diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/Android.bp b/cmds/dumpstate/Android.bp
index f48f1fb..aff32c3 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/Android.bp
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
+        "libbinderdebug",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "DumpstateService.cpp",
diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
index 753ce2e..336c5a2 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
@@ -2178,13 +2178,13 @@
     }
 
     /*
-     * mount debugfs for non-user builds with ro.product.enforce_debugfs_restrictions
+     * mount debugfs for non-user builds with ro.product.debugfs_restrictions.enabled
      * set to true and unmount it after invoking dumpstateBoard_* methods.
      * This is to enable debug builds to not have debugfs mounted during runtime.
      * It will also ensure that debugfs is only accessed by the dumpstate HAL.
      */
     auto mount_debugfs =
-        android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.product.enforce_debugfs_restrictions", false);
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.product.debugfs_restrictions.enabled", false);
     if (mount_debugfs) {
         RunCommand("mount debugfs", {"mount", "-t", "debugfs", "debugfs", "/sys/kernel/debug"},
                    AS_ROOT_20);
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/Android.bp b/cmds/dumpsys/Android.bp
index 91aa018..6ab6b7f 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/Android.bp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
         "libutils",
         "liblog",
         "libbinder",
+        "libbinderdebug",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/OWNERS b/cmds/dumpsys/OWNERS
index 2a9b681..4f6a89e 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/OWNERS
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/OWNERS
@@ -2,3 +2,6 @@
 
 nandana@google.com
 jsharkey@android.com
+
+# for ServiceManager mock
+per-file dumpsys_test.cpp=smoreland@google.com
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
index a017246..ba1c449 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <binder/TextOutput.h>
+#include <binderdebug/BinderDebug.h>
 #include <serviceutils/PriorityDumper.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
@@ -60,13 +61,15 @@
             "usage: dumpsys\n"
             "         To dump all services.\n"
             "or:\n"
-            "       dumpsys [-t TIMEOUT] [--priority LEVEL] [--pid] [--help | -l | --skip SERVICES "
+            "       dumpsys [-t TIMEOUT] [--priority LEVEL] [--pid] [--thread] [--help | -l | "
+            "--skip SERVICES "
             "| SERVICE [ARGS]]\n"
             "         --help: shows this help\n"
             "         -l: only list services, do not dump them\n"
             "         -t TIMEOUT_SEC: TIMEOUT to use in seconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
             "         -T TIMEOUT_MS: TIMEOUT to use in milliseconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
             "         --pid: dump PID instead of usual dump\n"
+            "         --thread: dump thread usage instead of usual dump\n"
             "         --proto: filter services that support dumping data in proto format. Dumps\n"
             "               will be in proto format.\n"
             "         --priority LEVEL: filter services based on specified priority\n"
@@ -125,7 +128,8 @@
     Type type = Type::DUMP;
     int timeoutArgMs = 10000;
     int priorityFlags = IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_ALL;
-    static struct option longOptions[] = {{"pid", no_argument, 0, 0},
+    static struct option longOptions[] = {{"thread", no_argument, 0, 0},
+                                          {"pid", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                           {"priority", required_argument, 0, 0},
                                           {"proto", no_argument, 0, 0},
                                           {"skip", no_argument, 0, 0},
@@ -163,6 +167,8 @@
                 }
             } else if (!strcmp(longOptions[optionIndex].name, "pid")) {
                 type = Type::PID;
+            } else if (!strcmp(longOptions[optionIndex].name, "thread")) {
+                type = Type::THREAD;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -329,6 +335,23 @@
      return OK;
 }
 
+static status_t dumpThreadsToFd(const sp<IBinder>& service, const unique_fd& fd) {
+    pid_t pid;
+    status_t status = service->getDebugPid(&pid);
+    if (status != OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    BinderPidInfo pidInfo;
+    status = getBinderPidInfo(BinderDebugContext::BINDER, pid, &pidInfo);
+    if (status != OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    WriteStringToFd("Threads in use: " + std::to_string(pidInfo.threadUsage) + "/" +
+                        std::to_string(pidInfo.threadCount) + "\n",
+                    fd.get());
+    return OK;
+}
+
 status_t Dumpsys::startDumpThread(Type type, const String16& serviceName,
                                   const Vector<String16>& args) {
     sp<IBinder> service = sm_->checkService(serviceName);
@@ -359,6 +382,9 @@
         case Type::PID:
             err = dumpPidToFd(service, remote_end);
             break;
+        case Type::THREAD:
+            err = dumpThreadsToFd(service, remote_end);
+            break;
         default:
             std::cerr << "Unknown dump type" << static_cast<int>(type) << std::endl;
             return;
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
index 929c55c..349947c 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
@@ -52,13 +52,14 @@
     static void setServiceArgs(Vector<String16>& args, bool asProto, int priorityFlags);
 
     enum class Type {
-        DUMP,  // dump using `dump` function
-        PID,   // dump pid of server only
+        DUMP,    // dump using `dump` function
+        PID,     // dump pid of server only
+        THREAD,  // dump thread usage of server only
     };
 
     /**
      * Starts a thread to connect to a service and get its dump output. The thread redirects
-     * the output to a pipe. Thread must be stopped by a subsequent callto {@code
+     * the output to a pipe. Thread must be stopped by a subsequent call to {@code
      * stopDumpThread}.
      * @param serviceName
      * @param args list of arguments to pass to service dump method.
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/Android.bp b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/Android.bp
index 6854c75..58fec30 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/Android.bp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libutils",
+        "libbinderdebug",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -26,6 +27,4 @@
         "libgmock",
         "libserviceutils",
     ],
-
-    clang: true,
 }
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/AndroidTest.xml
index 1a8c67f..c2351d9 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
         <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
         <option name="module-name" value="dumpsys_test" />
     </test>
-</configuration>
\ No newline at end of file
+</configuration>
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
index 67a77f6..c9d2dbb 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,15 @@
 
 #include "../dumpsys.h"
 
+#include <regex>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <binder/Binder.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <serviceutils/PriorityDumper.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(waitForService, sp<IBinder>(const String16&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(isDeclared, bool(const String16&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(getDeclaredInstances, Vector<String16>(const String16&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(updatableViaApex, std::optional<String16>(const String16&));
   protected:
     MOCK_METHOD0(onAsBinder, IBinder*());
 };
@@ -222,6 +226,10 @@
         EXPECT_THAT(stdout_, HasSubstr(expected));
     }
 
+    void AssertOutputFormat(const std::string format) {
+        EXPECT_THAT(stdout_, testing::MatchesRegex(format));
+    }
+
     void AssertDumped(const std::string& service, const std::string& dump) {
         EXPECT_THAT(stdout_, HasSubstr("DUMP OF SERVICE " + service + ":\n" + dump));
         EXPECT_THAT(stdout_, HasSubstr("was the duration of dumpsys " + service + ", ending at: "));
@@ -574,6 +582,30 @@
     AssertOutput(std::to_string(getpid()) + "\n");
 }
 
+// Tests 'dumpsys --thread'
+TEST_F(DumpsysTest, ListAllServicesWithThread) {
+    ExpectListServices({"Locksmith", "Valet"});
+    ExpectCheckService("Locksmith");
+    ExpectCheckService("Valet");
+
+    CallMain({"--thread"});
+
+    AssertRunningServices({"Locksmith", "Valet"});
+
+    const std::string format("(.|\n)*((Threads in use: [0-9]+/[0-9]+)?\n-(.|\n)*){2}");
+    AssertOutputFormat(format);
+}
+
+// Tests 'dumpsys --thread service_name'
+TEST_F(DumpsysTest, ListServiceWithThread) {
+    ExpectCheckService("Locksmith");
+
+    CallMain({"--thread", "Locksmith"});
+    // returns an empty string without root enabled
+    const std::string format("(^$|Threads in use: [0-9]/[0-9]+\n)");
+    AssertOutputFormat(format);
+}
+
 TEST_F(DumpsysTest, GetBytesWritten) {
     const char* serviceName = "service2";
     const char* dumpContents = "dump1";
@@ -599,3 +631,13 @@
                         /* as_proto = */ false, elapsedDuration, bytesWritten);
     EXPECT_THAT(status, Eq(INVALID_OPERATION));
 }
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+
+    // start a binder thread pool for testing --thread option
+    android::ProcessState::self()->setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(8);
+    ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
+
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp b/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
index d5110f6..2722e21 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
+++ b/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
         }
     }
     out << "-->" << std::endl;
-    out << vintf::gHalManifestConverter(manifest, vintf::SerializeFlags::HALS_ONLY);
+    out << vintf::toXml(manifest, vintf::SerializeFlags::HALS_ONLY);
 }
 
 std::string ListCommand::INIT_VINTF_NOTES{
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/test.cpp b/cmds/lshal/test.cpp
index 7c1ca91..6f08f74 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/lshal/test.cpp
@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@
 using ::android::hardware::Void;
 using android::vintf::Arch;
 using android::vintf::CompatibilityMatrix;
-using android::vintf::gCompatibilityMatrixConverter;
-using android::vintf::gHalManifestConverter;
 using android::vintf::HalManifest;
 using android::vintf::Transport;
 using android::vintf::VintfObject;
@@ -510,7 +508,7 @@
 
     std::string error;
     vintf::HalManifest m;
-    EXPECT_EQ(true, vintf::gHalManifestConverter(&m, out.str(), &error))
+    EXPECT_EQ(true, vintf::fromXml(&m, out.str(), &error))
         << "--init-vintf does not emit valid HAL manifest: " << error;
 }
 
@@ -775,10 +773,10 @@
     auto deviceMatrix = std::make_shared<CompatibilityMatrix>();
     auto frameworkMatrix = std::make_shared<CompatibilityMatrix>();
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(gHalManifestConverter(deviceManifest.get(), deviceManifestXml));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(gHalManifestConverter(frameworkManifest.get(), frameworkManifestXml));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(gCompatibilityMatrixConverter(deviceMatrix.get(), deviceMatrixXml));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(gCompatibilityMatrixConverter(frameworkMatrix.get(), frameworkMatrixXml));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fromXml(deviceManifest.get(), deviceManifestXml));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fromXml(frameworkManifest.get(), frameworkManifestXml));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fromXml(deviceMatrix.get(), deviceMatrixXml));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fromXml(frameworkMatrix.get(), frameworkMatrixXml));
 
     ON_CALL(*mockList, getDeviceManifest()).WillByDefault(Return(deviceManifest));
     ON_CALL(*mockList, getDeviceMatrix()).WillByDefault(Return(deviceMatrix));
@@ -964,7 +962,7 @@
                 "    </hal>\n"
                 "</manifest>";
         auto manifest = std::make_shared<HalManifest>();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(gHalManifestConverter(manifest.get(), mockManifestXml));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(fromXml(manifest.get(), mockManifestXml));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mockList, getDeviceManifest())
             .Times(AnyNumber())
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(manifest));
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
index 2f55249..b429fb3 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
@@ -58,22 +58,34 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool isVintfDeclared(const std::string& name) {
-    size_t firstSlash = name.find('/');
-    size_t lastDot = name.rfind('.', firstSlash);
-    if (firstSlash == std::string::npos || lastDot == std::string::npos) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "VINTF HALs require names in the format type/instance (e.g. "
-                   << "some.package.foo.IFoo/default) but got: " << name;
-        return false;
-    }
-    const std::string package = name.substr(0, lastDot);
-    const std::string iface = name.substr(lastDot+1, firstSlash-lastDot-1);
-    const std::string instance = name.substr(firstSlash+1);
+struct AidlName {
+    std::string package;
+    std::string iface;
+    std::string instance;
 
-    bool found = forEachManifest([&] (const ManifestWithDescription& mwd) {
-        if (mwd.manifest->hasAidlInstance(package, iface, instance)) {
+    static bool fill(const std::string& name, AidlName* aname) {
+        size_t firstSlash = name.find('/');
+        size_t lastDot = name.rfind('.', firstSlash);
+        if (firstSlash == std::string::npos || lastDot == std::string::npos) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "VINTF HALs require names in the format type/instance (e.g. "
+                       << "some.package.foo.IFoo/default) but got: " << name;
+            return false;
+        }
+        aname->package = name.substr(0, lastDot);
+        aname->iface = name.substr(lastDot + 1, firstSlash - lastDot - 1);
+        aname->instance = name.substr(firstSlash + 1);
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+static bool isVintfDeclared(const std::string& name) {
+    AidlName aname;
+    if (!AidlName::fill(name, &aname)) return false;
+
+    bool found = forEachManifest([&](const ManifestWithDescription& mwd) {
+        if (mwd.manifest->hasAidlInstance(aname.package, aname.iface, aname.instance)) {
             LOG(INFO) << "Found " << name << " in " << mwd.description << " VINTF manifest.";
-            return true;
+            return true; // break
         }
         return false;  // continue
     });
@@ -81,13 +93,34 @@
     if (!found) {
         // Although it is tested, explicitly rebuilding qualified name, in case it
         // becomes something unexpected.
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find " << package << "." << iface << "/" << instance
-                   << " in the VINTF manifest.";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find " << aname.package << "." << aname.iface << "/"
+                   << aname.instance << " in the VINTF manifest.";
     }
 
     return found;
 }
 
+static std::optional<std::string> getVintfUpdatableApex(const std::string& name) {
+    AidlName aname;
+    if (!AidlName::fill(name, &aname)) return std::nullopt;
+
+    std::optional<std::string> updatableViaApex;
+
+    forEachManifest([&](const ManifestWithDescription& mwd) {
+        mwd.manifest->forEachInstance([&](const auto& manifestInstance) {
+            if (manifestInstance.format() != vintf::HalFormat::AIDL) return true;
+            if (manifestInstance.package() != aname.package) return true;
+            if (manifestInstance.interface() != aname.iface) return true;
+            if (manifestInstance.instance() != aname.instance) return true;
+            updatableViaApex = manifestInstance.updatableViaApex();
+            return false; // break (libvintf uses opposite convention)
+        });
+        return false; // continue
+    });
+
+    return updatableViaApex;
+}
+
 static std::vector<std::string> getVintfInstances(const std::string& interface) {
     size_t lastDot = interface.rfind('.');
     if (lastDot == std::string::npos) {
@@ -388,6 +421,22 @@
     return Status::ok();
 }
 
+Status ServiceManager::updatableViaApex(const std::string& name,
+                                        std::optional<std::string>* outReturn) {
+    auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
+
+    if (!mAccess->canFind(ctx, name)) {
+        return Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::EX_SECURITY);
+    }
+
+    *outReturn = std::nullopt;
+
+#ifndef VENDORSERVICEMANAGER
+    *outReturn = getVintfUpdatableApex(name);
+#endif
+    return Status::ok();
+}
+
 void ServiceManager::removeRegistrationCallback(const wp<IBinder>& who,
                                     ServiceCallbackMap::iterator* it,
                                     bool* found) {
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.h b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.h
index c089115..4f23c21 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.h
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.h
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@
 
     binder::Status isDeclared(const std::string& name, bool* outReturn) override;
     binder::Status getDeclaredInstances(const std::string& interface, std::vector<std::string>* outReturn) override;
+    binder::Status updatableViaApex(const std::string& name,
+                                    std::optional<std::string>* outReturn) override;
     binder::Status registerClientCallback(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& service,
                                           const sp<IClientCallback>& cb) override;
     binder::Status tryUnregisterService(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& binder) override;
diff --git a/include/android/surface_control.h b/include/android/surface_control.h
index c5e3587..c349024 100644
--- a/include/android/surface_control.h
+++ b/include/android/surface_control.h
@@ -329,39 +329,53 @@
                                      __INTRODUCED_IN(29);
 
 /**
- * \param source The sub-rect within the buffer's content to be rendered inside the surface's area
- * The surface's source rect is clipped by the bounds of its current buffer. The source rect's width
- * and height must be > 0.
+ * Bounds the surface and its children to the bounds specified. The crop and buffer size will be
+ * used to determine the bounds of the surface. If no crop is specified and the surface has no
+ * buffer, the surface bounds is only constrained by the size of its parent bounds.
+ *
+ * \param crop The bounds of the crop to apply.
  *
  * Available since API level 31.
  */
-void ASurfaceTransaction_setSourceRect(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
-                                       ASurfaceControl* surface_control, const ARect& source)
+void ASurfaceTransaction_setCrop(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
+                                       ASurfaceControl* surface_control, const ARect& crop)
                                        __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
 
 /**
- * \param destination Specifies the rect in the parent's space where this surface will be drawn. The
- * post source rect bounds are scaled to fit the destination rect. The surface's destination rect is
- * clipped by the bounds of its parent. The destination rect's width and height must be > 0.
+ * Specifies the position in the parent's space where the surface will be drawn.
+ *
+ * \param x The x position to render the surface.
+ * \param y The y position to render the surface.
  *
  * Available since API level 31.
  */
 void ASurfaceTransaction_setPosition(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
-                                     ASurfaceControl* surface_control, const ARect& destination)
+                                     ASurfaceControl* surface_control, int32_t x, int32_t y)
                                      __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
 
 /**
  * \param transform The transform applied after the source rect is applied to the buffer. This
- * parameter should be set to 0 for no transform. To specify a transfrom use the
+ * parameter should be set to 0 for no transform. To specify a transform use the
  * NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_* enum.
  *
  * Available since API level 31.
  */
-void ASurfaceTransaction_setTransform(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
+void ASurfaceTransaction_setBufferTransform(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
                                       ASurfaceControl* surface_control, int32_t transform)
                                       __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
 
 /**
+ * Sets an x and y scale of a surface with (0, 0) as the centerpoint of the scale.
+ *
+ * \param xScale The scale in the x direction. Must be greater than 0.
+ * \param yScale The scale in the y direction. Must be greater than 0.
+ *
+ * Available since API level 31.
+ */
+void ASurfaceTransaction_setScale(ASurfaceTransaction* transaction,
+                                      ASurfaceControl* surface_control, float xScale, float yScale)
+                                      __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
+/**
  * Parameter for ASurfaceTransaction_setBufferTransparency().
  */
 enum {
diff --git a/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp b/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
index 406bd54..6fb1227 100644
--- a/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@
     "BR_DEAD_BINDER",
     "BR_CLEAR_DEATH_NOTIFICATION_DONE",
     "BR_FAILED_REPLY",
+    "BR_FROZEN_REPLY",
+    "BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT",
     "BR_TRANSACTION_SEC_CTX",
 };
 
@@ -894,6 +896,11 @@
         }
 
         switch (cmd) {
+        case BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT:
+            ALOGE("Process seems to be sending too many oneway calls.");
+            CallStack::logStack("oneway spamming", CallStack::getCurrent().get(),
+                    ANDROID_LOG_ERROR);
+            [[fallthrough]];
         case BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE:
             if (!reply && !acquireResult) goto finish;
             break;
diff --git a/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp b/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp
index 61f4581..f684cf6 100644
--- a/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/IServiceManager.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> waitForService(const String16& name16) override;
     bool isDeclared(const String16& name) override;
     Vector<String16> getDeclaredInstances(const String16& interface) override;
+    std::optional<String16> updatableViaApex(const String16& name) override;
 
     // for legacy ABI
     const String16& getInterfaceDescriptor() const override {
@@ -388,4 +389,12 @@
     return res;
 }
 
+std::optional<String16> ServiceManagerShim::updatableViaApex(const String16& name) {
+    std::optional<std::string> declared;
+    if (!mTheRealServiceManager->updatableViaApex(String8(name).c_str(), &declared).isOk()) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return declared ? std::optional<String16>(String16(declared.value().c_str())) : std::nullopt;
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp b/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
index 7647a8c..0414e76 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 
 #define BINDER_VM_SIZE ((1 * 1024 * 1024) - sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) * 2)
 #define DEFAULT_MAX_BINDER_THREADS 15
+#define DEFAULT_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION 1
 
 #ifdef __ANDROID_VNDK__
 const char* kDefaultDriver = "/dev/vndbinder";
@@ -358,6 +359,15 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+status_t ProcessState::enableOnewaySpamDetection(bool enable) {
+    uint32_t enableDetection = enable ? 1 : 0;
+    if (ioctl(mDriverFD, BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION, &enableDetection) == -1) {
+        ALOGE("Binder ioctl to enable oneway spam detection failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return -errno;
+    }
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
 void ProcessState::giveThreadPoolName() {
     androidSetThreadName( makeBinderThreadName().string() );
 }
@@ -388,6 +398,11 @@
         if (result == -1) {
             ALOGE("Binder ioctl to set max threads failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         }
+        uint32_t enable = DEFAULT_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION;
+        result = ioctl(fd, BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION, &enable);
+        if (result == -1) {
+            ALOGE("Binder ioctl to enable oneway spam detection failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+        }
     } else {
         ALOGW("Opening '%s' failed: %s\n", driver, strerror(errno));
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcConnection.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcConnection.cpp
index 4aff92b..1388a80 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcConnection.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcConnection.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,16 @@
 
 #include <binder/RpcConnection.h>
 
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string_view>
+
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/Stability.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
@@ -25,11 +35,6 @@
 #include "RpcState.h"
 #include "RpcWireFormat.h"
 
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
 #ifdef __GLIBC__
 extern "C" pid_t gettid();
 #endif
@@ -41,6 +46,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 using base::unique_fd;
+using AddrInfo = std::unique_ptr<addrinfo, decltype(&freeaddrinfo)>;
 
 RpcConnection::SocketAddress::~SocketAddress() {}
 
@@ -51,6 +57,10 @@
 }
 RpcConnection::~RpcConnection() {
     LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcConnection destroyed %p", this);
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mSocketMutex);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mServers.size() != 0,
+                        "Should not be able to destroy a connection with servers in use.");
 }
 
 sp<RpcConnection> RpcConnection::make() {
@@ -120,6 +130,70 @@
 
 #endif // __BIONIC__
 
+class SocketAddressImpl : public RpcConnection::SocketAddress {
+public:
+    SocketAddressImpl(const sockaddr* addr, size_t size, const String8& desc)
+          : mAddr(addr), mSize(size), mDesc(desc) {}
+    [[nodiscard]] std::string toString() const override {
+        return std::string(mDesc.c_str(), mDesc.size());
+    }
+    [[nodiscard]] const sockaddr* addr() const override { return mAddr; }
+    [[nodiscard]] size_t addrSize() const override { return mSize; }
+    void set(const sockaddr* addr, size_t size) {
+        mAddr = addr;
+        mSize = size;
+    }
+
+private:
+    const sockaddr* mAddr = nullptr;
+    size_t mSize = 0;
+    String8 mDesc;
+};
+
+AddrInfo GetAddrInfo(const char* addr, unsigned int port) {
+    addrinfo hint{
+            .ai_flags = 0,
+            .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+            .ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM,
+            .ai_protocol = 0,
+    };
+    addrinfo* aiStart = nullptr;
+    if (int rc = getaddrinfo(addr, std::to_string(port).data(), &hint, &aiStart); 0 != rc) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to resolve %s:%u: %s", addr, port, gai_strerror(rc));
+        return AddrInfo(nullptr, nullptr);
+    }
+    if (aiStart == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to resolve %s:%u: getaddrinfo returns null", addr, port);
+        return AddrInfo(nullptr, nullptr);
+    }
+    return AddrInfo(aiStart, &freeaddrinfo);
+}
+
+bool RpcConnection::setupInetServer(unsigned int port) {
+    auto aiStart = GetAddrInfo("127.0.0.1", port);
+    if (aiStart == nullptr) return false;
+    SocketAddressImpl socketAddress(nullptr, 0, String8::format("127.0.0.1:%u", port));
+    for (auto ai = aiStart.get(); ai != nullptr; ai = ai->ai_next) {
+        socketAddress.set(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
+        if (setupSocketServer(socketAddress)) return true;
+    }
+    ALOGE("None of the socket address resolved for 127.0.0.1:%u can be set up as inet server.",
+          port);
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool RpcConnection::addInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port) {
+    auto aiStart = GetAddrInfo(addr, port);
+    if (aiStart == nullptr) return false;
+    SocketAddressImpl socketAddress(nullptr, 0, String8::format("%s:%u", addr, port));
+    for (auto ai = aiStart.get(); ai != nullptr; ai = ai->ai_next) {
+        socketAddress.set(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
+        if (addSocketClient(socketAddress)) return true;
+    }
+    ALOGE("None of the socket address resolved for %s:%u can be added as inet client.", addr, port);
+    return false;
+}
+
 bool RpcConnection::addNullDebuggingClient() {
     unique_fd serverFd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
 
@@ -152,36 +226,35 @@
 }
 
 void RpcConnection::join() {
-    // establish a connection
-    {
-        unique_fd clientFd(
-                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(accept4(mServer.get(), nullptr, 0 /*length*/, SOCK_CLOEXEC)));
-        if (clientFd < 0) {
-            // If this log becomes confusing, should save more state from setupUnixDomainServer
-            // in order to output here.
-            ALOGE("Could not accept4 socket: %s", strerror(errno));
-            return;
-        }
-
-        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("accept4 on fd %d yields fd %d", mServer.get(), clientFd.get());
-
-        assignServerToThisThread(std::move(clientFd));
+    // TODO(b/185167543): do this dynamically, instead of from a static number
+    // of threads
+    unique_fd clientFd(
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(accept4(mServer.get(), nullptr, 0 /*length*/, SOCK_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (clientFd < 0) {
+        // If this log becomes confusing, should save more state from setupUnixDomainServer
+        // in order to output here.
+        ALOGE("Could not accept4 socket: %s", strerror(errno));
+        return;
     }
 
-    // We may not use the connection we just established (two threads might
-    // establish connections for each other), but for now, just use one
-    // server/socket connection.
-    ExclusiveSocket socket(sp<RpcConnection>::fromExisting(this), SocketUse::SERVER);
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("accept4 on fd %d yields fd %d", mServer.get(), clientFd.get());
+
+    // must be registered to allow arbitrary client code executing commands to
+    // be able to do nested calls (we can't only read from it)
+    sp<ConnectionSocket> socket = assignServerToThisThread(std::move(clientFd));
 
     while (true) {
         status_t error =
-                state()->getAndExecuteCommand(socket.fd(), sp<RpcConnection>::fromExisting(this));
+                state()->getAndExecuteCommand(socket->fd, sp<RpcConnection>::fromExisting(this));
 
         if (error != OK) {
             ALOGI("Binder socket thread closing w/ status %s", statusToString(error).c_str());
-            return;
+            break;
         }
     }
+
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!removeServerSocket(socket),
+                        "bad state: socket object guaranteed to be in list");
 }
 
 void RpcConnection::setForServer(const wp<RpcServer>& server) {
@@ -246,11 +319,23 @@
     mClients.push_back(connection);
 }
 
-void RpcConnection::assignServerToThisThread(unique_fd&& fd) {
+sp<RpcConnection::ConnectionSocket> RpcConnection::assignServerToThisThread(unique_fd&& fd) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mSocketMutex);
     sp<ConnectionSocket> connection = sp<ConnectionSocket>::make();
     connection->fd = std::move(fd);
+    connection->exclusiveTid = gettid();
     mServers.push_back(connection);
+
+    return connection;
+}
+
+bool RpcConnection::removeServerSocket(const sp<ConnectionSocket>& socket) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mSocketMutex);
+    if (auto it = std::find(mServers.begin(), mServers.end(), socket); it != mServers.end()) {
+        mServers.erase(it);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
 }
 
 RpcConnection::ExclusiveSocket::ExclusiveSocket(const sp<RpcConnection>& connection, SocketUse use)
@@ -265,37 +350,31 @@
 
         // CHECK FOR DEDICATED CLIENT SOCKET
         //
-        // A server/looper should always use a dedicated connection.
-        if (use != SocketUse::SERVER) {
-            findSocket(tid, &exclusive, &available, mConnection->mClients,
-                       mConnection->mClientsOffset);
+        // A server/looper should always use a dedicated connection if available
+        findSocket(tid, &exclusive, &available, mConnection->mClients, mConnection->mClientsOffset);
 
-            // WARNING: this assumes a server cannot request its client to send
-            // a transaction, as mServers is excluded below.
-            //
-            // Imagine we have more than one thread in play, and a single thread
-            // sends a synchronous, then an asynchronous command. Imagine the
-            // asynchronous command is sent on the first client socket. Then, if
-            // we naively send a synchronous command to that same socket, the
-            // thread on the far side might be busy processing the asynchronous
-            // command. So, we move to considering the second available thread
-            // for subsequent calls.
-            if (use == SocketUse::CLIENT_ASYNC && (exclusive != nullptr || available != nullptr)) {
-                mConnection->mClientsOffset =
-                        (mConnection->mClientsOffset + 1) % mConnection->mClients.size();
-            }
+        // WARNING: this assumes a server cannot request its client to send
+        // a transaction, as mServers is excluded below.
+        //
+        // Imagine we have more than one thread in play, and a single thread
+        // sends a synchronous, then an asynchronous command. Imagine the
+        // asynchronous command is sent on the first client socket. Then, if
+        // we naively send a synchronous command to that same socket, the
+        // thread on the far side might be busy processing the asynchronous
+        // command. So, we move to considering the second available thread
+        // for subsequent calls.
+        if (use == SocketUse::CLIENT_ASYNC && (exclusive != nullptr || available != nullptr)) {
+            mConnection->mClientsOffset =
+                    (mConnection->mClientsOffset + 1) % mConnection->mClients.size();
         }
 
-        // USE SERVING SOCKET (to start serving or for nested transaction)
+        // USE SERVING SOCKET (for nested transaction)
         //
         // asynchronous calls cannot be nested
         if (use != SocketUse::CLIENT_ASYNC) {
-            // servers should start serving on an available thread only
-            // otherwise, this should only be a nested call
-            bool useAvailable = use == SocketUse::SERVER;
-
-            findSocket(tid, &exclusive, (useAvailable ? &available : nullptr),
-                       mConnection->mServers, 0 /* index hint */);
+            // server sockets are always assigned to a thread
+            findSocket(tid, &exclusive, nullptr /*available*/, mConnection->mServers,
+                       0 /* index hint */);
         }
 
         // if our thread is already using a connection, prioritize using that
@@ -309,8 +388,6 @@
             break;
         }
 
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(use == SocketUse::SERVER, "Must create connection to join one.");
-
         // in regular binder, this would usually be a deadlock :)
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mConnection->mClients.size() == 0,
                             "Not a client of any connection. You must create a connection to an "
diff --git a/libs/binder/aidl/android/os/IServiceManager.aidl b/libs/binder/aidl/android/os/IServiceManager.aidl
index 2fabf94..75c4092 100644
--- a/libs/binder/aidl/android/os/IServiceManager.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/aidl/android/os/IServiceManager.aidl
@@ -108,6 +108,11 @@
     @utf8InCpp String[] getDeclaredInstances(@utf8InCpp String iface);
 
     /**
+     * If updatable-via-apex, returns the APEX via which this is updated.
+     */
+    @nullable @utf8InCpp String updatableViaApex(@utf8InCpp String name);
+
+    /**
      * Request a callback when the number of clients of the service changes.
      * Used by LazyServiceRegistrar to dynamically stop services that have no clients.
      */
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
index 5f0d056..3dbe2c4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
+#include <optional>
+
 namespace android {
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -99,6 +101,12 @@
      * Get all instances of a service as declared in the VINTF manifest
      */
     virtual Vector<String16> getDeclaredInstances(const String16& interface) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * If this instance is updatable via an APEX, returns the APEX with which
+     * this can be updated.
+     */
+    virtual std::optional<String16> updatableViaApex(const String16& name) = 0;
 };
 
 sp<IServiceManager> defaultServiceManager();
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/ProcessState.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/ProcessState.h
index 0919648..b9db5d7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/ProcessState.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/ProcessState.h
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
             void                spawnPooledThread(bool isMain);
             
             status_t            setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(size_t maxThreads);
+            status_t            enableOnewaySpamDetection(bool enable);
             void                giveThreadPoolName();
 
             String8             getDriverName();
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcConnection.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcConnection.h
index dba47b4..2395e78 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcConnection.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcConnection.h
@@ -74,6 +74,16 @@
 #endif // __BIONIC__
 
     /**
+     * Creates an RPC server at the current port.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] bool setupInetServer(unsigned int port);
+
+    /**
+     * Connects to an RPC server at the given address and port.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] bool addInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port);
+
+    /**
      * For debugging!
      *
      * Sets up an empty socket. All queries to this socket which require a
@@ -118,11 +128,6 @@
     friend sp<RpcConnection>;
     RpcConnection();
 
-    bool setupSocketServer(const SocketAddress& address);
-    bool addSocketClient(const SocketAddress& address);
-    void addClient(base::unique_fd&& fd);
-    void assignServerToThisThread(base::unique_fd&& fd);
-
     struct ConnectionSocket : public RefBase {
         base::unique_fd fd;
 
@@ -131,11 +136,16 @@
         std::optional<pid_t> exclusiveTid;
     };
 
+    bool setupSocketServer(const SocketAddress& address);
+    bool addSocketClient(const SocketAddress& address);
+    void addClient(base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    sp<ConnectionSocket> assignServerToThisThread(base::unique_fd&& fd);
+    bool removeServerSocket(const sp<ConnectionSocket>& socket);
+
     enum class SocketUse {
         CLIENT,
         CLIENT_ASYNC,
         CLIENT_REFCOUNT,
-        SERVER,
     };
 
     // RAII object for connection socket
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/private/binder/binder_module.h b/libs/binder/include/private/binder/binder_module.h
index 1579199..151235c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/private/binder/binder_module.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/private/binder/binder_module.h
@@ -32,10 +32,6 @@
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <linux/android/binder.h>
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-namespace android {
-#endif
-
 #ifndef BR_FROZEN_REPLY
 // Temporary definition of BR_FROZEN_REPLY. For production
 // this will come from UAPI binder.h
@@ -88,8 +84,18 @@
 };
 #endif //BINDER_GET_FROZEN_INFO
 
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}   // namespace android
-#endif
+#ifndef BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT
+// Temporary definition of BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT. For production
+// this will come from UAPI binder.h
+#define BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT _IO('r', 19)
+#endif //BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT
+
+#ifndef BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION
+/*
+ * Temporary definitions for oneway spam detection support. For the final version
+ * these will be defined in the UAPI binder.h file from upstream kernel.
+ */
+#define BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION _IOW('b', 16, __u32)
+#endif //BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION
 
 #endif // _BINDER_MODULE_H_
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
index 5516914..a90b4aa 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
@@ -124,6 +124,15 @@
         __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
 
 /**
+ * Check if a service is updatable via an APEX module.
+ *
+ * \param instance identifier of the service
+ *
+ * \return whether the interface is updatable via APEX
+ */
+bool AServiceManager_isUpdatableViaApex(const char* instance) __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
+
+/**
  * Prevent lazy services without client from shutting down their process
  *
  * \param persist 'true' if the process should not exit.
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt b/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
index 67c85b6..7d4b82e 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
@@ -118,14 +118,15 @@
     AIBinder_getCallingSid; # apex
     AIBinder_setRequestingSid; # apex
     AParcel_markSensitive; # llndk
-    AServiceManager_isDeclared; # apex llndk
     AServiceManager_forEachDeclaredInstance; # apex llndk
-    AServiceManager_registerLazyService; # llndk
-    AServiceManager_waitForService; # apex llndk
     AServiceManager_forceLazyServicesPersist; # llndk
+    AServiceManager_isDeclared; # apex llndk
+    AServiceManager_isUpdatableViaApex; # apex
+    AServiceManager_reRegister; # llndk
+    AServiceManager_registerLazyService; # llndk
     AServiceManager_setActiveServicesCallback; # llndk
     AServiceManager_tryUnregister; # llndk
-    AServiceManager_reRegister; # llndk
+    AServiceManager_waitForService; # apex llndk
 
     AIBinder_forceDowngradeToSystemStability; # apex
     AIBinder_forceDowngradeToVendorStability; # llndk
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
index 1ccd0d2..7649a26 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
@@ -105,6 +105,14 @@
         callback(String8(instance).c_str(), context);
     }
 }
+bool AServiceManager_isUpdatableViaApex(const char* instance) {
+    if (instance == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
+    return sm->updatableViaApex(String16(instance)) != std::nullopt;
+}
 void AServiceManager_forceLazyServicesPersist(bool persist) {
     auto serviceRegistrar = android::binder::LazyServiceRegistrar::getInstance();
     serviceRegistrar.forcePersist(persist);
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
index 6a88401..62db3cf 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
@@ -300,6 +300,11 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(STATUS_OK, AIBinder_ping(binder.get()));
 }
 
+TEST(NdkBinder, IsUpdatable) {
+    bool isUpdatable = AServiceManager_isUpdatableViaApex("android.hardware.light.ILights/default");
+    EXPECT_EQ(isUpdatable, false);
+}
+
 // This is too slow
 TEST(NdkBinder, CheckLazyServiceShutDown) {
     ndk::SpAIBinder binder(AServiceManager_waitForService(kLazyBinderNdkUnitTestService));
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
index e2193fa..dc8c0f1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
     BINDER_LIB_TEST_GETPID,
     BINDER_LIB_TEST_ECHO_VECTOR,
     BINDER_LIB_TEST_REJECT_BUF,
+    BINDER_LIB_TEST_CAN_GET_SID,
 };
 
 pid_t start_server_process(int arg2, bool usePoll = false)
@@ -1192,6 +1193,14 @@
     EXPECT_NE(NO_ERROR, ret);
 }
 
+TEST_F(BinderLibTest, GotSid) {
+    sp<IBinder> server = addServer();
+
+    Parcel data;
+    status_t ret = server->transact(BINDER_LIB_TEST_CAN_GET_SID, data, nullptr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, ret);
+}
+
 class BinderLibTestService : public BBinder
 {
     public:
@@ -1494,6 +1503,9 @@
             case BINDER_LIB_TEST_REJECT_BUF: {
                 return data.objectsCount() == 0 ? BAD_VALUE : NO_ERROR;
             }
+            case BINDER_LIB_TEST_CAN_GET_SID: {
+                return IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingSid() == nullptr ? BAD_VALUE : NO_ERROR;
+            }
             default:
                 return UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
             };
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
index 3340293..dd68fdb 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
@@ -80,11 +80,10 @@
     sp<RpcConnection> connection;
 
     Status sendString(const std::string& str) override {
-        std::cout << "Child received string: " << str << std::endl;
+        (void)str;
         return Status::ok();
     }
     Status doubleString(const std::string& str, std::string* strstr) override {
-        std::cout << "Child received string to double: " << str << std::endl;
         *strstr = str + str;
         return Status::ok();
     }
@@ -257,6 +256,7 @@
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
     VSOCK,
 #endif // __BIONIC__
+    INET,
 };
 static inline std::string PrintSocketType(const testing::TestParamInfo<SocketType>& info) {
     switch (info.param) {
@@ -266,6 +266,8 @@
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
             return "vm_socket";
 #endif // __BIONIC__
+        case SocketType::INET:
+            return "inet_socket";
         default:
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
             return "";
@@ -305,6 +307,9 @@
                             CHECK(connection->setupVsockServer(port));
                             break;
 #endif // __BIONIC__
+                        case SocketType::INET:
+                            CHECK(connection->setupInetServer(port));
+                            break;
                         default:
                             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
                     }
@@ -335,6 +340,9 @@
                         if (ret.connection->addVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, port)) goto success;
                         break;
 #endif // __BIONIC__
+                    case SocketType::INET:
+                        if (ret.connection->addInetClient("127.0.0.1", port)) goto success;
+                        break;
                     default:
                         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
                 }
@@ -740,7 +748,7 @@
         threads.push_back(std::thread([&] {
             for (size_t j = 0; j < kNumCalls; j++) {
                 sp<IBinder> out;
-                proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.rootBinder, &out);
+                EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->repeatBinder(proc.rootBinder, &out));
                 EXPECT_EQ(proc.rootBinder, out);
             }
         }));
@@ -749,6 +757,28 @@
     for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
 }
 
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayStressTest) {
+    constexpr size_t kNumClientThreads = 10;
+    constexpr size_t kNumServerThreads = 10;
+    constexpr size_t kNumCalls = 100;
+
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(kNumServerThreads);
+
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumClientThreads; i++) {
+        threads.push_back(std::thread([&] {
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < kNumCalls; j++) {
+                EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sendString("a"));
+            }
+
+            // check threads are not stuck
+            EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->sleepMs(250));
+        }));
+    }
+
+    for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
+}
+
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallDoesNotWait) {
     constexpr size_t kReallyLongTimeMs = 100;
     constexpr size_t kSleepMs = kReallyLongTimeMs * 5;
@@ -852,12 +882,13 @@
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerSocket, BinderRpc,
-                        ::testing::Values(SocketType::UNIX
+                        ::testing::ValuesIn({
+                                SocketType::UNIX,
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
-                                          ,
-                                          SocketType::VSOCK
+                                SocketType::VSOCK,
 #endif // __BIONIC__
-                                          ),
+                                SocketType::INET,
+                        }),
                         PrintSocketType);
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderStabilityTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderStabilityTest.cpp
index cb309bd..2ce13df 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderStabilityTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderStabilityTest.cpp
@@ -192,6 +192,8 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(Status::EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
             android::defaultServiceManager()->addService(String16("."), vintfServer)) << instance8;
         EXPECT_FALSE(android::defaultServiceManager()->isDeclared(instance)) << instance8;
+        EXPECT_EQ(std::nullopt, android::defaultServiceManager()->updatableViaApex(instance))
+                << instance8;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
index 4ecbe53..761e45c 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
@@ -73,4 +73,9 @@
     return out;
 }
 
+std::optional<String16> ServiceManager::updatableViaApex(const String16& name) {
+    (void)name;
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h b/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h
index 4ef47fb..e26c21b 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 
 #include <map>
+#include <optional>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@
 
     Vector<String16> getDeclaredInstances(const String16& iface) override;
 
+    std::optional<String16> updatableViaApex(const String16& name) override;
+
 private:
     std::map<String16, sp<IBinder>> mNameToService;
 };
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index 476617d..3d854c2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@
     mTransformHint = mSurfaceControl->getTransformHint();
     mBufferItemConsumer->setTransformHint(mTransformHint);
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction()
-            .setFlags(surface, layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure,
-                      layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure)
-            .apply();
+          .setFlags(surface, layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure,
+                    layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure)
+          .apply();
 
     mNumAcquired = 0;
     mNumFrameAvailable = 0;
@@ -186,6 +186,7 @@
 void BLASTBufferQueue::update(const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                               int32_t format) {
     std::unique_lock _lock{mMutex};
+    BQA_LOGV("update width=%d height=%d format=%d", width, height, format);
     if (mFormat != format) {
         mFormat = format;
         mBufferItemConsumer->setDefaultBufferFormat(convertBufferFormat(format));
@@ -242,29 +243,49 @@
         ATRACE_CALL();
         BQA_LOGV("transactionCallback");
 
-        if (!stats.empty()) {
-            mTransformHint = stats[0].transformHint;
-            mBufferItemConsumer->setTransformHint(mTransformHint);
-            mBufferItemConsumer
-                    ->updateFrameTimestamps(stats[0].frameEventStats.frameNumber,
-                                            stats[0].frameEventStats.refreshStartTime,
-                                            stats[0].frameEventStats.gpuCompositionDoneFence,
-                                            stats[0].presentFence, stats[0].previousReleaseFence,
-                                            stats[0].frameEventStats.compositorTiming,
-                                            stats[0].latchTime,
-                                            stats[0].frameEventStats.dequeueReadyTime);
-            currFrameNumber = stats[0].frameEventStats.frameNumber;
-
-            if (mTransactionCompleteCallback &&
-                currFrameNumber >= mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber) {
-                if (currFrameNumber > mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber) {
-                    BQA_LOGE("transactionCallback received for a newer framenumber=%" PRIu64
-                             " than expected=%" PRIu64,
-                             currFrameNumber, mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber);
+        if (!mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback.empty()) {
+            sp<SurfaceControl> pendingSC = mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback.front();
+            mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback.pop();
+            bool found = false;
+            for (auto stat : stats) {
+                if (!SurfaceControl::isSameSurface(pendingSC, stat.surfaceControl)) {
+                    continue;
                 }
-                transactionCompleteCallback = std::move(mTransactionCompleteCallback);
-                mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber = 0;
+
+                mTransformHint = stat.transformHint;
+                mBufferItemConsumer->setTransformHint(mTransformHint);
+                mBufferItemConsumer
+                        ->updateFrameTimestamps(stat.frameEventStats.frameNumber,
+                                                stat.frameEventStats.refreshStartTime,
+                                                stat.frameEventStats.gpuCompositionDoneFence,
+                                                stat.presentFence, stat.previousReleaseFence,
+                                                stat.frameEventStats.compositorTiming,
+                                                stat.latchTime,
+                                                stat.frameEventStats.dequeueReadyTime);
+
+                currFrameNumber = stat.frameEventStats.frameNumber;
+
+                if (mTransactionCompleteCallback &&
+                    currFrameNumber >= mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber) {
+                    if (currFrameNumber > mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber) {
+                        BQA_LOGE("transactionCallback received for a newer framenumber=%" PRIu64
+                                 " than expected=%" PRIu64,
+                                 currFrameNumber, mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber);
+                    }
+                    transactionCompleteCallback = std::move(mTransactionCompleteCallback);
+                    mTransactionCompleteFrameNumber = 0;
+                }
+
+                found = true;
+                break;
             }
+
+            if (!found) {
+                BQA_LOGE("Failed to find matching SurfaceControl in transaction callback");
+            }
+        } else {
+            BQA_LOGE("No matching SurfaceControls found: mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback was "
+                     "empty.");
         }
 
         decStrong((void*)transactionCallbackThunk);
@@ -377,10 +398,11 @@
     // Ensure BLASTBufferQueue stays alive until we receive the transaction complete callback.
     incStrong((void*)transactionCallbackThunk);
 
+    Rect crop = computeCrop(bufferItem);
     mLastAcquiredFrameNumber = bufferItem.mFrameNumber;
     mLastBufferInfo.update(true /* hasBuffer */, bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(),
                            bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(), bufferItem.mTransform,
-                           bufferItem.mScalingMode);
+                           bufferItem.mScalingMode, crop);
 
     auto releaseBufferCallback =
             std::bind(releaseBufferCallbackThunk, wp<BLASTBufferQueue>(this) /* callbackContext */,
@@ -392,9 +414,10 @@
     t->setAcquireFence(mSurfaceControl,
                        bufferItem.mFence ? new Fence(bufferItem.mFence->dup()) : Fence::NO_FENCE);
     t->addTransactionCompletedCallback(transactionCallbackThunk, static_cast<void*>(this));
+    mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback.push(mSurfaceControl);
 
     setMatrix(t, mLastBufferInfo);
-    t->setCrop(mSurfaceControl, computeCrop(bufferItem));
+    t->setCrop(mSurfaceControl, crop);
     t->setTransform(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mTransform);
     t->setTransformToDisplayInverse(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mTransformToDisplayInverse);
     if (!bufferItem.mIsAutoTimestamp) {
@@ -522,13 +545,15 @@
 
 void BLASTBufferQueue::setMatrix(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction* t,
                                  const BufferInfo& bufferInfo) {
-    uint32_t bufWidth = bufferInfo.width;
-    uint32_t bufHeight = bufferInfo.height;
+    uint32_t bufWidth = bufferInfo.crop.getWidth();
+    uint32_t bufHeight = bufferInfo.crop.getHeight();
 
-    float dsdx = mSize.width / static_cast<float>(bufWidth);
-    float dsdy = mSize.height / static_cast<float>(bufHeight);
+    float sx = mSize.width / static_cast<float>(bufWidth);
+    float sy = mSize.height / static_cast<float>(bufHeight);
 
-    t->setMatrix(mSurfaceControl, dsdx, 0, 0, dsdy);
+    t->setMatrix(mSurfaceControl, sx, 0, 0, sy);
+    // Update position based on crop.
+    t->setPosition(mSurfaceControl, bufferInfo.crop.left * sx * -1, bufferInfo.crop.top * sy * -1);
 }
 
 void BLASTBufferQueue::setTransactionCompleteCallback(
diff --git a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
index 454aa9e..6ca2487 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
@@ -497,6 +497,28 @@
         return result;
     }
 
+    status_t onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* pulledData, bool* success) {
+        Parcel data, reply;
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeInterfaceToken, ISurfaceComposer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeInt32, atomId);
+
+        status_t err = remote()->transact(BnSurfaceComposer::ON_PULL_ATOM, data, &reply);
+        if (err != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGE("onPullAtom failed to transact: %d", err);
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        int32_t size = 0;
+        SAFE_PARCEL(reply.readInt32, &size);
+        const void* dataPtr = reply.readInplace(size);
+        if (dataPtr == nullptr) {
+            return UNEXPECTED_NULL;
+        }
+        pulledData->assign((const char*)dataPtr, size);
+        SAFE_PARCEL(reply.readBool, success);
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    }
+
     status_t enableVSyncInjections(bool enable) override {
         Parcel data, reply;
         status_t result = data.writeInterfaceToken(ISurfaceComposer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
@@ -2021,6 +2043,19 @@
             }
             return overrideHdrTypes(display, hdrTypesVector);
         }
+        case ON_PULL_ATOM: {
+            CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
+            int32_t atomId = 0;
+            SAFE_PARCEL(data.readInt32, &atomId);
+
+            std::string pulledData;
+            bool success;
+            status_t err = onPullAtom(atomId, &pulledData, &success);
+            SAFE_PARCEL(reply->writeByteArray, pulledData.size(),
+                        reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(pulledData.data()));
+            SAFE_PARCEL(reply->writeBool, success);
+            return err;
+        }
         default: {
             return BBinder::onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
         }
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index e6baba6..9b2e10b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@
 }
 
 layer_state_t* SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::getLayerState(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc) {
-    auto handle = sc->getHandle();
+    auto handle = sc->getLayerStateHandle();
 
     if (mComposerStates.count(handle) == 0) {
         // we don't have it, add an initialized layer_state to our list
@@ -1147,8 +1147,11 @@
         mStatus = BAD_INDEX;
         return *this;
     }
+    if (SurfaceControl::isSameSurface(sc, newParent)) {
+        return *this;
+    }
     s->what |= layer_state_t::eReparent;
-    s->parentSurfaceControlForChild = newParent;
+    s->parentSurfaceControlForChild = newParent ? newParent->getParentingLayer() : nullptr;
 
     registerSurfaceControlForCallback(sc);
     return *this;
@@ -1793,7 +1796,7 @@
         }
         ALOGE_IF(err, "SurfaceComposerClient::createSurface error %s", strerror(-err));
         if (err == NO_ERROR) {
-            *outSurface = new SurfaceControl(this, handle, gbp, id, transformHint);
+            *outSurface = new SurfaceControl(this, handle, gbp, id, w, h, format, transformHint);
         }
     }
     return err;
@@ -1946,6 +1949,11 @@
     return ComposerService::getComposerService()->overrideHdrTypes(display, hdrTypes);
 }
 
+status_t SurfaceComposerClient::onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* outData,
+                                           bool* success) {
+    return ComposerService::getComposerService()->onPullAtom(atomId, outData, success);
+}
+
 status_t SurfaceComposerClient::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(const sp<IBinder>& display,
                                                                       ui::PixelFormat* outFormat,
                                                                       ui::Dataspace* outDataspace,
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
index 7e2f8f9..37750fa 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
 
 #include <gui/BufferQueueCore.h>
+#include <gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h>
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 #include <gui/Surface.h>
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
@@ -49,12 +50,17 @@
 
 SurfaceControl::SurfaceControl(const sp<SurfaceComposerClient>& client, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
                                const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& gbp, int32_t layerId,
-                               uint32_t transform)
+                               uint32_t w, uint32_t h, PixelFormat format, uint32_t transform,
+                               uint32_t flags)
       : mClient(client),
         mHandle(handle),
         mGraphicBufferProducer(gbp),
         mLayerId(layerId),
-        mTransformHint(transform) {}
+        mTransformHint(transform),
+        mWidth(w),
+        mHeight(h),
+        mFormat(format),
+        mCreateFlags(flags) {}
 
 SurfaceControl::SurfaceControl(const sp<SurfaceControl>& other) {
     mClient = other->mClient;
@@ -62,6 +68,9 @@
     mGraphicBufferProducer = other->mGraphicBufferProducer;
     mTransformHint = other->mTransformHint;
     mLayerId = other->mLayerId;
+    mWidth = other->mWidth;
+    mHeight = other->mHeight;
+    mCreateFlags = other->mCreateFlags;
 }
 
 SurfaceControl::~SurfaceControl()
@@ -70,13 +79,13 @@
     // happen without delay, since these resources are quite heavy.
     mClient.clear();
     mHandle.clear();
-    mGraphicBufferProducer.clear();
+    mBbq.clear();
     IPCThreadState::self()->flushCommands();
 }
 
 void SurfaceControl::disconnect() {
-    if (mGraphicBufferProducer != nullptr) {
-        mGraphicBufferProducer->disconnect(
+    if (getIGraphicBufferProducer() != nullptr) {
+        getIGraphicBufferProducer()->disconnect(
                 BufferQueueCore::CURRENTLY_CONNECTED_API);
     }
 }
@@ -118,21 +127,28 @@
 {
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> bp;
     if (control != nullptr) {
-        bp = control->mGraphicBufferProducer;
+        bp = control->getIGraphicBufferProducer();
     }
     return parcel->writeStrongBinder(IInterface::asBinder(bp));
 }
 
-sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::generateSurfaceLocked() const
+sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::generateSurfaceLocked()
 {
+    uint32_t ignore;
+    auto flags = mCreateFlags & (ISurfaceComposerClient::eCursorWindow |
+                                 ISurfaceComposerClient::eOpaque);
+    mBbqChild = mClient->createSurface(String8("bbq-wrapper"), 0, 0, mFormat,
+                                       flags, mHandle, {}, &ignore);
+    mBbq = new BLASTBufferQueue("bbq-adapter", mBbqChild, mWidth, mHeight, mFormat);
+
     // This surface is always consumed by SurfaceFlinger, so the
     // producerControlledByApp value doesn't matter; using false.
-    mSurfaceData = new Surface(mGraphicBufferProducer, false);
+    mSurfaceData = mBbq->getSurface(true);
 
     return mSurfaceData;
 }
 
-sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::getSurface() const
+sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::getSurface()
 {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
     if (mSurfaceData == nullptr) {
@@ -141,25 +157,42 @@
     return mSurfaceData;
 }
 
-sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::createSurface() const
+sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::createSurface()
 {
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    return generateSurfaceLocked();
+    return getSurface();
 }
 
-sp<IBinder> SurfaceControl::getHandle() const
+void SurfaceControl::updateDefaultBufferSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    mWidth = width; mHeight = height;
+    if (mBbq) {
+      mBbq->update(this, width, height, mFormat);
+    }
+
+}
+
+sp<IBinder> SurfaceControl::getLayerStateHandle() const
 {
     return mHandle;
 }
 
+sp<IBinder> SurfaceControl::getHandle() const {
+    if (mBbqChild != nullptr) {
+        return mBbqChild->getHandle();
+    }
+    return getLayerStateHandle();
+}
+
 int32_t SurfaceControl::getLayerId() const {
     return mLayerId;
 }
 
-sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> SurfaceControl::getIGraphicBufferProducer() const
+sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> SurfaceControl::getIGraphicBufferProducer()
 {
+    getSurface();
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    return mGraphicBufferProducer;
+
+    return mBbq->getIGraphicBufferProducer();
 }
 
 sp<SurfaceComposerClient> SurfaceControl::getClient() const
@@ -180,9 +213,11 @@
 status_t SurfaceControl::writeToParcel(Parcel& parcel) {
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeStrongBinder, ISurfaceComposerClient::asBinder(mClient->getClient()));
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeStrongBinder, mHandle);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeStrongBinder, IGraphicBufferProducer::asBinder(mGraphicBufferProducer));
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeInt32, mLayerId);
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeUint32, mTransformHint);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeUint32, mWidth);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeUint32, mHeight);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.writeUint32, mFormat);
 
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -191,21 +226,26 @@
                                         sp<SurfaceControl>* outSurfaceControl) {
     sp<IBinder> client;
     sp<IBinder> handle;
-    sp<IBinder> gbp;
     int32_t layerId;
     uint32_t transformHint;
+    uint32_t width;
+    uint32_t height;
+    uint32_t format;
 
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readStrongBinder, &client);
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readStrongBinder, &handle);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readNullableStrongBinder, &gbp);
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readInt32, &layerId);
     SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readUint32, &transformHint);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readUint32, &width);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readUint32, &height);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(parcel.readUint32, &format);
 
     // We aren't the original owner of the surface.
     *outSurfaceControl =
             new SurfaceControl(new SurfaceComposerClient(
                                        interface_cast<ISurfaceComposerClient>(client)),
-                               handle.get(), interface_cast<IGraphicBufferProducer>(gbp), layerId,
+                               handle.get(), nullptr, layerId,
+                               width, height, format,
                                transformHint);
 
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -233,5 +273,12 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+sp<SurfaceControl> SurfaceControl::getParentingLayer() {
+    if (mBbqChild != nullptr) {
+        return mBbqChild;
+    }
+    return this;
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
index a48f95a..139dbb7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
@@ -151,14 +151,20 @@
         // we get the next buffer. This will support scenarios where the layer can change sizes
         // and the buffer will scale to fit the new size.
         uint32_t scalingMode = NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW;
+        Rect crop;
 
         void update(bool hasBuffer, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t transform,
-                    uint32_t scalingMode) {
+                    uint32_t scalingMode, const Rect& crop) {
             this->hasBuffer = hasBuffer;
             this->width = width;
             this->height = height;
             this->transform = transform;
             this->scalingMode = scalingMode;
+            if (!crop.isEmpty()) {
+                this->crop = crop;
+            } else {
+                this->crop = Rect(width, height);
+            }
         }
     };
 
@@ -203,6 +209,10 @@
     // it for debugging purposes.
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t /* bufferId */, nsecs_t> mDequeueTimestamps
             GUARDED_BY(mTimestampMutex);
+
+    // Keep track of SurfaceControls that have submitted a transaction and BBQ is waiting on a
+    // callback for them.
+    std::queue<sp<SurfaceControl>> mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
index ccd6d4e..cb04689 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
@@ -275,6 +275,12 @@
     virtual status_t overrideHdrTypes(const sp<IBinder>& display,
                                       const std::vector<ui::Hdr>& hdrTypes) = 0;
 
+    /* Pulls surfaceflinger atoms global stats and layer stats to pipe to statsd.
+     *
+     * Requires the calling uid be from system server.
+     */
+    virtual status_t onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* outData, bool* success) = 0;
+
     virtual status_t enableVSyncInjections(bool enable) = 0;
 
     virtual status_t injectVSync(nsecs_t when) = 0;
@@ -600,6 +606,7 @@
         OVERRIDE_HDR_TYPES,
         ADD_HDR_LAYER_INFO_LISTENER,
         REMOVE_HDR_LAYER_INFO_LISTENER,
+        ON_PULL_ATOM,
         // Always append new enum to the end.
     };
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index d2d1e5b..b4f62f2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
         eLayerStackChanged = 0x00000080,
         eReleaseBufferListenerChanged = 0x00000400,
         eShadowRadiusChanged = 0x00000800,
+        eLayerCreated = 0x00001000,
         /* was eDetachChildren, now available 0x00002000, */
         eRelativeLayerChanged = 0x00004000,
         eReparent = 0x00008000,
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index fe6a30a..d3f6ff0 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -567,6 +567,8 @@
     static status_t overrideHdrTypes(const sp<IBinder>& display,
                                      const std::vector<ui::Hdr>& hdrTypes);
 
+    static status_t onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* outData, bool* success);
+
     static void setDisplayProjection(const sp<IBinder>& token, ui::Rotation orientation,
                                      const Rect& layerStackRect, const Rect& displayRect);
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceControl.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceControl.h
index 35bdfc1..9ee4636 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceControl.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceControl.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 class IGraphicBufferProducer;
 class Surface;
 class SurfaceComposerClient;
+class BLASTBufferQueue;
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -70,12 +71,13 @@
     static status_t writeSurfaceToParcel(
             const sp<SurfaceControl>& control, Parcel* parcel);
 
-    sp<Surface> getSurface() const;
-    sp<Surface> createSurface() const;
+    sp<Surface> getSurface();
+    sp<Surface> createSurface();
     sp<IBinder> getHandle() const;
+    sp<IBinder> getLayerStateHandle() const;
     int32_t getLayerId() const;
 
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> getIGraphicBufferProducer() const;
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> getIGraphicBufferProducer();
 
     status_t clearLayerFrameStats() const;
     status_t getLayerFrameStats(FrameStats* outStats) const;
@@ -85,12 +87,16 @@
     uint32_t getTransformHint() const;
 
     void setTransformHint(uint32_t hint);
+    void updateDefaultBufferSize(uint32_t width, uint32_t height);
 
     explicit SurfaceControl(const sp<SurfaceControl>& other);
 
     SurfaceControl(const sp<SurfaceComposerClient>& client, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
                    const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& gbp, int32_t layerId,
-                   uint32_t transformHint = 0);
+                   uint32_t width = 0, uint32_t height = 0, PixelFormat format = 0,
+                   uint32_t transformHint = 0, uint32_t flags = 0);
+
+    sp<SurfaceControl> getParentingLayer();
 
 private:
     // can't be copied
@@ -102,7 +108,7 @@
 
     ~SurfaceControl();
 
-    sp<Surface> generateSurfaceLocked() const;
+    sp<Surface> generateSurfaceLocked();
     status_t validate() const;
 
     sp<SurfaceComposerClient>   mClient;
@@ -110,8 +116,14 @@
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>  mGraphicBufferProducer;
     mutable Mutex               mLock;
     mutable sp<Surface>         mSurfaceData;
+    mutable sp<BLASTBufferQueue> mBbq;
+    mutable sp<SurfaceControl> mBbqChild;
     int32_t mLayerId;
     uint32_t mTransformHint;
+    uint32_t mWidth;
+    uint32_t mHeight;
+    PixelFormat mFormat;
+    uint32_t mCreateFlags;
 };
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
index 9b1f0db..5a5da97 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
@@ -522,16 +522,146 @@
     adapter.waitForCallbacks();
     // capture screen and verify that it is red
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, captureDisplay(mCaptureArgs, mCaptureResults));
-
-    Rect bounds;
-    bounds.left = finalCropSideLength / 2;
-    bounds.top = 0;
-    bounds.right = bounds.left + finalCropSideLength;
-    bounds.bottom = finalCropSideLength;
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(r, g, b, bounds));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(r, g, b,
+                                               {10, 10, (int32_t)bufferSideLength - 10,
+                                                (int32_t)bufferSideLength - 10}));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 0, bounds, /*border*/ 0, /*outsideRegion*/ true));
+            checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 0,
+                               {0, 0, (int32_t)bufferSideLength, (int32_t)bufferSideLength},
+                               /*border*/ 0, /*outsideRegion*/ true));
+}
+
+TEST_F(BLASTBufferQueueTest, ScaleCroppedBufferToBufferSize) {
+    // add black background
+    auto bg = mClient->createSurface(String8("BGTest"), 0, 0, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                     ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bg.get());
+    Transaction t;
+    t.setLayerStack(bg, 0)
+            .setCrop(bg, Rect(0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight))
+            .setColor(bg, half3{0, 0, 0})
+            .setLayer(bg, 0)
+            .apply();
+
+    Rect windowSize(1000, 1000);
+    Rect bufferSize(windowSize);
+    Rect bufferCrop(200, 200, 700, 700);
+
+    BLASTBufferQueueHelper adapter(mSurfaceControl, windowSize.getWidth(), windowSize.getHeight());
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> igbProducer;
+    setUpProducer(adapter, igbProducer);
+    int slot;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf;
+    auto ret = igbProducer->dequeueBuffer(&slot, &fence, bufferSize.getWidth(),
+                                          bufferSize.getHeight(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                          GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION, ret);
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, igbProducer->requestBuffer(slot, &buf));
+
+    uint32_t* bufData;
+    buf->lock(static_cast<uint32_t>(GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN),
+              reinterpret_cast<void**>(&bufData));
+    // fill buffer with grey
+    fillBuffer(bufData, bufferSize, buf->getStride(), 127, 127, 127);
+
+    // fill crop area with different colors so we can verify the cropped region has been scaled
+    // correctly.
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(200, 200, 450, 450), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 255, 0, 0);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(200, 451, 450, 700), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 0, 255, 0);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(451, 200, 700, 450), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 0, 0, 255);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(451, 451, 700, 700), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 255, 0, 0);
+    buf->unlock();
+
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferOutput qbOutput;
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferInput input(systemTime(), true /* autotimestamp */,
+                                                   HAL_DATASPACE_UNKNOWN,
+                                                   bufferCrop /* Rect::INVALID_RECT */,
+                                                   NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW, 0,
+                                                   Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    igbProducer->queueBuffer(slot, input, &qbOutput);
+    ASSERT_NE(ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID, qbOutput.transformHint);
+
+    adapter.waitForCallbacks();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, captureDisplay(mCaptureArgs, mCaptureResults));
+
+    // Verify cropped region is scaled correctly.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(255, 0, 0, {10, 10, 490, 490}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 255, 0, {10, 510, 490, 990}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 255, {510, 10, 990, 490}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(255, 0, 0, {510, 510, 990, 990}));
+    // Verify outside region is black.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 0,
+                                               {0, 0, (int32_t)windowSize.getWidth(),
+                                                (int32_t)windowSize.getHeight()},
+                                               /*border*/ 0, /*outsideRegion*/ true));
+}
+
+TEST_F(BLASTBufferQueueTest, ScaleCroppedBufferToWindowSize) {
+    // add black background
+    auto bg = mClient->createSurface(String8("BGTest"), 0, 0, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                     ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bg.get());
+    Transaction t;
+    t.setLayerStack(bg, 0)
+            .setCrop(bg, Rect(0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight))
+            .setColor(bg, half3{0, 0, 0})
+            .setLayer(bg, 0)
+            .apply();
+
+    Rect windowSize(1000, 1000);
+    Rect bufferSize(500, 500);
+    Rect bufferCrop(100, 100, 350, 350);
+
+    BLASTBufferQueueHelper adapter(mSurfaceControl, windowSize.getWidth(), windowSize.getHeight());
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> igbProducer;
+    setUpProducer(adapter, igbProducer);
+    int slot;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf;
+    auto ret = igbProducer->dequeueBuffer(&slot, &fence, bufferSize.getWidth(),
+                                          bufferSize.getHeight(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                          GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION, ret);
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, igbProducer->requestBuffer(slot, &buf));
+
+    uint32_t* bufData;
+    buf->lock(static_cast<uint32_t>(GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN),
+              reinterpret_cast<void**>(&bufData));
+    // fill buffer with grey
+    fillBuffer(bufData, bufferSize, buf->getStride(), 127, 127, 127);
+
+    // fill crop area with different colors so we can verify the cropped region has been scaled
+    // correctly.
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(100, 100, 225, 225), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 255, 0, 0);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(100, 226, 225, 350), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 0, 255, 0);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(226, 100, 350, 225), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 0, 0, 255);
+    fillBuffer(bufData, Rect(226, 226, 350, 350), buf->getStride(), /* rgb */ 255, 0, 0);
+    buf->unlock();
+
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferOutput qbOutput;
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferInput input(systemTime(), true /* autotimestamp */,
+                                                   HAL_DATASPACE_UNKNOWN,
+                                                   bufferCrop /* Rect::INVALID_RECT */,
+                                                   NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW, 0,
+                                                   Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    igbProducer->queueBuffer(slot, input, &qbOutput);
+    ASSERT_NE(ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID, qbOutput.transformHint);
+
+    adapter.waitForCallbacks();
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, captureDisplay(mCaptureArgs, mCaptureResults));
+    // Verify cropped region is scaled correctly.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(255, 0, 0, {10, 10, 490, 490}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 255, 0, {10, 510, 490, 990}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 255, {510, 10, 990, 490}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(255, 0, 0, {510, 510, 990, 990}));
+    // Verify outside region is black.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkScreenCapture(0, 0, 0,
+                                               {0, 0, (int32_t)windowSize.getWidth(),
+                                                (int32_t)windowSize.getHeight()},
+                                               /*border*/ 0, /*outsideRegion*/ true));
 }
 
 class TestProducerListener : public BnProducerListener {
@@ -836,26 +966,6 @@
         if (postedTime) *postedTime = systemTime();
         igbProducer->queueBuffer(slot, input, qbOutput);
     }
-
-    void createBufferQueueProducer(sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* bqIgbp) {
-        mBufferQueueSurfaceControl =
-                mClient->createSurface(String8("BqSurface"), 0, 0, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
-                                       ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue);
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mBufferQueueSurfaceControl.get());
-        Transaction()
-                .setLayerStack(mBufferQueueSurfaceControl, 0)
-                .show(mBufferQueueSurfaceControl)
-                .setDataspace(mBufferQueueSurfaceControl, ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
-                .setSize(mBufferQueueSurfaceControl, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight)
-                .setLayer(mBufferQueueSurfaceControl, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())
-                .apply();
-
-        sp<Surface> bqSurface = mBufferQueueSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bqSurface.get());
-
-        *bqIgbp = bqSurface->getIGraphicBufferProducer();
-        setUpProducer(*bqIgbp);
-    }
     sp<SurfaceControl> mBufferQueueSurfaceControl;
 };
 
@@ -911,55 +1021,6 @@
     adapter.waitForCallbacks();
 }
 
-// Runs the same Frame Event History test
-TEST_F(BLASTFrameEventHistoryTest, FrameEventHistory_Basic_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> bqIgbp;
-    createBufferQueueProducer(&bqIgbp);
-
-    ProducerFrameEventHistory history;
-    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferOutput qbOutput;
-    nsecs_t requestedPresentTimeA = 0;
-    nsecs_t postedTimeA = 0;
-    setUpAndQueueBuffer(bqIgbp, &requestedPresentTimeA, &postedTimeA, &qbOutput, true);
-    history.applyDelta(qbOutput.frameTimestamps);
-
-    FrameEvents* events = nullptr;
-    events = history.getFrame(1);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeA, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeA);
-
-    // wait for buffer to be presented
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(200ms);
-
-    nsecs_t requestedPresentTimeB = 0;
-    nsecs_t postedTimeB = 0;
-    setUpAndQueueBuffer(bqIgbp, &requestedPresentTimeB, &postedTimeB, &qbOutput, true);
-    history.applyDelta(qbOutput.frameTimestamps);
-    events = history.getFrame(1);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-
-    // frame number, requestedPresentTime, and postTime should not have changed
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeA, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeA);
-
-    ASSERT_GE(events->latchTime, postedTimeA);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(events->hasDequeueReadyInfo());
-
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->gpuCompositionDoneFence);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->displayPresentFence);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->releaseFence);
-
-    // we should also have gotten the initial values for the next frame
-    events = history.getFrame(2);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeB, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeB);
-}
-
 TEST_F(BLASTFrameEventHistoryTest, FrameEventHistory_DroppedFrame) {
     BLASTBufferQueueHelper adapter(mSurfaceControl, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight);
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> igbProducer;
@@ -1010,53 +1071,4 @@
     ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeB);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BLASTFrameEventHistoryTest, FrameEventHistory_DroppedFrame_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> bqIgbp;
-    createBufferQueueProducer(&bqIgbp);
-
-    ProducerFrameEventHistory history;
-    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferOutput qbOutput;
-    nsecs_t requestedPresentTimeA = 0;
-    nsecs_t postedTimeA = 0;
-    nsecs_t presentTimeDelay = std::chrono::nanoseconds(500ms).count();
-    setUpAndQueueBuffer(bqIgbp, &requestedPresentTimeA, &postedTimeA, &qbOutput, true,
-                        presentTimeDelay);
-    history.applyDelta(qbOutput.frameTimestamps);
-
-    FrameEvents* events = nullptr;
-    events = history.getFrame(1);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeA, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeA);
-
-    // queue another buffer so the first can be dropped
-    nsecs_t requestedPresentTimeB = 0;
-    nsecs_t postedTimeB = 0;
-    setUpAndQueueBuffer(bqIgbp, &requestedPresentTimeB, &postedTimeB, &qbOutput, true);
-    history.applyDelta(qbOutput.frameTimestamps);
-    events = history.getFrame(1);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-
-    // frame number, requestedPresentTime, and postTime should not have changed
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeA, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeA);
-
-    // a valid latchtime should not be set
-    ASSERT_FALSE(events->hasLatchInfo());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(events->hasDequeueReadyInfo());
-
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->gpuCompositionDoneFence);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->displayPresentFence);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events->releaseFence);
-
-    // we should also have gotten the initial values for the next frame
-    events = history.getFrame(2);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, events);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2, events->frameNumber);
-    ASSERT_EQ(requestedPresentTimeB, events->requestedPresentTime);
-    ASSERT_GE(events->postedTime, postedTimeB);
-}
-
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index 751b95a..ea8c295 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -102,14 +102,13 @@
         //   test flakiness.
         mSurfaceControl = mComposerClient->createSurface(
                 String8("Test Surface"), 32, 32, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0);
+        SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction().apply(true);
 
         ASSERT_TRUE(mSurfaceControl != nullptr);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mSurfaceControl->isValid());
 
         Transaction t;
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, t.setLayer(mSurfaceControl, 0x7fffffff)
-                .show(mSurfaceControl)
-                .apply());
+        ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, t.setLayer(mSurfaceControl, 0x7fffffff).show(mSurfaceControl).apply());
 
         mSurface = mSurfaceControl->getSurface();
         ASSERT_TRUE(mSurface != nullptr);
@@ -776,6 +775,10 @@
                               const std::vector<ui::Hdr>& /*hdrTypes*/) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
+    status_t onPullAtom(const int32_t /*atomId*/, std::string* /*outData*/,
+                        bool* /*success*/) override {
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    }
     status_t enableVSyncInjections(bool /*enable*/) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
diff --git a/libs/permission/Android.bp b/libs/permission/Android.bp
index dd38224..a5712b3 100644
--- a/libs/permission/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/permission/Android.bp
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "libpermission",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
index ec39137..f395ab4 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
     name: "librenderengine_sources",
     srcs: [
         "Description.cpp",
+        "ExternalTexture.cpp",
         "Mesh.cpp",
         "RenderEngine.cpp",
         "Texture.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp b/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eabff58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+
+#include "log/log_main.h"
+
+namespace android::renderengine {
+
+ExternalTexture::ExternalTexture(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, RenderEngine& renderEngine,
+                                 uint32_t usage)
+      : mBuffer(buffer), mRenderEngine(renderEngine) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(buffer == nullptr,
+                        "Attempted to bind a null buffer to an external texture!");
+    // GLESRenderEngine has a separate texture cache for output buffers,
+    if (usage == Usage::WRITEABLE &&
+        (mRenderEngine.getRenderEngineType() == RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::GLES ||
+         mRenderEngine.getRenderEngineType() == RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::THREADED)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    mRenderEngine.mapExternalTextureBuffer(mBuffer, usage & Usage::WRITEABLE);
+}
+
+ExternalTexture::~ExternalTexture() {
+    mRenderEngine.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(mBuffer);
+}
+
+} // namespace android::renderengine
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
index a2963a7..d87315f 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -746,7 +746,8 @@
     return;
 }
 
-void GLESRenderEngine::cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void GLESRenderEngine::mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
+                                                bool /*isRenderable*/) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     mImageManager->cacheAsync(buffer, nullptr);
 }
@@ -797,8 +798,8 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void GLESRenderEngine::unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) {
-    mImageManager->releaseAsync(bufferId, nullptr);
+void GLESRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+    mImageManager->releaseAsync(buffer->getId(), nullptr);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<ImageManager::Barrier> GLESRenderEngine::unbindExternalTextureBufferForTesting(
@@ -1102,7 +1103,7 @@
 
 status_t GLESRenderEngine::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                                       const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                      const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
+                                      const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                                       const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
                                       base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -1125,7 +1126,7 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer);
+    validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer->getBuffer());
 
     std::unique_ptr<BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer> fbo;
     // Gathering layers that requested blur, we'll need them to decide when to render to an
@@ -1142,11 +1143,13 @@
 
     if (blurLayersSize == 0) {
         fbo = std::make_unique<BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer>(*this,
-                                                              buffer.get()->getNativeBuffer(),
+                                                              buffer->getBuffer()
+                                                                      .get()
+                                                                      ->getNativeBuffer(),
                                                               useFramebufferCache);
         if (fbo->getStatus() != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGE("Failed to bind framebuffer! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
-                  buffer->handle);
+                  buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
             checkErrors();
             return fbo->getStatus();
         }
@@ -1157,7 +1160,7 @@
                 mBlurFilter->setAsDrawTarget(display, blurLayers.front()->backgroundBlurRadius);
         if (status != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGE("Failed to prepare blur filter! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
-                  buffer->handle);
+                  buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
             checkErrors();
             return status;
         }
@@ -1194,7 +1197,7 @@
             auto status = mBlurFilter->prepare();
             if (status != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to render blur effect! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
-                      buffer->handle);
+                      buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't render first blur pass");
                 return status;
             }
@@ -1203,6 +1206,7 @@
                 // Done blurring, time to bind the native FBO and render our blur onto it.
                 fbo = std::make_unique<BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer>(*this,
                                                                       buffer.get()
+                                                                              ->getBuffer()
                                                                               ->getNativeBuffer(),
                                                                       useFramebufferCache);
                 status = fbo->getStatus();
@@ -1215,7 +1219,7 @@
             }
             if (status != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to bind framebuffer! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
-                      buffer->handle);
+                      buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't bind native framebuffer");
                 return status;
             }
@@ -1223,7 +1227,7 @@
             status = mBlurFilter->render(blurLayersSize > 1);
             if (status != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to render blur effect! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
-                      buffer->handle);
+                      buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't render blur filter");
                 return status;
             }
@@ -1250,7 +1254,7 @@
             disableTexture = false;
             isOpaque = layer->source.buffer.isOpaque;
 
-            sp<GraphicBuffer> gBuf = layer->source.buffer.buffer;
+            sp<GraphicBuffer> gBuf = layer->source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer();
             validateInputBufferUsage(gBuf);
             bindExternalTextureBuffer(layer->source.buffer.textureName, gBuf,
                                       layer->source.buffer.fence);
@@ -1274,7 +1278,7 @@
 
             // Do not cache protected EGLImage, protected memory is limited.
             if (gBuf->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED) {
-                unbindExternalTextureBuffer(gBuf->getId());
+                unmapExternalTextureBuffer(gBuf);
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index cd7a86b..e7ed9c0 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -60,16 +60,14 @@
     void primeCache() override;
     void genTextures(size_t count, uint32_t* names) override;
     void deleteTextures(size_t count, uint32_t const* names) override;
-    void cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
-    void unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
-
     bool isProtected() const override { return mInProtectedContext; }
     bool supportsProtectedContent() const override;
     bool useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) override;
     status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                         const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
-                        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
+                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
+                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
     bool cleanupPostRender(CleanupMode mode) override;
     int getContextPriority() override;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur() override { return mBlurFilter != nullptr; }
@@ -105,6 +103,9 @@
             EXCLUDES(mFramebufferImageCacheMutex);
     size_t getMaxTextureSize() const override;
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override;
+    void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable)
+            EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
 
 private:
     friend class BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/ExternalTexture.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/ExternalTexture.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07f0833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/ExternalTexture.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+
+namespace android::renderengine {
+
+class RenderEngine;
+
+/**
+ * Manages GPU image resources on behalf of clients using RenderEngine.
+ *
+ * Clients of RenderEngine are required to wrap their GraphicBuffer objects as an ExternalTexture,
+ * which is then mapped into GPU resources required by RenderEngine. When a client no longer needs
+ * to use the GraphicBuffer as input into RenderEngine::drawLayers, then the client should delete
+ * their ExternalTexture so that resources may be freed.
+ */
+class ExternalTexture {
+public:
+    // Usage specifies the rendering intent for the buffer.
+    enum Usage : uint32_t {
+        // When a buffer is not READABLE but is WRITEABLE, then GLESRenderEngine will use that as a
+        // hint to load the buffer into a separate cache
+        READABLE = 1 << 0,
+
+        // The buffer needs to be mapped as a 2D texture if set, otherwise must be mapped as an
+        // external texture
+        WRITEABLE = 1 << 1,
+    };
+    // Creates an ExternalTexture for the provided buffer and RenderEngine instance, with the given
+    // usage hint of type Usage.
+    ExternalTexture(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, RenderEngine& renderEngine, uint32_t usage);
+
+    ~ExternalTexture();
+
+    // Retrieves the buffer that is bound to this texture.
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
+
+private:
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
+    RenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ExternalTexture);
+};
+
+} // namespace android::renderengine
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/LayerSettings.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/LayerSettings.h
index 7661233..c54c5ba 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/LayerSettings.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/LayerSettings.h
@@ -16,11 +16,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <iosfwd>
-
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <math/vec3.h>
-#include <renderengine/Texture.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
@@ -31,6 +29,8 @@
 #include <ui/StretchEffect.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include <iosfwd>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     // Buffer containing the image that we will render.
     // If buffer == nullptr, then the rest of the fields in this struct will be
     // ignored.
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = nullptr;
+    std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
 
     // Fence that will fire when the buffer is ready to be bound.
     sp<Fence> fence = nullptr;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 8dd98c3..ddaa7c7 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -17,19 +17,20 @@
 #ifndef SF_RENDERENGINE_H_
 #define SF_RENDERENGINE_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <memory>
-
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/Framebuffer.h>
 #include <renderengine/Image.h>
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include <memory>
+
 /**
  * Allows to set RenderEngine backend to GLES (default) or SkiaGL (NOT yet supported).
  */
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@
 
 namespace renderengine {
 
+class ExternalTexture;
 class Image;
 class Mesh;
 class Texture;
@@ -104,23 +106,6 @@
 
     virtual void genTextures(size_t count, uint32_t* names) = 0;
     virtual void deleteTextures(size_t count, uint32_t const* names) = 0;
-    // Caches Image resources for this buffer, but does not bind the buffer to
-    // a particular texture.
-    // Note that work is deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call
-    // is made asynchronously, but the caller can expect that cache/unbind calls
-    // are performed in a manner that's conflict serializable, i.e. unbinding
-    // a buffer should never occur before binding the buffer if the caller
-    // called {bind, cache}ExternalTextureBuffer before calling unbind.
-    virtual void cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) = 0;
-    // Removes internal resources referenced by the bufferId. This method should be
-    // invoked when the caller will no longer hold a reference to a GraphicBuffer
-    // and needs to clean up its resources.
-    // Note that work is deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call
-    // is made asynchronously, but the caller can expect that cache/unbind calls
-    // are performed in a manner that's conflict serializable, i.e. unbinding
-    // a buffer should never occur before binding the buffer if the caller
-    // called {bind, cache}ExternalTextureBuffer before calling unbind.
-    virtual void unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) = 0;
 
     enum class CleanupMode {
         CLEAN_OUTPUT_RESOURCES,
@@ -191,8 +176,9 @@
     // now, this always returns NO_ERROR.
     virtual status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                                 const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
-                                base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) = 0;
+                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                                const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
+                                base::unique_fd* drawFence) = 0;
     virtual void cleanFramebufferCache() = 0;
     // Returns the priority this context was actually created with. Note: this may not be
     // the same as specified at context creation time, due to implementation limits on the
@@ -213,6 +199,31 @@
     static void validateOutputBufferUsage(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&);
 
 protected:
+    // Maps GPU resources for this buffer.
+    // Note that work may be deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call
+    // is made asynchronously, but the caller can expect that map/unmap calls
+    // are performed in a manner that's conflict serializable, i.e. unmapping
+    // a buffer should never occur before binding the buffer if the caller
+    // called mapExternalTextureBuffer before calling unmap.
+    // Note also that if the buffer contains protected content, then mapping those GPU resources may
+    // be deferred until the buffer is really used for drawing. This is because typical SoCs that
+    // support protected memory only support a limited amount, so optimisitically mapping protected
+    // memory may be too burdensome. If a buffer contains protected content and the RenderEngine
+    // implementation supports protected context, then GPU resources may be mapped into both the
+    // protected and unprotected contexts.
+    // If the buffer may ever be written to by RenderEngine, then isRenderable must be true.
+    virtual void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) = 0;
+    // Unmaps GPU resources used by this buffer. This method should be
+    // invoked when the caller will no longer hold a reference to a GraphicBuffer
+    // and needs to clean up its resources.
+    // Note that if there are multiple callers holding onto the same buffer, then the buffer's
+    // resources may be internally ref-counted to guard against use-after-free errors. Note that
+    // work may be deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call is expected to be made
+    // asynchronously, but the caller can expect that map/unmap calls are performed in a manner
+    // that's conflict serializable, i.e. unmap a buffer should never occur before binding the
+    // buffer if the caller called mapExternalTextureBuffer before calling unmap.
+    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) = 0;
+    friend class ExternalTexture;
     friend class threaded::RenderEngineThreaded;
     const RenderEngineType mRenderEngineType;
 };
@@ -297,7 +308,8 @@
     bool precacheToneMapperShaderOnly = false;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur = false;
     RenderEngine::ContextPriority contextPriority = RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM;
-    RenderEngine::RenderEngineType renderEngineType = RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::GLES;
+    RenderEngine::RenderEngineType renderEngineType =
+            RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
 };
 
 } // namespace renderengine
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
index 228553d..27dbd1e 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
     MOCK_METHOD2(genTextures, void(size_t, uint32_t*));
     MOCK_METHOD2(deleteTextures, void(size_t, uint32_t const*));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(cacheExternalTextureBuffer, void(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(unbindExternalTextureBuffer, void(uint64_t));
     MOCK_METHOD1(drawMesh, void(const renderengine::Mesh&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getMaxTextureSize, size_t());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getMaxViewportDims, size_t());
@@ -50,12 +48,17 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(cleanupPostRender, bool(CleanupMode mode));
     MOCK_METHOD6(drawLayers,
                  status_t(const DisplaySettings&, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
-                          const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
                           base::unique_fd*));
     MOCK_METHOD0(cleanFramebufferCache, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(getContextPriority, int());
     MOCK_METHOD0(supportsBackgroundBlur, bool());
     MOCK_METHOD1(onPrimaryDisplaySizeChanged, void(ui::Size));
+
+protected:
+    // mock renderengine still needs to implement these, but callers should never need to call them.
+    void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, bool) {}
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&) {}
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.cpp
index c535597..9ed759f 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@
 namespace skia {
 
 AutoBackendTexture::AutoBackendTexture(GrDirectContext* context, AHardwareBuffer* buffer,
-                                       bool isRender) {
+                                       bool isOutputBuffer)
+      : mIsOutputBuffer(isOutputBuffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc;
     AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer, &desc);
@@ -40,8 +41,12 @@
             GrAHardwareBufferUtils::MakeBackendTexture(context, buffer, desc.width, desc.height,
                                                        &mDeleteProc, &mUpdateProc, &mImageCtx,
                                                        createProtectedImage, backendFormat,
-                                                       isRender);
+                                                       isOutputBuffer);
     mColorType = GrAHardwareBufferUtils::GetSkColorTypeFromBufferFormat(desc.format);
+    ALOGE_IF(!mBackendTexture.isValid(),
+             "Failed to create a valid texture. [%p]:[%d,%d] isProtected:%d isWriteable:%d "
+             "format:%d",
+             this, desc.width, desc.height, isOutputBuffer, createProtectedImage, desc.format);
 }
 
 void AutoBackendTexture::unref(bool releaseLocalResources) {
@@ -92,13 +97,16 @@
 
     mImage = image;
     mDataspace = dataspace;
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mImage == nullptr, "Unable to generate SkImage from buffer");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mImage == nullptr,
+                        "Unable to generate SkImage. isTextureValid:%d dataspace:%d",
+                        mBackendTexture.isValid(), dataspace);
     return mImage;
 }
 
 sk_sp<SkSurface> AutoBackendTexture::getOrCreateSurface(ui::Dataspace dataspace,
                                                         GrDirectContext* context) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mIsOutputBuffer, "You can't generate a SkSurface for a read-only texture");
     if (!mSurface.get() || mDataspace != dataspace) {
         sk_sp<SkSurface> surface =
                 SkSurface::MakeFromBackendTexture(context, mBackendTexture,
@@ -113,7 +121,9 @@
     }
 
     mDataspace = dataspace;
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSurface == nullptr, "Unable to generate SkSurface");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSurface == nullptr,
+                        "Unable to generate SkSurface. isTextureValid:%d dataspace:%d",
+                        mBackendTexture.isValid(), dataspace);
     return mSurface;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.h
index bb75878..3133de6 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/AutoBackendTexture.h
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 #include <SkImage.h>
 #include <SkSurface.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
-#include "ui/GraphicTypes.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
@@ -41,26 +41,29 @@
     // of shared ownership with Skia objects, so we wrap it here instead.
     class LocalRef {
     public:
-        LocalRef() {}
-
-        ~LocalRef() {
-            // Destroying the texture is the same as setting it to null
-            setTexture(nullptr);
+        LocalRef(GrDirectContext* context, AHardwareBuffer* buffer, bool isOutputBuffer) {
+            mTexture = new AutoBackendTexture(context, buffer, isOutputBuffer);
+            mTexture->ref();
         }
 
-        // Sets the texture to locally ref-track.
-        void setTexture(AutoBackendTexture* texture) {
+        ~LocalRef() {
             if (mTexture != nullptr) {
                 mTexture->unref(true);
             }
-
-            mTexture = texture;
-            if (mTexture != nullptr) {
-                mTexture->ref();
-            }
         }
 
-        AutoBackendTexture* getTexture() const { return mTexture; }
+        // Makes a new SkImage from the texture content.
+        // As SkImages are immutable but buffer content is not, we create
+        // a new SkImage every time.
+        sk_sp<SkImage> makeImage(ui::Dataspace dataspace, SkAlphaType alphaType,
+                                 GrDirectContext* context) {
+            return mTexture->makeImage(dataspace, alphaType, context);
+        }
+
+        // Makes a new SkSurface from the texture content, if needed.
+        sk_sp<SkSurface> getOrCreateSurface(ui::Dataspace dataspace, GrDirectContext* context) {
+            return mTexture->getOrCreateSurface(dataspace, context);
+        }
 
         DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LocalRef);
 
@@ -68,8 +71,12 @@
         AutoBackendTexture* mTexture = nullptr;
     };
 
+private:
     // Creates a GrBackendTexture whose contents come from the provided buffer.
-    AutoBackendTexture(GrDirectContext* context, AHardwareBuffer* buffer, bool isRender);
+    AutoBackendTexture(GrDirectContext* context, AHardwareBuffer* buffer, bool isOutputBuffer);
+
+    // The only way to invoke dtor is with unref, when mUsageCount is 0.
+    ~AutoBackendTexture() {}
 
     void ref() { mUsageCount++; }
 
@@ -86,10 +93,6 @@
     // Makes a new SkSurface from the texture content, if needed.
     sk_sp<SkSurface> getOrCreateSurface(ui::Dataspace dataspace, GrDirectContext* context);
 
-private:
-    // The only way to invoke dtor is with unref, when mUsageCount is 0.
-    ~AutoBackendTexture() {}
-
     GrBackendTexture mBackendTexture;
     GrAHardwareBufferUtils::DeleteImageProc mDeleteProc;
     GrAHardwareBufferUtils::UpdateImageProc mUpdateProc;
@@ -100,6 +103,7 @@
 
     int mUsageCount = 0;
 
+    const bool mIsOutputBuffer;
     sk_sp<SkImage> mImage = nullptr;
     sk_sp<SkSurface> mSurface = nullptr;
     ui::Dataspace mDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
index 1db20c0..1c2b2fc 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 } // namespace
 
 static void drawShadowLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings& display,
-                             sp<GraphicBuffer> dstBuffer) {
+                             const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& dstTexture) {
     // Somewhat arbitrary dimensions, but on screen and slightly shorter, based
     // on actual use.
     FloatRect rect(0, 0, display.physicalDisplay.width(), display.physicalDisplay.height() - 30);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     // The identity matrix will generate the fast shader
-    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstBuffer, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd(),
+    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd(),
                              nullptr);
     // This matrix, which has different scales for x and y, will
     // generate the slower (more general case) version, which has variants for translucent
@@ -86,13 +86,14 @@
     // clang-format on
     for (auto translucent : {false, true}) {
         layer.shadow.casterIsTranslucent = translucent;
-        renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstBuffer, kUseFrameBufferCache,
+        renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
                                  base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
     }
 }
 
 static void drawImageLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings& display,
-                            sp<GraphicBuffer> dstBuffer, sp<GraphicBuffer> srcBuffer) {
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& dstTexture,
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& srcTexture) {
     const Rect& displayRect = display.physicalDisplay;
     FloatRect rect(0, 0, displayRect.width(), displayRect.height());
     LayerSettings layer{
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@
                     },
             .source = PixelSource{.buffer =
                                           Buffer{
-                                                  .buffer = srcBuffer,
+                                                  .buffer = srcTexture,
                                                   .maxMasteringLuminance = 1000.f,
                                                   .maxContentLuminance = 1000.f,
                                           }},
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@
                 layer.source.buffer.isOpaque = isOpaque;
                 for (auto alpha : {half(.23999f), half(1.0f)}) {
                     layer.alpha = alpha;
-                    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstBuffer, kUseFrameBufferCache,
+                    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
                                              base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
                 }
             }
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@
 }
 
 static void drawSolidLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings& display,
-                            sp<GraphicBuffer> dstBuffer) {
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& dstTexture) {
     const Rect& displayRect = display.physicalDisplay;
     FloatRect rect(0, 0, displayRect.width(), displayRect.height());
     LayerSettings layer{
@@ -143,11 +144,11 @@
                     Geometry{
                             .boundaries = rect,
                     },
-            .alpha = 1,
             .source =
                     PixelSource{
                             .solidColor = half3(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.3f),
                     },
+            .alpha = 1,
     };
 
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
@@ -155,14 +156,14 @@
         layer.geometry.positionTransform = transform;
         for (float roundedCornersRadius : {0.0f, 0.05f, 50.f}) {
             layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius = roundedCornersRadius;
-            renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstBuffer, kUseFrameBufferCache,
+            renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
                                      base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
         }
     }
 }
 
 static void drawBlurLayers(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings& display,
-                           sp<GraphicBuffer> dstBuffer) {
+                           const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& dstTexture) {
     const Rect& displayRect = display.physicalDisplay;
     FloatRect rect(0, 0, displayRect.width(), displayRect.height());
     LayerSettings layer{
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     for (int radius : {9, 60}) {
         layer.backgroundBlurRadius = radius;
-        renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstBuffer, kUseFrameBufferCache,
+        renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
                                  base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
     }
 }
@@ -214,6 +215,9 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> dstBuffer =
             new GraphicBuffer(displayRect.width(), displayRect.height(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                               usage, "primeShaderCache_dst");
+
+    const auto dstTexture = std::make_shared<ExternalTexture>(dstBuffer, *renderengine,
+                                                              ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     // This buffer will be the source for the call to drawImageLayers. Draw
     // something to it as a placeholder for what an app draws. We should draw
     // something, but the details are not important. Make use of the shadow layer drawing step
@@ -222,11 +226,16 @@
             new GraphicBuffer(displayRect.width(), displayRect.height(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                               usage, "drawImageLayer_src");
 
-    drawSolidLayers(renderengine, display, dstBuffer);
-    drawShadowLayers(renderengine, display, srcBuffer);
-    drawBlurLayers(renderengine, display, dstBuffer);
+    const auto srcTexture =
+            std::make_shared<ExternalTexture>(srcBuffer, *renderengine,
+                                              ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                      ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+
+    drawSolidLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture);
+    drawShadowLayers(renderengine, display, srcTexture);
+    drawBlurLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture);
     // The majority of shaders are related to sampling images.
-    drawImageLayers(renderengine, display, dstBuffer, srcBuffer);
+    drawImageLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture, srcTexture);
 
     // should be the same as AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE;
     const int64_t usageExternal = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
@@ -234,12 +243,12 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> externalBuffer =
             new GraphicBuffer(displayRect.width(), displayRect.height(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                               usageExternal, "primeShaderCache_external");
+    const auto externalTexture =
+            std::make_shared<ExternalTexture>(externalBuffer, *renderengine,
+                                              ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
     // TODO(b/184665179) doubles number of image shader compilations, but only somewhere
     // between 6 and 8 will occur in real uses.
-    drawImageLayers(renderengine, display, dstBuffer, externalBuffer);
-    renderengine->unbindExternalTextureBuffer(externalBuffer->getId());
-
-    renderengine->unbindExternalTextureBuffer(srcBuffer->getId());
+    drawImageLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture, externalTexture);
 
     const nsecs_t timeAfter = systemTime();
     const float compileTimeMs = static_cast<float>(timeAfter - timeBefore) / 1.0E6;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index df40dd9..0a84754 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -329,8 +329,6 @@
 }
 
 SkiaGLRenderEngine::~SkiaGLRenderEngine() {
-    cleanFramebufferCache();
-
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
     if (mBlurFilter) {
         delete mBlurFilter;
@@ -484,7 +482,8 @@
             sourceTransfer != destTransfer;
 }
 
-void SkiaGLRenderEngine::cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void SkiaGLRenderEngine::mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
+                                                  bool isRenderable) {
     // Only run this if RE is running on its own thread. This way the access to GL
     // operations is guaranteed to be happening on the same thread.
     if (mRenderEngineType != RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED) {
@@ -505,25 +504,41 @@
     auto& cache = mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedTextureCache : mTextureCache;
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
-    auto iter = cache.find(buffer->getId());
-    if (iter != cache.end()) {
-        ALOGV("Texture already exists in cache.");
-    } else {
+    mGraphicBufferExternalRefs[buffer->getId()]++;
+
+    if (const auto& iter = cache.find(buffer->getId()); iter == cache.end()) {
         std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> imageTextureRef =
-                std::make_shared<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>();
-        imageTextureRef->setTexture(
-                new AutoBackendTexture(grContext.get(), buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(), false));
+                std::make_shared<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>(grContext.get(),
+                                                               buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(),
+                                                               isRenderable);
         cache.insert({buffer->getId(), imageTextureRef});
     }
     // restore the original state of the protected context if necessary
     useProtectedContext(protectedContextState);
 }
 
-void SkiaGLRenderEngine::unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) {
+void SkiaGLRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
-    mTextureCache.erase(bufferId);
-    mProtectedTextureCache.erase(bufferId);
+    if (const auto& iter = mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.find(buffer->getId());
+        iter != mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.end()) {
+        if (iter->second == 0) {
+            ALOGW("Attempted to unmap GraphicBuffer <id: %" PRId64
+                  "> from RenderEngine texture, but the "
+                  "ref count was already zero!",
+                  buffer->getId());
+            mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.erase(buffer->getId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        iter->second--;
+
+        if (iter->second == 0) {
+            mTextureCache.erase(buffer->getId());
+            mProtectedTextureCache.erase(buffer->getId());
+            mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.erase(buffer->getId());
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 sk_sp<SkShader> SkiaGLRenderEngine::createRuntimeEffectShader(sk_sp<SkShader> shader,
@@ -621,8 +636,8 @@
 
 status_t SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                                         const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
-                                        const bool useFramebufferCache,
+                                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                                        const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
                                         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
     ATRACE_NAME("SkiaGL::drawLayers");
 
@@ -645,38 +660,26 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer);
+    validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer->getBuffer());
 
     auto grContext = mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedGrContext : mGrContext;
     auto& cache = mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedTextureCache : mTextureCache;
-    AHardwareBuffer_Desc bufferDesc;
-    AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(), &bufferDesc);
 
-    std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> surfaceTextureRef = nullptr;
-    if (useFramebufferCache) {
-        auto iter = cache.find(buffer->getId());
-        if (iter != cache.end()) {
-            ALOGV("Cache hit!");
-            ATRACE_NAME("Cache hit");
-            surfaceTextureRef = iter->second;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (surfaceTextureRef == nullptr || surfaceTextureRef->getTexture() == nullptr) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("Cache miss");
-        surfaceTextureRef = std::make_shared<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>();
-        surfaceTextureRef->setTexture(
-                new AutoBackendTexture(grContext.get(), buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(), true));
-        if (useFramebufferCache) {
-            ALOGD("Adding to cache");
-            cache.insert({buffer->getId(), surfaceTextureRef});
-        }
+    std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> surfaceTextureRef;
+    if (const auto& it = cache.find(buffer->getBuffer()->getId()); it != cache.end()) {
+        surfaceTextureRef = it->second;
+    } else {
+        surfaceTextureRef =
+                std::make_shared<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>(grContext.get(),
+                                                               buffer->getBuffer()
+                                                                       ->toAHardwareBuffer(),
+                                                               true);
     }
 
     const ui::Dataspace dstDataspace =
             mUseColorManagement ? display.outputDataspace : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
     sk_sp<SkSurface> dstSurface =
-            surfaceTextureRef->getTexture()->getOrCreateSurface(dstDataspace, grContext.get());
+            surfaceTextureRef->getOrCreateSurface(dstDataspace, grContext.get());
 
     SkCanvas* dstCanvas = mCapture->tryCapture(dstSurface.get());
     if (dstCanvas == nullptr) {
@@ -876,26 +879,29 @@
         SkPaint paint;
         if (layer->source.buffer.buffer) {
             ATRACE_NAME("DrawImage");
-            validateInputBufferUsage(layer->source.buffer.buffer);
+            validateInputBufferUsage(layer->source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer());
             const auto& item = layer->source.buffer;
             std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> imageTextureRef = nullptr;
-            auto iter = cache.find(item.buffer->getId());
-            if (iter != cache.end()) {
+
+            if (const auto& iter = cache.find(item.buffer->getBuffer()->getId());
+                iter != cache.end()) {
                 imageTextureRef = iter->second;
             } else {
-                imageTextureRef = std::make_shared<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>();
-                imageTextureRef->setTexture(new AutoBackendTexture(grContext.get(),
-                                                                   item.buffer->toAHardwareBuffer(),
-                                                                   false));
-                cache.insert({item.buffer->getId(), imageTextureRef});
+                // If we didn't find the image in the cache, then create a local ref but don't cache
+                // it. If we're using skia, we're guaranteed to run on a dedicated GPU thread so if
+                // we didn't find anything in the cache then we intentionally did not cache this
+                // buffer's resources.
+                imageTextureRef = std::make_shared<
+                        AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>(grContext.get(),
+                                                      item.buffer->getBuffer()->toAHardwareBuffer(),
+                                                      false);
             }
 
             sk_sp<SkImage> image =
-                    imageTextureRef->getTexture()->makeImage(layerDataspace,
-                                                             item.usePremultipliedAlpha
-                                                                     ? kPremul_SkAlphaType
-                                                                     : kUnpremul_SkAlphaType,
-                                                             grContext.get());
+                    imageTextureRef->makeImage(layerDataspace,
+                                               item.usePremultipliedAlpha ? kPremul_SkAlphaType
+                                                                          : kUnpremul_SkAlphaType,
+                                               grContext.get());
 
             auto texMatrix = getSkM44(item.textureTransform).asM33();
             // textureTansform was intended to be passed directly into a shader, so when
@@ -1200,15 +1206,6 @@
     return eglCreatePbufferSurface(display, placeholderConfig, attributes.data());
 }
 
-void SkiaGLRenderEngine::cleanFramebufferCache() {
-    // TODO(b/180767535) Remove this method and use b/180767535 instead, which would allow
-    // SF to control texture lifecycle more tightly rather than through custom hooks into RE.
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
-    mRuntimeEffects.clear();
-    mProtectedTextureCache.clear();
-    mTextureCache.clear();
-}
-
 int SkiaGLRenderEngine::getContextPriority() {
     int value;
     eglQueryContext(mEGLDisplay, mEGLContext, EGL_CONTEXT_PRIORITY_LEVEL_IMG, &value);
@@ -1281,6 +1278,12 @@
         StringAppendF(&result, "Skia's Wrapped Objects:\n");
         gpuReporter.logOutput(result, true);
 
+        StringAppendF(&result, "RenderEngine tracked buffers: %zu\n",
+                      mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.size());
+        StringAppendF(&result, "Dumping buffer ids...\n");
+        for (const auto& [id, refCounts] : mGraphicBufferExternalRefs) {
+            StringAppendF(&result, "- 0x%" PRIx64 " - %d refs \n", id, refCounts);
+        }
         StringAppendF(&result, "RenderEngine AHB/BackendTexture cache size: %zu\n",
                       mTextureCache.size());
         StringAppendF(&result, "Dumping buffer ids...\n");
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
index 8e77c16..e71c560 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <GrDirectContext.h>
 #include <SkSurface.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
@@ -52,13 +53,12 @@
     ~SkiaGLRenderEngine() override EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
 
     void primeCache() override;
-    void cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
-    void unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) override;
     status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                         const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
-                        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
-    void cleanFramebufferCache() override;
+                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
+                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
+    void cleanFramebufferCache() override {}
     int getContextPriority() override;
     bool isProtected() const override { return mInProtectedContext; }
     bool supportsProtectedContent() const override;
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@
     void dump(std::string& result) override;
     size_t getMaxTextureSize() const override;
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override;
+    void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) override;
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
 
 private:
     static EGLConfig chooseEglConfig(EGLDisplay display, int format, bool logConfig);
@@ -114,7 +116,9 @@
     const PixelFormat mDefaultPixelFormat;
     const bool mUseColorManagement;
 
-    // Cache of GL textures that we'll store per GraphicBuffer ID
+    // Number of external holders of ExternalTexture references, per GraphicBuffer ID.
+    std::unordered_map<uint64_t, int32_t> mGraphicBufferExternalRefs GUARDED_BY(mRenderingMutex);
+    // Cache of GL textures that we'll store per GraphicBuffer ID, sliced by GPU context.
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>> mTextureCache
             GUARDED_BY(mRenderingMutex);
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>>
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index 51ef088..308c5ff 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -42,15 +42,12 @@
     virtual void primeCache() override{};
     virtual void genTextures(size_t /*count*/, uint32_t* /*names*/) override{};
     virtual void deleteTextures(size_t /*count*/, uint32_t const* /*names*/) override{};
-    virtual void cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/){};
-    virtual void unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t /*bufferId*/){};
-
     virtual bool isProtected() const override { return false; } // mInProtectedContext; }
     virtual bool supportsProtectedContent() const override { return false; };
     virtual bool useProtectedContext(bool /*useProtectedContext*/) override { return false; };
     virtual status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& /*display*/,
                                 const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& /*layers*/,
-                                const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& /*buffer*/,
                                 const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
                                 base::unique_fd&& /*bufferFence*/,
                                 base::unique_fd* /*drawFence*/) override {
@@ -60,6 +57,11 @@
     virtual int getContextPriority() override { return 0; }
     virtual void assertShadersCompiled(int numShaders) {}
     virtual int reportShadersCompiled() { return 0; }
+
+protected:
+    virtual void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/,
+                                          bool /*isRenderable*/) override;
+    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/) override;
 };
 
 } // namespace skia
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
index a9e2174..34ef0a4 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <sync/sync.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
@@ -160,27 +161,42 @@
 
 class RenderEngineTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::shared_ptr<RenderEngineFactory>> {
 public:
-    static sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateDefaultBuffer() {
-        return new GraphicBuffer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT,
-                                 HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
-                                 GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
-                                         GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE,
-                                 "output");
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> allocateDefaultBuffer() {
+        return std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::
+                        ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                                           DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT,
+                                                           HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                           GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
+                                                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
+                                                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER |
+                                                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE,
+                                                           "output"),
+                                         *mRE,
+                                         renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                 renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     }
 
     // Allocates a 1x1 buffer to fill with a solid color
-    static sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateSourceBuffer(uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
-        return new GraphicBuffer(width, height, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
-                                 GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
-                                         GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE,
-                                 "input");
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> allocateSourceBuffer(uint32_t width,
+                                                                        uint32_t height) {
+        return std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::
+                        ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(width, height,
+                                                           HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                           GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
+                                                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
+                                                                   GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE,
+                                                           "input"),
+                                         *mRE,
+                                         renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                 renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     }
 
     RenderEngineTest() {
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-        mBuffer = allocateDefaultBuffer();
     }
 
     ~RenderEngineTest() {
@@ -211,20 +227,21 @@
         }
 
         uint8_t* pixels;
-        mBuffer->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                      reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+        mBuffer->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                                   reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
 
         file << "P6\n";
-        file << mBuffer->getWidth() << "\n";
-        file << mBuffer->getHeight() << "\n";
+        file << mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth() << "\n";
+        file << mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight() << "\n";
         file << 255 << "\n";
 
-        std::vector<uint8_t> outBuffer(mBuffer->getWidth() * mBuffer->getHeight() * 3);
+        std::vector<uint8_t> outBuffer(mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth() *
+                                       mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight() * 3);
         auto outPtr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(outBuffer.data());
 
-        for (int32_t j = 0; j < mBuffer->getHeight(); j++) {
-            const uint8_t* src = pixels + (mBuffer->getStride() * j) * 4;
-            for (int32_t i = 0; i < mBuffer->getWidth(); i++) {
+        for (int32_t j = 0; j < mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight(); j++) {
+            const uint8_t* src = pixels + (mBuffer->getBuffer()->getStride() * j) * 4;
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth(); i++) {
                 // Only copy R, G and B components
                 outPtr[0] = src[0];
                 outPtr[1] = src[1];
@@ -235,7 +252,7 @@
             }
         }
         file.write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(outBuffer.data()), outBuffer.size());
-        mBuffer->unlock();
+        mBuffer->getBuffer()->unlock();
     }
 
     void expectBufferColor(const Region& region, uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b, uint8_t a) {
@@ -262,13 +279,13 @@
     void expectBufferColor(const Rect& region, uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b, uint8_t a,
                            std::function<bool(const uint8_t* a, const uint8_t* b)> colorCompare) {
         uint8_t* pixels;
-        mBuffer->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                      reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+        mBuffer->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                                   reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
         int32_t maxFails = 10;
         int32_t fails = 0;
         for (int32_t j = 0; j < region.getHeight(); j++) {
-            const uint8_t* src =
-                    pixels + (mBuffer->getStride() * (region.top + j) + region.left) * 4;
+            const uint8_t* src = pixels +
+                    (mBuffer->getBuffer()->getStride() * (region.top + j) + region.left) * 4;
             for (int32_t i = 0; i < region.getWidth(); i++) {
                 const uint8_t expected[4] = {r, g, b, a};
                 bool equal = colorCompare(src, expected);
@@ -289,7 +306,7 @@
                 break;
             }
         }
-        mBuffer->unlock();
+        mBuffer->getBuffer()->unlock();
     }
 
     void expectAlpha(const Rect& rect, uint8_t a) {
@@ -387,7 +404,6 @@
         base::unique_fd fence;
         status_t status =
                 mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd(), &fence);
-        mCurrentBuffer = mBuffer;
 
         int fd = fence.release();
         if (fd >= 0) {
@@ -397,7 +413,7 @@
 
         ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
         if (layers.size() > 0 && mGLESRE != nullptr) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mGLESRE->isFramebufferImageCachedForTesting(mBuffer->getId()));
+            ASSERT_TRUE(mGLESRE->isFramebufferImageCachedForTesting(mBuffer->getBuffer()->getId()));
         }
     }
 
@@ -503,17 +519,11 @@
     void initializeRenderEngine();
 
     std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine> mRE;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mBuffer;
     // GLESRenderEngine for testing GLES-specific behavior.
     // Owened by mRE, but this is downcasted.
     renderengine::gl::GLESRenderEngine* mGLESRE = nullptr;
 
-    // Dumb hack to avoid NPE in the EGL driver: the GraphicBuffer needs to
-    // be freed *after* RenderEngine is destroyed, so that the EGL image is
-    // destroyed first.
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mCurrentBuffer;
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
-
     std::vector<uint32_t> mTexNames;
 };
 
@@ -530,6 +540,7 @@
     } else {
         mRE = renderEngineFactory->createRenderEngine();
     }
+    mBuffer = allocateDefaultBuffer();
 }
 
 struct ColorSourceVariant {
@@ -566,18 +577,18 @@
 struct BufferSourceVariant {
     static void fillColor(renderengine::LayerSettings& layer, half r, half g, half b,
                           RenderEngineTest* fixture) {
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buf = RenderEngineTest::allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
+        const auto buf = fixture->allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
         uint32_t texName;
         fixture->mRE->genTextures(1, &texName);
         fixture->mTexNames.push_back(texName);
 
         uint8_t* pixels;
-        buf->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                  reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+        buf->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                               reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
 
-        for (int32_t j = 0; j < buf->getHeight(); j++) {
-            uint8_t* iter = pixels + (buf->getStride() * j) * 4;
-            for (int32_t i = 0; i < buf->getWidth(); i++) {
+        for (int32_t j = 0; j < buf->getBuffer()->getHeight(); j++) {
+            uint8_t* iter = pixels + (buf->getBuffer()->getStride() * j) * 4;
+            for (int32_t i = 0; i < buf->getBuffer()->getWidth(); i++) {
                 iter[0] = uint8_t(r * 255);
                 iter[1] = uint8_t(g * 255);
                 iter[2] = uint8_t(b * 255);
@@ -586,7 +597,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        buf->unlock();
+        buf->getBuffer()->unlock();
 
         layer.source.buffer.buffer = buf;
         layer.source.buffer.textureName = texName;
@@ -1012,14 +1023,14 @@
     layer.sourceDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
     // Here will allocate a checker board texture, but transform texture
     // coordinates so that only the upper left is applied.
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf = allocateSourceBuffer(2, 2);
+    const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(2, 2);
     uint32_t texName;
     RenderEngineTest::mRE->genTextures(1, &texName);
     this->mTexNames.push_back(texName);
 
     uint8_t* pixels;
-    buf->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-              reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+    buf->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                           reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
     // Red top left, Green top right, Blue bottom left, Black bottom right
     pixels[0] = 255;
     pixels[1] = 0;
@@ -1033,7 +1044,7 @@
     pixels[9] = 0;
     pixels[10] = 255;
     pixels[11] = 255;
-    buf->unlock();
+    buf->getBuffer()->unlock();
 
     layer.source.buffer.buffer = buf;
     layer.source.buffer.textureName = texName;
@@ -1061,19 +1072,19 @@
     std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
+    const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
     uint32_t texName;
     RenderEngineTest::mRE->genTextures(1, &texName);
     this->mTexNames.push_back(texName);
 
     uint8_t* pixels;
-    buf->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-              reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+    buf->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                           reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
     pixels[0] = 255;
     pixels[1] = 0;
     pixels[2] = 0;
     pixels[3] = 255;
-    buf->unlock();
+    buf->getBuffer()->unlock();
 
     layer.source.buffer.buffer = buf;
     layer.source.buffer.textureName = texName;
@@ -1100,19 +1111,19 @@
     std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
 
     renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
+    const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
     uint32_t texName;
     RenderEngineTest::mRE->genTextures(1, &texName);
     this->mTexNames.push_back(texName);
 
     uint8_t* pixels;
-    buf->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-              reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+    buf->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                           reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
     pixels[0] = 255;
     pixels[1] = 0;
     pixels[2] = 0;
     pixels[3] = 255;
-    buf->unlock();
+    buf->getBuffer()->unlock();
 
     layer.source.buffer.buffer = buf;
     layer.source.buffer.textureName = texName;
@@ -1233,8 +1244,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_withoutBuffers_withColorTransform) {
-    const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
-    mRE = renderEngineFactory->createRenderEngine();
+    initializeRenderEngine();
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
     settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
@@ -1295,7 +1305,6 @@
     layers.push_back(&layer);
 
     status_t status = mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
-    mCurrentBuffer = mBuffer;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
     expectBufferColor(fullscreenRect(), 255, 0, 0, 255);
 }
@@ -1323,9 +1332,8 @@
     layers.push_back(&layer);
 
     status_t status = mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, false, base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
-    mCurrentBuffer = mBuffer;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(mGLESRE->isFramebufferImageCachedForTesting(mBuffer->getId()));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mGLESRE->isFramebufferImageCachedForTesting(mBuffer->getBuffer()->getId()));
     expectBufferColor(fullscreenRect(), 255, 0, 0, 255);
 }
 
@@ -1577,98 +1585,6 @@
     clearRegion();
 }
 
-TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillsBufferAndCachesImages) {
-    const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
-
-    if (renderEngineFactory->type() != renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::GLES) {
-        // GLES-specific test
-        return;
-    }
-
-    initializeRenderEngine();
-
-    renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
-    settings.outputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR;
-    settings.physicalDisplay = fullscreenRect();
-    settings.clip = fullscreenRect();
-
-    std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
-
-    renderengine::LayerSettings layer;
-    layer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
-    BufferSourceVariant<ForceOpaqueBufferVariant>::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
-
-    layers.push_back(&layer);
-    invokeDraw(settings, layers);
-    uint64_t bufferId = layer.source.buffer.buffer->getId();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mGLESRE->isImageCachedForTesting(bufferId));
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::gl::ImageManager::Barrier> barrier =
-            mGLESRE->unbindExternalTextureBufferForTesting(bufferId);
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(barrier->mutex);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(barrier->condition.wait_for(barrier->mutex, std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                                            [&]() REQUIRES(barrier->mutex) {
-                                                return barrier->isOpen;
-                                            }));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mGLESRE->isImageCachedForTesting(bufferId));
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, barrier->result);
-}
-
-TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, cacheExternalBuffer_withNullBuffer) {
-    const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
-
-    if (renderEngineFactory->type() != renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::GLES) {
-        // GLES-specific test
-        return;
-    }
-
-    initializeRenderEngine();
-
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::gl::ImageManager::Barrier> barrier =
-            mGLESRE->cacheExternalTextureBufferForTesting(nullptr);
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(barrier->mutex);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(barrier->condition.wait_for(barrier->mutex, std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                                            [&]() REQUIRES(barrier->mutex) {
-                                                return barrier->isOpen;
-                                            }));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(barrier->isOpen);
-    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, barrier->result);
-}
-
-TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, cacheExternalBuffer_cachesImages) {
-    const auto& renderEngineFactory = GetParam();
-
-    if (renderEngineFactory->type() != renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::GLES) {
-        // GLES-specific test
-        return;
-    }
-
-    initializeRenderEngine();
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
-    uint64_t bufferId = buf->getId();
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::gl::ImageManager::Barrier> barrier =
-            mGLESRE->cacheExternalTextureBufferForTesting(buf);
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(barrier->mutex);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(barrier->condition.wait_for(barrier->mutex, std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                                                [&]() REQUIRES(barrier->mutex) {
-                                                    return barrier->isOpen;
-                                                }));
-        EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, barrier->result);
-    }
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mGLESRE->isImageCachedForTesting(bufferId));
-    barrier = mGLESRE->unbindExternalTextureBufferForTesting(bufferId);
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(barrier->mutex);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(barrier->condition.wait_for(barrier->mutex, std::chrono::seconds(5),
-                                                [&]() REQUIRES(barrier->mutex) {
-                                                    return barrier->isOpen;
-                                                }));
-        EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, barrier->result);
-    }
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mGLESRE->isImageCachedForTesting(bufferId));
-}
-
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_fillShadow_castsWithoutCasterLayer) {
     initializeRenderEngine();
 
@@ -1861,7 +1777,7 @@
         sync_wait(fd, -1);
     }
 
-    uint64_t bufferId = layer.source.buffer.buffer->getId();
+    uint64_t bufferId = layer.source.buffer.buffer->getBuffer()->getId();
     uint32_t texName = layer.source.buffer.textureName;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mGLESRE->isImageCachedForTesting(bufferId));
     EXPECT_EQ(bufferId, mGLESRE->getBufferIdForTextureNameForTesting(texName));
@@ -1969,16 +1885,16 @@
 
     // The next layer will overwrite redLayer with a GraphicBuffer that is green
     // applied with a translucent alpha.
-    auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
+    const auto buf = allocateSourceBuffer(1, 1);
     {
         uint8_t* pixels;
-        buf->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
-                  reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
+        buf->getBuffer()->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                               reinterpret_cast<void**>(&pixels));
         pixels[0] = 0;
         pixels[1] = 255;
         pixels[2] = 0;
         pixels[3] = 255;
-        buf->unlock();
+        buf->getBuffer()->unlock();
     }
 
     const renderengine::LayerSettings greenLayer{
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
index b093e88..e3917cc 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
@@ -162,15 +162,18 @@
 TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, drawLayers) {
     renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
     std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), *mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     base::unique_fd bufferFence;
     base::unique_fd drawFence;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
             .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
                          const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                         const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                         base::unique_fd*) -> status_t { return NO_ERROR; });
+                         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                         base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t { return NO_ERROR; });
 
     status_t result = mThreadedRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, buffer, false,
                                               std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index 190662b..c87a836 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -160,27 +160,28 @@
     resultFuture.wait();
 }
 
-void RenderEngineThreaded::cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void RenderEngineThreaded::mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
+                                                    bool isRenderable) {
     // This function is designed so it can run asynchronously, so we do not need to wait
     // for the futures.
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
         mFunctionCalls.push([=](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
-            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::cacheExternalTextureBuffer");
-            instance.cacheExternalTextureBuffer(buffer);
+            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::mapExternalTextureBuffer");
+            instance.mapExternalTextureBuffer(buffer, isRenderable);
         });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
 }
 
-void RenderEngineThreaded::unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) {
+void RenderEngineThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
     // This function is designed so it can run asynchronously, so we do not need to wait
     // for the futures.
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
         mFunctionCalls.push([=](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
-            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::unbindExternalTextureBuffer");
-            instance.unbindExternalTextureBuffer(bufferId);
+            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer");
+            instance.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(buffer);
         });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@
 
 status_t RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                                           const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                          const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
+                                          const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                                           const bool useFramebufferCache,
                                           base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
                                           base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index 61ae9b8..eb6098e 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@
 
     void genTextures(size_t count, uint32_t* names) override;
     void deleteTextures(size_t count, uint32_t const* names) override;
-    void cacheExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
-    void unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uint64_t bufferId) override;
     size_t getMaxTextureSize() const override;
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override;
 
@@ -60,14 +58,19 @@
 
     status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                         const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
-                        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
+                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
+                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
 
     void cleanFramebufferCache() override;
     int getContextPriority() override;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur() override;
     void onPrimaryDisplaySizeChanged(ui::Size size) override;
 
+protected:
+    void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) override;
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
+
 private:
     void threadMain(CreateInstanceFactory factory);
     void waitUntilInitialized() const;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
index 12f63db..d243989 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
     const bool blackOutLayer = (isProtected() && !targetSettings.supportsProtectedContent) ||
             (isSecure() && !targetSettings.isSecure);
     const bool bufferCanBeUsedAsHwTexture =
-            mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getUsage() & GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
+            mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getUsage() & GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
     compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings& layer = *result;
     if (blackOutLayer || !bufferCanBeUsedAsHwTexture) {
         ALOGE_IF(!bufferCanBeUsedAsHwTexture, "%s is blacked out as buffer is not gpu readable",
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
             ? mBufferInfo.mHdrMetadata.cta8613.maxContentLightLevel
             : defaultMaxContentLuminance;
     layer.frameNumber = mCurrentFrameNumber;
-    layer.bufferId = mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getId() : 0;
+    layer.bufferId = mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getId() : 0;
 
     const bool useFiltering =
             targetSettings.needsFiltering || mNeedsFiltering || bufferNeedsFiltering();
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
                 : Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
     }
 
-    compositionState->buffer = mBufferInfo.mBuffer;
+    compositionState->buffer = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer();
     compositionState->bufferSlot = (mBufferInfo.mBufferSlot == BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT)
             ? 0
             : mBufferInfo.mBufferSlot;
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
 
 void BufferLayer::gatherBufferInfo() {
     mBufferInfo.mPixelFormat =
-            !mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? PIXEL_FORMAT_NONE : mBufferInfo.mBuffer->format;
+            !mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? PIXEL_FORMAT_NONE : mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->format;
     mBufferInfo.mFrameLatencyNeeded = true;
 }
 
@@ -539,10 +539,10 @@
     }
 
     if (oldBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr) {
-        uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getWidth();
-        uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getHeight();
-        if (bufWidth != uint32_t(oldBufferInfo.mBuffer->width) ||
-            bufHeight != uint32_t(oldBufferInfo.mBuffer->height)) {
+        uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth();
+        uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight();
+        if (bufWidth != uint32_t(oldBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->width) ||
+            bufHeight != uint32_t(oldBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->height)) {
             recomputeVisibleRegions = true;
         }
     }
@@ -563,8 +563,8 @@
 }
 
 bool BufferLayer::isProtected() const {
-    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(mBufferInfo.mBuffer);
-    return (buffer != 0) && (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED);
+    return (mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr) &&
+            (mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED);
 }
 
 // As documented in libhardware header, formats in the range
@@ -651,8 +651,8 @@
         return Rect::INVALID_RECT;
     }
 
-    uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getWidth();
-    uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getHeight();
+    uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth();
+    uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight();
 
     // Undo any transformations on the buffer and return the result.
     if (mBufferInfo.mTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
@@ -683,8 +683,8 @@
         return parentBounds;
     }
 
-    uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getWidth();
-    uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getHeight();
+    uint32_t bufWidth = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth();
+    uint32_t bufHeight = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight();
 
     // Undo any transformations on the buffer and return the result.
     if (mBufferInfo.mTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@
         return mBufferInfo.mCrop;
     } else if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr) {
         // otherwise we use the whole buffer
-        return mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBounds();
+        return mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()->getBounds();
     } else {
         // if we don't have a buffer yet, we use an empty/invalid crop
         return Rect();
@@ -771,12 +771,14 @@
 }
 
 sp<GraphicBuffer> BufferLayer::getBuffer() const {
-    return mBufferInfo.mBuffer;
+    return mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer() : nullptr;
 }
 
 void BufferLayer::getDrawingTransformMatrix(bool filteringEnabled, float outMatrix[16]) {
-    GLConsumer::computeTransformMatrix(outMatrix, mBufferInfo.mBuffer, mBufferInfo.mCrop,
-                                       mBufferInfo.mTransform, filteringEnabled);
+    GLConsumer::computeTransformMatrix(outMatrix,
+                                       mBufferInfo.mBuffer ? mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()
+                                                           : nullptr,
+                                       mBufferInfo.mCrop, mBufferInfo.mTransform, filteringEnabled);
 }
 
 void BufferLayer::setInitialValuesForClone(const sp<Layer>& clonedFrom) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
index 0a5235a..cd3d80e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
         PixelFormat mPixelFormat{PIXEL_FORMAT_NONE};
         bool mTransformToDisplayInverse{false};
 
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer;
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mBuffer;
         int mBufferSlot{BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT};
 
         bool mFrameLatencyNeeded{false};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.cpp
index 69d2d11..96b2247 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <private/gui/ComposerService.h>
-#include <renderengine/Image.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@
     }
 
     auto buffer = mPendingRelease.isPending ? mPendingRelease.graphicBuffer
-                                            : mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer();
+                                            : mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer();
     auto err = addReleaseFence(slot, buffer, fence);
     if (err != OK) {
         BLC_LOGE("setReleaseFence: failed to add the fence: %s (%d)", strerror(-err), err);
@@ -206,9 +205,11 @@
     // before, so we need to clean up old references.
     if (item->mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mImagesMutex);
-        if (mImages[item->mSlot] == nullptr || mImages[item->mSlot]->graphicBuffer() == nullptr ||
-            mImages[item->mSlot]->graphicBuffer()->getId() != item->mGraphicBuffer->getId()) {
-            mImages[item->mSlot] = std::make_shared<Image>(item->mGraphicBuffer, mRE);
+        if (mImages[item->mSlot] == nullptr || mImages[item->mSlot]->getBuffer() == nullptr ||
+            mImages[item->mSlot]->getBuffer()->getId() != item->mGraphicBuffer->getId()) {
+            mImages[item->mSlot] = std::make_shared<
+                    renderengine::ExternalTexture>(item->mGraphicBuffer, mRE,
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
         }
     }
 
@@ -222,8 +223,8 @@
     int slot = item.mSlot;
 
     BLC_LOGV("updateAndRelease: (slot=%d buf=%p) -> (slot=%d buf=%p)", mCurrentTexture,
-             (mCurrentTextureBuffer != nullptr && mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer() != nullptr)
-                     ? mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer()->handle
+             (mCurrentTextureBuffer != nullptr && mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer() != nullptr)
+                     ? mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer()->handle
                      : 0,
              slot, mSlots[slot].mGraphicBuffer->handle);
 
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@
     // releaseBufferLocked() if we're in shared buffer mode and both buffers are
     // the same.
 
-    std::shared_ptr<Image> nextTextureBuffer;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> nextTextureBuffer;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mImagesMutex);
         nextTextureBuffer = mImages[slot];
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@
     if (mCurrentTexture != BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT) {
         if (pendingRelease == nullptr) {
             status_t status =
-                    releaseBufferLocked(mCurrentTexture, mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer());
+                    releaseBufferLocked(mCurrentTexture, mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer());
             if (status < NO_ERROR) {
                 BLC_LOGE("updateAndRelease: failed to release buffer: %s (%d)", strerror(-status),
                          status);
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@
             }
         } else {
             pendingRelease->currentTexture = mCurrentTexture;
-            pendingRelease->graphicBuffer = mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer();
+            pendingRelease->graphicBuffer = mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer();
             pendingRelease->isPending = true;
         }
     }
@@ -301,14 +302,14 @@
 
 void BufferLayerConsumer::computeCurrentTransformMatrixLocked() {
     BLC_LOGV("computeCurrentTransformMatrixLocked");
-    if (mCurrentTextureBuffer == nullptr || mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer() == nullptr) {
+    if (mCurrentTextureBuffer == nullptr || mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer() == nullptr) {
         BLC_LOGD("computeCurrentTransformMatrixLocked: "
                  "mCurrentTextureBuffer is nullptr");
     }
     GLConsumer::computeTransformMatrix(mCurrentTransformMatrix,
                                        mCurrentTextureBuffer == nullptr
                                                ? nullptr
-                                               : mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer(),
+                                               : mCurrentTextureBuffer->getBuffer(),
                                        getCurrentCropLocked(), mCurrentTransform,
                                        mFilteringEnabled);
 }
@@ -360,7 +361,8 @@
     return mCurrentApi;
 }
 
-sp<GraphicBuffer> BufferLayerConsumer::getCurrentBuffer(int* outSlot, sp<Fence>* outFence) const {
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> BufferLayerConsumer::getCurrentBuffer(
+        int* outSlot, sp<Fence>* outFence) const {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
 
     if (outSlot != nullptr) {
@@ -371,7 +373,7 @@
         *outFence = mCurrentFence;
     }
 
-    return mCurrentTextureBuffer == nullptr ? nullptr : mCurrentTextureBuffer->graphicBuffer();
+    return mCurrentTextureBuffer == nullptr ? nullptr : mCurrentTextureBuffer;
 }
 
 Rect BufferLayerConsumer::getCurrentCrop() const {
@@ -456,10 +458,12 @@
 void BufferLayerConsumer::onBufferAvailable(const BufferItem& item) {
     if (item.mGraphicBuffer != nullptr && item.mSlot != BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT) {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mImagesMutex);
-        const std::shared_ptr<Image>& oldImage = mImages[item.mSlot];
-        if (oldImage == nullptr || oldImage->graphicBuffer() == nullptr ||
-            oldImage->graphicBuffer()->getId() != item.mGraphicBuffer->getId()) {
-            mImages[item.mSlot] = std::make_shared<Image>(item.mGraphicBuffer, mRE);
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& oldImage = mImages[item.mSlot];
+        if (oldImage == nullptr || oldImage->getBuffer() == nullptr ||
+            oldImage->getBuffer()->getId() != item.mGraphicBuffer->getId()) {
+            mImages[item.mSlot] = std::make_shared<
+                    renderengine::ExternalTexture>(item.mGraphicBuffer, mRE,
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -499,22 +503,6 @@
 
     ConsumerBase::dumpLocked(result, prefix);
 }
-
-BufferLayerConsumer::Image::Image(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& graphicBuffer,
-                                  renderengine::RenderEngine& engine)
-      : mGraphicBuffer(graphicBuffer), mRE(engine) {
-    if (graphicBuffer != nullptr && (graphicBuffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    mRE.cacheExternalTextureBuffer(mGraphicBuffer);
-}
-
-BufferLayerConsumer::Image::~Image() {
-    if (mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
-        ALOGV("Destroying buffer: %" PRId64, mGraphicBuffer->getId());
-        mRE.unbindExternalTextureBuffer(mGraphicBuffer->getId());
-    }
-}
 }; // namespace android
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.h
index dd39214..9ed80b4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayerConsumer.h
@@ -21,12 +21,11 @@
 #include <gui/BufferQueueDefs.h>
 #include <gui/ConsumerBase.h>
 #include <gui/HdrMetadata.h>
-
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
-
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 #include <utils/threads.h>
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@
 
 namespace renderengine {
 class RenderEngine;
-class Image;
 } // namespace renderengine
 
 /*
@@ -153,7 +151,8 @@
     // When outSlot is not nullptr, the current buffer slot index is also
     // returned. Simiarly, when outFence is not nullptr, the current output
     // fence is returned.
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> getCurrentBuffer(int* outSlot = nullptr, sp<Fence>* outFence = nullptr) const;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> getCurrentBuffer(
+            int* outSlot = nullptr, sp<Fence>* outFence = nullptr) const;
 
     // getCurrentCrop returns the cropping rectangle of the current buffer.
     Rect getCurrentCrop() const;
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@
     // mCurrentTextureBuffer is the buffer containing the current texture. It's
     // possible that this buffer is not associated with any buffer slot, so we
     // must track it separately in order to support the getCurrentBuffer method.
-    std::shared_ptr<Image> mCurrentTextureBuffer;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mCurrentTextureBuffer;
 
     // mCurrentCrop is the crop rectangle that applies to the current texture.
     // It gets set each time updateTexImage is called.
@@ -337,7 +336,8 @@
     int mCurrentTexture;
 
     // Shadow buffer cache for cleaning up renderengine references.
-    std::shared_ptr<Image> mImages[BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS] GUARDED_BY(mImagesMutex);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>
+            mImages[BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS] GUARDED_BY(mImagesMutex);
 
     // Separate mutex guarding the shadow buffer cache.
     // mImagesMutex can be manipulated with binder threads (e.g. onBuffersAllocated)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
index fa9cecf..a2915c9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
@@ -71,14 +71,8 @@
     // original layer and the clone should be removed at the same time so there shouldn't be any
     // issue with the clone layer trying to use the texture.
     if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr && !isClone()) {
-        // Ensure that mBuffer is uncached from RenderEngine here, as
-        // RenderEngine may have been using the buffer as an external texture
-        // after the client uncached the buffer.
-        auto& engine(mFlinger->getRenderEngine());
-        const uint64_t bufferId = mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getId();
-        engine.unbindExternalTextureBuffer(bufferId);
-        callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener, mBufferInfo.mBuffer,
-                                  mBufferInfo.mFence);
+        callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener,
+                                  mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer(), mBufferInfo.mFence);
     }
 }
 
@@ -344,8 +338,9 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool BufferStateLayer::setBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const sp<Fence>& acquireFence,
-                                 nsecs_t postTime, nsecs_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
+bool BufferStateLayer::setBuffer(const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                                 const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, nsecs_t postTime,
+                                 nsecs_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
                                  const client_cache_t& clientCacheId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                                  std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueTime, const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
                                  const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& releaseBufferListener) {
@@ -353,12 +348,14 @@
 
     if (mCurrentState.buffer) {
         mReleasePreviousBuffer = true;
-        if (mCurrentState.buffer != mDrawingState.buffer) {
+        if (!mDrawingState.buffer ||
+            mCurrentState.buffer->getBuffer() != mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()) {
             // If mCurrentState has a buffer, and we are about to update again
             // before swapping to drawing state, then the first buffer will be
             // dropped and we should decrement the pending buffer count and
             // call any release buffer callbacks if set.
-            callReleaseBufferCallback(mCurrentState.releaseBufferListener, mCurrentState.buffer,
+            callReleaseBufferCallback(mCurrentState.releaseBufferListener,
+                                      mCurrentState.buffer->getBuffer(),
                                       mCurrentState.acquireFence);
             decrementPendingBufferCount();
             if (mCurrentState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX != nullptr) {
@@ -396,8 +393,8 @@
 
     setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferTransaction(info, postTime);
 
-    if (dequeueTime && *dequeueTime != 0) {
-        const uint64_t bufferId = buffer->getId();
+    if (buffer && dequeueTime && *dequeueTime != 0) {
+        const uint64_t bufferId = buffer->getBuffer()->getId();
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceNewLayer(layerId, getName().c_str());
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceTimestamp(layerId, bufferId, frameNumber, *dequeueTime,
                                                FrameTracer::FrameEvent::DEQUEUE);
@@ -405,8 +402,8 @@
                                                FrameTracer::FrameEvent::QUEUE);
     }
 
-    mCurrentState.width = mCurrentState.buffer->width;
-    mCurrentState.height = mCurrentState.buffer->height;
+    mCurrentState.width = mCurrentState.buffer->getBuffer()->getWidth();
+    mCurrentState.height = mCurrentState.buffer->getBuffer()->getHeight();
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -655,7 +652,7 @@
     }
 
     const int32_t layerId = getSequence();
-    const uint64_t bufferId = mDrawingState.buffer->getId();
+    const uint64_t bufferId = mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()->getId();
     const uint64_t frameNumber = mDrawingState.frameNumber;
     const auto acquireFence = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(mDrawingState.acquireFence);
     mFlinger->mTimeStats->setAcquireFence(layerId, frameNumber, acquireFence);
@@ -689,7 +686,7 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    if (s.buffer != mBufferInfo.mBuffer) {
+    if (!mBufferInfo.mBuffer || s.buffer->getBuffer() != mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()) {
         decrementPendingBufferCount();
     }
 
@@ -793,7 +790,7 @@
     mBufferInfo.mFence = s.acquireFence;
     mBufferInfo.mTransform = s.bufferTransform;
     mBufferInfo.mDataspace = translateDataspace(s.dataspace);
-    mBufferInfo.mCrop = computeCrop(s);
+    mBufferInfo.mCrop = computeBufferCrop(s);
     mBufferInfo.mScaleMode = NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW;
     mBufferInfo.mSurfaceDamage = s.surfaceDamageRegion;
     mBufferInfo.mHdrMetadata = s.hdrMetadata;
@@ -806,27 +803,11 @@
    return NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW;
 }
 
-Rect BufferStateLayer::computeCrop(const State& s) {
-    if (s.crop.isEmpty() && s.buffer) {
-        return s.buffer->getBounds();
-    } else if (s.buffer) {
-        Rect crop = s.crop;
-        crop.left = std::max(crop.left, 0);
-        crop.top = std::max(crop.top, 0);
-        uint32_t bufferWidth = s.buffer->getWidth();
-        uint32_t bufferHeight = s.buffer->getHeight();
-        if (bufferHeight <= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() &&
-            bufferWidth <= std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
-            crop.right = std::min(crop.right, static_cast<int32_t>(bufferWidth));
-            crop.bottom = std::min(crop.bottom, static_cast<int32_t>(bufferHeight));
-        }
-        if (!crop.isValid()) {
-            // Crop rect is out of bounds, return whole buffer
-            return s.buffer->getBounds();
-        }
-        return crop;
+Rect BufferStateLayer::computeBufferCrop(const State& s) {
+    if (s.buffer) {
+        return s.buffer->getBuffer()->getBounds();
     }
-    return s.crop;
+    return Rect::INVALID_RECT;
 }
 
 sp<Layer> BufferStateLayer::createClone() {
@@ -844,8 +825,8 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    uint32_t bufferWidth = s.buffer->width;
-    uint32_t bufferHeight = s.buffer->height;
+    uint32_t bufferWidth = s.buffer->getBuffer()->width;
+    uint32_t bufferHeight = s.buffer->getBuffer()->height;
 
     // Undo any transformations on the buffer and return the result.
     if (s.bufferTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
@@ -872,14 +853,16 @@
     ATRACE_INT(mBlastTransactionName.c_str(), pendingBuffers);
 }
 
-void BufferStateLayer::bufferMayChange(sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) {
-    if (mDrawingState.buffer != nullptr && mDrawingState.buffer != mBufferInfo.mBuffer &&
-        newBuffer != mDrawingState.buffer) {
+void BufferStateLayer::bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) {
+    if (mDrawingState.buffer != nullptr &&
+        (!mBufferInfo.mBuffer ||
+         mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer() != mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()) &&
+        newBuffer != mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()) {
         // If we are about to update mDrawingState.buffer but it has not yet latched
         // then we will drop a buffer and should decrement the pending buffer count and
         // call any release buffer callbacks if set.
-        callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener, mDrawingState.buffer,
-                                  mDrawingState.acquireFence);
+        callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener,
+                                  mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer(), mDrawingState.acquireFence);
         decrementPendingBufferCount();
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
index 24e0ad2..af4fcae 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@
     bool setTransform(uint32_t transform) override;
     bool setTransformToDisplayInverse(bool transformToDisplayInverse) override;
     bool setCrop(const Rect& crop) override;
-    bool setBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, nsecs_t postTime,
-                   nsecs_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
-                   const client_cache_t& clientCacheId, uint64_t frameNumber,
+    bool setBuffer(const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                   const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, nsecs_t postTime, nsecs_t desiredPresentTime,
+                   bool isAutoTimestamp, const client_cache_t& clientCacheId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                    std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueTime, const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
                    const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& transactionListener) override;
     bool setAcquireFence(const sp<Fence>& fence) override;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 
     // See mPendingBufferTransactions
     void decrementPendingBufferCount();
-    void bufferMayChange(sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) override;
+    void bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) override;
     std::atomic<int32_t>* getPendingBufferCounter() override { return &mPendingBufferTransactions; }
     std::string getPendingBufferCounterName() override { return mBlastTransactionName; }
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
     sp<Layer> createClone() override;
 
     // Crop that applies to the buffer
-    Rect computeCrop(const State& s);
+    Rect computeBufferCrop(const State& s);
 
     bool willPresentCurrentTransaction() const;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.cpp
index 44b33ef..f310738 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,12 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    processBuffers[id].buffer = buffer;
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mRenderEngine == nullptr,
+                        "Attempted to build the ClientCache before a RenderEngine instance was "
+                        "ready!");
+    processBuffers[id].buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(buffer, *mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-sp<GraphicBuffer> ClientCache::get(const client_cache_t& cacheId) {
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> ClientCache::get(const client_cache_t& cacheId) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
 
     ClientCacheBuffer* buf = nullptr;
@@ -213,8 +218,8 @@
         auto &buffers = i.second.second;
         for (auto& [id, clientCacheBuffer] : buffers) {
             StringAppendF(&result, "\t ID: %d, Width/Height: %d,%d\n", (int)id,
-                          (int)clientCacheBuffer.buffer->getWidth(),
-                          (int)clientCacheBuffer.buffer->getHeight());
+                          (int)clientCacheBuffer.buffer->getBuffer()->getWidth(),
+                          (int)clientCacheBuffer.buffer->getBuffer()->getHeight());
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.h
index 0d597c8..a9b8177 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ClientCache.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 #include <utils/Singleton.h>
@@ -39,7 +40,11 @@
     bool add(const client_cache_t& cacheId, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer);
     void erase(const client_cache_t& cacheId);
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> get(const client_cache_t& cacheId);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> get(const client_cache_t& cacheId);
+
+    // Always called immediately after setup. Will be set to non-null, and then should never be
+    // called again.
+    void setRenderEngine(renderengine::RenderEngine* renderEngine) { mRenderEngine = renderEngine; }
 
     void removeProcess(const wp<IBinder>& processToken);
 
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@
     std::mutex mMutex;
 
     struct ClientCacheBuffer {
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
         std::set<wp<ErasedRecipient>> recipients;
     };
     std::map<wp<IBinder> /*caching process*/,
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@
     };
 
     sp<CacheDeathRecipient> mDeathRecipient;
+    renderengine::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = nullptr;
 
     bool getBuffer(const client_cache_t& cacheId, ClientCacheBuffer** outClientCacheBuffer)
             REQUIRES(mMutex);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
index a0606b4..289cb11 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@
 
     // If set, causes the dirty regions to flash with the delay
     std::optional<std::chrono::microseconds> devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay;
+
+    // The earliest time to send the present command to the HAL
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point earliestPresentTime;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
index f680460..daee83b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
@@ -16,15 +16,16 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>
-
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
 namespace android {
 
 class GraphicBuffer;
@@ -80,7 +81,8 @@
     virtual void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) = 0;
 
     // Allocates a buffer as scratch space for GPU composition
-    virtual sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) = 0;
+    virtual std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> dequeueBuffer(
+            base::unique_fd* bufferFence) = 0;
 
     // Queues the drawn buffer for consumption by HWC. readyFence is the fence
     // which will fire when the buffer is ready for consumption.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
index a1230b3..a8d372c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@
 
     // The DisplaySurface for this surface
     sp<DisplaySurface> displaySurface;
+
+    size_t maxTextureCacheSize;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -81,6 +83,11 @@
         return *this;
     }
 
+    RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder& setMaxTextureCacheSize(size_t maxTextureCacheSize) {
+        mArgs.maxTextureCacheSize = maxTextureCacheSize;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
 private:
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgs mArgs;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index 8f767d3..f0ef6d6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -115,6 +115,9 @@
     // Current target dataspace
     ui::Dataspace targetDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
 
+    // The earliest time to send the present command to the HAL
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point earliestPresentTime;
+
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
index 48a54d6..c61ec59 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <compositionengine/ProjectionSpace.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/HwcBufferCache.h>
-#include <renderengine/Mesh.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
 
     // Overrides the buffer, acquire fence, and display frame stored in LayerFECompositionState
     struct {
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = nullptr;
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
         sp<Fence> acquireFence = nullptr;
         Rect displayFrame = {};
         ui::Dataspace dataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
index 5127a6f..a8a5380 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
@@ -16,12 +16,16 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <memory>
-
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
+#include "renderengine/RenderEngine.h"
+
 struct ANativeWindow;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -54,7 +58,8 @@
     void setProtected(bool useProtected) override;
     status_t beginFrame(bool mustRecompose) override;
     void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) override;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) override;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> dequeueBuffer(
+            base::unique_fd* bufferFence) override;
     void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override;
     void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override;
     void flip() override;
@@ -66,7 +71,7 @@
     // Testing
     void setPageFlipCountForTest(std::uint32_t);
     void setSizeForTest(const ui::Size&);
-    sp<GraphicBuffer>& mutableGraphicBufferForTest();
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& mutableTextureForTest();
     base::unique_fd& mutableBufferReadyForTest();
 
 private:
@@ -75,10 +80,13 @@
 
     // ANativeWindow being rendered into
     const sp<ANativeWindow> mNativeWindow;
-    // Current buffer being rendered into
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mGraphicBuffer;
+
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>> mTextureCache;
+    // Current texture being rendered into
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mTexture;
     const sp<DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface;
     ui::Size mSize;
+    const size_t mMaxTextureCacheSize;
     bool mProtected{false};
     std::uint32_t mPageFlipCount{0};
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
index c5d03a7..53f4a30 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     const Rect& getBounds() const { return mBounds; }
     const Region& getVisibleRegion() const { return mVisibleRegion; }
     size_t getAge() const { return mAge; }
-    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mTexture.getBuffer(); }
+    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& getBuffer() const { return mTexture; }
     const sp<Fence>& getDrawFence() const { return mDrawFence; }
     const ProjectionSpace& getOutputSpace() const { return mOutputSpace; }
     ui::Dataspace getOutputDataspace() const { return mOutputDataspace; }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 
     void setLastUpdate(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now) { mLastUpdate = now; }
     void append(const CachedSet& other) {
-        mTexture.setBuffer(nullptr, nullptr);
+        mTexture = nullptr;
         mOutputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
         mDrawFence = nullptr;
 
@@ -115,31 +115,7 @@
     Region mVisibleRegion;
     size_t mAge = 0;
 
-    class Texture {
-    public:
-        ~Texture() { setBuffer(nullptr, nullptr); }
-
-        void setBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, renderengine::RenderEngine* re) {
-            if (mRE && mBuffer) {
-                mRE->unbindExternalTextureBuffer(mBuffer->getId());
-            }
-
-            mBuffer = buffer;
-            mRE = re;
-
-            if (mRE && mBuffer) {
-                mRE->cacheExternalTextureBuffer(mBuffer);
-            }
-        }
-
-        const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mBuffer; }
-
-    private:
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer = nullptr;
-        renderengine::RenderEngine* mRE = nullptr;
-    };
-
-    Texture mTexture;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mTexture;
     sp<Fence> mDrawFence;
     ProjectionSpace mOutputSpace;
     ui::Dataspace mOutputDataspace;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
index a0cae6f..fe858c2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setBufferPixelFormat, void(ui::PixelFormat));
     MOCK_METHOD1(beginFrame, status_t(bool mustRecompose));
     MOCK_METHOD2(prepareFrame, void(bool, bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(dequeueBuffer, sp<GraphicBuffer>(base::unique_fd*));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(dequeueBuffer, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>(base::unique_fd*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(queueBuffer, void(base::unique_fd));
     MOCK_METHOD0(onPresentDisplayCompleted, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(flip, void());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index a605fe1..1ffb1c8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -367,6 +367,11 @@
         return fences;
     }
 
+    {
+        ATRACE_NAME("wait for earliest present time");
+        std::this_thread::sleep_until(getState().earliestPresentTime);
+    }
+
     auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
     hwc.presentAndGetReleaseFences(*halDisplayIdOpt);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 3ac5433..faa4b74 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <thread>
-
+#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
@@ -29,7 +28,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 
-#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop.h>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
@@ -710,16 +711,18 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    editState().earliestPresentTime = refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime;
+
     sp<GraphicBuffer> previousOverride = nullptr;
     for (auto* layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
         bool skipLayer = false;
         if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
             if (previousOverride != nullptr &&
-                layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer == previousOverride) {
+                layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer() == previousOverride) {
                 ALOGV("Skipping redundant buffer");
                 skipLayer = true;
             }
-            previousOverride = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+            previousOverride = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer();
         }
 
         const bool includeGeometry = refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame;
@@ -978,14 +981,15 @@
     }
 
     base::unique_fd fd;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buf;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
 
     // If we aren't doing client composition on this output, but do have a
     // flipClientTarget request for this frame on this output, we still need to
     // dequeue a buffer.
     if (hasClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
-        buf = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(&fd);
-        if (buf == nullptr) {
+        tex = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(&fd);
+        if (tex == nullptr) {
             ALOGW("Dequeuing buffer for display [%s] failed, bailing out of "
                   "client composition for this frame",
                   mName.c_str());
@@ -1030,13 +1034,14 @@
     // Check if the client composition requests were rendered into the provided graphic buffer. If
     // so, we can reuse the buffer and avoid client composition.
     if (mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
-        if (mClientCompositionRequestCache->exists(buf->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
+        if (mClientCompositionRequestCache->exists(tex->getBuffer()->getId(),
+                                                   clientCompositionDisplay,
                                                    clientCompositionLayers)) {
             outputCompositionState.reusedClientComposition = true;
             setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
             return readyFence;
         }
-        mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(buf->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(tex->getBuffer()->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
                                             clientCompositionLayers);
     }
 
@@ -1069,12 +1074,12 @@
     // over to RenderEngine, in which case this flag can be removed from the drawLayers interface.
     const bool useFramebufferCache = outputState.layerStackInternal;
     status_t status =
-            renderEngine.drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, buf,
+            renderEngine.drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, tex,
                                     useFramebufferCache, std::move(fd), &readyFence);
 
     if (status != NO_ERROR && mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
         // If rendering was not successful, remove the request from the cache.
-        mClientCompositionRequestCache->remove(buf->getId());
+        mClientCompositionRequestCache->remove(tex->getBuffer()->getId());
     }
 
     auto& timeStats = getCompositionEngine().getTimeStats();
@@ -1151,9 +1156,9 @@
 
             std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> results;
             if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
-                if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer != previousOverrideBuffer) {
+                if (layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer() != previousOverrideBuffer) {
                     results = layer->getOverrideCompositionList();
-                    previousOverrideBuffer = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+                    previousOverrideBuffer = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer();
                     ALOGV("Replacing [%s] with override in RE", layer->getLayerFE().getDebugName());
                 } else {
                     ALOGV("Skipping redundant override buffer for [%s] in RE",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index f640f85..9ca8914 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = outputIndependentState.buffer;
     sp<Fence> acquireFence = outputIndependentState.acquireFence;
     if (getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
-        buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+        buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer();
         acquireFence = getState().overrideInfo.acquireFence;
     }
 
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@
     settings.geometry = renderengine::Geometry{
             .boundaries = boundaries.toFloatRect(),
     };
-    settings.bufferId = getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getId();
+    settings.bufferId = getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer()->getId();
     settings.source = renderengine::PixelSource{
             .buffer = renderengine::Buffer{
                     .buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
index 3bef77d..ef50870 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
-
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
         mDisplay(display),
         mNativeWindow(args.nativeWindow),
         mDisplaySurface(args.displaySurface),
-        mSize(args.displayWidth, args.displayHeight) {
+        mSize(args.displayWidth, args.displayHeight),
+        mMaxTextureCacheSize(args.maxTextureCacheSize) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mNativeWindow);
 }
 
@@ -146,7 +147,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-sp<GraphicBuffer> RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) {
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer(
+        base::unique_fd* bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     int fd = -1;
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
@@ -158,16 +160,41 @@
               mDisplay.getName().c_str(), result);
         // Return fast here as we can't do much more - any rendering we do
         // now will just be wrong.
-        return mGraphicBuffer;
+        return mTexture;
     }
 
-    ALOGW_IF(mGraphicBuffer != nullptr, "Clobbering a non-null pointer to a buffer [%p].",
-             mGraphicBuffer->getNativeBuffer()->handle);
-    mGraphicBuffer = GraphicBuffer::from(buffer);
+    ALOGW_IF(mTexture != nullptr, "Clobbering a non-null pointer to a buffer [%p].",
+             mTexture->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer()->handle);
+
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> newBuffer = GraphicBuffer::from(buffer);
+
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture;
+
+    for (auto it = mTextureCache.begin(); it != mTextureCache.end(); it++) {
+        const auto& cachedTexture = *it;
+        if (cachedTexture->getBuffer()->getId() == newBuffer->getId()) {
+            texture = cachedTexture;
+            mTextureCache.erase(it);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (texture) {
+        mTexture = texture;
+    } else {
+        mTexture = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(GraphicBuffer::from(buffer),
+                                               mCompositionEngine.getRenderEngine(),
+                                               renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+    }
+    mTextureCache.push_back(mTexture);
+    if (mTextureCache.size() > mMaxTextureCacheSize) {
+        mTextureCache.erase(mTextureCache.begin());
+    }
 
     *bufferFence = base::unique_fd(fd);
 
-    return mGraphicBuffer;
+    return mTexture;
 }
 
 void RenderSurface::queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) {
@@ -177,24 +204,24 @@
         // hasFlipClientTargetRequest could return true even if we haven't
         // dequeued a buffer before. Try dequeueing one if we don't have a
         // buffer ready.
-        if (mGraphicBuffer == nullptr) {
+        if (mTexture == nullptr) {
             ALOGI("Attempting to queue a client composited buffer without one "
                   "previously dequeued for display [%s]. Attempting to dequeue "
                   "a scratch buffer now",
                   mDisplay.getName().c_str());
-            // We shouldn't deadlock here, since mGraphicBuffer == nullptr only
+            // We shouldn't deadlock here, since mTexture == nullptr only
             // after a successful call to queueBuffer, or if dequeueBuffer has
             // never been called.
             base::unique_fd unused;
             dequeueBuffer(&unused);
         }
 
-        if (mGraphicBuffer == nullptr) {
+        if (mTexture == nullptr) {
             ALOGE("No buffer is ready for display [%s]", mDisplay.getName().c_str());
         } else {
-            status_t result =
-                    mNativeWindow->queueBuffer(mNativeWindow.get(),
-                                               mGraphicBuffer->getNativeBuffer(), dup(readyFence));
+            status_t result = mNativeWindow->queueBuffer(mNativeWindow.get(),
+                                                         mTexture->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(),
+                                                         dup(readyFence));
             if (result != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Error when queueing buffer for display [%s]: %d", mDisplay.getName().c_str(),
                       result);
@@ -204,11 +231,12 @@
                     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("ANativeWindow::queueBuffer failed with error: %d", result);
                 } else {
                     mNativeWindow->cancelBuffer(mNativeWindow.get(),
-                                                mGraphicBuffer->getNativeBuffer(), dup(readyFence));
+                                                mTexture->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(),
+                                                dup(readyFence));
                 }
             }
 
-            mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
+            mTexture = nullptr;
         }
     }
 
@@ -256,8 +284,8 @@
     mSize = size;
 }
 
-sp<GraphicBuffer>& RenderSurface::mutableGraphicBufferForTest() {
-    return mGraphicBuffer;
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& RenderSurface::mutableTextureForTest() {
+    return mTexture;
 }
 
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
index dcb7555..9955e29 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 }
 
 bool CachedSet::hasReadyBuffer() const {
-    return mTexture.getBuffer() != nullptr && mDrawFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Signaled;
+    return mTexture != nullptr && mDrawFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Signaled;
 }
 
 std::vector<CachedSet> CachedSet::decompose() const {
@@ -217,21 +217,27 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getWidth()),
                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getHeight()),
                                                  HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usageFlags);
+    const auto texture = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(buffer, renderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(buffer->initCheck() != OK);
     base::unique_fd drawFence;
 
-    status_t result = renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, buffer, false,
-                                              base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+    status_t result = renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, texture,
+                                              false, base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
 
     if (result == NO_ERROR) {
-        mTexture.setBuffer(buffer, &renderEngine);
         mDrawFence = new Fence(drawFence.release());
         mOutputSpace = ProjectionSpace(ui::Size(outputState.framebufferSpace.bounds.getWidth(),
                                                 outputState.framebufferSpace.bounds.getHeight()),
                                        mBounds);
+        mTexture = std::move(texture);
         mOutputSpace.orientation = outputState.framebufferSpace.orientation;
         mOutputDataspace = outputDataspace;
         mOrientation = orientation;
+    } else {
+        mTexture = nullptr;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
index ad75557..3a2534b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
@@ -111,7 +111,12 @@
     const GraphicBuffer* currentOverrideBuffer = nullptr;
     bool hasSkippedLayers = false;
     for (auto layer : layers) {
-        const GraphicBuffer* overrideBuffer = layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer.get();
+        if (!layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const GraphicBuffer* overrideBuffer =
+                layer->getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer().get();
         if (overrideBuffer != nullptr && overrideBuffer == currentOverrideBuffer) {
             // Skip this layer since it is part of a previous cached set
             hasSkippedLayers = true;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index 8a4d161..4c3f494 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "MockHWComposer.h"
 #include "RegionMatcher.h"
+#include "renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
@@ -715,7 +716,7 @@
     static const HdrMetadata kHdrMetadata;
     static native_handle_t* kSidebandStreamHandle;
     static const sp<GraphicBuffer> kBuffer;
-    static const sp<GraphicBuffer> kOverrideBuffer;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> kOverrideBuffer;
     static const sp<Fence> kFence;
     static const sp<Fence> kOverrideFence;
     static const std::string kLayerGenericMetadata1Key;
@@ -724,6 +725,11 @@
     static const std::vector<uint8_t> kLayerGenericMetadata2Value;
 
     OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest() {
+        kOverrideBuffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), mRenderEngine,
+                                               renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                       renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::
+                                                               WRITEABLE);
         auto& outputLayerState = mOutputLayer.editState();
         outputLayerState.hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc(mHwcLayer);
 
@@ -839,6 +845,7 @@
 
     std::shared_ptr<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHwcLayer{std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>()};
     StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile> mDisplayColorProfile;
+    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
 };
 
 const half4 OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kColor{81.f / 255.f, 82.f / 255.f, 83.f / 255.f,
@@ -858,7 +865,6 @@
 native_handle_t* OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kSidebandStreamHandle =
         reinterpret_cast<native_handle_t*>(1031);
 const sp<GraphicBuffer> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kBuffer;
-const sp<GraphicBuffer> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kOverrideBuffer = new GraphicBuffer();
 const sp<Fence> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kFence;
 const sp<Fence> OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kOverrideFence = new Fence();
 const std::string OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest::kLayerGenericMetadata1Key =
@@ -1023,7 +1029,7 @@
                               kOverrideBufferTransform, kOverrideBlendMode, kOverrideAlpha);
     expectPerFrameCommonCalls(SimulateUnsupported::None, kOverrideDataspace, kOverrideVisibleRegion,
                               kOverrideSurfaceDamage);
-    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls(kOverrideBuffer, kOverrideFence);
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls(kOverrideBuffer->getBuffer(), kOverrideFence);
     expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
 
     mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 5f0b0ee..e80100c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <cmath>
-
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
@@ -31,9 +29,12 @@
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 
+#include <cmath>
+
 #include "CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h"
 #include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "RegionMatcher.h"
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
@@ -2960,7 +2961,10 @@
     mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
     mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
     StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mOutputBuffer = new GraphicBuffer();
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mOutputBuffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
 
     std::optional<base::unique_fd> mReadyFence;
 };
@@ -3173,7 +3177,10 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> otherOutputBuffer = new GraphicBuffer();
+    const auto otherOutputBuffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_))
             .WillOnce(Return(mOutputBuffer))
             .WillOnce(Return(otherOutputBuffer));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
index 5ef5d7b..9aeb290 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
+#include "ui/GraphicBuffer.h"
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
 
@@ -239,9 +241,9 @@
                     DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(buffer.get()), SetArgPointee<1>(-1), Return(NO_ERROR)));
 
     base::unique_fd fence;
-    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.dequeueBuffer(&fence).get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.dequeueBuffer(&fence)->getBuffer().get());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableTextureForTest()->getBuffer().get());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -249,8 +251,11 @@
  */
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesNoClientComposition) {
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
-    mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
+    const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(), mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+    mSurface.mutableTextureForTest() = buffer;
 
     impl::OutputCompositionState state;
     state.usesClientComposition = false;
@@ -261,43 +266,45 @@
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableTextureForTest().get());
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesClientComposition) {
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
-    mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
+    const auto buffer = std::make_shared<renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(),
+                                                                        mRenderEngine, false);
+    mSurface.mutableTextureForTest() = buffer;
 
     impl::OutputCompositionState state;
     state.usesClientComposition = true;
     state.flipClientTarget = false;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableTextureForTest().get());
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesFlipClientTargetRequest) {
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
-    mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
+    const auto buffer = std::make_shared<renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(),
+                                                                        mRenderEngine, false);
+    mSurface.mutableTextureForTest() = buffer;
 
     impl::OutputCompositionState state;
     state.usesClientComposition = false;
     state.flipClientTarget = true;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableTextureForTest().get());
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesFlipClientTargetRequestWithNoBufferYetDequeued) {
@@ -317,27 +324,28 @@
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableTextureForTest().get());
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesNativeWindowQueueBufferFailureOnVirtualDisplay) {
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
-    mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
+    const auto buffer = std::make_shared<renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(),
+                                                                        mRenderEngine, false);
+    mSurface.mutableTextureForTest() = buffer;
 
     impl::OutputCompositionState state;
     state.usesClientComposition = true;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, isVirtual()).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, cancelBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, cancelBuffer(buffer->getBuffer()->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableTextureForTest().get());
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
index f01fe27..283c692 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
@@ -305,8 +305,8 @@
 
     const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                                 const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                                base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
         EXPECT_EQ(Rect(0, 0, 2, 2), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
@@ -321,7 +321,6 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList1));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, cacheExternalTextureBuffer(_));
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
 
@@ -331,7 +330,6 @@
               cachedSet.getOutputSpace().bounds);
 
     // Now check that appending a new cached set properly cleans up RenderEngine resources.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, unbindExternalTextureBuffer(_));
     CachedSet::Layer& layer3 = *mTestLayers[2]->cachedSetLayer.get();
     cachedSet.append(CachedSet(layer3));
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index b7b2cc6..8692ee6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -70,11 +70,13 @@
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary) {
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     mCompositionDisplay->createRenderSurface(
-            compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{ANativeWindow_getWidth(
-                                                                 args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                                         ANativeWindow_getHeight(
-                                                                 args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                                         args.nativeWindow, args.displaySurface});
+            compositionengine::
+                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{ANativeWindow_getWidth(args.nativeWindow.get()),
+                                              ANativeWindow_getHeight(args.nativeWindow.get()),
+                                              args.nativeWindow, args.displaySurface,
+                                              static_cast<size_t>(
+                                                      SurfaceFlinger::
+                                                              maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers)});
 
     if (!mFlinger->mDisableClientCompositionCache &&
         SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers > 0) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index b45f2bc..cf215ad 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@
     }
 
     // Allow BufferStateLayer to release any unlatched buffers in drawing state.
-    bufferMayChange(c.buffer);
+    bufferMayChange(c.buffer->getBuffer());
 
     // Commit the transaction
     commitTransaction(c);
@@ -891,7 +891,11 @@
 
 void Layer::commitTransaction(State& stateToCommit) {
     if (auto& bufferSurfaceFrame = mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
-        mDrawingState.buffer != stateToCommit.buffer && bufferSurfaceFrame != nullptr &&
+        ((mDrawingState.buffer && stateToCommit.buffer &&
+          mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer() != stateToCommit.buffer->getBuffer()) ||
+         (mDrawingState.buffer && !stateToCommit.buffer) ||
+         (!mDrawingState.buffer && stateToCommit.buffer)) &&
+        bufferSurfaceFrame != nullptr &&
         bufferSurfaceFrame->getPresentState() != PresentState::Presented) {
         // If the previous buffer was committed but not latched (refreshPending - happens during
         // back to back invalidates), it gets silently dropped here. Mark the corresponding
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 5379d74..9f3ea9a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
 
         Region transparentRegionHint;
 
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
         client_cache_t clientCacheId;
         sp<Fence> acquireFence;
         std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> acquireFenceTime;
@@ -404,10 +404,11 @@
     // Used only to set BufferStateLayer state
     virtual bool setTransform(uint32_t /*transform*/) { return false; };
     virtual bool setTransformToDisplayInverse(bool /*transformToDisplayInverse*/) { return false; };
-    virtual bool setBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/, const sp<Fence>& /*acquireFence*/,
-                           nsecs_t /*postTime*/, nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/,
-                           bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/, const client_cache_t& /*clientCacheId*/,
-                           uint64_t /* frameNumber */, std::optional<nsecs_t> /* dequeueTime */,
+    virtual bool setBuffer(const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& /*buffer*/,
+                           const sp<Fence>& /*acquireFence*/, nsecs_t /*postTime*/,
+                           nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/, bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/,
+                           const client_cache_t& /*clientCacheId*/, uint64_t /* frameNumber */,
+                           std::optional<nsecs_t> /* dequeueTime */,
                            const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/,
                            const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& /* releaseBufferListener */) {
         return false;
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@
      * Called before updating the drawing state buffer. Used by BufferStateLayer to release any
      * unlatched buffers in the drawing state.
      */
-    virtual void bufferMayChange(sp<GraphicBuffer>& /* newBuffer */){};
+    virtual void bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /* newBuffer */){};
 
     /*
      * Remove relative z for the layer if its relative parent is not part of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
index 7a3e433..a9fd16c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-const std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>& RefreshRateOverlay::getOrCreateBuffers(uint32_t fps) {
+const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>>&
+RefreshRateOverlay::getOrCreateBuffers(uint32_t fps) {
     if (mBufferCache.find(fps) == mBufferCache.end()) {
         // Ensure the range is > 0, so we don't divide by 0.
         const auto rangeLength = std::max(1u, mHighFps - mLowFps);
@@ -222,7 +223,17 @@
         color.g = HIGH_FPS_COLOR.g * fpsScale + LOW_FPS_COLOR.g * (1 - fpsScale);
         color.b = HIGH_FPS_COLOR.b * fpsScale + LOW_FPS_COLOR.b * (1 - fpsScale);
         color.a = ALPHA;
-        mBufferCache.emplace(fps, SevenSegmentDrawer::drawNumber(fps, color, mShowSpinner));
+        auto buffers = SevenSegmentDrawer::drawNumber(fps, color, mShowSpinner);
+        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>> textures;
+        std::transform(buffers.begin(), buffers.end(), std::back_inserter(textures),
+                       [&](const auto& buffer) -> std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> {
+                           return std::make_shared<
+                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture>(buffer,
+                                                                  mFlinger.getRenderEngine(),
+                                                                  renderengine::ExternalTexture::
+                                                                          Usage::READABLE);
+                       });
+        mBufferCache.emplace(fps, textures);
     }
 
     return mBufferCache[fps];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
index c16cfa0..aa8329c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <unordered_map>
-
 #include <math/vec4.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
+#include <unordered_map>
+
 #include "Fps.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -70,7 +71,8 @@
     };
 
     bool createLayer();
-    const std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>& getOrCreateBuffers(uint32_t fps);
+    const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>>& getOrCreateBuffers(
+            uint32_t fps);
 
     SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
     const sp<Client> mClient;
@@ -78,7 +80,8 @@
     sp<IBinder> mIBinder;
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> mGbp;
 
-    std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>> mBufferCache;
+    std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>>>
+            mBufferCache;
     std::optional<int> mCurrentFps;
     int mFrame = 0;
     static constexpr float ALPHA = 0.8f;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
index d0032ac..00090d9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
@@ -438,18 +438,22 @@
         mFlinger.traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, filterVisitor);
     };
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = nullptr;
-    if (mCachedBuffer && mCachedBuffer->getWidth() == sampledBounds.getWidth() &&
-        mCachedBuffer->getHeight() == sampledBounds.getHeight()) {
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
+    if (mCachedBuffer && mCachedBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth() == sampledBounds.getWidth() &&
+        mCachedBuffer->getBuffer()->getHeight() == sampledBounds.getHeight()) {
         buffer = mCachedBuffer;
     } else {
         const uint32_t usage =
                 GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
-        buffer = new GraphicBuffer(sampledBounds.getWidth(), sampledBounds.getHeight(),
-                                   PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usage, "RegionSamplingThread");
-        const status_t bufferStatus = buffer->initCheck();
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer =
+                new GraphicBuffer(sampledBounds.getWidth(), sampledBounds.getHeight(),
+                                  PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usage, "RegionSamplingThread");
+        const status_t bufferStatus = graphicBuffer->initCheck();
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(bufferStatus != OK, "captureSample: Buffer failed to allocate: %d",
                             bufferStatus);
+        buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(graphicBuffer, mFlinger.getRenderEngine(),
+                                               renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     }
 
     const sp<SyncScreenCaptureListener> captureListener = new SyncScreenCaptureListener();
@@ -465,8 +469,8 @@
     }
 
     ALOGV("Sampling %zu descriptors", activeDescriptors.size());
-    std::vector<float> lumas =
-            sampleBuffer(buffer, sampledBounds.leftTop(), activeDescriptors, orientation);
+    std::vector<float> lumas = sampleBuffer(buffer->getBuffer(), sampledBounds.leftTop(),
+                                            activeDescriptors, orientation);
     if (lumas.size() != activeDescriptors.size()) {
         ALOGW("collected %zu median luma values for %zu descriptors", lumas.size(),
               activeDescriptors.size());
@@ -477,16 +481,6 @@
         activeDescriptors[d].listener->onSampleCollected(lumas[d]);
     }
 
-    // Extend the lifetime of mCachedBuffer from the previous frame to here to ensure that:
-    // 1) The region sampling thread is the last owner of the buffer, and the freeing of the buffer
-    // happens in this thread, as opposed to the main thread.
-    // 2) The listener(s) receive their notifications prior to freeing the buffer.
-    if (mCachedBuffer != nullptr && mCachedBuffer != buffer) {
-        if (mFlinger.getRenderEngine().getRenderEngineType() ==
-            renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED) {
-            mFlinger.getRenderEngine().unbindExternalTextureBuffer(mCachedBuffer->getId());
-        }
-    }
     mCachedBuffer = buffer;
     ATRACE_INT(lumaSamplingStepTag, static_cast<int>(samplingStep::noWorkNeeded));
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
index 0defdb3..86632db 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.h
@@ -16,17 +16,19 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <binder/IBinder.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+#include <ui/Rect.h>
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+
 #include <chrono>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <ui/Rect.h>
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 #include "Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -122,7 +124,8 @@
 
     std::mutex mSamplingMutex;
     std::unordered_map<wp<IBinder>, Descriptor, WpHash> mDescriptors GUARDED_BY(mSamplingMutex);
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mCachedBuffer GUARDED_BY(mSamplingMutex) = nullptr;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mCachedBuffer GUARDED_BY(mSamplingMutex) =
+            nullptr;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
index ce3b0c6..d659398 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.cpp
@@ -40,13 +40,21 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace scheduler {
 
+std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point OneShotTimer::Clock::now() const {
+    return std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+}
+
 OneShotTimer::OneShotTimer(std::string name, const Interval& interval,
                            const ResetCallback& resetCallback,
-                           const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback)
-      : mName(std::move(name)),
+                           const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback,
+                           std::unique_ptr<OneShotTimer::Clock> clock)
+      : mClock(std::move(clock)),
+        mName(std::move(name)),
         mInterval(interval),
         mResetCallback(resetCallback),
-        mTimeoutCallback(timeoutCallback) {}
+        mTimeoutCallback(timeoutCallback) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mClock, "Clock must not be provided");
+}
 
 OneShotTimer::~OneShotTimer() {
     stop();
@@ -112,7 +120,7 @@
             break;
         }
 
-        auto triggerTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + mInterval;
+        auto triggerTime = mClock->now() + mInterval;
         state = TimerState::WAITING;
         while (state == TimerState::WAITING) {
             constexpr auto zero = std::chrono::steady_clock::duration::zero();
@@ -128,10 +136,9 @@
 
             state = checkForResetAndStop(state);
             if (state == TimerState::RESET) {
-                triggerTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + mInterval;
+                triggerTime = mClock->now() + mInterval;
                 state = TimerState::WAITING;
-            } else if (state == TimerState::WAITING &&
-                       (triggerTime - std::chrono::steady_clock::now()) <= zero) {
+            } else if (state == TimerState::WAITING && (triggerTime - mClock->now()) <= zero) {
                 triggerTimeout = true;
                 state = TimerState::IDLE;
             }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
index 3690ce7..7285427 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
@@ -36,8 +36,17 @@
     using ResetCallback = std::function<void()>;
     using TimeoutCallback = std::function<void()>;
 
+    class Clock {
+    public:
+        Clock() = default;
+        virtual ~Clock() = default;
+
+        virtual std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now() const;
+    };
+
     OneShotTimer(std::string name, const Interval& interval, const ResetCallback& resetCallback,
-                 const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback);
+                 const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback,
+                 std::unique_ptr<OneShotTimer::Clock> = std::make_unique<OneShotTimer::Clock>());
     ~OneShotTimer();
 
     // Initializes and turns on the idle timer.
@@ -78,6 +87,9 @@
     // Thread waiting for timer to expire.
     std::thread mThread;
 
+    // Clock object for the timer. Mocked in unit tests.
+    std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
+
     // Semaphore to keep mThread synchronized.
     sem_t mSemaphore;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 1d25c72..57bd045 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -927,4 +927,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point Scheduler::getPreviousVsyncFrom(
+        nsecs_t expectedPresentTime) const {
+    const auto presentTime = std::chrono::nanoseconds(expectedPresentTime);
+    const auto vsyncPeriod = std::chrono::nanoseconds(mVsyncSchedule.tracker->currentPeriod());
+    return std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point(presentTime - vsyncPeriod);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 4d1f3c6..49d3d93 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@
     bool isVsyncValid(nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const
             EXCLUDES(mFrameRateOverridesMutex);
 
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point getPreviousVsyncFrom(nsecs_t expectedPresentTime) const;
+
     void dump(std::string&) const;
     void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
     void dumpVsync(std::string&) const;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index a4803df..9da23a6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <private/gui/SyncFeatures.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
-#include <statslog.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/ColorSpace.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
@@ -627,7 +626,6 @@
     ALOGI("Boot is finished (%ld ms)", long(ns2ms(duration)) );
 
     mFrameTracer->initialize();
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
     mFrameTimeline->onBootFinished();
 
     // wait patiently for the window manager death
@@ -727,6 +725,7 @@
     mCompositionEngine->setTimeStats(mTimeStats);
     mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(getFactory().createHWComposer(mHwcServiceName));
     mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer().setConfiguration(this, getBE().mComposerSequenceId);
+    ClientCache::getInstance().setRenderEngine(&getRenderEngine());
     // Process any initial hotplug and resulting display changes.
     processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked();
     const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
@@ -1298,6 +1297,11 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* pulledData, bool* success) {
+    *success = mTimeStats->onPullAtom(atomId, pulledData);
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                                                                ui::PixelFormat* outFormat,
                                                                ui::Dataspace* outDataspace,
@@ -1968,6 +1972,8 @@
                 std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugRegion > 1 ? mDebugRegion : 0);
     }
 
+    refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = mScheduler->getPreviousVsyncFrom(mExpectedPresentTime);
+
     mGeometryInvalid = false;
 
     // Store the present time just before calling to the composition engine so we could notify
@@ -2750,6 +2756,7 @@
             (currentState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect != drawingState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect)) {
             display->setProjection(currentState.orientation, currentState.layerStackSpaceRect,
                                    currentState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
+            mDefaultDisplayTransformHint = display->getTransformHint();
         }
         if (currentState.width != drawingState.width ||
             currentState.height != drawingState.height) {
@@ -3256,70 +3263,38 @@
                                         const sp<IBinder>& parentHandle,
                                         const sp<Layer>& parentLayer, bool addToCurrentState,
                                         uint32_t* outTransformHint) {
-    // add this layer to the current state list
-    {
-        Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-        sp<Layer> parent;
-        if (parentHandle != nullptr) {
-            parent = fromHandleLocked(parentHandle).promote();
-            if (parent == nullptr) {
-                return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-            }
-        } else {
-            parent = parentLayer;
-        }
-
-        if (mNumLayers >= ISurfaceComposer::MAX_LAYERS) {
-            ALOGE("AddClientLayer failed, mNumLayers (%zu) >= MAX_LAYERS (%zu)", mNumLayers.load(),
-                  ISurfaceComposer::MAX_LAYERS);
-            return NO_MEMORY;
-        }
-
-        mLayersByLocalBinderToken.emplace(handle->localBinder(), lbc);
-
-        if (parent == nullptr && addToCurrentState) {
-            mCurrentState.layersSortedByZ.add(lbc);
-        } else if (parent == nullptr) {
-            lbc->onRemovedFromCurrentState();
-        } else if (parent->isRemovedFromCurrentState()) {
-            parent->addChild(lbc);
-            lbc->onRemovedFromCurrentState();
-        } else {
-            parent->addChild(lbc);
-        }
-
-        if (gbc != nullptr) {
-            mGraphicBufferProducerList.insert(IInterface::asBinder(gbc).get());
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mGraphicBufferProducerList.size() >
-                                        mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize,
-                                "Suspected IGBP leak: %zu IGBPs (%zu max), %zu Layers",
-                                mGraphicBufferProducerList.size(),
-                                mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize, mNumLayers.load());
-            if (mGraphicBufferProducerList.size() > mGraphicBufferProducerListSizeLogThreshold) {
-                ALOGW("Suspected IGBP leak: %zu IGBPs (%zu max), %zu Layers",
-                      mGraphicBufferProducerList.size(), mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize,
-                      mNumLayers.load());
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (const auto token = getInternalDisplayTokenLocked()) {
-            const ssize_t index = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(token);
-            if (index >= 0) {
-                const DisplayDeviceState& state = mCurrentState.displays.valueAt(index);
-                lbc->updateTransformHint(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(state.orientation));
-            }
-        }
-        if (outTransformHint) {
-            *outTransformHint = lbc->getTransformHint();
-        }
-
-        mLayersAdded = true;
+    if (mNumLayers >= ISurfaceComposer::MAX_LAYERS) {
+        ALOGE("AddClientLayer failed, mNumLayers (%zu) >= MAX_LAYERS (%zu)", mNumLayers.load(),
+              ISurfaceComposer::MAX_LAYERS);
+        return NO_MEMORY;
     }
 
+    wp<IBinder> initialProducer;
+    if (gbc != nullptr) {
+        initialProducer = IInterface::asBinder(gbc);
+    }
+    setLayerCreatedState(handle, lbc, parentHandle, parentLayer, initialProducer);
+
+    // Create a transaction includes the initial parent and producer.
+    Vector<ComposerState> states;
+    Vector<DisplayState> displays;
+
+    ComposerState composerState;
+    composerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerCreated;
+    composerState.state.surface = handle;
+    states.add(composerState);
+
+    lbc->updateTransformHint(mDefaultDisplayTransformHint);
+    if (outTransformHint) {
+        *outTransformHint = mDefaultDisplayTransformHint;
+    }
     // attach this layer to the client
     client->attachLayer(handle, lbc);
 
-    return NO_ERROR;
+    return setTransactionState(FrameTimelineInfo{}, states, displays, 0 /* flags */, nullptr,
+                               InputWindowCommands{}, -1 /* desiredPresentTime */,
+                               true /* isAutoTimestamp */, {}, false /* hasListenerCallbacks */, {},
+                               0 /* Undefined transactionId */);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::removeGraphicBufferProducerAsync(const wp<IBinder>& binder) {
@@ -3692,7 +3667,6 @@
 
     if (uncacheBuffer.isValid()) {
         ClientCache::getInstance().erase(uncacheBuffer);
-        getRenderEngine().unbindExternalTextureBuffer(uncacheBuffer.id);
     }
 
     // If a synchronous transaction is explicitly requested without any changes, force a transaction
@@ -3799,9 +3773,21 @@
         listenerCallbacks.insert(listener);
     }
 
+    const uint64_t what = s.what;
+    uint32_t flags = 0;
     sp<Layer> layer = nullptr;
     if (s.surface) {
-        layer = fromHandleLocked(s.surface).promote();
+        if (what & layer_state_t::eLayerCreated) {
+            layer = handleLayerCreatedLocked(s.surface, privileged);
+            if (layer) {
+                // put the created layer into mLayersByLocalBinderToken.
+                mLayersByLocalBinderToken.emplace(s.surface->localBinder(), layer);
+                flags |= eTransactionNeeded | eTraversalNeeded;
+                mLayersAdded = true;
+            }
+        } else {
+            layer = fromHandleLocked(s.surface).promote();
+        }
     } else {
         // The client may provide us a null handle. Treat it as if the layer was removed.
         ALOGW("Attempt to set client state with a null layer handle");
@@ -3814,10 +3800,6 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
-    uint32_t flags = 0;
-
-    const uint64_t what = s.what;
-
     // Only set by BLAST adapter layers
     if (what & layer_state_t::eProducerDisconnect) {
         layer->onDisconnect();
@@ -4056,23 +4038,16 @@
     }
     bool bufferChanged = what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged;
     bool cacheIdChanged = what & layer_state_t::eCachedBufferChanged;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
     if (bufferChanged && cacheIdChanged && s.buffer != nullptr) {
-        buffer = s.buffer;
-        bool success = ClientCache::getInstance().add(s.cachedBuffer, s.buffer);
-        if (success) {
-            getRenderEngine().cacheExternalTextureBuffer(s.buffer);
-            success = ClientCache::getInstance()
-                              .registerErasedRecipient(s.cachedBuffer,
-                                                       wp<ClientCache::ErasedRecipient>(this));
-            if (!success) {
-                getRenderEngine().unbindExternalTextureBuffer(s.buffer->getId());
-            }
-        }
+        ClientCache::getInstance().add(s.cachedBuffer, s.buffer);
+        buffer = ClientCache::getInstance().get(s.cachedBuffer);
     } else if (cacheIdChanged) {
         buffer = ClientCache::getInstance().get(s.cachedBuffer);
-    } else if (bufferChanged) {
-        buffer = s.buffer;
+    } else if (bufferChanged && s.buffer != nullptr) {
+        buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(s.buffer, getRenderEngine(),
+                                               renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
     }
     if (buffer) {
         const bool frameNumberChanged = what & layer_state_t::eFrameNumberChanged;
@@ -4155,10 +4130,6 @@
 
     switch (flags & ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceMask) {
         case ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue:
-            result = createBufferQueueLayer(client, std::move(uniqueName), w, h, flags,
-                                            std::move(metadata), format, handle, gbp, &layer);
-
-            break;
         case ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState: {
             result = createBufferStateLayer(client, std::move(uniqueName), w, h, flags,
                                             std::move(metadata), handle, &layer);
@@ -4282,14 +4253,7 @@
                                                 sp<Layer>* outLayer) {
     LayerCreationArgs args(this, client, std::move(name), w, h, flags, std::move(metadata));
     args.textureName = getNewTexture();
-    sp<BufferStateLayer> layer;
-    {
-        // TODO (b/173538294): Investigate why we need mStateLock here and above in
-        // createBufferQueue layer. Is it the renderengine::Image?
-        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-        layer = getFactory().createBufferStateLayer(args);
-
-    }
+    sp<BufferStateLayer> layer = getFactory().createBufferStateLayer(args);
     *handle = layer->getHandle();
     *outLayer = layer;
 
@@ -4377,7 +4341,7 @@
     setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
     const nsecs_t vsyncPeriod = mRefreshRateConfigs->getCurrentRefreshRate().getVsyncPeriod();
     mAnimFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(vsyncPeriod);
-
+    mDefaultDisplayTransformHint = display->getTransformHint();
     // Use phase of 0 since phase is not known.
     // Use latency of 0, which will snap to the ideal latency.
     DisplayStatInfo stats{0 /* vsyncTime */, vsyncPeriod};
@@ -5176,6 +5140,13 @@
             }
             return PERMISSION_DENIED;
         }
+        case ON_PULL_ATOM: {
+            const int uid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
+            if (uid == AID_SYSTEM) {
+                return OK;
+            }
+            return PERMISSION_DENIED;
+        }
     }
 
     // These codes are used for the IBinder protocol to either interrogate the recipient
@@ -5993,15 +5964,17 @@
     const status_t bufferStatus = buffer->initCheck();
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(bufferStatus != OK, "captureScreenCommon: Buffer failed to allocate: %d",
                         bufferStatus);
-    return captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, buffer,
+    const auto texture = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(buffer, getRenderEngine(),
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+    return captureScreenCommon(std::move(renderAreaFuture), traverseLayers, texture,
                                false /* regionSampling */, grayscale, captureListener);
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture,
-                                             TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                             sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
-                                             bool grayscale,
-                                             const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(
+        RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
+        bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     if (captureListener == nullptr) {
@@ -6034,15 +6007,6 @@
                                             regionSampling, grayscale, captureResults);
         });
 
-        // TODO(b/180767535): Remove this once we optimize buffer lifecycle for RenderEngine
-        // Only do this when we're not doing region sampling, to allow the region sampling thread to
-        // manage buffer lifecycle itself.
-        if (!regionSampling &&
-            getRenderEngine().getRenderEngineType() ==
-                    renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED) {
-            getRenderEngine().unbindExternalTextureBuffer(buffer->getId());
-        }
-
         captureResults.result = result;
         captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
     }));
@@ -6050,11 +6014,10 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(const RenderArea& renderArea,
-                                                TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                                const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool forSystem,
-                                                bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
-                                                ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImplLocked(
+        const RenderArea& renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool forSystem,
+        bool regionSampling, bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
@@ -6062,7 +6025,7 @@
                 captureResults.capturedSecureLayers || (layer->isVisible() && layer->isSecure());
     });
 
-    const bool useProtected = buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
+    const bool useProtected = buffer->getBuffer()->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
 
     // We allow the system server to take screenshots of secure layers for
     // use in situations like the Screen-rotation animation and place
@@ -6072,7 +6035,7 @@
         return PERMISSION_DENIED;
     }
 
-    captureResults.buffer = buffer;
+    captureResults.buffer = buffer->getBuffer();
     captureResults.capturedDataspace = renderArea.getReqDataSpace();
 
     const auto reqWidth = renderArea.getReqWidth();
@@ -6163,11 +6126,9 @@
     base::unique_fd drawFence;
     getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(useProtected);
 
-    // TODO(b/180767535): Remove this once we optimize buffer lifecycle for RenderEngine
-    const bool useFramebufferCache = getRenderEngine().getRenderEngineType() ==
-            renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
+    const constexpr bool kUseFramebufferCache = false;
     getRenderEngine().drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, buffer,
-                                 useFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
+                                 kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
 
     if (drawFence >= 0) {
         sp<Fence> releaseFence = new Fence(dup(drawFence));
@@ -6432,10 +6393,6 @@
     mOffscreenLayers.erase(layer);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::bufferErased(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) {
-    getRenderEngine().unbindExternalTextureBuffer(clientCacheId.id);
-}
-
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setGlobalShadowSettings(const half4& ambientColor, const half4& spotColor,
                                                  float lightPosY, float lightPosZ,
                                                  float lightRadius) {
@@ -6647,6 +6604,87 @@
     }
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::setLayerCreatedState(const sp<IBinder>& handle, const wp<Layer>& layer,
+                                          const wp<IBinder>& parent, const wp<Layer> parentLayer,
+                                          const wp<IBinder>& producer) {
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mCreatedLayersLock);
+    mCreatedLayers[handle->localBinder()] =
+            std::make_unique<LayerCreatedState>(layer, parent, parentLayer, producer);
+}
+
+auto SurfaceFlinger::getLayerCreatedState(const sp<IBinder>& handle) {
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mCreatedLayersLock);
+    BBinder* b = nullptr;
+    if (handle) {
+        b = handle->localBinder();
+    }
+
+    if (b == nullptr) {
+        return std::unique_ptr<LayerCreatedState>(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    auto it = mCreatedLayers.find(b);
+    if (it == mCreatedLayers.end()) {
+        ALOGE("Can't find layer from handle %p", handle.get());
+        return std::unique_ptr<LayerCreatedState>(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    auto state = std::move(it->second);
+    mCreatedLayers.erase(it);
+    return state;
+}
+
+sp<Layer> SurfaceFlinger::handleLayerCreatedLocked(const sp<IBinder>& handle, bool privileged) {
+    const auto& state = getLayerCreatedState(handle);
+    if (!state) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    sp<Layer> layer = state->layer.promote();
+    if (!layer) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid layer %p", state->layer.unsafe_get());
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    sp<Layer> parent;
+    bool allowAddRoot = privileged;
+    if (state->initialParent != nullptr) {
+        parent = fromHandleLocked(state->initialParent.promote()).promote();
+        if (parent == nullptr) {
+            ALOGE("Invalid parent %p", state->initialParent.unsafe_get());
+            allowAddRoot = false;
+        }
+    } else if (state->initialParentLayer != nullptr) {
+        parent = state->initialParentLayer.promote();
+        allowAddRoot = false;
+    }
+
+    if (parent == nullptr && allowAddRoot) {
+        mCurrentState.layersSortedByZ.add(layer);
+    } else if (parent == nullptr) {
+        layer->onRemovedFromCurrentState();
+    } else if (parent->isRemovedFromCurrentState()) {
+        parent->addChild(layer);
+        layer->onRemovedFromCurrentState();
+    } else {
+        parent->addChild(layer);
+    }
+
+    if (state->initialProducer != nullptr) {
+        mGraphicBufferProducerList.insert(state->initialProducer);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mGraphicBufferProducerList.size() > mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize,
+                            "Suspected IGBP leak: %zu IGBPs (%zu max), %zu Layers",
+                            mGraphicBufferProducerList.size(), mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize,
+                            mNumLayers.load());
+        if (mGraphicBufferProducerList.size() > mGraphicBufferProducerListSizeLogThreshold) {
+            ALOGW("Suspected IGBP leak: %zu IGBPs (%zu max), %zu Layers",
+                  mGraphicBufferProducerList.size(), mMaxGraphicBufferProducerListSize,
+                  mNumLayers.load());
+        }
+    }
+
+    return layer;
+}
 } // namespace android
 
 #if defined(__gl_h_)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 9135632..cf1a545 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@
 
 class SurfaceFlinger : public BnSurfaceComposer,
                        public PriorityDumper,
-                       public ClientCache::ErasedRecipient,
                        private IBinder::DeathRecipient,
                        private HWC2::ComposerCallback,
                        private ISchedulerCallback {
@@ -326,9 +325,6 @@
     wp<Layer> fromHandle(const sp<IBinder>& handle);
     wp<Layer> fromHandleLocked(const sp<IBinder>& handle) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
-    // Inherit from ClientCache::ErasedRecipient
-    void bufferErased(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) override;
-
     // If set, disables reusing client composition buffers. This can be set by
     // debug.sf.disable_client_composition_cache
     bool mDisableClientCompositionCache = false;
@@ -641,6 +637,7 @@
     status_t getAnimationFrameStats(FrameStats* outStats) const override;
     status_t overrideHdrTypes(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
                               const std::vector<ui::Hdr>& hdrTypes) override;
+    status_t onPullAtom(const int32_t atomId, std::string* pulledData, bool* success) override;
     status_t enableVSyncInjections(bool enable) override;
     status_t injectVSync(nsecs_t when) override;
     status_t getLayerDebugInfo(std::vector<LayerDebugInfo>* outLayers) override;
@@ -901,12 +898,14 @@
     status_t captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction, ui::Size bufferSize,
                                  ui::PixelFormat, bool allowProtected, bool grayscale,
                                  const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
-    status_t captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction, sp<GraphicBuffer>&,
+    status_t captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaFuture, TraverseLayersFunction,
+                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
                                  bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
                                  const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
     status_t renderScreenImplLocked(const RenderArea&, TraverseLayersFunction,
-                                    const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, bool forSystem, bool regionSampling,
-                                    bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&);
+                                    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
+                                    bool forSystem, bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
+                                    ScreenCaptureResults&);
 
     sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayById(DisplayId displayId) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
@@ -1393,6 +1392,35 @@
 
     std::unordered_map<DisplayId, sp<HdrLayerInfoReporter>> mHdrLayerInfoListeners
             GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
+    mutable Mutex mCreatedLayersLock;
+    struct LayerCreatedState {
+        LayerCreatedState(const wp<Layer>& layer, const wp<IBinder>& parent,
+                          const wp<Layer> parentLayer, const wp<IBinder>& producer)
+              : layer(layer),
+                initialParent(parent),
+                initialParentLayer(parentLayer),
+                initialProducer(producer) {}
+        wp<Layer> layer;
+        // Indicates the initial parent of the created layer, only used for creating layer in
+        // SurfaceFlinger. If nullptr, it may add the created layer into the current root layers.
+        wp<IBinder> initialParent;
+        wp<Layer> initialParentLayer;
+        // Indicates the initial graphic buffer producer of the created layer, only used for
+        // creating layer in SurfaceFlinger.
+        wp<IBinder> initialProducer;
+    };
+
+    // A temporay pool that store the created layers and will be added to current state in main
+    // thread.
+    std::unordered_map<BBinder*, std::unique_ptr<LayerCreatedState>> mCreatedLayers;
+    void setLayerCreatedState(const sp<IBinder>& handle, const wp<Layer>& layer,
+                              const wp<IBinder>& parent, const wp<Layer> parentLayer,
+                              const wp<IBinder>& producer);
+    auto getLayerCreatedState(const sp<IBinder>& handle);
+    sp<Layer> handleLayerCreatedLocked(const sp<IBinder>& handle, bool privileged)
+            REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+
+    std::atomic<ui::Transform::RotationFlags> mDefaultDisplayTransformHint;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/Android.bp
index 62fddb4..bcc3e4e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/Android.bp
@@ -18,20 +18,13 @@
         "libcutils",
         "liblog",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
-        "libprotoutil",
-        "libstatslog",
-        "libstatspull",
-        "libstatssocket",
+        "libtimestats_atoms_proto",
         "libtimestats_proto",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["."],
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
-        "libprotoutil",
-        "libstatslog",
-        "libstatspull",
-        "libstatssocket",
         "libtimestats_proto",
     ],
     cppflags: [
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
index 2094972..16c6bb3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
@@ -19,11 +19,9 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "TimeStats"
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
-#include "TimeStats.h"
-
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android/util/ProtoOutputStream.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <timestatsatomsproto/TimeStatsAtomsProtoHeader.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
@@ -31,147 +29,102 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
 
+#include "TimeStats.h"
 #include "timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 namespace impl {
 
-AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn TimeStats::pullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag,
-                                                                 AStatsEventList* data,
-                                                                 void* cookie) {
-    impl::TimeStats* timeStats = reinterpret_cast<impl::TimeStats*>(cookie);
-    AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn result = AStatsManager_PULL_SKIP;
-    if (atom_tag == android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO) {
-        result = timeStats->populateGlobalAtom(data);
-    } else if (atom_tag == android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO) {
-        result = timeStats->populateLayerAtom(data);
-    }
-
-    // Enable timestats now. The first full pull for a given build is expected to
-    // have empty or very little stats, as stats are first enabled after the
-    // first pull is completed for either the global or layer stats.
-    timeStats->enable();
-    return result;
-}
-
 namespace {
-// Histograms align with the order of fields in SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo.
-const std::array<std::string, 6> kHistogramNames = {
-        "present2present", "post2present",    "acquire2present",
-        "latch2present",   "desired2present", "post2acquire",
-};
 
-std::string histogramToProtoByteString(const std::unordered_map<int32_t, int32_t>& histogram,
-                                       size_t maxPulledHistogramBuckets) {
+FrameTimingHistogram histogramToProto(const std::unordered_map<int32_t, int32_t>& histogram,
+                                      size_t maxPulledHistogramBuckets) {
     auto buckets = std::vector<std::pair<int32_t, int32_t>>(histogram.begin(), histogram.end());
     std::sort(buckets.begin(), buckets.end(),
               [](std::pair<int32_t, int32_t>& left, std::pair<int32_t, int32_t>& right) {
                   return left.second > right.second;
               });
 
-    util::ProtoOutputStream proto;
+    FrameTimingHistogram histogramProto;
     int histogramSize = 0;
     for (const auto& bucket : buckets) {
         if (++histogramSize > maxPulledHistogramBuckets) {
             break;
         }
-        proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_INT32 | android::util::FIELD_COUNT_REPEATED |
-                            1 /* field id */,
-                    (int32_t)bucket.first);
-        proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_INT64 | android::util::FIELD_COUNT_REPEATED |
-                            2 /* field id */,
-                    (int64_t)bucket.second);
+        histogramProto.add_time_millis_buckets((int32_t)bucket.first);
+        histogramProto.add_frame_counts((int64_t)bucket.second);
     }
-
-    std::string byteString;
-    proto.serializeToString(&byteString);
-    return byteString;
+    return histogramProto;
 }
 
-std::string frameRateVoteToProtoByteString(
-        float refreshRate,
-        TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::FrameRateCompatibility frameRateCompatibility,
-        TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::Seamlessness seamlessness) {
-    util::ProtoOutputStream proto;
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_FLOAT | 1 /* field id */, refreshRate);
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_ENUM | 2 /* field id */,
-                static_cast<int>(frameRateCompatibility));
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_ENUM | 3 /* field id */, static_cast<int>(seamlessness));
+SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo_SetFrameRateVote frameRateVoteToProto(
+        const TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote& setFrameRateVote) {
+    using FrameRateCompatibilityEnum =
+            SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::SetFrameRateVote::FrameRateCompatibility;
+    using SeamlessnessEnum = SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::SetFrameRateVote::Seamlessness;
 
-    std::string byteString;
-    proto.serializeToString(&byteString);
-    return byteString;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo_SetFrameRateVote proto;
+    proto.set_frame_rate(setFrameRateVote.frameRate);
+    proto.set_frame_rate_compatibility(
+            static_cast<FrameRateCompatibilityEnum>(setFrameRateVote.frameRateCompatibility));
+    proto.set_seamlessness(static_cast<SeamlessnessEnum>(setFrameRateVote.seamlessness));
+    return proto;
 }
 } // namespace
 
-AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn TimeStats::populateGlobalAtom(AStatsEventList* data) {
+bool TimeStats::populateGlobalAtom(std::string* pulledData) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
 
     if (mTimeStats.statsStartLegacy == 0) {
-        return AStatsManager_PULL_SKIP;
+        return false;
     }
     flushPowerTimeLocked();
-
+    SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfoWrapper atomList;
     for (const auto& globalSlice : mTimeStats.stats) {
-        AStatsEvent* event = mStatsDelegate->addStatsEventToPullData(data);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventSetAtomId(event, android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, mTimeStats.totalFramesLegacy);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, mTimeStats.missedFramesLegacy);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, mTimeStats.clientCompositionFramesLegacy);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, mTimeStats.displayOnTimeLegacy);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, mTimeStats.presentToPresentLegacy.totalTime());
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, mTimeStats.displayEventConnectionsCountLegacy);
-        std::string frameDurationBytes =
-                histogramToProtoByteString(mTimeStats.frameDurationLegacy.hist,
-                                           mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)frameDurationBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 frameDurationBytes.size());
-        std::string renderEngineTimingBytes =
-                histogramToProtoByteString(mTimeStats.renderEngineTimingLegacy.hist,
-                                           mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event,
-                                                 (const uint8_t*)renderEngineTimingBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 renderEngineTimingBytes.size());
-
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalJankyFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFLongCpu);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFLongGpu);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFUnattributed);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalAppUnattributed);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFScheduling);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFPredictionError);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event,
-                                             globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalAppBufferStuffing);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, globalSlice.first.displayRefreshRateBucket);
-        std::string sfDeadlineMissedBytes =
-                histogramToProtoByteString(globalSlice.second.displayDeadlineDeltas.hist,
-                                           mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event,
-                                                 (const uint8_t*)sfDeadlineMissedBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 sfDeadlineMissedBytes.size());
-        std::string sfPredictionErrorBytes =
-                histogramToProtoByteString(globalSlice.second.displayPresentDeltas.hist,
-                                           mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event,
-                                                 (const uint8_t*)sfPredictionErrorBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 sfPredictionErrorBytes.size());
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, globalSlice.first.renderRateBucket);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventBuild(event);
+        SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfo* atom = atomList.add_atom();
+        atom->set_total_frames(mTimeStats.totalFramesLegacy);
+        atom->set_missed_frames(mTimeStats.missedFramesLegacy);
+        atom->set_client_composition_frames(mTimeStats.clientCompositionFramesLegacy);
+        atom->set_display_on_millis(mTimeStats.displayOnTimeLegacy);
+        atom->set_animation_millis(mTimeStats.presentToPresentLegacy.totalTime());
+        atom->set_event_connection_count(mTimeStats.displayEventConnectionsCountLegacy);
+        *atom->mutable_frame_duration() =
+                histogramToProto(mTimeStats.frameDurationLegacy.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        *atom->mutable_render_engine_timing() =
+                histogramToProto(mTimeStats.renderEngineTimingLegacy.hist,
+                                 mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        atom->set_total_timeline_frames(globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalFrames);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames(globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalJankyFrames);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu(globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFLongCpu);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu(globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFLongGpu);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed(
+                globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFUnattributed);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_app_unattributed(
+                globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalAppUnattributed);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling(
+                globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFScheduling);
+        atom->set_total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error(
+                globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalSFPredictionError);
+        atom->set_total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing(
+                globalSlice.second.jankPayload.totalAppBufferStuffing);
+        atom->set_display_refresh_rate_bucket(globalSlice.first.displayRefreshRateBucket);
+        *atom->mutable_sf_deadline_misses() =
+                histogramToProto(globalSlice.second.displayDeadlineDeltas.hist,
+                                 mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        *atom->mutable_sf_prediction_errors() =
+                histogramToProto(globalSlice.second.displayPresentDeltas.hist,
+                                 mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        atom->set_render_rate_bucket(globalSlice.first.renderRateBucket);
     }
 
+    // Always clear data.
     clearGlobalLocked();
 
-    return AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS;
+    return atomList.SerializeToString(pulledData);
 }
 
-AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn TimeStats::populateLayerAtom(AStatsEventList* data) {
+bool TimeStats::populateLayerAtom(std::string* pulledData) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
 
     std::vector<TimeStatsHelper::TimeStatsLayer*> dumpStats;
@@ -198,69 +151,73 @@
         dumpStats.resize(mMaxPulledLayers);
     }
 
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     for (auto& layer : dumpStats) {
-        AStatsEvent* event = mStatsDelegate->addStatsEventToPullData(data);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventSetAtomId(event, android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteString8(event, layer->layerName.c_str());
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, layer->totalFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, layer->droppedFrames);
-
-        for (const auto& name : kHistogramNames) {
-            const auto& histogram = layer->deltas.find(name);
-            if (histogram == layer->deltas.cend()) {
-                mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event, nullptr, 0);
-            } else {
-                std::string bytes = histogramToProtoByteString(histogram->second.hist,
-                                                               mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-                mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)bytes.c_str(),
-                                                         bytes.size());
-            }
+        SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo* atom = atomList.add_atom();
+        atom->set_layer_name(layer->layerName);
+        atom->set_total_frames(layer->totalFrames);
+        atom->set_dropped_frames(layer->droppedFrames);
+        const auto& present2PresentHist = layer->deltas.find("present2present");
+        if (present2PresentHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_present_to_present() =
+                    histogramToProto(present2PresentHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        }
+        const auto& post2presentHist = layer->deltas.find("post2present");
+        if (post2presentHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_post_to_present() =
+                    histogramToProto(post2presentHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        }
+        const auto& acquire2presentHist = layer->deltas.find("acquire2present");
+        if (acquire2presentHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_acquire_to_present() =
+                    histogramToProto(acquire2presentHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        }
+        const auto& latch2presentHist = layer->deltas.find("latch2present");
+        if (latch2presentHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_latch_to_present() =
+                    histogramToProto(latch2presentHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        }
+        const auto& desired2presentHist = layer->deltas.find("desired2present");
+        if (desired2presentHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_desired_to_present() =
+                    histogramToProto(desired2presentHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        }
+        const auto& post2acquireHist = layer->deltas.find("post2acquire");
+        if (post2acquireHist != layer->deltas.cend()) {
+            *atom->mutable_post_to_acquire() =
+                    histogramToProto(post2acquireHist->second.hist, mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
         }
 
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, layer->lateAcquireFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt64(event, layer->badDesiredPresentFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->uid);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalJankyFrames);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalSFLongCpu);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalSFLongGpu);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalSFUnattributed);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalAppUnattributed);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalSFScheduling);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalSFPredictionError);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->jankPayload.totalAppBufferStuffing);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(
-                event, layer->displayRefreshRateBucket); // display_refresh_rate_bucket
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteInt32(event, layer->renderRateBucket); // render_rate_bucket
-        std::string frameRateVoteBytes =
-                frameRateVoteToProtoByteString(layer->setFrameRateVote.frameRate,
-                                               layer->setFrameRateVote.frameRateCompatibility,
-                                               layer->setFrameRateVote.seamlessness);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)frameRateVoteBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 frameRateVoteBytes.size()); // set_frame_rate_vote
-        std::string appDeadlineMissedBytes =
-                histogramToProtoByteString(layer->deltas["appDeadlineDeltas"].hist,
-                                           mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventWriteByteArray(event,
-                                                 (const uint8_t*)appDeadlineMissedBytes.c_str(),
-                                                 appDeadlineMissedBytes.size());
-
-        mStatsDelegate->statsEventBuild(event);
+        atom->set_late_acquire_frames(layer->lateAcquireFrames);
+        atom->set_bad_desired_present_frames(layer->badDesiredPresentFrames);
+        atom->set_uid(layer->uid);
+        atom->set_total_timeline_frames(layer->jankPayload.totalFrames);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames(layer->jankPayload.totalJankyFrames);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu(layer->jankPayload.totalSFLongCpu);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu(layer->jankPayload.totalSFLongGpu);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed(layer->jankPayload.totalSFUnattributed);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_app_unattributed(layer->jankPayload.totalAppUnattributed);
+        atom->set_total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling(layer->jankPayload.totalSFScheduling);
+        atom->set_total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error(layer->jankPayload.totalSFPredictionError);
+        atom->set_total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing(layer->jankPayload.totalAppBufferStuffing);
+        atom->set_display_refresh_rate_bucket(layer->displayRefreshRateBucket);
+        atom->set_render_rate_bucket(layer->renderRateBucket);
+        *atom->mutable_set_frame_rate_vote() = frameRateVoteToProto(layer->setFrameRateVote);
+        *atom->mutable_app_deadline_misses() =
+                histogramToProto(layer->deltas["appDeadlineDeltas"].hist,
+                                 mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
     }
+
+    // Always clear data.
     clearLayersLocked();
 
-    return AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS;
+    return atomList.SerializeToString(pulledData);
 }
 
-TimeStats::TimeStats() : TimeStats(nullptr, std::nullopt, std::nullopt) {}
+TimeStats::TimeStats() : TimeStats(std::nullopt, std::nullopt) {}
 
-TimeStats::TimeStats(std::unique_ptr<StatsEventDelegate> statsDelegate,
-                     std::optional<size_t> maxPulledLayers,
+TimeStats::TimeStats(std::optional<size_t> maxPulledLayers,
                      std::optional<size_t> maxPulledHistogramBuckets) {
-    if (statsDelegate != nullptr) {
-        mStatsDelegate = std::move(statsDelegate);
-    }
-
     if (maxPulledLayers) {
         mMaxPulledLayers = *maxPulledLayers;
     }
@@ -270,18 +227,19 @@
     }
 }
 
-TimeStats::~TimeStats() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    mStatsDelegate->clearStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO);
-    mStatsDelegate->clearStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO);
-}
+bool TimeStats::onPullAtom(const int atomId, std::string* pulledData) {
+    bool success = false;
+    if (atomId == 10062) { // SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO
+        success = populateGlobalAtom(pulledData);
+    } else if (atomId == 10063) { // SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO
+        success = populateLayerAtom(pulledData);
+    }
 
-void TimeStats::onBootFinished() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    mStatsDelegate->setStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                             nullptr, TimeStats::pullAtomCallback, this);
-    mStatsDelegate->setStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                             nullptr, TimeStats::pullAtomCallback, this);
+    // Enable timestats now. The first full pull for a given build is expected to
+    // have empty or very little stats, as stats are first enabled after the
+    // first pull is completed for either the global or layer stats.
+    enable();
+    return success;
 }
 
 void TimeStats::parseArgs(bool asProto, const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
index a87b7cb..5b0f5bd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@
 
 #include <../Fps.h>
 #include <gui/JankInfo.h>
-#include <stats_event.h>
-#include <stats_pull_atom_callback.h>
-#include <statslog.h>
 #include <timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h>
 #include <timestatsproto/TimeStatsProtoHeader.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
@@ -54,9 +51,8 @@
 
     virtual ~TimeStats() = default;
 
-    // Called once boot has been finished to perform additional capabilities,
-    // e.g. registration to statsd.
-    virtual void onBootFinished() = 0;
+    // Process a pull request from statsd.
+    virtual bool onPullAtom(const int atomId, std::string* pulledData);
 
     virtual void parseArgs(bool asProto, const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) = 0;
     virtual bool isEnabled() = 0;
@@ -232,58 +228,11 @@
 
 public:
     TimeStats();
-
-    // Delegate to the statsd service and associated APIs.
-    // Production code may use this class directly, whereas unit test may define
-    // a subclass for ease of testing.
-    class StatsEventDelegate {
-    public:
-        virtual ~StatsEventDelegate() = default;
-        virtual AStatsEvent* addStatsEventToPullData(AStatsEventList* data) {
-            return AStatsEventList_addStatsEvent(data);
-        }
-        virtual void setStatsPullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag,
-                                              AStatsManager_PullAtomMetadata* metadata,
-                                              AStatsManager_PullAtomCallback callback,
-                                              void* cookie) {
-            return AStatsManager_setPullAtomCallback(atom_tag, metadata, callback, cookie);
-        }
-
-        virtual void clearStatsPullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag) {
-            return AStatsManager_clearPullAtomCallback(atom_tag);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventSetAtomId(AStatsEvent* event, uint32_t atom_id) {
-            return AStatsEvent_setAtomId(event, atom_id);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventWriteInt32(AStatsEvent* event, int32_t field) {
-            return AStatsEvent_writeInt32(event, field);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventWriteInt64(AStatsEvent* event, int64_t field) {
-            return AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, field);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventWriteString8(AStatsEvent* event, const char* field) {
-            return AStatsEvent_writeString(event, field);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventWriteByteArray(AStatsEvent* event, const uint8_t* buf,
-                                              size_t numBytes) {
-            return AStatsEvent_writeByteArray(event, buf, numBytes);
-        }
-
-        virtual void statsEventBuild(AStatsEvent* event) { return AStatsEvent_build(event); }
-    };
     // For testing only for injecting custom dependencies.
-    TimeStats(std::unique_ptr<StatsEventDelegate> statsDelegate,
-              std::optional<size_t> maxPulledLayers,
+    TimeStats(std::optional<size_t> maxPulledLayers,
               std::optional<size_t> maxPulledHistogramBuckets);
 
-    ~TimeStats() override;
-
-    void onBootFinished() override;
+    bool onPullAtom(const int atomId, std::string* pulledData) override;
     void parseArgs(bool asProto, const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) override;
     bool isEnabled() override;
     std::string miniDump() override;
@@ -332,11 +281,8 @@
     static const size_t MAX_NUM_TIME_RECORDS = 64;
 
 private:
-    static AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn pullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag,
-                                                                 AStatsEventList* data,
-                                                                 void* cookie);
-    AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn populateGlobalAtom(AStatsEventList* data);
-    AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn populateLayerAtom(AStatsEventList* data);
+    bool populateGlobalAtom(std::string* pulledData);
+    bool populateLayerAtom(std::string* pulledData);
     bool recordReadyLocked(int32_t layerId, TimeRecord* timeRecord);
     void flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(int32_t layerId, Fps displayRefreshRate,
                                             std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
@@ -366,7 +312,6 @@
     static const size_t RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_WIDTH = REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_WIDTH;
     static const size_t MAX_NUM_LAYER_STATS = 200;
     static const size_t MAX_NUM_PULLED_LAYERS = MAX_NUM_LAYER_STATS;
-    std::unique_ptr<StatsEventDelegate> mStatsDelegate = std::make_unique<StatsEventDelegate>();
     size_t mMaxPulledLayers = MAX_NUM_PULLED_LAYERS;
     size_t mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets = 6;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cf086f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libtimestats_atoms_proto",
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "timestats_atoms.proto",
+    ],
+
+    proto: {
+        type: "lite",
+        export_proto_headers: true,
+    },
+
+    cppflags: [
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Wno-c++98-compat-pedantic",
+        "-Wno-disabled-macro-expansion",
+        "-Wno-float-conversion",
+        "-Wno-float-equal",
+        "-Wno-format",
+        "-Wno-old-style-cast",
+        "-Wno-padded",
+        "-Wno-sign-conversion",
+        "-Wno-undef",
+        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+    ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/include/timestatsatomsproto/TimeStatsAtomsProtoHeader.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/include/timestatsatomsproto/TimeStatsAtomsProtoHeader.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d305cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/include/timestatsatomsproto/TimeStatsAtomsProtoHeader.h
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// pragma is used here to disable the warnings emitted from the protobuf
+// headers. By adding #pragma before including layer.pb.h, it suppresses
+// protobuf warnings, but allows the rest of the files to continuing using
+// the current flags.
+// This file should be included instead of directly including timestats_atoms.b.h
+#pragma GCC system_header
+#include <timestats_atoms.pb.h>
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..133a541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+syntax = "proto2";
+option optimize_for = LITE_RUNTIME;
+package android.surfaceflinger;
+
+// This is a copy of surfaceflinger's atoms from frameworks/proto_logging/stats/atoms.proto.
+// Pulled atoms for surfaceflinger must be routed through system server since surfaceflinger is
+// in the bootstrap namespace. This copy is used to pass the atoms as protos to system server using
+// proto lite to serialize/deserialize the atoms.
+
+// These wrappers are so that we can pass a List<Atom> as a single byte string.
+// They are not in atoms.proto
+message SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfoWrapper {
+    repeated SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfo atom = 1;
+}
+
+message SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper {
+    repeated SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo atom = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Global display pipeline metrics reported by SurfaceFlinger.
+ * Metrics exist beginning in Android 11.
+ * Pulled from:
+ *    frameworks/native/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+ */
+message SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfo {
+    // Aggregated refresh rate buckets that layers were presenting at. Buckets
+    // are defined in SurfaceFlinger and are tracked per device.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimenstion in collecting per-refresh rate
+    // jank statistics.
+    optional int32 display_refresh_rate_bucket = 18;
+    // Aggregated render rate buckets that layers were overridden to run at.
+    // Buckets are defined in SurfaceFlinger and are tracked per device.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimension in collecting per-render rate
+    // jank statistics.
+    optional int32 render_rate_bucket = 21;
+    // Total number of frames presented during the tracing period
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int64 total_frames = 1;
+    // Total number of frames missed
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int64 missed_frames = 2;
+    // Total number of frames that fell back to client composition
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int64 client_composition_frames = 3;
+    // Total time the display was turned on
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int64 display_on_millis = 4;
+    // Total time that was spent performing animations.
+    // This is derived from the present-to-present layer histogram.
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int64 animation_millis = 5;
+    // Total number of event connections tracked by SurfaceFlinger at the time
+    // of this pull. If this number grows prohibitively large, then this can
+    // cause jank due to resource contention.
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional int32 event_connection_count = 6;
+    // Set of timings measured from when SurfaceFlinger began compositing a
+    // frame, until the frame was requested to be presented to the display. This
+    // measures SurfaceFlinger's total CPU walltime on the critical path per
+    // frame.
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram frame_duration = 7;
+    // Set of timings measured from when SurfaceFlinger first began using the
+    // GPU to composite a frame, until the GPU has finished compositing that
+    // frame. This measures the total additional time SurfaceFlinger needed to
+    // perform due to falling back into GPU composition.
+    // Note: This stat is not sliced by dimension. It will be duplicated for metrics
+    // using render_rate_bucket as a dimension.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram render_engine_timing = 8;
+    // Number of frames where SF saw a frame, based on its frame timeline.
+    // Frame timelines may include transactions without updating buffer contents.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_timeline_frames = 9;
+    // Number of frames where SF saw a janky frame.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames = 10;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF spent a long time on the CPU.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu = 11;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF spent a long time on the GPU.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu = 12;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF missed the frame deadline, but there
+    // was not an attributed reason (e.g., maybe HWC missed?)
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed = 13;
+    // Number of janky frames where the app missed the frame deadline, but
+    // there was not an attributed reason
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_app_unattributed = 14;
+    // Number of janky frames that were caused because of scheduling errors in
+    // SF that resulted in early present (e.g., SF sending a buffer to the
+    // composition engine earlier than expected, resulting in a present that is
+    // one vsync early)
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling = 15;
+    // Number of frames that were classified as jank because of possible drift in
+    // vsync predictions.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error = 16;
+    // Number of janky frames where the app was in a buffer stuffed state (more
+    // than one buffer ready to be presented at the same vsync). Usually caused
+    // when the first frame is unusually long, the following frames enter into a
+    // stuffed state.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing = 17;
+    // Buckets of timings in ms by which SurfaceFlinger's deadline was missed
+    // while latching and presenting frames.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram sf_deadline_misses = 19;
+    // Buckets of timings in ms by which the Vsync prediction drifted, when
+    // compared to the actual hardware vsync.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram sf_prediction_errors = 20;
+
+    // Next ID: 22
+}
+
+/**
+ * Per-layer display pipeline metrics reported by SurfaceFlinger.
+ * Metrics exist beginning in Android 11.
+ * The number of layers uploaded may be restricted due to size limitations.
+ * Pulled from:
+ *    frameworks/native/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+ */
+message SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo {
+    // UID of the application who submitted this layer for presentation
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimension for surfacing rendering
+    // statistics to applications.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 uid = 12;
+    // Refresh rate bucket that the layer was presenting at. Buckets are
+    // defined in SurfaceFlinger and are tracked per device.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimension in collecting per-refresh rate
+    // jank statistics
+    optional int32 display_refresh_rate_bucket = 22;
+    // Render rate bucket that the layer was submitting frames at. Buckets are
+    // defined in SurfaceFlinger and are tracked per device.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimension in collecting per-render rate
+    // jank statistics.
+    optional int32 render_rate_bucket = 23;
+    // The layer for this set of metrics
+    // In many scenarios the package name is included in the layer name, e.g.,
+    // layers created by Window Manager. But this is not a guarantee - in the
+    // general case layer names are arbitrary debug names.
+    optional string layer_name = 1;
+    // Total number of frames presented
+    optional int64 total_frames = 2;
+    // Total number of dropped frames while latching a buffer for this layer.
+    optional int64 dropped_frames = 3;
+    // Set of timings measured between successive presentation timestamps.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram present_to_present = 4;
+    // Set of timings measured from when an app queued a buffer for
+    // presentation, until the buffer was actually presented to the
+    // display.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram post_to_present = 5;
+    // Set of timings measured from when a buffer is ready to be presented,
+    // until the buffer was actually presented to the display.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram acquire_to_present = 6;
+    // Set of timings measured from when a buffer was latched by
+    // SurfaceFlinger, until the buffer was presented to the display
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram latch_to_present = 7;
+    // Set of timings measured from the desired presentation to the actual
+    // presentation time
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram desired_to_present = 8;
+    // Set of timings measured from when an app queued a buffer for
+    // presentation, until the buffer was ready to be presented.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram post_to_acquire = 9;
+    // Frames missed latch because the acquire fence didn't fire
+    optional int64 late_acquire_frames = 10;
+    // Frames latched early because the desired present time was bad
+    optional int64 bad_desired_present_frames = 11;
+    // Number of frames where SF saw a frame, based on its frame timeline.
+    // Frame timelines may include transactions without updating buffer contents.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_timeline_frames = 13;
+    // Number of frames where SF saw a janky frame.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames = 14;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF spent a long time on the CPU.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu = 15;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF spent a long time on the GPU.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu = 16;
+    // Number of janky frames where SF missed the frame deadline, but there
+    // was not an attributed reason (e.g., maybe HWC missed?)
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed = 17;
+    // Number of janky frames where the app missed the frame deadline, but
+    // there was not an attributed reason
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_app_unattributed = 18;
+    // Number of janky frames that were caused because of scheduling errors in
+    // SF that resulted in early present (e.g., SF sending a buffer to the
+    // composition engine earlier than expected, resulting in a present that is
+    // one vsync early)
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling = 19;
+    // Number of frames that were classified as jank because of possible drift in
+    // vsync predictions.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error = 20;
+    // Number of janky frames where the app was in a buffer stuffed state (more
+    // than one buffer ready to be presented at the same vsync). Usually caused
+    // when the first frame is unusually long, the following frames enter into a
+    // stuffed state.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional int32 total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing = 21;
+
+    /**
+     * Encapsulates the FrameRateVote information sent by the application while
+     * calling setFrameRate.
+     * Metrics exist beginning in Android 12.
+     */
+    message SetFrameRateVote {
+        // The desired frame rate the application wishes to run on.
+        optional float frame_rate = 1;
+
+        enum FrameRateCompatibility {
+            FRAME_RATE_UNDEFINED = 0;
+            FRAME_RATE_DEFAULT = 1;
+            FRAME_RATE_EXACT_OR_MULTIPLE = 2;
+        }
+
+        // Specifies how to interpret the frame rate associated with the layer.
+        // Defined in Layer.h
+        optional FrameRateCompatibility frame_rate_compatibility = 2;
+
+        enum Seamlessness {
+            SEAMLESS_UNDEFINED = 0;
+            SEAMLESS_SHOULD_BE_SEAMLESS = 1;
+            SEAMLESS_NOT_REQUIRED = 2;
+        }
+        // Indicates whether seamless refresh rate switch is required or not.
+        optional Seamlessness seamlessness = 3;
+    }
+
+    // The last frame rate vote set by the application.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional SetFrameRateVote set_frame_rate_vote = 24;
+    // Buckets of timings in ms by which the app deadline was missed while
+    // submitting work for a frame.
+    // Introduced in Android 12.
+    optional FrameTimingHistogram app_deadline_misses = 25;
+
+    // Next ID: 26
+}
+
+/**
+ * Histogram of frame counts bucketed by time in milliseconds.
+ * Because of size limitations, we hard-cap the number of buckets, with
+ * buckets for corresponding to larger milliseconds being less precise.
+ */
+message FrameTimingHistogram {
+    // Timings in milliseconds that describes a set of histogram buckets
+    repeated int32 time_millis_buckets = 1;
+    // Number of frames that match to each time_millis, i.e. the bucket
+    // contents
+    // It's required that len(time_millis) == len(frame_count)
+    repeated int64 frame_counts = 2;
+}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
index 6246321..fa3f0e7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
@@ -305,25 +305,6 @@
 /**
  * The following tests are for methods accessible directly through SurfaceFlinger.
  */
-
-/**
- * An app can pass a buffer queue to the media server and ask the media server to decode a DRM video
- * to that buffer queue. The media server is the buffer producer in this case. Because the app may create
- * its own buffer queue and act as the buffer consumer, the media server wants to be careful to avoid
- * sending decoded video frames to the app. This is where authenticateSurfaceTexture call comes in, to check
- * the consumer of a buffer queue is SurfaceFlinger.
- */
-TEST_F(CredentialsTest, AuthenticateSurfaceTextureTest) {
-    setupBackgroundSurface();
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> producer =
-            mBGSurfaceControl->getSurface()->getIGraphicBufferProducer();
-    sp<ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-
-    std::function<bool()> condition = [=]() { return sf->authenticateSurfaceTexture(producer); };
-    // Anyone should be able to check if the consumer of the buffer queue is SF.
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(checkWithPrivileges(condition, true, true));
-}
-
 TEST_F(CredentialsTest, GetLayerDebugInfo) {
     setupBackgroundSurface();
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerService::getComposerService());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/InvalidHandles_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/InvalidHandles_test.cpp
index 58b039e..9cf7c09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/InvalidHandles_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/InvalidHandles_test.cpp
@@ -52,12 +52,15 @@
     }
 };
 
-TEST_F(InvalidHandleTest, createSurfaceInvalidHandle) {
-    auto notSc = makeNotSurfaceControl();
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr,
-              mScc->createSurface(String8("lolcats"), 19, 47, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0,
-                                  notSc->getHandle())
-                      .get());
+TEST_F(InvalidHandleTest, createSurfaceInvalidParentHandle) {
+    // The createSurface is scheduled now, we could still get a created surface from createSurface.
+    // Should verify if it actually added into current state by checking the screenshot.
+    auto notSc = mScc->createSurface(String8("lolcats"), 19, 47, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0,
+                                     mNotSc->getHandle());
+    LayerCaptureArgs args;
+    args.layerHandle = notSc->getHandle();
+    ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
+    ASSERT_EQ(NAME_NOT_FOUND, ScreenCapture::captureLayers(args, captureResults));
 }
 
 TEST_F(InvalidHandleTest, captureLayersInvalidHandle) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
index 53d230a..7581cd3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
@@ -135,53 +135,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetPositionWithResize_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 32, 32));
-
-    // setPosition is applied immediately by default, with or without resize
-    // pending
-    Transaction().setPosition(layer, 5, 10).setSize(layer, 64, 64).apply();
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize pending");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        const Rect rect(5, 10, 37, 42);
-        shot->expectColor(rect, Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(rect, Color::BLACK);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 64, 64));
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize applied");
-        getScreenCapture()->expectColor(Rect(5, 10, 69, 74), Color::RED);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetSizeBasic_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 32, 32));
-
-    Transaction().setSize(layer, 64, 64).apply();
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize pending");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        const Rect rect(0, 0, 32, 32);
-        shot->expectColor(rect, Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(rect, Color::BLACK);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 64, 64));
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize applied");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        const Rect rect(0, 0, 64, 64);
-        shot->expectColor(rect, Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(rect, Color::BLACK);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, CreateLayer_BufferState) {
     uint32_t transformHint = ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID;
     sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
@@ -607,44 +560,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest,
-       SetBackgroundColor_BufferQueue_BufferFill_NoPriorColor_Basic) {
-    bool priorColor = false;
-    bool bufferFill = true;
-    float alpha = 1.0f;
-    Color finalColor = Color::RED;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBackgroundColorHelper(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue,
-                                                     priorColor, bufferFill, alpha, finalColor));
-}
-
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest,
-       SetBackgroundColor_BufferQueue_NoBufferFill_NoPriorColor_Basic) {
-    bool priorColor = false;
-    bool bufferFill = false;
-    float alpha = 1.0f;
-    Color finalColor = Color::GREEN;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBackgroundColorHelper(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue,
-                                                     priorColor, bufferFill, alpha, finalColor));
-}
-
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetBackgroundColor_BufferQueue_BufferFill_PriorColor_Basic) {
-    bool priorColor = true;
-    bool bufferFill = true;
-    float alpha = 1.0f;
-    Color finalColor = Color::RED;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBackgroundColorHelper(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue,
-                                                     priorColor, bufferFill, alpha, finalColor));
-}
-
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest,
-       SetBackgroundColor_BufferQueue_NoBufferFill_PriorColor_Basic) {
-    bool priorColor = true;
-    bool bufferFill = false;
-    float alpha = 1.0f;
-    Color finalColor = Color::GREEN;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setBackgroundColorHelper(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue,
-                                                     priorColor, bufferFill, alpha, finalColor));
-}
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest,
        SetBackgroundColor_BufferQueue_NoPriorColor_ZeroAlpha_NoEffect) {
     bool priorColor = false;
     bool bufferFill = false;
@@ -901,29 +816,6 @@
     shot->expectColor(get8x8Rect(2 * unit, 3 * unit), Color::WHITE);
 }
 
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetMatrixWithResize_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 32, 32));
-
-    // setMatrix is applied after any pending resize, unlike setPosition
-    Transaction().setMatrix(layer, 2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f).setSize(layer, 64, 64).apply();
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize pending");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        const Rect rect(0, 0, 32, 32);
-        shot->expectColor(rect, Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(rect, Color::BLACK);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 64, 64));
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize applied");
-        const Rect rect(0, 0, 128, 128);
-        getScreenCapture()->expectColor(rect, Color::RED);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetCropBasic_BufferQueue) {
     sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
@@ -1076,29 +968,6 @@
     shot->expectBorder(Rect(16, 16, 48, 48), Color::BLACK);
 }
 
-TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetCropWithResize_BufferQueue) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 32, 32));
-
-    // setCrop is applied immediately by default, with or without resize pending
-    Transaction().setCrop(layer, Rect(8, 8, 24, 24)).setSize(layer, 16, 16).apply();
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize pending");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(8, 8, 24, 24), Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(Rect(8, 8, 24, 24), Color::BLACK);
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 16, 16));
-    {
-        SCOPED_TRACE("resize applied");
-        auto shot = getScreenCapture();
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(8, 8, 16, 16), Color::RED);
-        shot->expectBorder(Rect(8, 8, 16, 16), Color::BLACK);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_P(LayerRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetFrameBasic_BufferState) {
     sp<SurfaceControl> layer;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
index edf55ea..2828d61 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
@@ -51,14 +51,9 @@
         LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransactionTests, LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransactionTest,
         ::testing::Combine(
                 ::testing::Values(
-                        static_cast<uint32_t>(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue),
                         static_cast<uint32_t>(ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState)),
                 ::testing::Values(RenderPath::VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, RenderPath::SCREENSHOT)));
 
-TEST_P(LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetSizeInvalid) {
-    // cannot test robustness against invalid sizes (zero or really huge)
-}
-
 TEST_P(LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransactionTest, SetZBasic) {
     sp<SurfaceControl> layerR;
     sp<SurfaceControl> layerG;
@@ -324,7 +319,6 @@
             .setLayer(blurLayer, mLayerZBase + 3)
             .setBackgroundBlurRadius(blurLayer, blurRadius)
             .setCrop(blurLayer, blurRect)
-            .setSize(blurLayer, blurRect.getWidth(), blurRect.getHeight())
             .setAlpha(blurLayer, 0.0f)
             .apply();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
index adb5d58..ee4d367 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
@@ -127,15 +127,7 @@
         TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
         waitForPostedBuffers();
     }
-    void restoreInitialState() {
-        asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 64, 64);
-            t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 64, 64);
-            t.setCrop(mFGSurfaceControl, Rect(0, 0, 64, 64));
-        });
 
-        EXPECT_INITIAL_STATE("After restoring initial state");
-    }
     std::unique_ptr<ScreenCapture> sc;
 };
 
@@ -462,191 +454,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, ChildrenInheritNonTransformScalingFromParent) {
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        t.show(mChild);
-        t.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-        t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-    });
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        // We've positioned the child in the top left.
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        // But it's only 10x15.
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(10, 15);
-    }
-
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface()->setScalingMode(
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW);
-        // Resubmit buffer with new scaling mode
-        TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-        // We cause scaling by 2.
-        t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 128);
-    });
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        // We've positioned the child in the top left.
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(10, 10);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(19, 29);
-        // And now it should be scaled all the way to 20x30
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(20, 30);
-    }
-}
-
-// Regression test for b/37673612
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, ChildrenWithParentBufferTransform) {
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        t.show(mChild);
-        t.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-        t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-    });
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        // We've positioned the child in the top left.
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(9, 14);
-        // But it's only 10x15.
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(10, 15);
-    }
-    // We set things up as in b/37673612 so that there is a mismatch between the buffer size and
-    // the WM specified state size.
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) { t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 64); });
-    sp<Surface> s = mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-    auto anw = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(s.get());
-    native_window_set_buffers_transform(anw, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_90);
-    native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(anw, 64, 128);
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-    waitForPostedBuffers();
-
-    {
-        // The child should still be in the same place and not have any strange scaling as in
-        // b/37673612.
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(10, 10);
-    }
-}
-
-// A child with a buffer transform from its parents should be cropped by its parent bounds.
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, ChildCroppedByParentWithBufferTransform) {
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        t.show(mChild);
-        t.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-        t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-        t.setSize(mChild, 100, 100);
-    });
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mChild, 200, 200, 200);
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(63, 63);
-        mCapture->expectBGColor(64, 64);
-    }
-
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) { t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 64); });
-    sp<Surface> s = mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-    auto anw = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(s.get());
-    // Apply a 90 transform on the buffer.
-    native_window_set_buffers_transform(anw, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_90);
-    native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(anw, 64, 128);
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-    waitForPostedBuffers();
-
-    // The child should be cropped by the new parent bounds.
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(99, 63);
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(100, 63);
-        mCapture->expectBGColor(128, 64);
-    }
-}
-
-// A child with a scale transform from its parents should be cropped by its parent bounds.
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, ChildCroppedByParentWithBufferScale) {
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        t.show(mChild);
-        t.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-        t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-        t.setSize(mChild, 200, 200);
-    });
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mChild, 200, 200, 200);
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(63, 63);
-        mCapture->expectBGColor(64, 64);
-    }
-
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface()->setScalingMode(
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW);
-        // Resubmit buffer with new scaling mode
-        TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-        // Set a scaling by 2.
-        t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 128);
-    });
-
-    // Child should inherit its parents scale but should be cropped by its parent bounds.
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(127, 127);
-        mCapture->expectBGColor(128, 128);
-    }
-}
-
-// Regression test for b/127368943
-// Child should ignore the buffer transform but apply parent scale transform.
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, ChildrenWithParentBufferTransformAndScale) {
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        t.show(mChild);
-        t.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-        t.setPosition(mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-    });
-
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(9, 14);
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(10, 15);
-    }
-
-    // Change the size of the foreground to 128 * 64 so we can test rotation as well.
-    asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-        mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface()->setScalingMode(
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_SCALE_TO_WINDOW);
-        // Resubmit buffer with new scaling mode
-        TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-        t.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 64);
-    });
-    sp<Surface> s = mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-    auto anw = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(s.get());
-    // Apply a 90 transform on the buffer and submit a buffer half the expected size so that we
-    // have an effective scale of 2.0 applied to the buffer along with a rotation transform.
-    native_window_set_buffers_transform(anw, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_90);
-    native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(anw, 32, 64);
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
-    waitForPostedBuffers();
-
-    // The child should ignore the buffer transform but apply the 2.0 scale from parent.
-    {
-        mCapture = screenshot();
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(0, 0);
-        mCapture->expectChildColor(19, 29);
-        mCapture->expectFGColor(20, 30);
-    }
-}
-
 TEST_F(ChildLayerTest, Reparent) {
     asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
         t.show(mChild);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
index b0753c8..2e9c10c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
@@ -350,7 +350,10 @@
 
 TEST_F(ScreenCaptureTest, CaptureBufferLayerWithoutBufferFails) {
     sp<SurfaceControl> child = createSurface(mClient, "Child surface", 10, 10,
-                                             PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0, mFGSurfaceControl.get());
+                                             PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                             ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState,
+                                             mFGSurfaceControl.get());
+
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction().show(child).apply(true);
     sp<GraphicBuffer> outBuffer;
 
@@ -361,7 +364,7 @@
     ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
     ASSERT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, ScreenCapture::captureLayers(args, captureResults));
 
-    TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(child, Color::RED);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(child, Color::RED, 32, 32));
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction().apply(true);
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, ScreenCapture::captureLayers(args, captureResults));
     ScreenCapture sc(captureResults.buffer);
@@ -432,12 +435,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(ScreenCaptureTest, CaptureCrop) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer = createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60, 0);
+    sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer = createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60,
+                                              ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
     sp<SurfaceControl> blueLayer = createSurface(mClient, "Blue surface", 30, 30,
-                                                 PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0, redLayer.get());
+                                                 PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                 ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState,
+                                                 redLayer.get());
 
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(blueLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(blueLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
 
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction()
             .setLayer(redLayer, INT32_MAX - 1)
@@ -464,12 +470,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(ScreenCaptureTest, CaptureSize) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer = createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60, 0);
+  sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer =
+      createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60, ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
     sp<SurfaceControl> blueLayer = createSurface(mClient, "Blue surface", 30, 30,
-                                                 PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0, redLayer.get());
+                                                 PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                 ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState,
+                                                 redLayer.get());
 
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(blueLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(blueLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
 
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction()
             .setLayer(redLayer, INT32_MAX - 1)
@@ -489,6 +498,7 @@
 
     captureArgs.frameScaleX = 0.5f;
     captureArgs.frameScaleY = 0.5f;
+    sleep(1);
 
     ScreenCapture::captureLayers(&mCapture, captureArgs);
     // Capturing the downsized area (30x30) should leave both red and blue but in a smaller area.
@@ -519,14 +529,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(ScreenCaptureTest, CaputureSecureLayer) {
-    sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer = createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60, 0);
+    sp<SurfaceControl> redLayer = createLayer(String8("Red surface"), 60, 60,
+                                              ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
     sp<SurfaceControl> secureLayer =
             createLayer(String8("Secure surface"), 30, 30,
                         ISurfaceComposerClient::eSecure |
-                                ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferQueue,
+                                ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState,
                         redLayer.get());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferQueueLayerColor(secureLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(redLayer, Color::RED, 60, 60));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillBufferStateLayerColor(secureLayer, Color::BLUE, 30, 30));
 
     auto redLayerHandle = redLayer->getHandle();
     Transaction()
@@ -874,4 +885,4 @@
 } // namespace android
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
\ No newline at end of file
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
index af23e2a..ee4e863 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
@@ -921,11 +921,6 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayDeletion));
 }
 
-TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptBufferUpdateWorks) {
-    captureTest(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::nBufferUpdates,
-            &SurfaceInterceptorTest::bufferUpdatesFound);
-}
-
 // If the interceptor is enabled while buffer updates are being pushed, the interceptor should
 // first create a snapshot of the existing displays and surfaces and then start capturing
 // the buffer updates
@@ -941,26 +936,6 @@
     const auto& firstIncrement = capturedTrace.mutable_increment(0);
     ASSERT_EQ(firstIncrement->increment_case(), Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayCreation);
 }
-
-TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptSimultaneousUpdatesWorks) {
-    enableInterceptor();
-    setupBackgroundSurface();
-    std::thread bufferUpdates(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::nBufferUpdates, this);
-    std::thread surfaceUpdates(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::runAllUpdates, this);
-    runInTransaction(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceCreation);
-    bufferUpdates.join();
-    surfaceUpdates.join();
-    disableInterceptor();
-
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    preProcessTrace(capturedTrace);
-
-    assertAllUpdatesFound(capturedTrace);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(bufferUpdatesFound(capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceCreation));
 }
-}
-
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
index eb31e2e..162711d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
@@ -1293,31 +1293,6 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(frame2Ref, sFakeComposer->getFrameRects(2)));
     }
 
-    void Test_LayerResize() {
-        ALOGD("TransactionTest::LayerResize");
-        {
-            TransactionScope ts(*sFakeComposer);
-            ts.setSize(mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 128);
-        }
-
-        fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, GREEN);
-        sFakeComposer->runVSyncAndWait();
-
-        ASSERT_EQ(3, sFakeComposer->getFrameCount()); // Make sure the waits didn't time out and
-                                                      // there's no extra frames.
-
-        auto frame1Ref = mBaseFrame;
-        // NOTE: The resize should not be visible for frame 1 as there's no buffer with new size
-        // posted.
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(frame1Ref, sFakeComposer->getFrameRects(1)));
-
-        auto frame2Ref = frame1Ref;
-        frame2Ref[FG_LAYER].mSwapCount++;
-        frame2Ref[FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{64, 64, 64 + 128, 64 + 128};
-        frame2Ref[FG_LAYER].mSourceCrop = hwc_frect_t{0.f, 0.f, 128.f, 128.f};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(frame2Ref, sFakeComposer->getFrameRects(2)));
-    }
-
     void Test_LayerCrop() {
         // TODO: Add scaling to confirm that crop happens in buffer space?
         {
@@ -1517,10 +1492,6 @@
     Test_LayerMove();
 }
 
-TEST_F(TransactionTest_2_1, DISABLED_LayerResize) {
-    Test_LayerResize();
-}
-
 TEST_F(TransactionTest_2_1, DISABLED_LayerCrop) {
     Test_LayerCrop();
 }
@@ -1690,39 +1661,6 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame2, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
     }
 
-    // Regression test for b/37673612
-    void Test_ChildrenWithParentBufferTransform() {
-        {
-            TransactionScope ts(*Base::sFakeComposer);
-            ts.show(mChild);
-            ts.setPosition(mChild, 0, 0);
-            ts.setPosition(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 0, 0);
-        }
-
-        // We set things up as in b/37673612 so that there is a mismatch between the buffer size and
-        // the WM specified state size.
-        {
-            TransactionScope ts(*Base::sFakeComposer);
-            ts.setSize(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 64);
-        }
-
-        sp<Surface> s = Base::mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-        auto anw = static_cast<ANativeWindow*>(s.get());
-        native_window_set_buffers_transform(anw, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_ROT_90);
-        native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(anw, 64, 128);
-        fillSurfaceRGBA8(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, RED);
-        Base::sFakeComposer->runVSyncAndWait();
-
-        // The child should still be in the same place and not have any strange scaling as in
-        // b/37673612.
-        auto referenceFrame = Base::mBaseFrame;
-        referenceFrame[Base::FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{0, 0, 128, 64};
-        referenceFrame[Base::FG_LAYER].mSourceCrop = hwc_frect_t{0.f, 0.f, 64.f, 128.f};
-        referenceFrame[Base::FG_LAYER].mSwapCount++;
-        referenceFrame[CHILD_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{0, 0, 10, 10};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
-    }
-
     sp<SurfaceControl> mChild;
 };
 
@@ -1748,11 +1686,6 @@
     Test_LayerAlpha();
 }
 
-// Regression test for b/37673612
-TEST_F(ChildLayerTest_2_1, DISABLED_ChildrenWithParentBufferTransform) {
-    Test_ChildrenWithParentBufferTransform();
-}
-
 template <typename FakeComposerService>
 class ChildColorLayerTest : public ChildLayerTest<FakeComposerService> {
     using Base = ChildLayerTest<FakeComposerService>;
@@ -1842,91 +1775,6 @@
 TEST_F(ChildColorLayerTest_2_1, DISABLED_LayerZeroAlpha) {
     Test_LayerZeroAlpha();
 }
-
-template <typename FakeComposerService>
-class LatchingTest : public TransactionTest<FakeComposerService> {
-    using Base = TransactionTest<FakeComposerService>;
-
-protected:
-    void lockAndFillFGBuffer() { fillSurfaceRGBA8(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, RED, false); }
-
-    void unlockFGBuffer() {
-        sp<Surface> s = Base::mFGSurfaceControl->getSurface();
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, s->unlockAndPost());
-        Base::sFakeComposer->runVSyncAndWait();
-    }
-
-    void completeFGResize() {
-        fillSurfaceRGBA8(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, RED);
-        Base::sFakeComposer->runVSyncAndWait();
-    }
-    void restoreInitialState() {
-        TransactionScope ts(*Base::sFakeComposer);
-        ts.setSize(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 64, 64);
-        ts.setPosition(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 64, 64);
-        ts.setCrop(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, Rect(0, 0, 64, 64));
-    }
-
-    void Test_SurfacePositionLatching() {
-        // By default position can be updated even while
-        // a resize is pending.
-        {
-            TransactionScope ts(*Base::sFakeComposer);
-            ts.setSize(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 32, 32);
-            ts.setPosition(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 100, 100);
-        }
-
-        // The size should not have updated as we have not provided a new buffer.
-        auto referenceFrame1 = Base::mBaseFrame;
-        referenceFrame1[Base::FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{100, 100, 100 + 64, 100 + 64};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame1, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
-
-        restoreInitialState();
-
-        completeFGResize();
-
-        auto referenceFrame2 = Base::mBaseFrame;
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{100, 100, 100 + 32, 100 + 32};
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mSourceCrop = hwc_frect_t{0.f, 0.f, 32.f, 32.f};
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mSwapCount++;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame2, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
-    }
-
-    void Test_CropLatching() {
-        // Normally the crop applies immediately even while a resize is pending.
-        {
-            TransactionScope ts(*Base::sFakeComposer);
-            ts.setSize(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, 128, 128);
-            ts.setCrop(Base::mFGSurfaceControl, Rect(0, 0, 63, 63));
-        }
-
-        auto referenceFrame1 = Base::mBaseFrame;
-        referenceFrame1[Base::FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{64, 64, 64 + 63, 64 + 63};
-        referenceFrame1[Base::FG_LAYER].mSourceCrop = hwc_frect_t{0.f, 0.f, 63.f, 63.f};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame1, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
-
-        restoreInitialState();
-
-        completeFGResize();
-
-        auto referenceFrame2 = Base::mBaseFrame;
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mDisplayFrame = hwc_rect_t{64, 64, 64 + 63, 64 + 63};
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mSourceCrop = hwc_frect_t{0.f, 0.f, 63.f, 63.f};
-        referenceFrame2[Base::FG_LAYER].mSwapCount++;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(framesAreSame(referenceFrame2, Base::sFakeComposer->getLatestFrame()));
-    }
-};
-
-using LatchingTest_2_1 = LatchingTest<FakeComposerService_2_1>;
-
-TEST_F(LatchingTest_2_1, DISABLED_SurfacePositionLatching) {
-    Test_SurfacePositionLatching();
-}
-
-TEST_F(LatchingTest_2_1, DISABLED_CropLatching) {
-    Test_CropLatching();
-}
-
 } // namespace
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 4ac096b..88fb811 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@
         "librenderengine",
         "libserviceutils",
         "libtimestats",
+        "libtimestats_atoms_proto",
         "libtimestats_proto",
         "libtrace_proto",
         "perfetto_trace_protos",
@@ -152,14 +153,10 @@
         "libnativewindow",
         "libprocessgroup",
         "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
-        "libprotoutil",
-        "libstatslog",
-        "libstatssocket",
         "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
         "libsync",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
-        "libstatspull",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 4e1c0c7..3042450 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
 
     sp<Fence> mClientTargetAcquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mCaptureScreenBuffer;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mCaptureScreenBuffer;
 };
 
 template <typename LayerCase>
@@ -243,11 +244,15 @@
     // TODO: Eliminate expensive/real allocation if possible.
     const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
             GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
-    mCaptureScreenBuffer = new GraphicBuffer(renderArea->getReqWidth(), renderArea->getReqHeight(),
-                                             HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usage, "screenshot");
+    mCaptureScreenBuffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(renderArea->getReqWidth(),
+                                                             renderArea->getReqHeight(),
+                                                             HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usage,
+                                                             "screenshot"),
+                                           *mRenderEngine, true);
 
     status_t result =
-            mFlinger.renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer.get(),
+            mFlinger.renderScreenImplLocked(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer,
                                             forSystem, regionSampling);
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, result);
 
@@ -340,8 +345,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillRepeatedly([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                                   const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                                   base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                                   const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
+                                   const bool, base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -389,8 +394,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillRepeatedly([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                                   const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                                   base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                                   const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
+                                   const bool, base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -625,8 +630,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                             base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -674,8 +679,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                             base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -751,8 +756,8 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
                 .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                             base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
index cfbb3f5..a1f0588 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 #include "AsyncCallRecorder.h"
 #include "Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
@@ -28,21 +29,22 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace scheduler {
 
+class FakeClock : public OneShotTimer::Clock {
+public:
+    virtual ~FakeClock() = default;
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now() const override { return mNow; }
+
+    void advanceTime(std::chrono::nanoseconds delta) { mNow += delta; }
+
+private:
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point mNow;
+};
+
 class OneShotTimerTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     OneShotTimerTest() = default;
     ~OneShotTimerTest() override = default;
 
-    // This timeout should be used when a 3ms callback is expected.
-    // While the tests typically request a callback after 3ms, the scheduler
-    // does not always cooperate, at it can take significantly longer (observed
-    // 30ms).
-    static constexpr auto waitTimeForExpected3msCallback = 100ms;
-
-    // This timeout should be used when an 3ms callback is not expected.
-    // Note that there can be false-negatives if the callback happens later.
-    static constexpr auto waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback = 6ms;
-
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)()> mResetTimerCallback;
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)()> mExpiredTimerCallback;
 
@@ -56,162 +58,179 @@
 
 namespace {
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, createAndDestroyTest) {
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>(
-            "TestTimer", 3ms, [] {}, [] {});
+            "TestTimer", 3ms, [] {}, [] {}, std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, startStopTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 30ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
-    auto startTime = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    // The idle timer fires after 30ms, so there should be no callback within
-    // 25ms (waiting for a callback for the full 30ms would be problematic).
-    bool callbackCalled = mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(25ms).has_value();
-    // Under ideal conditions there should be no event. But occasionally
-    // it is possible that the wait just prior takes more than 30ms, and
-    // a callback is observed. We check the elapsed time since before the OneShotTimer
-    // thread was started as a sanity check to not have a flakey test.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(callbackCalled && std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - startTime < 30ms);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(25));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
     mIdleTimer->stop();
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, resetTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 20ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
+
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    // Observe any event that happens in about 25ms. We don't care if one was
-    // observed or not.
-    mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(25ms).has_value();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
     mIdleTimer->reset();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    // There may have been a race with the reset. Clear any callbacks we
-    // received right afterwards.
-    clearPendingCallbacks();
-    // A single callback should be generated after 30ms
-    EXPECT_TRUE(
-            mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback + 30ms).has_value());
-    // After one event, it should be idle, and not generate another.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(
-            mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback * 10).has_value());
-    mIdleTimer->stop();
-    // Final quick check that no more callback were observed.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, resetBackToBackTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 20ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->reset();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(1ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->reset();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(1ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->reset();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(1ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->reset();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(1ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
-    // A single callback should be generated after 30ms
-    EXPECT_TRUE(
-            mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback + 30ms).has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+
     mIdleTimer->stop();
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
     // Final quick check that no more callback were observed.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, startNotCalledTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 3ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     // The start hasn't happened, so the callback does not happen.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
     mIdleTimer->stop();
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
     // Final quick check that no more callback were observed.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, idleTimerIdlesTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 3ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
 
-    // A callback should be generated after 3ms
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback).has_value());
-    // After one event, it should be idle, and not generate another.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
-    // Once reset, it should generate another
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+
     mIdleTimer->reset();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
     mIdleTimer->stop();
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
     // Final quick check that no more callback were observed.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall(0ms).has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, timeoutCallbackExecutionTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 3ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback).has_value());
+
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
     mIdleTimer->stop();
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, noCallbacksAfterStopAndResetTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 3ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForExpected3msCallback).has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->stop();
-    clearPendingCallbacks();
     mIdleTimer->reset();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, noCallbacksAfterStopTest) {
-    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 3ms,
+    FakeClock* clock = new FakeClock();
+    mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
-                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable());
+                                                           mExpiredTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
+                                                           std::unique_ptr<FakeClock>(clock));
     mIdleTimer->start();
     EXPECT_TRUE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 
     mIdleTimer->stop();
-    clearPendingCallbacks();
     mIdleTimer->reset();
 
+    clock->advanceTime(2ms);
     // No more idle events should be observed
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForCall(waitTimeForUnexpected3msCallback).has_value());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mExpiredTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 63baf7d..d004b9d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@
 
     auto renderScreenImplLocked(const RenderArea& renderArea,
                                 SurfaceFlinger::TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool forSystem,
-                                bool regionSampling) {
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                                bool forSystem, bool regionSampling) {
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
         return mFlinger->renderScreenImplLocked(renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer, forSystem,
                                                 regionSampling, false /* grayscale */,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
index c1f0c4e..4e73cbc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
 #include <TimeStats/TimeStats.h>
-#include <android/util/ProtoOutputStream.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <timestatsatomsproto/TimeStatsAtomsProtoHeader.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 
@@ -156,44 +156,8 @@
     }
 
     std::mt19937 mRandomEngine = std::mt19937(std::random_device()());
-
-    class FakeStatsEventDelegate : public impl::TimeStats::StatsEventDelegate {
-    public:
-        FakeStatsEventDelegate() = default;
-        ~FakeStatsEventDelegate() override = default;
-
-        struct AStatsEvent* addStatsEventToPullData(AStatsEventList*) override {
-            return mEvent;
-        }
-        void setStatsPullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag, AStatsManager_PullAtomMetadata*,
-                                      AStatsManager_PullAtomCallback callback,
-                                      void* cookie) override {
-            mAtomTags.push_back(atom_tag);
-            mCallback = callback;
-            mCookie = cookie;
-        }
-
-        AStatsManager_PullAtomCallbackReturn makePullAtomCallback(int32_t atom_tag, void* cookie) {
-            return (*mCallback)(atom_tag, nullptr, cookie);
-        }
-
-        MOCK_METHOD1(clearStatsPullAtomCallback, void(int32_t));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(statsEventSetAtomId, void(AStatsEvent*, uint32_t));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(statsEventWriteInt32, void(AStatsEvent*, int32_t));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(statsEventWriteInt64, void(AStatsEvent*, int64_t));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(statsEventWriteString8, void(AStatsEvent*, const char*));
-        MOCK_METHOD3(statsEventWriteByteArray, void(AStatsEvent*, const uint8_t*, size_t));
-        MOCK_METHOD1(statsEventBuild, void(AStatsEvent*));
-
-        AStatsEvent* mEvent = AStatsEvent_obtain();
-        std::vector<int32_t> mAtomTags;
-        AStatsManager_PullAtomCallback mCallback = nullptr;
-        void* mCookie = nullptr;
-    };
-    FakeStatsEventDelegate* mDelegate = new FakeStatsEventDelegate;
     std::unique_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats =
-            std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(std::unique_ptr<FakeStatsEventDelegate>(mDelegate),
-                                              std::nullopt, std::nullopt);
+            std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(std::nullopt, std::nullopt);
 };
 
 std::string TimeStatsTest::inputCommand(InputCommand cmd, bool useProto) {
@@ -278,21 +242,6 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mTimeStats->isEnabled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, setsCallbacksAfterBoot) {
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-}
-
-TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, clearsCallbacksOnDestruction) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                clearStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                clearStatsPullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    mTimeStats.reset();
-}
-
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canEnableAndDisableTimeStats) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
     ASSERT_TRUE(mTimeStats->isEnabled());
@@ -1012,61 +961,49 @@
 }
 
 namespace {
-std::string buildExpectedHistogramBytestring(const std::vector<int32_t>& times,
-                                             const std::vector<int32_t>& frameCounts) {
-    util::ProtoOutputStream proto;
+FrameTimingHistogram buildExpectedHistogram(const std::vector<int32_t>& times,
+                                            const std::vector<int32_t>& frameCounts) {
+    FrameTimingHistogram histogram;
     for (int i = 0; i < times.size(); i++) {
         ALOGE("Writing time: %d", times[i]);
-        proto.write(util::FIELD_TYPE_INT32 | util::FIELD_COUNT_REPEATED | 1 /* field id */,
-                    (int32_t)times[i]);
+        histogram.add_time_millis_buckets(times[i]);
         ALOGE("Writing count: %d", frameCounts[i]);
-        proto.write(util::FIELD_TYPE_INT64 | util::FIELD_COUNT_REPEATED | 2 /* field id */,
-                    (int64_t)frameCounts[i]);
+        histogram.add_frame_counts((int64_t)frameCounts[i]);
     }
-    std::string byteString;
-    proto.serializeToString(&byteString);
-    return byteString;
+    return histogram;
 }
-
-std::string frameRateVoteToProtoByteString(
-        float refreshRate,
-        TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::FrameRateCompatibility frameRateCompatibility,
-        TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::Seamlessness seamlessness) {
-    util::ProtoOutputStream proto;
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_FLOAT | 1 /* field id */, refreshRate);
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_ENUM | 2 /* field id */,
-                static_cast<int>(frameRateCompatibility));
-    proto.write(android::util::FIELD_TYPE_ENUM | 3 /* field id */, static_cast<int>(seamlessness));
-
-    std::string byteString;
-    proto.serializeToString(&byteString);
-    return byteString;
-}
-
-std::string dumpByteStringHex(const std::string& str) {
-    std::stringstream ss;
-    ss << std::hex;
-    for (const char& c : str) {
-        ss << (int)c << " ";
-    }
-
-    return ss.str();
-}
-
 } // namespace
 
-MATCHER_P2(BytesEq, bytes, size, "") {
-    std::string expected;
-    expected.append((const char*)bytes, size);
-    std::string actual;
-    actual.append((const char*)arg, size);
+MATCHER_P(HistogramEq, expected, "") {
+    *result_listener << "Histograms are not equal! \n";
 
-    *result_listener << "Bytes are not equal! \n";
-    *result_listener << "size: " << size << "\n";
-    *result_listener << "expected: " << dumpByteStringHex(expected).c_str() << "\n";
-    *result_listener << "actual: " << dumpByteStringHex(actual).c_str() << "\n";
+    if (arg.time_millis_buckets_size() != expected.time_millis_buckets_size()) {
+        *result_listener << "Time millis bucket are different sizes. Expected: "
+                         << expected.time_millis_buckets_size() << ". Actual "
+                         << arg.time_millis_buckets_size();
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (arg.frame_counts_size() != expected.frame_counts_size()) {
+        *result_listener << "Frame counts are different sizes. Expected: "
+                         << expected.frame_counts_size() << ". Actual " << arg.frame_counts_size();
+        return false;
+    }
 
-    return expected == actual;
+    for (int i = 0; i < expected.time_millis_buckets_size(); i++) {
+        if (arg.time_millis_buckets(i) != expected.time_millis_buckets(i)) {
+            *result_listener << "time_millis_bucket[" << i
+                             << "] is different. Expected: " << expected.time_millis_buckets(i)
+                             << ". Actual: " << arg.time_millis_buckets(i);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (arg.frame_counts(i) != expected.frame_counts(i)) {
+            *result_listener << "frame_counts[" << i
+                             << "] is different. Expected: " << expected.frame_counts(i)
+                             << ". Actual: " << arg.frame_counts(i);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, globalStatsCallback) {
@@ -1075,7 +1012,6 @@
     constexpr size_t CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES = 3;
     constexpr size_t DISPLAY_EVENT_CONNECTIONS = 14;
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < TOTAL_FRAMES; i++) {
@@ -1117,69 +1053,35 @@
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
                                       JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10062 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    std::string expectedFrameDuration = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({2}, {1});
-    std::string expectedRenderEngineTiming = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1, 2}, {1, 1});
-    std::string expectedEmptyHistogram = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({}, {});
-    std::string expectedSfDeadlineMissed = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1}, {7});
-    std::string expectedSfPredictionErrors = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({2}, {7});
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
+    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsGlobalInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
 
-    {
-        InSequence seq;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventSetAtomId(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                        android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, TOTAL_FRAMES));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, MISSED_FRAMES));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, _));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, 2));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, DISPLAY_EVENT_CONNECTIONS));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)expectedFrameDuration.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedFrameDuration.size()),
-                                             expectedFrameDuration.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedRenderEngineTiming.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedRenderEngineTiming.size()),
-                                             expectedRenderEngineTiming.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 8));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 7));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 2));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedSfDeadlineMissed.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedSfDeadlineMissed.size()),
-                                             expectedSfDeadlineMissed.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedSfPredictionErrors.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedSfPredictionErrors.size()),
-                                             expectedSfPredictionErrors.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventBuild(mDelegate->mEvent));
-    }
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_frames(), TOTAL_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.missed_frames(), MISSED_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.client_composition_frames(), CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES);
+    // Display on millis is not checked.
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.animation_millis(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.event_connection_count(), DISPLAY_EVENT_CONNECTIONS);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.frame_duration(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.render_engine_timing(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1, 2}, {1, 1})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_timeline_frames(), 8);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames(), 7);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_app_unattributed(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.display_refresh_rate_bucket(), REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.sf_deadline_misses(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {7})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.sf_prediction_errors(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {7})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.render_rate_bucket(), RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0);
 
     SFTimeStatsGlobalProto globalProto;
     ASSERT_TRUE(globalProto.ParseFromString(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_PROTO)));
@@ -1235,8 +1137,6 @@
     constexpr size_t BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES = 3;
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES; i++) {
         mTimeStats->incrementLatchSkipped(LAYER_ID_0, TimeStats::LatchSkipReason::LateAcquire);
@@ -1270,99 +1170,42 @@
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
                                       JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    std::string expectedPresentToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1}, {1});
-    std::string expectedPostToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({4}, {1});
-    std::string expectedAcquireToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({3}, {1});
-    std::string expectedLatchToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({2}, {1});
-    std::string expectedDesiredToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1}, {1});
-    std::string expectedPostToAcquire = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1}, {1});
-    std::string expectedFrameRateOverride =
-            frameRateVoteToProtoByteString(frameRate60.frameRate,
-                                           frameRate60.frameRateCompatibility,
-                                           frameRate60.seamlessness);
-    std::string expectedAppDeadlineMissed = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({3, 2}, {4, 3});
-    {
-        InSequence seq;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventSetAtomId(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                        android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteString8(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                           StrEq(genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0).c_str())));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, 0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedPresentToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedPresentToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedPresentToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)expectedPostToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedPostToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedPostToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedAcquireToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedAcquireToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedAcquireToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)expectedLatchToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedLatchToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedLatchToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedDesiredToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedDesiredToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedDesiredToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)expectedPostToAcquire.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedPostToAcquire.size()),
-                                             expectedPostToAcquire.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteInt64(mDelegate->mEvent, BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, UID_0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 8));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 7));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 2));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, 1));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteInt32(mDelegate->mEvent, RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedFrameRateOverride.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedFrameRateOverride.size()),
-                                             expectedFrameRateOverride.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedAppDeadlineMissed.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedAppDeadlineMissed.size()),
-                                             expectedAppDeadlineMissed.size()));
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
+    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
 
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventBuild(mDelegate->mEvent));
-    }
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_frames(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.dropped_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.post_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({4}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.acquire_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.latch_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.desired_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.post_to_acquire(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.late_acquire_frames(), LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.bad_desired_present_frames(), BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.uid(), UID_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_timeline_frames(), 8);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames(), 7);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_with_long_cpu(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_with_long_gpu(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_sf_unattributed(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_app_unattributed(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_janky_frames_sf_scheduling(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_jank_frames_sf_prediction_error(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_jank_frames_app_buffer_stuffing(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.display_refresh_rate_bucket(), REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.render_rate_bucket(), RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.set_frame_rate_vote().frame_rate(), testing::FloatEq(frameRate60.frameRate));
+    EXPECT_EQ((int)atom.set_frame_rate_vote().frame_rate_compatibility(),
+              (int)frameRate60.frameRateCompatibility);
+    EXPECT_EQ((int)atom.set_frame_rate_vote().seamlessness(), (int)frameRate60.seamlessness);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.app_deadline_misses(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3, 2}, {4, 3})));
 
     SFTimeStatsGlobalProto globalProto;
     ASSERT_TRUE(globalProto.ParseFromString(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_PROTO)));
@@ -1398,37 +1241,26 @@
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_pullsMultipleLayers) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_1, 1, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_1, 2, 3000000);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                statsEventSetAtomId(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                    android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO))
-            .Times(2);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                statsEventWriteString8(mDelegate->mEvent, StrEq(genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0).c_str())));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                statsEventWriteString8(mDelegate->mEvent, StrEq(genLayerName(LAYER_ID_1).c_str())));
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 2);
+    std::vector<std::string> actualLayerNames = {atomList.atom(0).layer_name(),
+                                                 atomList.atom(1).layer_name()};
+    EXPECT_THAT(actualLayerNames,
+                UnorderedElementsAre(genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_1)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_pullsMultipleBuckets) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 3, 4000000);
@@ -1438,102 +1270,53 @@
     mTimeStats->setPowerMode(PowerMode::ON);
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(std::make_shared<FenceTime>(3000000));
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(std::make_shared<FenceTime>(5000000));
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    std::string expectedPresentToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1, 2}, {2, 1});
-    {
-        InSequence seq;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedPresentToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedPresentToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedPresentToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent, _, _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber());
-    }
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
+
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
+    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1, 2}, {2, 1})));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_limitsHistogramBuckets) {
-    mDelegate = new FakeStatsEventDelegate;
-    mTimeStats =
-            std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(std::unique_ptr<FakeStatsEventDelegate>(mDelegate),
-                                              std::nullopt, 1);
+    mTimeStats = std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(std::nullopt, 1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 3, 4000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 4, 5000000);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    std::string expectedPresentToPresent = buildExpectedHistogramBytestring({1}, {2});
-    {
-        InSequence seq;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                    statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                             BytesEq((const uint8_t*)
-                                                             expectedPresentToPresent.c_str(),
-                                                     expectedPresentToPresent.size()),
-                                             expectedPresentToPresent.size()));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate, statsEventWriteByteArray(mDelegate->mEvent, _, _))
-                .Times(AnyNumber());
-    }
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
+    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {2})));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_limitsLayers) {
-    mDelegate = new FakeStatsEventDelegate;
-    mTimeStats =
-            std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(std::unique_ptr<FakeStatsEventDelegate>(mDelegate), 1,
-                                              std::nullopt);
+    mTimeStats = std::make_unique<impl::TimeStats>(1, std::nullopt);
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    mTimeStats->onBootFinished();
-
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_1, 1, 2000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_1, 2, 3000000);
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_1, 4, 5000000);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDelegate->mAtomTags,
-                UnorderedElementsAre(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
-                                     android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO));
-    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, mDelegate->mCallback);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTimeStats.get(), mDelegate->mCookie);
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                statsEventSetAtomId(mDelegate->mEvent,
-                                    android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO))
-            .Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDelegate,
-                statsEventWriteString8(mDelegate->mEvent, StrEq(genLayerName(LAYER_ID_1).c_str())));
-    EXPECT_EQ(AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS,
-              mDelegate->makePullAtomCallback(android::util::SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO,
-                                              mDelegate->mCookie));
+    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atomList.atom(0).layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_1));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canSurviveMonkey) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index ea1ce47..25001d3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
+    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceFactory;
     client_cache_t mClientCache;
 
@@ -106,9 +109,12 @@
         sp<BufferStateLayer> layer = createBufferStateLayer();
 
         sp<Fence> fence(new Fence());
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         int32_t layerId = layer->getSequence();
-        uint64_t bufferId = buffer->getId();
+        uint64_t bufferId = buffer->getBuffer()->getId();
         uint64_t frameNumber = 5;
         nsecs_t dequeueTime = 10;
         nsecs_t postTime = 20;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index 09a1c2a..b7917aa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
+    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceFactory;
     client_cache_t mClientCache;
 
@@ -119,7 +122,10 @@
         sp<BufferStateLayer> layer = createBufferStateLayer();
         sp<Fence> fence(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
@@ -144,7 +150,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence1(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence1);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer1{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer1 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mCurrentState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -153,7 +162,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence2(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence2);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer2{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer2 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         nsecs_t start = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
@@ -191,8 +203,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
-
+        const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
@@ -217,8 +231,10 @@
         sp<BufferStateLayer> layer = createBufferStateLayer();
         sp<Fence> fence(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
-
+        const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mCurrentState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -247,8 +263,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
-
+        const auto buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 3, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         EXPECT_EQ(2u, layer->mCurrentState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -283,7 +301,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence1(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence1);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer1{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer1 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mCurrentState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -291,7 +312,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence2(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence2);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer2{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer2 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         acquireFence2->signalForTest(12);
@@ -318,7 +342,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence1(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence1);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer1{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer1 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mCurrentState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -327,7 +354,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence2(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence2);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer2{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer2 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         auto dropStartTime1 = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
@@ -339,7 +369,10 @@
 
         sp<Fence> fence3(new Fence());
         auto acquireFence3 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(fence3);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer3{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+        const auto buffer3 = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                                 1, 0),
+                                               mRenderEngine, false);
         auto dropStartTime2 = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer3, fence3, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ 2, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
@@ -379,7 +412,11 @@
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>> bufferlessSurfaceFrames;
         for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += 2) {
             sp<Fence> fence1(new Fence());
-            sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer1{new GraphicBuffer(1, 1, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, 0)};
+            const auto buffer1 = std::make_shared<
+                    renderengine::ExternalTexture>(new GraphicBuffer(1, 1,
+                                                                     HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                     0),
+                                                   mRenderEngine, false);
             layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                              {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
                              nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
index 37b74ed..526a847 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
     TimeStats();
     ~TimeStats() override;
 
-    MOCK_METHOD0(onBootFinished, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD2(onPullAtom, bool(const int, std::string*));
     MOCK_METHOD3(parseArgs, void(bool, const Vector<String16>&, std::string&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(isEnabled, bool());
     MOCK_METHOD0(miniDump, std::string());