHovering) {
@@ -99,15 +102,13 @@
 
 /* Cooked data for a collection of pointers including a pointer id mapping table. */
 struct CookedPointerData {
-    uint32_t pointerCount;
-    PointerProperties pointerProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
-    PointerCoords pointerCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
-    BitSet32 hoveringIdBits, touchingIdBits, canceledIdBits, validIdBits;
-    uint32_t idToIndex[MAX_POINTER_ID + 1];
+    uint32_t pointerCount{};
+    PropertiesArray pointerProperties{};
+    CoordsArray pointerCoords{};
+    BitSet32 hoveringIdBits{}, touchingIdBits{}, canceledIdBits{}, validIdBits{};
+    IdToIndexArray idToIndex{};
 
-    CookedPointerData();
-    void clear();
-    void copyFrom(const CookedPointerData& other);
+    inline void clear() { *this = CookedPointerData(); }
 
     inline const PointerCoords& pointerCoordsForId(uint32_t id) const {
         return pointerCoords[idToIndex[id]];
@@ -235,6 +236,9 @@
 
         // Whether the device supports the Universal Stylus Initiative (USI) protocol for styluses.
         bool supportsUsi;
+
+        // Allows touches while the display is off.
+        bool enableForInactiveViewport;
     } mParameters;
 
     // Immutable calibration parameters in parsed form.
@@ -314,65 +318,33 @@
     RawPointerAxes mRawPointerAxes;
 
     struct RawState {
-        nsecs_t when;
-        nsecs_t readTime;
+        nsecs_t when{std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min()};
+        nsecs_t readTime{};
 
         // Raw pointer sample data.
-        RawPointerData rawPointerData;
+        RawPointerData rawPointerData{};
 
-        int32_t buttonState;
+        int32_t buttonState{};
 
         // Scroll state.
-        int32_t rawVScroll;
-        int32_t rawHScroll;
+        int32_t rawVScroll{};
+        int32_t rawHScroll{};
 
-        explicit inline RawState() { clear(); }
-
-        void copyFrom(const RawState& other) {
-            when = other.when;
-            readTime = other.readTime;
-            rawPointerData.copyFrom(other.rawPointerData);
-            buttonState = other.buttonState;
-            rawVScroll = other.rawVScroll;
-            rawHScroll = other.rawHScroll;
-        }
-
-        void clear() {
-            when = 0;
-            readTime = 0;
-            rawPointerData.clear();
-            buttonState = 0;
-            rawVScroll = 0;
-            rawHScroll = 0;
-        }
+        inline void clear() { *this = RawState(); }
     };
 
     struct CookedState {
         // Cooked pointer sample data.
-        CookedPointerData cookedPointerData;
+        CookedPointerData cookedPointerData{};
 
         // Id bits used to differentiate fingers, stylus and mouse tools.
-        BitSet32 fingerIdBits;
-        BitSet32 stylusIdBits;
-        BitSet32 mouseIdBits;
+        BitSet32 fingerIdBits{};
+        BitSet32 stylusIdBits{};
+        BitSet32 mouseIdBits{};
 
-        int32_t buttonState;
+        int32_t buttonState{};
 
-        void copyFrom(const CookedState& other) {
-            cookedPointerData.copyFrom(other.cookedPointerData);
-            fingerIdBits = other.fingerIdBits;
-            stylusIdBits = other.stylusIdBits;
-            mouseIdBits = other.mouseIdBits;
-            buttonState = other.buttonState;
-        }
-
-        void clear() {
-            cookedPointerData.clear();
-            fingerIdBits.clear();
-            stylusIdBits.clear();
-            mouseIdBits.clear();
-            buttonState = 0;
-        }
+        inline void clear() { *this = CookedState(); }
     };
 
     std::vector<RawState> mRawStatesPending;
@@ -528,9 +500,9 @@
     float mPointerGestureMaxSwipeWidth;
 
     struct PointerDistanceHeapElement {
-        uint32_t currentPointerIndex : 8;
-        uint32_t lastPointerIndex : 8;
-        uint64_t distance : 48; // squared distance
+        uint32_t currentPointerIndex : 8 {};
+        uint32_t lastPointerIndex : 8 {};
+        uint64_t distance : 48 {}; // squared distance
     };
 
     enum class PointerUsage {
@@ -627,15 +599,15 @@
         // Pointer coords and ids for the current and previous pointer gesture.
         Mode currentGestureMode;
         BitSet32 currentGestureIdBits;
-        uint32_t currentGestureIdToIndex[MAX_POINTER_ID + 1];
-        PointerProperties currentGestureProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
-        PointerCoords currentGestureCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
+        IdToIndexArray currentGestureIdToIndex{};
+        PropertiesArray currentGestureProperties{};
+        CoordsArray currentGestureCoords{};
 
         Mode lastGestureMode;
         BitSet32 lastGestureIdBits;
-        uint32_t lastGestureIdToIndex[MAX_POINTER_ID + 1];
-        PointerProperties lastGestureProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
-        PointerCoords lastGestureCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
+        IdToIndexArray lastGestureIdToIndex{};
+        PropertiesArray lastGestureProperties{};
+        CoordsArray lastGestureCoords{};
 
         // Time the pointer gesture last went down.
         nsecs_t downTime;
@@ -709,6 +681,12 @@
         // Time the pointer last went down.
         nsecs_t downTime;
 
+        // Values reported for the last pointer event.
+        uint32_t source;
+        int32_t displayId;
+        float lastCursorX;
+        float lastCursorY;
+
         void reset() {
             currentCoords.clear();
             currentProperties.clear();
@@ -717,6 +695,10 @@
             down = false;
             hovering = false;
             downTime = 0;
+            source = 0;
+            displayId = ADISPLAY_ID_NONE;
+            lastCursorX = 0.f;
+            lastCursorY = 0.f;
         }
     } mPointerSimple;
 
@@ -812,17 +794,10 @@
     [[nodiscard]] NotifyMotionArgs dispatchMotion(
             nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime, uint32_t policyFlags, uint32_t source, int32_t action,
             int32_t actionButton, int32_t flags, int32_t metaState, int32_t buttonState,
-            int32_t edgeFlags, const PointerProperties* properties, const PointerCoords* coords,
-            const uint32_t* idToIndex, BitSet32 idBits, int32_t changedId, float xPrecision,
+            int32_t edgeFlags, const PropertiesArray& properties, const CoordsArray& coords,
+            const IdToIndexArray& idToIndex, BitSet32 idBits, int32_t changedId, float xPrecision,
             float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime, MotionClassification classification);
 
-    // Updates pointer coords and properties for pointers with specified ids that have moved.
-    // Returns true if any of them changed.
-    bool updateMovedPointers(const PointerProperties* inProperties, const PointerCoords* inCoords,
-                             const uint32_t* inIdToIndex, PointerProperties* outProperties,
-                             PointerCoords* outCoords, const uint32_t* outIdToIndex,
-                             BitSet32 idBits) const;
-
     // Returns if this touch device is a touch screen with an associated display.
     bool isTouchScreen();
     // Updates touch spots if they are enabled. Should only be used when this device is a
@@ -834,7 +809,6 @@
 
     static void assignPointerIds(const RawState& last, RawState& current);
 
-    const char* modeToString(DeviceMode deviceMode);
     void rotateAndScale(float& x, float& y) const;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0cef67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// clang-format off
+#include "../Macros.h"
+// clang-format on
+#include "MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+// --- MultiTouchMotionAccumulator ---
+
+MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::MultiTouchMotionAccumulator()
+      : mCurrentSlot(-1), mUsingSlotsProtocol(false), mHaveStylus(false) {}
+
+void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::configure(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext, size_t slotCount,
+                                            bool usingSlotsProtocol) {
+    mUsingSlotsProtocol = usingSlotsProtocol;
+    mHaveStylus = deviceContext.hasAbsoluteAxis(ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE);
+    mSlots = std::vector<Slot>(slotCount);
+
+    mCurrentSlot = -1;
+    if (mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
+        // Query the driver for the current slot index and use it as the initial slot before we
+        // start reading events from the device.  It is possible that the current slot index will
+        // not be the same as it was when the first event was written into the evdev buffer, which
+        // means the input mapper could start out of sync with the initial state of the events in
+        // the evdev buffer. In the extremely unlikely case that this happens, the data from two
+        // slots will be confused until the next ABS_MT_SLOT event is received. This can cause the
+        // touch point to "jump", but at least there will be no stuck touches.
+        int32_t initialSlot;
+        if (const auto status = deviceContext.getAbsoluteAxisValue(ABS_MT_SLOT, &initialSlot);
+            status == OK) {
+            mCurrentSlot = initialSlot;
+        } else {
+            ALOGD("Could not retrieve current multi-touch slot index. status=%d", status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::resetSlots() {
+    for (Slot& slot : mSlots) {
+        slot.clear();
+    }
+    mCurrentSlot = -1;
+}
+
+void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+    if (rawEvent->type == EV_ABS) {
+        bool newSlot = false;
+        if (mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
+            if (rawEvent->code == ABS_MT_SLOT) {
+                mCurrentSlot = rawEvent->value;
+                newSlot = true;
+            }
+        } else if (mCurrentSlot < 0) {
+            mCurrentSlot = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (mCurrentSlot < 0 || size_t(mCurrentSlot) >= mSlots.size()) {
+            if (newSlot) {
+                ALOGW_IF(DEBUG_POINTERS,
+                         "MultiTouch device emitted invalid slot index %d but it "
+                         "should be between 0 and %zd; ignoring this slot.",
+                         mCurrentSlot, mSlots.size() - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            Slot& slot = mSlots[mCurrentSlot];
+            // If mUsingSlotsProtocol is true, it means the raw pointer has axis info of
+            // ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID and ABS_MT_SLOT, so driver should send a valid trackingId while
+            // updating the slot.
+            if (!mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
+                slot.mInUse = true;
+            }
+
+            switch (rawEvent->code) {
+                case ABS_MT_POSITION_X:
+                    slot.mAbsMtPositionX = rawEvent->value;
+                    warnIfNotInUse(*rawEvent, slot);
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_POSITION_Y:
+                    slot.mAbsMtPositionY = rawEvent->value;
+                    warnIfNotInUse(*rawEvent, slot);
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR:
+                    slot.mAbsMtTouchMajor = rawEvent->value;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_TOUCH_MINOR:
+                    slot.mAbsMtTouchMinor = rawEvent->value;
+                    slot.mHaveAbsMtTouchMinor = true;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_WIDTH_MAJOR:
+                    slot.mAbsMtWidthMajor = rawEvent->value;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_WIDTH_MINOR:
+                    slot.mAbsMtWidthMinor = rawEvent->value;
+                    slot.mHaveAbsMtWidthMinor = true;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_ORIENTATION:
+                    slot.mAbsMtOrientation = rawEvent->value;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID:
+                    if (mUsingSlotsProtocol && rawEvent->value < 0) {
+                        // The slot is no longer in use but it retains its previous contents,
+                        // which may be reused for subsequent touches.
+                        slot.mInUse = false;
+                    } else {
+                        slot.mInUse = true;
+                        slot.mAbsMtTrackingId = rawEvent->value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_PRESSURE:
+                    slot.mAbsMtPressure = rawEvent->value;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_DISTANCE:
+                    slot.mAbsMtDistance = rawEvent->value;
+                    break;
+                case ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE:
+                    slot.mAbsMtToolType = rawEvent->value;
+                    slot.mHaveAbsMtToolType = true;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_MT_REPORT) {
+        // MultiTouch Sync: The driver has returned all data for *one* of the pointers.
+        mCurrentSlot += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::finishSync() {
+    if (!mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
+        resetSlots();
+    }
+}
+
+bool MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::hasStylus() const {
+    return mHaveStylus;
+}
+
+void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::warnIfNotInUse(const RawEvent& event, const Slot& slot) {
+    if (!slot.mInUse) {
+        ALOGW("Received unexpected event (0x%0x, 0x%0x) for slot %i with tracking id %i",
+              event.code, event.value, mCurrentSlot, slot.mAbsMtTrackingId);
+    }
+}
+
+// --- MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::Slot ---
+
+int32_t MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::Slot::getToolType() const {
+    if (mHaveAbsMtToolType) {
+        switch (mAbsMtToolType) {
+            case MT_TOOL_FINGER:
+                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER;
+            case MT_TOOL_PEN:
+                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS;
+            case MT_TOOL_PALM:
+                return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_PALM;
+        }
+    }
+    return AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..625a00f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <linux/input-event-codes.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "EventHub.h"
+#include "InputDevice.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+/* Keeps track of the state of multi-touch protocol. */
+class MultiTouchMotionAccumulator {
+public:
+    class Slot {
+    public:
+        inline bool isInUse() const { return mInUse; }
+        inline int32_t getX() const { return mAbsMtPositionX; }
+        inline int32_t getY() const { return mAbsMtPositionY; }
+        inline int32_t getTouchMajor() const { return mAbsMtTouchMajor; }
+        inline int32_t getTouchMinor() const {
+            return mHaveAbsMtTouchMinor ? mAbsMtTouchMinor : mAbsMtTouchMajor;
+        }
+        inline int32_t getToolMajor() const { return mAbsMtWidthMajor; }
+        inline int32_t getToolMinor() const {
+            return mHaveAbsMtWidthMinor ? mAbsMtWidthMinor : mAbsMtWidthMajor;
+        }
+        inline int32_t getOrientation() const { return mAbsMtOrientation; }
+        inline int32_t getTrackingId() const { return mAbsMtTrackingId; }
+        inline int32_t getPressure() const { return mAbsMtPressure; }
+        inline int32_t getDistance() const { return mAbsMtDistance; }
+        int32_t getToolType() const;
+
+    private:
+        friend class MultiTouchMotionAccumulator;
+
+        bool mInUse = false;
+        bool mHaveAbsMtTouchMinor = false;
+        bool mHaveAbsMtWidthMinor = false;
+        bool mHaveAbsMtToolType = false;
+
+        int32_t mAbsMtPositionX = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtPositionY = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtTouchMajor = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtTouchMinor = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtWidthMajor = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtWidthMinor = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtOrientation = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtTrackingId = -1;
+        int32_t mAbsMtPressure = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtDistance = 0;
+        int32_t mAbsMtToolType = 0;
+
+        void clear() { *this = Slot(); }
+    };
+
+    MultiTouchMotionAccumulator();
+
+    void configure(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext, size_t slotCount, bool usingSlotsProtocol);
+    void process(const RawEvent* rawEvent);
+    void finishSync();
+    bool hasStylus() const;
+
+    inline size_t getSlotCount() const { return mSlots.size(); }
+    inline const Slot& getSlot(size_t index) const {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(index < 0 || index >= mSlots.size(), "Invalid index: %zu", index);
+        return mSlots[index];
+    }
+
+private:
+    int32_t mCurrentSlot;
+    std::vector<Slot> mSlots;
+    bool mUsingSlotsProtocol;
+    bool mHaveStylus;
+
+    void resetSlots();
+    void warnIfNotInUse(const RawEvent& event, const Slot& slot);
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/TouchButtonAccumulator.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/TouchButtonAccumulator.cpp
index 5d5bee7..1891205 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/TouchButtonAccumulator.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/TouchButtonAccumulator.cpp
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@
 }
 
 void TouchButtonAccumulator::processMappedKey(int32_t scanCode, bool down) {
-    int32_t outKeyCode, outMetaState;
-    uint32_t outFlags;
+    int32_t keyCode, metaState;
+    uint32_t flags;
     if (mDeviceContext.mapKey(scanCode, mHidUsageAccumulator.consumeCurrentHidUsage(),
-                              0 /*metaState*/, &outKeyCode, &outMetaState, &outFlags) != OK) {
+                              0 /*metaState*/, &keyCode, &metaState, &flags) != OK) {
         return;
     }
-    switch (outKeyCode) {
+    switch (keyCode) {
         case AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY:
             mBtnStylus = down;
             break;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 2142070..879d36e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/constants.h>
 
+#include <thread>
 #include "android/hardware/input/InputDeviceCountryCode.h"
 #include "input/DisplayViewport.h"
 #include "input/Input.h"
@@ -98,6 +99,11 @@
 // Error tolerance for floating point assertions.
 static const float EPSILON = 0.001f;
 
+// Minimum timestamp separation between subsequent input events from a Bluetooth device.
+static constexpr nsecs_t MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA = ms2ns(4);
+// Maximum smoothing time delta so that we don't generate events too far into the future.
+constexpr static nsecs_t MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA = ms2ns(32);
+
 template<typename T>
 static inline T min(T a, T b) {
     return a < b ? a : b;
@@ -141,6 +147,16 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, motionRange);
 }
 
+[[maybe_unused]] static void dumpReader(InputReader& reader) {
+    std::string dump;
+    reader.dump(dump);
+    std::istringstream iss(dump);
+    for (std::string line; std::getline(iss, line);) {
+        ALOGE("%s", line.c_str());
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    }
+}
+
 // --- FakePointerController ---
 
 class FakePointerController : public PointerControllerInterface {
@@ -519,10 +535,11 @@
 
     FakeEventHub() { }
 
-    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name,
-                   ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name, ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes,
+                   int bus = 0) {
         Device* device = new Device(classes);
         device->identifier.name = name;
+        device->identifier.bus = bus;
         mDevices.add(deviceId, device);
 
         enqueueEvent(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, deviceId, EventHubInterface::DEVICE_ADDED, 0, 0);
@@ -758,7 +775,7 @@
     status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
                                  RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* outAxisInfo) const override {
         Device* device = getDevice(deviceId);
-        if (device && device->enabled) {
+        if (device) {
             ssize_t index = device->absoluteAxes.indexOfKey(axis);
             if (index >= 0) {
                 *outAxisInfo = device->absoluteAxes.valueAt(index);
@@ -2362,7 +2379,7 @@
     // An invalid input device that is only used for this test.
     class InvalidUinputDevice : public UinputDevice {
     public:
-        InvalidUinputDevice() : UinputDevice("Invalid Device") {}
+        InvalidUinputDevice() : UinputDevice("Invalid Device", 99 /*productId*/) {}
 
     private:
         void configureDevice(int fd, uinput_user_dev* device) override {}
@@ -2814,6 +2831,96 @@
                   WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY))));
 }
 
+TEST_F(TouchIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsSurroundingTouchGesture) {
+    const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
+
+    // Press the stylus button.
+    mDevice->sendKey(BTN_STYLUS, 1);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD),
+                  WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY))));
+
+    // Start and finish a stylus gesture.
+    mDevice->sendSlot(FIRST_SLOT);
+    mDevice->sendTrackingId(FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    mDevice->sendToolType(MT_TOOL_PEN);
+    mDevice->sendDown(centerPoint);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+
+    mDevice->sendTrackingId(INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+
+    // Release the stylus button.
+    mDevice->sendKey(BTN_STYLUS, 0);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD),
+                  WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY))));
+}
+
+TEST_F(TouchIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsWithinTouchGesture) {
+    const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
+
+    // Start a stylus gesture.
+    mDevice->sendSlot(FIRST_SLOT);
+    mDevice->sendTrackingId(FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    mDevice->sendToolType(MT_TOOL_PEN);
+    mDevice->sendDown(centerPoint);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+
+    // Press and release a stylus button. Each change in button state also generates a MOVE event.
+    mDevice->sendKey(BTN_STYLUS, 1);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD),
+                  WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+
+    mDevice->sendKey(BTN_STYLUS, 0);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD),
+                  WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+
+    // Finish the stylus gesture.
+    mDevice->sendTrackingId(INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS), WithButtonState(0))));
+}
+
 // --- InputDeviceTest ---
 class InputDeviceTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
@@ -3154,13 +3261,13 @@
     std::unique_ptr<InstrumentedInputReader> mReader;
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> mDevice;
 
-    virtual void SetUp(ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+    virtual void SetUp(ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes, int bus = 0) {
         mFakeEventHub = std::make_unique<FakeEventHub>();
         mFakePolicy = sp<FakeInputReaderPolicy>::make();
         mFakeListener = std::make_unique<TestInputListener>();
         mReader = std::make_unique<InstrumentedInputReader>(mFakeEventHub, mFakePolicy,
                                                             *mFakeListener);
-        mDevice = newDevice(DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_LOCATION, EVENTHUB_ID, classes);
+        mDevice = newDevice(DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_LOCATION, EVENTHUB_ID, classes, bus);
         // Consume the device reset notification generated when adding a new device.
         mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled();
     }
@@ -3198,15 +3305,16 @@
 
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> newDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name,
                                            const std::string& location, int32_t eventHubId,
-                                           ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+                                           ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes, int bus = 0) {
         InputDeviceIdentifier identifier;
         identifier.name = name;
         identifier.location = location;
+        identifier.bus = bus;
         std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device =
                 std::make_shared<InputDevice>(mReader->getContext(), deviceId, DEVICE_GENERATION,
                                               identifier);
         mReader->pushNextDevice(device);
-        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(eventHubId, name, classes);
+        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(eventHubId, name, classes, bus);
         mReader->loopOnce();
         return device;
     }
@@ -5385,6 +5493,106 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
 }
 
+// --- BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest ---
+
+class BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest : public CursorInputMapperTest {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL, BUS_BLUETOOTH);
+
+        mFakePointerController = std::make_shared<FakePointerController>();
+        mFakePolicy->setPointerController(mFakePointerController);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmoothening) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // Process several events that come in quick succession, according to their timestamps.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        constexpr static nsecs_t delta = ms2ns(1);
+        static_assert(delta < MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA);
+        kernelEventTime += delta;
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmootheningIsCapped) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // Process several events with the same timestamp from the kernel.
+    // Ensure that we do not generate events too far into the future.
+    constexpr static int32_t numEvents =
+            MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA / MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numEvents; i++) {
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+
+    // By processing more events with the same timestamp, we should not generate events with a
+    // timestamp that is more than the specified max time delta from the timestamp at its injection.
+    const nsecs_t cappedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME + MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(cappedEventTime))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmootheningNotUsed) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // If the next event has a timestamp that is sufficiently spaced out so that Bluetooth timestamp
+    // smoothening is not needed, its timestamp is not affected.
+    kernelEventTime += MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA + ms2ns(1);
+    expectedEventTime = kernelEventTime;
+
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+}
+
 // --- TouchInputMapperTest ---
 
 class TouchInputMapperTest : public InputMapperTest {
@@ -5655,7 +5863,7 @@
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
     SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, mapper.getSources());
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 }
 
 TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, GetSources_WhenDeviceTypeIsTouchScreen_ReturnsTouchScreen) {
@@ -7154,6 +7362,44 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasNotCalled());
 }
 
+TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, ButtonIsReleasedOnTouchUp) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
+    prepareButtons();
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled());
+
+    // Press a stylus button.
+    processKey(mapper, BTN_STYLUS, 1);
+    processSync(mapper);
+
+    // Start a touch gesture and ensure the BUTTON_PRESS event is generated.
+    processDown(mapper, 100, 200);
+    processSync(mapper);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                  WithCoords(toDisplayX(100), toDisplayY(200)),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                  WithCoords(toDisplayX(100), toDisplayY(200)),
+                  WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY))));
+
+    // Release the touch gesture. Ensure that the BUTTON_RELEASE event is generated even though
+    // the button has not actually been released, since there will be no pointers through which the
+    // button state can be reported. The event is generated at the location of the pointer before
+    // it went up.
+    processUp(mapper);
+    processSync(mapper);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                  WithCoords(toDisplayX(100), toDisplayY(200)), WithButtonState(0))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                  WithCoords(toDisplayX(100), toDisplayY(200)), WithButtonState(0))));
+}
+
 // --- TouchDisplayProjectionTest ---
 
 class TouchDisplayProjectionTest : public SingleTouchInputMapperTest {
@@ -7340,7 +7586,8 @@
     void processKey(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, int32_t code, int32_t value);
     void processHidUsage(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, int32_t usageCode, int32_t value);
     void processMTSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper);
-    void processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper);
+    void processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, nsecs_t eventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME,
+                     nsecs_t readTime = READ_TIME);
 };
 
 void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::prepareAxes(int axes) {
@@ -7453,8 +7700,9 @@
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_MT_REPORT, 0);
 }
 
-void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper) {
-    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, nsecs_t eventTime,
+                                            nsecs_t readTime) {
+    process(mapper, eventTime, readTime, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Process_NormalMultiTouchGesture_WithoutTrackingIds) {
@@ -8989,8 +9237,8 @@
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
 
-    // Check source is mouse that would obtain the PointerController.
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, mapper.getSources());
+    // Check source is a touchpad that would obtain the PointerController.
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 
     NotifyMotionArgs motionArgs;
     processPosition(mapper, 100, 100);
@@ -9033,6 +9281,7 @@
  */
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, WhenViewportIsNotActive_TouchesAreDropped) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    // Don't set touch.enableForInactiveViewport to verify the default behavior.
     mFakePolicy->addDisplayViewport(DISPLAY_ID, DISPLAY_WIDTH, DISPLAY_HEIGHT,
                                     DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, false /*isActive*/, UNIQUE_ID, NO_PORT,
                                     ViewportType::INTERNAL);
@@ -9047,8 +9296,31 @@
     mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled();
 }
 
+/**
+ * When the viewport is not active (isActive=false) and touch.enableForInactiveViewport is true,
+ * the touch mapper can process the events and the events can be delivered to the listener.
+ */
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, WhenViewportIsNotActive_TouchesAreProcessed) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.enableForInactiveViewport", "1");
+    mFakePolicy->addDisplayViewport(DISPLAY_ID, DISPLAY_WIDTH, DISPLAY_HEIGHT,
+                                    DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, false /*isActive*/, UNIQUE_ID, NO_PORT,
+                                    ViewportType::INTERNAL);
+    configureDevice(InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO);
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    NotifyMotionArgs motionArgs;
+    processPosition(mapper, 100, 100);
+    processSync(mapper);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&motionArgs));
+    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, motionArgs.action);
+}
+
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Process_DeactivateViewport_AbortTouches) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.enableForInactiveViewport", "0");
     mFakePolicy->addDisplayViewport(DISPLAY_ID, DISPLAY_WIDTH, DISPLAY_HEIGHT,
                                     DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, true /*isActive*/, UNIQUE_ID, NO_PORT,
                                     ViewportType::INTERNAL);
@@ -9993,11 +10265,11 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&args));
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, args.action);
 
-    // non captured touchpad should be a mouse source
+    // A non captured touchpad should have a mouse and touchpad source.
     mFakePolicy->setPointerCapture(false);
     configureDevice(InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_CAPTURE);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled(&resetArgs));
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, mapper.getSources());
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 }
 
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Process_UnCapturedTouchpadPointer) {
@@ -10056,15 +10328,65 @@
     mFakePolicy->setPointerCapture(false);
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
 
-    // uncaptured touchpad should be a pointer device
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, mapper.getSources());
+    // An uncaptured touchpad should be a pointer device, with additional touchpad source.
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 
-    // captured touchpad should be a touchpad device
+    // A captured touchpad should just have a touchpad source.
     mFakePolicy->setPointerCapture(true);
     configureDevice(InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_CAPTURE);
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 }
 
+// --- BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest ---
+
+class BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL, BUS_BLUETOOTH);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest, TimestampSmoothening) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
+    prepareAxes(POSITION | ID | SLOT | PRESSURE);
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    // Touch down.
+    processId(mapper, FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
+    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
+    processSync(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithEventTime(ARBITRARY_TIME))));
+
+    // Process several events that come in quick succession, according to their timestamps.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        constexpr static nsecs_t delta = ms2ns(1);
+        static_assert(delta < MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA);
+        kernelEventTime += delta;
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        processPosition(mapper, 101 + i, 201 + i);
+        processSync(mapper, kernelEventTime);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+
+    // Release the touch.
+    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
+    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MIN);
+    processSync(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME + ms2ns(50));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                  WithEventTime(ARBITRARY_TIME + ms2ns(50)))));
+}
+
+// --- MultiTouchPointerModeTest ---
+
 class MultiTouchPointerModeTest : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
 protected:
     float mPointerMovementScale;
@@ -10371,6 +10693,46 @@
     ASSERT_GT(motionArgs.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_Y_OFFSET), 0);
 }
 
+TEST_F(MultiTouchPointerModeTest, WhenViewportActiveStatusChanged_PointerGestureIsReset) {
+    preparePointerMode(25 /*xResolution*/, 25 /*yResolution*/);
+    mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, BTN_TOOL_PEN, 0, AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN, 0);
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled());
+
+    // Start a stylus gesture.
+    processKey(mapper, BTN_TOOL_PEN, 1);
+    processId(mapper, FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
+    processSync(mapper);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                  WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS))));
+    // TODO(b/257078296): Pointer mode generates extra event.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                  WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
+
+    // Make the viewport inactive. This will put the device in disabled mode, and the ongoing stylus
+    // gesture should be disabled.
+    auto viewport = mFakePolicy->getDisplayViewportByType(ViewportType::INTERNAL);
+    viewport->isActive = false;
+    mFakePolicy->updateViewport(*viewport);
+    configureDevice(InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL),
+                  WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS))));
+    // TODO(b/257078296): Pointer mode generates extra event.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL),
+                  WithSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS),
+                  WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
+}
+
 // --- JoystickInputMapperTest ---
 
 class JoystickInputMapperTest : public InputMapperTest {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
index 5107af7..9a47e3e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
@@ -91,4 +91,9 @@
     return arg.buttonState == buttons;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P(WithEventTime, eventTime, "InputEvent with specified eventTime") {
+    *result_listener << "expected event time " << eventTime << ", but got " << arg.eventTime;
+    return arg.eventTime == eventTime;
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
index c4830dc..bc695b8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 
 // --- UinputDevice ---
 
-UinputDevice::UinputDevice(const char* name) : mName(name) {}
+UinputDevice::UinputDevice(const char* name, int16_t productId)
+      : mName(name), mProductId(productId) {}
 
 UinputDevice::~UinputDevice() {
     if (ioctl(mDeviceFd, UI_DEV_DESTROY)) {
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@
     strlcpy(device.name, mName, UINPUT_MAX_NAME_SIZE);
     device.id.bustype = BUS_USB;
     device.id.vendor = 0x01;
-    device.id.product = 0x01;
+    device.id.product = mProductId;
     device.id.version = 1;
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(configureDevice(mDeviceFd, &device));
@@ -76,8 +77,8 @@
 
 // --- UinputKeyboard ---
 
-UinputKeyboard::UinputKeyboard(const char* name, std::initializer_list<int> keys)
-      : UinputDevice(name), mKeys(keys.begin(), keys.end()) {}
+UinputKeyboard::UinputKeyboard(const char* name, int16_t productId, std::initializer_list<int> keys)
+      : UinputDevice(name, productId), mKeys(keys.begin(), keys.end()) {}
 
 void UinputKeyboard::configureDevice(int fd, uinput_user_dev* device) {
     // enable key press/release event
@@ -121,23 +122,26 @@
 
 // --- UinputHomeKey ---
 
-UinputHomeKey::UinputHomeKey() : UinputKeyboard("Test Uinput Home Key", {KEY_HOME}) {}
+UinputHomeKey::UinputHomeKey() : UinputKeyboard(DEVICE_NAME, PRODUCT_ID, {KEY_HOME}) {}
 
 void UinputHomeKey::pressAndReleaseHomeKey() {
     pressAndReleaseKey(KEY_HOME);
 }
 
-// --- UinputSteamController
-UinputSteamController::UinputSteamController()
-      : UinputKeyboard("Test Uinput Steam Controller", {BTN_GEAR_DOWN, BTN_GEAR_UP}) {}
+// --- UinputSteamController ---
 
-// --- UinputExternalStylus
+UinputSteamController::UinputSteamController()
+      : UinputKeyboard(DEVICE_NAME, PRODUCT_ID, {BTN_GEAR_DOWN, BTN_GEAR_UP}) {}
+
+// --- UinputExternalStylus ---
+
 UinputExternalStylus::UinputExternalStylus()
-      : UinputKeyboard("Test Uinput External Stylus", {BTN_STYLUS, BTN_STYLUS2, BTN_STYLUS3}) {}
+      : UinputKeyboard(DEVICE_NAME, PRODUCT_ID, {BTN_STYLUS, BTN_STYLUS2, BTN_STYLUS3}) {}
 
 // --- UinputTouchScreen ---
-UinputTouchScreen::UinputTouchScreen(const Rect* size)
-      : UinputDevice(UinputTouchScreen::DEVICE_NAME), mSize(*size) {}
+
+UinputTouchScreen::UinputTouchScreen(const Rect& size)
+      : UinputDevice(DEVICE_NAME, PRODUCT_ID), mSize(size) {}
 
 void UinputTouchScreen::configureDevice(int fd, uinput_user_dev* device) {
     // Setup the touch screen device
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
index 53dcfd0..d661bd3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 template <class D, class... Ts>
 std::unique_ptr<D> createUinputDevice(Ts... args) {
     // Using `new` to access non-public constructors.
-    std::unique_ptr<D> dev(new D(&args...));
+    std::unique_ptr<D> dev(new D(args...));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(dev->init());
     return dev;
 }
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@
 
 protected:
     const char* mName;
+    const int16_t mProductId;
 
-    UinputDevice(const char* name);
+    explicit UinputDevice(const char* name, int16_t productId);
 
     // Signals which types of events this device supports before it is created.
     // This must be overridden by subclasses.
@@ -71,7 +72,8 @@
 
 class UinputKeyboard : public UinputDevice {
 public:
-    static constexpr const char* KEYBOARD_NAME = "Test Keyboard Device";
+    static constexpr const char* KEYBOARD_NAME = "Test Uinput Keyboard Device";
+    static constexpr int16_t PRODUCT_ID = 42;
 
     // Injects key press and sync.
     void pressKey(int key);
@@ -84,7 +86,8 @@
     friend std::unique_ptr<D> createUinputDevice(Ts... args);
 
 protected:
-    UinputKeyboard(const char* name, std::initializer_list<int> keys = {});
+    explicit UinputKeyboard(const char* name, int16_t productId = PRODUCT_ID,
+                            std::initializer_list<int> keys = {});
 
 private:
     void configureDevice(int fd, uinput_user_dev* device) override;
@@ -97,6 +100,9 @@
 // A keyboard device that has a single HOME key.
 class UinputHomeKey : public UinputKeyboard {
 public:
+    static constexpr const char* DEVICE_NAME = "Test Uinput Home Key";
+    static constexpr int16_t PRODUCT_ID = 43;
+
     // Injects 4 events: key press, sync, key release, and sync.
     void pressAndReleaseHomeKey();
 
@@ -104,34 +110,47 @@
     friend std::unique_ptr<D> createUinputDevice(Ts... args);
 
 private:
-    UinputHomeKey();
+    explicit UinputHomeKey();
 };
 
+// --- UinputSteamController ---
+
 // A joystick device that sends a BTN_GEAR_DOWN / BTN_WHEEL key.
 class UinputSteamController : public UinputKeyboard {
 public:
+    static constexpr const char* DEVICE_NAME = "Test Uinput Steam Controller";
+    static constexpr int16_t PRODUCT_ID = 44;
+
     template <class D, class... Ts>
     friend std::unique_ptr<D> createUinputDevice(Ts... args);
 
 private:
-    UinputSteamController();
+    explicit UinputSteamController();
 };
 
+// --- UinputExternalStylus ---
+
 // A stylus that reports button presses.
 class UinputExternalStylus : public UinputKeyboard {
 public:
+    static constexpr const char* DEVICE_NAME = "Test Uinput External Stylus";
+    static constexpr int16_t PRODUCT_ID = 45;
+
     template <class D, class... Ts>
     friend std::unique_ptr<D> createUinputDevice(Ts... args);
 
 private:
-    UinputExternalStylus();
+    explicit UinputExternalStylus();
 };
 
 // --- UinputTouchScreen ---
-// A touch screen device with specific size.
+
+// A multi-touch touchscreen device with specific size that also supports styluses.
 class UinputTouchScreen : public UinputDevice {
 public:
-    static constexpr const char* DEVICE_NAME = "Test Touch Screen";
+    static constexpr const char* DEVICE_NAME = "Test Uinput Touch Screen";
+    static constexpr int16_t PRODUCT_ID = 46;
+
     static const int32_t RAW_TOUCH_MIN = 0;
     static const int32_t RAW_TOUCH_MAX = 31;
     static const int32_t RAW_ID_MIN = 0;
@@ -157,7 +176,7 @@
     const Point getCenterPoint();
 
 protected:
-    UinputTouchScreen(const Rect* size);
+    explicit UinputTouchScreen(const Rect& size);
 
 private:
     void configureDevice(int fd, uinput_user_dev* device) override;
diff --git a/services/powermanager/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/Android.bp
index b7de619..7fb33e5 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/Android.bp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
 
     cflags: [
diff --git a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
index 0286a81..4343aec 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libtestUtil",
diff --git a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
index eec6801..54dffcf 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index e76b191..14fdd12 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4",
         "android.hardware.power@1.0",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V2-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libbinder_ndk",
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
         "Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp",
         "Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp",
         "Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp",
-        "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp",
+        "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp",
         "Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp",
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@
         "Scheduler/VsyncConfiguration.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp",
+        "ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp",
         "StartPropertySetThread.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlingerDefaultFactory.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
index 7202bef..bdbc79b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include "Client.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 
@@ -47,36 +48,6 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void Client::attachLayer(const sp<IBinder>& handle, const sp<Layer>& layer)
-{
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    mLayers.add(handle, layer);
-}
-
-void Client::detachLayer(const Layer* layer)
-{
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    // we do a linear search here, because this doesn't happen often
-    const size_t count = mLayers.size();
-    for (size_t i=0 ; i<count ; i++) {
-        if (mLayers.valueAt(i) == layer) {
-            mLayers.removeItemsAt(i, 1);
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-sp<Layer> Client::getLayerUser(const sp<IBinder>& handle) const
-{
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    sp<Layer> lbc;
-    wp<Layer> layer(mLayers.valueFor(handle));
-    if (layer != 0) {
-        lbc = layer.promote();
-        ALOGE_IF(lbc==0, "getLayerUser(name=%p) is dead", handle.get());
-    }
-    return lbc;
-}
-
 binder::Status Client::createSurface(const std::string& name, int32_t flags,
                                      const sp<IBinder>& parent, const gui::LayerMetadata& metadata,
                                      gui::CreateSurfaceResult* outResult) {
@@ -91,7 +62,7 @@
 
 binder::Status Client::clearLayerFrameStats(const sp<IBinder>& handle) {
     status_t status;
-    sp<Layer> layer = getLayerUser(handle);
+    sp<Layer> layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(handle);
     if (layer == nullptr) {
         status = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     } else {
@@ -103,7 +74,7 @@
 
 binder::Status Client::getLayerFrameStats(const sp<IBinder>& handle, gui::FrameStats* outStats) {
     status_t status;
-    sp<Layer> layer = getLayerUser(handle);
+    sp<Layer> layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(handle);
     if (layer == nullptr) {
         status = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     } else {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.h
index 02079a3..af410ea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.h
@@ -38,12 +38,6 @@
 
     status_t initCheck() const;
 
-    // protected by SurfaceFlinger::mStateLock
-    void attachLayer(const sp<IBinder>& handle, const sp<Layer>& layer);
-    void detachLayer(const Layer* layer);
-
-    sp<Layer> getLayerUser(const sp<IBinder>& handle) const;
-
 private:
     // ISurfaceComposerClient interface
 
@@ -64,9 +58,6 @@
     // constant
     sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger;
 
-    // protected by mLock
-    DefaultKeyedVector< wp<IBinder>, wp<Layer> > mLayers;
-
     // thread-safe
     mutable Mutex mLock;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index 0ae8bf9..c1460cf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.4",
         "android.hardware.power@1.0",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V2-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
         "libgui",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
index 6832ae1..7c10fa5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@
     virtual void setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>) = 0;
 
     virtual renderengine::RenderEngine& getRenderEngine() const = 0;
-    virtual void setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>) = 0;
+    virtual void setRenderEngine(renderengine::RenderEngine*) = 0;
 
-    virtual TimeStats& getTimeStats() const = 0;
+    virtual TimeStats* getTimeStats() const = 0;
     virtual void setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&) = 0;
 
     virtual bool needsAnotherUpdate() const = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
index dd4dbe9..c699557 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
     void setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>) override;
 
     renderengine::RenderEngine& getRenderEngine() const override;
-    void setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>) override;
+    void setRenderEngine(renderengine::RenderEngine*) override;
 
-    TimeStats& getTimeStats() const override;
+    TimeStats* getTimeStats() const override;
     void setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&) override;
 
     bool needsAnotherUpdate() const override;
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 
 private:
     std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> mHwComposer;
-    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
+    renderengine::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine;
     std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats;
     bool mNeedsAnotherUpdate = false;
     nsecs_t mRefreshStartTime = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index 23d5570..e06da33 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -134,9 +134,11 @@
     void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override{};
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
+    virtual renderengine::DisplaySettings generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
           bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
           std::vector<LayerFE*> &outLayerFEs) override;
+    virtual bool layerNeedsFiltering(const OutputLayer*) const;
     void appendRegionFlashRequests(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&) override;
     void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) override;
     void setHintSessionGpuFence(std::unique_ptr<FenceTime>&& gpuFence) override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
index a48cc6f..9b2387b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setHwComposer, void(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getRenderEngine, renderengine::RenderEngine&());
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setRenderEngine, void(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setRenderEngine, void(renderengine::RenderEngine*));
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getTimeStats, TimeStats&());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getTimeStats, TimeStats*());
     MOCK_METHOD1(setTimeStats, void(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>&));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(needsAnotherUpdate, bool());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
index a4e1fff..15fadbc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/CompositionEngine.cpp
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@
 }
 
 renderengine::RenderEngine& CompositionEngine::getRenderEngine() const {
-    return *mRenderEngine.get();
+    return *mRenderEngine;
 }
 
-void CompositionEngine::setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> renderEngine) {
-    mRenderEngine = std::move(renderEngine);
+void CompositionEngine::setRenderEngine(renderengine::RenderEngine* renderEngine) {
+    mRenderEngine = renderEngine;
 }
 
-TimeStats& CompositionEngine::getTimeStats() const {
-    return *mTimeStats.get();
+TimeStats* CompositionEngine::getTimeStats() const {
+    return mTimeStats.get();
 }
 
 void CompositionEngine::setTimeStats(const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>& timeStats) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 0622534..d1daca6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -1178,15 +1178,9 @@
         bool needsProtected = std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(), [](auto* layer) {
             return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->hasProtectedContent;
         });
-        if (needsProtected != renderEngine.isProtected()) {
-            renderEngine.useProtectedContext(needsProtected);
-        }
-        if (needsProtected != mRenderSurface->isProtected() &&
-            needsProtected == renderEngine.isProtected()) {
+        if (needsProtected != mRenderSurface->isProtected()) {
             mRenderSurface->setProtected(needsProtected);
         }
-    } else if (!outputState.isSecure && renderEngine.isProtected()) {
-        renderEngine.useProtectedContext(false);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1232,40 +1226,8 @@
 
     ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
 
-    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = outputState.framebufferSpace.getContent();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = outputState.layerStackSpace.getContent();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation =
-            ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(outputState.displaySpace.getOrientation());
-    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = mDisplayColorProfile->hasWideColorGamut()
-            ? outputState.dataspace
-            : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
-
-    // If we have a valid current display brightness use that, otherwise fall back to the
-    // display's max desired
-    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = outputState.displayBrightnessNits > 0.f
-            ? outputState.displayBrightnessNits
-            : mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
-            mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits =
-            outputState.clientTargetBrightness * outputState.displayBrightnessNits;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.dimmingStage = outputState.clientTargetDimmingStage;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
-            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(
-                    outputState.renderIntent);
-
-    // Compute the global color transform matrix.
-    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = outputState.colorTransformMatrix;
-    for (auto& info : outputState.borderInfoList) {
-        renderengine::BorderRenderInfo borderInfo;
-        borderInfo.width = info.width;
-        borderInfo.color = info.color;
-        borderInfo.combinedRegion = info.combinedRegion;
-        clientCompositionDisplay.borderInfoList.emplace_back(std::move(borderInfo));
-    }
-    clientCompositionDisplay.deviceHandlesColorTransform =
-            outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay =
+            generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings();
 
     // Generate the client composition requests for the layers on this output.
     auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
@@ -1340,10 +1302,13 @@
 
     const auto fence = std::move(fenceResult).value_or(Fence::NO_FENCE);
 
-    if (auto& timeStats = getCompositionEngine().getTimeStats(); fence->isValid()) {
-        timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart, std::make_shared<FenceTime>(fence));
-    } else {
-        timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart, systemTime());
+    if (auto timeStats = getCompositionEngine().getTimeStats()) {
+        if (fence->isValid()) {
+            timeStats->recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart,
+                                                  std::make_shared<FenceTime>(fence));
+        } else {
+            timeStats->recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart, systemTime());
+        }
     }
 
     for (auto* clientComposedLayer : clientCompositionLayersFE) {
@@ -1353,6 +1318,46 @@
     return base::unique_fd(fence->dup());
 }
 
+renderengine::DisplaySettings Output::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const {
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = outputState.framebufferSpace.getContent();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = outputState.layerStackSpace.getContent();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation =
+            ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(outputState.displaySpace.getOrientation());
+    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = mDisplayColorProfile->hasWideColorGamut()
+            ? outputState.dataspace
+            : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    // If we have a valid current display brightness use that, otherwise fall back to the
+    // display's max desired
+    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = outputState.displayBrightnessNits > 0.f
+            ? outputState.displayBrightnessNits
+            : mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
+            mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits =
+            outputState.clientTargetBrightness * outputState.displayBrightnessNits;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.dimmingStage = outputState.clientTargetDimmingStage;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
+            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(
+                    outputState.renderIntent);
+
+    // Compute the global color transform matrix.
+    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = outputState.colorTransformMatrix;
+    for (auto& info : outputState.borderInfoList) {
+        renderengine::BorderRenderInfo borderInfo;
+        borderInfo.width = info.width;
+        borderInfo.color = info.color;
+        borderInfo.combinedRegion = info.combinedRegion;
+        clientCompositionDisplay.borderInfoList.emplace_back(std::move(borderInfo));
+    }
+    clientCompositionDisplay.deviceHandlesColorTransform =
+            outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
+    return clientCompositionDisplay;
+}
+
 std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> Output::generateClientCompositionRequests(
       bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace, std::vector<LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) {
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers;
@@ -1418,7 +1423,7 @@
                                              Enabled);
                 compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings
                         targetSettings{.clip = clip,
-                                       .needsFiltering = layer->needsFiltering() ||
+                                       .needsFiltering = layerNeedsFiltering(layer) ||
                                                outputState.needsFiltering,
                                        .isSecure = outputState.isSecure,
                                        .supportsProtectedContent = supportsProtectedContent,
@@ -1449,6 +1454,10 @@
     return clientCompositionLayers;
 }
 
+bool Output::layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) const {
+    return layer->needsFiltering();
+}
+
 void Output::appendRegionFlashRequests(
         const Region& flashRegion, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) {
     if (flashRegion.isEmpty()) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
index b570979..60ed660 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp
@@ -62,17 +62,16 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(CompositionEngineTest, canSetRenderEngine) {
-    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* renderEngine =
-            new StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine>();
-    mEngine.setRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(renderEngine));
+    auto renderEngine = std::make_unique<StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine>>();
+    mEngine.setRenderEngine(renderEngine.get());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(renderEngine, &mEngine.getRenderEngine());
+    EXPECT_EQ(renderEngine.get(), &mEngine.getRenderEngine());
 }
 
 TEST_F(CompositionEngineTest, canSetTimeStats) {
     mEngine.setTimeStats(mTimeStats);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), &mEngine.getTimeStats());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mEngine.getTimeStats());
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 514a8ff..2109987 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -3332,8 +3332,7 @@
 
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getCompositionEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mCompositionEngine));
         EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getTimeStats())
-                .WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(*mTimeStats.get()));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getTimeStats()).WillRepeatedly(Return(mTimeStats.get()));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, getHdrCapabilities())
                 .WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(kHdrCapabilities));
     }
@@ -4010,39 +4009,11 @@
     Layer mLayer2;
 };
 
-TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifDisplayIsNotSecure) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = false;
-    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
-
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
-    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
-    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifRenderEngineDoesNotSupportIt) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
-    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
-
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
-    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
-    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
-}
-
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNoProtectedContentLayers) {
     mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = false;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true)).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(false));
 
     base::unique_fd fd;
@@ -4060,10 +4031,7 @@
     // For this test, we also check the call order of key functions.
     InSequence seq;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
     // Must happen after setting the protected content state.
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
@@ -4081,7 +4049,6 @@
     mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     base::unique_fd fd;
@@ -4091,43 +4058,11 @@
     mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifFailsToEnableInRenderEngine) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
-    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
-
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
-    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
-    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderEngine) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
-    mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
-
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
-    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
-    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
-}
-
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderSurface) {
     mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
 
     base::unique_fd fd;
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index c63d57f..9868c8e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
         mActiveModeFPSHwcTrace("ActiveModeFPS_HWC -" + to_string(getId())),
         mPhysicalOrientation(args.physicalOrientation),
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary),
-        mRefreshRateConfigs(std::move(args.refreshRateConfigs)) {
+        mRefreshRateSelector(std::move(args.refreshRateSelector)) {
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     mCompositionDisplay->createRenderSurface(
             compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 
     ATRACE_INT(mActiveModeFPSTrace.c_str(), fps.getIntValue());
 
-    mRefreshRateConfigs->setActiveModeId(modeId);
+    mRefreshRateSelector->setActiveModeId(modeId);
 
     if (mRefreshRateOverlay) {
         mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(fps);
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
         return vsyncPeriod;
     }
 
-    return refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()->getVsyncPeriod();
+    return refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()->getVsyncPeriod();
 }
 
 ui::Dataspace DisplayDevice::getCompositionDataSpace() const {
@@ -313,30 +313,14 @@
     return sPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags;
 }
 
-std::string DisplayDevice::getDebugName() const {
-    using namespace std::string_literals;
-
-    std::string name = "Display "s + to_string(getId()) + " ("s;
-
-    name += isVirtual() ? "virtual"s : "physical"s;
-
-    if (isPrimary()) {
-        name += ", primary"s;
-    }
-
-    return name + ", \""s + mDisplayName + "\")"s;
-}
-
 void DisplayDevice::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
     using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
-    dumper.dump({}, getDebugName());
-
-    utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
+    dumper.dump("name"sv, '"' + mDisplayName + '"');
     dumper.dump("powerMode"sv, mPowerMode);
 
-    if (mRefreshRateConfigs) {
-        mRefreshRateConfigs->dump(dumper);
+    if (mRefreshRateSelector) {
+        mRefreshRateSelector->dump(dumper);
     }
 }
 
@@ -430,7 +414,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    const auto fpsRange = mRefreshRateConfigs->getSupportedRefreshRateRange();
+    const auto fpsRange = mRefreshRateSelector->getSupportedRefreshRateRange();
     mRefreshRateOverlay = std::make_unique<RefreshRateOverlay>(fpsRange, showSpinnner);
     mRefreshRateOverlay->setLayerStack(getLayerStack());
     mRefreshRateOverlay->setViewport(getSize());
@@ -439,9 +423,9 @@
 
 bool DisplayDevice::onKernelTimerChanged(std::optional<DisplayModeId> desiredModeId,
                                          bool timerExpired) {
-    if (mRefreshRateConfigs && mRefreshRateOverlay) {
+    if (mRefreshRateSelector && mRefreshRateOverlay) {
         const auto newRefreshRate =
-                mRefreshRateConfigs->onKernelTimerChanged(desiredModeId, timerExpired);
+                mRefreshRateSelector->onKernelTimerChanged(desiredModeId, timerExpired);
         if (newRefreshRate) {
             mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(*newRefreshRate);
             return true;
@@ -475,7 +459,7 @@
     }
 
     // Check if we are already at the desired mode
-    if (refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()->getId() == info.mode->getId()) {
+    if (refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()->getId() == info.mode->getId()) {
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index 7abb94b..1602a71 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayMode.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "ThreadContext.h"
 #include "TracedOrdinal.h"
 #include "Utils/Dumper.h"
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
     }
 
     const DisplayMode& getActiveMode() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
-        return mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveMode();
+        return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveMode();
     }
 
     // Precondition: DisplaySnapshot must contain a mode with DisplayModeId.
@@ -230,14 +230,11 @@
                                 hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline* outTimeline)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    // Returns the refresh rate configs for this display.
-    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs() const { return *mRefreshRateConfigs; }
+    scheduler::RefreshRateSelector& refreshRateSelector() const { return *mRefreshRateSelector; }
 
-    // Returns a shared pointer to the refresh rate configs for this display.
-    // Clients can store this refresh rate configs and use it even if the DisplayDevice
-    // is destroyed.
-    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> holdRefreshRateConfigs() const {
-        return mRefreshRateConfigs;
+    // Extends the lifetime of the RefreshRateSelector, so it can outlive this DisplayDevice.
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> holdRefreshRateSelector() const {
+        return mRefreshRateSelector;
     }
 
     // Enables an overlay to be displayed with the current refresh rate
@@ -251,10 +248,6 @@
     // release HWC resources (if any) for removable displays
     void disconnect();
 
-    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     * Debugging
-     */
-    std::string getDebugName() const;
     void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
 
 private:
@@ -287,7 +280,7 @@
 
     std::vector<ui::Hdr> mOverrideHdrTypes;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> mRefreshRateConfigs;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> mRefreshRateSelector;
     std::unique_ptr<RefreshRateOverlay> mRefreshRateOverlay;
 
     mutable std::mutex mActiveModeLock;
@@ -337,7 +330,7 @@
     HWComposer& hwComposer;
     const wp<IBinder> displayToken;
     const std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> compositionDisplay;
-    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> refreshRateConfigs;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> refreshRateSelector;
 
     int32_t sequenceId{0};
     bool isSecure{false};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index 0e41962..eff5130 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -230,6 +230,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    addReader(translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey));
+
     ALOGI("Loaded AIDL composer3 HAL service");
 }
 
@@ -298,12 +300,19 @@
     }
 }
 
-void AidlComposer::resetCommands() {
-    mWriter.reset();
+void AidlComposer::resetCommands(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().reset();
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
 }
 
-Error AidlComposer::executeCommands() {
-    return execute();
+Error AidlComposer::executeCommands(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto error = execute(display);
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 uint32_t AidlComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() {
@@ -334,6 +343,7 @@
 
     *outDisplay = translate<Display>(virtualDisplay.display);
     *format = static_cast<PixelFormat>(virtualDisplay.format);
+    addDisplay(translate<Display>(virtualDisplay.display));
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
@@ -343,12 +353,20 @@
         ALOGE("destroyVirtualDisplay failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
         return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
     }
+    removeDisplay(display);
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::acceptDisplayChanges(Display display) {
-    mWriter.acceptDisplayChanges(translate<int64_t>(display));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().acceptDisplayChanges(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::createLayer(Display display, Layer* outLayer) {
@@ -388,7 +406,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::getChangedCompositionTypes(
         Display display, std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
         std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition>* outTypes) {
-    const auto changedLayers = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    std::vector<ChangedCompositionLayer> changedLayers;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            changedLayers = reader->get().takeChangedCompositionTypes(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     outLayers->reserve(changedLayers.size());
     outTypes->reserve(changedLayers.size());
 
@@ -396,7 +424,7 @@
         outLayers->emplace_back(translate<Layer>(layer.layer));
         outTypes->emplace_back(layer.composition);
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getColorModes(Display display, std::vector<ColorMode>* outModes) {
@@ -448,7 +476,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayRequests(Display display, uint32_t* outDisplayRequestMask,
                                        std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
                                        std::vector<uint32_t>* outLayerRequestMasks) {
-    const auto displayRequests = mReader.takeDisplayRequests(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    DisplayRequest displayRequests;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            displayRequests = reader->get().takeDisplayRequests(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     *outDisplayRequestMask = translate<uint32_t>(displayRequests.mask);
     outLayers->reserve(displayRequests.layerRequests.size());
     outLayerRequestMasks->reserve(displayRequests.layerRequests.size());
@@ -457,7 +495,7 @@
         outLayers->emplace_back(translate<Layer>(layer.layer));
         outLayerRequestMasks->emplace_back(translate<uint32_t>(layer.mask));
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDozeSupport(Display display, bool* outSupport) {
@@ -511,7 +549,17 @@
 
 Error AidlComposer::getReleaseFences(Display display, std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
                                      std::vector<int>* outReleaseFences) {
-    auto fences = mReader.takeReleaseFences(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    std::vector<ReleaseFences::Layer> fences;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            fences = reader->get().takeReleaseFences(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     outLayers->reserve(fences.size());
     outReleaseFences->reserve(fences.size());
 
@@ -522,19 +570,29 @@
         *fence.fence.getR() = -1;
         outReleaseFences->emplace_back(fenceOwner);
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::presentDisplay(Display display, int* outPresentFence) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcPresentDisplay");
-    mWriter.presentDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().presentDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    auto fence = mReader.takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    auto fence = reader->get().takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     // take ownership
     *outPresentFence = fence.get();
     *fence.getR() = -1;
@@ -559,11 +617,19 @@
         handle = target->getNativeBuffer()->handle;
     }
 
-    mWriter.setClientTarget(translate<int64_t>(display), slot, handle, acquireFence,
-                            translate<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace>(
-                                    dataspace),
-                            translate<AidlRect>(damage));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get()
+                .setClientTarget(translate<int64_t>(display), slot, handle, acquireFence,
+                                 translate<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace>(
+                                         dataspace),
+                                 translate<AidlRect>(damage));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setColorMode(Display display, ColorMode mode, RenderIntent renderIntent) {
@@ -579,14 +645,28 @@
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setColorTransform(Display display, const float* matrix) {
-    mWriter.setColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), matrix);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    auto error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), matrix);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setOutputBuffer(Display display, const native_handle_t* buffer,
                                     int releaseFence) {
-    mWriter.setOutputBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), 0, buffer, dup(releaseFence));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    auto error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setOutputBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), 0, buffer, dup(releaseFence));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setPowerMode(Display display, IComposerClient::PowerMode mode) {
@@ -624,16 +704,26 @@
 Error AidlComposer::validateDisplay(Display display, nsecs_t expectedPresentTime,
                                     uint32_t* outNumTypes, uint32_t* outNumRequests) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcValidateDisplay");
-    mWriter.validateDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                            ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().validateDisplay(displayId, ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    mReader.hasChanges(translate<int64_t>(display), outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
+    reader->get().hasChanges(displayId, outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
 
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
@@ -641,39 +731,59 @@
                                              uint32_t* outNumTypes, uint32_t* outNumRequests,
                                              int* outPresentFence, uint32_t* state) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcPresentOrValidateDisplay");
-    mWriter.presentOrvalidateDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                                     ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().presentOrvalidateDisplay(displayId,
+                                               ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    const auto result = mReader.takePresentOrValidateStage(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    const auto result = reader->get().takePresentOrValidateStage(displayId);
     if (!result.has_value()) {
         *state = translate<uint32_t>(-1);
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
     }
 
     *state = translate<uint32_t>(*result);
 
     if (*result == PresentOrValidate::Result::Presented) {
-        auto fence = mReader.takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        auto fence = reader->get().takePresentFence(displayId);
         // take ownership
         *outPresentFence = fence.get();
         *fence.getR() = -1;
     }
 
     if (*result == PresentOrValidate::Result::Validated) {
-        mReader.hasChanges(translate<int64_t>(display), outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
+        reader->get().hasChanges(displayId, outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
     }
 
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setCursorPosition(Display display, Layer layer, int32_t x, int32_t y) {
-    mWriter.setLayerCursorPosition(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), x, y);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerCursorPosition(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             x, y);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBuffer(Display display, Layer layer, uint32_t slot,
@@ -683,90 +793,190 @@
         handle = buffer->getNativeBuffer()->handle;
     }
 
-    mWriter.setLayerBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), slot, handle,
-                           acquireFence);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), slot,
+                                     handle, acquireFence);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSurfaceDamage(Display display, Layer layer,
                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& damage) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSurfaceDamage(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                  translate<AidlRect>(damage));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSurfaceDamage(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                            translate<AidlRect>(damage));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBlendMode(Display display, Layer layer,
                                       IComposerClient::BlendMode mode) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBlendMode(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<BlendMode>(mode));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBlendMode(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<BlendMode>(mode));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerColor(Display display, Layer layer, const Color& color) {
-    mWriter.setLayerColor(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), color);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerColor(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), color);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerCompositionType(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition type) {
-    mWriter.setLayerCompositionType(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), type);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerCompositionType(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                              translate<int64_t>(layer), type);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerDataspace(Display display, Layer layer, Dataspace dataspace) {
-    mWriter.setLayerDataspace(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<AidlDataspace>(dataspace));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerDataspace(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<AidlDataspace>(dataspace));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerDisplayFrame(Display display, Layer layer,
                                          const IComposerClient::Rect& frame) {
-    mWriter.setLayerDisplayFrame(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                 translate<AidlRect>(frame));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerDisplayFrame(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                           translate<AidlRect>(frame));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPlaneAlpha(Display display, Layer layer, float alpha) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPlaneAlpha(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), alpha);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPlaneAlpha(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         alpha);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSidebandStream(Display display, Layer layer,
                                            const native_handle_t* stream) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSidebandStream(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), stream);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSidebandStream(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             stream);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSourceCrop(Display display, Layer layer,
                                        const IComposerClient::FRect& crop) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSourceCrop(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                               translate<AidlFRect>(crop));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSourceCrop(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         translate<AidlFRect>(crop));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerTransform(Display display, Layer layer, Transform transform) {
-    mWriter.setLayerTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<AidlTransform>(transform));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<AidlTransform>(transform));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerVisibleRegion(Display display, Layer layer,
                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& visible) {
-    mWriter.setLayerVisibleRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                  translate<AidlRect>(visible));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerVisibleRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                            translate<AidlRect>(visible));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerZOrder(Display display, Layer layer, uint32_t z) {
-    mWriter.setLayerZOrder(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), z);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerZOrder(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), z);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
-Error AidlComposer::execute() {
-    const auto& commands = mWriter.getPendingCommands();
+Error AidlComposer::execute(Display display) {
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (!writer || !reader) {
+        return Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+
+    const auto& commands = writer->get().getPendingCommands();
     if (commands.empty()) {
-        mWriter.reset();
+        writer->get().reset();
         return Error::NONE;
     }
 
@@ -778,9 +988,9 @@
             return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
         }
 
-        mReader.parse(std::move(results));
+        reader->get().parse(std::move(results));
     }
-    const auto commandErrors = mReader.takeErrors();
+    const auto commandErrors = reader->get().takeErrors();
     Error error = Error::NONE;
     for (const auto& cmdErr : commandErrors) {
         const auto index = static_cast<size_t>(cmdErr.commandIndex);
@@ -798,7 +1008,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    mWriter.reset();
+    writer->get().reset();
 
     return error;
 }
@@ -806,9 +1016,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPerFrameMetadata(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         const std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadata>& perFrameMetadatas) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPerFrameMetadata(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                     translate<AidlPerFrameMetadata>(perFrameMetadatas));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPerFrameMetadata(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                               translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                               translate<AidlPerFrameMetadata>(perFrameMetadatas));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataKey> AidlComposer::getPerFrameMetadataKeys(
@@ -868,8 +1086,16 @@
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerColorTransform(Display display, Layer layer, const float* matrix) {
-    mWriter.setLayerColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), matrix);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             matrix);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outFormat,
@@ -932,20 +1158,36 @@
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         const std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataBlob>& metadata) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                          translate<AidlPerFrameMetadataBlob>(metadata));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                    translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                                    translate<AidlPerFrameMetadataBlob>(metadata));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setDisplayBrightness(Display display, float brightness, float brightnessNits,
                                          const DisplayBrightnessOptions& options) {
-    mWriter.setDisplayBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), brightness, brightnessNits);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setDisplayBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), brightness, brightnessNits);
 
-    if (options.applyImmediately) {
-        return execute();
+        if (options.applyImmediately) {
+            error = execute(display);
+            mMutex.unlock_shared();
+            return error;
+        }
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
     }
-
-    return Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayCapabilities(Display display,
@@ -1085,20 +1327,43 @@
 
 Error AidlComposer::getClientTargetProperty(
         Display display, ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness* outClientTargetProperty) {
-    *outClientTargetProperty = mReader.takeClientTargetProperty(translate<int64_t>(display));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+        *outClientTargetProperty =
+                reader->get().takeClientTargetProperty(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBrightness(Display display, Layer layer, float brightness) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), brightness);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         brightness);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBlockingRegion(Display display, Layer layer,
                                            const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& blocking) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBlockingRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                   translate<AidlRect>(blocking));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBlockingRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             translate<AidlRect>(blocking));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayDecorationSupport(Display display,
@@ -1136,5 +1401,88 @@
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
+ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientWriter>> AidlComposer::getWriter(Display display)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex) {
+    return mWriters.get(display);
+}
+
+ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientReader>> AidlComposer::getReader(Display display)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex) {
+    if (mSingleReader) {
+        display = translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey);
+    }
+    return mReaders.get(display);
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::removeDisplay(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock();
+    bool wasErased = mWriters.erase(display);
+    ALOGW_IF(!wasErased,
+             "Attempting to remove writer for display %" PRId64 " which is not connected",
+             translate<int64_t>(display));
+    if (!mSingleReader) {
+        removeReader(display);
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::onHotplugDisconnect(Display display) {
+    removeDisplay(display);
+}
+
+bool AidlComposer::hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    std::vector<AidlDisplayCapability> capabilities;
+    const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->getDisplayCapabilities(displayId, &capabilities);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("getDisplayCapabilities failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+    return std::find(capabilities.begin(), capabilities.end(),
+                     AidlDisplayCapability::MULTI_THREADED_PRESENT) != capabilities.end();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::addReader(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    std::optional<int64_t> displayOpt;
+    if (displayId != kSingleReaderKey) {
+        displayOpt.emplace(displayId);
+    }
+    auto [it, added] = mReaders.try_emplace(display, std::move(displayOpt));
+    ALOGW_IF(!added, "Attempting to add writer for display %" PRId64 " which is already connected",
+             displayId);
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::removeReader(Display display) {
+    bool wasErased = mReaders.erase(display);
+    ALOGW_IF(!wasErased,
+             "Attempting to remove reader for display %" PRId64 " which is not connected",
+             translate<int64_t>(display));
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::addDisplay(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    mMutex.lock();
+    auto [it, added] = mWriters.try_emplace(display, displayId);
+    ALOGW_IF(!added, "Attempting to add writer for display %" PRId64 " which is already connected",
+             displayId);
+    if (mSingleReader) {
+        if (hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(display)) {
+            mSingleReader = false;
+            removeReader(translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey));
+            // Note that this includes the new display.
+            for (const auto& [existingDisplay, _] : mWriters) {
+                addReader(existingDisplay);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        addReader(display);
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::onHotplugConnect(Display display) {
+    addDisplay(display);
+}
 } // namespace Hwc2
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index f2a59a5..d84efe7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
+#include <ftl/shared_mutex.h>
+#include <ftl/small_map.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -70,10 +72,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    void resetCommands() override;
+    void resetCommands(Display) override;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    Error executeCommands() override;
+    Error executeCommands(Display) override;
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() override;
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
@@ -228,16 +230,29 @@
 
     Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                         AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) override;
+    void onHotplugConnect(Display) override;
+    void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) override;
 
 private:
     // Many public functions above simply write a command into the command
     // queue to batch the calls.  validateDisplay and presentDisplay will call
     // this function to execute the command queue.
-    Error execute();
+    Error execute(Display) REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
 
     // returns the default instance name for the given service
     static std::string instance(const std::string& serviceName);
 
+    ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientWriter>> getWriter(Display)
+            REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
+    ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientReader>> getReader(Display)
+            REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
+    void addDisplay(Display) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void removeDisplay(Display) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void addReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    void removeReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+
+    bool hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(Display);
+
     // 64KiB minus a small space for metadata such as read/write pointers
     static constexpr size_t kWriterInitialSize = 64 * 1024 / sizeof(uint32_t) - 16;
     // Max number of buffers that may be cached for a given layer
@@ -245,8 +260,25 @@
     // 1. Tightly coupling this cache to the max size of BufferQueue
     // 2. Adding an additional slot for the layer caching feature in SurfaceFlinger (see: Planner.h)
     static const constexpr uint32_t kMaxLayerBufferCount = BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS + 1;
-    ComposerClientWriter mWriter;
-    ComposerClientReader mReader;
+
+    // Without DisplayCapability::MULTI_THREADED_PRESENT, we use a single reader
+    // for all displays. With the capability, we use a separate reader for each
+    // display.
+    bool mSingleReader = true;
+    // Invalid displayId used as a key to mReaders when mSingleReader is true.
+    static constexpr int64_t kSingleReaderKey = 0;
+
+    // TODO (b/256881188): Use display::PhysicalDisplayMap instead of hard-coded `3`
+    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter, 3> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientReader, 3> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    // Protect access to mWriters and mReaders with a shared_mutex. Adding and
+    // removing a display require exclusive access, since the iterator or the
+    // writer/reader may be invalidated. Other calls need shared access while
+    // using the writer/reader, so they can use their display's writer/reader
+    // without it being deleted or the iterator being invalidated.
+    // TODO (b/257958323): Use std::shared_mutex and RAII once they support
+    // threading annotations.
+    ftl::SharedMutex mMutex;
 
     // Aidl interface
     using AidlIComposer = aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::IComposer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index b02f867..a9bf282 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    virtual void resetCommands() = 0;
+    virtual void resetCommands(Display) = 0;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    virtual Error executeCommands() = 0;
+    virtual Error executeCommands(Display) = 0;
 
     virtual uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() = 0;
     virtual Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat*,
@@ -283,6 +283,8 @@
     virtual Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                                 AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) = 0;
     virtual Error getOverlaySupport(V3_0::OverlayProperties* outProperties) = 0;
+    virtual void onHotplugConnect(Display) = 0;
+    virtual void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 168e2dd..5f11cb8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
 
     if (displayData.validateWasSkipped) {
         // explicitly flush all pending commands
-        auto error = static_cast<hal::Error>(mComposer->executeCommands());
+        auto error = static_cast<hal::Error>(mComposer->executeCommands(hwcDisplay->getId()));
         RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("executeCommands", error, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
         RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("present", displayData.presentError, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -933,6 +933,8 @@
                                                                : "Secondary display",
                                              .deviceProductInfo = std::nullopt};
         }();
+
+        mComposer->onHotplugConnect(hwcDisplayId);
     }
 
     if (!isConnected(info->id)) {
@@ -960,6 +962,7 @@
     // The display will later be destroyed by a call to HWComposer::disconnectDisplay. For now, mark
     // it as disconnected.
     mDisplayData.at(*displayId).hwcDisplay->setConnected(false);
+    mComposer->onHotplugDisconnect(hwcDisplayId);
     return DisplayIdentificationInfo{.id = *displayId};
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
index 33a7bca..8238828 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@
 }
 
 // For utils::Dumper ADL.
-namespace hardware::graphics::composer::V2_2 {
+namespace hardware::graphics::composer {
+namespace V2_2 {
 
 inline std::string to_string(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode mode) {
     switch (mode) {
@@ -197,7 +198,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-} // namespace hardware::graphics::composer::V2_2
+} // namespace V2_2
+
+namespace V2_1 {
 
 inline std::string to_string(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::Vsync vsync) {
     switch (vsync) {
@@ -210,4 +213,6 @@
     }
 }
 
+} // namespace V2_1
+} // namespace hardware::graphics::composer
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index a664d2c..f8522e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-void HidlComposer::resetCommands() {
+void HidlComposer::resetCommands(Display) {
     mWriter.reset();
 }
 
-Error HidlComposer::executeCommands() {
+Error HidlComposer::executeCommands(Display) {
     return execute();
 }
 
@@ -1357,6 +1357,9 @@
     registerCallback(sp<ComposerCallbackBridge>::make(callback, vsyncSwitchingSupported));
 }
 
+void HidlComposer::onHotplugConnect(Display) {}
+void HidlComposer::onHotplugDisconnect(Display) {}
+
 CommandReader::~CommandReader() {
     resetData();
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
index b436408..48b720c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    void resetCommands() override;
+    void resetCommands(Display) override;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    Error executeCommands() override;
+    Error executeCommands(Display) override;
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() override;
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
@@ -339,6 +339,8 @@
 
     Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                         AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) override;
+    void onHotplugConnect(Display) override;
+    void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) override;
 
 private:
     class CommandWriter : public CommandWriterBase {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 9777092..2a18521 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
     }
 
     mFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(
-            args.flinger->mScheduler->getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateConfigs());
+            args.flinger->mScheduler->getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateSelector());
 
     mOwnerUid = args.ownerUid;
     mOwnerPid = args.ownerPid;
@@ -240,11 +240,6 @@
     mFlinger->mTimeStats->onDestroy(layerId);
     mFlinger->mFrameTracer->onDestroy(layerId);
 
-    sp<Client> c(mClientRef.promote());
-    if (c != 0) {
-        c->detachLayer(this);
-    }
-
     mFrameTracker.logAndResetStats(mName);
     mFlinger->onLayerDestroyed(this);
 
@@ -477,7 +472,7 @@
     snapshot->geomLayerTransform = getTransform();
     snapshot->geomInverseLayerTransform = snapshot->geomLayerTransform.inverse();
     snapshot->transparentRegionHint = getActiveTransparentRegion(drawingState);
-
+    snapshot->blurRegionTransform = getActiveTransform(drawingState).inverse();
     snapshot->blendMode = static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode>(blendMode);
     snapshot->alpha = alpha;
     snapshot->backgroundBlurRadius = drawingState.backgroundBlurRadius;
@@ -1129,7 +1124,7 @@
 
     // We return whether this layer ot its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes for
     // the same reason we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
-    // RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate for more details.
+    // RefreshRateSelector::rankRefreshRates for details.
     const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility =
             frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
     const auto layerVotedWithNoVote = frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
@@ -3504,6 +3499,12 @@
     return mSnapshot.get();
 }
 
+sp<LayerFE> Layer::copyCompositionEngineLayerFE() const {
+    auto result = mFlinger->getFactory().createLayerFE(mLayerFE->getDebugName());
+    result->mSnapshot = std::make_unique<LayerSnapshot>(*mSnapshot);
+    return result;
+}
+
 void Layer::useSurfaceDamage() {
     if (mFlinger->mForceFullDamage) {
         surfaceDamageRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
@@ -3598,7 +3599,7 @@
     }
 
     if (display) {
-        const Fps refreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
+        const Fps refreshRate = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
         const std::optional<Fps> renderRate =
                 mFlinger->mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(getOwnerUid());
 
@@ -3970,14 +3971,17 @@
 }
 
 LayerSnapshotGuard::LayerSnapshotGuard(Layer* layer) : mLayer(layer) {
-    if (mLayer) {
-        mLayer->mLayerFE->mSnapshot = std::move(mLayer->mSnapshot);
-    }
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mLayer, "LayerSnapshotGuard received a null layer.");
+    mLayer->mLayerFE->mSnapshot = std::move(mLayer->mSnapshot);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mLayer->mLayerFE->mSnapshot,
+                        "LayerFE snapshot null after taking ownership from layer");
 }
 
 LayerSnapshotGuard::~LayerSnapshotGuard() {
     if (mLayer) {
         mLayer->mSnapshot = std::move(mLayer->mLayerFE->mSnapshot);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mLayer->mSnapshot,
+                            "Layer snapshot null after taking ownership from LayerFE");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index a3c4e59..9585fa9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@
     ui::Dataspace getRequestedDataSpace() const;
 
     virtual sp<LayerFE> getCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
+    virtual sp<LayerFE> copyCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
 
     const LayerSnapshot* getLayerSnapshot() const;
     LayerSnapshot* editLayerSnapshot();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.cpp
index 3bdb521..363adc6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.cpp
@@ -148,14 +148,14 @@
         case LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::BlurSetting::Enabled:
             layerSettings.backgroundBlurRadius = mSnapshot->backgroundBlurRadius;
             layerSettings.blurRegions = mSnapshot->blurRegions;
-            layerSettings.blurRegionTransform = mSnapshot->geomInverseLayerTransform.asMatrix4();
+            layerSettings.blurRegionTransform = mSnapshot->blurRegionTransform.asMatrix4();
             break;
         case LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::BlurSetting::BackgroundBlurOnly:
             layerSettings.backgroundBlurRadius = mSnapshot->backgroundBlurRadius;
             break;
         case LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::BlurSetting::BlurRegionsOnly:
             layerSettings.blurRegions = mSnapshot->blurRegions;
-            layerSettings.blurRegionTransform = mSnapshot->geomInverseLayerTransform.asMatrix4();
+            layerSettings.blurRegionTransform = mSnapshot->blurRegionTransform.asMatrix4();
             break;
         case LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::BlurSetting::Disabled:
         default:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
index e4f6889..822bcb7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
     gui::LayerMetadata relativeLayerMetadata;
     bool contentDirty;
     bool hasReadyFrame;
+    ui::Transform blurRegionTransform;
 };
 
 struct CompositionResult {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
index 8dd3b0f..6e64e0a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "DisplayRenderArea.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncController.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
@@ -129,12 +130,12 @@
     }
 }
 
-void RegionSamplingThread::addListener(const Rect& samplingArea, const wp<Layer>& stopLayer,
+void RegionSamplingThread::addListener(const Rect& samplingArea, uint32_t stopLayerId,
                                        const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener) {
     sp<IBinder> asBinder = IInterface::asBinder(listener);
     asBinder->linkToDeath(sp<DeathRecipient>::fromExisting(this));
     std::lock_guard lock(mSamplingMutex);
-    mDescriptors.emplace(wp<IBinder>(asBinder), Descriptor{samplingArea, stopLayer, listener});
+    mDescriptors.emplace(wp<IBinder>(asBinder), Descriptor{samplingArea, stopLayerId, listener});
 }
 
 void RegionSamplingThread::removeListener(const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener) {
@@ -291,8 +292,8 @@
             if (stopLayerFound) return;
 
             // Likewise if we just found a stop layer, set the flag and abort
-            for (const auto& [area, stopLayer, listener] : descriptors) {
-                if (layer == stopLayer.promote().get()) {
+            for (const auto& [area, stopLayerId, listener] : descriptors) {
+                if (stopLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layer->getSequence() == stopLayerId) {
                     stopLayerFound = true;
                     return;
                 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
index 686b4b1..b62b15c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@
 
     // Add a listener to receive luma notifications. The luma reported via listener will
     // report the median luma for the layers under the stopLayerHandle, in the samplingArea region.
-    void addListener(const Rect& samplingArea, const wp<Layer>& stopLayer,
+    void addListener(const Rect& samplingArea, uint32_t stopLayerId,
                      const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener);
     // Remove the listener to stop receiving median luma notifications.
     void removeListener(const sp<IRegionSamplingListener>& listener);
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@
 private:
     struct Descriptor {
         Rect area = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
-        wp<Layer> stopLayer;
+        uint32_t stopLayerId;
         sp<IRegionSamplingListener> listener;
     };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
index a6cd47b..1acf15a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
@@ -668,6 +668,7 @@
             StringAppendF(&result, "    %s\n", toString(*connection).c_str());
         }
     }
+    result += '\n';
 }
 
 const char* EventThread::toCString(State state) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.cpp
index c233455..cb9bfe9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.cpp
@@ -54,10 +54,9 @@
 std::vector<FrameRateOverride> FrameRateOverrideMappings::getAllFrameRateOverrides(
         bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
+
     std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides;
-    overrides.reserve(std::max({mFrameRateOverridesFromGameManager.size(),
-                                mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.size(),
-                                mFrameRateOverridesByContent.size()}));
+    overrides.reserve(maxOverridesCount());
 
     for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor) {
         overrides.emplace_back(FrameRateOverride{uid, frameRate.getValue()});
@@ -83,28 +82,34 @@
     return overrides;
 }
 
-void FrameRateOverrideMappings::dump(std::string& result) const {
-    using base::StringAppendF;
+void FrameRateOverrideMappings::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
+    using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
 
-    StringAppendF(&result, "Frame Rate Overrides (backdoor): {");
-    for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor) {
-        StringAppendF(&result, "[uid: %d frameRate: %s], ", uid, to_string(frameRate).c_str());
-    }
-    StringAppendF(&result, "}\n");
+    const bool hasOverrides = maxOverridesCount() > 0;
+    dumper.dump("FrameRateOverrides"sv, hasOverrides ? ""sv : "none"sv);
 
-    StringAppendF(&result, "Frame Rate Overrides (GameManager): {");
-    for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesFromGameManager) {
-        StringAppendF(&result, "[uid: %d frameRate: %s], ", uid, to_string(frameRate).c_str());
-    }
-    StringAppendF(&result, "}\n");
+    if (!hasOverrides) return;
 
-    StringAppendF(&result, "Frame Rate Overrides (setFrameRate): {");
-    for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesByContent) {
-        StringAppendF(&result, "[uid: %d frameRate: %s], ", uid, to_string(frameRate).c_str());
+    dump(dumper, "setFrameRate"sv, mFrameRateOverridesByContent);
+    dump(dumper, "GameManager"sv, mFrameRateOverridesFromGameManager);
+    dump(dumper, "Backdoor"sv, mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor);
+}
+
+void FrameRateOverrideMappings::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper, std::string_view name,
+                                     const UidToFrameRateOverride& overrides) const {
+    if (overrides.empty()) return;
+
+    utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
+    dumper.dump(name);
+    {
+        utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
+        for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : overrides) {
+            using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+            dumper.dump("(uid, frameRate)"sv, uid, frameRate);
+        }
     }
-    StringAppendF(&result, "}\n");
 }
 
 bool FrameRateOverrideMappings::updateFrameRateOverridesByContent(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.h
index 4185a4c..da0f276 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/FrameRateOverrideMappings.h
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <optional>
 
+#include "Utils/Dumper.h"
+
 namespace android::scheduler {
+
 class FrameRateOverrideMappings {
     using FrameRateOverride = DisplayEventReceiver::Event::FrameRateOverride;
     using UidToFrameRateOverride = std::map<uid_t, Fps>;
@@ -34,7 +37,6 @@
             EXCLUDES(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
     std::vector<FrameRateOverride> getAllFrameRateOverrides(bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent)
             EXCLUDES(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
-    void dump(std::string& result) const;
     bool updateFrameRateOverridesByContent(const UidToFrameRateOverride& frameRateOverrides)
             EXCLUDES(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
     void setGameModeRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride)
@@ -42,7 +44,17 @@
     void setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride)
             EXCLUDES(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
 
+    void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
+
 private:
+    size_t maxOverridesCount() const REQUIRES(mFrameRateOverridesLock) {
+        return std::max({mFrameRateOverridesByContent.size(),
+                         mFrameRateOverridesFromGameManager.size(),
+                         mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.size()});
+    }
+
+    void dump(utils::Dumper&, std::string_view name, const UidToFrameRateOverride&) const;
+
     // The frame rate override lists need their own mutex as they are being read
     // by SurfaceFlinger, Scheduler and EventThread (as a callback) to prevent deadlocks
     mutable std::mutex mFrameRateOverridesLock;
@@ -53,4 +65,5 @@
     UidToFrameRateOverride mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor GUARDED_BY(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
     UidToFrameRateOverride mFrameRateOverridesFromGameManager GUARDED_BY(mFrameRateOverridesLock);
 };
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index ae111c3..7c9cedfa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
             getVoteType(layer->getDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(), contentDetectionEnabled));
 }
 
-auto LayerHistory::summarize(const RefreshRateConfigs& configs, nsecs_t now) -> Summary {
+auto LayerHistory::summarize(const RefreshRateSelector& selector, nsecs_t now) -> Summary {
     Summary summary;
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
         ALOGV("%s has priority: %d %s focused", info->getName().c_str(), frameRateSelectionPriority,
               layerFocused ? "" : "not");
 
-        const auto vote = info->getRefreshRateVote(configs, now);
+        const auto vote = info->getRefreshRateVote(selector, now);
         // Skip NoVote layer as those don't have any requirements
         if (vote.type == LayerVoteType::NoVote) {
             continue;
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
 
 std::string LayerHistory::dump() const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-    return base::StringPrintf("LayerHistory{size=%zu, active=%zu}",
+    return base::StringPrintf("{size=%zu, active=%zu}",
                               mActiveLayerInfos.size() + mInactiveLayerInfos.size(),
                               mActiveLayerInfos.size());
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
index 12bec8d..5022906 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "RefreshRateSelector.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
 class LayerHistory {
 public:
-    using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType;
+    using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType;
 
     LayerHistory();
     ~LayerHistory();
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@
     // does not set a preference for refresh rate.
     void setDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(Layer*, bool contentDetectionEnabled);
 
-    using Summary = std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement>;
+    using Summary = std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement>;
 
     // Rebuilds sets of active/inactive layers, and accumulates stats for active layers.
-    Summary summarize(const RefreshRateConfigs&, nsecs_t now);
+    Summary summarize(const RefreshRateSelector&, nsecs_t now);
 
     void clear();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
index 943615c..7247e4b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@
     return static_cast<nsecs_t>(averageFrameTime);
 }
 
-std::optional<Fps> LayerInfo::calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(
-        const RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs, nsecs_t now) {
+std::optional<Fps> LayerInfo::calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(const RefreshRateSelector& selector,
+                                                             nsecs_t now) {
     static constexpr float MARGIN = 1.0f; // 1Hz
     if (!hasEnoughDataForHeuristic()) {
         ALOGV("Not enough data");
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
         const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(*averageFrameTime);
         const bool refreshRateConsistent = mRefreshRateHistory.add(refreshRate, now);
         if (refreshRateConsistent) {
-            const auto knownRefreshRate = refreshRateConfigs.findClosestKnownFrameRate(refreshRate);
+            const auto knownRefreshRate = selector.findClosestKnownFrameRate(refreshRate);
             using fps_approx_ops::operator!=;
 
             // To avoid oscillation, use the last calculated refresh rate if it is close enough.
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
                                                : std::nullopt;
 }
 
-LayerInfo::LayerVote LayerInfo::getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs,
+LayerInfo::LayerVote LayerInfo::getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector& selector,
                                                    nsecs_t now) {
     if (mLayerVote.type != LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
         ALOGV("%s voted %d ", mName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.type));
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
         clearHistory(now);
     }
 
-    auto refreshRate = calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(refreshRateConfigs, now);
+    auto refreshRate = calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(selector, now);
     if (refreshRate.has_value()) {
         ALOGV("%s calculated refresh rate: %s", mName.c_str(), to_string(*refreshRate).c_str());
         return {LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic, refreshRate.value()};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
index 28cb24a..a5ffbbe 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include <scheduler/Seamlessness.h>
 
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
-#include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "RefreshRateSelector.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 
     uid_t getOwnerUid() const { return mOwnerUid; }
 
-    LayerVote getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateConfigs&, nsecs_t now);
+    LayerVote getRefreshRateVote(const RefreshRateSelector&, nsecs_t now);
 
     // Return the last updated time. If the present time is farther in the future than the
     // updated time, the updated time is the present time.
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
     bool isFrequent(nsecs_t now) const;
     bool isAnimating(nsecs_t now) const;
     bool hasEnoughDataForHeuristic() const;
-    std::optional<Fps> calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(const RefreshRateConfigs&, nsecs_t now);
+    std::optional<Fps> calculateRefreshRateIfPossible(const RefreshRateSelector&, nsecs_t now);
     std::optional<nsecs_t> calculateAverageFrameTime() const;
     bool isFrameTimeValid(const FrameTimeData&) const;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
index 3c8dc64..cd45bfd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
@@ -179,11 +179,5 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::string OneShotTimer::dump() const {
-    std::ostringstream stream;
-    stream << mInterval.count() << " ms";
-    return stream.str();
-}
-
 } // namespace scheduler
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
index 2017c31..f95646c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "../Clock.h"
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace scheduler {
@@ -42,6 +43,8 @@
                  std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
     ~OneShotTimer();
 
+    Duration interval() const { return mInterval; }
+
     // Initializes and turns on the idle timer.
     void start();
     // Stops the idle timer and any held resources.
@@ -49,8 +52,6 @@
     // Resets the wakeup time and fires the reset callback.
     void reset();
 
-    std::string dump() const;
-
 private:
     // Enum to track in what state is the timer.
     enum class TimerState {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
similarity index 81%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
rename to services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index 39850c7..8d4ea05 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <ftl/match.h>
+#include <ftl/unit.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "../SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
-#include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "RefreshRateSelector.h"
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "RefreshRateConfigs"
+#define LOG_TAG "RefreshRateSelector"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 namespace {
@@ -50,9 +51,9 @@
     } fixedRateBelowThresholdLayersScore;
 };
 
-constexpr RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals kNoSignals;
+constexpr RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals kNoSignals;
 
-std::string formatLayerInfo(const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement& layer, float weight) {
+std::string formatLayerInfo(const RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement& layer, float weight) {
     return base::StringPrintf("%s (type=%s, weight=%.2f, seamlessness=%s) %s", layer.name.c_str(),
                               ftl::enum_string(layer.vote).c_str(), weight,
                               ftl::enum_string(layer.seamlessness).c_str(),
@@ -105,13 +106,13 @@
     return sortedModes;
 }
 
-bool canModesSupportFrameRateOverride(const std::vector<DisplayModeIterator>& sortedModes) {
+bool shouldEnableFrameRateOverride(const std::vector<DisplayModeIterator>& sortedModes) {
     for (const auto it1 : sortedModes) {
         const auto& mode1 = it1->second;
         for (const auto it2 : sortedModes) {
             const auto& mode2 = it2->second;
 
-            if (RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(mode1->getFps(), mode2->getFps()) >= 2) {
+            if (RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(mode1->getFps(), mode2->getFps()) >= 2) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
@@ -119,23 +120,23 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-std::string toString(const RefreshRateConfigs::PolicyVariant& policy) {
+std::string toString(const RefreshRateSelector::PolicyVariant& policy) {
     using namespace std::string_literals;
 
     return ftl::match(
             policy,
-            [](const RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy& policy) {
+            [](const RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy& policy) {
                 return "DisplayManagerPolicy"s + policy.toString();
             },
-            [](const RefreshRateConfigs::OverridePolicy& policy) {
+            [](const RefreshRateSelector::OverridePolicy& policy) {
                 return "OverridePolicy"s + policy.toString();
             },
-            [](RefreshRateConfigs::NoOverridePolicy) { return "NoOverridePolicy"s; });
+            [](RefreshRateSelector::NoOverridePolicy) { return "NoOverridePolicy"s; });
 }
 
 } // namespace
 
-struct RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateScoreComparator {
+struct RefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateScoreComparator {
     bool operator()(const RefreshRateScore& lhs, const RefreshRateScore& rhs) const {
         const auto& [modeIt, overallScore, _] = lhs;
 
@@ -162,15 +163,16 @@
     const RefreshRateOrder refreshRateOrder;
 };
 
-std::string RefreshRateConfigs::Policy::toString() const {
+std::string RefreshRateSelector::Policy::toString() const {
     return base::StringPrintf("{defaultModeId=%d, allowGroupSwitching=%s"
-                              ", primaryRange=%s, appRequestRange=%s}",
+                              ", primaryRanges=%s, appRequestRanges=%s}",
                               defaultMode.value(), allowGroupSwitching ? "true" : "false",
-                              to_string(primaryRange).c_str(), to_string(appRequestRange).c_str());
+                              to_string(primaryRanges).c_str(),
+                              to_string(appRequestRanges).c_str());
 }
 
-std::pair<nsecs_t, nsecs_t> RefreshRateConfigs::getDisplayFrames(nsecs_t layerPeriod,
-                                                                 nsecs_t displayPeriod) const {
+std::pair<nsecs_t, nsecs_t> RefreshRateSelector::getDisplayFrames(nsecs_t layerPeriod,
+                                                                  nsecs_t displayPeriod) const {
     auto [quotient, remainder] = std::div(layerPeriod, displayPeriod);
     if (remainder <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION ||
         std::abs(remainder - displayPeriod) <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
@@ -181,8 +183,8 @@
     return {quotient, remainder};
 }
 
-float RefreshRateConfigs::calculateNonExactMatchingLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer,
-                                                                    Fps refreshRate) const {
+float RefreshRateSelector::calculateNonExactMatchingLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer,
+                                                                     Fps refreshRate) const {
     constexpr float kScoreForFractionalPairs = .8f;
 
     const auto displayPeriod = refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
@@ -243,15 +245,15 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-float RefreshRateConfigs::calculateRefreshRateScoreForFps(Fps refreshRate) const {
+float RefreshRateSelector::calculateRefreshRateScoreForFps(Fps refreshRate) const {
     const float ratio =
             refreshRate.getValue() / mAppRequestRefreshRates.back()->second->getFps().getValue();
     // Use ratio^2 to get a lower score the more we get further from peak
     return ratio * ratio;
 }
 
-float RefreshRateConfigs::calculateLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer, Fps refreshRate,
-                                                    bool isSeamlessSwitch) const {
+float RefreshRateSelector::calculateLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer, Fps refreshRate,
+                                                     bool isSeamlessSwitch) const {
     // Slightly prefer seamless switches.
     constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
     const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@
 
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact) {
         const int divisor = getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, layer.desiredRefreshRate);
-        if (mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent) {
+        if (supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent()) {
             // Since we support frame rate override, allow refresh rates which are
             // multiples of the layer's request, as those apps would be throttled
             // down to run at the desired refresh rate.
@@ -287,8 +289,8 @@
             kNonExactMatchingPenalty;
 }
 
-auto RefreshRateConfigs::getRankedRefreshRates(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
-                                               GlobalSignals signals) const -> RankedRefreshRates {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getRankedRefreshRates(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                                GlobalSignals signals) const -> RankedRefreshRates {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
     if (mGetRankedRefreshRatesCache &&
@@ -301,8 +303,8 @@
     return result;
 }
 
-auto RefreshRateConfigs::getRankedRefreshRatesLocked(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
-                                                     GlobalSignals signals) const
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getRankedRefreshRatesLocked(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                                      GlobalSignals signals) const
         -> RankedRefreshRates {
     using namespace fps_approx_ops;
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -381,7 +383,7 @@
     // move out the of range if layers explicitly request a different refresh
     // rate.
     const bool primaryRangeIsSingleRate =
-            isApproxEqual(policy->primaryRange.min, policy->primaryRange.max);
+            isApproxEqual(policy->primaryRanges.physical.min, policy->primaryRanges.physical.max);
 
     if (!signals.touch && signals.idle && !(primaryRangeIsSingleRate && hasExplicitVoteLayers)) {
         ALOGV("Idle");
@@ -450,7 +452,7 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const bool inPrimaryRange = policy->primaryRange.includes(mode->getFps());
+            const bool inPrimaryRange = policy->primaryRanges.physical.includes(mode->getFps());
             if ((primaryRangeIsSingleRate || !inPrimaryRange) &&
                 !(layer.focused &&
                   (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault ||
@@ -578,7 +580,7 @@
     // vote we should not change it if we get a touch event. Only apply touch boost if it will
     // actually increase the refresh rate over the normal selection.
     const bool touchBoostForExplicitExact = [&] {
-        if (mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent) {
+        if (supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent()) {
             // Enable touch boost if there are other layers besides exact
             return explicitExact + noVoteLayers != layers.size();
         } else {
@@ -608,61 +610,84 @@
     return {ranking, kNoSignals};
 }
 
-std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>>
-groupLayersByUid(const std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement>& layers) {
-    std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>> layersByUid;
+using LayerRequirementPtrs = std::vector<const RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement*>;
+using PerUidLayerRequirements = std::unordered_map<uid_t, LayerRequirementPtrs>;
+
+PerUidLayerRequirements groupLayersByUid(
+        const std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement>& layers) {
+    PerUidLayerRequirements layersByUid;
     for (const auto& layer : layers) {
-        auto iter = layersByUid.emplace(layer.ownerUid,
-                                        std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>());
-        auto& layersWithSameUid = iter.first->second;
+        const auto it = layersByUid.emplace(layer.ownerUid, LayerRequirementPtrs()).first;
+        auto& layersWithSameUid = it->second;
         layersWithSameUid.push_back(&layer);
     }
 
     // Remove uids that can't have a frame rate override
-    for (auto iter = layersByUid.begin(); iter != layersByUid.end();) {
-        const auto& layersWithSameUid = iter->second;
+    for (auto it = layersByUid.begin(); it != layersByUid.end();) {
+        const auto& layersWithSameUid = it->second;
         bool skipUid = false;
         for (const auto& layer : layersWithSameUid) {
-            if (layer->vote == RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType::Max ||
-                layer->vote == RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
+            using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType;
+
+            if (layer->vote == LayerVoteType::Max || layer->vote == LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
                 skipUid = true;
                 break;
             }
         }
         if (skipUid) {
-            iter = layersByUid.erase(iter);
+            it = layersByUid.erase(it);
         } else {
-            ++iter;
+            ++it;
         }
     }
 
     return layersByUid;
 }
 
-RefreshRateConfigs::UidToFrameRateOverride RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateOverrides(
-        const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers, Fps displayRefreshRate,
-        GlobalSignals globalSignals) const {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateOverrides(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                                Fps displayRefreshRate,
+                                                GlobalSignals globalSignals) const
+        -> UidToFrameRateOverride {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-
     ALOGV("%s: %zu layers", __func__, layers.size());
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
-    std::vector<RefreshRateScore> scores;
-    scores.reserve(mDisplayModes.size());
-
-    for (auto it = mDisplayModes.begin(); it != mDisplayModes.end(); ++it) {
-        scores.emplace_back(RefreshRateScore{it, 0.0f});
+    // Prepare a set of supported display refresh rates for easy lookup
+    constexpr size_t kStaticCapacity = 8;
+    ftl::SmallMap<Fps, ftl::Unit, kStaticCapacity, FpsApproxEqual> supportedDisplayRefreshRates;
+    if (mConfig.enableFrameRateOverride ==
+        Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates) {
+        for (const auto& [_, modePtr] : mDisplayModes) {
+            supportedDisplayRefreshRates.try_emplace(modePtr->getFps(), ftl::unit);
+        }
     }
 
-    std::sort(scores.begin(), scores.end(), [](const auto& lhs, const auto& rhs) {
-        const auto& mode1 = lhs.modeIt->second;
-        const auto& mode2 = rhs.modeIt->second;
-        return isStrictlyLess(mode1->getFps(), mode2->getFps());
-    });
+    const auto* policyPtr = getCurrentPolicyLocked();
+    // We don't want to run lower than 30fps
+    const Fps minFrameRate = std::max(policyPtr->appRequestRanges.render.min, 30_Hz, isApproxLess);
 
-    std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const LayerRequirement*>> layersByUid =
-            groupLayersByUid(layers);
+    using fps_approx_ops::operator/;
+    const unsigned numMultiples = displayRefreshRate / minFrameRate;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<Fps, float>> scoredFrameRates;
+    scoredFrameRates.reserve(numMultiples);
+
+    for (unsigned n = numMultiples; n > 0; n--) {
+        const Fps divisor = displayRefreshRate / n;
+        if (mConfig.enableFrameRateOverride ==
+                    Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates &&
+            !supportedDisplayRefreshRates.contains(divisor)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (policyPtr->appRequestRanges.render.includes(divisor)) {
+            ALOGV("%s: adding %s as a potential frame rate", __func__, to_string(divisor).c_str());
+            scoredFrameRates.emplace_back(divisor, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    const auto layersByUid = groupLayersByUid(layers);
     UidToFrameRateOverride frameRateOverrides;
     for (const auto& [uid, layersWithSameUid] : layersByUid) {
         // Layers with ExplicitExactOrMultiple expect touch boost
@@ -676,7 +701,7 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        for (auto& [_, score, _1] : scores) {
+        for (auto& [_, score] : scoredFrameRates) {
             score = 0;
         }
 
@@ -688,42 +713,39 @@
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault &&
                                 layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple &&
                                 layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact);
-            for (auto& [modeIt, score, _] : scores) {
+            for (auto& [fps, score] : scoredFrameRates) {
                 constexpr bool isSeamlessSwitch = true;
-                const auto layerScore = calculateLayerScoreLocked(*layer, modeIt->second->getFps(),
-                                                                  isSeamlessSwitch);
+                const auto layerScore = calculateLayerScoreLocked(*layer, fps, isSeamlessSwitch);
                 score += layer->weight * layerScore;
             }
         }
 
-        // We just care about the refresh rates which are a divisor of the
-        // display refresh rate
-        const auto it = std::remove_if(scores.begin(), scores.end(), [&](RefreshRateScore score) {
-            const auto& [id, mode] = *score.modeIt;
-            return getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, mode->getFps()) == 0;
-        });
-        scores.erase(it, scores.end());
-
         // If we never scored any layers, we don't have a preferred frame rate
-        if (std::all_of(scores.begin(), scores.end(),
-                        [](RefreshRateScore score) { return score.overallScore == 0; })) {
+        if (std::all_of(scoredFrameRates.begin(), scoredFrameRates.end(),
+                        [](const auto& scoredFrameRate) {
+                            const auto [_, score] = scoredFrameRate;
+                            return score == 0;
+                        })) {
             continue;
         }
 
         // Now that we scored all the refresh rates we need to pick the lowest refresh rate
         // that got the highest score.
-        const DisplayModePtr& bestRefreshRate =
-                std::min_element(scores.begin(), scores.end(),
-                                 RefreshRateScoreComparator{.refreshRateOrder =
-                                                                    RefreshRateOrder::Ascending})
-                        ->modeIt->second;
-        frameRateOverrides.emplace(uid, bestRefreshRate->getFps());
+        const auto [overrideFps, _] =
+                *std::max_element(scoredFrameRates.begin(), scoredFrameRates.end(),
+                                  [](const auto& lhsPair, const auto& rhsPair) {
+                                      const float lhs = lhsPair.second;
+                                      const float rhs = rhsPair.second;
+                                      return lhs < rhs && !ScoredRefreshRate::scoresEqual(lhs, rhs);
+                                  });
+        ALOGV("%s: overriding to %s for uid=%d", __func__, to_string(overrideFps).c_str(), uid);
+        frameRateOverrides.emplace(uid, overrideFps);
     }
 
     return frameRateOverrides;
 }
 
-std::optional<Fps> RefreshRateConfigs::onKernelTimerChanged(
+std::optional<Fps> RefreshRateSelector::onKernelTimerChanged(
         std::optional<DisplayModeId> desiredActiveModeId, bool timerExpired) const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
@@ -740,7 +762,7 @@
     return mode->getFps();
 }
 
-const DisplayModePtr& RefreshRateConfigs::getMinRefreshRateByPolicyLocked() const {
+const DisplayModePtr& RefreshRateSelector::getMinRefreshRateByPolicyLocked() const {
     const auto& activeMode = *getActiveModeItLocked()->second;
 
     for (const DisplayModeIterator modeIt : mPrimaryRefreshRates) {
@@ -757,7 +779,7 @@
     return mPrimaryRefreshRates.front()->second;
 }
 
-const DisplayModePtr& RefreshRateConfigs::getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked(int anchorGroup) const {
+const DisplayModePtr& RefreshRateSelector::getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked(int anchorGroup) const {
     for (auto it = mPrimaryRefreshRates.rbegin(); it != mPrimaryRefreshRates.rend(); ++it) {
         const auto& mode = (*it)->second;
         if (anchorGroup == mode->getGroup()) {
@@ -771,7 +793,7 @@
     return mPrimaryRefreshRates.back()->second;
 }
 
-auto RefreshRateConfigs::rankRefreshRates(
+auto RefreshRateSelector::rankRefreshRates(
         std::optional<int> anchorGroupOpt, RefreshRateOrder refreshRateOrder,
         std::optional<DisplayModeId> preferredDisplayModeOpt) const -> RefreshRateRanking {
     std::deque<ScoredRefreshRate> ranking;
@@ -817,23 +839,23 @@
     return rankRefreshRates(kNoAnchorGroup, refreshRateOrder, preferredDisplayModeOpt);
 }
 
-DisplayModePtr RefreshRateConfigs::getActiveModePtr() const {
+DisplayModePtr RefreshRateSelector::getActiveModePtr() const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
     return getActiveModeItLocked()->second;
 }
 
-const DisplayMode& RefreshRateConfigs::getActiveMode() const {
+const DisplayMode& RefreshRateSelector::getActiveMode() const {
     // Reads from kMainThreadContext do not require mLock.
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(mLock);
     return *mActiveModeIt->second;
 }
 
-DisplayModeIterator RefreshRateConfigs::getActiveModeItLocked() const {
+DisplayModeIterator RefreshRateSelector::getActiveModeItLocked() const {
     // Reads under mLock do not require kMainThreadContext.
     return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mActiveModeIt);
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::setActiveModeId(DisplayModeId modeId) {
+void RefreshRateSelector::setActiveModeId(DisplayModeId modeId) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
     // Invalidate the cached invocation to getRankedRefreshRates. This forces
@@ -844,14 +866,14 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mActiveModeIt == mDisplayModes.end());
 }
 
-RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateConfigs(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
-                                       Config config)
+RefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateSelector(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
+                                         Config config)
       : mKnownFrameRates(constructKnownFrameRates(modes)), mConfig(config) {
     initializeIdleTimer();
     FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, updateDisplayModes(std::move(modes), activeModeId));
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::initializeIdleTimer() {
+void RefreshRateSelector::initializeIdleTimer() {
     if (mConfig.idleTimerTimeout > 0ms) {
         mIdleTimer.emplace(
                 "IdleTimer", mConfig.idleTimerTimeout,
@@ -870,7 +892,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::updateDisplayModes(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId) {
+void RefreshRateSelector::updateDisplayModes(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
     // Invalidate the cached invocation to getRankedRefreshRates. This forces
@@ -890,16 +912,25 @@
     mDisplayManagerPolicy = {};
     mDisplayManagerPolicy.defaultMode = activeModeId;
 
-    mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            mConfig.enableFrameRateOverride && canModesSupportFrameRateOverride(sortedModes);
+    mFrameRateOverrideConfig = [&] {
+        switch (mConfig.enableFrameRateOverride) {
+            case Config::FrameRateOverride::Disabled:
+            case Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled:
+                return mConfig.enableFrameRateOverride;
+            case Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates:
+                return shouldEnableFrameRateOverride(sortedModes)
+                        ? Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates
+                        : Config::FrameRateOverride::Disabled;
+        }
+    }();
 
     constructAvailableRefreshRates();
 }
 
-bool RefreshRateConfigs::isPolicyValidLocked(const Policy& policy) const {
+bool RefreshRateSelector::isPolicyValidLocked(const Policy& policy) const {
     // defaultMode must be a valid mode, and within the given refresh rate range.
     if (const auto mode = mDisplayModes.get(policy.defaultMode)) {
-        if (!policy.primaryRange.includes(mode->get()->getFps())) {
+        if (!policy.primaryRanges.physical.includes(mode->get()->getFps())) {
             ALOGE("Default mode is not in the primary range.");
             return false;
         }
@@ -909,11 +940,11 @@
     }
 
     using namespace fps_approx_ops;
-    return policy.appRequestRange.min <= policy.primaryRange.min &&
-            policy.appRequestRange.max >= policy.primaryRange.max;
+    return policy.appRequestRanges.physical.min <= policy.primaryRanges.physical.min &&
+            policy.appRequestRanges.physical.max >= policy.primaryRanges.physical.max;
 }
 
-auto RefreshRateConfigs::setPolicy(const PolicyVariant& policy) -> SetPolicyResult {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::setPolicy(const PolicyVariant& policy) -> SetPolicyResult {
     Policy oldPolicy;
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
@@ -969,21 +1000,21 @@
     return SetPolicyResult::Changed;
 }
 
-const RefreshRateConfigs::Policy* RefreshRateConfigs::getCurrentPolicyLocked() const {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getCurrentPolicyLocked() const -> const Policy* {
     return mOverridePolicy ? &mOverridePolicy.value() : &mDisplayManagerPolicy;
 }
 
-RefreshRateConfigs::Policy RefreshRateConfigs::getCurrentPolicy() const {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getCurrentPolicy() const -> Policy {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
     return *getCurrentPolicyLocked();
 }
 
-RefreshRateConfigs::Policy RefreshRateConfigs::getDisplayManagerPolicy() const {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getDisplayManagerPolicy() const -> Policy {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
     return mDisplayManagerPolicy;
 }
 
-bool RefreshRateConfigs::isModeAllowed(DisplayModeId modeId) const {
+bool RefreshRateSelector::isModeAllowed(DisplayModeId modeId) const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
     return std::any_of(mAppRequestRefreshRates.begin(), mAppRequestRefreshRates.end(),
                        [modeId](DisplayModeIterator modeIt) {
@@ -991,7 +1022,7 @@
                        });
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::constructAvailableRefreshRates() {
+void RefreshRateSelector::constructAvailableRefreshRates() {
     // Filter modes based on current policy and sort on refresh rate.
     const Policy* policy = getCurrentPolicyLocked();
     ALOGV("%s: %s ", __func__, policy->toString().c_str());
@@ -1023,11 +1054,11 @@
         return modes;
     };
 
-    mPrimaryRefreshRates = filterRefreshRates(policy->primaryRange, "primary");
-    mAppRequestRefreshRates = filterRefreshRates(policy->appRequestRange, "app request");
+    mPrimaryRefreshRates = filterRefreshRates(policy->primaryRanges.physical, "primary");
+    mAppRequestRefreshRates = filterRefreshRates(policy->appRequestRanges.physical, "app request");
 }
 
-Fps RefreshRateConfigs::findClosestKnownFrameRate(Fps frameRate) const {
+Fps RefreshRateSelector::findClosestKnownFrameRate(Fps frameRate) const {
     using namespace fps_approx_ops;
 
     if (frameRate <= mKnownFrameRates.front()) {
@@ -1046,7 +1077,7 @@
     return distance1 < distance2 ? *lowerBound : *std::prev(lowerBound);
 }
 
-RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerAction RefreshRateConfigs::getIdleTimerAction() const {
+auto RefreshRateSelector::getIdleTimerAction() const -> KernelIdleTimerAction {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
 
     const Fps deviceMinFps = mMinRefreshRateModeIt->second->getFps();
@@ -1064,7 +1095,7 @@
     if (minByPolicy == maxByPolicy) {
         // Turn on the timer when the min of the primary range is below the device min.
         if (const Policy* currentPolicy = getCurrentPolicyLocked();
-            isApproxLess(currentPolicy->primaryRange.min, deviceMinFps)) {
+            isApproxLess(currentPolicy->primaryRanges.physical.min, deviceMinFps)) {
             return KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn;
         }
         return KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff;
@@ -1074,7 +1105,7 @@
     return KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn;
 }
 
-int RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps displayRefreshRate, Fps layerFrameRate) {
+int RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps displayRefreshRate, Fps layerFrameRate) {
     // This calculation needs to be in sync with the java code
     // in DisplayManagerService.getDisplayInfoForFrameRateOverride
 
@@ -1090,7 +1121,7 @@
     return static_cast<int>(numPeriodsRounded);
 }
 
-bool RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps smaller, Fps bigger) {
+bool RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps smaller, Fps bigger) {
     if (isStrictlyLess(bigger, smaller)) {
         return isFractionalPairOrMultiple(bigger, smaller);
     }
@@ -1101,7 +1132,7 @@
             isApproxEqual(bigger, Fps::fromValue(smaller.getValue() * multiplier * kCoef));
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
+void RefreshRateSelector::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
     using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
@@ -1124,25 +1155,20 @@
         dumper.dump("overridePolicy"sv, currentPolicy.toString());
     }
 
-    dumper.dump("supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent"sv, mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
+    dumper.dump("frameRateOverrideConfig"sv, *ftl::enum_name(mFrameRateOverrideConfig));
 
-    std::string idleTimer;
-    if (mIdleTimer) {
-        idleTimer = mIdleTimer->dump();
-    } else {
-        idleTimer = "off"sv;
+    dumper.dump("idleTimer"sv);
+    {
+        utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
+        dumper.dump("interval"sv, mIdleTimer.transform(&OneShotTimer::interval));
+        dumper.dump("controller"sv,
+                    mConfig.kernelIdleTimerController
+                            .and_then(&ftl::enum_name<KernelIdleTimerController>)
+                            .value_or("Platform"sv));
     }
-
-    if (const auto controller = mConfig.kernelIdleTimerController) {
-        base::StringAppendF(&idleTimer, " (kernel via %s)", ftl::enum_string(*controller).c_str());
-    } else {
-        idleTimer += " (platform)"sv;
-    }
-
-    dumper.dump("idleTimer"sv, idleTimer);
 }
 
-std::chrono::milliseconds RefreshRateConfigs::getIdleTimerTimeout() {
+std::chrono::milliseconds RefreshRateSelector::getIdleTimerTimeout() {
     return mConfig.idleTimerTimeout;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
similarity index 85%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
rename to services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
index 99f81aa..0e80817 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <numeric>
-#include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <variant>
 
 #include <ftl/concat.h>
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <gui/DisplayEventReceiver.h>
 
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
@@ -49,12 +49,10 @@
 
 using FrameRateOverride = DisplayEventReceiver::Event::FrameRateOverride;
 
-/**
- * This class is used to encapsulate configuration for refresh rates. It holds information
- * about available refresh rates on the device, and the mapping between the numbers and human
- * readable names.
- */
-class RefreshRateConfigs {
+// Selects the refresh rate of a display by ranking its `DisplayModes` in accordance with
+// the DisplayManager (or override) `Policy`, the `LayerRequirement` of each active layer,
+// and `GlobalSignals`.
+class RefreshRateSelector {
 public:
     // Margin used when matching refresh rates to the content desired ones.
     static constexpr nsecs_t MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION =
@@ -69,40 +67,31 @@
         DisplayModeId defaultMode;
         // Whether or not we switch mode groups to get the best frame rate.
         bool allowGroupSwitching = kAllowGroupSwitchingDefault;
-        // The primary refresh rate range represents display manager's general guidance on the
-        // display modes we'll consider when switching refresh rates. Unless we get an explicit
-        // signal from an app, we should stay within this range.
-        FpsRange primaryRange;
-        // The app request refresh rate range allows us to consider more display modes when
-        // switching refresh rates. Although we should generally stay within the primary range,
-        // specific considerations, such as layer frame rate settings specified via the
-        // setFrameRate() api, may cause us to go outside the primary range. We never go outside the
-        // app request range. The app request range will be greater than or equal to the primary
-        // refresh rate range, never smaller.
-        FpsRange appRequestRange;
+        // The primary refresh rate ranges. @see DisplayModeSpecs.aidl for details.
+        // TODO(b/257072060): use the render range when selecting SF render rate
+        //  or the app override frame rate
+        FpsRanges primaryRanges;
+        // The app request refresh rate ranges. @see DisplayModeSpecs.aidl for details.
+        FpsRanges appRequestRanges;
 
         Policy() = default;
 
-        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, FpsRange range)
-              : Policy(defaultMode, kAllowGroupSwitchingDefault, range, range) {}
+        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, FpsRange range,
+               bool allowGroupSwitching = kAllowGroupSwitchingDefault)
+              : Policy(defaultMode, FpsRanges{range, range}, FpsRanges{range, range},
+                       allowGroupSwitching) {}
 
-        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching, FpsRange range)
-              : Policy(defaultMode, allowGroupSwitching, range, range) {}
-
-        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, FpsRange primaryRange, FpsRange appRequestRange)
-              : Policy(defaultMode, kAllowGroupSwitchingDefault, primaryRange, appRequestRange) {}
-
-        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching, FpsRange primaryRange,
-               FpsRange appRequestRange)
+        Policy(DisplayModeId defaultMode, FpsRanges primaryRanges, FpsRanges appRequestRanges,
+               bool allowGroupSwitching = kAllowGroupSwitchingDefault)
               : defaultMode(defaultMode),
                 allowGroupSwitching(allowGroupSwitching),
-                primaryRange(primaryRange),
-                appRequestRange(appRequestRange) {}
+                primaryRanges(primaryRanges),
+                appRequestRanges(appRequestRanges) {}
 
         bool operator==(const Policy& other) const {
             using namespace fps_approx_ops;
-            return defaultMode == other.defaultMode && primaryRange == other.primaryRange &&
-                    appRequestRange == other.appRequestRange &&
+            return defaultMode == other.defaultMode && primaryRanges == other.primaryRanges &&
+                    appRequestRanges == other.appRequestRanges &&
                     allowGroupSwitching == other.allowGroupSwitching;
         }
 
@@ -262,7 +251,20 @@
 
     // Configuration flags.
     struct Config {
-        bool enableFrameRateOverride = false;
+        enum class FrameRateOverride {
+            // Do not override the frame rate for an app
+            Disabled,
+
+            // Override the frame rate for an app to a value which is also
+            // a display refresh rate
+            EnabledForNativeRefreshRates,
+
+            // Override the frame rate for an app to any value
+            Enabled,
+
+            ftl_last = Enabled
+        };
+        FrameRateOverride enableFrameRateOverride = FrameRateOverride::Disabled;
 
         // Specifies the upper refresh rate threshold (inclusive) for layer vote types of multiple
         // or heuristic, such that refresh rates higher than this value will not be voted for. 0 if
@@ -274,17 +276,18 @@
 
         // The controller representing how the kernel idle timer will be configured
         // either on the HWC api or sysprop.
-        std::optional<KernelIdleTimerController> kernelIdleTimerController;
+        ftl::Optional<KernelIdleTimerController> kernelIdleTimerController;
     };
 
-    RefreshRateConfigs(DisplayModes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
-                       Config config = {.enableFrameRateOverride = false,
-                                        .frameRateMultipleThreshold = 0,
-                                        .idleTimerTimeout = 0ms,
-                                        .kernelIdleTimerController = {}});
+    RefreshRateSelector(
+            DisplayModes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
+            Config config = {.enableFrameRateOverride = Config::FrameRateOverride::Disabled,
+                             .frameRateMultipleThreshold = 0,
+                             .idleTimerTimeout = 0ms,
+                             .kernelIdleTimerController = {}});
 
-    RefreshRateConfigs(const RefreshRateConfigs&) = delete;
-    RefreshRateConfigs& operator=(const RefreshRateConfigs&) = delete;
+    RefreshRateSelector(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
+    RefreshRateSelector& operator=(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
 
     // Returns whether switching modes (refresh rate or resolution) is possible.
     // TODO(b/158780872): Consider HAL support, and skip frame rate detection if the modes only
@@ -296,15 +299,17 @@
 
     // Class to enumerate options around toggling the kernel timer on and off.
     enum class KernelIdleTimerAction {
-        TurnOff,  // Turn off the idle timer.
-        TurnOn    // Turn on the idle timer.
+        TurnOff, // Turn off the idle timer.
+        TurnOn   // Turn on the idle timer.
     };
 
     // Checks whether kernel idle timer should be active depending the policy decisions around
     // refresh rates.
     KernelIdleTimerAction getIdleTimerAction() const;
 
-    bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent() const { return mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent; }
+    bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent() const {
+        return mFrameRateOverrideConfig != Config::FrameRateOverride::Disabled;
+    }
 
     // Return the display refresh rate divisor to match the layer
     // frame rate, or 0 if the display refresh rate is not a multiple of the
@@ -373,7 +378,7 @@
     std::chrono::milliseconds getIdleTimerTimeout();
 
 private:
-    friend struct TestableRefreshRateConfigs;
+    friend struct TestableRefreshRateSelector;
 
     void constructAvailableRefreshRates() REQUIRES(mLock);
 
@@ -457,7 +462,7 @@
     const std::vector<Fps> mKnownFrameRates;
 
     const Config mConfig;
-    bool mSupportsFrameRateOverrideByContent;
+    Config::FrameRateOverride mFrameRateOverrideConfig;
 
     struct GetRankedRefreshRatesCache {
         std::pair<std::vector<LayerRequirement>, GlobalSignals> arguments;
@@ -469,7 +474,7 @@
     std::mutex mIdleTimerCallbacksMutex;
     std::optional<IdleTimerCallbacks> mIdleTimerCallbacks GUARDED_BY(mIdleTimerCallbacksMutex);
     // Used to detect (lack of) frame activity.
-    std::optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mIdleTimer;
+    ftl::Optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mIdleTimer;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index be3ebb7..6108d92 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware/configstore/1.0/ISurfaceFlingerConfigs.h>
 #include <android/hardware/configstore/1.1/ISurfaceFlingerConfigs.h>
 #include <configstore/Utils.h>
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <ftl/small_map.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
@@ -68,8 +69,8 @@
     mDisplayPowerTimer.reset();
     mTouchTimer.reset();
 
-    // Stop idle timer and clear callbacks, as the RefreshRateConfigs may outlive the Scheduler.
-    setRefreshRateConfigs(nullptr);
+    // Stop idle timer and clear callbacks, as the RefreshRateSelector may outlive the Scheduler.
+    setRefreshRateSelector(nullptr);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::startTimers() {
@@ -94,45 +95,32 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setRefreshRateConfigs(std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> configs) {
-    // The current RefreshRateConfigs instance may outlive this call, so unbind its idle timer.
-    {
-        // mRefreshRateConfigsLock is not locked here to avoid the deadlock
-        // as the callback can attempt to acquire the lock before stopIdleTimer can finish
-        // the execution. It's safe to FakeGuard as main thread is the only thread that
-        // writes to the mRefreshRateConfigs.
-        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        if (mRefreshRateConfigs) {
-            mRefreshRateConfigs->stopIdleTimer();
-            mRefreshRateConfigs->clearIdleTimerCallbacks();
-        }
+void Scheduler::setRefreshRateSelector(RefreshRateSelectorPtr newSelectorPtr) {
+    // No need to lock for reads on kMainThreadContext.
+    if (const auto& selectorPtr = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mRefreshRateSelectorLock, mRefreshRateSelector)) {
+        unbindIdleTimer(*selectorPtr);
     }
+
     {
-        // Clear state that depends on the current instance.
+        // Clear state that depends on the current RefreshRateSelector.
         std::scoped_lock lock(mPolicyLock);
         mPolicy = {};
     }
 
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-    mRefreshRateConfigs = std::move(configs);
-    if (!mRefreshRateConfigs) return;
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+    mRefreshRateSelector = std::move(newSelectorPtr);
 
-    mRefreshRateConfigs->setIdleTimerCallbacks(
-            {.platform = {.onReset = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
-                          .onExpired = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }},
-             .kernel = {.onReset = [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
-                        .onExpired = [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }}});
-
-    mRefreshRateConfigs->startIdleTimer();
+    if (mRefreshRateSelector) {
+        bindIdleTimer(*mRefreshRateSelector);
+    }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::registerDisplay(sp<const DisplayDevice> display) {
-    if (display->isPrimary()) {
-        mLeaderDisplayId = display->getPhysicalId();
+void Scheduler::registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+    if (!mLeaderDisplayId) {
+        mLeaderDisplayId = displayId;
     }
 
-    const bool ok = mDisplays.try_emplace(display->getPhysicalId(), std::move(display)).second;
-    ALOGE_IF(!ok, "%s: Duplicate display", __func__);
+    mRefreshRateSelectors.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
 }
 
 void Scheduler::unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
@@ -140,7 +128,7 @@
         mLeaderDisplayId.reset();
     }
 
-    mDisplays.erase(displayId);
+    mRefreshRateSelectors.erase(displayId);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::run() {
@@ -174,9 +162,8 @@
 }
 
 std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
-    const auto refreshRateConfigs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
     const bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            refreshRateConfigs->supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent();
+            holdRefreshRateSelector()->supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent();
     return mFrameRateOverrideMappings
             .getFrameRateOverrideForUid(uid, supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
 }
@@ -191,7 +178,7 @@
 }
 
 impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback Scheduler::makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
 
     return [this](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
         return !isVsyncValid(TimePoint::fromNs(expectedVsyncTimestamp), uid);
@@ -200,7 +187,7 @@
 
 impl::EventThread::GetVsyncPeriodFunction Scheduler::makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction() const {
     return [this](uid_t uid) {
-        const Fps refreshRate = holdRefreshRateConfigs()->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
+        const Fps refreshRate = holdRefreshRateSelector()->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
         const nsecs_t currentPeriod = mVsyncSchedule->period().ns() ?: refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
 
         const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
@@ -208,7 +195,7 @@
             return currentPeriod;
         }
 
-        const auto divisor = RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, *frameRate);
+        const auto divisor = RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, *frameRate);
         if (divisor <= 1) {
             return currentPeriod;
         }
@@ -293,9 +280,8 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
-    const auto refreshRateConfigs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
     const bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            refreshRateConfigs->supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent();
+            holdRefreshRateSelector()->supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent();
 
     std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides =
             mFrameRateOverrideMappings.getAllFrameRateOverrides(supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
@@ -336,8 +322,8 @@
     // If the mode is not the current mode, this means that a
     // mode change is in progress. In that case we shouldn't dispatch an event
     // as it will be dispatched when the current mode changes.
-    if (std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveModePtr() != mPolicy.mode) {
+    if (std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveModePtr() != mPolicy.mode) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -431,8 +417,8 @@
 
     if (now - last > kIgnoreDelay) {
         const auto refreshRate = [&] {
-            std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-            return mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+            return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
         }();
         resyncToHardwareVsync(false, refreshRate);
     }
@@ -493,8 +479,8 @@
 void Scheduler::recordLayerHistory(Layer* layer, nsecs_t presentTime,
                                    LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType updateType) {
     {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        if (!mRefreshRateConfigs->canSwitch()) return;
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        if (!mRefreshRateSelector->canSwitch()) return;
     }
 
     mLayerHistory.record(layer, presentTime, systemTime(), updateType);
@@ -510,26 +496,26 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::chooseRefreshRateForContent() {
-    const auto configs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
-    if (!configs->canSwitch()) return;
+    const auto selectorPtr = holdRefreshRateSelector();
+    if (!selectorPtr->canSwitch()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    LayerHistory::Summary summary = mLayerHistory.summarize(*configs, systemTime());
+    LayerHistory::Summary summary = mLayerHistory.summarize(*selectorPtr, systemTime());
     applyPolicy(&Policy::contentRequirements, std::move(summary));
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resetIdleTimer() {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-    mRefreshRateConfigs->resetIdleTimer(/*kernelOnly*/ false);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+    mRefreshRateSelector->resetIdleTimer(/*kernelOnly*/ false);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onTouchHint() {
     if (mTouchTimer) {
         mTouchTimer->reset();
 
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        mRefreshRateConfigs->resetIdleTimer(/*kernelOnly*/ true);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        mRefreshRateSelector->resetIdleTimer(/*kernelOnly*/ true);
     }
 }
 
@@ -549,14 +535,29 @@
     mLayerHistory.clear();
 }
 
+void Scheduler::bindIdleTimer(RefreshRateSelector& selector) {
+    selector.setIdleTimerCallbacks(
+            {.platform = {.onReset = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
+                          .onExpired = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }},
+             .kernel = {.onReset = [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
+                        .onExpired = [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }}});
+
+    selector.startIdleTimer();
+}
+
+void Scheduler::unbindIdleTimer(RefreshRateSelector& selector) {
+    selector.stopIdleTimer();
+    selector.clearIdleTimerCallbacks();
+}
+
 void Scheduler::kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState state) {
     ATRACE_INT("ExpiredKernelIdleTimer", static_cast<int>(state));
 
     // TODO(145561154): cleanup the kernel idle timer implementation and the refresh rate
     // magic number
     const Fps refreshRate = [&] {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        return mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
     }();
 
     constexpr Fps FPS_THRESHOLD_FOR_KERNEL_TIMER = 65_Hz;
@@ -599,22 +600,36 @@
     ATRACE_INT("ExpiredDisplayPowerTimer", static_cast<int>(state));
 }
 
-void Scheduler::dump(std::string& result) const {
-    using base::StringAppendF;
-
-    StringAppendF(&result, "+  Touch timer: %s\n",
-                  mTouchTimer ? mTouchTimer->dump().c_str() : "off");
-    StringAppendF(&result, "+  Content detection: %s %s\n\n",
-                  mFeatures.test(Feature::kContentDetection) ? "on" : "off",
-                  mLayerHistory.dump().c_str());
-
-    mFrameRateOverrideMappings.dump(result);
+void Scheduler::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
+    using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
     {
+        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Features"sv);
+
+        for (Feature feature : ftl::enum_range<Feature>()) {
+            if (const auto flagOpt = ftl::flag_name(feature)) {
+                dumper.dump(flagOpt->substr(1), mFeatures.test(feature));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Policy"sv);
+
+        dumper.dump("layerHistory"sv, mLayerHistory.dump());
+        dumper.dump("touchTimer"sv, mTouchTimer.transform(&OneShotTimer::interval));
+        dumper.dump("displayPowerTimer"sv, mDisplayPowerTimer.transform(&OneShotTimer::interval));
+    }
+
+    mFrameRateOverrideMappings.dump(dumper);
+    dumper.eol();
+
+    {
+        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Hardware VSYNC"sv);
+
         std::lock_guard lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        StringAppendF(&result,
-                      "mScreenAcquired=%d mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled=%d mHWVsyncAvailable=%d\n",
-                      mScreenAcquired.load(), mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled, mHWVsyncAvailable);
+        dumper.dump("screenAcquired"sv, mScreenAcquired.load());
+        dumper.dump("hwVsyncAvailable"sv, mHWVsyncAvailable);
+        dumper.dump("hwVsyncEnabled"sv, mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled);
     }
 }
 
@@ -623,15 +638,14 @@
 }
 
 bool Scheduler::updateFrameRateOverrides(GlobalSignals consideredSignals, Fps displayRefreshRate) {
-    const auto refreshRateConfigs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
-
     // we always update mFrameRateOverridesByContent here
     // supportsFrameRateOverridesByContent will be checked
     // when getting FrameRateOverrides from mFrameRateOverrideMappings
     if (!consideredSignals.idle) {
         const auto frameRateOverrides =
-                refreshRateConfigs->getFrameRateOverrides(mPolicy.contentRequirements,
-                                                          displayRefreshRate, consideredSignals);
+                holdRefreshRateSelector()->getFrameRateOverrides(mPolicy.contentRequirements,
+                                                                 displayRefreshRate,
+                                                                 consideredSignals);
         return mFrameRateOverrideMappings.updateFrameRateOverridesByContent(frameRateOverrides);
     }
     return false;
@@ -645,7 +659,6 @@
     bool refreshRateChanged = false;
     bool frameRateOverridesChanged;
 
-    const auto refreshRateConfigs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
 
@@ -698,7 +711,7 @@
 auto Scheduler::chooseDisplayModes() const -> DisplayModeChoiceMap {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    using RankedRefreshRates = RefreshRateConfigs::RankedRefreshRates;
+    using RankedRefreshRates = RefreshRateSelector::RankedRefreshRates;
     display::PhysicalDisplayVector<RankedRefreshRates> perDisplayRanking;
 
     // Tallies the score of a refresh rate across `displayCount` displays.
@@ -715,10 +728,9 @@
 
     const auto globalSignals = makeGlobalSignals();
 
-    for (const auto& [id, display] : mDisplays) {
+    for (const auto& [id, selectorPtr] : mRefreshRateSelectors) {
         auto rankedRefreshRates =
-                display->holdRefreshRateConfigs()
-                        ->getRankedRefreshRates(mPolicy.contentRequirements, globalSignals);
+                selectorPtr->getRankedRefreshRates(mPolicy.contentRequirements, globalSignals);
 
         for (const auto& [modePtr, score] : rankedRefreshRates.ranking) {
             const auto [it, inserted] = refreshRateTallies.try_emplace(modePtr->getFps(), score);
@@ -737,7 +749,7 @@
 
     // Find the first refresh rate common to all displays.
     while (maxScoreIt != refreshRateTallies.cend() &&
-           maxScoreIt->second.displayCount != mDisplays.size()) {
+           maxScoreIt->second.displayCount != mRefreshRateSelectors.size()) {
         ++maxScoreIt;
     }
 
@@ -746,7 +758,8 @@
         for (auto it = maxScoreIt + 1; it != refreshRateTallies.cend(); ++it) {
             const auto [fps, tally] = *it;
 
-            if (tally.displayCount == mDisplays.size() && tally.score > maxScoreIt->second.score) {
+            if (tally.displayCount == mRefreshRateSelectors.size() &&
+                tally.score > maxScoreIt->second.score) {
                 maxScoreIt = it;
             }
         }
@@ -793,9 +806,9 @@
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
     // Make sure the stored mode is up to date.
     if (mPolicy.mode) {
-        const auto configs = holdRefreshRateConfigs();
         const auto ranking =
-                configs->getRankedRefreshRates(mPolicy.contentRequirements, makeGlobalSignals())
+                holdRefreshRateSelector()
+                        ->getRankedRefreshRates(mPolicy.contentRequirements, makeGlobalSignals())
                         .ranking;
 
         mPolicy.mode = ranking.front().modePtr;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 33f6126..04f3b69 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@
 
 #include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
-#include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
 #include "MessageQueue.h"
 #include "OneShotTimer.h"
-#include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "RefreshRateSelector.h"
+#include "Utils/Dumper.h"
 #include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 
 namespace scheduler {
 
-using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals;
+using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals;
 
 struct ISchedulerCallback {
     virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
@@ -107,10 +107,12 @@
     virtual ~Scheduler();
 
     void startTimers();
-    void setRefreshRateConfigs(std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs>)
-            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
 
-    void registerDisplay(sp<const DisplayDevice>);
+    using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector>;
+    void setRefreshRateSelector(RefreshRateSelectorPtr) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+
+    void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr);
     void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId);
 
     void run();
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@
     // Otherwise, if hardware vsync is not already enabled then this method will
     // no-op.
     void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, Fps refreshRate);
-    void resync() EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    void resync() EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
     void forceNextResync() { mLastResyncTime = 0; }
 
     // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. periodFlushed will be true if
@@ -175,13 +177,13 @@
     // Layers are registered on creation, and unregistered when the weak reference expires.
     void registerLayer(Layer*);
     void recordLayerHistory(Layer*, nsecs_t presentTime, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType updateType)
-            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
     void setModeChangePending(bool pending);
     void setDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(Layer*);
     void deregisterLayer(Layer*);
 
     // Detects content using layer history, and selects a matching refresh rate.
-    void chooseRefreshRateForContent() EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    void chooseRefreshRateForContent() EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
 
     void resetIdleTimer();
 
@@ -196,7 +198,7 @@
     // for a given uid
     bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
 
-    void dump(std::string&) const;
+    void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
     void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
     void dumpVsync(std::string&) const;
 
@@ -226,11 +228,11 @@
     void setGameModeRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride);
 
     // Retrieves the overridden refresh rate for a given uid.
-    std::optional<Fps> getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    std::optional<Fps> getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
 
-    nsecs_t getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateConfigs() const EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock) {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        return mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveModePtr()->getFps().getPeriodNsecs();
+    nsecs_t getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateSelector() const EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveModePtr()->getFps().getPeriodNsecs();
     }
 
     // Returns the framerate of the layer with the given sequence ID
@@ -253,8 +255,15 @@
     sp<EventThreadConnection> createConnectionInternal(
             EventThread*, EventRegistrationFlags eventRegistration = {});
 
+    void bindIdleTimer(RefreshRateSelector&) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+
+    // Blocks until the timer thread exits. `mRefreshRateSelectorLock` must not be locked by the
+    // caller on the main thread to avoid deadlock, since the timer thread locks it before exit.
+    static void unbindIdleTimer(RefreshRateSelector&) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+
     // Update feature state machine to given state when corresponding timer resets or expires.
-    void kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState) EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    void kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState) EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
     void idleTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
@@ -293,16 +302,15 @@
 
     bool updateFrameRateOverrides(GlobalSignals, Fps displayRefreshRate) REQUIRES(mPolicyLock);
 
-    void dispatchCachedReportedMode() REQUIRES(mPolicyLock) EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    void dispatchCachedReportedMode() REQUIRES(mPolicyLock) EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
 
     android::impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const
-            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
     android::impl::EventThread::GetVsyncPeriodFunction makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction() const;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> holdRefreshRateConfigs() const
-            EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateConfigsLock) {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
-        return mRefreshRateConfigs;
+    RefreshRateSelectorPtr holdRefreshRateSelector() const EXCLUDES(mRefreshRateSelectorLock) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
+        return mRefreshRateSelector;
     }
 
     // Stores EventThread associated with a given VSyncSource, and an initial EventThreadConnection.
@@ -328,15 +336,15 @@
     LayerHistory mLayerHistory;
 
     // Timer used to monitor touch events.
-    std::optional<OneShotTimer> mTouchTimer;
+    ftl::Optional<OneShotTimer> mTouchTimer;
     // Timer used to monitor display power mode.
-    std::optional<OneShotTimer> mDisplayPowerTimer;
+    ftl::Optional<OneShotTimer> mDisplayPowerTimer;
 
     ISchedulerCallback& mSchedulerCallback;
 
     mutable std::mutex mPolicyLock;
 
-    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, sp<const DisplayDevice>> mDisplays;
+    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr> mRefreshRateSelectors;
     std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mLeaderDisplayId;
 
     struct Policy {
@@ -359,8 +367,9 @@
         std::optional<ModeChangedParams> cachedModeChangedParams;
     } mPolicy GUARDED_BY(mPolicyLock);
 
-    mutable std::mutex mRefreshRateConfigsLock;
-    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> mRefreshRateConfigs GUARDED_BY(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
+    // TODO(b/255635821): Remove this by instead looking up the `mLeaderDisplayId` selector.
+    mutable std::mutex mRefreshRateSelectorLock;
+    RefreshRateSelectorPtr mRefreshRateSelector GUARDED_BY(mRefreshRateSelectorLock);
 
     std::mutex mVsyncTimelineLock;
     std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline> mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 898e865..0ad4236 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
-#include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "VSyncPredictor.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     const auto divisor =
-            RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod), frameRate);
+            RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod), frameRate);
     if (divisor <= 1 || timePoint == 0) {
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
index bd4f409..31b1d69 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Fps.h
@@ -68,6 +68,15 @@
     bool includes(Fps) const;
 };
 
+struct FpsRanges {
+    // The range of refresh rates that refers to the display mode setting.
+    FpsRange physical;
+
+    // the range of frame rates that refers to the render rate, which is
+    // the rate that frames are swapped.
+    FpsRange render;
+};
+
 static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<Fps>);
 
 constexpr Fps operator""_Hz(unsigned long long frequency) {
@@ -127,8 +136,24 @@
     return !(lhs == rhs);
 }
 
+inline bool operator==(const FpsRanges& lhs, const FpsRanges& rhs) {
+    return lhs.physical == rhs.physical && lhs.render == rhs.render;
+}
+
+inline bool operator!=(const FpsRanges& lhs, const FpsRanges& rhs) {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+inline unsigned operator/(Fps lhs, Fps rhs) {
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(std::ceil(lhs.getValue() / rhs.getValue()));
+}
+
 } // namespace fps_approx_ops
 
+constexpr Fps operator/(Fps fps, unsigned divisor) {
+    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(fps.getPeriodNsecs() * static_cast<nsecs_t>(divisor));
+}
+
 inline bool FpsRange::includes(Fps fps) const {
     using fps_approx_ops::operator<=;
     return min <= fps && fps <= max;
@@ -151,4 +176,10 @@
     return base::StringPrintf("[%s, %s]", to_string(min).c_str(), to_string(max).c_str());
 }
 
+inline std::string to_string(FpsRanges ranges) {
+    const auto& [physical, render] = ranges;
+    return base::StringPrintf("{physical=%s, render=%s}", to_string(physical).c_str(),
+                              to_string(render).c_str());
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
index 2ca55d4..bd4e3c2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <string>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -79,4 +81,8 @@
     return std::chrono::duration_cast<D>(d).count();
 }
 
+inline std::string to_string(Duration d) {
+    return base::StringPrintf("%.3f ms", ticks<std::milli, float>(d));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f93ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "ScreenCaptureOutput.h"
+#include "ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h"
+
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <ui/Rotation.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> createScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&& args) {
+    std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> output = compositionengine::impl::createOutputTemplated<
+            ScreenCaptureOutput, compositionengine::CompositionEngine,
+            ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&>(args.compositionEngine, std::move(args));
+    output->editState().isSecure = args.renderArea.isSecure();
+    output->setCompositionEnabled(true);
+    output->setLayerFilter({args.layerStack});
+    output->setRenderSurface(std::make_unique<ScreenCaptureRenderSurface>(std::move(args.buffer)));
+    output->setDisplayBrightness(args.sdrWhitePointNits, args.displayBrightnessNits);
+
+    output->setDisplayColorProfile(std::make_unique<compositionengine::impl::DisplayColorProfile>(
+            compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setHasWideColorGamut(true)
+                    .Build()));
+
+    ui::Rotation orientation = ui::Transform::toRotation(args.renderArea.getRotationFlags());
+    Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect{args.renderArea.getReqWidth(), args.renderArea.getReqHeight()};
+    output->setProjection(orientation, args.renderArea.getLayerStackSpaceRect(),
+                          orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
+
+    Rect sourceCrop = args.renderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    output->setDisplaySize({sourceCrop.getWidth(), sourceCrop.getHeight()});
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+ScreenCaptureOutput::ScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&& args)
+      : mRenderArea(args.renderArea),
+        mFilterForScreenshot(std::move(args.filterForScreenshot)),
+        mColorProfile(args.colorProfile),
+        mRegionSampling(args.regionSampling) {}
+
+void ScreenCaptureOutput::updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) {
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.dataspace = mColorProfile.dataspace;
+    outputState.renderIntent = mColorProfile.renderIntent;
+}
+
+renderengine::DisplaySettings ScreenCaptureOutput::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings()
+        const {
+    auto clientCompositionDisplay =
+            compositionengine::impl::Output::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = mRenderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits = -1;
+    return clientCompositionDisplay;
+}
+
+std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings>
+ScreenCaptureOutput::generateClientCompositionRequests(
+        bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
+        std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) {
+    auto clientCompositionLayers = compositionengine::impl::Output::
+            generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent, outputDataspace,
+                                              outLayerFEs);
+
+    if (mRegionSampling) {
+        for (auto& layer : clientCompositionLayers) {
+            layer.backgroundBlurRadius = 0;
+            layer.blurRegions.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Rect sourceCrop = mRenderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings fillLayer;
+    fillLayer.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
+    fillLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    fillLayer.geometry.boundaries =
+            FloatRect(static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.left), static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.top),
+                      static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.right), static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.bottom));
+    fillLayer.alpha = half(RenderArea::getCaptureFillValue(mRenderArea.getCaptureFill()));
+    clientCompositionLayers.insert(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), fillLayer);
+
+    return clientCompositionLayers;
+}
+
+bool ScreenCaptureOutput::layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) const {
+    return mRenderArea.needsFiltering() ||
+            mFilterForScreenshot.find(&layer->getLayerFE()) != mFilterForScreenshot.end();
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61b5ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <ui/Rect.h>
+
+#include "RenderArea.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+struct ScreenCaptureOutputArgs {
+    const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine;
+    const compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile& colorProfile;
+    const RenderArea& renderArea;
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    float sdrWhitePointNits;
+    float displayBrightnessNits;
+    std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> filterForScreenshot;
+    bool regionSampling;
+};
+
+// ScreenCaptureOutput is used to compose a set of layers into a preallocated buffer.
+//
+// SurfaceFlinger passes instances of ScreenCaptureOutput to CompositionEngine in calls to
+// SurfaceFlinger::captureLayers and SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay.
+class ScreenCaptureOutput : public compositionengine::impl::Output {
+public:
+    ScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&);
+
+    void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
+            bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
+            std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) override;
+
+    bool layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer*) const override;
+
+protected:
+    bool getSkipColorTransform() const override { return false; }
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const override;
+
+private:
+    const RenderArea& mRenderArea;
+    const std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> mFilterForScreenshot;
+    const compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile& mColorProfile;
+    const bool mRegionSampling;
+};
+
+std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> createScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&);
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2097300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <ui/Fence.h>
+#include <ui/Size.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// ScreenCaptureRenderSurface is a RenderSurface that returns a preallocated buffer used by
+// ScreenCaptureOutput.
+class ScreenCaptureRenderSurface : public compositionengine::RenderSurface {
+public:
+    ScreenCaptureRenderSurface(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer)
+          : mBuffer(std::move(buffer)){};
+
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> dequeueBuffer(
+            base::unique_fd* /* bufferFence */) override {
+        return mBuffer;
+    }
+
+    void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override {
+        mRenderFence = sp<Fence>::make(readyFence.release());
+    }
+
+    const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const override { return mRenderFence; }
+
+    bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override { return false; }
+
+    bool isValid() const override { return true; }
+
+    void initialize() override {}
+
+    const ui::Size& getSize() const override { return mSize; }
+
+    bool isProtected() const override { return mBuffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED; }
+
+    void setDisplaySize(const ui::Size&) override {}
+
+    void setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace) override {}
+
+    void setBufferPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat) override {}
+
+    void setProtected(bool /* useProtected */) override {}
+
+    status_t beginFrame(bool /* mustRecompose */) override { return OK; }
+
+    void prepareFrame(bool /* usesClientComposition */, bool /* usesDeviceComposition */) override {
+    }
+
+    void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override {}
+
+    void dump(std::string& /* result */) const override {}
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mBuffer;
+
+    sp<Fence> mRenderFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+
+    ui::Size mSize;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index cfebec7..d68b00a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -44,16 +44,19 @@
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <configstore/Utils.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <ftl/algorithm.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <ftl/future.h>
 #include <ftl/unit.h>
@@ -137,6 +140,7 @@
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncConfiguration.h"
+#include "ScreenCaptureOutput.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
@@ -160,6 +164,7 @@
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
+using namespace std::string_view_literals;
 
 using namespace hardware::configstore;
 using namespace hardware::configstore::V1_0;
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@
 using ui::DisplayPrimaries;
 using ui::RenderIntent;
 
-using KernelIdleTimerController = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerController;
+using KernelIdleTimerController = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::KernelIdleTimerController;
 
 namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
 
@@ -357,9 +362,6 @@
     // debugging stuff...
     char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
 
-    property_get("ro.bq.gpu_to_cpu_unsupported", value, "0");
-    mGpuToCpuSupported = !atoi(value);
-
     property_get("ro.build.type", value, "user");
     mIsUserBuild = strcmp(value, "user") == 0;
 
@@ -602,7 +604,7 @@
 }
 
 renderengine::RenderEngine& SurfaceFlinger::getRenderEngine() const {
-    return mCompositionEngine->getRenderEngine();
+    return *mRenderEngine;
 }
 
 compositionengine::CompositionEngine& SurfaceFlinger::getCompositionEngine() const {
@@ -763,7 +765,8 @@
     if (auto type = chooseRenderEngineTypeViaSysProp()) {
         builder.setRenderEngineType(type.value());
     }
-    mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(renderengine::RenderEngine::create(builder.build()));
+    mRenderEngine = renderengine::RenderEngine::create(builder.build());
+    mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mRenderEngine.get());
     mMaxRenderTargetSize =
             std::min(getRenderEngine().getMaxTextureSize(), getRenderEngine().getMaxViewportDims());
 
@@ -1031,7 +1034,7 @@
 
     const PhysicalDisplayId displayId = snapshot.displayId();
 
-    info->activeDisplayModeId = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()->getId().value();
+    info->activeDisplayModeId = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()->getId().value();
     info->activeColorMode = display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState().colorMode;
     info->hdrCapabilities = display->getHdrCapabilities();
 
@@ -1128,11 +1131,11 @@
 
         // Keep the old switching type.
         const bool allowGroupSwitching =
-                display->refreshRateConfigs().getCurrentPolicy().allowGroupSwitching;
+                display->refreshRateSelector().getCurrentPolicy().allowGroupSwitching;
 
-        const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy{modeId,
-                                                                         allowGroupSwitching,
-                                                                         {fps, fps}};
+        const scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy{modeId,
+                                                                          {fps, fps},
+                                                                          allowGroupSwitching};
 
         return setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(display, policy);
     });
@@ -1250,7 +1253,7 @@
         // Desired active mode was set, it is different than the mode currently in use, however
         // allowed modes might have changed by the time we process the refresh.
         // Make sure the desired mode is still allowed
-        const auto displayModeAllowed = display->refreshRateConfigs().isModeAllowed(desiredModeId);
+        const auto displayModeAllowed = display->refreshRateSelector().isModeAllowed(desiredModeId);
         if (!displayModeAllowed) {
             clearDesiredActiveModeState(display);
             continue;
@@ -1272,7 +1275,7 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        display->refreshRateConfigs().onModeChangeInitiated();
+        display->refreshRateSelector().onModeChangeInitiated();
         mScheduler->onNewVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline(outTimeline);
 
         if (outTimeline.refreshRequired) {
@@ -1580,9 +1583,10 @@
 
     // LayerHandle::getLayer promotes the layer object in a binder thread but we will not destroy
     // the layer here since the caller has a strong ref to the layer's handle.
-    // TODO (b/238781169): replace layer with layer id
-    const wp<Layer> stopLayer = LayerHandle::getLayer(stopLayerHandle);
-    mRegionSamplingThread->addListener(samplingArea, stopLayer, listener);
+    const sp<Layer> stopLayer = LayerHandle::getLayer(stopLayerHandle);
+    mRegionSamplingThread->addListener(samplingArea,
+                                       stopLayer ? stopLayer->getSequence() : UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                                       listener);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -2180,13 +2184,14 @@
 
     refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = mVisibleRegionsDirty;
     refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = mGeometryDirty.exchange(false) || mVisibleRegionsDirty;
-    std::vector<Layer*> layers;
+    std::vector<sp<Layer>> layers;
 
     mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&refreshArgs, &layers](Layer* layer) {
+        auto strongLayer = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer);
         if (auto layerFE = layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE()) {
             layer->updateSnapshot(refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame);
             refreshArgs.layers.push_back(layerFE);
-            layers.push_back(layer);
+            layers.push_back(std::move(strongLayer));
         }
     });
     refreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = mBlursAreExpensive;
@@ -2218,8 +2223,8 @@
 
     {
         std::vector<LayerSnapshotGuard> layerSnapshotGuards;
-        for (Layer* layer : layers) {
-            layerSnapshotGuards.emplace_back(layer);
+        for (auto& layer : layers) {
+            layerSnapshotGuards.emplace_back(layer.get());
         }
         mCompositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
     }
@@ -2775,21 +2780,34 @@
         const auto [kernelIdleTimerController, idleTimerTimeoutMs] =
                 getKernelIdleTimerProperties(compositionDisplay->getId());
 
-        scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::Config config =
-                {.enableFrameRateOverride = android::sysprop::enable_frame_rate_override(false),
+        const auto enableFrameRateOverride = [&] {
+            using Config = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config;
+            if (!sysprop::enable_frame_rate_override(false)) {
+                return Config::FrameRateOverride::Disabled;
+            }
+
+            if (sysprop::frame_rate_override_for_native_rates(true)) {
+                return Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates;
+            }
+
+            return Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled;
+        }();
+
+        scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config config =
+                {.enableFrameRateOverride = enableFrameRateOverride,
                  .frameRateMultipleThreshold =
                          base::GetIntProperty("debug.sf.frame_rate_multiple_threshold", 0),
                  .idleTimerTimeout = idleTimerTimeoutMs,
                  .kernelIdleTimerController = kernelIdleTimerController};
 
-        creationArgs.refreshRateConfigs =
+        creationArgs.refreshRateSelector =
                 mPhysicalDisplays.get(physical->id)
                         .transform(&PhysicalDisplay::snapshotRef)
                         .transform([&](const display::DisplaySnapshot& snapshot) {
                             return std::make_shared<
-                                    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>(snapshot.displayModes(),
-                                                                   creationArgs.activeModeId,
-                                                                   config);
+                                    scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(snapshot.displayModes(),
+                                                                    creationArgs.activeModeId,
+                                                                    config);
                         })
                         .value_or(nullptr);
 
@@ -2935,11 +2953,17 @@
                                                  displaySurface, producer);
 
     if (mScheduler && !display->isVirtual()) {
+        auto selectorPtr = display->holdRefreshRateSelector();
+
         // Display modes are reloaded on hotplug reconnect.
         if (display->isPrimary()) {
-            mScheduler->setRefreshRateConfigs(display->holdRefreshRateConfigs());
+            // TODO(b/241285876): Annotate `processDisplayAdded` instead.
+            ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+            mScheduler->setRefreshRateSelector(selectorPtr);
         }
-        mScheduler->registerDisplay(display);
+
+        const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
+        mScheduler->registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
         dispatchDisplayHotplugEvent(display->getPhysicalId(), true);
     }
 
@@ -2992,8 +3016,6 @@
             display->disconnect();
             if (display->isVirtual()) {
                 releaseVirtualDisplay(display->getVirtualId());
-            } else {
-                mScheduler->unregisterDisplay(display->getPhysicalId());
             }
         }
 
@@ -3258,7 +3280,7 @@
 
                 ALOGE_IF(error != NO_ERROR,
                          "Error setting display brightness for display %s: %d (%s)",
-                         display->getDebugName().c_str(), error, strerror(error));
+                         to_string(display->getId()).c_str(), error, strerror(error));
             }
             display->persistBrightness(needsComposite);
         }
@@ -3323,7 +3345,12 @@
 
     std::vector<LayerSnapshotGuard> layerSnapshotGuards;
     mDrawingState.traverse([&layerSnapshotGuards](Layer* layer) {
-        if (layer->getLayerSnapshot()->compositionType ==
+        auto strongLayer = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer);
+        const LayerSnapshot* snapshot = layer->getLayerSnapshot();
+        if (!snapshot) {
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Layer snapshot unexpectedly null");
+        }
+        if (snapshot->compositionType ==
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::CURSOR) {
             layer->updateSnapshot(false /* updateGeometry */);
             layerSnapshotGuards.emplace_back(layer);
@@ -3353,7 +3380,7 @@
 
         if (!display) continue;
 
-        if (display->refreshRateConfigs().isModeAllowed(modePtr->getId())) {
+        if (display->refreshRateSelector().isModeAllowed(modePtr->getId())) {
             setDesiredActiveMode(std::move(request));
         } else {
             ALOGV("%s: Mode %d is disallowed for display %s", __func__, modePtr->getId().value(),
@@ -3374,7 +3401,7 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::initScheduler(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mScheduler);
 
-    const auto activeModePtr = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr();
+    const auto activeModePtr = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr();
     const Fps activeRefreshRate = activeModePtr->getFps();
     mRefreshRateStats =
             std::make_unique<scheduler::RefreshRateStats>(*mTimeStats, activeRefreshRate,
@@ -3397,19 +3424,18 @@
         features |= Feature::kPresentFences;
     }
 
+    auto selectorPtr = display->holdRefreshRateSelector();
+    if (selectorPtr->kernelIdleTimerController()) {
+        features |= Feature::kKernelIdleTimer;
+    }
+
     mScheduler = std::make_unique<scheduler::Scheduler>(static_cast<ICompositor&>(*this),
                                                         static_cast<ISchedulerCallback&>(*this),
                                                         features);
-    {
-        auto configs = display->holdRefreshRateConfigs();
-        if (configs->kernelIdleTimerController().has_value()) {
-            features |= Feature::kKernelIdleTimer;
-        }
+    mScheduler->createVsyncSchedule(features);
+    mScheduler->setRefreshRateSelector(selectorPtr);
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(), std::move(selectorPtr));
 
-        mScheduler->createVsyncSchedule(features);
-        mScheduler->setRefreshRateConfigs(std::move(configs));
-        mScheduler->registerDisplay(display);
-    }
     setVsyncEnabled(false);
     mScheduler->startTimers();
 
@@ -3640,11 +3666,6 @@
         mCreatedLayers.emplace_back(layer, parent, args.addToRoot);
     }
 
-    // attach this layer to the client
-    if (args.client != nullptr) {
-        args.client->attachLayer(handle, layer);
-    }
-
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -4650,7 +4671,7 @@
 
     display->setPowerMode(mode);
 
-    const auto refreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveMode().getFps();
+    const auto refreshRate = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().getFps();
     if (*currentMode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
         // Turn on the display
         if (isInternalDisplay && (!activeDisplay || !activeDisplay->isPoweredOn())) {
@@ -4756,17 +4777,18 @@
                 {"--comp-displays"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpCompositionDisplays)},
                 {"--display-id"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpDisplayIdentificationData)},
                 {"--displays"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpDisplays)},
-                {"--dispsync"s, dumper([this](std::string& s) { mScheduler->dumpVsync(s); })},
                 {"--edid"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpRawDisplayIdentificationData)},
+                {"--events"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpEvents)},
+                {"--frametimeline"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpFrameTimeline)},
+                {"--hwclayers"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpHwcLayersMinidumpLocked)},
                 {"--latency"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpStatsLocked)},
                 {"--latency-clear"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::clearStatsLocked)},
                 {"--list"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::listLayersLocked)},
                 {"--planner"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpPlannerInfo)},
+                {"--scheduler"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpScheduler)},
                 {"--timestats"s, protoDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpTimeStats)},
-                {"--vsync"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpVSync)},
+                {"--vsync"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpVsync)},
                 {"--wide-color"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpWideColorInfo)},
-                {"--frametimeline"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpFrameTimeline)},
-                {"--hwclayers"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpHwcLayersMinidumpLocked)},
         };
 
         const auto flag = args.empty() ? ""s : std::string(String8(args[0]));
@@ -4890,24 +4912,39 @@
     result.append("]");
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::dumpVSync(std::string& result) const {
-    mScheduler->dump(result);
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpScheduler(std::string& result) const {
+    utils::Dumper dumper{result};
+
+    mScheduler->dump(dumper);
+
+    // TODO(b/241286146): Move to Scheduler.
+    {
+        utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
+        dumper.dump("lastHwcVsyncState"sv, mLastHWCVsyncState);
+        dumper.dump("pendingHwcVsyncState"sv, mHWCVsyncPendingState);
+    }
+    dumper.eol();
+
+    // TODO(b/241285876): Move to DisplayModeController.
+    dumper.dump("debugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor"sv, mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor);
+    dumper.eol();
 
     mRefreshRateStats->dump(result);
-    result.append("\n");
+    dumper.eol();
 
     mVsyncConfiguration->dump(result);
     StringAppendF(&result,
-                  "      present offset: %9" PRId64 " ns\t     VSYNC period: %9" PRId64 " ns\n\n",
+                  "         present offset: %9" PRId64 " ns\t        VSYNC period: %9" PRId64
+                  " ns\n\n",
                   dispSyncPresentTimeOffset, getVsyncPeriodFromHWC());
+}
 
-    StringAppendF(&result, "(mode override by backdoor: %s)\n\n",
-                  mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor ? "yes" : "no");
-
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpEvents(std::string& result) const {
     mScheduler->dump(mAppConnectionHandle, result);
+}
+
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpVsync(std::string& result) const {
     mScheduler->dumpVsync(result);
-    StringAppendF(&result, "mHWCVsyncPendingState=%s mLastHWCVsyncState=%s\n",
-                  to_string(mHWCVsyncPendingState).c_str(), to_string(mLastHWCVsyncState).c_str());
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::dumpPlannerInfo(const DumpArgs& args, std::string& result) const {
@@ -4928,19 +4965,21 @@
     utils::Dumper dumper{result};
 
     for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, ftl::Concat("Display ", id.value).str());
+
+        display.snapshot().dump(dumper);
+
         if (const auto device = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id)) {
             device->dump(dumper);
         }
-
-        utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
-        display.snapshot().dump(dumper);
-        dumper.eol();
     }
 
     for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
         if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            const auto displayId = display->getId();
+            utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper,
+                                           ftl::Concat("Virtual Display ", displayId.value).str());
             display->dump(dumper);
-            dumper.eol();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -5019,8 +5058,22 @@
 }
 
 LayersProto SurfaceFlinger::dumpDrawingStateProto(uint32_t traceFlags) const {
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> stackIdsToSkip;
+
+    // Determine if virtual layers display should be skipped
+    if ((traceFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAYS) == 0) {
+        for (const auto& [_, display] : FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mDisplays)) {
+            if (display->isVirtual()) {
+                stackIdsToSkip.insert(display->getLayerStack().id);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     LayersProto layersProto;
     for (const sp<Layer>& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
+        if (stackIdsToSkip.find(layer->getLayerStack().id) != stackIdsToSkip.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
         layer->writeToProto(layersProto, traceFlags);
     }
 
@@ -5097,7 +5150,7 @@
         Layer::miniDumpHeader(result);
 
         const DisplayDevice& ref = *display;
-        mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) { layer->miniDump(result, ref); });
+        mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) { layer->miniDump(result, ref); });
         result.append("\n");
     }
 }
@@ -5137,7 +5190,9 @@
     colorizer.bold(result);
     result.append("Scheduler:\n");
     colorizer.reset(result);
-    dumpVSync(result);
+    dumpScheduler(result);
+    dumpEvents(result);
+    dumpVsync(result);
     result.append("\n");
 
     StringAppendF(&result, "Total missed frame count: %u\n", mFrameMissedCount.load());
@@ -5182,14 +5237,11 @@
         StringAppendF(&result, "  orientation=%s, isPoweredOn=%d\n",
                       toCString(display->getOrientation()), display->isPoweredOn());
     }
-    StringAppendF(&result,
-                  "  transaction-flags         : %08x\n"
-                  "  gpu_to_cpu_unsupported    : %d\n",
-                  mTransactionFlags.load(), !mGpuToCpuSupported);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "  transaction-flags         : %08x\n", mTransactionFlags.load());
 
     if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
         std::string fps, xDpi, yDpi;
-        if (const auto activeModePtr = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()) {
+        if (const auto activeModePtr = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()) {
             fps = to_string(activeModePtr->getFps());
 
             const auto dpi = activeModePtr->getDpi();
@@ -5735,8 +5787,8 @@
                                 // defaultMode. The defaultMode doesn't matter for the override
                                 // policy though, since we set allowGroupSwitching to true, so it's
                                 // not a problem.
-                                scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::OverridePolicy overridePolicy;
-                                overridePolicy.defaultMode = display->refreshRateConfigs()
+                                scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::OverridePolicy overridePolicy;
+                                overridePolicy.defaultMode = display->refreshRateSelector()
                                                                      .getDisplayManagerPolicy()
                                                                      .defaultMode;
                                 overridePolicy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
@@ -5749,7 +5801,8 @@
                                 const auto display =
                                         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
                                 return setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(
-                                        display, scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::NoOverridePolicy{});
+                                        display,
+                                        scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::NoOverridePolicy{});
                             })
                             .get();
                 }
@@ -5860,7 +5913,7 @@
     if (!updateOverlay) return;
 
     // Update the overlay on the main thread to avoid race conditions with
-    // mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveMode()
+    // RefreshRateSelector::getActiveMode.
     static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=] {
         const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
         if (!display) {
@@ -5924,7 +5977,7 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::toggleKernelIdleTimer() {
-    using KernelIdleTimerAction = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerAction;
+    using KernelIdleTimerAction = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::KernelIdleTimerAction;
 
     const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     if (!display) {
@@ -5935,12 +5988,12 @@
     // If the support for kernel idle timer is disabled for the active display,
     // don't do anything.
     const std::optional<KernelIdleTimerController> kernelIdleTimerController =
-            display->refreshRateConfigs().kernelIdleTimerController();
+            display->refreshRateSelector().kernelIdleTimerController();
     if (!kernelIdleTimerController.has_value()) {
         return;
     }
 
-    const KernelIdleTimerAction action = display->refreshRateConfigs().getIdleTimerAction();
+    const KernelIdleTimerAction action = display->refreshRateSelector().getIdleTimerAction();
 
     switch (action) {
         case KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff:
@@ -5956,7 +6009,7 @@
             if (!mKernelIdleTimerEnabled) {
                 ATRACE_INT("KernelIdleTimer", 1);
                 const std::chrono::milliseconds timeout =
-                        display->refreshRateConfigs().getIdleTimerTimeout();
+                        display->refreshRateSelector().getIdleTimerTimeout();
                 updateKernelIdleTimer(timeout, kernelIdleTimerController.value(),
                                       display->getPhysicalId());
                 mKernelIdleTimerEnabled = true;
@@ -6229,7 +6282,8 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    Rect layerStackSpaceRect(0, 0, reqSize.width, reqSize.height);
+    Rect layerStackSpaceRect(crop.left, crop.top, crop.left + reqSize.width,
+                             crop.top + reqSize.height);
     bool childrenOnly = args.childrenOnly;
     RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture = ftl::defer([=]() -> std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> {
         return std::make_unique<LayerRenderArea>(*this, parent, crop, reqSize, dataspace,
@@ -6349,7 +6403,7 @@
 
                 ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderFuture;
                 renderArea->render([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-                    renderFuture = renderScreenImpl(*renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
+                    renderFuture = renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers, buffer,
                                                     canCaptureBlackoutContent, regionSampling,
                                                     grayscale, captureResults);
                 });
@@ -6377,19 +6431,19 @@
 }
 
 ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImpl(
-        const RenderArea& renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+        std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
         bool canCaptureBlackoutContent, bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
         ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
+    size_t layerCount = 0;
     traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
+        layerCount++;
         captureResults.capturedSecureLayers =
                 captureResults.capturedSecureLayers || (layer->isVisible() && layer->isSecure());
     });
 
-    const bool useProtected = buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
-
     // We allow the system server to take screenshots of secure layers for
     // use in situations like the Screen-rotation animation and place
     // the impetus on WindowManager to not persist them.
@@ -6399,8 +6453,8 @@
     }
 
     captureResults.buffer = buffer->getBuffer();
-    auto dataspace = renderArea.getReqDataSpace();
-    auto parent = renderArea.getParentLayer();
+    auto dataspace = renderArea->getReqDataSpace();
+    auto parent = renderArea->getParentLayer();
     auto renderIntent = RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC;
     auto sdrWhitePointNits = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
     auto displayBrightnessNits = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
@@ -6422,125 +6476,107 @@
     }
     captureResults.capturedDataspace = dataspace;
 
-    const auto reqWidth = renderArea.getReqWidth();
-    const auto reqHeight = renderArea.getReqHeight();
-    const auto sourceCrop = renderArea.getSourceCrop();
-    const auto transform = renderArea.getTransform();
-    const auto rotation = renderArea.getRotationFlags();
-    const auto& layerStackSpaceRect = renderArea.getLayerStackSpaceRect();
+    const auto transform = renderArea->getTransform();
+    const auto display = renderArea->getDisplayDevice();
 
-    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
-    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers;
-
-    // assume that bounds are never offset, and that they are the same as the
-    // buffer bounds.
-    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = Rect(reqWidth, reqHeight);
-    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = sourceCrop;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation = rotation;
-
-    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = dataspace;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = displayBrightnessNits;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
-            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(renderIntent);
-
-    const float colorSaturation = grayscale ? 0 : 1;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = calculateColorMatrix(colorSaturation);
-
-    const float alpha = RenderArea::getCaptureFillValue(renderArea.getCaptureFill());
-
-    compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings fillLayer;
-    fillLayer.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
-    fillLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    fillLayer.geometry.boundaries =
-            FloatRect(sourceCrop.left, sourceCrop.top, sourceCrop.right, sourceCrop.bottom);
-    fillLayer.alpha = half(alpha);
-    clientCompositionLayers.push_back(fillLayer);
-
-    const auto display = renderArea.getDisplayDevice();
-    std::vector<Layer*> renderedLayers;
-    bool disableBlurs = false;
-    traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-        auto layerFE = layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE();
-        if (!layerFE) {
-            return;
-        }
+    std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>> layers;
+    layers.reserve(layerCount);
+    std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> filterForScreenshot;
+    traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
+        auto strongLayer = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer);
+        captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(layer);
         // Layer::prepareClientComposition uses the layer's snapshot to populate the resulting
         // LayerSettings. Calling Layer::updateSnapshot ensures that LayerSettings are
         // generated with the layer's current buffer and geometry.
         layer->updateSnapshot(true /* updateGeometry */);
 
-        disableBlurs |= layer->getDrawingState().sidebandStream != nullptr;
+        layers.emplace_back(layer, layer->copyCompositionEngineLayerFE());
 
-        Region clip(renderArea.getBounds());
-        compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings targetSettings{
-                clip,
-                layer->needsFilteringForScreenshots(display.get(), transform) ||
-                        renderArea.needsFiltering(),
-                renderArea.isSecure(),
-                useProtected,
-                layerStackSpaceRect,
-                clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace,
-                true,  /* realContentIsVisible */
-                false, /* clearContent */
-                disableBlurs ? compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::
-                                       BlurSetting::Disabled
-                             : compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::
-                                       BlurSetting::Enabled,
-                isHdrLayer(layer) ? displayBrightnessNits : sdrWhitePointNits,
+        sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layers.back().second;
 
-        };
-        std::optional<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> settings;
-        {
-            LayerSnapshotGuard layerSnapshotGuard(layer);
-            settings = layerFE->prepareClientComposition(targetSettings);
+        layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform =
+                renderArea->getTransform() * layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform;
+
+        if (layer->needsFilteringForScreenshots(display.get(), transform)) {
+            filterForScreenshot.insert(layerFE.get());
         }
-
-        if (!settings) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        settings->geometry.positionTransform =
-                transform.asMatrix4() * settings->geometry.positionTransform;
-        // There's no need to process blurs when we're executing region sampling,
-        // we're just trying to understand what we're drawing, and doing so without
-        // blurs is already a pretty good approximation.
-        if (regionSampling) {
-            settings->backgroundBlurRadius = 0;
-            settings->blurRegions.clear();
-        }
-        captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(layer);
-
-        clientCompositionLayers.push_back(std::move(*settings));
-        renderedLayers.push_back(layer);
     });
 
-    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> clientRenderEngineLayers;
-    clientRenderEngineLayers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
-    std::transform(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), clientCompositionLayers.end(),
-                   std::back_inserter(clientRenderEngineLayers),
-                   [](compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings)
-                           -> renderengine::LayerSettings { return settings; });
-
-    // Use an empty fence for the buffer fence, since we just created the buffer so
-    // there is no need for synchronization with the GPU.
-    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
-    getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(useProtected);
-
-    constexpr bool kUseFramebufferCache = false;
-    const auto future = getRenderEngine()
-                                .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientRenderEngineLayers,
-                                            buffer, kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence))
-                                .share();
-
-    for (auto* layer : renderedLayers) {
-        layer->onLayerDisplayed(future);
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack{ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK};
+    if (!layers.empty()) {
+        const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layers.back().second;
+        layerStack = layerFE->getCompositionState()->outputFilter.layerStack;
     }
 
-    // Always switch back to unprotected context.
-    getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(false);
+    auto copyLayerFEs = [&layers]() {
+        std::vector<sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>> layerFEs;
+        layerFEs.reserve(layers.size());
+        for (const auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
+            layerFEs.push_back(layerFE);
+        }
+        return layerFEs;
+    };
 
-    return future;
+    auto present = [this, buffer = std::move(buffer), dataspace, sdrWhitePointNits,
+                    displayBrightnessNits, filterForScreenshot = std::move(filterForScreenshot),
+                    grayscale, layerFEs = copyLayerFEs(), layerStack, regionSampling,
+                    renderArea = std::move(renderArea), renderIntent]() -> FenceResult {
+        std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::CompositionEngine> compositionEngine =
+                mFactory.createCompositionEngine();
+        compositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mRenderEngine.get());
+
+        compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile colorProfile{.dataspace = dataspace,
+                                                             .renderIntent = renderIntent};
+
+        std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> output = createScreenCaptureOutput(
+                ScreenCaptureOutputArgs{.compositionEngine = *compositionEngine,
+                                        .colorProfile = colorProfile,
+                                        .renderArea = *renderArea,
+                                        .layerStack = layerStack,
+                                        .buffer = std::move(buffer),
+                                        .sdrWhitePointNits = sdrWhitePointNits,
+                                        .displayBrightnessNits = displayBrightnessNits,
+                                        .filterForScreenshot = std::move(filterForScreenshot),
+                                        .regionSampling = regionSampling});
+
+        const float colorSaturation = grayscale ? 0 : 1;
+        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs{
+                .outputs = {output},
+                .layers = std::move(layerFEs),
+                .updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = true,
+                .updatingGeometryThisFrame = true,
+                .colorTransformMatrix = calculateColorMatrix(colorSaturation),
+        };
+        compositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
+
+        return output->getRenderSurface()->getClientTargetAcquireFence();
+    };
+
+    // If RenderEngine is threaded, we can safely call CompositionEngine::present off the main
+    // thread as the RenderEngine::drawLayers call will run on RenderEngine's thread. Otherwise,
+    // we need RenderEngine to run on the main thread so we call CompositionEngine::present
+    // immediately.
+    //
+    // TODO(b/196334700) Once we use RenderEngineThreaded everywhere we can always defer the call
+    // to CompositionEngine::present.
+    const bool renderEngineIsThreaded = [&]() {
+        using Type = renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType;
+        const auto type = mRenderEngine->getRenderEngineType();
+        return type == Type::THREADED || type == Type::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
+    }();
+    auto presentFuture = renderEngineIsThreaded ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
+                                                : ftl::yield(present()).share();
+
+    for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
+        layer->onLayerDisplayed(
+                ftl::Future(presentFuture)
+                        .then([layerFE = std::move(layerFE)](FenceResult) {
+                            return layerFE->stealCompositionResult().releaseFences.back().get();
+                        })
+                        .share());
+    }
+
+    return presentFuture;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -6598,7 +6634,7 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(
         const sp<DisplayDevice>& display,
-        const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::PolicyVariant& policy) {
+        const scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::PolicyVariant& policy) {
     const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
 
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
@@ -6608,10 +6644,10 @@
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
 
-    auto& configs = display->refreshRateConfigs();
-    using SetPolicyResult = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::SetPolicyResult;
+    auto& selector = display->refreshRateSelector();
+    using SetPolicyResult = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::SetPolicyResult;
 
-    switch (configs.setPolicy(policy)) {
+    switch (selector.setPolicy(policy)) {
         case SetPolicyResult::Invalid:
             return BAD_VALUE;
         case SetPolicyResult::Unchanged:
@@ -6620,12 +6656,12 @@
             break;
     }
 
-    const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::Policy currentPolicy = configs.getCurrentPolicy();
+    const scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Policy currentPolicy = selector.getCurrentPolicy();
     ALOGV("Setting desired display mode specs: %s", currentPolicy.toString().c_str());
 
     // TODO(b/140204874): Leave the event in until we do proper testing with all apps that might
     // be depending in this callback.
-    if (const auto activeModePtr = configs.getActiveModePtr(); displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
+    if (const auto activeModePtr = selector.getActiveModePtr(); displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         mScheduler->onPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(mAppConnectionHandle, activeModePtr);
         toggleKernelIdleTimer();
     } else {
@@ -6644,7 +6680,7 @@
     ALOGV("Switching to Scheduler preferred mode %d (%s)", preferredModeId.value(),
           to_string(preferredMode->getFps()).c_str());
 
-    if (!configs.isModeAllowed(preferredModeId)) {
+    if (!selector.isModeAllowed(preferredModeId)) {
         ALOGE("%s: Preferred mode %d is disallowed", __func__, preferredModeId.value());
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
@@ -6653,10 +6689,33 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(
-        const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching,
-        float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax, float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-        float appRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+namespace {
+FpsRange translate(const gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges::RefreshRateRange& aidlRange) {
+    return FpsRange{Fps::fromValue(aidlRange.min), Fps::fromValue(aidlRange.max)};
+}
+
+FpsRanges translate(const gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges& aidlRanges) {
+    return FpsRanges{translate(aidlRanges.physical), translate(aidlRanges.render)};
+}
+
+gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges::RefreshRateRange translate(const FpsRange& range) {
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges::RefreshRateRange aidlRange;
+    aidlRange.min = range.min.getValue();
+    aidlRange.max = range.max.getValue();
+    return aidlRange;
+}
+
+gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges translate(const FpsRanges& ranges) {
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs::RefreshRateRanges aidlRanges;
+    aidlRanges.physical = translate(ranges.physical);
+    aidlRanges.render = translate(ranges.render);
+    return aidlRanges;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                                    const gui::DisplayModeSpecs& specs) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     if (!displayToken) {
@@ -6673,13 +6732,9 @@
             ALOGW("Attempt to set desired display modes for virtual display");
             return INVALID_OPERATION;
         } else {
-            using Policy = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy;
-            const Policy policy{DisplayModeId(defaultMode),
-                                allowGroupSwitching,
-                                {Fps::fromValue(primaryRefreshRateMin),
-                                 Fps::fromValue(primaryRefreshRateMax)},
-                                {Fps::fromValue(appRequestRefreshRateMin),
-                                 Fps::fromValue(appRequestRefreshRateMax)}};
+            using Policy = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy;
+            const Policy policy{DisplayModeId(specs.defaultMode), translate(specs.primaryRanges),
+                                translate(specs.appRequestRanges), specs.allowGroupSwitching};
 
             return setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(display, policy);
         }
@@ -6689,16 +6744,10 @@
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
-                                                    ui::DisplayModeId* outDefaultMode,
-                                                    bool* outAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                                    float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                    float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                    float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                    float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+                                                    gui::DisplayModeSpecs* outSpecs) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (!displayToken || !outDefaultMode || !outPrimaryRefreshRateMin ||
-        !outPrimaryRefreshRateMax || !outAppRequestRefreshRateMin || !outAppRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+    if (!displayToken || !outSpecs) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -6712,14 +6761,12 @@
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
-    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::Policy policy =
-            display->refreshRateConfigs().getDisplayManagerPolicy();
-    *outDefaultMode = policy.defaultMode.value();
-    *outAllowGroupSwitching = policy.allowGroupSwitching;
-    *outPrimaryRefreshRateMin = policy.primaryRange.min.getValue();
-    *outPrimaryRefreshRateMax = policy.primaryRange.max.getValue();
-    *outAppRequestRefreshRateMin = policy.appRequestRange.min.getValue();
-    *outAppRequestRefreshRateMax = policy.appRequestRange.max.getValue();
+    scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Policy policy =
+            display->refreshRateSelector().getDisplayManagerPolicy();
+    outSpecs->defaultMode = policy.defaultMode.value();
+    outSpecs->allowGroupSwitching = policy.allowGroupSwitching;
+    outSpecs->primaryRanges = translate(policy.primaryRanges);
+    outSpecs->appRequestRanges = translate(policy.appRequestRanges);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -6830,7 +6877,7 @@
 
     if (!getHwComposer().isHeadless()) {
         if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDevice()) {
-            maxRefreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getSupportedRefreshRateRange().max;
+            maxRefreshRate = display->refreshRateSelector().getSupportedRefreshRateRange().max;
         }
     }
 
@@ -6845,7 +6892,7 @@
         refreshRate = *frameRateOverride;
     } else if (!getHwComposer().isHeadless()) {
         if (const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked())) {
-            refreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
+            refreshRate = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveModePtr()->getFps();
         }
     }
 
@@ -6934,7 +6981,7 @@
     activeDisplay->getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingTexturePoolEnabled(true);
     updateInternalDisplayVsyncLocked(activeDisplay);
     mScheduler->setModeChangePending(false);
-    mScheduler->setRefreshRateConfigs(activeDisplay->holdRefreshRateConfigs());
+    mScheduler->setRefreshRateSelector(activeDisplay->holdRefreshRateSelector());
     onActiveDisplaySizeChanged(activeDisplay);
     mActiveDisplayTransformHint = activeDisplay->getTransformHint();
 
@@ -7610,18 +7657,11 @@
     return binderStatusFromStatusT(status);
 }
 
-binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(
-        const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int32_t defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching,
-        float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax, float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-        float appRequestRefreshRateMax) {
+binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                                               const gui::DisplayModeSpecs& specs) {
     status_t status = checkAccessPermission();
     if (status == OK) {
-        status = mFlinger->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken,
-                                                      static_cast<ui::DisplayModeId>(defaultMode),
-                                                      allowGroupSwitching, primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                      primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                      appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                      appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+        status = mFlinger->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, specs);
     }
     return binderStatusFromStatusT(status);
 }
@@ -7637,25 +7677,7 @@
         return binderStatusFromStatusT(status);
     }
 
-    ui::DisplayModeId displayModeId;
-    bool allowGroupSwitching;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMin;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMax;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMax;
-    status = mFlinger->getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, &displayModeId,
-                                                  &allowGroupSwitching, &primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                  &primaryRefreshRateMax, &appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                  &appRequestRefreshRateMax);
-    if (status == NO_ERROR) {
-        outSpecs->defaultMode = displayModeId;
-        outSpecs->allowGroupSwitching = allowGroupSwitching;
-        outSpecs->primaryRefreshRateMin = primaryRefreshRateMin;
-        outSpecs->primaryRefreshRateMax = primaryRefreshRateMax;
-        outSpecs->appRequestRefreshRateMin = appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-        outSpecs->appRequestRefreshRateMax = appRequestRefreshRateMax;
-    }
-
+    status = mFlinger->getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, outSpecs);
     return binderStatusFromStatusT(status);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 85c194b..fd96fbb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/TransactionHandler.h"
 #include "LayerVector.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h"
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h"
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@
               typename Handler = VsyncModulator::VsyncConfigOpt (VsyncModulator::*)(Args...)>
     void modulateVsync(Handler handler, Args... args) {
         if (const auto config = (*mVsyncModulator.*handler)(args...)) {
-            const auto vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateConfigs();
+            const auto vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncPeriodFromRefreshRateSelector();
             setVsyncConfig(*config, vsyncPeriod);
         }
     }
@@ -551,17 +551,8 @@
     status_t addTunnelModeEnabledListener(const sp<gui::ITunnelModeEnabledListener>& listener);
     status_t removeTunnelModeEnabledListener(const sp<gui::ITunnelModeEnabledListener>& listener);
     status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
-                                        ui::DisplayModeId displayModeId, bool allowGroupSwitching,
-                                        float primaryRefreshRateMin, float primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                        float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                        float appRequestRefreshRateMax);
-    status_t getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
-                                        ui::DisplayModeId* outDefaultMode,
-                                        bool* outAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                        float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                        float* outPrimaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                        float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                        float* outAppRequestRefreshRateMax);
+                                        const gui::DisplayModeSpecs&);
+    status_t getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, gui::DisplayModeSpecs*);
     status_t getDisplayBrightnessSupport(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, bool* outSupport) const;
     status_t setDisplayBrightness(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                   const gui::DisplayBrightness& brightness);
@@ -633,7 +624,7 @@
     // Toggles the kernel idle timer on or off depending the policy decisions around refresh rates.
     void toggleKernelIdleTimer() REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
-    using KernelIdleTimerController = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerController;
+    using KernelIdleTimerController = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::KernelIdleTimerController;
 
     // Get the controller and timeout that will help decide how the kernel idle timer will be
     // configured and what value to use as the timeout.
@@ -672,8 +663,8 @@
     std::optional<ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr>> getPreferredDisplayMode(
             PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeId defaultModeId) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
-    status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>&,
-                                                const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::PolicyVariant&)
+    status_t setDesiredDisplayModeSpecsInternal(
+            const sp<DisplayDevice>&, const scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::PolicyVariant&)
             EXCLUDES(mStateLock) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     void commitTransactions() EXCLUDES(mStateLock) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -694,7 +685,7 @@
     void commitInputWindowCommands() REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     void updateCursorAsync();
 
-    void initScheduler(const sp<const DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void initScheduler(const sp<const DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mStateLock);
     void updatePhaseConfiguration(const Fps&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     void setVsyncConfig(const VsyncModulator::VsyncConfig&, nsecs_t vsyncPeriod);
 
@@ -789,7 +780,7 @@
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
             bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
     ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderScreenImpl(
-            const RenderArea&, TraverseLayersFunction,
+            std::unique_ptr<RenderArea>, TraverseLayersFunction,
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool canCaptureBlackoutContent,
             bool regionSampling, bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&) EXCLUDES(mStateLock)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -1022,7 +1013,9 @@
     void dumpFrameTimeline(const DumpArgs& args, std::string& result) const;
     void logFrameStats(TimePoint now) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    void dumpVSync(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dumpScheduler(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dumpEvents(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dumpVsync(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     void dumpCompositionDisplays(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     void dumpDisplays(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
@@ -1109,7 +1102,6 @@
 
     // constant members (no synchronization needed for access)
     const nsecs_t mBootTime = systemTime();
-    bool mGpuToCpuSupported = false;
     bool mIsUserBuild = true;
 
     // Can only accessed from the main thread, these members
@@ -1248,6 +1240,7 @@
     ui::Dataspace mColorSpaceAgnosticDataspace;
     float mDimmingRatio = -1.f;
 
+    std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     // mMaxRenderTargetSize is only set once in init() so it doesn't need to be protected by
     // any mutex.
@@ -1450,11 +1443,8 @@
             const sp<gui::ITunnelModeEnabledListener>& listener) override;
     binder::Status removeTunnelModeEnabledListener(
             const sp<gui::ITunnelModeEnabledListener>& listener) override;
-    binder::Status setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int32_t defaultMode,
-                                              bool allowGroupSwitching, float primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                              float primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                              float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                              float appRequestRefreshRateMax) override;
+    binder::Status setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                              const gui::DisplayModeSpecs&) override;
     binder::Status getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                               gui::DisplayModeSpecs* outSpecs) override;
     binder::Status getDisplayBrightnessSupport(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerFactory.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerFactory.h
index 41edd22..f310c4a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerFactory.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerFactory.h
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@
 namespace scheduler {
 class VsyncConfiguration;
 class VsyncController;
-class RefreshRateConfigs;
 } // namespace scheduler
 
 namespace frametimeline {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
index 20fa091..c8c71df 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
@@ -367,6 +367,10 @@
     return SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_frame_rate_override().value_or(defaultValue);
 }
 
+bool frame_rate_override_for_native_rates(bool defaultValue) {
+    return SurfaceFlingerProperties::frame_rate_override_for_native_rates().value_or(defaultValue);
+}
+
 bool enable_layer_caching(bool defaultValue) {
     return SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_layer_caching().value_or(defaultValue);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
index 080feee..5e316cf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@
 
 bool enable_frame_rate_override(bool defaultValue);
 
+bool frame_rate_override_for_native_rates(bool defaultValue);
+
 bool enable_layer_caching(bool defaultValue);
 
 bool enable_sdr_dimming(bool defaultValue);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
index e73dac6..b32001c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
         TRACE_EXTRA = 1 << 3,
         TRACE_HWC = 1 << 4,
         TRACE_BUFFERS = 1 << 5,
+        TRACE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAYS = 1 << 6,
         TRACE_ALL = TRACE_INPUT | TRACE_COMPOSITION | TRACE_EXTRA,
     };
     void setTraceFlags(uint32_t flags);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/Dumper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/Dumper.h
index 3761f9e..ee94217 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/Dumper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/Dumper.h
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <string_view>
 
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
+
 namespace android::utils {
 
 // Dumps variables by appending their name and value to the output string. A variable is formatted
@@ -44,16 +45,48 @@
         eol();
     }
 
+    void dump(std::string_view name, const std::string& value) {
+        dump(name, static_cast<const std::string_view&>(value));
+    }
+
     void dump(std::string_view name, bool value) {
         using namespace std::string_view_literals;
         dump(name, value ? "true"sv : "false"sv);
     }
 
     template <typename T>
-    void dump(std::string_view name, const std::optional<T>& value) {
-        using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+    void dump(std::string_view name, const std::optional<T>& opt) {
+        if (opt) {
+            dump(name, *opt);
+        } else {
+            using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+            dump(name, "nullopt"sv);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void dump(std::string_view name, const ftl::Optional<T>& opt) {
+        dump(name, static_cast<const std::optional<T>&>(opt));
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename... Ts>
+    void dump(std::string_view name, const T& value, const Ts&... rest) {
+        std::string string;
+
+        constexpr bool kIsTuple = sizeof...(Ts) > 0;
+        if constexpr (kIsTuple) {
+            string += '{';
+        }
+
         using std::to_string;
-        dump(name, value ? to_string(*value) : "nullopt"sv);
+        string += to_string(value);
+
+        if constexpr (kIsTuple) {
+            string += ((", " + to_string(rest)) + ...);
+            string += '}';
+        }
+
+        dump(name, string);
     }
 
     struct Indent {
@@ -63,6 +96,21 @@
         Dumper& dumper;
     };
 
+    struct Section {
+        Section(Dumper& dumper, std::string_view heading) : dumper(dumper) {
+            dumper.dump({}, heading);
+            indent.emplace(dumper);
+        }
+
+        ~Section() {
+            indent.reset();
+            dumper.eol();
+        }
+
+        Dumper& dumper;
+        std::optional<Indent> indent;
+    };
+
 private:
     std::string& mOut;
     int mIndent = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
index f8fc6f5..8a6af10 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@
     invokeComposerHal2_3(&composer, display, outLayer);
     invokeComposerHal2_4(&composer, display, outLayer);
 
-    composer.executeCommands();
-    composer.resetCommands();
+    composer.executeCommands(display);
+    composer.resetCommands(display);
 
     composer.destroyLayer(display, outLayer);
     composer.destroyVirtualDisplay(display);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index 502b55a..9ba9b90 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 #include "NativeWindowSurface.h"
 #include "Scheduler/EventThread.h"
 #include "Scheduler/MessageQueue.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncConfiguration.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncController.h"
@@ -218,18 +218,19 @@
 
 class TestableScheduler : public Scheduler, private ICompositor {
 public:
-    TestableScheduler(const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> &refreshRateConfigs,
-                      ISchedulerCallback &callback)
+    TestableScheduler(const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>& selectorPtr,
+                      ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<android::mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), refreshRateConfigs,
+                              std::make_unique<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), selectorPtr,
                               callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
                       std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker,
-                      std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> configs, ISchedulerCallback &callback)
+                      std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr,
+                      ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection) {
         mVsyncSchedule.emplace(VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker), nullptr, std::move(controller)));
-        setRefreshRateConfigs(std::move(configs));
+        setRefreshRateSelector(std::move(selectorPtr));
     }
 
     ConnectionHandle createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread) {
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@
 
     auto &mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
 
-    auto refreshRateConfigs() { return holdRefreshRateConfigs(); }
+    auto refreshRateSelector() { return holdRefreshRateSelector(); }
 
     void replaceTouchTimer(int64_t millis) {
         if (mTouchTimer) {
@@ -310,8 +311,8 @@
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<scheduler::Scheduler> createScheduler(
-            const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> &,
-            scheduler::ISchedulerCallback &) {
+            const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>&,
+            scheduler::ISchedulerCallback&) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -504,16 +505,8 @@
     }
 
     void getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(sp<IBinder> &display) {
-        ui::DisplayModeId outDefaultMode;
-        bool outAllowGroupSwitching;
-        float outPrimaryRefreshRateMin;
-        float outPrimaryRefreshRateMax;
-        float outAppRequestRefreshRateMin;
-        float outAppRequestRefreshRateMax;
-        mFlinger->getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, &outDefaultMode, &outAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                             &outPrimaryRefreshRateMin, &outPrimaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                             &outAppRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                             &outAppRequestRefreshRateMax);
+        gui::DisplayModeSpecs _;
+        mFlinger->getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, &_);
     }
 
     void setVsyncConfig(FuzzedDataProvider *fdp) {
@@ -633,7 +626,8 @@
     }
 
     void setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> renderEngine) {
-        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(std::move(renderEngine));
+        mFlinger->mRenderEngine = std::move(renderEngine);
+        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mFlinger->mRenderEngine.get());
     }
 
     void setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer> composer) {
@@ -660,9 +654,9 @@
             modes.try_emplace(kModeId90, mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz));
         }
 
-        mRefreshRateConfigs = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, kModeId60);
+        mRefreshRateSelector = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(modes, kModeId60);
         const auto fps =
-                FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mRefreshRateConfigs->getActiveMode().getFps());
+                FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveMode().getFps());
         mFlinger->mVsyncConfiguration = mFactory.createVsyncConfiguration(fps);
         mFlinger->mVsyncModulator = sp<scheduler::VsyncModulator>::make(
                 mFlinger->mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs());
@@ -671,7 +665,7 @@
                                                               hal::PowerMode::OFF);
 
         mScheduler = new scheduler::TestableScheduler(std::move(vsyncController),
-                                                      std::move(vsyncTracker), mRefreshRateConfigs,
+                                                      std::move(vsyncTracker), mRefreshRateSelector,
                                                       *(callback ?: this));
 
         mFlinger->mAppConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
@@ -780,8 +774,8 @@
         mutableDrawingState().displays.clear();
         mFlinger->mScheduler.reset();
         mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>());
-        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(
-                std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>());
+        mFlinger->mRenderEngine = std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>();
+        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mFlinger->mRenderEngine.get());
     }
 
 private:
@@ -794,7 +788,7 @@
     sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger =
             sp<SurfaceFlinger>::make(mFactory, SurfaceFlinger::SkipInitialization);
     scheduler::TestableScheduler *mScheduler = nullptr;
-    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> mRefreshRateConfigs;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> mRefreshRateSelector;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index 2614288..bd11a37 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #include "Scheduler/DispSyncSource.h"
 #include "Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h"
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@
                                      (72_Hz).getPeriodNsecs(), (90_Hz).getPeriodNsecs(),
                                      (120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs()};
 
-constexpr auto kLayerVoteTypes = ftl::enum_range<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType>();
+constexpr auto kLayerVoteTypes = ftl::enum_range<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType>();
 
 constexpr PowerMode kPowerModes[] = {PowerMode::ON, PowerMode::DOZE, PowerMode::OFF,
                                      PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::ON_SUSPEND};
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@
 
 private:
     void fuzzRefreshRateSelection();
-    void fuzzRefreshRateConfigs();
+    void fuzzRefreshRateSelector();
     void fuzzPresentLatencyTracker();
     void fuzzVSyncModulator();
     void fuzzVSyncPredictor();
@@ -238,8 +239,8 @@
         time1 += mFdp.PickValueInArray(kVsyncPeriods);
         time2 += mFdp.PickValueInArray(kVsyncPeriods);
     }
-    historyV1.summarize(*scheduler->refreshRateConfigs(), time1);
-    historyV1.summarize(*scheduler->refreshRateConfigs(), time2);
+    historyV1.summarize(*scheduler->refreshRateSelector(), time1);
+    historyV1.summarize(*scheduler->refreshRateSelector(), time2);
 
     scheduler->createConnection(std::make_unique<android::mock::EventThread>());
 
@@ -248,7 +249,9 @@
     scheduler->setDuration(handle, (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>(),
                            (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
 
-    dump<scheduler::TestableScheduler>(scheduler, &mFdp);
+    std::string result = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kRandomStringLength);
+    utils::Dumper dumper(result);
+    scheduler->dump(dumper);
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzVSyncReactor() {
@@ -327,9 +330,9 @@
     layer->setFrameRateSelectionPriority(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int16_t>());
 }
 
-void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzRefreshRateConfigs() {
-    using RefreshRateConfigs = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs;
-    using LayerRequirement = RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement;
+void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzRefreshRateSelector() {
+    using RefreshRateSelector = scheduler::RefreshRateSelector;
+    using LayerRequirement = RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement;
     using RefreshRateStats = scheduler::RefreshRateStats;
 
     const uint16_t minRefreshRate = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, UINT16_MAX >> 1);
@@ -345,48 +348,48 @@
                                                          Fps::fromValue(static_cast<float>(fps))));
     }
 
-    RefreshRateConfigs refreshRateConfigs(displayModes, modeId);
+    RefreshRateSelector refreshRateSelector(displayModes, modeId);
 
-    const RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.touch = false, .idle = false};
+    const RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.touch = false, .idle = false};
     std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()}};
 
-    refreshRateConfigs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, globalSignals);
+    refreshRateSelector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, globalSignals);
 
     layers[0].name = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kRandomStringLength);
     layers[0].ownerUid = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
     layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>());
     layers[0].vote = mFdp.PickValueInArray(kLayerVoteTypes.values);
     auto frameRateOverrides =
-            refreshRateConfigs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers,
-                                                     Fps::fromValue(
-                                                             mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
-                                                     globalSignals);
+            refreshRateSelector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers,
+                                                      Fps::fromValue(
+                                                              mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
+                                                      globalSignals);
 
     {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-        refreshRateConfigs.setPolicy(
-                RefreshRateConfigs::
+        refreshRateSelector.setPolicy(
+                RefreshRateSelector::
                         DisplayManagerPolicy{modeId,
                                              {Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
                                               Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>())}});
-        refreshRateConfigs.setPolicy(
-                RefreshRateConfigs::OverridePolicy{modeId,
-                                                   {Fps::fromValue(
-                                                            mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
-                                                    Fps::fromValue(
-                                                            mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>())}});
-        refreshRateConfigs.setPolicy(RefreshRateConfigs::NoOverridePolicy{});
+        refreshRateSelector.setPolicy(
+                RefreshRateSelector::OverridePolicy{modeId,
+                                                    {Fps::fromValue(
+                                                             mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
+                                                     Fps::fromValue(
+                                                             mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>())}});
+        refreshRateSelector.setPolicy(RefreshRateSelector::NoOverridePolicy{});
 
-        refreshRateConfigs.setActiveModeId(modeId);
+        refreshRateSelector.setActiveModeId(modeId);
     }
 
-    RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps::fromValue(
-                                                           mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
-                                                   Fps::fromValue(
-                                                           mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
-    RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
-                                            Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
+    RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps::fromValue(
+                                                            mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
+                                                    Fps::fromValue(
+                                                            mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
+    RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
+                                             Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()));
 
     android::mock::TimeStats timeStats;
     RefreshRateStats refreshRateStats(timeStats, Fps::fromValue(mFdp.ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()),
@@ -407,7 +410,7 @@
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::process() {
     fuzzRefreshRateSelection();
-    fuzzRefreshRateConfigs();
+    fuzzRefreshRateSelector();
     fuzzPresentLatencyTracker();
     fuzzVSyncModulator();
     fuzzVSyncPredictor();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
index 1a49ead..88e32e1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include "Clock.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "Scheduler/EventThread.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
index bcbe21a..28da81f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
@@ -445,6 +445,18 @@
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_frame_rate_override"
 }
 
+# Limits the frame rate override feature (enable_frame_rate_override) to override the refresh rate
+# to native display refresh rates only. Before introducing this flag, native display refresh rates
+# was the default behvaiour. With this flag we can control which behaviour we want explicitly.
+# This flag is intoruduced as a fail-safe machanism and planned to be defaulted to false.
+prop {
+    api_name: "frame_rate_override_for_native_rates"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Public
+    access: Readonly
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.frame_rate_override_for_native_rates"
+}
+
 # Enables Layer Caching
 prop {
     api_name: "enable_layer_caching"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
index 348a462..0dfb80e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.force_hwc_copy_for_virtual_displays"
   }
   prop {
+    api_name: "frame_rate_override_for_native_rates"
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.frame_rate_override_for_native_rates"
+  }
+  prop {
     api_name: "has_HDR_display"
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.has_HDR_display"
   }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
index 4f04934..1676844 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
@@ -207,23 +207,12 @@
 
 TEST_F(CredentialsTest, SetDesiredDisplayConfigsTest) {
     const auto display = getFirstDisplayToken();
-    ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode;
-    bool allowGroupSwitching;
-    float primaryFpsMin;
-    float primaryFpsMax;
-    float appRequestFpsMin;
-    float appRequestFpsMax;
-    status_t res =
-            SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, &defaultMode,
-                                                              &allowGroupSwitching, &primaryFpsMin,
-                                                              &primaryFpsMax, &appRequestFpsMin,
-                                                              &appRequestFpsMax);
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs specs;
+    status_t res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, &specs);
     ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs setSpecs;
     std::function<status_t()> condition = [=]() {
-        return SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, defaultMode,
-                                                                 allowGroupSwitching, primaryFpsMin,
-                                                                 primaryFpsMax, appRequestFpsMin,
-                                                                 appRequestFpsMax);
+        return SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(display, specs);
     };
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkWithPrivileges<status_t>(condition, NO_ERROR, PERMISSION_DENIED));
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/DisplayConfigs_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/DisplayConfigs_test.cpp
index 02c934e..10dae46 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/DisplayConfigs_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/DisplayConfigs_test.cpp
@@ -39,37 +39,19 @@
  */
 class RefreshRateRangeTest : public ::testing::Test {
 private:
-    ui::DisplayModeId initialDefaultMode;
-    bool initialAllowGroupSwitching;
-    float initialPrimaryMin;
-    float initialPrimaryMax;
-    float initialAppRequestMin;
-    float initialAppRequestMax;
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs mSpecs;
 
 protected:
     void SetUp() override {
         const auto ids = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayIds();
         ASSERT_FALSE(ids.empty());
         mDisplayToken = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayToken(ids.front());
-        status_t res =
-                SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken,
-                                                                  &initialDefaultMode,
-                                                                  &initialAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                                                  &initialPrimaryMin,
-                                                                  &initialPrimaryMax,
-                                                                  &initialAppRequestMin,
-                                                                  &initialAppRequestMax);
+        status_t res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, &mSpecs);
         ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
     }
 
     void TearDown() override {
-        status_t res =
-                SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, initialDefaultMode,
-                                                                  initialAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                                                  initialPrimaryMin,
-                                                                  initialPrimaryMax,
-                                                                  initialAppRequestMin,
-                                                                  initialAppRequestMax);
+        status_t res = SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, mSpecs);
         ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
     }
 
@@ -85,61 +67,39 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
     ASSERT_GT(modes.size(), 0);
 
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs setSpecs;
+    setSpecs.allowGroupSwitching = false;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < modes.size(); i++) {
-        res = SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, modes[i].id, false,
-                                                                modes[i].refreshRate,
-                                                                modes[i].refreshRate,
-                                                                modes[i].refreshRate,
-                                                                modes[i].refreshRate);
+        setSpecs.defaultMode = modes[i].id;
+        setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical.min = modes[i].refreshRate;
+        setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical.max = modes[i].refreshRate;
+        setSpecs.primaryRanges.render = setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical;
+        setSpecs.appRequestRanges = setSpecs.primaryRanges;
+        res = SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, setSpecs);
         ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
 
-        ui::DisplayModeId defaultConfig;
-        bool allowGroupSwitching;
-        float primaryRefreshRateMin;
-        float primaryRefreshRateMax;
-        float appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-        float appRequestRefreshRateMax;
-        res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, &defaultConfig,
-                                                                &allowGroupSwitching,
-                                                                &primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                                &primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                                &appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                                &appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+        gui::DisplayModeSpecs getSpecs;
+        res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, &getSpecs);
         ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
-        ASSERT_EQ(defaultConfig, i);
-        ASSERT_EQ(allowGroupSwitching, false);
-        ASSERT_EQ(primaryRefreshRateMin, modes[i].refreshRate);
-        ASSERT_EQ(primaryRefreshRateMax, modes[i].refreshRate);
-        ASSERT_EQ(appRequestRefreshRateMin, modes[i].refreshRate);
-        ASSERT_EQ(appRequestRefreshRateMax, modes[i].refreshRate);
+        ASSERT_EQ(setSpecs, getSpecs);
     }
 }
 
 void RefreshRateRangeTest::testSetAllowGroupSwitching(bool allowGroupSwitching) {
-    status_t res =
-            SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, 0, allowGroupSwitching,
-                                                              0.f, 90.f, 0.f, 90.f);
-    ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
-    ui::DisplayModeId defaultConfig;
-    bool newAllowGroupSwitching;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMin;
-    float primaryRefreshRateMax;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMin;
-    float appRequestRefreshRateMax;
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs setSpecs;
+    setSpecs.defaultMode = 0;
+    setSpecs.allowGroupSwitching = allowGroupSwitching;
+    setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical.min = 0;
+    setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical.max = 90;
+    setSpecs.primaryRanges.render = setSpecs.primaryRanges.physical;
+    setSpecs.appRequestRanges = setSpecs.primaryRanges;
 
-    res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, &defaultConfig,
-                                                            &newAllowGroupSwitching,
-                                                            &primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                                            &primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                            &appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                            &appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+    status_t res = SurfaceComposerClient::setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, setSpecs);
     ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
-    ASSERT_EQ(defaultConfig, 0);
-    ASSERT_EQ(newAllowGroupSwitching, allowGroupSwitching);
-    ASSERT_EQ(primaryRefreshRateMin, 0.f);
-    ASSERT_EQ(primaryRefreshRateMax, 90.f);
-    ASSERT_EQ(appRequestRefreshRateMin, 0.f);
-    ASSERT_EQ(appRequestRefreshRateMax, 90.f);
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs getSpecs;
+    res = SurfaceComposerClient::getDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplayToken, &getSpecs);
+    ASSERT_EQ(res, NO_ERROR);
+    ASSERT_EQ(setSpecs, getSpecs);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RefreshRateRangeTest, setAllowGroupSwitching) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index d2b5813..d88da4d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
         "SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp",
         "SchedulerTest.cpp",
         "SetFrameRateTest.cpp",
-        "RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp",
+        "RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp",
         "RefreshRateSelectionTest.cpp",
         "RefreshRateStatsTest.cpp",
         "RegionSamplingTest.cpp",
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V2-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
         "libcompositionengine_mocks",
         "libcompositionengine",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 7148c11..06b9caa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@
                                                                       HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                                                                       usage);
 
-    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer,
-                                            forSystem, regionSampling);
+    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers,
+                                            mCaptureScreenBuffer, forSystem, regionSampling);
     ASSERT_TRUE(future.valid());
     const auto fenceResult = future.get();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
index 9d8e0a2..342c646 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, setClientTargetSlotCount(_));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, setVsyncEnabled(hwcDisplayId, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, onHotplugConnect(hwcDisplayId));
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
index 972198c..979924a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@
         // LayerHistory::summarize makes no guarantee of the order of the elements in the summary
         // however, for testing only, a stable order is required, therefore we sort the list here.
         // Any tests requiring ordered results must create layers with names.
-        auto summary = history().summarize(*mScheduler->refreshRateConfigs(), now);
+        auto summary = history().summarize(*mScheduler->refreshRateSelector(), now);
         std::sort(summary.begin(), summary.end(),
-                  [](const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement& a,
-                     const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement& b) -> bool {
-                      return a.name < b.name;
+                  [](const RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement& lhs,
+                     const RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement& rhs) -> bool {
+                      return lhs.name < rhs.name;
                   });
         return summary;
     }
@@ -125,16 +125,16 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(desiredRefreshRate, summary[0].desiredRefreshRate);
     }
 
-    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> mConfigs =
-            std::make_shared<RefreshRateConfigs>(makeModes(createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(0),
-                                                                             LO_FPS),
-                                                           createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(1),
-                                                                             HI_FPS)),
-                                                 DisplayModeId(0));
+    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> mSelector =
+            std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(makeModes(createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(0),
+                                                                              LO_FPS),
+                                                            createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(1),
+                                                                              HI_FPS)),
+                                                  DisplayModeId(0));
 
     mock::SchedulerCallback mSchedulerCallback;
 
-    TestableScheduler* mScheduler = new TestableScheduler(mConfigs, mSchedulerCallback);
+    TestableScheduler* mScheduler = new TestableScheduler(mSelector, mSchedulerCallback);
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 924c5be..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2427 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "SchedulerUnittests"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <array>
-
-#include <ftl/enum.h>
-#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <ui/Size.h>
-
-#include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
-#include "FpsOps.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
-#include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
-
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
-namespace android::scheduler {
-
-namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
-
-using LayerRequirement = RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement;
-using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType;
-using SetPolicyResult = RefreshRateConfigs::SetPolicyResult;
-
-using mock::createDisplayMode;
-
-struct TestableRefreshRateConfigs : RefreshRateConfigs {
-    using RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateOrder;
-    using RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateRanking;
-
-    using RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateConfigs;
-
-    void setActiveModeId(DisplayModeId modeId) {
-        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        return RefreshRateConfigs::setActiveModeId(modeId);
-    }
-
-    const DisplayMode& getActiveMode() const {
-        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        return RefreshRateConfigs::getActiveMode();
-    }
-
-    DisplayModePtr getMinSupportedRefreshRate() const {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-        return mMinRefreshRateModeIt->second;
-    }
-
-    DisplayModePtr getMaxSupportedRefreshRate() const {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-        return mMaxRefreshRateModeIt->second;
-    }
-
-    DisplayModePtr getMinRefreshRateByPolicy() const {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-        return getMinRefreshRateByPolicyLocked();
-    }
-
-    DisplayModePtr getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy() const {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-        return getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked(getActiveModeItLocked()->second->getGroup());
-    }
-
-    RefreshRateRanking rankRefreshRates(std::optional<int> anchorGroupOpt,
-                                        RefreshRateOrder refreshRateOrder) const {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-        return RefreshRateConfigs::rankRefreshRates(anchorGroupOpt, refreshRateOrder);
-    }
-
-    const std::vector<Fps>& knownFrameRates() const { return mKnownFrameRates; }
-
-    using RefreshRateConfigs::GetRankedRefreshRatesCache;
-    auto& mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache() { return mGetRankedRefreshRatesCache; }
-
-    auto getRankedRefreshRates(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
-                               GlobalSignals signals) const {
-        const auto result = RefreshRateConfigs::getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals);
-
-        EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_sorted(result.ranking.begin(), result.ranking.end(),
-                                   ScoredRefreshRate::DescendingScore{}));
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    auto getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
-                                     GlobalSignals signals) const {
-        const auto [ranking, consideredSignals] = getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals);
-        return std::make_pair(ranking, consideredSignals);
-    }
-
-    DisplayModePtr getBestRefreshRate(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers = {},
-                                      GlobalSignals signals = {}) const {
-        return getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals).ranking.front().modePtr;
-    }
-
-    SetPolicyResult setPolicy(const PolicyVariant& policy) {
-        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        return RefreshRateConfigs::setPolicy(policy);
-    }
-
-    SetPolicyResult setDisplayManagerPolicy(const DisplayManagerPolicy& policy) {
-        return setPolicy(policy);
-    }
-};
-
-class RefreshRateConfigsTest : public testing::Test {
-protected:
-    using RefreshRateOrder = TestableRefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateOrder;
-
-    RefreshRateConfigsTest();
-    ~RefreshRateConfigsTest();
-
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId90{1};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId72{2};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId120{3};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId30{4};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId25{5};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId50{6};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId24{7};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId24Frac{8};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId30Frac{9};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60Frac{10};
-
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode60 = createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode60Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId60Frac, 59.94_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90 = createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz, 1);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90_4K =
-            createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz, 0, {3840, 2160});
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode72 = createDisplayMode(kModeId72, 72_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode72_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId72, 72_Hz, 1);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode120 = createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode120_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz, 1);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30 = createDisplayMode(kModeId30, 30_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId30, 30_Hz, 1);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId30Frac, 29.97_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode25 = createDisplayMode(kModeId25, 25_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode25_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId25, 25_Hz, 1);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode50 = createDisplayMode(kModeId50, 50_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode24 = createDisplayMode(kModeId24, 24_Hz);
-    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode24Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId24Frac, 23.976_Hz);
-
-    // Test configurations.
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60 = makeModes(kMode60);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_G1 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_G1);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_4K = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_4K);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_72_90 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_72_120 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_72_90_120 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120, kMode30);
-
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_G1, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_72_90 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_90 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_25_30_50_60 =
-            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30_G1, kMode25_G1, kMode50);
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_120 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode120);
-
-    // This is a typical TV configuration.
-    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac =
-            makeModes(kMode24, kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac, kMode50, kMode60,
-                      kMode60Frac);
-};
-
-RefreshRateConfigsTest::RefreshRateConfigsTest() {
-    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
-            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
-    ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-}
-
-RefreshRateConfigsTest::~RefreshRateConfigsTest() {
-    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
-            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
-    ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, oneMode_canSwitch) {
-    RefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60, kModeId60);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(configs.canSwitch());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, invalidPolicy) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60, kModeId60);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Invalid,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({DisplayModeId(10), {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Invalid,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {20_Hz, 40_Hz}}));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, unchangedPolicy) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    // Override to the same policy.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
-              configs.setPolicy(RefreshRateConfigs::OverridePolicy{kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    // Clear override to restore DisplayManagerPolicy.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
-              configs.setPolicy(RefreshRateConfigs::NoOverridePolicy{}));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto minRate = configs.getMinSupportedRefreshRate();
-    const auto performanceRate = configs.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, performanceRate);
-
-    const auto minRateByPolicy = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRateByPolicy = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(minRateByPolicy, minRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(performanceRateByPolicy, performanceRate);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap_differentGroups) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto minRate = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate = configs.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
-    const auto minRate60 = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate60 = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    const auto minRate90 = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate90 = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, performanceRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, minRate90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, performanceRate90);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap_differentResolutions) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_4K, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto minRate = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate = configs.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
-    const auto minRate60 = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate60 = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    const auto minRate90 = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate90 = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, performanceRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, minRate90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, performanceRate90);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_policyChange) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto minRate = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, performanceRate);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-
-    const auto minRate60 = configs.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
-    const auto performanceRate60 = configs.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_getActiveMode) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-    {
-        const auto& mode = configs.getActiveMode();
-        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId60);
-    }
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-    {
-        const auto& mode = configs.getActiveMode();
-        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId90);
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    {
-        const auto& mode = configs.getActiveMode();
-        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId90);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_noLayers) {
-    {
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_72_90, kModeId72);
-
-        // If there are no layers we select the default frame rate, which is the max of the primary
-        // range.
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate());
-
-        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-                  configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate());
-    }
-    {
-        // We select max even when this will cause a non-seamless switch.
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-        constexpr bool kAllowGroupSwitching = true;
-        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-                  configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
-                          {kModeId90, kAllowGroupSwitching, {0_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, configs.getBestRefreshRate());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_exactDontChangeRefreshRateWhenNotInPolicy) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId72);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId72, {0_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_60_90) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr.name = "Min";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.name = "";
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {0_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_multipleThreshold_60_90) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60, {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 90});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr.name = "Min";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_60_72_90) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_72_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_72_90_120) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 48_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 48_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_90_120_DifferentTypes) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_90_120_DifferentTypes_multipleThreshold) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60,
-                                       {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 120});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-    auto& lr3 = layers[2];
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitExact";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 10_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitExact";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr3.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr3.name = "120Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_72_90) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr.name = "Min";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_PriorityTest) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 15_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_24FpsVideo) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    for (float fps = 23.0f; fps < 25.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
-        const auto mode = configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers);
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
-                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_24FpsVideo_multipleThreshold_60_120) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_120, kModeId60,
-                                       {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 120});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    for (float fps = 23.0f; fps < 25.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
-        const auto mode = configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers);
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
-                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, twoModes_getBestRefreshRate_Explicit) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_75HzContent) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    for (float fps = 75.0f; fps < 100.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
-        const auto mode = configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {});
-        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
-                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_Multiples) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, scrollWhileWatching60fps_60_90) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-    lr2.name = "NoVote";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-    lr2.name = "NoVote";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr2.name = "Max";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    // The other layer starts to provide buffers
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getMaxRefreshRatesByPolicy) {
-    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
-    // different group.
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto refreshRates = configs.rankRefreshRates(configs.getActiveMode().getGroup(),
-                                                       RefreshRateOrder::Descending);
-
-    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode30};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getMinRefreshRatesByPolicy) {
-    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
-    // different group.
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    const auto refreshRates = configs.rankRefreshRates(configs.getActiveMode().getGroup(),
-                                                       RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
-
-    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getMinRefreshRatesByPolicyOutsideTheGroup) {
-    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
-    // different group.
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId72);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    const auto refreshRates =
-            configs.rankRefreshRates(/*anchorGroupOpt*/ std::nullopt, RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
-
-    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getMaxRefreshRatesByPolicyOutsideTheGroup) {
-    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
-    // different group.
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId72);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    const auto refreshRates =
-            configs.rankRefreshRates(/*anchorGroupOpt*/ std::nullopt, RefreshRateOrder::Descending);
-
-    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode30};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, powerOnImminentConsidered) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    auto [refreshRates, signals] = configs.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.powerOnImminent);
-
-    std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
-            configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair({}, {.powerOnImminent = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.powerOnImminent);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-
-    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
-            configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.powerOnImminent = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.powerOnImminent);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
-            configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.powerOnImminent = false});
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.powerOnImminent);
-
-    expectedRefreshRates = {kMode60, kMode90};
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
-                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, touchConsidered) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    auto [_, signals] = configs.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
-
-    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair({}, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = configs.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitDefault) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_72_120, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    // Prepare a table with the vote and the expected refresh rate
-    const std::initializer_list<std::pair<Fps, Fps>> testCases = {
-            {130_Hz, 120_Hz}, {120_Hz, 120_Hz}, {119_Hz, 120_Hz}, {110_Hz, 120_Hz},
-
-            {100_Hz, 90_Hz},  {90_Hz, 90_Hz},   {89_Hz, 90_Hz},
-
-            {80_Hz, 72_Hz},   {73_Hz, 72_Hz},   {72_Hz, 72_Hz},   {71_Hz, 72_Hz},   {70_Hz, 72_Hz},
-
-            {65_Hz, 60_Hz},   {60_Hz, 60_Hz},   {59_Hz, 60_Hz},   {58_Hz, 60_Hz},
-
-            {55_Hz, 90_Hz},   {50_Hz, 90_Hz},   {45_Hz, 90_Hz},
-
-            {42_Hz, 120_Hz},  {40_Hz, 120_Hz},  {39_Hz, 120_Hz},
-
-            {37_Hz, 72_Hz},   {36_Hz, 72_Hz},   {35_Hz, 72_Hz},
-
-            {30_Hz, 60_Hz},
-    };
-
-    for (auto [desired, expected] : testCases) {
-        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = desired;
-
-        std::stringstream ss;
-        ss << "ExplicitDefault " << desired;
-        lr.name = ss.str();
-
-        EXPECT_EQ(expected, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest,
-       getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactOrMultiple_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    // Test that 23.976 will choose 24 if 23.976 is not supported
-    {
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(makeModes(kMode24, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac,
-                                                     kMode60, kMode60Frac),
-                                           kModeId60);
-
-        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 23.976_Hz;
-        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 23.976 Hz";
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId24, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-    }
-
-    // Test that 24 will choose 23.976 if 24 is not supported
-    {
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(makeModes(kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac,
-                                                     kMode60, kMode60Frac),
-                                           kModeId60);
-
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
-        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 24 Hz";
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId24Frac, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-    }
-
-    // Test that 29.97 will prefer 59.94 over 60 and 30
-    {
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(makeModes(kMode24, kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30,
-                                                     kMode60, kMode60Frac),
-                                           kModeId60);
-
-        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 29.97_Hz;
-        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 29.97 Hz";
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60Frac, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExact_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    // Test that voting for supported refresh rate will select this refresh rate
-    {
-        TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac, kModeId60);
-
-        for (auto desired : {23.976_Hz, 24_Hz, 25_Hz, 29.97_Hz, 30_Hz, 50_Hz, 59.94_Hz, 60_Hz}) {
-            lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-            lr.desiredRefreshRate = desired;
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "ExplicitExact " << desired;
-            lr.name = ss.str();
-
-            EXPECT_EQ(lr.desiredRefreshRate, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest,
-       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_ignoresTouchFlag) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr.focused = true;
-
-    const auto [mode, signals] =
-            configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {.touch = true, .idle = true});
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(mode.begin()->modePtr, kMode60);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest,
-       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_ignoresIdleFlag) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.idle = true}));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, testDisplayModeOrdering) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f},
-                                            {.weight = 1.f},
-                                            {.weight = 1.f},
-                                            {.weight = 1.f},
-                                            {.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
-    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
-    auto& lr3 = layers[2];
-    auto& lr4 = layers[3];
-    auto& lr5 = layers[4];
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "90Hz";
-    lr1.focused = true;
-
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz";
-    lr2.focused = true;
-
-    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
-    lr3.name = "72Hz";
-    lr3.focused = true;
-
-    lr4.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr4.name = "120Hz";
-    lr4.focused = true;
-
-    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr5.name = "30Hz";
-    lr5.focused = true;
-
-    std::array expectedRanking = {kMode120, kMode90, kMode72, kMode60, kMode30};
-    auto actualRanking = configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
-                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr1.name = "Max";
-
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz";
-
-    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
-    lr3.name = "72Hz";
-
-    lr4.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    lr4.name = "90Hz";
-
-    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr5.name = "120Hz";
-
-    expectedRanking = {kMode120, kMode90, kMode72, kMode60, kMode30};
-    actualRanking = configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
-                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "30Hz";
-
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "120Hz";
-
-    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr3.name = "60Hz";
-
-    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
-    lr5.name = "72Hz";
-
-    expectedRanking = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90, kMode120, kMode72};
-    actualRanking = configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
-                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr1.name = "120Hz";
-    lr1.weight = 0.0f;
-
-    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr2.name = "60Hz";
-    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-
-    lr3.name = "60Hz-2";
-    lr3.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-
-    lr4.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-
-    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    lr5.name = "120Hz-2";
-
-    expectedRanking = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode120, kMode72, kMode30};
-    actualRanking = configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
-                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
-                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest,
-       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_onlySwitchesRatesForExplicitFocusedLayers) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    const auto [ranking, signals] = configs.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(ranking.front().modePtr, kMode90);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& lr = layers[0];
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    lr.focused = false;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    lr.focused = false;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
-    lr.focused = false;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Max";
-    lr.focused = false;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    lr.name = "60Hz Min";
-    lr.focused = false;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    lr.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingNotAllowed) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    // The default policy doesn't allow group switching. Verify that no
-    // group switches are performed.
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layer.focused = true;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayer) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layer.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerOnlySeamless) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    // Verify that we won't change the group if seamless switch is required.
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
-    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layer.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerOnlySeamlessDefaultFps) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    // Verify that we won't do a seamless switch if we request the same mode as the default
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
-    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layer.focused = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerDefaultSeamlessness) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    // Verify that if the current config is in another group and there are no layers with
-    // seamlessness=SeamedAndSeamless we'll go back to the default group.
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
-    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layer.focused = true;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersOnlySeamlessAndSeamed) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    // If there's a layer with seamlessness=SeamedAndSeamless, another layer with
-    // seamlessness=OnlySeamless can't change the mode group.
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
-    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layers[0].focused = true;
-
-    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.5f});
-    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    layers[1].focused = false;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersDefaultFocusedAndSeamed) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    // If there's a focused layer with seamlessness=SeamedAndSeamless, another layer with
-    // seamlessness=Default can't change the mode group back to the group of the default
-    // mode.
-    // For example, this may happen when a video playback requests and gets a seamed switch,
-    // but another layer (with default seamlessness) starts animating. The animating layer
-    // should not cause a seamed switch.
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].focused = true;
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-
-    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.1f});
-    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layers[1].focused = true;
-    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersDefaultNotFocusedAndSeamed) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
-
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    // Layer with seamlessness=Default can change the mode group if there's a not
-    // focused layer with seamlessness=SeamedAndSeamless. This happens for example,
-    // when in split screen mode the user switches between the two visible applications.
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].focused = true;
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
-
-    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.7f});
-    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    layers[1].focused = false;
-    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, nonSeamlessVotePrefersSeamlessSwitches) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60, kModeId60);
-
-    // Allow group switching.
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
-    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    layer.focused = true;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId120);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, nonSeamlessExactAndSeamlessMultipleLayers) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_25_30_50_60, kModeId60);
-
-    // Allow group switching.
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault",
-                                             .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
-                                             .desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz,
-                                             .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
-                                             .weight = 0.5f,
-                                             .focused = false},
-                                            {.name = "25Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple",
-                                             .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
-                                             .desiredRefreshRate = 25_Hz,
-                                             .seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless,
-                                             .weight = 1.f,
-                                             .focused = true}};
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId50, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-
-    auto& seamedLayer = layers[0];
-    seamedLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    seamedLayer.name = "30Hz ExplicitDefault";
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId30);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId25, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, minLayersDontTrigerSeamedSwitch) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId90);
-
-    // Allow group switching.
-    RefreshRateConfigs::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
-    policy.defaultMode = configs.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
-    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, configs.setPolicy(policy));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {
-            {.name = "Min", .vote = LayerVoteType::Min, .weight = 1.f, .focused = true}};
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, primaryVsAppRequestPolicy) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
-
-    struct Args {
-        bool touch = false;
-        bool focused = true;
-    };
-
-    // Return the config ID from calling getBestRefreshRate() for a single layer with the
-    // given voteType and fps.
-    auto getFrameRate = [&](LayerVoteType voteType, Fps fps, Args args = {}) -> DisplayModeId {
-        layers[0].vote = voteType;
-        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = fps;
-        layers[0].focused = args.focused;
-        return configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = args.touch})->getId();
-    };
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {30_Hz, 60_Hz}, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate()->getId());
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId30, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz));
-
-    // Unfocused layers are not allowed to override primary config.
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz, {.focused = false}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
-              getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz, {.focused = false}));
-
-    // Touch boost should be restricted to the primary range.
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
-
-    // When we're higher than the primary range max due to a layer frame rate setting, touch boost
-    // shouldn't drag us back down to the primary range max.
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
-              getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, idle) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
-
-    const auto getIdleFrameRate = [&](LayerVoteType voteType, bool touchActive) -> DisplayModeId {
-        layers[0].vote = voteType;
-        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-
-        const auto [ranking, signals] =
-                configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {.touch = touchActive, .idle = true});
-
-        // Refresh rate will be chosen by either touch state or idle state.
-        EXPECT_EQ(!touchActive, signals.idle);
-        return ranking.front().modePtr->getId();
-    };
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-
-    // Idle should be lower priority than touch boost.
-    {
-        constexpr bool kTouchActive = true;
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90,
-                  getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, kTouchActive));
-    }
-
-    // With no layers, idle should still be lower priority than touch boost.
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, configs.getBestRefreshRate({}, {.touch = true, .idle = true})->getId());
-
-    // Idle should be higher precedence than other layer frame rate considerations.
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-
-    {
-        constexpr bool kTouchActive = false;
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, kTouchActive));
-        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
-                  getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, kTouchActive));
-    }
-
-    // Idle should be applied rather than the current config when there are no layers.
-    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, configs.getBestRefreshRate({}, {.idle = true})->getId());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, findClosestKnownFrameRate) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    for (float fps = 1.0f; fps <= 120.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
-        const auto knownFrameRate = configs.findClosestKnownFrameRate(Fps::fromValue(fps));
-        const Fps expectedFrameRate = [fps] {
-            if (fps < 26.91f) return 24_Hz;
-            if (fps < 37.51f) return 30_Hz;
-            if (fps < 52.51f) return 45_Hz;
-            if (fps < 66.01f) return 60_Hz;
-            if (fps < 81.01f) return 72_Hz;
-            return 90_Hz;
-        }();
-
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedFrameRate, knownFrameRate);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_KnownFrameRate) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
-
-    struct Expectation {
-        Fps fps;
-        DisplayModePtr mode;
-    };
-
-    const std::initializer_list<Expectation> knownFrameRatesExpectations = {
-            {24_Hz, kMode60}, {30_Hz, kMode60}, {45_Hz, kMode90},
-            {60_Hz, kMode60}, {72_Hz, kMode90}, {90_Hz, kMode90},
-    };
-
-    // Make sure the test tests all the known frame rate
-    const auto& knownFrameRates = configs.knownFrameRates();
-    const bool equal = std::equal(knownFrameRates.begin(), knownFrameRates.end(),
-                                  knownFrameRatesExpectations.begin(),
-                                  [](Fps fps, const Expectation& expected) {
-                                      return isApproxEqual(fps, expected.fps);
-                                  });
-    EXPECT_TRUE(equal);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    auto& layer = layers[0];
-    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-
-    for (const auto& [fps, mode] : knownFrameRatesExpectations) {
-        layer.desiredRefreshRate = fps;
-        EXPECT_EQ(mode, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExact) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
-    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
-    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-
-    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactEnableFrameRateOverride) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60,
-                                       {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
-    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
-    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-
-    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ReadsCache) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals;
-    const auto args = std::make_pair(std::vector<LayerRequirement>{},
-                                     GlobalSignals{.touch = true, .idle = true});
-
-    const RefreshRateConfigs::RankedRefreshRates result = {{RefreshRateConfigs::ScoredRefreshRate{
-                                                                   kMode90}},
-                                                           {.touch = true}};
-
-    configs.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache() = {args, result};
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(result, configs.getRankedRefreshRates(args.first, args.second));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_WritesCache) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(configs.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache());
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
-    RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals globalSignals{.touch = true, .idle = true};
-
-    const auto result = configs.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, globalSignals);
-
-    const auto& cache = configs.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(cache);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(cache->arguments, std::make_pair(layers, globalSignals));
-    EXPECT_EQ(cache->result, result);
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactTouchBoost) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_120, kModeId60, {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
-    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
-    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-
-    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
-    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_FractionalRefreshRates_ExactAndDefault) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac, kModeId60,
-                                       {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 0.5f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
-    auto& explicitDefaultLayer = layers[0];
-    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
-
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
-    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-
-    explicitDefaultLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    explicitDefaultLayer.name = "ExplicitDefault";
-    explicitDefaultLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 59.94_Hz;
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
-}
-
-// b/190578904
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_withCloseRefreshRates) {
-    constexpr int kMinRefreshRate = 10;
-    constexpr int kMaxRefreshRate = 240;
-
-    DisplayModes displayModes;
-    for (int fps = kMinRefreshRate; fps < kMaxRefreshRate; fps++) {
-        const DisplayModeId modeId(fps);
-        displayModes.try_emplace(modeId,
-                                 createDisplayMode(modeId,
-                                                   Fps::fromValue(static_cast<float>(fps))));
-    }
-
-    const TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(std::move(displayModes),
-                                             DisplayModeId(kMinRefreshRate));
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    const auto testRefreshRate = [&](Fps fps, LayerVoteType vote) {
-        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = fps;
-        layers[0].vote = vote;
-        EXPECT_EQ(fps.getIntValue(), configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps().getIntValue())
-                << "Failed for " << ftl::enum_string(vote);
-    };
-
-    for (int fps = kMinRefreshRate; fps < kMaxRefreshRate; fps++) {
-        const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromValue(static_cast<float>(fps));
-        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::Heuristic);
-        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault);
-        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple);
-        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact);
-    }
-}
-
-// b/190578904
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_conflictingVotes) {
-    constexpr DisplayModeId kActiveModeId{0};
-    DisplayModes displayModes = makeModes(createDisplayMode(kActiveModeId, 43_Hz),
-                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(1), 53_Hz),
-                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(2), 55_Hz),
-                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(3), 60_Hz));
-
-    const RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.touch = false, .idle = false};
-    const TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(std::move(displayModes), kActiveModeId);
-
-    const std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {
-            {
-                    .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
-                    .desiredRefreshRate = 43_Hz,
-                    .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
-                    .weight = 0.41f,
-            },
-            {
-                    .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
-                    .desiredRefreshRate = 53_Hz,
-                    .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
-                    .weight = 0.41f,
-            },
-    };
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(53_Hz, configs.getBestRefreshRate(layers, globalSignals)->getFps());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, modeComparison) {
-    EXPECT_LT(kMode60->getFps(), kMode90->getFps());
-    EXPECT_GE(kMode60->getFps(), kMode60->getFps());
-    EXPECT_GE(kMode90->getFps(), kMode90->getFps());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, testKernelIdleTimerAction) {
-    using KernelIdleTimerAction = RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerAction;
-
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
-
-    // setPolicy(60, 90), current 90Hz => TurnOn.
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(60, 90), current 60Hz => TurnOn.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(60, 60), current 60Hz => TurnOff
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(90, 90), current 90Hz => TurnOff.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, testKernelIdleTimerActionFor120Hz) {
-    using KernelIdleTimerAction = RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerAction;
-
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_60_120, kModeId120);
-
-    // setPolicy(0, 60), current 60Hz => TurnOn.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {0_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(60, 60), current 60Hz => TurnOff.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(60, 120), current 60Hz => TurnOn.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-
-    // setPolicy(120, 120), current 120Hz => TurnOff.
-    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
-              configs.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId120, {120_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
-    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, configs.getIdleTimerAction());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateDivisor) {
-    TestableRefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId30);
-
-    const auto frameRate = 30_Hz;
-    Fps displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId60);
-    displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(2, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId72);
-    displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-    displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(3, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId120);
-    displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
-
-    configs.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
-    displayRefreshRate = configs.getActiveMode().getFps();
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, 22.5_Hz));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(24_Hz, 25_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(24_Hz, 23.976_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(30_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivisor(60_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, isFractionalPairOrMultiple) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(23.976_Hz, 24_Hz));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(24_Hz, 23.976_Hz));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 30_Hz));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(30_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(59.94_Hz, 60_Hz));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(60_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 60_Hz));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(60_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(59.94_Hz, 30_Hz));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(30_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
-
-    const auto refreshRates = {23.976_Hz, 24_Hz, 25_Hz, 29.97_Hz, 30_Hz, 50_Hz, 59.94_Hz, 60_Hz};
-    for (auto refreshRate : refreshRates) {
-        EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(refreshRate, refreshRate));
-    }
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(24_Hz, 25_Hz));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(23.978_Hz, 25_Hz));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateOverrides_noLayers) {
-    RefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(configs.getFrameRateOverrides({}, 120_Hz, {}).empty());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateOverrides_60on120) {
-    RefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
-                               {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
-    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-
-    auto frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateOverrides_twoUids) {
-    RefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
-                               {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.ownerUid = 1234, .weight = 1.f},
-                                            {.ownerUid = 5678, .weight = 1.f}};
-
-    layers[0].name = "Test layer 1234";
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-
-    layers[1].name = "Test layer 5678";
-    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
-    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-    auto frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(2u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(5678));
-    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(5678));
-
-    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    layers[1].ownerUid = 1234;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateOverrides_touch) {
-    RefreshRateConfigs configs(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
-                               {.enableFrameRateOverride = true});
-
-    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.ownerUid = 1234, .weight = 1.f}};
-    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
-    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
-
-    auto frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
-    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
-
-    frameRateOverrides = configs.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
-}
-
-} // namespace
-} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cedb7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2570 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "SchedulerUnittests"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <ui/Size.h>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
+#include "FpsOps.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
+#include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
+using Config = RefreshRateSelector::Config;
+using LayerRequirement = RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement;
+using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType;
+using SetPolicyResult = RefreshRateSelector::SetPolicyResult;
+
+using mock::createDisplayMode;
+
+struct TestableRefreshRateSelector : RefreshRateSelector {
+    using RefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateOrder;
+    using RefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateRanking;
+
+    using RefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateSelector;
+
+    void setActiveModeId(DisplayModeId modeId) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        return RefreshRateSelector::setActiveModeId(modeId);
+    }
+
+    const DisplayMode& getActiveMode() const {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        return RefreshRateSelector::getActiveMode();
+    }
+
+    DisplayModePtr getMinSupportedRefreshRate() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return mMinRefreshRateModeIt->second;
+    }
+
+    DisplayModePtr getMaxSupportedRefreshRate() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return mMaxRefreshRateModeIt->second;
+    }
+
+    DisplayModePtr getMinRefreshRateByPolicy() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return getMinRefreshRateByPolicyLocked();
+    }
+
+    DisplayModePtr getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked(getActiveModeItLocked()->second->getGroup());
+    }
+
+    RefreshRateRanking rankRefreshRates(std::optional<int> anchorGroupOpt,
+                                        RefreshRateOrder refreshRateOrder) const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return RefreshRateSelector::rankRefreshRates(anchorGroupOpt, refreshRateOrder);
+    }
+
+    const std::vector<Fps>& knownFrameRates() const { return mKnownFrameRates; }
+
+    using RefreshRateSelector::GetRankedRefreshRatesCache;
+    auto& mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache() { return mGetRankedRefreshRatesCache; }
+
+    auto getRankedRefreshRates(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                               GlobalSignals signals) const {
+        const auto result = RefreshRateSelector::getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals);
+
+        EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_sorted(result.ranking.begin(), result.ranking.end(),
+                                   ScoredRefreshRate::DescendingScore{}));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    auto getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                     GlobalSignals signals) const {
+        const auto [ranking, consideredSignals] = getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals);
+        return std::make_pair(ranking, consideredSignals);
+    }
+
+    DisplayModePtr getBestRefreshRate(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers = {},
+                                      GlobalSignals signals = {}) const {
+        return getRankedRefreshRates(layers, signals).ranking.front().modePtr;
+    }
+
+    SetPolicyResult setPolicy(const PolicyVariant& policy) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        return RefreshRateSelector::setPolicy(policy);
+    }
+
+    SetPolicyResult setDisplayManagerPolicy(const DisplayManagerPolicy& policy) {
+        return setPolicy(policy);
+    }
+};
+
+class RefreshRateSelectorTest : public testing::Test {
+protected:
+    using RefreshRateOrder = TestableRefreshRateSelector::RefreshRateOrder;
+
+    RefreshRateSelectorTest();
+    ~RefreshRateSelectorTest();
+
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId90{1};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId72{2};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId120{3};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId30{4};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId25{5};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId50{6};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId24{7};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId24Frac{8};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId30Frac{9};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60Frac{10};
+
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode60 = createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode60Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId60Frac, 59.94_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90 = createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz, 1);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode90_4K =
+            createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz, 0, {3840, 2160});
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode72 = createDisplayMode(kModeId72, 72_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode72_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId72, 72_Hz, 1);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode120 = createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode120_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz, 1);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30 = createDisplayMode(kModeId30, 30_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId30, 30_Hz, 1);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode30Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId30Frac, 29.97_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode25 = createDisplayMode(kModeId25, 25_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode25_G1 = createDisplayMode(kModeId25, 25_Hz, 1);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode50 = createDisplayMode(kModeId50, 50_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode24 = createDisplayMode(kModeId24, 24_Hz);
+    static inline const DisplayModePtr kMode24Frac = createDisplayMode(kModeId24Frac, 23.976_Hz);
+
+    // Test configurations.
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60 = makeModes(kMode60);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_G1 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_G1);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_4K = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_4K);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_72_90 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_90_72_120 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_72_90_120 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120, kMode30);
+
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90_G1, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_72_90 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_30_60_90 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_25_30_50_60 =
+            makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1, kMode30_G1, kMode25_G1, kMode50);
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_60_120 = makeModes(kMode60, kMode120);
+
+    // This is a typical TV configuration.
+    static inline const DisplayModes kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac =
+            makeModes(kMode24, kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac, kMode50, kMode60,
+                      kMode60Frac);
+};
+
+RefreshRateSelectorTest::RefreshRateSelectorTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+RefreshRateSelectorTest::~RefreshRateSelectorTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, oneMode_canSwitch) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60, kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(selector.canSwitch());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, invalidPolicy) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60, kModeId60);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Invalid,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({DisplayModeId(10), {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Invalid,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {20_Hz, 40_Hz}}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, unchangedPolicy) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    // Override to the same policy.
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
+              selector.setPolicy(RefreshRateSelector::OverridePolicy{kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    // Clear override to restore DisplayManagerPolicy.
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Unchanged,
+              selector.setPolicy(RefreshRateSelector::NoOverridePolicy{}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto minRate = selector.getMinSupportedRefreshRate();
+    const auto performanceRate = selector.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, performanceRate);
+
+    const auto minRateByPolicy = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRateByPolicy = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(minRateByPolicy, minRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(performanceRateByPolicy, performanceRate);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap_differentGroups) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto minRate = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate = selector.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
+    const auto minRate60 = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate60 = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    const auto minRate90 = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate90 = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, performanceRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, minRate90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, performanceRate90);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_storesFullRefreshRateMap_differentResolutions) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_4K, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto minRate = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate = selector.getMaxSupportedRefreshRate();
+    const auto minRate60 = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate60 = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    const auto minRate90 = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate90 = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, performanceRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, minRate90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_4K, performanceRate90);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_policyChange) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto minRate = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, performanceRate);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+
+    const auto minRate60 = selector.getMinRefreshRateByPolicy();
+    const auto performanceRate60 = selector.getMaxRefreshRateByPolicy();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, minRate60);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, performanceRate60);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_getActiveMode) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+    {
+        const auto& mode = selector.getActiveMode();
+        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId60);
+    }
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+    {
+        const auto& mode = selector.getActiveMode();
+        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId90);
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    {
+        const auto& mode = selector.getActiveMode();
+        EXPECT_EQ(mode.getId(), kModeId90);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_noLayers) {
+    {
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_72_90, kModeId72);
+
+        // If there are no layers we select the default frame rate, which is the max of the primary
+        // range.
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate());
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+                  selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate());
+    }
+    {
+        // We select max even when this will cause a non-seamless switch.
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+        constexpr bool kAllowGroupSwitching = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+                  selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                          {kModeId90, {0_Hz, 90_Hz}, kAllowGroupSwitching}));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90_G1, selector.getBestRefreshRate());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_exactDontChangeRefreshRateWhenNotInPolicy) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId72);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId72, {0_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_60_90) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr.name = "Min";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.name = "";
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {0_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_multipleThreshold_60_90) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60,
+                                         {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 90});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr.name = "Min";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_60_72_90) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_72_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_72_90_120) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 48_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 48_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_90_120_DifferentTypes) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_90_120_DifferentTypes_multipleThreshold) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60,
+                                         {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 120});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+    auto& lr3 = layers[2];
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitExact";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 10_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.name = "120Hz ExplicitExact";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr3.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr3.name = "120Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_30_60_72_90) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr.name = "Min";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    lr.name = "45Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr.name = "30Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr.name = "24Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr.name = "24Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_PriorityTest) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 15_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 45_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_24FpsVideo) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    for (float fps = 23.0f; fps < 25.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
+        const auto mode = selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers);
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
+                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_24FpsVideo_multipleThreshold_60_120) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_120, kModeId60,
+                                         {.frameRateMultipleThreshold = 120});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    for (float fps = 23.0f; fps < 25.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
+        const auto mode = selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers);
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
+                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, twoModes_getBestRefreshRate_Explicit) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_75HzContent) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    for (float fps = 75.0f; fps < 100.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps::fromValue(fps);
+        const auto mode = selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {});
+        EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, mode) << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " chooses "
+                                 << to_string(mode->getFps());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_Multiples) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, scrollWhileWatching60fps_60_90) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+    lr2.name = "NoVote";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+    lr2.name = "NoVote";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr2.name = "Max";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    // The other layer starts to provide buffers
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "90Hz Heuristic";
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getMaxRefreshRatesByPolicy) {
+    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
+    // different group.
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto refreshRates = selector.rankRefreshRates(selector.getActiveMode().getGroup(),
+                                                        RefreshRateOrder::Descending);
+
+    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode30};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getMinRefreshRatesByPolicy) {
+    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
+    // different group.
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    const auto refreshRates = selector.rankRefreshRates(selector.getActiveMode().getGroup(),
+                                                        RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
+
+    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getMinRefreshRatesByPolicyOutsideTheGroup) {
+    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
+    // different group.
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId72);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    const auto refreshRates =
+            selector.rankRefreshRates(/*anchorGroupOpt*/ std::nullopt, RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
+
+    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getMaxRefreshRatesByPolicyOutsideTheGroup) {
+    // The kModes_30_60_90 contains two kMode72_G1, kMode120_G1 which are from the
+    // different group.
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId72);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {30_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    const auto refreshRates = selector.rankRefreshRates(/*anchorGroupOpt*/ std::nullopt,
+                                                        RefreshRateOrder::Descending);
+
+    const std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode30};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, powerOnImminentConsidered) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    auto [refreshRates, signals] = selector.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.powerOnImminent);
+
+    std::array expectedRefreshRates = {kMode90, kMode60};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
+            selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair({}, {.powerOnImminent = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.powerOnImminent);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+
+    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
+            selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.powerOnImminent = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.powerOnImminent);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    std::tie(refreshRates, signals) =
+            selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.powerOnImminent = false});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.powerOnImminent);
+
+    expectedRefreshRates = {kMode60, kMode90};
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates.size(), refreshRates.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRefreshRates.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRefreshRates[i], refreshRates[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRefreshRates[i]->getFps().getIntValue()
+                << " Actual fps " << refreshRates[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, touchConsidered) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    auto [_, signals] = selector.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
+
+    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair({}, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(signals.touch);
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    std::tie(std::ignore, signals) = selector.getRankedRefreshRatesAsPair(layers, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitDefault) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_72_120, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    // Prepare a table with the vote and the expected refresh rate
+    const std::initializer_list<std::pair<Fps, Fps>> testCases = {
+            {130_Hz, 120_Hz}, {120_Hz, 120_Hz}, {119_Hz, 120_Hz}, {110_Hz, 120_Hz},
+
+            {100_Hz, 90_Hz},  {90_Hz, 90_Hz},   {89_Hz, 90_Hz},
+
+            {80_Hz, 72_Hz},   {73_Hz, 72_Hz},   {72_Hz, 72_Hz},   {71_Hz, 72_Hz},   {70_Hz, 72_Hz},
+
+            {65_Hz, 60_Hz},   {60_Hz, 60_Hz},   {59_Hz, 60_Hz},   {58_Hz, 60_Hz},
+
+            {55_Hz, 90_Hz},   {50_Hz, 90_Hz},   {45_Hz, 90_Hz},
+
+            {42_Hz, 120_Hz},  {40_Hz, 120_Hz},  {39_Hz, 120_Hz},
+
+            {37_Hz, 72_Hz},   {36_Hz, 72_Hz},   {35_Hz, 72_Hz},
+
+            {30_Hz, 60_Hz},
+    };
+
+    for (auto [desired, expected] : testCases) {
+        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = desired;
+
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ss << "ExplicitDefault " << desired;
+        lr.name = ss.str();
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest,
+       getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactOrMultiple_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    // Test that 23.976 will choose 24 if 23.976 is not supported
+    {
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(makeModes(kMode24, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac,
+                                                       kMode60, kMode60Frac),
+                                             kModeId60);
+
+        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 23.976_Hz;
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 23.976 Hz";
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId24, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 24 will choose 23.976 if 24 is not supported
+    {
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(makeModes(kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30, kMode30Frac,
+                                                       kMode60, kMode60Frac),
+                                             kModeId60);
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 24_Hz;
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 24 Hz";
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId24Frac, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 29.97 will prefer 59.94 over 60 and 30
+    {
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(makeModes(kMode24, kMode24Frac, kMode25, kMode30,
+                                                       kMode60, kMode60Frac),
+                                             kModeId60);
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 29.97_Hz;
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 29.97 Hz";
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60Frac, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExact_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    // Test that voting for supported refresh rate will select this refresh rate
+    {
+        TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac, kModeId60);
+
+        for (auto desired : {23.976_Hz, 24_Hz, 25_Hz, 29.97_Hz, 30_Hz, 50_Hz, 59.94_Hz, 60_Hz}) {
+            lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+            lr.desiredRefreshRate = desired;
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << "ExplicitExact " << desired;
+            lr.name = ss.str();
+
+            EXPECT_EQ(lr.desiredRefreshRate, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest,
+       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_ignoresTouchFlag) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
+
+    constexpr FpsRange k90 = {90_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRange k60_90 = {60_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {k90, k90}, {k60_90, k60_90}}));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr.focused = true;
+
+    const auto [mode, signals] =
+            selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {.touch = true, .idle = true});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mode.begin()->modePtr, kMode60);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest,
+       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_ignoresIdleFlag) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    constexpr FpsRange k60 = {60_Hz, 60_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRange k60_90 = {60_Hz, 90_Hz};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {k60, k60}, {k60_90, k60_90}}));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.idle = true}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, testDisplayModeOrdering) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr1 = layers[0];
+    auto& lr2 = layers[1];
+    auto& lr3 = layers[2];
+    auto& lr4 = layers[3];
+    auto& lr5 = layers[4];
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "90Hz";
+    lr1.focused = true;
+
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz";
+    lr2.focused = true;
+
+    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
+    lr3.name = "72Hz";
+    lr3.focused = true;
+
+    lr4.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr4.name = "120Hz";
+    lr4.focused = true;
+
+    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr5.name = "30Hz";
+    lr5.focused = true;
+
+    std::array expectedRanking = {kMode120, kMode90, kMode72, kMode60, kMode30};
+    auto actualRanking = selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
+                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr1.name = "Max";
+
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz";
+
+    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
+    lr3.name = "72Hz";
+
+    lr4.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    lr4.name = "90Hz";
+
+    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr5.name = "120Hz";
+
+    expectedRanking = {kMode120, kMode90, kMode72, kMode60, kMode30};
+    actualRanking = selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
+                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    lr1.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "30Hz";
+
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "120Hz";
+
+    lr3.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr3.name = "60Hz";
+
+    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
+    lr5.name = "72Hz";
+
+    expectedRanking = {kMode30, kMode60, kMode90, kMode120, kMode72};
+    actualRanking = selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
+                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    lr1.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr1.name = "120Hz";
+    lr1.weight = 0.0f;
+
+    lr2.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr2.name = "60Hz";
+    lr2.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+
+    lr3.name = "60Hz-2";
+    lr3.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+
+    lr4.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+
+    lr5.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    lr5.name = "120Hz-2";
+
+    expectedRanking = {kMode90, kMode60, kMode120, kMode72, kMode30};
+    actualRanking = selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {}).ranking;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(expectedRanking.size(), actualRanking.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < expectedRanking.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedRanking[i], actualRanking[i].modePtr)
+                << "Expected fps " << expectedRanking[i]->getFps().getIntValue() << " Actual fps "
+                << actualRanking[i].modePtr->getFps().getIntValue();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest,
+       getBestRefreshRate_withDisplayManagerRequestingSingleRate_onlySwitchesRatesForExplicitFocusedLayers) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
+
+    constexpr FpsRange k90 = {90_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRange k60_90 = {60_Hz, 90_Hz};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {k90, k90}, {k60_90, k60_90}}));
+
+    const auto [ranking, signals] = selector.getRankedRefreshRates({}, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(ranking.front().modePtr, kMode90);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(signals.touch);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    lr.focused = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    lr.focused = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Heuristic";
+    lr.focused = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Max";
+    lr.focused = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    lr.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    lr.name = "60Hz Min";
+    lr.focused = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    lr.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingNotAllowed) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    // The default policy doesn't allow group switching. Verify that no
+    // group switches are performed.
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layer.focused = true;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayer) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layer.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerOnlySeamless) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    // Verify that we won't change the group if seamless switch is required.
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
+    layer.name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layer.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerOnlySeamlessDefaultFps) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    // Verify that we won't do a seamless switch if we request the same mode as the default
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
+    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layer.focused = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithOneLayerDefaultSeamlessness) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    // Verify that if the active mode is in another group and there are no layers with
+    // Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless, we should switch back to the default group.
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layer.focused = true;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersOnlySeamlessAndSeamed) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    // If there's a layer with Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless, another layer with
+    // Seamlessness::OnlySeamless can't change the mode group.
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless;
+    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layers[0].focused = true;
+
+    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.5f});
+    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    layers[1].focused = false;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersDefaultFocusedAndSeamed) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    // If there's a focused layer with Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless, another layer with
+    // Seamlessness::Default can't change the mode group back to the group of the default
+    // mode.
+    // For example, this may happen when a video playback requests and gets a seamed switch,
+    // but another layer (with default seamlessness) starts animating. The animating layer
+    // should not cause a seamed switch.
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].focused = true;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+
+    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.1f});
+    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layers[1].focused = true;
+    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, groupSwitchingWithTwoLayersDefaultNotFocusedAndSeamed) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId60);
+
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    // Layer with Seamlessness::Default can change the mode group if there's an
+    // unfocused layer with Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless. For example, this happens
+    // when in split screen mode the user switches between the two visible applications.
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].seamlessness = Seamlessness::Default;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].focused = true;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault";
+
+    layers.push_back(LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.7f});
+    layers[1].seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    layers[1].focused = false;
+    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    layers[1].name = "90Hz ExplicitDefault";
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, nonSeamlessVotePrefersSeamlessSwitches) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60, kModeId60);
+
+    // Allow group switching.
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    layer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layer.seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless;
+    layer.name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    layer.focused = true;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId120);
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, nonSeamlessExactAndSeamlessMultipleLayers) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_25_30_50_60, kModeId60);
+
+    // Allow group switching.
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.name = "60Hz ExplicitDefault",
+                                             .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
+                                             .desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz,
+                                             .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
+                                             .weight = 0.5f,
+                                             .focused = false},
+                                            {.name = "25Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple",
+                                             .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                                             .desiredRefreshRate = 25_Hz,
+                                             .seamlessness = Seamlessness::OnlySeamless,
+                                             .weight = 1.f,
+                                             .focused = true}};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId50, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+
+    auto& seamedLayer = layers[0];
+    seamedLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    seamedLayer.name = "30Hz ExplicitDefault";
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId30);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId25, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, minLayersDontTrigerSeamedSwitch) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90_G1, kModeId90);
+
+    // Allow group switching.
+    RefreshRateSelector::DisplayManagerPolicy policy;
+    policy.defaultMode = selector.getCurrentPolicy().defaultMode;
+    policy.allowGroupSwitching = true;
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed, selector.setPolicy(policy));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {
+            {.name = "Min", .vote = LayerVoteType::Min, .weight = 1.f, .focused = true}};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, primaryVsAppRequestPolicy) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+
+    struct Args {
+        bool touch = false;
+        bool focused = true;
+    };
+
+    // Returns the mode selected by getBestRefreshRate for a single layer with the given arguments.
+    const auto getFrameRate = [&](LayerVoteType voteType, Fps fps,
+                                  Args args = {}) -> DisplayModeId {
+        layers[0].vote = voteType;
+        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = fps;
+        layers[0].focused = args.focused;
+        return selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = args.touch})->getId();
+    };
+
+    constexpr FpsRange k30_60 = {30_Hz, 60_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRange k30_90 = {30_Hz, 90_Hz};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {k30_60, k30_60}, {k30_90, k30_90}}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate()->getId());
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId30, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz));
+
+    // Unfocused layers are not allowed to override primary range.
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz, {.focused = false}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
+              getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz, {.focused = false}));
+
+    // Touch boost should be restricted to the primary range.
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
+
+    // When we're higher than the primary range max due to a layer frame rate setting, touch boost
+    // shouldn't drag us back down to the primary range max.
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
+              getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz, {.touch = true}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, 90_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, 90_Hz));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, idle) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+
+    const auto getIdleFrameRate = [&](LayerVoteType voteType, bool touchActive) -> DisplayModeId {
+        layers[0].vote = voteType;
+        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+
+        const auto [ranking, signals] =
+                selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, {.touch = touchActive, .idle = true});
+
+        // Refresh rate will be chosen by either touch state or idle state.
+        EXPECT_EQ(!touchActive, signals.idle);
+        return ranking.front().modePtr->getId();
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+
+    // Idle should be lower priority than touch boost.
+    {
+        constexpr bool kTouchActive = true;
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90,
+                  getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, kTouchActive));
+    }
+
+    // With no layers, idle should still be lower priority than touch boost.
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId90, selector.getBestRefreshRate({}, {.touch = true, .idle = true})->getId());
+
+    // Idle should be higher precedence than other layer frame rate considerations.
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+
+    {
+        constexpr bool kTouchActive = false;
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::NoVote, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Min, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Max, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::Heuristic, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault, kTouchActive));
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60,
+                  getIdleFrameRate(LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple, kTouchActive));
+    }
+
+    // Idle should be applied rather than the active mode when there are no layers.
+    EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestRefreshRate({}, {.idle = true})->getId());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, findClosestKnownFrameRate) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    for (float fps = 1.0f; fps <= 120.0f; fps += 0.1f) {
+        const auto knownFrameRate = selector.findClosestKnownFrameRate(Fps::fromValue(fps));
+        const Fps expectedFrameRate = [fps] {
+            if (fps < 26.91f) return 24_Hz;
+            if (fps < 37.51f) return 30_Hz;
+            if (fps < 52.51f) return 45_Hz;
+            if (fps < 66.01f) return 60_Hz;
+            if (fps < 81.01f) return 72_Hz;
+            return 90_Hz;
+        }();
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedFrameRate, knownFrameRate);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_KnownFrameRate) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId60);
+
+    struct Expectation {
+        Fps fps;
+        DisplayModePtr mode;
+    };
+
+    const std::initializer_list<Expectation> knownFrameRatesExpectations = {
+            {24_Hz, kMode60}, {30_Hz, kMode60}, {45_Hz, kMode90},
+            {60_Hz, kMode60}, {72_Hz, kMode90}, {90_Hz, kMode90},
+    };
+
+    // Make sure the test tests all the known frame rate
+    const auto& knownFrameRates = selector.knownFrameRates();
+    const bool equal = std::equal(knownFrameRates.begin(), knownFrameRates.end(),
+                                  knownFrameRatesExpectations.begin(),
+                                  [](Fps fps, const Expectation& expected) {
+                                      return isApproxEqual(fps, expected.fps);
+                                  });
+    EXPECT_TRUE(equal);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    auto& layer = layers[0];
+    layer.vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+
+    for (const auto& [fps, mode] : knownFrameRatesExpectations) {
+        layer.desiredRefreshRate = fps;
+        EXPECT_EQ(mode, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExact) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
+    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
+    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+
+    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode30, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactEnableFrameRateOverride) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60,
+                                         {.enableFrameRateOverride =
+                                                  Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
+    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
+    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+
+    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 72_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode72, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 90_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode90, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ReadsCache) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals;
+    const auto args = std::make_pair(std::vector<LayerRequirement>{},
+                                     GlobalSignals{.touch = true, .idle = true});
+
+    const RefreshRateSelector::RankedRefreshRates result = {{RefreshRateSelector::ScoredRefreshRate{
+                                                                    kMode90}},
+                                                            {.touch = true}};
+
+    selector.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache() = {args, result};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(result, selector.getRankedRefreshRates(args.first, args.second));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_WritesCache) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId60);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(selector.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache());
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
+    RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals globalSignals{.touch = true, .idle = true};
+
+    const auto result = selector.getRankedRefreshRates(layers, globalSignals);
+
+    const auto& cache = selector.mutableGetRankedRefreshRatesCache();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cache);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(cache->arguments, std::make_pair(layers, globalSignals));
+    EXPECT_EQ(cache->result, result);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactTouchBoost) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_120, kModeId60,
+                                         {.enableFrameRateOverride =
+                                                  Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
+    auto& explicitExactLayer = layers[0];
+    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+
+    explicitExactLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    explicitExactLayer.name = "ExplicitExact";
+    explicitExactLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode120, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true}));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_FractionalRefreshRates_ExactAndDefault) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_24_25_30_50_60_Frac, kModeId60,
+                                         {.enableFrameRateOverride =
+                                                  Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 0.5f}, {.weight = 0.5f}};
+    auto& explicitDefaultLayer = layers[0];
+    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+
+    explicitDefaultLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    explicitDefaultLayer.name = "ExplicitDefault";
+    explicitDefaultLayer.desiredRefreshRate = 59.94_Hz;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kMode60, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers));
+}
+
+// b/190578904
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_withCloseRefreshRates) {
+    constexpr int kMinRefreshRate = 10;
+    constexpr int kMaxRefreshRate = 240;
+
+    DisplayModes displayModes;
+    for (int fps = kMinRefreshRate; fps < kMaxRefreshRate; fps++) {
+        const DisplayModeId modeId(fps);
+        displayModes.try_emplace(modeId,
+                                 createDisplayMode(modeId,
+                                                   Fps::fromValue(static_cast<float>(fps))));
+    }
+
+    const TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(std::move(displayModes),
+                                               DisplayModeId(kMinRefreshRate));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    const auto testRefreshRate = [&](Fps fps, LayerVoteType vote) {
+        layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = fps;
+        layers[0].vote = vote;
+        EXPECT_EQ(fps.getIntValue(), selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers)->getFps().getIntValue())
+                << "Failed for " << ftl::enum_string(vote);
+    };
+
+    for (int fps = kMinRefreshRate; fps < kMaxRefreshRate; fps++) {
+        const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromValue(static_cast<float>(fps));
+        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::Heuristic);
+        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault);
+        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple);
+        testRefreshRate(refreshRate, LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact);
+    }
+}
+
+// b/190578904
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestRefreshRate_conflictingVotes) {
+    constexpr DisplayModeId kActiveModeId{0};
+    DisplayModes displayModes = makeModes(createDisplayMode(kActiveModeId, 43_Hz),
+                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(1), 53_Hz),
+                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(2), 55_Hz),
+                                          createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(3), 60_Hz));
+
+    const RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.touch = false, .idle = false};
+    const TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(std::move(displayModes), kActiveModeId);
+
+    const std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {
+            {
+                    .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault,
+                    .desiredRefreshRate = 43_Hz,
+                    .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
+                    .weight = 0.41f,
+            },
+            {
+                    .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                    .desiredRefreshRate = 53_Hz,
+                    .seamlessness = Seamlessness::SeamedAndSeamless,
+                    .weight = 0.41f,
+            },
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(53_Hz, selector.getBestRefreshRate(layers, globalSignals)->getFps());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, modeComparison) {
+    EXPECT_LT(kMode60->getFps(), kMode90->getFps());
+    EXPECT_GE(kMode60->getFps(), kMode60->getFps());
+    EXPECT_GE(kMode90->getFps(), kMode90->getFps());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, testKernelIdleTimerAction) {
+    using KernelIdleTimerAction = RefreshRateSelector::KernelIdleTimerAction;
+
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId90, {90_Hz, 90_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, testKernelIdleTimerActionFor120Hz) {
+    using KernelIdleTimerAction = RefreshRateSelector::KernelIdleTimerAction;
+
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_120, kModeId120);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {0_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 60_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId60, {60_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy({kModeId120, {120_Hz, 120_Hz}}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOff, selector.getIdleTimerAction());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateDivisor) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId30);
+
+    const auto frameRate = 30_Hz;
+    Fps displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId60);
+    displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId72);
+    displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+    displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(3, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId120);
+    displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, frameRate));
+
+    selector.setActiveModeId(kModeId90);
+    displayRefreshRate = selector.getActiveMode().getFps();
+    EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayRefreshRate, 22.5_Hz));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(24_Hz, 25_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(24_Hz, 23.976_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(30_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(60_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, isFractionalPairOrMultiple) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(23.976_Hz, 24_Hz));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(24_Hz, 23.976_Hz));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 30_Hz));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(30_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(59.94_Hz, 60_Hz));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(60_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 60_Hz));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(60_Hz, 29.97_Hz));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(59.94_Hz, 30_Hz));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(30_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
+
+    const auto refreshRates = {23.976_Hz, 24_Hz, 25_Hz, 29.97_Hz, 30_Hz, 50_Hz, 59.94_Hz, 60_Hz};
+    for (auto refreshRate : refreshRates) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(refreshRate, refreshRate));
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(24_Hz, 25_Hz));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(23.978_Hz, 25_Hz));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateSelector::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(29.97_Hz, 59.94_Hz));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_noLayers) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(selector.getFrameRateOverrides({}, 120_Hz, {}).empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_60on120) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
+                                 {.enableFrameRateOverride = Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_twoUids) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
+                                 {.enableFrameRateOverride = Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.ownerUid = 1234, .weight = 1.f},
+                                            {.ownerUid = 5678, .weight = 1.f}};
+
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer 1234";
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    layers[1].name = "Test layer 5678";
+    layers[1].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(5678));
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(5678));
+
+    layers[1].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[1].ownerUid = 1234;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_touch) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
+                                 {.enableFrameRateOverride = Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.ownerUid = 1234, .weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {.touch = true});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_DivisorIsNotDisplayRefreshRate_Enabled) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_120, kModeId120,
+                                 {.enableFrameRateOverride = Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest,
+       getFrameRateOverrides_DivisorIsNotDisplayRefreshRate_EnabledForNativeRefreshRates) {
+    RefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_60_120, kModeId120,
+                                 {.enableFrameRateOverride =
+                                          Config::FrameRateOverride::EnabledForNativeRefreshRates});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "Test layer";
+    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Max;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Heuristic;
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(frameRateOverrides.empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getFrameRateOverrides_InPolicy) {
+    TestableRefreshRateSelector selector(kModes_30_60_72_90_120, kModeId120,
+                                         {.enableFrameRateOverride =
+                                                  Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled});
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    {
+        const FpsRange physical = {120_Hz, 120_Hz};
+        const FpsRange render = {60_Hz, 90_Hz};
+        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+                  selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                          {kModeId120, {physical, render}, {physical, render}}));
+    }
+
+    layers[0].name = "30Hz";
+    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    auto frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    {
+        const FpsRange physical = {120_Hz, 120_Hz};
+        const FpsRange render = {30_Hz, 90_Hz};
+        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+                  selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                          {kModeId120, {physical, render}, {physical, render}}));
+    }
+
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+
+    {
+        const FpsRange physical = {120_Hz, 120_Hz};
+        const FpsRange render = {30_Hz, 30_Hz};
+        EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+                  selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                          {kModeId120, {physical, render}, {physical, render}}));
+    }
+
+    layers[0].name = "60Hz";
+    layers[0].ownerUid = 1234;
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+
+    frameRateOverrides = selector.getFrameRateOverrides(layers, 120_Hz, {});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, frameRateOverrides.count(1234));
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, frameRateOverrides.at(1234));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 147433b..ea4666e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@
 
 #include <mutex>
 
-#include "FakeDisplayInjector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/EventThread.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "TestableScheduler.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@
 
 using MockEventThread = android::mock::EventThread;
 using MockLayer = android::mock::MockLayer;
-using FakeDisplayDeviceInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeDisplayDeviceInjector;
 
 class SchedulerTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
@@ -78,22 +76,18 @@
             createDisplayMode(kDisplayId3, DisplayModeId(0), 60_Hz);
     static inline const DisplayModes kDisplay3Modes = makeModes(kDisplay3Mode60);
 
-    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> mConfigs =
-            std::make_shared<RefreshRateConfigs>(makeModes(kDisplay1Mode60),
-                                                 kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
+    std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> mSelector =
+            std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(makeModes(kDisplay1Mode60),
+                                                  kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
 
     mock::SchedulerCallback mSchedulerCallback;
-    TestableScheduler* mScheduler = new TestableScheduler{mConfigs, mSchedulerCallback};
+    TestableScheduler* mScheduler = new TestableScheduler{mSelector, mSchedulerCallback};
 
     ConnectionHandle mConnectionHandle;
     MockEventThread* mEventThread;
     sp<MockEventThreadConnection> mEventThreadConnection;
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::PowerAdvisor mPowerAdvisor;
-    sp<android::mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = sp<android::mock::NativeWindow>::make();
-
-    FakeDisplayInjector mFakeDisplayInjector{mFlinger, mPowerAdvisor, mNativeWindow};
 };
 
 SchedulerTest::SchedulerTest() {
@@ -196,8 +190,8 @@
     sp<MockLayer> layer = sp<MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, mScheduler->layerHistorySize());
 
-    mScheduler->setRefreshRateConfigs(
-            std::make_shared<RefreshRateConfigs>(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
+    mScheduler->setRefreshRateSelector(
+            std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
     mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
@@ -240,14 +234,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseRefreshRateForContentSelectsMaxRefreshRate) {
-    const auto display = mFakeDisplayInjector.injectInternalDisplay(
-            [&](FakeDisplayDeviceInjector& injector) {
-                injector.setDisplayModes(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
-            },
-            {.displayId = kDisplayId1});
+    const auto selectorPtr =
+            std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
 
-    mScheduler->registerDisplay(display);
-    mScheduler->setRefreshRateConfigs(display->holdRefreshRateConfigs());
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId1, selectorPtr);
+    mScheduler->setRefreshRateSelector(selectorPtr);
 
     const sp<MockLayer> layer = sp<MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -269,16 +260,12 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseDisplayModesSingleDisplay) {
-    const auto display = mFakeDisplayInjector.injectInternalDisplay(
-            [&](FakeDisplayDeviceInjector& injector) {
-                injector.setDisplayModes(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
-            },
-            {.displayId = kDisplayId1});
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId1,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay1Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
 
-    mScheduler->registerDisplay(display);
-
-    std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement> layers =
-            std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement>({{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}});
+    std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement> layers =
+            std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement>({{.weight = 1.f}, {.weight = 1.f}});
     mScheduler->setContentRequirements(layers);
     GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.idle = true};
     mScheduler->setTouchStateAndIdleTimerPolicy(globalSignals);
@@ -314,23 +301,16 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(choice->get(), DisplayModeChoice(kDisplay1Mode120, globalSignals));
 
     mScheduler->unregisterDisplay(kDisplayId1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mScheduler->mutableDisplays().empty());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mScheduler->hasRefreshRateSelectors());
 }
 
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseDisplayModesMultipleDisplays) {
-    const auto display1 = mFakeDisplayInjector.injectInternalDisplay(
-            [&](FakeDisplayDeviceInjector& injector) {
-                injector.setDisplayModes(kDisplay1Modes, kDisplay1Mode60->getId());
-            },
-            {.displayId = kDisplayId1, .hwcDisplayId = 42, .isPrimary = true});
-    const auto display2 = mFakeDisplayInjector.injectInternalDisplay(
-            [&](FakeDisplayDeviceInjector& injector) {
-                injector.setDisplayModes(kDisplay2Modes, kDisplay2Mode60->getId());
-            },
-            {.displayId = kDisplayId2, .hwcDisplayId = 41, .isPrimary = false});
-
-    mScheduler->registerDisplay(display1);
-    mScheduler->registerDisplay(display2);
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId1,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay1Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId2,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay2Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay2Mode60->getId()));
 
     using DisplayModeChoice = TestableScheduler::DisplayModeChoice;
     TestableScheduler::DisplayModeChoiceMap expectedChoices;
@@ -343,8 +323,8 @@
                                                   globalSignals)(kDisplayId2, kDisplay2Mode60,
                                                                  globalSignals);
 
-        std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f},
-                                                                    {.weight = 1.f}};
+        std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f},
+                                                                     {.weight = 1.f}};
         mScheduler->setContentRequirements(layers);
         mScheduler->setTouchStateAndIdleTimerPolicy(globalSignals);
 
@@ -380,13 +360,10 @@
     }
     {
         // This display does not support 120 Hz, so we should choose 60 Hz despite the touch signal.
-        const auto display3 = mFakeDisplayInjector.injectInternalDisplay(
-                [&](FakeDisplayDeviceInjector& injector) {
-                    injector.setDisplayModes(kDisplay3Modes, kDisplay3Mode60->getId());
-                },
-                {.displayId = kDisplayId3, .hwcDisplayId = 40, .isPrimary = false});
-
-        mScheduler->registerDisplay(display3);
+        mScheduler
+                ->registerDisplay(kDisplayId3,
+                                  std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay3Modes,
+                                                                        kDisplay3Mode60->getId()));
 
         const GlobalSignals globalSignals = {.touch = true};
         mScheduler->replaceTouchTimer(10);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
index dfcfd91..6adcd52 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
@@ -383,8 +383,8 @@
     history.record(parent.get(), 0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     history.record(child.get(), 0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
-    const auto configs = mFlinger.mutableScheduler().refreshRateConfigs();
-    const auto summary = history.summarize(*configs, 0);
+    const auto selectorPtr = mFlinger.mutableScheduler().refreshRateSelector();
+    const auto summary = history.summarize(*selectorPtr, 0);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(2u, summary.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.rate, summary[0].desiredRefreshRate);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index 6b7e353..05d0ebf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "mock/MockDisplayModeSpecs.h"
 #include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
@@ -42,15 +43,15 @@
         PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupHwcGetActiveConfigCallExpectations(this);
 
         DisplayModes modes = makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode120, kMode90_4K);
-        auto configs = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, kModeId60);
+        auto selectorPtr = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(modes, kModeId60);
 
-        setupScheduler(configs);
+        setupScheduler(selectorPtr);
 
         mFlinger.onComposerHalHotplug(PrimaryDisplayVariant::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, Connection::CONNECTED);
         mFlinger.configureAndCommit();
 
         mDisplay = PrimaryDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this)
-                           .setDisplayModes(std::move(modes), kModeId60, std::move(configs))
+                           .setDisplayModes(std::move(modes), kModeId60, std::move(selectorPtr))
                            .inject();
 
         // isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported should return true, otherwise the SF's HWC proxy
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
     }
 
 protected:
-    void setupScheduler(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>);
+    void setupScheduler(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>);
 
     sp<DisplayDevice> mDisplay;
     mock::EventThread* mAppEventThread;
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@
 };
 
 void DisplayModeSwitchingTest::setupScheduler(
-        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> configs) {
+        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr) {
     auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
     mAppEventThread = eventThread.get();
     auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@
     mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
                             std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
                             TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                            std::move(configs));
+                            std::move(selectorPtr));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, changeRefreshRate_OnActiveDisplay_WithRefreshRequired) {
@@ -119,8 +120,9 @@
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(mDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(), kModeId90.value(),
-                                        false, 0.f, 120.f, 0.f, 120.f);
+    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
+                                        mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), false, 0,
+                                                                     120));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->mode->getId(), kModeId90);
@@ -157,8 +159,9 @@
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(mDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(), kModeId90.value(),
-                                        true, 0.f, 120.f, 0.f, 120.f);
+    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
+                                        mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), true, 0,
+                                                                     120));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->mode->getId(), kModeId90);
@@ -191,8 +194,9 @@
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(mDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(), kModeId90.value(),
-                                        false, 0.f, 120.f, 0.f, 120.f);
+    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
+                                        mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), false, 0,
+                                                                     120));
 
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = true};
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
@@ -202,8 +206,9 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(), kModeId120.value(),
-                                        false, 0.f, 180.f, 0.f, 180.f);
+    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
+                                        mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId120.value(), false, 0,
+                                                                     180));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->mode->getId(), kModeId120);
@@ -232,8 +237,9 @@
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(mDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(), kModeId90_4K.value(),
-                                        false, 0.f, 120.f, 0.f, 120.f);
+    mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
+                                        mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90_4K.value(), false, 0,
+                                                                     120));
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->mode->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 26b2b67..ba214d5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <Scheduler/Scheduler.h>
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 
@@ -32,17 +33,17 @@
 
 class TestableScheduler : public Scheduler, private ICompositor {
 public:
-    TestableScheduler(std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> configs, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
+    TestableScheduler(RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(configs),
+                              std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(selectorPtr),
                               callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
-                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker,
-                      std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateConfigs> configs, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
+                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                      ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection) {
         mVsyncSchedule.emplace(VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker), nullptr, std::move(controller)));
-        setRefreshRateConfigs(std::move(configs));
+        setRefreshRateSelector(std::move(selectorPtr));
 
         ON_CALL(*this, postMessage).WillByDefault([](sp<MessageHandler>&& handler) {
             // Execute task to prevent broken promise exception on destruction.
@@ -66,16 +67,20 @@
     auto& mutablePrimaryHWVsyncEnabled() { return mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled; }
     auto& mutableHWVsyncAvailable() { return mHWVsyncAvailable; }
 
-    auto& mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
+    auto refreshRateSelector() { return holdRefreshRateSelector(); }
+    bool hasRefreshRateSelectors() const { return !mRefreshRateSelectors.empty(); }
 
-    auto& mutableDisplays() { return mDisplays; }
+    void setRefreshRateSelector(RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        return Scheduler::setRefreshRateSelector(std::move(selectorPtr));
+    }
+
+    auto& mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
 
     size_t layerHistorySize() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
         return mLayerHistory.mActiveLayerInfos.size() + mLayerHistory.mInactiveLayerInfos.size();
     }
 
-    auto refreshRateConfigs() { return holdRefreshRateConfigs(); }
-
     size_t getNumActiveLayers() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
         return mLayerHistory.mActiveLayerInfos.size();
     }
@@ -102,7 +107,7 @@
         mPolicy.idleTimer = globalSignals.idle ? TimerState::Expired : TimerState::Reset;
     }
 
-    void setContentRequirements(std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement> layers) {
+    void setContentRequirements(std::vector<RefreshRateSelector::LayerRequirement> layers) {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
         mPolicy.contentRequirements = std::move(layers);
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 7f471bc..df53f15 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "NativeWindowSurface.h"
+#include "RenderArea.h"
 #include "Scheduler/MessageQueue.h"
-#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h"
+#include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlingerDefaultFactory.h"
@@ -168,7 +169,8 @@
     // functions.
 
     void setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> renderEngine) {
-        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(std::move(renderEngine));
+        mFlinger->mRenderEngine = std::move(renderEngine);
+        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mFlinger->mRenderEngine.get());
     }
 
     void setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer> composer) {
@@ -192,10 +194,10 @@
     static constexpr struct TwoDisplayModes {
     } kTwoDisplayModes;
 
-    using RefreshRateConfigsPtr = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>;
+    using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>;
 
     using DisplayModesVariant =
-            std::variant<OneDisplayMode, TwoDisplayModes, RefreshRateConfigsPtr>;
+            std::variant<OneDisplayMode, TwoDisplayModes, RefreshRateSelectorPtr>;
 
     void setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController> vsyncController,
                         std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
@@ -204,9 +206,9 @@
                         SchedulerCallbackImpl callbackImpl = SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
                         DisplayModesVariant modesVariant = kOneDisplayMode,
                         bool useNiceMock = false) {
-        RefreshRateConfigsPtr configs;
-        if (std::holds_alternative<RefreshRateConfigsPtr>(modesVariant)) {
-            configs = std::move(std::get<RefreshRateConfigsPtr>(modesVariant));
+        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr;
+        if (std::holds_alternative<RefreshRateSelectorPtr>(modesVariant)) {
+            selectorPtr = std::move(std::get<RefreshRateSelectorPtr>(modesVariant));
         } else {
             constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
             DisplayModes modes = makeModes(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
@@ -216,10 +218,10 @@
                 modes.try_emplace(kModeId90, mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz));
             }
 
-            configs = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, kModeId60);
+            selectorPtr = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(modes, kModeId60);
         }
 
-        const auto fps = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, configs->getActiveMode().getFps());
+        const auto fps = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, selectorPtr->getActiveMode().getFps());
         mFlinger->mVsyncConfiguration = mFactory.createVsyncConfiguration(fps);
         mFlinger->mVsyncModulator = sp<scheduler::VsyncModulator>::make(
                 mFlinger->mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs());
@@ -237,12 +239,12 @@
             mScheduler =
                     new testing::NiceMock<scheduler::TestableScheduler>(std::move(vsyncController),
                                                                         std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                                                        std::move(configs),
+                                                                        std::move(selectorPtr),
                                                                         callback);
         } else {
             mScheduler = new scheduler::TestableScheduler(std::move(vsyncController),
                                                           std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                                          std::move(configs), callback);
+                                                          std::move(selectorPtr), callback);
         }
 
         mFlinger->mAppConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
@@ -398,14 +400,14 @@
         return mFlinger->setPowerModeInternal(display, mode);
     }
 
-    auto renderScreenImpl(const RenderArea& renderArea,
-                                SurfaceFlinger::TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                bool forSystem, bool regionSampling) {
+    auto renderScreenImpl(std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea,
+                          SurfaceFlinger::TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                          bool forSystem, bool regionSampling) {
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
         return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
-                              mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
-                                                         forSystem, regionSampling,
+                              mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers,
+                                                         buffer, forSystem, regionSampling,
                                                          false /* grayscale */, captureResults));
     }
 
@@ -454,14 +456,9 @@
         return SurfaceFlinger::calculateMaxAcquiredBufferCount(refreshRate, presentLatency);
     }
 
-    auto setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayModeId defaultMode,
-                                    bool allowGroupSwitching, float primaryRefreshRateMin,
-                                    float primaryRefreshRateMax, float appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                    float appRequestRefreshRateMax) {
-        return mFlinger->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, defaultMode, allowGroupSwitching,
-                                                    primaryRefreshRateMin, primaryRefreshRateMax,
-                                                    appRequestRefreshRateMin,
-                                                    appRequestRefreshRateMax);
+    auto setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                    const gui::DisplayModeSpecs& specs) {
+        return mFlinger->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, specs);
     }
 
     void onActiveDisplayChanged(const sp<DisplayDevice>& activeDisplay) {
@@ -543,8 +540,8 @@
         mutableDrawingState().displays.clear();
         mFlinger->mScheduler.reset();
         mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(std::unique_ptr<HWComposer>());
-        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(
-                std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>());
+        mFlinger->mRenderEngine = std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>();
+        mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mFlinger->mRenderEngine.get());
     }
 
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -756,16 +753,17 @@
             return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().get(mDisplayToken)->get();
         }
 
-        // If `configs` is nullptr, the injector creates RefreshRateConfigs from the `modes`.
-        // Otherwise, it uses `configs`, which the caller must create using the same `modes`.
+        // If `selectorPtr` is nullptr, the injector creates RefreshRateSelector from the `modes`.
+        // Otherwise, it uses `selectorPtr`, which the caller must create using the same `modes`.
         //
-        // TODO(b/182939859): Once `modes` can be retrieved from RefreshRateConfigs, remove
-        // the `configs` parameter in favor of an alternative setRefreshRateConfigs API.
-        auto& setDisplayModes(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
-                              std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs> configs = nullptr) {
+        // TODO(b/182939859): Once `modes` can be retrieved from RefreshRateSelector, remove
+        // the `selectorPtr` parameter in favor of an alternative setRefreshRateSelector API.
+        auto& setDisplayModes(
+                DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
+                std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr = nullptr) {
             mDisplayModes = std::move(modes);
             mCreationArgs.activeModeId = activeModeId;
-            mCreationArgs.refreshRateConfigs = std::move(configs);
+            mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector = std::move(selectorPtr);
             return *this;
         }
 
@@ -812,7 +810,7 @@
             auto& modes = mDisplayModes;
             auto& activeModeId = mCreationArgs.activeModeId;
 
-            if (displayId && !mCreationArgs.refreshRateConfigs) {
+            if (displayId && !mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector) {
                 if (const auto physicalId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(*displayId)) {
                     if (modes.empty()) {
                         constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId{0};
@@ -832,15 +830,16 @@
                         activeModeId = kModeId;
                     }
 
-                    mCreationArgs.refreshRateConfigs =
-                            std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, activeModeId);
+                    mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector =
+                            std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(modes, activeModeId);
                 }
             }
 
             sp<DisplayDevice> display = sp<DisplayDevice>::make(mCreationArgs);
             mFlinger.mutableDisplays().emplace_or_replace(mDisplayToken, display);
             if (mFlinger.scheduler()) {
-                mFlinger.scheduler()->registerDisplay(display);
+                mFlinger.scheduler()->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(),
+                                                      display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
             }
 
             DisplayDeviceState state;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index 3808487..5ee38ec 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
                  std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>());
     MOCK_METHOD0(dumpDebugInfo, std::string());
     MOCK_METHOD1(registerCallback, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback&));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(resetCommands, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(executeCommands, Error());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(resetCommands, void(Display));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(executeCommands, Error(Display));
     MOCK_METHOD0(getMaxVirtualDisplayCount, uint32_t());
     MOCK_METHOD4(createVirtualDisplay, Error(uint32_t, uint32_t, PixelFormat*, Display*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(destroyVirtualDisplay, Error(Display));
@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(getPhysicalDisplayOrientation, Error(Display, AidlTransform*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(getOverlaySupport,
                  Error(aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::OverlayProperties*));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugConnect, void(Display));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugDisconnect, void(Display));
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
index 439f6f4..f4ded21 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 using android::binder::Status;
 using android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession;
+using android::hardware::power::SessionHint;
 
 using namespace android::hardware::power;
 
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(std::string, getInterfaceHash, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(Status, updateTargetWorkDuration, (int64_t), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(Status, reportActualWorkDuration, (const ::std::vector<WorkDuration>&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(Status, sendHint, (SessionHint), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(Status, setThreads, (const ::std::vector<int32_t>&), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::Hwc2::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayModeSpecs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayModeSpecs.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a71e82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayModeSpecs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android/gui/DisplayModeSpecs.h>
+
+namespace android::mock {
+
+inline gui::DisplayModeSpecs createDisplayModeSpecs(int32_t defaultMode, bool allowGroupSwitching,
+                                                    float minFps, float maxFps) {
+    gui::DisplayModeSpecs specs;
+    specs.defaultMode = defaultMode;
+    specs.allowGroupSwitching = allowGroupSwitching;
+    specs.primaryRanges.physical.min = minFps;
+    specs.primaryRanges.physical.max = maxFps;
+    specs.primaryRanges.render = specs.primaryRanges.physical;
+    specs.appRequestRanges = specs.primaryRanges;
+    return specs;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index abcac3c..87b3a89 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -787,13 +787,14 @@
     std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> all_formats = {
         {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR},
         {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR},
-        // Also allow to use PASS_THROUGH + HAL_DATASPACE_ARBITRARY
-        {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT},
-        {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT},
     };
 
     if (colorspace_ext) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+            VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+            VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_BT709_LINEAR_EXT});
     }
 
@@ -812,16 +813,22 @@
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
-            VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
     }
 
     desc.format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
-            VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
         if (wide_color_support) {
             all_formats.emplace_back(
                 VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
@@ -837,9 +844,11 @@
         all_formats.emplace_back(
             VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
                                VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(
-            VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
-                               VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
         if (wide_color_support) {
             all_formats.emplace_back(
                 VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
@@ -849,9 +858,10 @@
 
     desc.format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
-        all_formats.emplace_back(
-            VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
-                               VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+                VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
     }
 
     // NOTE: Any new formats that are added must be coordinated across different