diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.cpp
index ad5eb33..ae776a0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.cpp
@@ -462,22 +462,14 @@
     TracedOrdinal<bool> mParity;
 };
 
-DispSync::DispSync(const char* name) : mName(name), mRefreshSkipCount(0) {
+DispSync::DispSync(const char* name, bool hasSyncFramework)
+      : mName(name), mIgnorePresentFences(!hasSyncFramework) {
     // This flag offers the ability to turn on systrace logging from the shell.
     char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
     property_get("debug.sf.dispsync_trace_detailed_info", value, "0");
     mTraceDetailedInfo = atoi(value);
+
     mThread = new DispSyncThread(name, mTraceDetailedInfo);
-}
-
-DispSync::~DispSync() {
-    mThread->stop();
-    mThread->requestExitAndWait();
-}
-
-void DispSync::init(bool hasSyncFramework, int64_t dispSyncPresentTimeOffset) {
-    mIgnorePresentFences = !hasSyncFramework;
-    mPresentTimeOffset = dispSyncPresentTimeOffset;
     mThread->run("DispSync", PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY + PRIORITY_MORE_FAVORABLE);
 
     // set DispSync to SCHED_FIFO to minimize jitter
@@ -495,6 +487,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+DispSync::~DispSync() {
+    mThread->stop();
+    mThread->requestExitAndWait();
+}
+
 void DispSync::reset() {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
     resetLocked();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.h
index 3e33c7e..f5175ba 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/DispSync.h
@@ -88,11 +88,10 @@
 // needed.
 class DispSync : public android::DispSync {
 public:
-    explicit DispSync(const char* name);
+    // hasSyncFramework specifies whether the platform supports present fences.
+    DispSync(const char* name, bool hasSyncFramework);
     ~DispSync() override;
 
-    void init(bool hasSyncFramework, int64_t dispSyncPresentTimeOffset);
-
     // reset clears the resync samples and error value.
     void reset() override;
 
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@
     std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> mPresentFences[NUM_PRESENT_SAMPLES]{FenceTime::NO_FENCE};
     size_t mPresentSampleOffset;
 
-    int mRefreshSkipCount;
+    int mRefreshSkipCount = 0;
 
     // mThread is the thread from which all the callbacks are called.
     sp<DispSyncThread> mThread;
@@ -260,10 +259,6 @@
     // mMutex is used to protect access to all member variables.
     mutable Mutex mMutex;
 
-    // This is the offset from the present fence timestamps to the corresponding
-    // vsync event.
-    int64_t mPresentTimeOffset;
-
     // Ignore present (retire) fences if the device doesn't have support for the
     // sync framework
     bool mIgnorePresentFences;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventControlThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventControlThread.cpp
index fb6cff5..85a7f82 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventControlThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventControlThread.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 namespace impl {
 
 EventControlThread::EventControlThread(EventControlThread::SetVSyncEnabledFunction function)
-      : mSetVSyncEnabled(function) {
+      : mSetVSyncEnabled(std::move(function)) {
     pthread_setname_np(mThread.native_handle(), "EventControlThread");
 
     pid_t tid = pthread_gettid_np(mThread.native_handle());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
index fd1aa02..921631e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
                  const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback);
     ~OneShotTimer();
 
+    const Interval& interval() const { return mInterval; }
+
     // Initializes and turns on the idle timer.
     void start();
     // Stops the idle timer and any held resources.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/PhaseOffsets.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/PhaseOffsets.cpp
index 9f8567d..bd25a32 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/PhaseOffsets.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/PhaseOffsets.cpp
@@ -63,12 +63,13 @@
 
 void PhaseOffsets::dump(std::string& result) const {
     const auto [early, earlyGl, late, threshold] = getCurrentOffsets();
-    base::StringAppendF(&result,
-                        "         app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\t         SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
-                        "   early app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\t   early SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
-                        "GL early app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\tGL early SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
-                        "threshold for next VSYNC: %" PRId64 " ns\n",
-                        late.app, late.sf, early.app, early.sf, earlyGl.app, earlyGl.sf, threshold);
+    using base::StringAppendF;
+    StringAppendF(&result,
+                  "           app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\t         SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
+                  "     early app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\t   early SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
+                  "  GL early app phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\tGL early SF phase: %9" PRId64 " ns\n"
+                  "next VSYNC threshold: %9" PRId64 " ns\n",
+                  late.app, late.sf, early.app, early.sf, earlyGl.app, earlyGl.sf, threshold);
 }
 
 PhaseOffsets::Offsets PhaseOffsets::getDefaultOffsets(nsecs_t thresholdForNextVsync) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
index d730058..9d47749 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
@@ -16,16 +16,23 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <numeric>
-
-#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 #include "Scheduler/SchedulerUtils.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace scheduler {
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+enum class RefreshRateConfigEvent : unsigned { None = 0b0, Changed = 0b1 };
+
+inline RefreshRateConfigEvent operator|(RefreshRateConfigEvent lhs, RefreshRateConfigEvent rhs) {
+    using T = std::underlying_type_t<RefreshRateConfigEvent>;
+    return static_cast<RefreshRateConfigEvent>(static_cast<T>(lhs) | static_cast<T>(rhs));
+}
 
 /**
  * This class is used to encapsulate configuration for refresh rates. It holds information
@@ -134,5 +141,4 @@
     std::map<RefreshRateType, std::shared_ptr<RefreshRate>> mRefreshRates;
 };
 
-} // namespace scheduler
-} // namespace android
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
index 7e7c630..1f097db 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@
 
     // Traverses through the map of config modes and returns how long they've been running in easy
     // to read format.
-    std::string doDump() const {
-        std::ostringstream stream;
-        stream << "+  Refresh rate: running time in seconds\n";
+    void dump(std::string& result) const {
+        std::ostringstream stream("+  Refresh rate: running time in seconds\n");
+
         for (const auto& [name, time] : const_cast<RefreshRateStats*>(this)->getTotalTimes()) {
             stream << name << ": " << getDateFormatFromMs(time) << '\n';
         }
-        return stream.str();
+        result.append(stream.str());
     }
 
 private:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 3883427..7f1fb3b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Scheduler"
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
 #include "Scheduler.h"
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <numeric>
 
@@ -38,80 +41,56 @@
 #include "DispSyncSource.h"
 #include "EventControlThread.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
-#include "InjectVSyncSource.h"
-#include "LayerInfo.h"
 #include "OneShotTimer.h"
 #include "SchedulerUtils.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
 
+#define RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle, ...)                        \
+    do {                                                             \
+        if (mConnections.count(handle) == 0) {                       \
+            ALOGE("Invalid connection handle %" PRIuPTR, handle.id); \
+            return __VA_ARGS__;                                      \
+        }                                                            \
+    } while (false)
+
 namespace android {
 
-using namespace android::hardware::configstore;
-using namespace android::hardware::configstore::V1_0;
-using namespace android::sysprop;
-
-#define RETURN_VALUE_IF_INVALID(value) \
-    if (handle == nullptr || mConnections.count(handle->id) == 0) return value
-#define RETURN_IF_INVALID() \
-    if (handle == nullptr || mConnections.count(handle->id) == 0) return
-
-std::atomic<int64_t> Scheduler::sNextId = 0;
-
 Scheduler::Scheduler(impl::EventControlThread::SetVSyncEnabledFunction function,
                      const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfig)
-      : mHasSyncFramework(running_without_sync_framework(true)),
-        mDispSyncPresentTimeOffset(present_time_offset_from_vsync_ns(0)),
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled(false),
-        mHWVsyncAvailable(false),
+      : mPrimaryDispSync(new impl::DispSync("SchedulerDispSync",
+                                            sysprop::running_without_sync_framework(true))),
+        mEventControlThread(new impl::EventControlThread(std::move(function))),
+        mSupportKernelTimer(sysprop::support_kernel_idle_timer(false)),
         mRefreshRateConfigs(refreshRateConfig) {
-    // Note: We create a local temporary with the real DispSync implementation
-    // type temporarily so we can initialize it with the configured values,
-    // before storing it for more generic use using the interface type.
-    auto primaryDispSync = std::make_unique<impl::DispSync>("SchedulerDispSync");
-    primaryDispSync->init(mHasSyncFramework, mDispSyncPresentTimeOffset);
-    mPrimaryDispSync = std::move(primaryDispSync);
-    mEventControlThread = std::make_unique<impl::EventControlThread>(function);
-
-    mSetIdleTimerMs = set_idle_timer_ms(0);
-    mSupportKernelTimer = support_kernel_idle_timer(false);
-
-    mSetTouchTimerMs = set_touch_timer_ms(0);
-    mSetDisplayPowerTimerMs = set_display_power_timer_ms(0);
+    using namespace sysprop;
 
     char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
     property_get("debug.sf.set_idle_timer_ms", value, "0");
-    int int_value = atoi(value);
-    if (int_value) {
-        mSetIdleTimerMs = atoi(value);
-    }
+    const int setIdleTimerMs = atoi(value);
 
-    if (mSetIdleTimerMs > 0) {
-        if (mSupportKernelTimer) {
-            mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>(
-                    std::chrono::milliseconds(mSetIdleTimerMs),
-                    [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
-                    [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); });
-        } else {
-            mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>(
-                    std::chrono::milliseconds(mSetIdleTimerMs),
-                    [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
-                    [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); });
-        }
+    if (const auto millis = setIdleTimerMs ? setIdleTimerMs : set_idle_timer_ms(0); millis > 0) {
+        const auto callback = mSupportKernelTimer ? &Scheduler::kernelIdleTimerCallback
+                                                  : &Scheduler::idleTimerCallback;
+
+        mIdleTimer.emplace(
+                std::chrono::milliseconds(millis),
+                [this, callback] { std::invoke(callback, this, TimerState::Reset); },
+                [this, callback] { std::invoke(callback, this, TimerState::Expired); });
         mIdleTimer->start();
     }
 
-    if (mSetTouchTimerMs > 0) {
+    if (const int64_t millis = set_touch_timer_ms(0); millis > 0) {
         // Touch events are coming to SF every 100ms, so the timer needs to be higher than that
-        mTouchTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>(
-                std::chrono::milliseconds(mSetTouchTimerMs),
+        mTouchTimer.emplace(
+                std::chrono::milliseconds(millis),
                 [this] { touchTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
                 [this] { touchTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); });
         mTouchTimer->start();
     }
 
-    if (mSetDisplayPowerTimerMs > 0) {
-        mDisplayPowerTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>(
-                std::chrono::milliseconds(mSetDisplayPowerTimerMs),
+    if (const int64_t millis = set_display_power_timer_ms(0); millis > 0) {
+        mDisplayPowerTimer.emplace(
+                std::chrono::milliseconds(millis),
                 [this] { displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
                 [this] { displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); });
         mDisplayPowerTimer->start();
@@ -121,9 +100,9 @@
 Scheduler::Scheduler(std::unique_ptr<DispSync> primaryDispSync,
                      std::unique_ptr<EventControlThread> eventControlThread,
                      const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& configs)
-      : mHasSyncFramework(false),
-        mPrimaryDispSync(std::move(primaryDispSync)),
+      : mPrimaryDispSync(std::move(primaryDispSync)),
         mEventControlThread(std::move(eventControlThread)),
+        mSupportKernelTimer(false),
         mRefreshRateConfigs(configs) {}
 
 Scheduler::~Scheduler() {
@@ -133,36 +112,39 @@
     mIdleTimer.reset();
 }
 
-sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle> Scheduler::createConnection(
+DispSync& Scheduler::getPrimaryDispSync() {
+    return *mPrimaryDispSync;
+}
+
+Scheduler::ConnectionHandle Scheduler::createConnection(
         const char* connectionName, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs, nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
         ResyncCallback resyncCallback,
         impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback interceptCallback) {
-    const int64_t id = sNextId++;
-    ALOGV("Creating a connection handle with ID: %" PRId64 "\n", id);
+    auto eventThread = makeEventThread(connectionName, phaseOffsetNs, offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
+                                       std::move(interceptCallback));
+    return createConnection(std::move(eventThread), std::move(resyncCallback));
+}
 
-    std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread =
-            makeEventThread(connectionName, mPrimaryDispSync.get(), phaseOffsetNs,
-                            offsetThresholdForNextVsync, std::move(interceptCallback));
+Scheduler::ConnectionHandle Scheduler::createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread,
+                                                        ResyncCallback&& resyncCallback) {
+    const ConnectionHandle handle = ConnectionHandle{mNextConnectionHandleId++};
+    ALOGV("Creating a connection handle with ID %" PRIuPTR, handle.id);
 
-    auto eventThreadConnection =
-            createConnectionInternal(eventThread.get(), std::move(resyncCallback),
-                                     ISurfaceComposer::eConfigChangedSuppress);
-    mConnections.emplace(id,
-                         std::make_unique<Connection>(new ConnectionHandle(id),
-                                                      eventThreadConnection,
-                                                      std::move(eventThread)));
-    return mConnections[id]->handle;
+    auto connection = createConnectionInternal(eventThread.get(), std::move(resyncCallback),
+                                               ISurfaceComposer::eConfigChangedSuppress);
+
+    mConnections.emplace(handle, Connection{connection, std::move(eventThread)});
+    return handle;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<EventThread> Scheduler::makeEventThread(
-        const char* connectionName, DispSync* dispSync, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs,
-        nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
-        impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback interceptCallback) {
-    std::unique_ptr<VSyncSource> eventThreadSource =
-            std::make_unique<DispSyncSource>(dispSync, phaseOffsetNs, offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
-                                             true, connectionName);
-    return std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(std::move(eventThreadSource),
-                                               std::move(interceptCallback), connectionName);
+        const char* connectionName, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs, nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
+        impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback&& interceptCallback) {
+    auto source = std::make_unique<DispSyncSource>(mPrimaryDispSync.get(), phaseOffsetNs,
+                                                   offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
+                                                   true /* traceVsync */, connectionName);
+    return std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(std::move(source), std::move(interceptCallback),
+                                               connectionName);
 }
 
 sp<EventThreadConnection> Scheduler::createConnectionInternal(
@@ -172,53 +154,53 @@
 }
 
 sp<IDisplayEventConnection> Scheduler::createDisplayEventConnection(
-        const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle, ResyncCallback resyncCallback,
+        ConnectionHandle handle, ResyncCallback resyncCallback,
         ISurfaceComposer::ConfigChanged configChanged) {
-    RETURN_VALUE_IF_INVALID(nullptr);
-    return createConnectionInternal(mConnections[handle->id]->thread.get(),
-                                    std::move(resyncCallback), configChanged);
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle, nullptr);
+    return createConnectionInternal(mConnections[handle].thread.get(), std::move(resyncCallback),
+                                    configChanged);
 }
 
-EventThread* Scheduler::getEventThread(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle) {
-    RETURN_VALUE_IF_INVALID(nullptr);
-    return mConnections[handle->id]->thread.get();
+EventThread* Scheduler::getEventThread(ConnectionHandle handle) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle, nullptr);
+    return mConnections[handle].thread.get();
 }
 
-sp<EventThreadConnection> Scheduler::getEventConnection(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle) {
-    RETURN_VALUE_IF_INVALID(nullptr);
-    return mConnections[handle->id]->eventConnection;
+sp<EventThreadConnection> Scheduler::getEventConnection(ConnectionHandle handle) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle, nullptr);
+    return mConnections[handle].connection;
 }
 
-void Scheduler::hotplugReceived(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle,
-                                PhysicalDisplayId displayId, bool connected) {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections[handle->id]->thread->onHotplugReceived(displayId, connected);
+void Scheduler::onHotplugReceived(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                  bool connected) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections[handle].thread->onHotplugReceived(displayId, connected);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::onScreenAcquired(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle) {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections[handle->id]->thread->onScreenAcquired();
+void Scheduler::onScreenAcquired(ConnectionHandle handle) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections[handle].thread->onScreenAcquired();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::onScreenReleased(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle) {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections[handle->id]->thread->onScreenReleased();
+void Scheduler::onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle handle) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections[handle].thread->onScreenReleased();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::onConfigChanged(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+void Scheduler::onConfigChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
                                 int32_t configId) {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections[handle->id]->thread->onConfigChanged(displayId, configId);
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections[handle].thread->onConfigChanged(displayId, configId);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::dump(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle, std::string& result) const {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections.at(handle->id)->thread->dump(result);
+void Scheduler::dump(ConnectionHandle handle, std::string& result) const {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections.at(handle).thread->dump(result);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setPhaseOffset(const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& handle, nsecs_t phaseOffset) {
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID();
-    mConnections[handle->id]->thread->setPhaseOffset(phaseOffset);
+void Scheduler::setPhaseOffset(ConnectionHandle handle, nsecs_t phaseOffset) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+    mConnections[handle].thread->setPhaseOffset(phaseOffset);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::getDisplayStatInfo(DisplayStatInfo* stats) {
@@ -290,7 +272,7 @@
     mPrimaryDispSync->setRefreshSkipCount(count);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod(const nsecs_t period) {
+void Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
     mPrimaryDispSync->setPeriod(period);
 
@@ -301,7 +283,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::addResyncSample(const nsecs_t timestamp, bool* periodFlushed) {
+void Scheduler::addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, bool* periodFlushed) {
     bool needsHwVsync = false;
     *periodFlushed = false;
     { // Scope for the lock
@@ -334,10 +316,6 @@
     return mPrimaryDispSync->expectedPresentTime();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::dumpPrimaryDispSync(std::string& result) const {
-    mPrimaryDispSync->dump(result);
-}
-
 std::unique_ptr<scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerHandle> Scheduler::registerLayer(
         std::string const& name, int windowType) {
     RefreshRateType refreshRateType = (windowType == InputWindowInfo::TYPE_WALLPAPER)
@@ -363,10 +341,6 @@
     mLayerHistory.setVisibility(layerHandle, visible);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::withPrimaryDispSync(std::function<void(DispSync&)> const& fn) {
-    fn(*mPrimaryDispSync);
-}
-
 void Scheduler::updateFpsBasedOnContent() {
     auto [refreshRate, isHDR] = mLayerHistory.getDesiredRefreshRateAndHDR();
     const uint32_t refreshRateRound = std::round(refreshRate);
@@ -393,30 +367,19 @@
     changeRefreshRate(newRefreshRateType, ConfigEvent::Changed);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setChangeRefreshRateCallback(
-        const ChangeRefreshRateCallback&& changeRefreshRateCallback) {
+void Scheduler::setChangeRefreshRateCallback(ChangeRefreshRateCallback&& callback) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mCallbackLock);
-    mChangeRefreshRateCallback = changeRefreshRateCallback;
+    mChangeRefreshRateCallback = std::move(callback);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback(
-        const GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback&& getCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback) {
+void Scheduler::setGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback(GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback&& callback) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mCallbackLock);
-    mGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback = getCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback;
+    mGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback = std::move(callback);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setGetVsyncPeriodCallback(const GetVsyncPeriod&& getVsyncPeriod) {
+void Scheduler::setGetVsyncPeriodCallback(GetVsyncPeriod&& callback) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mCallbackLock);
-    mGetVsyncPeriod = getVsyncPeriod;
-}
-
-void Scheduler::updateFrameSkipping(const int64_t skipCount) {
-    ATRACE_INT("FrameSkipCount", skipCount);
-    if (mSkipCount != skipCount) {
-        // Only update DispSync if it hasn't been updated yet.
-        mPrimaryDispSync->setRefreshSkipCount(skipCount);
-        mSkipCount = skipCount;
-    }
+    mGetVsyncPeriod = std::move(callback);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resetIdleTimer() {
@@ -430,8 +393,8 @@
         mTouchTimer->reset();
     }
 
-    if (mSupportKernelTimer) {
-        resetIdleTimer();
+    if (mSupportKernelTimer && mIdleTimer) {
+        mIdleTimer->reset();
     }
 
     // Touch event will boost the refresh rate to performance.
@@ -491,11 +454,16 @@
     ATRACE_INT("ExpiredDisplayPowerTimer", static_cast<int>(state));
 }
 
-std::string Scheduler::doDump() {
+void Scheduler::dump(std::string& result) const {
     std::ostringstream stream;
-    stream << "+  Idle timer interval: " << mSetIdleTimerMs << " ms" << std::endl;
-    stream << "+  Touch timer interval: " << mSetTouchTimerMs << " ms" << std::endl;
-    return stream.str();
+    if (mIdleTimer) {
+        stream << "+  Idle timer interval: " << mIdleTimer->interval().count() << " ms\n";
+    }
+    if (mTouchTimer) {
+        stream << "+  Touch timer interval: " << mTouchTimer->interval().count() << " ms\n";
+    }
+
+    result.append(stream.str());
 }
 
 template <class T>
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 5905ff6..f733317 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstdint>
+#include <atomic>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
-#include <ui/DisplayStatInfo.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 
-#include "DispSync.h"
 #include "EventControlThread.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
-#include "InjectVSyncSource.h"
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
 #include "OneShotTimer.h"
 #include "RefreshRateConfigs.h"
@@ -34,122 +34,67 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-class EventControlThread;
+class DispSync;
+class FenceTime;
+struct DisplayStateInfo;
 
 class Scheduler {
 public:
-    // Enum to keep track of whether we trigger event to notify choreographer of config changes.
-    enum class ConfigEvent { None, Changed };
-
-    // logical or operator with the semantics of at least one of the events is Changed
-    friend ConfigEvent operator|(const ConfigEvent& first, const ConfigEvent& second) {
-        if (first == ConfigEvent::Changed) return ConfigEvent::Changed;
-        if (second == ConfigEvent::Changed) return ConfigEvent::Changed;
-        return ConfigEvent::None;
-    }
-
     using RefreshRateType = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRateType;
+    using ConfigEvent = scheduler::RefreshRateConfigEvent;
+
     using GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback = std::function<RefreshRateType()>;
     using ChangeRefreshRateCallback = std::function<void(RefreshRateType, ConfigEvent)>;
     using GetVsyncPeriod = std::function<nsecs_t()>;
 
-    // Enum to indicate whether to start the transaction early, or at vsync time.
+    // Indicates whether to start the transaction early, or at vsync time.
     enum class TransactionStart { EARLY, NORMAL };
 
-    /* The scheduler handle is a BBinder object passed to the client from which we can extract
-     * an ID for subsequent operations.
-     */
-    class ConnectionHandle : public BBinder {
-    public:
-        ConnectionHandle(int64_t id) : id(id) {}
-
-        ~ConnectionHandle() = default;
-
-        const int64_t id;
-    };
-
-    class Connection {
-    public:
-        Connection(sp<ConnectionHandle> handle, sp<EventThreadConnection> eventConnection,
-                   std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread)
-              : handle(handle), eventConnection(eventConnection), thread(std::move(eventThread)) {}
-
-        ~Connection() = default;
-
-        sp<ConnectionHandle> handle;
-        sp<EventThreadConnection> eventConnection;
-        const std::unique_ptr<EventThread> thread;
-    };
-
-    // Stores per-display state about VSYNC.
-    struct VsyncState {
-        explicit VsyncState(Scheduler& scheduler) : scheduler(scheduler) {}
-
-        void resync(const GetVsyncPeriod&);
-
-        Scheduler& scheduler;
-        std::atomic<nsecs_t> lastResyncTime = 0;
-    };
-
-    explicit Scheduler(impl::EventControlThread::SetVSyncEnabledFunction function,
-                       const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfig);
+    Scheduler(impl::EventControlThread::SetVSyncEnabledFunction,
+              const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs&);
 
     virtual ~Scheduler();
 
-    /** Creates an EventThread connection. */
-    sp<ConnectionHandle> createConnection(const char* connectionName, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs,
-                                          nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync, ResyncCallback,
-                                          impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback);
+    DispSync& getPrimaryDispSync();
 
-    sp<IDisplayEventConnection> createDisplayEventConnection(
-            const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, ResyncCallback,
-            ISurfaceComposer::ConfigChanged configChanged);
+    using ConnectionHandle = scheduler::ConnectionHandle;
+    ConnectionHandle createConnection(const char* connectionName, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs,
+                                      nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync, ResyncCallback,
+                                      impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback);
 
-    // Getter methods.
-    EventThread* getEventThread(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle);
+    sp<IDisplayEventConnection> createDisplayEventConnection(ConnectionHandle, ResyncCallback,
+                                                             ISurfaceComposer::ConfigChanged);
 
-    // Provides access to the DispSync object for the primary display.
-    void withPrimaryDispSync(std::function<void(DispSync&)> const& fn);
+    EventThread* getEventThread(ConnectionHandle);
+    sp<EventThreadConnection> getEventConnection(ConnectionHandle);
 
-    sp<EventThreadConnection> getEventConnection(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle);
+    void onHotplugReceived(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId, bool connected);
+    void onConfigChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId, int32_t configId);
 
-    // Should be called when receiving a hotplug event.
-    void hotplugReceived(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
-                         bool connected);
+    void onScreenAcquired(ConnectionHandle);
+    void onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle);
 
-    // Should be called after the screen is turned on.
-    void onScreenAcquired(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle);
-
-    // Should be called before the screen is turned off.
-    void onScreenReleased(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle);
-
-    // Should be called when display config changed
-    void onConfigChanged(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
-                         int32_t configId);
-
-    // Should be called when dumpsys command is received.
-    void dump(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, std::string& result) const;
-
-    // Offers ability to modify phase offset in the event thread.
-    void setPhaseOffset(const sp<ConnectionHandle>& handle, nsecs_t phaseOffset);
+    // Modifies phase offset in the event thread.
+    void setPhaseOffset(ConnectionHandle, nsecs_t phaseOffset);
 
     void getDisplayStatInfo(DisplayStatInfo* stats);
 
     void enableHardwareVsync();
     void disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable);
+
     // Resyncs the scheduler to hardware vsync.
     // If makeAvailable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
     // Otherwise, if hardware vsync is not already enabled then this method will
     // no-op.
     // The period is the vsync period from the current display configuration.
     void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, nsecs_t period);
-    // Creates a callback for resyncing.
-    ResyncCallback makeResyncCallback(GetVsyncPeriod&& getVsyncPeriod);
-    void setRefreshSkipCount(int count);
+    ResyncCallback makeResyncCallback(GetVsyncPeriod&&);
+
     // Passes a vsync sample to DispSync. periodFlushed will be true if
     // DispSync detected that the vsync period changed, and false otherwise.
-    void addResyncSample(const nsecs_t timestamp, bool* periodFlushed);
-    void addPresentFence(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& fenceTime);
+    void addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, bool* periodFlushed);
+    void addPresentFence(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&);
+    void setRefreshSkipCount(int count);
     void setIgnorePresentFences(bool ignore);
     nsecs_t getDispSyncExpectedPresentTime();
     // Registers the layer in the scheduler, and returns the handle for future references.
@@ -165,35 +110,23 @@
             const std::unique_ptr<scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerHandle>& layerHandle, bool visible);
     // Updates FPS based on the most content presented.
     void updateFpsBasedOnContent();
-    // Callback that gets invoked when Scheduler wants to change the refresh rate.
-    void setChangeRefreshRateCallback(const ChangeRefreshRateCallback&& changeRefreshRateCallback);
-    void setGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback(
-            const GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback&& getCurrentRefreshRateType);
-    void setGetVsyncPeriodCallback(const GetVsyncPeriod&& getVsyncPeriod);
 
-    // Returns whether idle timer is enabled or not
-    bool isIdleTimerEnabled() { return mSetIdleTimerMs > 0; }
+    // Called by Scheduler to change refresh rate.
+    void setChangeRefreshRateCallback(ChangeRefreshRateCallback&&);
 
-    // Function that resets the idle timer.
+    void setGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback(GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback&&);
+    void setGetVsyncPeriodCallback(GetVsyncPeriod&&);
+
+    bool isIdleTimerEnabled() const { return mIdleTimer.has_value(); }
     void resetIdleTimer();
 
     // Function that resets the touch timer.
     void notifyTouchEvent();
 
-    // Function that sets whether display power mode is normal or not.
     void setDisplayPowerState(bool normal);
 
-    // Returns relevant information about Scheduler for dumpsys purposes.
-    std::string doDump();
-
-    // calls DispSync::dump() on primary disp sync
-    void dumpPrimaryDispSync(std::string& result) const;
-
-protected:
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<EventThread> makeEventThread(
-            const char* connectionName, DispSync* dispSync, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs,
-            nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
-            impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback interceptCallback);
+    void dump(std::string&) const;
+    void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
 
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
@@ -209,81 +142,71 @@
               const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs&);
 
     // Creates a connection on the given EventThread and forwards the given callbacks.
+    std::unique_ptr<EventThread> makeEventThread(const char* connectionName, nsecs_t phaseOffsetNs,
+                                                 nsecs_t offsetThresholdForNextVsync,
+                                                 impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback&&);
+
+    // Create a connection on the given EventThread and forward the resync callback.
+    ConnectionHandle createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread>, ResyncCallback&&);
     sp<EventThreadConnection> createConnectionInternal(EventThread*, ResyncCallback&&,
                                                        ISurfaceComposer::ConfigChanged);
 
-    nsecs_t calculateAverage() const;
-    void updateFrameSkipping(const int64_t skipCount);
-
     // Update feature state machine to given state when corresponding timer resets or expires.
     void kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void idleTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
 
-    // Sets vsync period.
-    void setVsyncPeriod(const nsecs_t period);
     // handles various timer features to change the refresh rate.
     template <class T>
     void handleTimerStateChanged(T* currentState, T newState, bool eventOnContentDetection);
-    // Calculate the new refresh rate type
+
+    void setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period);
+
     RefreshRateType calculateRefreshRateType() REQUIRES(mFeatureStateLock);
-    // Acquires a lock and calls the ChangeRefreshRateCallback() with given parameters.
-    void changeRefreshRate(RefreshRateType refreshRateType, ConfigEvent configEvent);
+    // Acquires a lock and calls the ChangeRefreshRateCallback with given parameters.
+    void changeRefreshRate(RefreshRateType, ConfigEvent);
 
-    // Helper function to calculate error frames
-    float getErrorFrames(float contentFps, float configFps);
+    // Stores EventThread associated with a given VSyncSource, and an initial EventThreadConnection.
+    struct Connection {
+        sp<EventThreadConnection> connection;
+        std::unique_ptr<EventThread> thread;
+    };
 
-    // If fences from sync Framework are supported.
-    const bool mHasSyncFramework;
-
-    // The offset in nanoseconds to use, when DispSync timestamps present fence
-    // signaling time.
-    nsecs_t mDispSyncPresentTimeOffset;
-
-    // Each connection has it's own ID. This variable keeps track of the count.
-    static std::atomic<int64_t> sNextId;
-
-    // Connections are stored in a map <connection ID, connection> for easy retrieval.
-    std::unordered_map<int64_t, std::unique_ptr<Connection>> mConnections;
+    ConnectionHandle::Id mNextConnectionHandleId = 0;
+    std::unordered_map<ConnectionHandle, Connection> mConnections;
 
     std::mutex mHWVsyncLock;
-    bool mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock);
-    bool mHWVsyncAvailable GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock);
+    bool mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
+    bool mHWVsyncAvailable GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
+
+    // Stores per-display state about VSYNC.
+    struct VsyncState {
+        explicit VsyncState(Scheduler& scheduler) : scheduler(scheduler) {}
+
+        void resync(const GetVsyncPeriod&);
+
+        Scheduler& scheduler;
+        std::atomic<nsecs_t> lastResyncTime = 0;
+    };
+
     const std::shared_ptr<VsyncState> mPrimaryVsyncState{std::make_shared<VsyncState>(*this)};
 
     std::unique_ptr<DispSync> mPrimaryDispSync;
     std::unique_ptr<EventControlThread> mEventControlThread;
 
-    // TODO(b/113612090): The following set of variables needs to be revised. For now, this is
-    // a proof of concept. We turn on frame skipping if the difference between the timestamps
-    // is between 32 and 34ms. We expect this currently for 30fps videos, so we render them at 30Hz.
-    nsecs_t mPreviousFrameTimestamp = 0;
-    // Keeping track of whether we are skipping the refresh count. If we want to
-    // simulate 30Hz rendering, we skip every other frame, and this variable is set
-    // to 1.
-    int64_t mSkipCount = 0;
-    std::array<int64_t, scheduler::ARRAY_SIZE> mTimeDifferences{};
-    size_t mCounter = 0;
-
     // Historical information about individual layers. Used for predicting the refresh rate.
     scheduler::LayerHistory mLayerHistory;
 
-    // Timer that records time between requests for next vsync. If the time is higher than a given
-    // interval, a callback is fired. Set this variable to >0 to use this feature.
-    int64_t mSetIdleTimerMs = 0;
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mIdleTimer;
-    // Enables whether to use idle timer callbacks that support the kernel
-    // timer.
-    bool mSupportKernelTimer;
+    // Whether to use idle timer callbacks that support the kernel timer.
+    const bool mSupportKernelTimer;
 
+    // Timer that records time between requests for next vsync.
+    std::optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mIdleTimer;
     // Timer used to monitor touch events.
-    int64_t mSetTouchTimerMs = 0;
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mTouchTimer;
-
+    std::optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mTouchTimer;
     // Timer used to monitor display power mode.
-    int64_t mSetDisplayPowerTimerMs = 0;
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mDisplayPowerTimer;
+    std::optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mDisplayPowerTimer;
 
     std::mutex mCallbackLock;
     GetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback mGetCurrentRefreshRateTypeCallback GUARDED_BY(mCallbackLock);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/SchedulerUtils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/SchedulerUtils.h
index ced1899..ab0c0ff 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/SchedulerUtils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/SchedulerUtils.h
@@ -22,13 +22,23 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace scheduler {
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+namespace android::scheduler {
 
-// This number is used to set the size of the arrays in scheduler that hold information
-// about layers.
-static constexpr size_t ARRAY_SIZE = 30;
+// Opaque handle to scheduler connection.
+struct ConnectionHandle {
+    using Id = std::uintptr_t;
+    static constexpr Id INVALID_ID = static_cast<Id>(-1);
+
+    Id id = INVALID_ID;
+
+    explicit operator bool() const { return id != INVALID_ID; }
+};
+
+inline bool operator==(ConnectionHandle lhs, ConnectionHandle rhs) {
+    return lhs.id == rhs.id;
+}
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 // This number is used to have a place holder for when the screen is not NORMAL/ON. Currently
 // the config is not visible to SF, and is completely maintained by HWC. However, we would
@@ -80,5 +90,15 @@
     return static_cast<int>(std::max_element(counts.begin(), counts.end(), compareCounts)->first);
 }
 
-} // namespace scheduler
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android::scheduler
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <>
+struct hash<android::scheduler::ConnectionHandle> {
+    size_t operator()(android::scheduler::ConnectionHandle handle) const {
+        return hash<android::scheduler::ConnectionHandle::Id>()(handle.id);
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace std
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.cpp
index f267c99..27fd76c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.cpp
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 VSyncModulator::VSyncModulator(Scheduler& scheduler,
-                               const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& appConnectionHandle,
-                               const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& sfConnectionHandle,
+                               Scheduler::ConnectionHandle appConnectionHandle,
+                               Scheduler::ConnectionHandle sfConnectionHandle,
                                const OffsetsConfig& config)
       : mScheduler(scheduler),
         mAppConnectionHandle(appConnectionHandle),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.h
index 636c8c8..727cef2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncModulator.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
         nsecs_t thresholdForNextVsync;
     };
 
-    VSyncModulator(Scheduler&, const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& appConnectionHandle,
-                   const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle>& sfConnectionHandle, const OffsetsConfig&);
+    VSyncModulator(Scheduler&, ConnectionHandle appConnectionHandle,
+                   ConnectionHandle sfConnectionHandle, const OffsetsConfig&);
 
     void setPhaseOffsets(const OffsetsConfig&) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
     void updateOffsetsLocked() REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
     Scheduler& mScheduler;
-    const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle> mAppConnectionHandle;
-    const sp<Scheduler::ConnectionHandle> mSfConnectionHandle;
+    const ConnectionHandle mAppConnectionHandle;
+    const ConnectionHandle mSfConnectionHandle;
 
     mutable std::mutex mMutex;
     OffsetsConfig mOffsetsConfig GUARDED_BY(mMutex);