diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index 9c01169..07d16f7 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@
       "name": "SurfaceFlinger_test",
       "options": [
         {
-          "include-filter": "*"
-        },
-        {
           // TODO(b/305717998): Deflake and re-enable
           "exclude-filter": "*ChildLayerTest*"
         }
@@ -23,12 +20,7 @@
   ],
   "hwasan-postsubmit": [
     {
-      "name": "SurfaceFlinger_test",
-      "options": [
-        {
-          "include-filter": "*"
-        }
-      ]
+      "name": "SurfaceFlinger_test"
     }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/include/input/Resampler.h b/include/input/Resampler.h
index 47519c2..6d95ca7 100644
--- a/include/input/Resampler.h
+++ b/include/input/Resampler.h
@@ -16,10 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <array>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <ftl/mixins.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 #include <input/RingBuffer.h>
@@ -79,13 +83,127 @@
         PointerCoords coords;
     };
 
+    /**
+     * Container that stores pointers as an associative array, supporting O(1) lookup by pointer id,
+     * as well as forward iteration in the order in which the pointer or pointers were inserted in
+     * the container. PointerMap has a maximum capacity equal to MAX_POINTERS.
+     */
+    class PointerMap {
+    public:
+        struct PointerId : ftl::DefaultConstructible<PointerId, int32_t>,
+                           ftl::Equatable<PointerId> {
+            using DefaultConstructible::DefaultConstructible;
+        };
+
+        /**
+         * Custom iterator to enable use of range-based for loops.
+         */
+        template <typename T>
+        class iterator {
+        public:
+            using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+            using value_type = T;
+            using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+            using pointer = T*;
+            using reference = T&;
+
+            explicit iterator(pointer element) : mElement{element} {}
+
+            friend bool operator==(const iterator& lhs, const iterator& rhs) {
+                return lhs.mElement == rhs.mElement;
+            }
+
+            friend bool operator!=(const iterator& lhs, const iterator& rhs) {
+                return !(lhs == rhs);
+            }
+
+            iterator operator++() {
+                ++mElement;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            reference operator*() const { return *mElement; }
+
+        private:
+            pointer mElement;
+        };
+
+        PointerMap() {
+            idToIndex.fill(std::nullopt);
+            for (Pointer& pointer : pointers) {
+                pointer.properties.clear();
+                pointer.coords.clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Forward iterators to traverse the pointers in `pointers`. The order of the pointers is
+         * determined by the order in which they were inserted (not by id).
+         */
+        iterator<Pointer> begin() { return iterator<Pointer>{&pointers[0]}; }
+
+        iterator<const Pointer> begin() const { return iterator<const Pointer>{&pointers[0]}; }
+
+        iterator<Pointer> end() { return iterator<Pointer>{&pointers[nextPointerIndex]}; }
+
+        iterator<const Pointer> end() const {
+            return iterator<const Pointer>{&pointers[nextPointerIndex]};
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Inserts the given pointer into the PointerMap. Precondition: The current number of
+         * contained pointers must be less than MAX_POINTERS when this function is called. It
+         * fatally logs if the user tries to insert more than MAX_POINTERS, or if pointer id is out
+         * of bounds.
+         */
+        void insert(const Pointer& pointer) {
+            LOG_IF(FATAL, nextPointerIndex >= pointers.size())
+                    << "Cannot insert more than " << MAX_POINTERS << " in PointerMap.";
+            LOG_IF(FATAL, (pointer.properties.id < 0) || (pointer.properties.id > MAX_POINTER_ID))
+                    << "Invalid pointer id.";
+            idToIndex[pointer.properties.id] = std::optional<size_t>{nextPointerIndex};
+            pointers[nextPointerIndex] = pointer;
+            ++nextPointerIndex;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the pointer associated with the provided id if it exists.
+         * Otherwise, std::nullopt is returned.
+         */
+        std::optional<Pointer> find(PointerId id) const {
+            const int32_t idValue = ftl::to_underlying(id);
+            LOG_IF(FATAL, (idValue < 0) || (idValue > MAX_POINTER_ID)) << "Invalid pointer id.";
+            const std::optional<size_t> index = idToIndex[idValue];
+            return index.has_value() ? std::optional{pointers[*index]} : std::nullopt;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        /**
+         * The index at which a pointer is inserted in `pointers`. Likewise, it represents the
+         * number of pointers in PointerMap.
+         */
+        size_t nextPointerIndex{0};
+
+        /**
+         * Sequentially stores pointers. Each pointer's position is determined by the value of
+         * nextPointerIndex at insertion time.
+         */
+        std::array<Pointer, MAX_POINTERS + 1> pointers;
+
+        /**
+         * Maps each pointer id to its associated index in pointers. If no pointer with the id
+         * exists in pointers, the mapped value is std::nullopt.
+         */
+        std::array<std::optional<size_t>, MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> idToIndex;
+    };
+
     struct Sample {
         std::chrono::nanoseconds eventTime;
-        std::vector<Pointer> pointers;
+        PointerMap pointerMap;
 
         std::vector<PointerCoords> asPointerCoords() const {
             std::vector<PointerCoords> pointersCoords;
-            for (const Pointer& pointer : pointers) {
+            for (const Pointer& pointer : pointerMap) {
                 pointersCoords.push_back(pointer.coords);
             }
             return pointersCoords;
@@ -100,13 +218,12 @@
     RingBuffer<Sample> mLatestSamples{/*capacity=*/2};
 
     /**
-     * Latest sample in mLatestSamples after resampling motion event. Used to compare if a pointer
-     * does not move between samples.
+     * Latest sample in mLatestSamples after resampling motion event.
      */
     std::optional<Sample> mLastRealSample;
 
     /**
-     * Latest prediction. Used to overwrite motion event samples if a set of conditions is met.
+     * Latest prediction. That is, the latest extrapolated sample.
      */
     std::optional<Sample> mPreviousPrediction;
 
@@ -134,12 +251,12 @@
     bool canInterpolate(const InputMessage& futureSample) const;
 
     /**
-     * Returns a sample interpolated between the latest sample of mLatestSamples and futureSample,
+     * Returns a sample interpolated between the latest sample of mLatestSamples and futureMessage,
      * if the conditions from canInterpolate are satisfied. Otherwise, returns nullopt.
      * mLatestSamples must have at least one sample when attemptInterpolation is called.
      */
     std::optional<Sample> attemptInterpolation(std::chrono::nanoseconds resampleTime,
-                                               const InputMessage& futureSample) const;
+                                               const InputMessage& futureMessage) const;
 
     /**
      * Checks if there are necessary conditions to extrapolate. That is, there are at least two
@@ -156,7 +273,8 @@
     std::optional<Sample> attemptExtrapolation(std::chrono::nanoseconds resampleTime) const;
 
     /**
-     * Iterates through motion event samples, and calls overwriteStillPointers on each sample.
+     * Iterates through motion event samples, and replaces real coordinates with resampled
+     * coordinates to avoid jerkiness in certain conditions.
      */
     void overwriteMotionEventSamples(MotionEvent& motionEvent) const;
 
@@ -174,4 +292,5 @@
 
     inline static void addSampleToMotionEvent(const Sample& sample, MotionEvent& motionEvent);
 };
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/Resampler.cpp b/libs/input/Resampler.cpp
index e2cc6fb..056db09 100644
--- a/libs/input/Resampler.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Resampler.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <chrono>
+#include <iomanip>
 #include <ostream>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
@@ -37,6 +38,11 @@
         true;
 #endif
 
+/**
+ * Log debug messages about timestamp and coordinates of event resampling.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.LegacyResamplerResampling DEBUG"
+ * (requires restart)
+ */
 bool debugResampling() {
     if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
         static const bool DEBUG_TRANSPORT_RESAMPLING =
@@ -107,46 +113,44 @@
     const size_t latestIndex = numSamples - 1;
     const size_t secondToLatestIndex = (latestIndex > 0) ? (latestIndex - 1) : 0;
     for (size_t sampleIndex = secondToLatestIndex; sampleIndex < numSamples; ++sampleIndex) {
-        std::vector<Pointer> pointers;
-        const size_t numPointers = motionEvent.getPointerCount();
-        for (size_t pointerIndex = 0; pointerIndex < numPointers; ++pointerIndex) {
-            pointers.push_back(Pointer{*(motionEvent.getPointerProperties(pointerIndex)),
-                                       *(motionEvent.getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(pointerIndex,
-                                                                                   sampleIndex))});
+        PointerMap pointerMap;
+        for (size_t pointerIndex = 0; pointerIndex < motionEvent.getPointerCount();
+             ++pointerIndex) {
+            pointerMap.insert(Pointer{*(motionEvent.getPointerProperties(pointerIndex)),
+                                      *(motionEvent.getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(pointerIndex,
+                                                                                  sampleIndex))});
         }
         mLatestSamples.pushBack(
-                Sample{nanoseconds{motionEvent.getHistoricalEventTime(sampleIndex)}, pointers});
+                Sample{nanoseconds{motionEvent.getHistoricalEventTime(sampleIndex)}, pointerMap});
     }
 }
 
 LegacyResampler::Sample LegacyResampler::messageToSample(const InputMessage& message) {
-    std::vector<Pointer> pointers;
+    PointerMap pointerMap;
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < message.body.motion.pointerCount; ++i) {
-        pointers.push_back(Pointer{message.body.motion.pointers[i].properties,
-                                   message.body.motion.pointers[i].coords});
+        pointerMap.insert(Pointer{message.body.motion.pointers[i].properties,
+                                  message.body.motion.pointers[i].coords});
     }
-    return Sample{nanoseconds{message.body.motion.eventTime}, pointers};
+    return Sample{nanoseconds{message.body.motion.eventTime}, pointerMap};
 }
 
 bool LegacyResampler::pointerPropertiesResampleable(const Sample& target, const Sample& auxiliary) {
-    if (target.pointers.size() > auxiliary.pointers.size()) {
-        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
-                << "Not resampled. Auxiliary sample has fewer pointers than target sample.";
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < target.pointers.size(); ++i) {
-        if (target.pointers[i].properties.id != auxiliary.pointers[i].properties.id) {
-            LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Not resampled. Pointer ID mismatch.";
+    for (const Pointer& pointer : target.pointerMap) {
+        const std::optional<Pointer> auxiliaryPointer =
+                auxiliary.pointerMap.find(PointerMap::PointerId{pointer.properties.id});
+        if (!auxiliaryPointer.has_value()) {
+            LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
+                    << "Not resampled. Auxiliary sample does not contain all pointers from target.";
             return false;
         }
-        if (target.pointers[i].properties.toolType != auxiliary.pointers[i].properties.toolType) {
+        if (pointer.properties.toolType != auxiliaryPointer->properties.toolType) {
             LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Not resampled. Pointer ToolType mismatch.";
             return false;
         }
-        if (!canResampleTool(target.pointers[i].properties.toolType)) {
+        if (!canResampleTool(pointer.properties.toolType)) {
             LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
                     << "Not resampled. Cannot resample "
-                    << ftl::enum_string(target.pointers[i].properties.toolType) << " ToolType.";
+                    << ftl::enum_string(pointer.properties.toolType) << " ToolType.";
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -166,35 +170,40 @@
 
     const nanoseconds delta = futureSample.eventTime - pastSample.eventTime;
     if (delta < RESAMPLE_MIN_DELTA) {
-        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Not resampled. Delta is too small: " << delta << "ns.";
+        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
+                << "Not resampled. Delta is too small: " << std::setprecision(3)
+                << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{delta}.count() << "ms";
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 std::optional<LegacyResampler::Sample> LegacyResampler::attemptInterpolation(
-        nanoseconds resampleTime, const InputMessage& futureSample) const {
-    if (!canInterpolate(futureSample)) {
+        nanoseconds resampleTime, const InputMessage& futureMessage) const {
+    if (!canInterpolate(futureMessage)) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
     LOG_IF(FATAL, mLatestSamples.empty())
             << "Not resampled. mLatestSamples must not be empty to interpolate.";
 
     const Sample& pastSample = *(mLatestSamples.end() - 1);
+    const Sample& futureSample = messageToSample(futureMessage);
 
-    const nanoseconds delta =
-            nanoseconds{futureSample.body.motion.eventTime} - pastSample.eventTime;
+    const nanoseconds delta = nanoseconds{futureSample.eventTime} - pastSample.eventTime;
     const float alpha =
-            std::chrono::duration<float, std::milli>(resampleTime - pastSample.eventTime) / delta;
+            std::chrono::duration<float, std::nano>(resampleTime - pastSample.eventTime) / delta;
 
-    std::vector<Pointer> resampledPointers;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < pastSample.pointers.size(); ++i) {
-        const PointerCoords& resampledCoords =
-                calculateResampledCoords(pastSample.pointers[i].coords,
-                                         futureSample.body.motion.pointers[i].coords, alpha);
-        resampledPointers.push_back(Pointer{pastSample.pointers[i].properties, resampledCoords});
+    PointerMap resampledPointerMap;
+    for (const Pointer& pointer : pastSample.pointerMap) {
+        if (std::optional<Pointer> futureSamplePointer =
+                    futureSample.pointerMap.find(PointerMap::PointerId{pointer.properties.id});
+            futureSamplePointer.has_value()) {
+            const PointerCoords& resampledCoords =
+                    calculateResampledCoords(pointer.coords, futureSamplePointer->coords, alpha);
+            resampledPointerMap.insert(Pointer{pointer.properties, resampledCoords});
+        }
     }
-    return Sample{resampleTime, resampledPointers};
+    return Sample{resampleTime, resampledPointerMap};
 }
 
 bool LegacyResampler::canExtrapolate() const {
@@ -212,10 +221,14 @@
 
     const nanoseconds delta = presentSample.eventTime - pastSample.eventTime;
     if (delta < RESAMPLE_MIN_DELTA) {
-        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Not resampled. Delta is too small: " << delta << "ns.";
+        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
+                << "Not resampled. Delta is too small: " << std::setprecision(3)
+                << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{delta}.count() << "ms";
         return false;
     } else if (delta > RESAMPLE_MAX_DELTA) {
-        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Not resampled. Delta is too large: " << delta << "ns.";
+        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
+                << "Not resampled. Delta is too large: " << std::setprecision(3)
+                << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{delta}.count() << "ms";
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -241,20 +254,28 @@
             (resampleTime > farthestPrediction) ? (farthestPrediction) : (resampleTime);
     LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling() && newResampleTime == farthestPrediction)
             << "Resample time is too far in the future. Adjusting prediction from "
-            << (resampleTime - presentSample.eventTime) << " to "
-            << (farthestPrediction - presentSample.eventTime) << "ns.";
+            << std::setprecision(3)
+            << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{resampleTime - presentSample.eventTime}
+                       .count()
+            << "ms to "
+            << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{farthestPrediction -
+                                                         presentSample.eventTime}
+                       .count()
+            << "ms";
     const float alpha =
-            std::chrono::duration<float, std::milli>(newResampleTime - pastSample.eventTime) /
-            delta;
+            std::chrono::duration<float, std::nano>(newResampleTime - pastSample.eventTime) / delta;
 
-    std::vector<Pointer> resampledPointers;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < presentSample.pointers.size(); ++i) {
-        const PointerCoords& resampledCoords =
-                calculateResampledCoords(pastSample.pointers[i].coords,
-                                         presentSample.pointers[i].coords, alpha);
-        resampledPointers.push_back(Pointer{presentSample.pointers[i].properties, resampledCoords});
+    PointerMap resampledPointerMap;
+    for (const Pointer& pointer : presentSample.pointerMap) {
+        if (std::optional<Pointer> pastSamplePointer =
+                    pastSample.pointerMap.find(PointerMap::PointerId{pointer.properties.id});
+            pastSamplePointer.has_value()) {
+            const PointerCoords& resampledCoords =
+                    calculateResampledCoords(pastSamplePointer->coords, pointer.coords, alpha);
+            resampledPointerMap.insert(Pointer{pointer.properties, resampledCoords});
+        }
     }
-    return Sample{newResampleTime, resampledPointers};
+    return Sample{newResampleTime, resampledPointerMap};
 }
 
 inline void LegacyResampler::addSampleToMotionEvent(const Sample& sample,
@@ -267,6 +288,12 @@
     return RESAMPLE_LATENCY;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The resampler is unaware of ACTION_DOWN. Thus, it needs to constantly check for pointer IDs
+ * occurrences. This problem could be fixed if the resampler has access to the entire stream of
+ * MotionEvent actions. That way, both ACTION_DOWN and ACTION_UP will be visible; therefore,
+ * facilitating pointer tracking between samples.
+ */
 void LegacyResampler::overwriteMotionEventSamples(MotionEvent& motionEvent) const {
     const size_t numSamples = motionEvent.getHistorySize() + 1;
     for (size_t sampleIndex = 0; sampleIndex < numSamples; ++sampleIndex) {
@@ -276,34 +303,59 @@
 }
 
 void LegacyResampler::overwriteStillPointers(MotionEvent& motionEvent, size_t sampleIndex) const {
+    if (!mLastRealSample.has_value() || !mPreviousPrediction.has_value()) {
+        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Still pointers not overwritten. Not enough data.";
+        return;
+    }
     for (size_t pointerIndex = 0; pointerIndex < motionEvent.getPointerCount(); ++pointerIndex) {
+        const std::optional<Pointer> lastRealPointer = mLastRealSample->pointerMap.find(
+                PointerMap::PointerId{motionEvent.getPointerId(pointerIndex)});
+        const std::optional<Pointer> previousPointer = mPreviousPrediction->pointerMap.find(
+                PointerMap::PointerId{motionEvent.getPointerId(pointerIndex)});
+        // This could happen because resampler only receives ACTION_MOVE events.
+        if (!lastRealPointer.has_value() || !previousPointer.has_value()) {
+            continue;
+        }
         const PointerCoords& pointerCoords =
                 *(motionEvent.getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(pointerIndex, sampleIndex));
-        if (equalXY(mLastRealSample->pointers[pointerIndex].coords, pointerCoords)) {
+        if (equalXY(pointerCoords, lastRealPointer->coords)) {
             LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
                     << "Pointer ID: " << motionEvent.getPointerId(pointerIndex)
                     << " did not move. Overwriting its coordinates from " << pointerCoords << " to "
-                    << mLastRealSample->pointers[pointerIndex].coords;
+                    << previousPointer->coords;
             setMotionEventPointerCoords(motionEvent, sampleIndex, pointerIndex,
-                                        mPreviousPrediction->pointers[pointerIndex].coords);
+                                        previousPointer->coords);
         }
     }
 }
 
 void LegacyResampler::overwriteOldPointers(MotionEvent& motionEvent, size_t sampleIndex) const {
     if (!mPreviousPrediction.has_value()) {
+        LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling()) << "Old sample not overwritten. Not enough data.";
         return;
     }
     if (nanoseconds{motionEvent.getHistoricalEventTime(sampleIndex)} <
         mPreviousPrediction->eventTime) {
         LOG_IF(INFO, debugResampling())
                 << "Motion event sample older than predicted sample. Overwriting event time from "
-                << motionEvent.getHistoricalEventTime(sampleIndex) << "ns to "
-                << mPreviousPrediction->eventTime.count() << "ns.";
+                << std::setprecision(3)
+                << std::chrono::duration<double,
+                                         std::milli>{nanoseconds{motionEvent.getHistoricalEventTime(
+                                                             sampleIndex)}}
+                           .count()
+                << "ms to "
+                << std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>{mPreviousPrediction->eventTime}.count()
+                << "ms";
         for (size_t pointerIndex = 0; pointerIndex < motionEvent.getPointerCount();
              ++pointerIndex) {
+            const std::optional<Pointer> previousPointer = mPreviousPrediction->pointerMap.find(
+                    PointerMap::PointerId{motionEvent.getPointerId(pointerIndex)});
+            // This could happen because resampler only receives ACTION_MOVE events.
+            if (!previousPointer.has_value()) {
+                continue;
+            }
             setMotionEventPointerCoords(motionEvent, sampleIndex, pointerIndex,
-                                        mPreviousPrediction->pointers[pointerIndex].coords);
+                                        previousPointer->coords);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -333,6 +385,7 @@
             mPreviousPrediction = sample;
         }
     }
+    LOG_IF(FATAL, mLatestSamples.empty()) << "mLatestSamples must contain at least one sample.";
     mLastRealSample = *(mLatestSamples.end() - 1);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/Resampler_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/Resampler_test.cpp
index fae8518..3162b77 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/Resampler_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/Resampler_test.cpp
@@ -648,7 +648,15 @@
 
     mResampler->resampleMotionEvent(16ms, motionEvent, &futureSample);
 
-    assertMotionEventIsNotResampled(originalMotionEvent, motionEvent);
+    assertMotionEventIsResampledAndCoordsNear(originalMotionEvent, motionEvent,
+                                              {Pointer{.id = 0,
+                                                       .x = 1.4f,
+                                                       .y = 1.4f,
+                                                       .isResampled = true},
+                                               Pointer{.id = 1,
+                                                       .x = 2.4f,
+                                                       .y = 2.4f,
+                                                       .isResampled = true}});
 }
 
 TEST_F(ResamplerTest, MultiplePointerDifferentIdOrderExtrapolation) {
@@ -670,7 +678,15 @@
 
     mResampler->resampleMotionEvent(16ms, secondMotionEvent, /*futureSample=*/nullptr);
 
-    assertMotionEventIsNotResampled(secondOriginalMotionEvent, secondMotionEvent);
+    assertMotionEventIsResampledAndCoordsNear(secondOriginalMotionEvent, secondMotionEvent,
+                                              {Pointer{.id = 1,
+                                                       .x = 4.4f,
+                                                       .y = 4.4f,
+                                                       .isResampled = true},
+                                               Pointer{.id = 0,
+                                                       .x = 3.4f,
+                                                       .y = 3.4f,
+                                                       .isResampled = true}});
 }
 
 TEST_F(ResamplerTest, MultiplePointerDifferentIdsInterpolation) {
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
index f19b908..a1d986e 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,13 @@
         Self(buffer)
     }
 
-    /// Get the internal |AHardwareBuffer| pointer without decrementing the refcount. This can
+    /// Get the internal `AHardwareBuffer` pointer that is only valid when this `HardwareBuffer`
+    /// exists. This can be used to provide a pointer to the AHB for a C/C++ API over the FFI.
+    pub fn as_raw(&self) -> NonNull<AHardwareBuffer> {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    /// Get the internal `AHardwareBuffer` pointer without decrementing the refcount. This can
     /// be used to provide a pointer to the AHB for a C/C++ API over the FFI.
     pub fn into_raw(self) -> NonNull<AHardwareBuffer> {
         let buffer = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
index 585f61a..a433a72 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
@@ -243,11 +243,16 @@
     mHidUsageAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
     switch (rawEvent.type) {
         case EV_KEY: {
-            int32_t scanCode = rawEvent.code;
+            // Skip processing repeated keys (value == 2) since auto repeat is handled by Android
+            // internally.
+            if (rawEvent.value == 2) {
+                break;
+            }
 
+            const int32_t scanCode = rawEvent.code;
             if (isSupportedScanCode(scanCode)) {
-                out += processKey(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime, rawEvent.value != 0,
-                                  scanCode, mHidUsageAccumulator.consumeCurrentHidUsage());
+                out += processKey(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime, rawEvent.value != 0, scanCode,
+                                  mHidUsageAccumulator.consumeCurrentHidUsage());
             }
             break;
         }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
index 88c25d3..bcc6062 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
@@ -20,16 +20,19 @@
 
 #include "InputMapperTest.h"
 #include "InterfaceMocks.h"
+#include "TestEventMatchers.h"
 
 #define TAG "KeyboardInputMapper_test"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
+using testing::AllOf;
 using testing::Args;
 using testing::DoAll;
 using testing::Return;
 using testing::SetArgPointee;
+using testing::VariantWith;
 
 /**
  * Unit tests for KeyboardInputMapper.
@@ -86,4 +89,24 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, RepeatEventsDiscarded) {
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args;
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_0, 1);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_0, 2);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_0, 0);
+    args += process(ARBITRARY_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyKeyArgs>(AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                                             WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_0),
+                                                             WithScanCode(KEY_0))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyKeyArgs>(AllOf(WithKeyAction(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                                             WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_0),
+                                                             WithScanCode(KEY_0)))));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
index 6fa3365..f58d8fd 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
@@ -540,6 +540,34 @@
     return WithKeyCodeMatcher(keyCode);
 }
 
+/// Scan code
+class WithScanCodeMatcher {
+public:
+    using is_gtest_matcher = void;
+    explicit WithScanCodeMatcher(int32_t scanCode) : mScanCode(scanCode) {}
+
+    bool MatchAndExplain(const NotifyKeyArgs& args, std::ostream*) const {
+        return mScanCode == args.scanCode;
+    }
+
+    bool MatchAndExplain(const KeyEvent& event, std::ostream*) const {
+        return mScanCode == event.getKeyCode();
+    }
+
+    void DescribeTo(std::ostream* os) const {
+        *os << "with scan code " << KeyEvent::getLabel(mScanCode);
+    }
+
+    void DescribeNegationTo(std::ostream* os) const { *os << "wrong scan code"; }
+
+private:
+    const int32_t mScanCode;
+};
+
+inline WithScanCodeMatcher WithScanCode(int32_t scanCode) {
+    return WithScanCodeMatcher(scanCode);
+}
+
 /// EventId
 class WithEventIdMatcher {
 public:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index ab9014e..eca8df2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -722,13 +722,17 @@
             const bool inPrimaryPhysicalRange =
                     policy->primaryRanges.physical.includes(modePtr->getPeakFps());
             const bool inPrimaryRenderRange = policy->primaryRanges.render.includes(fps);
-            if (((policy->primaryRangeIsSingleRate() && !inPrimaryPhysicalRange) ||
+            if (!mIsVrrDevice.load() &&
+                ((policy->primaryRangeIsSingleRate() && !inPrimaryPhysicalRange) ||
                  !inPrimaryRenderRange) &&
                 !(layer.focused &&
                   (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault ||
                    layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact))) {
                 // Only focused layers with ExplicitDefault frame rate settings are allowed to score
                 // refresh rates outside the primary range.
+                ALOGV("%s ignores %s (primaryRangeIsSingleRate). Current mode = %s",
+                      formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(), to_string(*modePtr).c_str(),
+                      to_string(activeMode).c_str());
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -852,7 +856,8 @@
                                    to_string(descending.front().frameRateMode.fps).c_str());
             return {descending, kNoSignals};
         } else {
-            ALOGV("primaryRangeIsSingleRate");
+            ALOGV("%s (primaryRangeIsSingleRate)",
+                  to_string(ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps).c_str());
             SFTRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s (primaryRangeIsSingleRate)",
                                    to_string(ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps).c_str());
             return {ranking, kNoSignals};
@@ -932,6 +937,8 @@
             using LayerVoteType = RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType;
 
             if (layer->vote == LayerVoteType::Max || layer->vote == LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
+                ALOGV("%s: %s skips uid=%d due to the vote", __func__,
+                      formatLayerInfo(*layer, layer->weight).c_str(), layer->ownerUid);
                 skipUid = true;
                 break;
             }
@@ -1014,12 +1021,14 @@
 
         // Layers with ExplicitExactOrMultiple expect touch boost
         if (globalSignals.touch && hasExplicitExactOrMultiple) {
+            ALOGV("%s: Skipping for touch (input signal): uid=%d", __func__, uid);
             continue;
         }
 
         // Mirrors getRankedFrameRates. If there is no ExplicitDefault, expect touch boost and
         // skip frame rate override.
         if (hasHighHint && !hasExplicitDefault) {
+            ALOGV("%s: Skipping for touch (HighHint): uid=%d", __func__, uid);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1043,6 +1052,9 @@
                 constexpr bool isSeamlessSwitch = true;
                 const auto layerScore = calculateLayerScoreLocked(*layer, fps, isSeamlessSwitch);
                 score += layer->weight * layerScore;
+                ALOGV("%s: %s gives %s fps score of %.4f", __func__,
+                      formatLayerInfo(*layer, layer->weight).c_str(), to_string(fps).c_str(),
+                      layerScore);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1297,6 +1309,8 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!activeModeOpt);
     mActiveModeOpt = FrameRateMode{activeModeOpt->get()->getPeakFps(),
                                    ftl::as_non_null(activeModeOpt->get())};
+    mIsVrrDevice = FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() &&
+            activeModeOpt->get()->getVrrConfig().has_value();
 
     const auto sortedModes = sortByRefreshRate(mDisplayModes);
     mMinRefreshRateModeIt = sortedModes.front();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
index adbd868..29e1c21 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
@@ -308,6 +308,42 @@
                     << " category=" << ftl::enum_string(testCase.frameRateCategory);
         }
     }
+
+    template <class T>
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> createLayers(const std::initializer_list<T>& surfaceVotes) {
+        std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers;
+        for (auto surfaceVote : surfaceVotes) {
+            ALOGI("**** %s: Adding layers for %s: (desiredFrameRate=%s, voteType=%s), "
+                  "(frameRateCategory=%s)",
+                  __func__, surfaceVote.name.c_str(),
+                  to_string(surfaceVote.desiredFrameRate).c_str(),
+                  ftl::enum_string(surfaceVote.voteType).c_str(),
+                  ftl::enum_string(surfaceVote.frameRateCategory).c_str());
+
+            if (surfaceVote.desiredFrameRate.isValid()) {
+                std::stringstream ss;
+                ss << surfaceVote.name << " (" << surfaceVote.weight << "): ExplicitDefault ("
+                   << to_string(surfaceVote.desiredFrameRate) << ")";
+                LayerRequirement layer = {.name = ss.str(),
+                                          .vote = surfaceVote.voteType,
+                                          .desiredRefreshRate = surfaceVote.desiredFrameRate,
+                                          .weight = surfaceVote.weight};
+                layers.push_back(layer);
+            }
+
+            if (surfaceVote.frameRateCategory != FrameRateCategory::Default) {
+                std::stringstream ss;
+                ss << surfaceVote.name << " (" << surfaceVote.weight << "): ExplicitCategory ("
+                   << ftl::enum_string(surfaceVote.frameRateCategory) << ")";
+                LayerRequirement layer = {.name = ss.str(),
+                                          .vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory,
+                                          .frameRateCategory = surfaceVote.frameRateCategory,
+                                          .weight = surfaceVote.weight};
+                layers.push_back(layer);
+            }
+        }
+        return layers;
+    }
 };
 
 RefreshRateSelectorTest::RefreshRateSelectorTest() {
@@ -1776,6 +1812,98 @@
             selector);
 }
 
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_multiSurface_arr) {
+    if (GetParam() != Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    auto selector = createSelector(kVrrMode_120, kModeId120);
+
+    // Switch the policy to be more like an ARR device (primary range is a single rate).
+    constexpr FpsRange k120_120Hz = {120_Hz, 120_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRange k0_120Hz = {0_Hz, 120_Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRanges kPrimaryRanges = {/*physical*/ k120_120Hz,
+                                          /*render*/ k120_120Hz};
+    constexpr FpsRanges kAppRequestRanges = {/*physical*/ k120_120Hz,
+                                             /*render*/ k0_120Hz};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                      {/*defaultMode*/ kModeId120, kPrimaryRanges, kAppRequestRanges}));
+
+    // Surface can translate to multiple layers in SF  scheduler due to category and frame rate
+    // value.
+    struct SurfaceVote {
+        // Params
+        std::string name = "";
+        Fps desiredFrameRate = 0_Hz;
+        LayerVoteType voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+        FrameRateCategory frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::Default;
+        float weight = 1.f;
+    };
+
+    auto layers = createLayers(
+            std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{{.name = "60 fixed source",
+                                                .desiredFrameRate = 60_Hz,
+                                                .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                                                .weight = 0.27f},
+                                               {.name = "1 fixed source + NoPreference",
+                                                .desiredFrameRate = 1_Hz,
+                                                .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                                                .frameRateCategory =
+                                                        FrameRateCategory::NoPreference}});
+    auto actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+
+    layers = createLayers(
+            std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{{.name = "60 fixed source",
+                                                .desiredFrameRate = 60_Hz,
+                                                .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                                                .weight = 0.27f},
+                                               {.name = "1 fixed source + Normal",
+                                                .desiredFrameRate = 1_Hz,
+                                                .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+                                                .frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::Normal}});
+    actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+
+    layers = createLayers(std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{
+            {.name = "30 fixed source + NoPreference",
+             .desiredFrameRate = 30_Hz,
+             .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+             .frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::NoPreference}});
+    actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(30_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+
+    layers = createLayers(std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{
+            {.name = "1 fixed source + NoPreference",
+             .desiredFrameRate = 1_Hz,
+             .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+             .frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::NoPreference}});
+    actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    // Result affected by RefreshRateSelector.kMinSupportedFrameRate.
+    EXPECT_EQ(20_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+
+    layers = createLayers(std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{
+            {.name = "24 fixed source + NoPreference",
+             .desiredFrameRate = 24_Hz,
+             .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+             .frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::NoPreference}});
+    actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(24_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+
+    layers = createLayers(std::initializer_list<SurfaceVote>{
+            {.name = "23.976 fixed source + NoPreference",
+             .desiredFrameRate = 23.976_Hz,
+             .voteType = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+             .frameRateCategory = FrameRateCategory::NoPreference}});
+    actualRankedFrameRates = selector.getRankedFrameRates(layers);
+    // Chooses 120 unless certain threshold is set, see tests test23976Chooses120 and
+    // test23976Chooses60IfThresholdIs120.
+    EXPECT_EQ(120_Hz, actualRankedFrameRates.ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps);
+}
+
 TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_withFrameRateCategory_60_120) {
     auto selector = createSelector(makeModes(kMode60, kMode120), kModeId60);