diff --git a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
index 818804a..0595322 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
@@ -342,7 +342,8 @@
 
     // If the initial top-level restorecon above changed the label, then go
     // back and restorecon everything recursively
-    if (strcmp(before, after)) {
+    // TODO(b/190567190, b/188141923) Remove recursive fixup of com.google.android.gsf.
+    if (strcmp(before, after) || (path.find("com.google.android.gsf") != std::string::npos)) {
         if (existing) {
             LOG(DEBUG) << "Detected label change from " << before << " to " << after << " at "
                     << path << "; running recursive restorecon";
diff --git a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
index 204953c..cc0434d 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-static unique_fd create_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& profile, int32_t flags) {
-    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(profile.c_str(), flags, 0600)));
+static unique_fd create_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& profile, int32_t flags, mode_t mode) {
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(profile.c_str(), flags, mode)));
     if (fd.get() < 0) {
         if (errno != EEXIST) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create profile " << profile;
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
     return fd;
 }
 
-static unique_fd open_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& profile, int32_t flags) {
+static unique_fd open_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& profile, int32_t flags, mode_t mode) {
     // Do not follow symlinks when opening a profile:
     //   - primary profiles should not contain symlinks in their paths
     //   - secondary dex paths should have been already resolved and validated
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
     // Reference profiles and snapshots are created on the fly; so they might not exist beforehand.
     unique_fd fd;
     if ((flags & O_CREAT) != 0) {
-        fd = create_profile(uid, profile, flags);
+        fd = create_profile(uid, profile, flags, mode);
     } else {
         fd.reset(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(profile.c_str(), flags)));
     }
@@ -336,6 +336,16 @@
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open profile " << profile;
         }
         return invalid_unique_fd();
+    } else {
+        // If we just create the file we need to set its mode because on Android
+        // open has a mask that only allows owner access.
+        if ((flags & O_CREAT) != 0) {
+            if (fchmod(fd.get(), mode) != 0) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not set mode " << std::hex << mode << std::dec
+                        << " on profile" << profile;
+                // Not a terminal failure.
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     return fd;
@@ -345,20 +355,29 @@
         const std::string& location, bool is_secondary_dex) {
     std::string profile = create_current_profile_path(user, package_name, location,
             is_secondary_dex);
-    return open_profile(uid, profile, O_RDONLY);
+    return open_profile(uid, profile, O_RDONLY, /*mode=*/ 0);
 }
 
 static unique_fd open_reference_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
         const std::string& location, bool read_write, bool is_secondary_dex) {
     std::string profile = create_reference_profile_path(package_name, location, is_secondary_dex);
-    return open_profile(uid, profile, read_write ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY);
+    return open_profile(
+        uid,
+        profile,
+        read_write ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY,
+        S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP);  // so that ART can also read it when apps run.
 }
 
 static UniqueFile open_reference_profile_as_unique_file(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
         const std::string& location, bool read_write, bool is_secondary_dex) {
     std::string profile_path = create_reference_profile_path(package_name, location,
                                                              is_secondary_dex);
-    unique_fd ufd = open_profile(uid, profile_path, read_write ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY);
+    unique_fd ufd = open_profile(
+        uid,
+        profile_path,
+        read_write ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY,
+        S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP);  // so that ART can also read it when apps run.
+
     return UniqueFile(ufd.release(), profile_path, [](const std::string& path) {
         clear_profile(path);
     });
@@ -367,7 +386,7 @@
 static unique_fd open_spnashot_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
         const std::string& location) {
     std::string profile = create_snapshot_profile_path(package_name, location);
-    return open_profile(uid, profile, O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC);
+    return open_profile(uid, profile, O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_TRUNC,  S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
 }
 
 static void open_profile_files(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
@@ -2484,7 +2503,7 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < profiles.size(); )  {
         std::vector<unique_fd> profiles_fd;
         for (size_t k = 0; k < kAggregationBatchSize && i < profiles.size(); k++, i++) {
-            unique_fd fd = open_profile(AID_SYSTEM, profiles[i], O_RDONLY);
+            unique_fd fd = open_profile(AID_SYSTEM, profiles[i], O_RDONLY, /*mode=*/ 0);
             if (fd.get() >= 0) {
                 profiles_fd.push_back(std::move(fd));
             }
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
index e272025..216347e 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        // Check that the snapshot was created witht he expected acess flags.
+        // Check that the snapshot was created with the expected access flags.
         CheckFileAccess(snap_profile_, kSystemUid, kSystemGid, 0600 | S_IFREG);
 
         // The snapshot should be equivalent to the merge of profiles.
@@ -962,8 +962,8 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        // Check that the snapshot was created witht he expected acess flags.
-        CheckFileAccess(ref_profile_, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0600 | S_IFREG);
+        // Check that the snapshot was created with the expected access flags.
+        CheckFileAccess(ref_profile_, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0640 | S_IFREG);
 
         // The snapshot should be equivalent to the merge of profiles.
         std::string ref_profile_content = ref_profile_ + ".expected";
diff --git a/data/etc/car_core_hardware.xml b/data/etc/car_core_hardware.xml
index adfd6e2..cc0ee82 100644
--- a/data/etc/car_core_hardware.xml
+++ b/data/etc/car_core_hardware.xml
@@ -47,12 +47,6 @@
     <feature name="android.software.secure_lock_screen" />
     <feature name="android.software.input_methods" />
 
-
-    <!-- Feature to support device admins -->
-    <!-- TODO(b/178412797): not fully supported yet, CTS tests are still
-         failing. -->
-    <feature name="android.software.device_admin" />
-
     <!-- devices with GPS must include android.hardware.location.gps.xml -->
     <!-- devices with an autofocus camera and/or flash must include either
          android.hardware.camera.autofocus.xml or
diff --git a/include/input/InputDevice.h b/include/input/InputDevice.h
index acf1b8e..1955104 100644
--- a/include/input/InputDevice.h
+++ b/include/input/InputDevice.h
@@ -257,13 +257,9 @@
         return mMotionRanges;
     }
 
-    const InputDeviceSensorInfo* getSensorInfo(InputDeviceSensorType type);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> getSensors();
 
-    const std::vector<InputDeviceSensorType> getSensorTypes();
-
-    const std::vector<int32_t> getLightIds();
-
-    const InputDeviceLightInfo* getLightInfo(int32_t id);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> getLights();
 
 private:
     int32_t mId;
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index be260e8..91cd90d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libbinder",
 
+    version_script: "libbinder.map",
+
     // for vndbinder
     vendor_available: true,
     vndk: {
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder.map b/libs/binder/libbinder.map
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ca14bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder.map
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# b/190148312: Populate with correct list of ABI symbols
+LIBBINDER {
+  global:
+    *;
+};
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
index 3b3fd08..3920129 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 use std::ffi::{c_void, CString};
 use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
 use std::ops::Deref;
-use std::ptr;
 
 /// Rust wrapper around Binder remotable objects.
 ///
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@
     /// Must be called with a valid pointer to a `T` object. After this call,
     /// the pointer will be invalid and should not be dereferenced.
     unsafe extern "C" fn on_destroy(object: *mut c_void) {
-        ptr::drop_in_place(object as *mut T)
+        Box::from_raw(object as *mut T);
     }
 
     /// Called whenever a new, local `AIBinder` object is needed of a specific
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index ec231b2..fb84f04 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     require_root: true,
+    // Prevent the unit test target from running on sc-dev as it's not ready.
+    test_options: {
+        unit_test: false,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_benchmark {
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index a2868c6..b9a293f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -302,23 +302,25 @@
 // So we pass in a weak pointer to the BBQ and if it still alive, then we release the buffer.
 // Otherwise, this is a no-op.
 static void releaseBufferCallbackThunk(wp<BLASTBufferQueue> context, uint64_t graphicBufferId,
-                                       const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
+                                       const sp<Fence>& releaseFence, uint32_t transformHint) {
     sp<BLASTBufferQueue> blastBufferQueue = context.promote();
     ALOGV("releaseBufferCallbackThunk graphicBufferId=%" PRIu64 " blastBufferQueue=%s",
           graphicBufferId, blastBufferQueue ? "alive" : "dead");
     if (blastBufferQueue) {
-        blastBufferQueue->releaseBufferCallback(graphicBufferId, releaseFence);
+        blastBufferQueue->releaseBufferCallback(graphicBufferId, releaseFence, transformHint);
     }
 }
 
 void BLASTBufferQueue::releaseBufferCallback(uint64_t graphicBufferId,
-                                             const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
+                                             const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
+                                             uint32_t transformHint) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::unique_lock _lock{mMutex};
     BQA_LOGV("releaseBufferCallback graphicBufferId=%" PRIu64, graphicBufferId);
 
     if (mSurfaceControl != nullptr) {
-        mTransformHint = mSurfaceControl->getTransformHint();
+        mTransformHint = transformHint;
+        mSurfaceControl->setTransformHint(transformHint);
         mBufferItemConsumer->setTransformHint(mTransformHint);
     }
 
@@ -412,7 +414,7 @@
 
     auto releaseBufferCallback =
             std::bind(releaseBufferCallbackThunk, wp<BLASTBufferQueue>(this) /* callbackContext */,
-                      std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2);
+                      std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::placeholders::_3);
     t->setBuffer(mSurfaceControl, buffer, releaseBufferCallback);
     t->setDataspace(mSurfaceControl, static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(bufferItem.mDataSpace));
     t->setHdrMetadata(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mHdrMetadata);
diff --git a/libs/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.cpp b/libs/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.cpp
index f74f91e..63d07ba 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.cpp
@@ -251,10 +251,11 @@
                                                                   stats);
     }
 
-    void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t graphicBufferId, sp<Fence> releaseFence) override {
+    void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t graphicBufferId, sp<Fence> releaseFence,
+                         uint32_t transformHint) override {
         callRemoteAsync<decltype(
                 &ITransactionCompletedListener::onReleaseBuffer)>(Tag::ON_RELEASE_BUFFER,
-                                                                  graphicBufferId, releaseFence);
+                graphicBufferId, releaseFence, transformHint);
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 371454a..8af21d3 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -182,12 +182,12 @@
 
 void TransactionCompletedListener::addJankListener(const sp<JankDataListener>& listener,
                                                    sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    std::scoped_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(mJankListenerMutex);
     mJankListeners.insert({surfaceControl->getHandle(), listener});
 }
 
 void TransactionCompletedListener::removeJankListener(const sp<JankDataListener>& listener) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    std::scoped_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(mJankListenerMutex);
     for (auto it = mJankListeners.begin(); it != mJankListeners.end();) {
         if (it->second == listener) {
             it = mJankListeners.erase(it);
@@ -242,7 +242,6 @@
 
 void TransactionCompletedListener::onTransactionCompleted(ListenerStats listenerStats) {
     std::unordered_map<CallbackId, CallbackTranslation, CallbackIdHash> callbacksMap;
-    std::multimap<sp<IBinder>, sp<JankDataListener>> jankListenersMap;
     std::multimap<sp<IBinder>, SurfaceStatsCallbackEntry> surfaceListeners;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
@@ -259,7 +258,6 @@
          * sp<SurfaceControl> that could possibly exist for the callbacks.
          */
         callbacksMap = mCallbacks;
-        jankListenersMap = mJankListeners;
         surfaceListeners = mSurfaceStatsListeners;
         for (const auto& transactionStats : listenerStats.transactionStats) {
             for (auto& callbackId : transactionStats.callbackIds) {
@@ -331,7 +329,8 @@
                         callback(surfaceStats.previousBufferId,
                                  surfaceStats.previousReleaseFence
                                          ? surfaceStats.previousReleaseFence
-                                         : Fence::NO_FENCE);
+                                         : Fence::NO_FENCE,
+                                 surfaceStats.transformHint);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -348,7 +347,12 @@
             }
 
             if (surfaceStats.jankData.empty()) continue;
-            auto jankRange = jankListenersMap.equal_range(surfaceStats.surfaceControl);
+
+            // Acquire jank listener lock such that we guarantee that after calling unregister,
+            // there won't be any further callback.
+            std::scoped_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(mJankListenerMutex);
+            auto copy = mJankListeners;
+            auto jankRange = copy.equal_range(surfaceStats.surfaceControl);
             for (auto it = jankRange.first; it != jankRange.second; it++) {
                 it->second->onJankDataAvailable(surfaceStats.jankData);
             }
@@ -357,7 +361,8 @@
 }
 
 void TransactionCompletedListener::onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t graphicBufferId,
-                                                   sp<Fence> releaseFence) {
+                                                   sp<Fence> releaseFence,
+                                                   uint32_t transformHint) {
     ReleaseBufferCallback callback;
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
@@ -367,7 +372,7 @@
         ALOGE("Could not call release buffer callback, buffer not found %" PRIu64, graphicBufferId);
         return;
     }
-    callback(graphicBufferId, releaseFence);
+    callback(graphicBufferId, releaseFence, transformHint);
 }
 
 ReleaseBufferCallback TransactionCompletedListener::popReleaseBufferCallbackLocked(
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
index c4ca399..3ab1ee1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
@@ -89,7 +89,8 @@
 
     void transactionCallback(nsecs_t latchTime, const sp<Fence>& presentFence,
             const std::vector<SurfaceControlStats>& stats);
-    void releaseBufferCallback(uint64_t graphicBufferId, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence);
+    void releaseBufferCallback(uint64_t graphicBufferId, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
+                               uint32_t transformHint);
     void setNextTransaction(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction *t);
     void mergeWithNextTransaction(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction* t, uint64_t frameNumber);
     void setTransactionCompleteCallback(uint64_t frameNumber,
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h
index 2d71194..3bfeef1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/ITransactionCompletedListener.h
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@
 
     virtual void onTransactionCompleted(ListenerStats stats) = 0;
 
-    virtual void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t graphicBufferId, sp<Fence> releaseFence) = 0;
+    virtual void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t graphicBufferId, sp<Fence> releaseFence,
+                                 uint32_t transformHint) = 0;
 };
 
 class BnTransactionCompletedListener : public SafeBnInterface<ITransactionCompletedListener> {
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 2582882..28b4a37 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -82,7 +82,8 @@
         std::function<void(nsecs_t /*latchTime*/, const sp<Fence>& /*presentFence*/,
                            const std::vector<SurfaceControlStats>& /*stats*/)>;
 using ReleaseBufferCallback =
-        std::function<void(uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */, const sp<Fence>& /*releaseFence*/)>;
+        std::function<void(uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */, const sp<Fence>& /*releaseFence*/,
+                           uint32_t transformHint)>;
 
 using SurfaceStatsCallback =
         std::function<void(void* /*context*/, nsecs_t /*latchTime*/,
@@ -651,6 +652,9 @@
 
     std::mutex mMutex;
 
+    // This lock needs to be recursive so we can unregister a callback from within that callback.
+    std::recursive_mutex mJankListenerMutex;
+
     bool mListening GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
 
     int64_t mCallbackIdCounter GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = 1;
@@ -673,7 +677,10 @@
 
     std::unordered_map<CallbackId, CallbackTranslation, CallbackIdHash> mCallbacks
             GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    std::multimap<sp<IBinder>, sp<JankDataListener>> mJankListeners GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+    // This is protected by mJankListenerMutex, but GUARDED_BY isn't supported for
+    // std::recursive_mutex
+    std::multimap<sp<IBinder>, sp<JankDataListener>> mJankListeners;
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */, ReleaseBufferCallback>
             mReleaseBufferCallbacks GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     std::multimap<sp<IBinder>, SurfaceStatsCallbackEntry>
@@ -716,7 +723,8 @@
 
     // BnTransactionCompletedListener overrides
     void onTransactionCompleted(ListenerStats stats) override;
-    void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */, sp<Fence> releaseFence) override;
+    void onReleaseBuffer(uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */, sp<Fence> releaseFence,
+                         uint32_t transformHint) override;
 
 private:
     ReleaseBufferCallback popReleaseBufferCallbackLocked(uint64_t /* graphicsBufferId */);
diff --git a/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp b/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
index 61d72ad..30c42a3 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -247,36 +247,22 @@
     mLights.insert_or_assign(info.id, info);
 }
 
-const std::vector<InputDeviceSensorType> InputDeviceInfo::getSensorTypes() {
-    std::vector<InputDeviceSensorType> types;
+std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> InputDeviceInfo::getSensors() {
+    std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> infos;
+    infos.reserve(mSensors.size());
     for (const auto& [type, info] : mSensors) {
-        types.push_back(type);
+        infos.push_back(info);
     }
-    return types;
+    return infos;
 }
 
-const InputDeviceSensorInfo* InputDeviceInfo::getSensorInfo(InputDeviceSensorType type) {
-    auto it = mSensors.find(type);
-    if (it == mSensors.end()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return &it->second;
-}
-
-const std::vector<int32_t> InputDeviceInfo::getLightIds() {
-    std::vector<int32_t> ids;
+std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> InputDeviceInfo::getLights() {
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> infos;
+    infos.reserve(mLights.size());
     for (const auto& [id, info] : mLights) {
-        ids.push_back(id);
+        infos.push_back(info);
     }
-    return ids;
-}
-
-const InputDeviceLightInfo* InputDeviceInfo::getLightInfo(int32_t id) {
-    auto it = mLights.find(id);
-    if (it == mLights.end()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return &it->second;
+    return infos;
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
index ada689a..75f2385 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@
         case ANATIVEWINDOW_QUERY_DEFAULT_WIDTH:
         case ANATIVEWINDOW_QUERY_DEFAULT_HEIGHT:
         case ANATIVEWINDOW_QUERY_TRANSFORM_HINT:
+        case ANATIVEWINDOW_QUERY_BUFFER_AGE:
             // these are part of the VNDK API
             break;
         case ANATIVEWINDOW_QUERY_MIN_SWAP_INTERVAL:
diff --git a/libs/permission/android/permission/PermissionChecker.cpp b/libs/permission/android/permission/PermissionChecker.cpp
index 008afad..66526f9 100644
--- a/libs/permission/android/permission/PermissionChecker.cpp
+++ b/libs/permission/android/permission/PermissionChecker.cpp
@@ -82,6 +82,14 @@
             /*startDataDelivery*/ true, /*fromDatasource*/ true, attributedOpCode);
 }
 
+PermissionChecker::PermissionResult PermissionChecker::checkPermissionForPreflight(
+        const String16& permission, const AttributionSourceState& attributionSource,
+        const String16& message, int32_t attributedOpCode)
+{
+    return checkPermission(permission, attributionSource, message, /*forDataDelivery*/ false,
+            /*startDataDelivery*/ false, /*fromDatasource*/ false, attributedOpCode);
+}
+
 PermissionChecker::PermissionResult PermissionChecker::checkPermissionForPreflightFromDatasource(
         const String16& permission, const AttributionSourceState& attributionSource,
         const String16& message, int32_t attributedOpCode)
diff --git a/libs/permission/include/android/permission/PermissionChecker.h b/libs/permission/include/android/permission/PermissionChecker.h
index 308d794..21515e3 100644
--- a/libs/permission/include/android/permission/PermissionChecker.h
+++ b/libs/permission/include/android/permission/PermissionChecker.h
@@ -101,6 +101,29 @@
      * has a given permission and whether the app op that corresponds to this permission
      * is allowed. The app ops are not noted/started.
      *
+     * NOTE: Use this method only for permission checks at the preflight point where you
+     * will not deliver the permission protected data to clients but schedule permission
+     * data delivery, apps register listeners, etc.
+     *
+     * @param permission The permission to check.
+     * @param attributionSource The attribution chain to check.
+     * @param message A message describing the reason the permission was checked.
+     * @param attributedOpCode The op code towards which to blame the access. If this
+     *     is a valid app op the op corresponding to the checked permission (if such)
+     *     would only be checked to ensure it is allowed and if that succeeds the
+     *     starting would be against the attributed op.
+     * @return The permission check result which is either PERMISSION_GRANTED,
+     *     or PERMISSION_SOFT_DENIED or PERMISSION_HARD_DENIED.
+     */
+    PermissionResult checkPermissionForPreflight(
+            const String16& permission, const AttributionSourceState& attributionSource,
+            const String16& message, int32_t attributedOpCode);
+
+   /**
+     * Checks whether a given data access chain described by the given attribution source
+     * has a given permission and whether the app op that corresponds to this permission
+     * is allowed. The app ops are not noted/started.
+     *
      * NOTE: The attribution source should be for yourself with its next attribution
      * source being the app that would receive the data from you.
      *
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
index 3c58238..18eb7b5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -515,9 +515,10 @@
     return mDrawingBuffer.get();
 }
 
-void GLESRenderEngine::primeCache() {
+std::future<void> GLESRenderEngine::primeCache() {
     ProgramCache::getInstance().primeCache(mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedEGLContext : mEGLContext,
                                            mUseColorManagement, mPrecacheToneMapperShaderOnly);
+    return {};
 }
 
 base::unique_fd GLESRenderEngine::flush() {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index e7ed9c0..1ff3674 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
                      EGLSurface protectedStub);
     ~GLESRenderEngine() override EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
 
-    void primeCache() override;
+    std::future<void> primeCache() override;
     void genTextures(size_t count, uint32_t* names) override;
     void deleteTextures(size_t count, uint32_t const* names) override;
     bool isProtected() const override { return mInProtectedContext; }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index d1bbcc5..1da9adc 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include <future>
 #include <memory>
 
 /**
@@ -48,6 +49,11 @@
  */
 #define PROPERTY_DEBUG_RENDERENGINE_CAPTURE_FILENAME "debug.renderengine.capture_filename"
 
+/**
+ * Allows recording of Skia drawing commands with systrace.
+ */
+#define PROPERTY_SKIA_ATRACE_ENABLED "debug.renderengine.skia_atrace_enabled"
+
 struct ANativeWindowBuffer;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -94,17 +100,13 @@
 
     static std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args);
 
-    RenderEngine() : RenderEngine(RenderEngineType::GLES) {}
-
-    RenderEngine(RenderEngineType type) : mRenderEngineType(type) {}
-
     virtual ~RenderEngine() = 0;
 
     // ----- BEGIN DEPRECATED INTERFACE -----
     // This interface, while still in use until a suitable replacement is built,
     // should be considered deprecated, minus some methods which still may be
     // used to support legacy behavior.
-    virtual void primeCache() = 0;
+    virtual std::future<void> primeCache() = 0;
 
     // dump the extension strings. always call the base class.
     virtual void dump(std::string& result) = 0;
@@ -204,6 +206,10 @@
     static void validateOutputBufferUsage(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&);
 
 protected:
+    RenderEngine() : RenderEngine(RenderEngineType::GLES) {}
+
+    RenderEngine(RenderEngineType type) : mRenderEngineType(type) {}
+
     // Maps GPU resources for this buffer.
     // Note that work may be deferred to an additional thread, i.e. this call
     // is made asynchronously, but the caller can expect that map/unmap calls
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
index 27dbd1e..baa1305 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     RenderEngine();
     ~RenderEngine() override;
 
-    MOCK_METHOD0(primeCache, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(primeCache, std::future<void>());
     MOCK_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
     MOCK_METHOD2(genTextures, void(size_t, uint32_t*));
     MOCK_METHOD2(deleteTextures, void(size_t, uint32_t const*));
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
index 61c297c..b3975b0 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@
                     PixelSource{
                             .solidColor = half3(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.3f),
                     },
+            .alpha = 0.5,
     };
 
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
@@ -291,7 +292,11 @@
 
         drawSolidLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture);
         drawShadowLayers(renderengine, display, srcTexture);
-        drawBlurLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture);
+
+        if (renderengine->supportsBackgroundBlur()) {
+            drawBlurLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture);
+        }
+
         // The majority of shaders are related to sampling images.
         drawImageLayers(renderengine, display, dstTexture, srcTexture);
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index 2d80c46..f0986a3 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <SkSurface.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gl/GrGLInterface.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <sync/sync.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
@@ -234,8 +235,9 @@
     return engine;
 }
 
-void SkiaGLRenderEngine::primeCache() {
+std::future<void> SkiaGLRenderEngine::primeCache() {
     Cache::primeShaderCache(this);
+    return {};
 }
 
 EGLConfig SkiaGLRenderEngine::chooseEglConfig(EGLDisplay display, int format, bool logConfig) {
@@ -315,6 +317,7 @@
     GrContextOptions options;
     options.fDisableDriverCorrectnessWorkarounds = true;
     options.fDisableDistanceFieldPaths = true;
+    options.fReducedShaderVariations = true;
     options.fPersistentCache = &mSkSLCacheMonitor;
     mGrContext = GrDirectContext::MakeGL(glInterface, options);
     if (useProtectedContext(true)) {
@@ -506,17 +509,18 @@
         return;
     }
     // We currently don't attempt to map a buffer if the buffer contains protected content
-    // or we are using a protected context because GPU resources for protected buffers is
-    // much more limited.
+    // because GPU resources for protected buffers is much more limited.
     const bool isProtectedBuffer = buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
-    if (isProtectedBuffer || mInProtectedContext) {
+    if (isProtectedBuffer) {
         return;
     }
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    // If we were to support caching protected buffers then we will need to switch the currently
-    // bound context if we are not already using the protected context (and subsequently switch
-    // back after the buffer is cached).
+    // If we were to support caching protected buffers then we will need to switch the
+    // currently bound context if we are not already using the protected context (and subsequently
+    // switch back after the buffer is cached).  However, for non-protected content we can bind
+    // the texture in either GL context because they are initialized with the same share_context
+    // which allows the texture state to be shared between them.
     auto grContext = getActiveGrContext();
     auto& cache = mTextureCache;
 
@@ -550,7 +554,6 @@
 
         if (iter->second == 0) {
             mTextureCache.erase(buffer->getId());
-            mProtectedTextureCache.erase(buffer->getId());
             mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.erase(buffer->getId());
         }
     }
@@ -702,7 +705,7 @@
     validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer->getBuffer());
 
     auto grContext = getActiveGrContext();
-    auto& cache = mInProtectedContext ? mProtectedTextureCache : mTextureCache;
+    auto& cache = mTextureCache;
 
     std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef> surfaceTextureRef;
     if (const auto& it = cache.find(buffer->getBuffer()->getId()); it != cache.end()) {
@@ -792,7 +795,7 @@
     }
 
     for (const auto& layer : layers) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("DrawLayer");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("DrawLayer: %s", layer->name.c_str());
 
         if (kPrintLayerSettings) {
             std::stringstream ls;
@@ -1445,12 +1448,6 @@
         StringAppendF(&result, "Skia's Protected Wrapped Objects:\n");
         gpuProtectedReporter.logOutput(result, true);
 
-        StringAppendF(&result, "RenderEngine protected AHB/BackendTexture cache size: %zu\n",
-                      mProtectedTextureCache.size());
-        StringAppendF(&result, "Dumping buffer ids...\n");
-        for (const auto& [id, unused] : mProtectedTextureCache) {
-            StringAppendF(&result, "- 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", id);
-        }
         StringAppendF(&result, "\n");
         StringAppendF(&result, "RenderEngine runtime effects: %zu\n", mRuntimeEffects.size());
         for (const auto& [linearEffect, unused] : mRuntimeEffects) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
index 97d3b72..b972c73 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
                        EGLSurface protectedPlaceholder);
     ~SkiaGLRenderEngine() override EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
 
-    void primeCache() override;
+    std::future<void> primeCache() override;
     status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
                         const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
                         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
@@ -126,11 +126,9 @@
     // Number of external holders of ExternalTexture references, per GraphicBuffer ID.
     std::unordered_map<GraphicBufferId, int32_t> mGraphicBufferExternalRefs
             GUARDED_BY(mRenderingMutex);
-    // Cache of GL textures that we'll store per GraphicBuffer ID, sliced by GPU context.
+    // Cache of GL textures that we'll store per GraphicBuffer ID, shared between GPU contexts.
     std::unordered_map<GraphicBufferId, std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>> mTextureCache
             GUARDED_BY(mRenderingMutex);
-    std::unordered_map<GraphicBufferId, std::shared_ptr<AutoBackendTexture::LocalRef>>
-            mProtectedTextureCache GUARDED_BY(mRenderingMutex);
     std::unordered_map<LinearEffect, sk_sp<SkRuntimeEffect>, LinearEffectHasher> mRuntimeEffects;
 
     StretchShaderFactory mStretchShaderFactory;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index 81f0b6f..29175a2 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,22 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "RenderEngine"
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
+#include "SkiaRenderEngine.h"
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <src/core/SkTraceEventCommon.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
-namespace skia {} // namespace skia
+namespace skia {
+SkiaRenderEngine::SkiaRenderEngine(RenderEngineType type) : RenderEngine(type) {
+    SkAndroidFrameworkTraceUtil::setEnableTracing(
+            base::GetBoolProperty(PROPERTY_SKIA_ATRACE_ENABLED, false));
+}
+} // namespace skia
 } // namespace renderengine
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index 308c5ff..f098a86 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@
 class SkiaRenderEngine : public RenderEngine {
 public:
     static std::unique_ptr<SkiaRenderEngine> create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args);
-    SkiaRenderEngine(RenderEngineType type) : RenderEngine(type) {}
+    SkiaRenderEngine(RenderEngineType type);
     ~SkiaRenderEngine() override {}
 
-    virtual void primeCache() override{};
+    virtual std::future<void> primeCache() override { return {}; };
     virtual void genTextures(size_t /*count*/, uint32_t* /*names*/) override{};
     virtual void deleteTextures(size_t /*count*/, uint32_t const* /*names*/) override{};
     virtual bool isProtected() const override { return false; } // mInProtectedContext; }
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@
 
 protected:
     virtual void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/,
-                                          bool /*isRenderable*/) override;
-    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/) override;
+                                          bool /*isRenderable*/) override = 0;
+    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/) override = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace skia
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index 9009ce4..2a65f2a 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <private/gui/SyncFeatures.h>
+#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "gl/GLESRenderEngine.h"
@@ -48,44 +49,74 @@
 }
 
 RenderEngineThreaded::~RenderEngineThreaded() {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mRunning = false;
-        mCondition.notify_one();
-    }
+    mRunning = false;
+    mCondition.notify_one();
 
     if (mThread.joinable()) {
         mThread.join();
     }
 }
 
+status_t RenderEngineThreaded::setSchedFifo(bool enabled) {
+    static constexpr int kFifoPriority = 2;
+    static constexpr int kOtherPriority = 0;
+
+    struct sched_param param = {0};
+    int sched_policy;
+    if (enabled) {
+        sched_policy = SCHED_FIFO;
+        param.sched_priority = kFifoPriority;
+    } else {
+        sched_policy = SCHED_OTHER;
+        param.sched_priority = kOtherPriority;
+    }
+
+    if (sched_setscheduler(0, sched_policy, &param) != 0) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
 // NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS is because std::unique_lock presently lacks thread safety annotations.
 void RenderEngineThreaded::threadMain(CreateInstanceFactory factory) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    struct sched_param param = {0};
-    param.sched_priority = 2;
-    if (sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_FIFO, &param) != 0) {
-        ALOGE("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO");
+    if (!SetTaskProfiles(0, {"SFRenderEnginePolicy"})) {
+        ALOGW("Failed to set render-engine task profile!");
+    }
+
+    if (setSchedFifo(true) != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO");
     }
 
     mRenderEngine = factory();
 
-    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mThreadMutex);
     pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), mThreadName);
 
     {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mInitializedMutex);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mInitializedMutex);
         mIsInitialized = true;
     }
     mInitializedCondition.notify_all();
 
     while (mRunning) {
-        if (!mFunctionCalls.empty()) {
-            auto task = mFunctionCalls.front();
-            mFunctionCalls.pop();
-            task(*mRenderEngine);
+        const auto getNextTask = [this]() -> std::optional<Work> {
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mThreadMutex);
+            if (!mFunctionCalls.empty()) {
+                Work task = mFunctionCalls.front();
+                mFunctionCalls.pop();
+                return std::make_optional<Work>(task);
+            }
+            return std::nullopt;
+        };
+
+        const auto task = getNextTask();
+
+        if (task) {
+            (*task)(*mRenderEngine);
         }
+
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mThreadMutex);
         mCondition.wait(lock, [this]() REQUIRES(mThreadMutex) {
             return !mRunning || !mFunctionCalls.empty();
         });
@@ -100,18 +131,31 @@
     mInitializedCondition.wait(lock, [=] { return mIsInitialized; });
 }
 
-void RenderEngineThreaded::primeCache() {
+std::future<void> RenderEngineThreaded::primeCache() {
+    const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<void>>();
+    std::future<void> resultFuture = resultPromise->get_future();
     ATRACE_CALL();
     // This function is designed so it can run asynchronously, so we do not need to wait
     // for the futures.
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mFunctionCalls.push([](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
+        mFunctionCalls.push([resultPromise](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
             ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::primeCache");
+            if (setSchedFifo(false) != NO_ERROR) {
+                ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_OTHER for primeCache");
+            }
+
             instance.primeCache();
+            resultPromise->set_value();
+
+            if (setSchedFifo(true) != NO_ERROR) {
+                ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO for primeCache");
+            }
         });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
+
+    return resultFuture;
 }
 
 void RenderEngineThreaded::dump(std::string& result) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index eb6098e..c81f137 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
     RenderEngineThreaded(CreateInstanceFactory factory, RenderEngineType type);
     ~RenderEngineThreaded() override;
-    void primeCache() override;
+    std::future<void> primeCache() override;
 
     void dump(std::string& result) override;
 
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
 private:
     void threadMain(CreateInstanceFactory factory);
     void waitUntilInitialized() const;
+    static status_t setSchedFifo(bool enabled);
 
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Threading
@@ -82,9 +83,10 @@
     // Protects the creation and destruction of mThread.
     mutable std::mutex mThreadMutex;
     std::thread mThread GUARDED_BY(mThreadMutex);
-    bool mRunning GUARDED_BY(mThreadMutex) = true;
-    mutable std::queue<std::function<void(renderengine::RenderEngine& instance)>> mFunctionCalls
-            GUARDED_BY(mThreadMutex);
+    std::atomic<bool> mRunning = true;
+
+    using Work = std::function<void(renderengine::RenderEngine&)>;
+    mutable std::queue<Work> mFunctionCalls GUARDED_BY(mThreadMutex);
     mutable std::condition_variable mCondition;
 
     // Used to allow select thread safe methods to be accessed without requiring the
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_platform_entries.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_platform_entries.cpp
index f576660..de36a7a 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_platform_entries.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_platform_entries.cpp
@@ -1453,7 +1453,9 @@
 
     if (attribute == EGL_TIMESTAMPS_ANDROID) {
         if (!s->getNativeWindow()) {
-            return setError(EGL_BAD_SURFACE, (EGLBoolean)EGL_FALSE);
+            // According to the spec, "if surface is not a window surface this has no
+            // effect."
+            return EGL_TRUE;
         }
         int err = native_window_enable_frame_timestamps(s->getNativeWindow(), value != 0);
         return (err == 0) ? EGL_TRUE : setError(EGL_BAD_SURFACE, (EGLBoolean)EGL_FALSE);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h b/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
index 19abfd9..7fdbbfd 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/InputReaderBase.h
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@
     /* Get battery status of a particular input device. */
     virtual std::optional<int32_t> getBatteryStatus(int32_t deviceId) = 0;
 
-    virtual std::vector<int32_t> getLightIds(int32_t deviceId) = 0;
+    virtual std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> getLights(int32_t deviceId) = 0;
 
-    virtual const InputDeviceLightInfo* getLightInfo(int32_t deviceId, int32_t lightId) = 0;
+    virtual std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> getSensors(int32_t deviceId) = 0;
 
     /* Return true if the device can send input events to the specified display. */
     virtual bool canDispatchToDisplay(int32_t deviceId, int32_t displayId) = 0;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
index e3e6c12..b19b419 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@
 // v4l2 devices go directly into /dev
 static const char* VIDEO_DEVICE_PATH = "/dev";
 
+static constexpr size_t OBFUSCATED_LENGTH = 8;
+
 static constexpr int32_t FF_STRONG_MAGNITUDE_CHANNEL_IDX = 0;
 static constexpr int32_t FF_WEAK_MAGNITUDE_CHANNEL_IDX = 1;
 
@@ -1828,9 +1830,21 @@
 
 void EventHub::reportDeviceAddedForStatisticsLocked(const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
                                                     Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+    SHA256_CTX ctx;
+    SHA256_Init(&ctx);
+    SHA256_Update(&ctx, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(identifier.uniqueId.c_str()),
+                  identifier.uniqueId.size());
+    std::array<uint8_t, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH> digest;
+    SHA256_Final(digest.data(), &ctx);
+
+    std::string obfuscatedId;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < OBFUSCATED_LENGTH; i++) {
+        obfuscatedId += StringPrintf("%02x", digest[i]);
+    }
+
     android::util::stats_write(android::util::INPUTDEVICE_REGISTERED, identifier.name.c_str(),
                                identifier.vendor, identifier.product, identifier.version,
-                               identifier.bus, identifier.uniqueId.c_str(), classes.get());
+                               identifier.bus, obfuscatedId.c_str(), classes.get());
 }
 
 void EventHub::openDeviceLocked(const std::string& devicePath) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
index ad503fd..7af014c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDevice::dump(std::string& dump, const std::string& eventHubDevStr) {
-    InputDeviceInfo deviceInfo;
-    getDeviceInfo(&deviceInfo);
+    InputDeviceInfo deviceInfo = getDeviceInfo();
 
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT "Device %d: %s\n", deviceInfo.getId(),
                          deviceInfo.getDisplayName().c_str());
@@ -417,15 +416,17 @@
     for_each_mapper([state](InputMapper& mapper) { mapper.updateExternalStylusState(state); });
 }
 
-void InputDevice::getDeviceInfo(InputDeviceInfo* outDeviceInfo) {
-    outDeviceInfo->initialize(mId, mGeneration, mControllerNumber, mIdentifier, mAlias, mIsExternal,
-                              mHasMic);
+InputDeviceInfo InputDevice::getDeviceInfo() {
+    InputDeviceInfo outDeviceInfo;
+    outDeviceInfo.initialize(mId, mGeneration, mControllerNumber, mIdentifier, mAlias, mIsExternal,
+                             mHasMic);
     for_each_mapper(
-            [outDeviceInfo](InputMapper& mapper) { mapper.populateDeviceInfo(outDeviceInfo); });
+            [&outDeviceInfo](InputMapper& mapper) { mapper.populateDeviceInfo(&outDeviceInfo); });
 
     if (mController) {
-        mController->populateDeviceInfo(outDeviceInfo);
+        mController->populateDeviceInfo(&outDeviceInfo);
     }
+    return outDeviceInfo;
 }
 
 int32_t InputDevice::getKeyCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t keyCode) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
index e91f84e..10c04f6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
@@ -406,9 +406,7 @@
     for (auto& devicePair : mDevices) {
         std::shared_ptr<InputDevice>& device = devicePair.second;
         if (device->getClasses().test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS) && !device->isIgnored()) {
-            InputDeviceInfo info;
-            device->getDeviceInfo(&info);
-            outDevices.push_back(info);
+            outDevices.push_back(device->getDeviceInfo());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -498,9 +496,7 @@
 
     for (const auto& [device, eventHubIds] : mDeviceToEventHubIdsMap) {
         if (!device->isIgnored()) {
-            InputDeviceInfo info;
-            device->getDeviceInfo(&info);
-            outInputDevices.push_back(info);
+            outInputDevices.push_back(device->getDeviceInfo());
         }
     }
     return outInputDevices;
@@ -695,28 +691,26 @@
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-std::vector<int32_t> InputReader::getLightIds(int32_t deviceId) {
+std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> InputReader::getLights(int32_t deviceId) {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
     InputDevice* device = findInputDeviceLocked(deviceId);
-    if (device) {
-        InputDeviceInfo info;
-        device->getDeviceInfo(&info);
-        return info.getLightIds();
+    if (device == nullptr) {
+        return {};
     }
-    return {};
+
+    return device->getDeviceInfo().getLights();
 }
 
-const InputDeviceLightInfo* InputReader::getLightInfo(int32_t deviceId, int32_t lightId) {
+std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> InputReader::getSensors(int32_t deviceId) {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
     InputDevice* device = findInputDeviceLocked(deviceId);
-    if (device) {
-        InputDeviceInfo info;
-        device->getDeviceInfo(&info);
-        return info.getLightInfo(lightId);
+    if (device == nullptr) {
+        return {};
     }
-    return nullptr;
+
+    return device->getDeviceInfo().getSensors();
 }
 
 bool InputReader::setLightColor(int32_t deviceId, int32_t lightId, int32_t color) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/TouchVideoDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/TouchVideoDevice.cpp
index c075078..c7c8e28 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/TouchVideoDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/TouchVideoDevice.cpp
@@ -169,8 +169,9 @@
     mFrames.insert(mFrames.end(), std::make_move_iterator(frames.begin()),
                    std::make_move_iterator(frames.end()));
     if (mFrames.size() > MAX_QUEUE_SIZE) {
-        ALOGE("More than %zu frames have been accumulated. Dropping %zu frames", MAX_QUEUE_SIZE,
-              mFrames.size() - MAX_QUEUE_SIZE);
+        // A user-space grip suppression process may be processing the video frames, and holding
+        // back the input events. This could result in video frames being produced without the
+        // matching input events. Drop the oldest frame here to prepare for the next input event.
         mFrames.erase(mFrames.begin(), mFrames.end() - MAX_QUEUE_SIZE);
     }
     return numFrames;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
index 291f105..2f2eba7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
     void timeoutExpired(nsecs_t when);
     void updateExternalStylusState(const StylusState& state);
 
-    void getDeviceInfo(InputDeviceInfo* outDeviceInfo);
+    InputDeviceInfo getDeviceInfo();
     int32_t getKeyCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t keyCode);
     int32_t getScanCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t scanCode);
     int32_t getSwitchState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t switchCode);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
index bc79ccf..a00c5af 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@
 
     std::optional<int32_t> getBatteryStatus(int32_t deviceId) override;
 
-    std::vector<int32_t> getLightIds(int32_t deviceId) override;
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> getLights(int32_t deviceId) override;
 
-    const InputDeviceLightInfo* getLightInfo(int32_t deviceId, int32_t lightId) override;
+    std::vector<InputDeviceSensorInfo> getSensors(int32_t deviceId) override;
 
     bool setLightColor(int32_t deviceId, int32_t lightId, int32_t color) override;
 
@@ -130,24 +130,24 @@
         // lock is already held by the input loop
         void updateGlobalMetaState() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
         int32_t getGlobalMetaState() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        void disableVirtualKeysUntil(nsecs_t time) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        bool shouldDropVirtualKey(nsecs_t now, int32_t keyCode,
-                                  int32_t scanCode) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        void fadePointer() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
+        void disableVirtualKeysUntil(nsecs_t time) REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        bool shouldDropVirtualKey(nsecs_t now, int32_t keyCode, int32_t scanCode)
+                REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        void fadePointer() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
         std::shared_ptr<PointerControllerInterface> getPointerController(int32_t deviceId)
-                NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        void requestTimeoutAtTime(nsecs_t when) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
+                REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        void requestTimeoutAtTime(nsecs_t when) REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
         int32_t bumpGeneration() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
         void getExternalStylusDevices(std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& outDevices)
-                NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
+                REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
         void dispatchExternalStylusState(const StylusState& outState)
-                NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        InputReaderPolicyInterface* getPolicy() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        InputListenerInterface* getListener() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        EventHubInterface* getEventHub() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
+                REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        InputReaderPolicyInterface* getPolicy() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        InputListenerInterface* getListener() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        EventHubInterface* getEventHub() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
         int32_t getNextId() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        void updateLedMetaState(int32_t metaState) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
-        int32_t getLedMetaState() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS override;
+        void updateLedMetaState(int32_t metaState) REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) override;
+        int32_t getLedMetaState() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) REQUIRES(mLock) override;
     } mContext;
 
     friend class ContextImpl;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 7a11ca7..73198bc 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -1524,20 +1524,6 @@
     }
 };
 
-TEST_F(InputReaderTest, ReaderGetInputDevices) {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(1, "keyboard", InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD, nullptr));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(2, "ignored", Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0),
-                                      nullptr)); // no classes so device will be ignored
-
-    const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> inputDevices = mReader->getInputDevices();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1U, inputDevices.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(END_RESERVED_ID + 1, inputDevices[0].getId());
-    ASSERT_STREQ("keyboard", inputDevices[0].getIdentifier().name.c_str());
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC, inputDevices[0].getKeyboardType());
-    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, inputDevices[0].getSources());
-    ASSERT_EQ(size_t(0), inputDevices[0].getMotionRanges().size());
-}
-
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, PolicyGetInputDevices) {
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(1, "keyboard", InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD, nullptr));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(2, "ignored", Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0),
@@ -1550,7 +1536,7 @@
     ASSERT_STREQ("keyboard", inputDevices[0].getIdentifier().name.c_str());
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC, inputDevices[0].getKeyboardType());
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, inputDevices[0].getSources());
-    ASSERT_EQ(size_t(0), inputDevices[0].getMotionRanges().size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0U, inputDevices[0].getMotionRanges().size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetMergedInputDevices) {
@@ -1571,7 +1557,7 @@
             addDevice(eventHubIds[1], "fake2", InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD, nullptr));
 
     // Two devices will be merged to one input device as they have same identifier
-    ASSERT_EQ(1U, mReader->getInputDevices().size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, mFakePolicy->getInputDevices().size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetMergedInputDevicesEnabled) {
@@ -2189,7 +2175,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(initialNumDevices + 1, mFakePolicy->getInputDevices().size());
 
     // Find the test device by its name.
-    const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> inputDevices = mReader->getInputDevices();
+    const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> inputDevices = mFakePolicy->getInputDevices();
     const auto& it =
             std::find_if(inputDevices.begin(), inputDevices.end(),
                          [&keyboard](const InputDeviceInfo& info) {
@@ -2463,8 +2449,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDevice->isIgnored());
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_UNKNOWN, mDevice->getSources());
 
-    InputDeviceInfo info;
-    mDevice->getDeviceInfo(&info);
+    InputDeviceInfo info = mDevice->getDeviceInfo();
     ASSERT_EQ(DEVICE_ID, info.getId());
     ASSERT_STREQ(DEVICE_NAME, info.getIdentifier().name.c_str());
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE, info.getKeyboardType());
@@ -2533,8 +2518,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mDevice->isIgnored());
     ASSERT_EQ(uint32_t(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN), mDevice->getSources());
 
-    InputDeviceInfo info;
-    mDevice->getDeviceInfo(&info);
+    InputDeviceInfo info = mDevice->getDeviceInfo();
     ASSERT_EQ(DEVICE_ID, info.getId());
     ASSERT_STREQ(DEVICE_NAME, info.getIdentifier().name.c_str());
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC, info.getKeyboardType());
@@ -8444,8 +8428,7 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled(&resetArgs));
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 
-    InputDeviceInfo deviceInfo;
-    mDevice->getDeviceInfo(&deviceInfo);
+    InputDeviceInfo deviceInfo = mDevice->getDeviceInfo();
 
     const InputDeviceInfo::MotionRange* relRangeX =
             deviceInfo.getMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD);
@@ -8755,12 +8738,12 @@
     PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
     InputDeviceInfo info;
     controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
-    const auto& ids = info.getLightIds();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1UL, ids.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::MONO, info.getLightInfo(ids[0])->type);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::MONO, lights[0].type);
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(ids[0], LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS));
-    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(ids[0]).value_or(-1), LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(lights[0].id, LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS));
+    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(lights[0].id).value_or(-1), LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LightControllerTest, RGBLight) {
@@ -8786,12 +8769,12 @@
     PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
     InputDeviceInfo info;
     controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
-    const auto& ids = info.getLightIds();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1UL, ids.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::RGB, info.getLightInfo(ids[0])->type);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::RGB, lights[0].type);
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(ids[0], LIGHT_COLOR));
-    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(ids[0]).value_or(-1), LIGHT_COLOR);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(lights[0].id, LIGHT_COLOR));
+    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(lights[0].id).value_or(-1), LIGHT_COLOR);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LightControllerTest, MultiColorRGBLight) {
@@ -8808,12 +8791,12 @@
     PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
     InputDeviceInfo info;
     controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
-    const auto& ids = info.getLightIds();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1UL, ids.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::MULTI_COLOR, info.getLightInfo(ids[0])->type);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::MULTI_COLOR, lights[0].type);
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(ids[0], LIGHT_COLOR));
-    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(ids[0]).value_or(-1), LIGHT_COLOR);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightColor(lights[0].id, LIGHT_COLOR));
+    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(lights[0].id).value_or(-1), LIGHT_COLOR);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LightControllerTest, PlayerIdLight) {
@@ -8845,13 +8828,13 @@
     PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
     InputDeviceInfo info;
     controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
-    const auto& ids = info.getLightIds();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1UL, ids.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::PLAYER_ID, info.getLightInfo(ids[0])->type);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceLightType::PLAYER_ID, lights[0].type);
 
-    ASSERT_FALSE(controller.setLightColor(ids[0], LIGHT_COLOR));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightPlayerId(ids[0], LIGHT_PLAYER_ID));
-    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightPlayerId(ids[0]).value_or(-1), LIGHT_PLAYER_ID);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(controller.setLightColor(lights[0].id, LIGHT_COLOR));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(controller.setLightPlayerId(lights[0].id, LIGHT_PLAYER_ID));
+    ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightPlayerId(lights[0].id).value_or(-1), LIGHT_PLAYER_ID);
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
index 9df020d..a1c800e 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
@@ -2172,6 +2172,13 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Checks if a sensor should be capped according to HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS
+ * permission.
+ *
+ * This needs to be kept in sync with the list defined on the Java side
+ * in frameworks/base/core/java/android/hardware/SystemSensorManager.java
+ */
 bool SensorService::isSensorInCappedSet(int sensorType) {
     return (sensorType == SENSOR_TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
             || sensorType == SENSOR_TYPE_ACCELEROMETER_UNCALIBRATED
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
index cacad52..23779be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
@@ -425,7 +425,8 @@
         mFlinger->mTimeStats->setPresentFence(layerId, mCurrentFrameNumber, presentFence,
                                               refreshRate, renderRate,
                                               frameRateToSetFrameRateVotePayload(
-                                                      mDrawingState.frameRate));
+                                                      mDrawingState.frameRate),
+                                              getGameMode());
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceFence(layerId, getCurrentBufferId(), mCurrentFrameNumber,
                                            presentFence, FrameTracer::FrameEvent::PRESENT_FENCE);
         mFrameTracker.setActualPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>(presentFence));
@@ -439,7 +440,8 @@
         mFlinger->mTimeStats->setPresentTime(layerId, mCurrentFrameNumber, actualPresentTime,
                                              refreshRate, renderRate,
                                              frameRateToSetFrameRateVotePayload(
-                                                     mDrawingState.frameRate));
+                                                     mDrawingState.frameRate),
+                                             getGameMode());
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceTimestamp(layerId, getCurrentBufferId(), mCurrentFrameNumber,
                                                actualPresentTime,
                                                FrameTracer::FrameEvent::PRESENT_FENCE);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
index 54daa10..d68a0e0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
@@ -43,11 +43,13 @@
 using PresentState = frametimeline::SurfaceFrame::PresentState;
 namespace {
 void callReleaseBufferCallback(const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& listener,
-                               const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
+                               const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, const sp<Fence>& releaseFence,
+                               uint32_t transformHint) {
     if (!listener) {
         return;
     }
-    listener->onReleaseBuffer(buffer->getId(), releaseFence ? releaseFence : Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    listener->onReleaseBuffer(buffer->getId(), releaseFence ? releaseFence : Fence::NO_FENCE,
+                              transformHint);
 }
 } // namespace
 
@@ -72,7 +74,8 @@
     // issue with the clone layer trying to use the texture.
     if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr && !isClone()) {
         callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener,
-                                  mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer(), mBufferInfo.mFence);
+                                  mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer(), mBufferInfo.mFence,
+                                  mTransformHint);
     }
 }
 
@@ -427,7 +430,8 @@
             // call any release buffer callbacks if set.
             callReleaseBufferCallback(mCurrentState.releaseBufferListener,
                                       mCurrentState.buffer->getBuffer(),
-                                      mCurrentState.acquireFence);
+                                      mCurrentState.acquireFence,
+                                      mTransformHint);
             decrementPendingBufferCount();
             if (mCurrentState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX != nullptr) {
                 addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(mCurrentState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -444,7 +448,7 @@
 
     const int32_t layerId = getSequence();
     mFlinger->mTimeStats->setPostTime(layerId, mCurrentState.frameNumber, getName().c_str(),
-                                      mOwnerUid, postTime);
+                                      mOwnerUid, postTime, getGameMode());
     mCurrentState.desiredPresentTime = desiredPresentTime;
     mCurrentState.isAutoTimestamp = isAutoTimestamp;
 
@@ -946,7 +950,8 @@
         // then we will drop a buffer and should decrement the pending buffer count and
         // call any release buffer callbacks if set.
         callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener,
-                                  mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer(), mDrawingState.acquireFence);
+                                  mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer(), mDrawingState.acquireFence,
+                                  mTransformHint);
         decrementPendingBufferCount();
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index 08147ed..d738ccd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
         "src/planner/LayerState.cpp",
         "src/planner/Planner.cpp",
         "src/planner/Predictor.cpp",
+        "src/planner/TexturePool.cpp",
         "src/ClientCompositionRequestCache.cpp",
         "src/CompositionEngine.cpp",
         "src/Display.cpp",
@@ -107,6 +108,7 @@
         "tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp",
         "tests/planner/LayerStateTest.cpp",
         "tests/planner/PredictorTest.cpp",
+        "tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp",
         "tests/CompositionEngineTest.cpp",
         "tests/DisplayColorProfileTest.cpp",
         "tests/DisplayTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
index 289cb11..29937fb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
@@ -82,6 +82,9 @@
 
     // The earliest time to send the present command to the HAL
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point earliestPresentTime;
+
+    // The predicted next invalidation time
+    std::optional<std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> nextInvalidateTime;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
index 633668e..14eddb1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
@@ -21,13 +21,10 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
-#include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
 
-#include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
-#include "DisplayIdGenerator.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
@@ -37,24 +34,14 @@
  * A parameter object for creating Display instances
  */
 struct DisplayCreationArgs {
-    struct Physical {
-        DisplayId id;
-        ui::DisplayConnectionType type;
-    };
+    DisplayId id;
 
-    // Required for physical displays. Gives the HWC display id for the existing
-    // display along with the connection type.
-    std::optional<Physical> physical;
+    // Unset for virtual displays
+    std::optional<ui::DisplayConnectionType> connectionType;
 
     // Size of the display in pixels
     ui::Size pixels = ui::Size::INVALID;
 
-    // Pixel format of the display
-    ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_UNKNOWN);
-
-    // True if virtual displays should be created with the HWC API if possible
-    bool useHwcVirtualDisplays = false;
-
     // True if this display should be considered secure
     bool isSecure = false;
 
@@ -67,9 +54,6 @@
 
     // Debugging. Human readable name for the display.
     std::string name;
-
-    // Generator for IDs of virtual displays, which are backed by the GPU.
-    DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId>* gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -80,8 +64,13 @@
 public:
     DisplayCreationArgs build() { return std::move(mArgs); }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPhysical(DisplayCreationArgs::Physical physical) {
-        mArgs.physical = physical;
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setId(DisplayId id) {
+        mArgs.id = id;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType connectionType) {
+        mArgs.connectionType = connectionType;
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -90,22 +79,6 @@
         return *this;
     }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat) {
-        mArgs.pixelFormat = pixelFormat;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(bool useHwcVirtualDisplays) {
-        mArgs.useHwcVirtualDisplays = useHwcVirtualDisplays;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(
-            DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId>& generator) {
-        mArgs.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator = &generator;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setIsSecure(bool isSecure) {
         mArgs.isSecure = isSecure;
         return *this;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index 257974f..1416b1e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@
     virtual std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) = 0;
     virtual void postFramebuffer() = 0;
-    virtual void renderCachedSets() = 0;
+    virtual void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
     virtual bool getSkipColorTransform() const = 0;
     virtual FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
index a8d372c..4110346 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
@@ -24,21 +24,17 @@
 
 struct ANativeWindow;
 
-namespace android {
-
-namespace compositionengine {
-
-class Display;
+namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 /**
  * A parameter object for creating RenderSurface instances
  */
 struct RenderSurfaceCreationArgs {
     // The initial width of the surface
-    int32_t displayWidth;
+    int32_t displayWidth = -1;
 
     // The initial height of the surface
-    int32_t displayHeight;
+    int32_t displayHeight = -1;
 
     // The ANativeWindow for the buffer queue for this surface
     sp<ANativeWindow> nativeWindow;
@@ -46,22 +42,16 @@
     // The DisplaySurface for this surface
     sp<DisplaySurface> displaySurface;
 
-    size_t maxTextureCacheSize;
+    // The maximum size of the renderengine::ExternalTexture cache
+    size_t maxTextureCacheSize = 0;
+
+private:
+    friend class RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder;
+
+    // Not defaulted to disable aggregate initialization.
+    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs() {}
 };
 
-/**
- * A helper for setting up a RenderSurfaceCreationArgs value in-line.
- * Prefer this builder over raw structure initialization.
- *
- * Instead of:
- *
- *   RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{1000, 1000, nativeWindow, displaySurface}
- *
- * Prefer:
- *
- *  RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayWidth(1000).setDisplayHeight(1000)
- *      .setNativeWindow(nativeWindow).setDisplaySurface(displaySurface).Build();
- */
 class RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder {
 public:
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgs build() { return std::move(mArgs); }
@@ -75,11 +65,11 @@
         return *this;
     }
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder& setNativeWindow(sp<ANativeWindow> nativeWindow) {
-        mArgs.nativeWindow = nativeWindow;
+        mArgs.nativeWindow = std::move(nativeWindow);
         return *this;
     }
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder& setDisplaySurface(sp<DisplaySurface> displaySurface) {
-        mArgs.displaySurface = displaySurface;
+        mArgs.displaySurface = std::move(displaySurface);
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -92,5 +82,4 @@
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgs mArgs;
 };
 
-} // namespace compositionengine
-} // namespace android
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index 54e91ae..bb540ea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -80,19 +80,13 @@
 
     // Internal
     virtual void setConfiguration(const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&);
-    virtual std::optional<DisplayId> maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(ui::Size,
-                                                                             ui::PixelFormat) const;
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
 
-    // Testing
-    void setDisplayIdForTesting(DisplayId displayId);
-
 private:
     bool mIsVirtual = false;
     bool mIsDisconnected = false;
     DisplayId mId;
     Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* mPowerAdvisor = nullptr;
-    DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId>* mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
 };
 
 // This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index f10ff25..f832084 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
     std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) override;
     void postFramebuffer() override;
-    void renderCachedSets() override;
+    void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t) override;
 
     // Testing
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
index 2ffd472..244f8ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
@@ -73,10 +73,11 @@
     void writeOutputIndependentGeometryStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&,
                                                   bool skipLayer);
     void writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*);
-    void writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&,
+                                                  bool skipLayer);
     void writeSolidColorStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
     void writeSidebandStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
-    void writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
+    void writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&, bool skipLayer);
     void writeCompositionTypeToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition,
                                    bool isPeekingThrough, bool skipLayer);
     void detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition from,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
index 269ddd5..7cb0f6b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/ProjectionSpace.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
@@ -64,9 +65,12 @@
     size_t getLayerCount() const { return mLayers.size(); }
     const Layer& getFirstLayer() const { return mLayers[0]; }
     const Rect& getBounds() const { return mBounds; }
+    Rect getTextureBounds() const { return mOutputSpace.content; }
     const Region& getVisibleRegion() const { return mVisibleRegion; }
     size_t getAge() const { return mAge; }
-    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& getBuffer() const { return mTexture; }
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> getBuffer() const {
+        return mTexture ? mTexture->get() : nullptr;
+    }
     const sp<Fence>& getDrawFence() const { return mDrawFence; }
     const ProjectionSpace& getOutputSpace() const { return mOutputSpace; }
     ui::Dataspace getOutputDataspace() const { return mOutputDataspace; }
@@ -89,10 +93,12 @@
 
     void setLastUpdate(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now) { mLastUpdate = now; }
     void append(const CachedSet& other) {
-        mTexture = nullptr;
+        mTexture.reset();
         mOutputDataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
         mDrawFence = nullptr;
         mBlurLayer = nullptr;
+        mHolePunchLayer = nullptr;
+        mSkipCount = 0;
 
         mLayers.insert(mLayers.end(), other.mLayers.cbegin(), other.mLayers.cend());
         Region boundingRegion;
@@ -102,9 +108,12 @@
         mVisibleRegion.orSelf(other.mVisibleRegion);
     }
     void incrementAge() { ++mAge; }
+    void incrementSkipCount() { mSkipCount++; }
+    size_t getSkipCount() { return mSkipCount; }
 
     // Renders the cached set with the supplied output composition state.
-    void render(renderengine::RenderEngine& re, const OutputCompositionState& outputState);
+    void render(renderengine::RenderEngine& re, TexturePool& texturePool,
+                const OutputCompositionState& outputState);
 
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
 
@@ -132,6 +141,10 @@
 
     compositionengine::OutputLayer* getBlurLayer() const;
 
+    bool hasHdrLayers() const;
+
+    bool hasProtectedLayers() const;
+
 private:
     CachedSet() = default;
 
@@ -145,8 +158,11 @@
     Rect mBounds = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
     Region mVisibleRegion;
     size_t mAge = 0;
+    size_t mSkipCount = 0;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mTexture;
+    // TODO(b/190411067): This is a shared pointer only because CachedSets are copied into different
+    // containers in the Flattener. Logically this should have unique ownership otherwise.
+    std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture> mTexture;
     sp<Fence> mDrawFence;
     ProjectionSpace mOutputSpace;
     ui::Dataspace mOutputDataspace;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
index ca1d69d..7534548 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -37,25 +38,53 @@
 
 class Flattener {
 public:
-    Flattener(bool enableHolePunch = false) : mEnableHolePunch(enableHolePunch) {}
+    struct CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables {
+        // This default assumes that rendering a cached set takes about 3ms. That time is then cut
+        // in half - the next frame using the cached set would have the same workload, meaning that
+        // composition cost is the same. This is best illustrated with the following example:
+        //
+        // Suppose we're at a 120hz cadence so SurfaceFlinger is budgeted 8.3ms per-frame. If
+        // renderCachedSets costs 3ms, then two consecutive frames have timings:
+        //
+        // First frame: Start at 0ms, end at 6.8ms.
+        // renderCachedSets: Start at 6.8ms, end at 9.8ms.
+        // Second frame: Start at 9.8ms, end at 16.6ms.
+        //
+        // Now the second frame won't render a cached set afterwards, but the first frame didn't
+        // really steal time from the second frame.
+        static const constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kDefaultCachedSetRenderDuration = 1500us;
 
-    void setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) { mDisplaySize = size; }
+        static const constexpr size_t kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts = 240;
+
+        // Duration allocated for rendering a cached set. If we don't have enough time for rendering
+        // a cached set, then rendering is deferred to another frame.
+        const std::chrono::nanoseconds cachedSetRenderDuration;
+        // Maximum of times that we defer rendering a cached set. If we defer rendering a cached set
+        // too many times, then render it anyways so that future frames would benefit from the
+        // flattened cached set.
+        const size_t maxDeferRenderAttempts;
+    };
+    Flattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch = false,
+              std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables =
+                      std::nullopt);
+
+    void setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) {
+        mDisplaySize = size;
+        mTexturePool.setDisplaySize(size);
+    }
 
     NonBufferHash flattenLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers, NonBufferHash,
                                 std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
 
     // Renders the newest cached sets with the supplied output composition state
-    void renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& re,
-                          const OutputCompositionState& outputState);
+    void renderCachedSets(const OutputCompositionState& outputState,
+                          std::optional<std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> renderDeadline);
 
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
     void dumpLayers(std::string& result) const;
 
     const std::optional<CachedSet>& getNewCachedSetForTesting() const { return mNewCachedSet; }
 
-protected:
-    std::optional<CachedSet> mNewCachedSet;
-
 private:
     size_t calculateDisplayCost(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) const;
 
@@ -145,8 +174,17 @@
 
     void buildCachedSets(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
 
+    renderengine::RenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
     const bool mEnableHolePunch;
+    const std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables;
 
+    TexturePool mTexturePool;
+
+protected:
+    // mNewCachedSet must be destroyed before mTexturePool is.
+    std::optional<CachedSet> mNewCachedSet;
+
+private:
     ui::Size mDisplaySize;
 
     NonBufferHash mCurrentGeometry;
@@ -162,6 +200,7 @@
     size_t mCachedSetCreationCount = 0;
     size_t mCachedSetCreationCost = 0;
     std::unordered_map<size_t, size_t> mInvalidatedCachedSetAges;
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds mActiveLayerTimeout = kActiveLayerTimeout;
 
     static constexpr auto kActiveLayerTimeout = std::chrono::nanoseconds(150ms);
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
index 0b78cb8..a20d7b3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
@@ -240,6 +240,19 @@
     void resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate() { mFramesSinceBufferUpdate = 0; }
     int64_t getFramesSinceBufferUpdate() const { return mFramesSinceBufferUpdate; }
 
+    ui::Dataspace getDataspace() const { return mOutputDataspace.get(); }
+
+    bool isHdr() const {
+        const ui::Dataspace transfer =
+                static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(getDataspace() & ui::Dataspace::TRANSFER_MASK);
+        return (transfer == ui::Dataspace::TRANSFER_ST2084 ||
+                transfer == ui::Dataspace::TRANSFER_HLG);
+    }
+
+    bool isProtected() const {
+        return getOutputLayer()->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->hasProtectedContent;
+    }
+
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
     std::optional<std::string> compare(const LayerState& other) const;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
index 4365b93..be34153 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 // as a more efficient representation of parts of the layer stack.
 class Planner {
 public:
-    Planner();
+    Planner(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderengine);
 
     void setDisplaySize(ui::Size);
 
@@ -58,9 +58,11 @@
     void reportFinalPlan(
             compositionengine::Output::OutputLayersEnumerator<compositionengine::Output>&& layers);
 
-    // The planner will call to the Flattener to render any pending cached set
-    void renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& re,
-                          const OutputCompositionState& outputState);
+    // The planner will call to the Flattener to render any pending cached set.
+    // Rendering a pending cached set is optional: if the renderDeadline is not far enough in the
+    // future then the planner may opt to skip rendering the cached set.
+    void renderCachedSets(const OutputCompositionState& outputState,
+                          std::optional<std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> renderDeadline);
 
     void dump(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string&);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb53ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/ProjectionSpace.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
+#include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include "android-base/macros.h"
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+// A pool of textures that only manages textures of a single size.
+// While it is possible to define a texture pool supporting variable-sized textures to save on
+// memory, it is a simpler implementation to only manage screen-sized textures. The texture pool is
+// unbounded - there are a minimum number of textures preallocated. Under heavy system load, new
+// textures may be allocated, but only a maximum number of retained once those textures are no
+// longer necessary.
+class TexturePool {
+public:
+    // RAII class helping with managing textures from the texture pool
+    // Textures once they're no longer used should be returned to the pool instead of outright
+    // deleted.
+    class AutoTexture {
+    public:
+        AutoTexture(TexturePool& texturePool,
+                    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture, const sp<Fence>& fence)
+              : mTexturePool(texturePool), mTexture(texture), mFence(fence) {}
+
+        ~AutoTexture() { mTexturePool.returnTexture(std::move(mTexture), mFence); }
+
+        sp<Fence> getReadyFence() { return mFence; }
+
+        void setReadyFence(const sp<Fence>& fence) { mFence = fence; }
+
+        // Disable copying and assigning
+        AutoTexture(const AutoTexture&) = delete;
+        AutoTexture& operator=(const AutoTexture&) = delete;
+
+        // Gets a pointer to the underlying external texture
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& get() const { return mTexture; }
+
+    private:
+        TexturePool& mTexturePool;
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mTexture;
+        sp<Fence> mFence;
+    };
+
+    TexturePool(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) : mRenderEngine(renderEngine) {}
+
+    virtual ~TexturePool() = default;
+
+    // Sets the display size for the texture pool.
+    // This will trigger a reallocation for all remaining textures in the pool.
+    // setDisplaySize must be called for the texture pool to be used.
+    void setDisplaySize(ui::Size size);
+
+    // Borrows a new texture from the pool.
+    // If the pool is currently starved of textures, then a new texture is generated.
+    // When the AutoTexture object is destroyed, the scratch texture is automatically returned
+    // to the pool.
+    std::shared_ptr<AutoTexture> borrowTexture();
+
+protected:
+    // Proteted visibility so that they can be used for testing
+    const static constexpr size_t kMinPoolSize = 3;
+    const static constexpr size_t kMaxPoolSize = 4;
+
+    struct Entry {
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture;
+        sp<Fence> fence;
+    };
+
+    std::deque<Entry> mPool;
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> genTexture();
+    // Returns a previously borrowed texture to the pool.
+    void returnTexture(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&& texture,
+                       const sp<Fence>& fence);
+    renderengine::RenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
+    ui::Size mSize;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index 4b4d375..8e777e3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(renderCachedSets, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(renderCachedSets, void(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(presentAndGetFrameFences, compositionengine::Output::FrameFences());
 
     MOCK_METHOD3(generateClientCompositionRequests,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 3d49183..ae1336e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -50,36 +50,14 @@
 Display::~Display() = default;
 
 void Display::setConfiguration(const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
-    mIsVirtual = !args.physical;
+    mId = args.id;
+    mIsVirtual = !args.connectionType;
     mPowerAdvisor = args.powerAdvisor;
     editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     editState().displaySpace.bounds = Rect(args.pixels);
     setLayerStackFilter(args.layerStackId,
-                        args.physical &&
-                                args.physical->type == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal);
+                        args.connectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal);
     setName(args.name);
-    mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator = args.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
-
-    if (args.physical) {
-        mId = args.physical->id;
-    } else {
-        std::optional<DisplayId> id;
-        if (args.useHwcVirtualDisplays) {
-            id = maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(args.pixels, args.pixelFormat);
-        }
-        if (!id) {
-            id = mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator->nextId();
-        }
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!id, "Failed to generate display ID");
-        mId = *id;
-    }
-}
-
-std::optional<DisplayId> Display::maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay(
-        ui::Size pixels, ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat) const {
-    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
-    return hwc.allocateVirtualDisplay(static_cast<uint32_t>(pixels.width),
-                                      static_cast<uint32_t>(pixels.height), &pixelFormat);
 }
 
 bool Display::isValid() const {
@@ -102,23 +80,16 @@
     return mId;
 }
 
-void Display::setDisplayIdForTesting(DisplayId displayId) {
-    mId = displayId;
-}
-
 void Display::disconnect() {
     if (mIsDisconnected) {
         return;
     }
 
     mIsDisconnected = true;
-    if (const auto id = GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mId)) {
-        mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator->markUnused(*id);
-        return;
+
+    if (const auto id = HalDisplayId::tryCast(mId)) {
+        getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer().disconnectDisplay(*id);
     }
-    const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(mId);
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(!halDisplayId);
-    getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer().disconnectDisplay(*halDisplayId);
 }
 
 void Display::setColorTransform(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& args) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index e9a8b91..67bb149 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
     }
 
     if (enabled) {
-        mPlanner = std::make_unique<planner::Planner>();
+        mPlanner = std::make_unique<planner::Planner>(getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine());
         if (mRenderSurface) {
             mPlanner->setDisplaySize(mRenderSurface->getSize());
         }
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
     devOptRepaintFlash(refreshArgs);
     finishFrame(refreshArgs);
     postFramebuffer();
-    renderCachedSets();
+    renderCachedSets(refreshArgs);
 }
 
 void Output::rebuildLayerStacks(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
@@ -1312,9 +1312,9 @@
     mReleasedLayers.clear();
 }
 
-void Output::renderCachedSets() {
+void Output::renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
     if (mPlanner) {
-        mPlanner->renderCachedSets(getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine(), getState());
+        mPlanner->renderCachedSets(getState(), refreshArgs.nextInvalidateTime);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index cd14327..e4e46a7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
     }
 
     writeOutputDependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get());
-    writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState);
+    writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), *outputIndependentState, skipLayer);
 
     writeCompositionTypeToHWC(hwcLayer.get(), requestedCompositionType, isPeekingThrough,
                               skipLayer);
@@ -471,7 +471,8 @@
 }
 
 void OutputLayer::writeOutputIndependentPerFrameStateToHWC(
-        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer, const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState,
+        bool skipLayer) {
     switch (auto error = hwcLayer->setColorTransform(outputIndependentState.colorTransform)) {
         case hal::Error::NONE:
             break;
@@ -504,7 +505,7 @@
             break;
         case hal::Composition::CURSOR:
         case hal::Composition::DEVICE:
-            writeBufferStateToHWC(hwcLayer, outputIndependentState);
+            writeBufferStateToHWC(hwcLayer, outputIndependentState, skipLayer);
             break;
         case hal::Composition::INVALID:
         case hal::Composition::CLIENT:
@@ -541,7 +542,8 @@
 }
 
 void OutputLayer::writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer,
-                                        const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState) {
+                                        const LayerFECompositionState& outputIndependentState,
+                                        bool skipLayer) {
     auto supportedPerFrameMetadata =
             getOutput().getDisplayColorProfile()->getSupportedPerFrameMetadata();
     if (auto error = hwcLayer->setPerFrameMetadata(supportedPerFrameMetadata,
@@ -554,7 +556,7 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = outputIndependentState.buffer;
     sp<Fence> acquireFence = outputIndependentState.acquireFence;
     int slot = outputIndependentState.bufferSlot;
-    if (getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr) {
+    if (getState().overrideInfo.buffer != nullptr && !skipLayer) {
         buffer = getState().overrideInfo.buffer->getBuffer();
         acquireFence = getState().overrideInfo.acquireFence;
         slot = HwcBufferCache::FLATTENER_CACHING_SLOT;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
index 3cfb211..acc7ed2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 }
 
 bool CachedSet::hasReadyBuffer() const {
-    return mTexture != nullptr && mDrawFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Signaled;
+    return mTexture && mDrawFence->getStatus() == Fence::Status::Signaled;
 }
 
 std::vector<CachedSet> CachedSet::decompose() const {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine,
+void CachedSet::render(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, TexturePool& texturePool,
                        const OutputCompositionState& outputState) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     const Rect& viewport = outputState.layerStackSpace.content;
@@ -165,10 +165,7 @@
             ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(outputState.framebufferSpace.orientation);
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings displaySettings{
-            .physicalDisplay = Rect(-mBounds.left + outputState.framebufferSpace.content.left,
-                                    -mBounds.top + outputState.framebufferSpace.content.top,
-                                    -mBounds.left + outputState.framebufferSpace.content.right,
-                                    -mBounds.top + outputState.framebufferSpace.content.bottom),
+            .physicalDisplay = outputState.framebufferSpace.content,
             .clip = viewport,
             .outputDataspace = outputDataspace,
             .orientation = orientation,
@@ -228,7 +225,6 @@
         // Assume that the final layer contains the buffer that we want to
         // replace with a hole punch.
         holePunchSettings = clientCompositionList.back();
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!holePunchSettings.source.buffer.buffer, "Expected to have a buffer!");
         // This mimics Layer::prepareClearClientComposition
         holePunchSettings.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
         holePunchSettings.source.solidColor = half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
@@ -256,30 +252,34 @@
         layerSettingsPointers.emplace_back(&highlight);
     }
 
-    const uint64_t usageFlags = GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_RENDER | GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
-            GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer(static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getWidth()),
-                                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(mBounds.getHeight()),
-                                                 HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1, usageFlags);
-    const auto texture = std::make_shared<
-            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(buffer, renderEngine,
-                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
-                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(buffer->initCheck() != OK);
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
+    auto texture = texturePool.borrowTexture();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(texture->get()->getBuffer()->initCheck() != OK);
 
-    status_t result = renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, texture,
-                                              false, base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+    if (texture->getReadyFence()) {
+        // Bail out if the buffer is not ready, because there is some pending GPU work left.
+        if (texture->getReadyFence()->getStatus() != Fence::Status::Signaled) {
+            return;
+        }
+        bufferFence.reset(texture->getReadyFence()->dup());
+    }
+
+    base::unique_fd drawFence;
+    status_t result =
+            renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, texture->get(), false,
+                                    std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
 
     if (result == NO_ERROR) {
         mDrawFence = new Fence(drawFence.release());
         mOutputSpace = outputState.framebufferSpace;
-        mTexture = std::move(texture);
+        mTexture = texture;
+        mTexture->setReadyFence(mDrawFence);
         mOutputSpace.orientation = outputState.framebufferSpace.orientation;
         mOutputDataspace = outputDataspace;
         mOrientation = orientation;
+        mSkipCount = 0;
     } else {
-        mTexture = nullptr;
+        mTexture.reset();
     }
 }
 
@@ -295,6 +295,12 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    // Do not use a hole punch with an HDR layer; this should be done in client
+    // composition to properly mix HDR with SDR.
+    if (hasHdrLayers()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
     const auto& layerFE = mLayers[0].getState()->getOutputLayer()->getLayerFE();
     if (layerFE.getCompositionState()->forceClientComposition) {
         return false;
@@ -346,6 +352,16 @@
     return mBlurLayer ? mBlurLayer->getOutputLayer() : nullptr;
 }
 
+bool CachedSet::hasHdrLayers() const {
+    return std::any_of(mLayers.cbegin(), mLayers.cend(),
+                       [](const Layer& layer) { return layer.getState()->isHdr(); });
+}
+
+bool CachedSet::hasProtectedLayers() const {
+    return std::any_of(mLayers.cbegin(), mLayers.cend(),
+                       [](const Layer& layer) { return layer.getState()->isProtected(); });
+}
+
 void CachedSet::dump(std::string& result) const {
     const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
@@ -354,7 +370,7 @@
     base::StringAppendF(&result, "  + Fingerprint %016zx, last update %sago, age %zd\n",
                         mFingerprint, durationString(lastUpdate).c_str(), mAge);
     {
-        const auto b = mTexture ? mTexture->getBuffer().get() : nullptr;
+        const auto b = mTexture ? mTexture->get()->getBuffer().get() : nullptr;
         base::StringAppendF(&result, "    Override buffer: %p\n", b);
     }
     base::StringAppendF(&result, "    HolePunchLayer: %p\n", mHolePunchLayer);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
index ef46335..2bcaf60 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@
 // #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h>
 
-#include <utils/Trace.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 
 using time_point = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -59,6 +60,20 @@
 
 } // namespace
 
+Flattener::Flattener(
+        renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch,
+        std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)
+      : mRenderEngine(renderEngine),
+        mEnableHolePunch(enableHolePunch),
+        mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables(cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables),
+        mTexturePool(mRenderEngine) {
+    const int timeoutInMs =
+            base::GetIntProperty(std::string("debug.sf.layer_caching_active_layer_timeout_ms"), 0);
+    if (timeoutInMs != 0) {
+        mActiveLayerTimeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(timeoutInMs);
+    }
+}
+
 NonBufferHash Flattener::flattenLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers,
                                        NonBufferHash hash, time_point now) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -93,14 +108,46 @@
     return hash;
 }
 
-void Flattener::renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine,
-                                 const OutputCompositionState& outputState) {
+void Flattener::renderCachedSets(
+        const OutputCompositionState& outputState,
+        std::optional<std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> renderDeadline) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    if (!mNewCachedSet || mNewCachedSet->hasRenderedBuffer()) {
+
+    if (!mNewCachedSet) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mNewCachedSet->render(renderEngine, outputState);
+    // Ensure that a cached set has a valid buffer first
+    if (mNewCachedSet->hasRenderedBuffer()) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("mNewCachedSet->hasRenderedBuffer()");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    // If we have a render deadline, and the flattener is configured to skip rendering if we don't
+    // have enough time, then we skip rendering the cached set if we think that we'll steal too much
+    // time from the next frame.
+    if (renderDeadline && mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables) {
+        if (const auto estimatedRenderFinish =
+                    now + mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables->cachedSetRenderDuration;
+            estimatedRenderFinish > *renderDeadline) {
+            mNewCachedSet->incrementSkipCount();
+
+            if (mNewCachedSet->getSkipCount() <=
+                mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables->maxDeferRenderAttempts) {
+                ATRACE_FORMAT("DeadlinePassed: exceeded deadline by: %d us",
+                              std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+                                      estimatedRenderFinish - *renderDeadline)
+                                      .count());
+                return;
+            } else {
+                ATRACE_NAME("DeadlinePassed: exceeded max skips");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    mNewCachedSet->render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, outputState);
 }
 
 void Flattener::dumpLayers(std::string& result) const {
@@ -231,6 +278,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    // the compiler should strip out the following no-op loops when ALOGV is off
     ALOGV("[%s] Incoming layers:", __func__);
     for (const LayerState* layer : layers) {
         ALOGV("%s", layer->getName().c_str());
@@ -238,9 +286,12 @@
 
     ALOGV("[%s] Current layers:", __func__);
     for (const CachedSet& layer : mLayers) {
-        std::string dump;
-        layer.dump(dump);
-        ALOGV("%s", dump.c_str());
+        const auto dumper = [&] {
+            std::string dump;
+            layer.dump(dump);
+            return dump;
+        };
+        ALOGV("%s", dumper().c_str());
     }
 
     auto currentLayerIter = mLayers.begin();
@@ -272,7 +323,7 @@
                         state.overrideInfo = {
                                 .buffer = mNewCachedSet->getBuffer(),
                                 .acquireFence = mNewCachedSet->getDrawFence(),
-                                .displayFrame = mNewCachedSet->getBounds(),
+                                .displayFrame = mNewCachedSet->getTextureBounds(),
                                 .dataspace = mNewCachedSet->getOutputDataspace(),
                                 .displaySpace = mNewCachedSet->getOutputSpace(),
                                 .damageRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION,
@@ -312,7 +363,7 @@
                 state.overrideInfo = {
                         .buffer = currentLayerIter->getBuffer(),
                         .acquireFence = currentLayerIter->getDrawFence(),
-                        .displayFrame = currentLayerIter->getBounds(),
+                        .displayFrame = currentLayerIter->getTextureBounds(),
                         .dataspace = currentLayerIter->getOutputDataspace(),
                         .displaySpace = currentLayerIter->getOutputSpace(),
                         .damageRegion = Region(),
@@ -366,9 +417,10 @@
     bool runHasFirstLayer = false;
 
     for (auto currentSet = mLayers.cbegin(); currentSet != mLayers.cend(); ++currentSet) {
-        const bool layerIsInactive = now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > kActiveLayerTimeout;
+        const bool layerIsInactive = now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > mActiveLayerTimeout;
         const bool layerHasBlur = currentSet->hasBlurBehind();
-        if (layerIsInactive && (firstLayer || runHasFirstLayer || !layerHasBlur)) {
+        if (layerIsInactive && (firstLayer || runHasFirstLayer || !layerHasBlur) &&
+            !currentSet->hasHdrLayers() && !currentSet->hasProtectedLayers()) {
             if (isPartOfRun) {
                 builder.append(currentSet->getLayerCount());
             } else {
@@ -472,9 +524,14 @@
 
     ++mCachedSetCreationCount;
     mCachedSetCreationCost += mNewCachedSet->getCreationCost();
-    std::string setDump;
-    mNewCachedSet->dump(setDump);
-    ALOGV("[%s] Added new cached set:\n%s", __func__, setDump.c_str());
+
+    // note the compiler should strip the follow no-op statements when ALOGV is off
+    const auto dumper = [&] {
+        std::string setDump;
+        mNewCachedSet->dump(setDump);
+        return setDump;
+    };
+    ALOGV("[%s] Added new cached set:\n%s", __func__, dumper().c_str());
 }
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
index 297c0b2..be2510f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
@@ -26,15 +26,43 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
+#include <chrono>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
 
-Planner::Planner()
+namespace {
+
+std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> buildFlattenerTuneables() {
+    if (!base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_cached_set_render_scheduling"), true)) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    auto renderDuration = std::chrono::nanoseconds(
+            base::GetUintProperty<uint64_t>(std::string("debug.sf.cached_set_render_duration_ns"),
+                                            Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables::
+                                                    kDefaultCachedSetRenderDuration.count()));
+
+    auto maxDeferRenderAttempts = base::GetUintProperty<
+            size_t>(std::string("debug.sf.cached_set_max_defer_render_attmpts"),
+                    Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables::kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts);
+
+    return std::make_optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>(
+            Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables{
+                    .cachedSetRenderDuration = renderDuration,
+                    .maxDeferRenderAttempts = maxDeferRenderAttempts,
+            });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Planner::Planner(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine)
       // Implicitly, layer caching must also be enabled for the hole punch or
       // predictor to have any effect.
       // E.g., setprop debug.sf.enable_layer_caching 1, or
       // adb shell service call SurfaceFlinger 1040 i32 1 [i64 <display ID>]
-      : mFlattener(base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_hole_punch_pip"), true)) {
+      : mFlattener(renderEngine,
+                   base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_hole_punch_pip"), true),
+                   buildFlattenerTuneables()) {
     mPredictorEnabled =
             base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_planner_prediction"), false);
 }
@@ -160,10 +188,11 @@
                             finalPlan);
 }
 
-void Planner::renderCachedSets(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine,
-                               const OutputCompositionState& outputState) {
+void Planner::renderCachedSets(
+        const OutputCompositionState& outputState,
+        std::optional<std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> renderDeadline) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    mFlattener.renderCachedSets(renderEngine, outputState);
+    mFlattener.renderCachedSets(outputState, renderDeadline);
 }
 
 void Planner::dump(const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3772a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "Planner"
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+
+void TexturePool::setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) {
+    if (mSize == size) {
+        return;
+    }
+    mSize = size;
+    mPool.clear();
+    mPool.resize(kMinPoolSize);
+    std::generate_n(mPool.begin(), kMinPoolSize, [&]() { return Entry{genTexture(), nullptr}; });
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture> TexturePool::borrowTexture() {
+    if (mPool.empty()) {
+        return std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, genTexture(), nullptr);
+    }
+
+    const auto entry = mPool.front();
+    mPool.pop_front();
+    return std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, entry.texture, entry.fence);
+}
+
+void TexturePool::returnTexture(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&& texture,
+                                const sp<Fence>& fence) {
+    // Drop the texture on the floor if the pool is no longer tracking textures of the same size.
+    if (static_cast<int32_t>(texture->getBuffer()->getWidth()) != mSize.getWidth() ||
+        static_cast<int32_t>(texture->getBuffer()->getHeight()) != mSize.getHeight()) {
+        ALOGV("Deallocating texture from Planner's pool - display size changed (previous: (%dx%d), "
+              "current: (%dx%d))",
+              texture->getBuffer()->getWidth(), texture->getBuffer()->getHeight(), mSize.getWidth(),
+              mSize.getHeight());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Also ensure the pool does not grow beyond a maximum size.
+    if (mPool.size() == kMaxPoolSize) {
+        ALOGD("Deallocating texture from Planner's pool - max size [%" PRIu64 "] reached",
+              static_cast<uint64_t>(kMaxPoolSize));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mPool.push_back({std::move(texture), fence});
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> TexturePool::genTexture() {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mSize.isValid(), "Attempted to generate texture with invalid size");
+    return std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(sp<GraphicBuffer>::
+                                                   make(mSize.getWidth(), mSize.getHeight(),
+                                                        HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                        GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_RENDER |
+                                                                GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
+                                                                GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_TEXTURE,
+                                                        "Planner"),
+                                           mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
+                                                   renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index ac3ba0d..db9437b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 #include <cmath>
 
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h>
@@ -60,12 +56,12 @@
 using testing::SetArgPointee;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId{42};
-// TODO(b/160679868) Use VirtualDisplayId
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId{43};
-constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
-constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
-constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 123;
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(123u);
+constexpr HalVirtualDisplayId HAL_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID{456u};
+constexpr GpuVirtualDisplayId GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID{789u};
+
+const ui::Size DEFAULT_RESOLUTION{1920, 1080};
+constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 42;
 
 struct Layer {
     Layer() {
@@ -94,8 +90,6 @@
     public:
         using impl::Display::injectOutputLayerForTest;
         virtual void injectOutputLayerForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>) = 0;
-
-        using impl::Display::maybeAllocateDisplayIdForVirtualDisplay;
     };
 
     // Uses a special implementation with key internal member functions set up
@@ -169,21 +163,19 @@
 
     DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay() {
         return DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
-                .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
-                .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
+                .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                 .setIsSecure(true)
                 .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                 .build();
     }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay() {
+    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay() {
         return DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false)
-                .setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(mGpuDisplayIdGenerator)
-                .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
-                .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                .setId(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
+                .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                 .setIsSecure(false)
                 .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
@@ -195,7 +187,6 @@
     StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> mGpuDisplayIdGenerator;
 };
 
 struct PartialMockDisplayTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
@@ -247,9 +238,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, display->getId());
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplayCreationTest, createNonHwcVirtualDisplay) {
-    auto display = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine,
-                                       getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay());
+TEST_F(DisplayCreationTest, createGpuVirtualDisplay) {
+    auto display =
+            impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay());
     EXPECT_FALSE(display->isSecure());
     EXPECT_TRUE(display->isVirtual());
     EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(display->getId()));
@@ -262,17 +253,15 @@
 using DisplaySetConfigurationTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresInternalSecurePhysicalDisplay) {
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
-            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
-                    .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
-                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
-                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
-                    .setIsSecure(true)
-                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                    .build());
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                       .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                       .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
+                                       .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
+                                       .setIsSecure(true)
+                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                                       .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                                       .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                                       .build());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isSecure());
@@ -283,17 +272,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresExternalInsecurePhysicalDisplay) {
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
-            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
-                    .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::External})
-                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
-                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
-                    .setIsSecure(false)
-                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                    .build());
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                       .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                       .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::External)
+                                       .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
+                                       .setIsSecure(false)
+                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                                       .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                                       .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                                       .build());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
@@ -303,25 +290,17 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresHwcBackedVirtualDisplay) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
-                allocateVirtualDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                       Pointee(Eq(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
-                                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888)))))
-            .WillOnce(Return(VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID));
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresHalVirtualDisplay) {
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                       .setId(HAL_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                       .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
+                                       .setIsSecure(false)
+                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                                       .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                                       .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                                       .build());
 
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
-            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
-                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
-                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
-                    .setIsSecure(false)
-                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                    .build());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
+    EXPECT_EQ(HAL_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
@@ -329,47 +308,17 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresNonHwcBackedVirtualDisplayIfHwcAllocationFails) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
-                allocateVirtualDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                       Pointee(Eq(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
-                                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888)))))
-            .WillOnce(Return(std::nullopt));
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresGpuVirtualDisplay) {
+    mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                       .setId(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                       .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
+                                       .setIsSecure(false)
+                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                                       .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                                       .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
+                                       .build());
 
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
-            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(true)
-                    .setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(mGpuDisplayIdGenerator)
-                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
-                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
-                    .setIsSecure(false)
-                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                    .build());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mDisplay->getId()));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
-}
-
-TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresNonHwcBackedVirtualDisplayIfShouldNotUseHwc) {
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(
-            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                    .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false)
-                    .setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(mGpuDisplayIdGenerator)
-                    .setPixels(ui::Size(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH))
-                    .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
-                    .setIsSecure(false)
-                    .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                    .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                    .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                    .build());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mDisplay->getId()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
@@ -476,7 +425,7 @@
 TEST_F(DisplaySetColorModeTest, doesNothingForVirtualDisplay) {
     using ColorProfile = Output::ColorProfile;
 
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
     std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> virtualDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
     mock::DisplayColorProfile* colorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
@@ -521,7 +470,11 @@
 TEST_F(DisplayCreateRenderSurfaceTest, setsRenderSurface) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, disconnect(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL)).WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() == nullptr);
-    mDisplay->createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{640, 480, mNativeWindow, nullptr});
+    mDisplay->createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                          .setDisplayWidth(640)
+                                          .setDisplayHeight(480)
+                                          .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                          .build());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() != nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -551,25 +504,25 @@
 
 using DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
 
-TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, doesNothingIfNotHwcDisplay) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, doesNothingIfGpuDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> gpuDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
     sp<mock::LayerFE> layerXLayerFE = new StrictMock<mock::LayerFE>();
 
     {
         Output::ReleasedLayers releasedLayers;
         releasedLayers.emplace_back(layerXLayerFE);
-        nonHwcDisplay->setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
+        gpuDisplay->setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
     }
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(layerXLayerFE);
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
 
-    const auto& releasedLayers = nonHwcDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, releasedLayers.size());
+    const auto& releasedLayers = gpuDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, releasedLayers.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, doesNothingIfNoLayersWithQueuedFrames) {
@@ -585,7 +538,7 @@
     mDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
 
     const auto& releasedLayers = mDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, releasedLayers.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, releasedLayers.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetReleasedLayersTest, setReleasedLayers) {
@@ -599,7 +552,7 @@
     mDisplay->setReleasedLayers(refreshArgs);
 
     const auto& releasedLayers = mDisplay->getReleasedLayersForTest();
-    ASSERT_EQ(2, releasedLayers.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(2u, releasedLayers.size());
     ASSERT_EQ(mLayer1.layerFE.get(), releasedLayers[0].promote().get());
     ASSERT_EQ(mLayer2.layerFE.get(), releasedLayers[1].promote().get());
 }
@@ -610,15 +563,15 @@
 
 using DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
 
-TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutIfNotAHwcDisplay) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<Display> nonHwcDisplay =
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutIfGpuDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<Display> gpuDisplay =
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, args);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(nonHwcDisplay->getId()));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(gpuDisplay->getId()));
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    gpuDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
 
-    auto& state = nonHwcDisplay->getState();
+    auto& state = gpuDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
 }
@@ -700,12 +653,12 @@
 
 using DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
 
-TEST_F(DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest, checksCapabilityIfNonHwcDisplay) {
+TEST_F(DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest, checksCapabilityIfGpuDisplay) {
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasCapability(hal::Capability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM))
             .WillOnce(Return(true));
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    auto nonHwcDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
-    EXPECT_TRUE(nonHwcDisplay->getSkipColorTransform());
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    auto gpuDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(gpuDisplay->getSkipColorTransform());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayGetSkipColorTransformTest, checksDisplayCapability) {
@@ -875,11 +828,11 @@
 
 using DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest = DisplayWithLayersTestCommon;
 
-TEST_F(DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest, returnsNoFencesOnNonHwcDisplay) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    auto nonHwcDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
+TEST_F(DisplayPresentAndGetFrameFencesTest, returnsNoFencesOnGpuDisplay) {
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    auto gpuDisplay{impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args)};
 
-    auto result = nonHwcDisplay->presentAndGetFrameFences();
+    auto result = gpuDisplay->presentAndGetFrameFences();
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(result.presentFence.get());
     EXPECT_FALSE(result.presentFence->isValid());
@@ -908,9 +861,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(presentFence, result.presentFence);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(2u, result.layerFences.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer1.hwc2Layer));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer1.hwc2Layer));
     EXPECT_EQ(layer1Fence, result.layerFences[&mLayer1.hwc2Layer]);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer2.hwc2Layer));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, result.layerFences.count(&mLayer2.hwc2Layer));
     EXPECT_EQ(layer2Fence, result.layerFences[&mLayer2.hwc2Layer]);
 }
 
@@ -956,66 +909,66 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, skipsCompositionIfNotDirty) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> gpuDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
     mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    gpuDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
 
     // We expect no calls to queueBuffer if composition was skipped.
     EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(0);
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfDirty) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> gpuDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
     mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    gpuDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
 
     // We expect a single call to queueBuffer when composition is not skipped.
     EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
+    gpuDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfRepaintEverything) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForNonHWCVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> nonHwcDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
+    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
+    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> gpuDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
 
     mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    nonHwcDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
+    gpuDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
 
     // We expect a single call to queueBuffer when composition is not skipped.
     EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
-    nonHwcDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
+    gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
     CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     refreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
 
-    nonHwcDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1040,23 +993,26 @@
     NiceMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new NiceMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
     sp<mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface = new NiceMock<mock::DisplaySurface>();
+
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay = impl::createDisplayTemplated<
             Display>(mCompositionEngine,
                      DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                             .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
-                             .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
-                             .setPixelFormat(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888))
+                             .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                             .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
+                             .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                              .setIsSecure(true)
                              .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                              .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                             .build()
+                             .build());
 
-    );
     impl::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface =
             new impl::RenderSurface{mCompositionEngine, *mDisplay,
-                                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                                              DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, mNativeWindow,
-                                                              mDisplaySurface}};
+                                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                            .setDisplayWidth(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION.width)
+                                            .setDisplayHeight(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION.height)
+                                            .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                            .setDisplaySurface(mDisplaySurface)
+                                            .build()};
 };
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFunctionalTest, postFramebufferCriticalCallsAreOrdered) {
@@ -1072,6 +1028,3 @@
 
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index cd2d09e..64cbea9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -39,14 +39,17 @@
     HWComposer();
     ~HWComposer() override;
 
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setConfiguration, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback*, int32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setCallback, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback*));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD3(getDisplayIdentificationData,
                        bool(hal::HWDisplayId, uint8_t*, DisplayIdentificationData*));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasCapability, bool(hal::Capability));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(hasDisplayCapability, bool(HalDisplayId, hal::DisplayCapability));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD3(allocateVirtualDisplay,
-                 std::optional<DisplayId>(uint32_t, uint32_t, ui::PixelFormat*));
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getMaxVirtualDisplayCount, size_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getMaxVirtualDisplayDimension, size_t());
+    MOCK_METHOD4(allocateVirtualDisplay,
+                 bool(HalVirtualDisplayId, ui::Size, ui::PixelFormat*,
+                      std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>));
     MOCK_METHOD2(allocatePhysicalDisplay, void(hal::HWDisplayId, PhysicalDisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createLayer, std::shared_ptr<HWC2::Layer>(HalDisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD4(getDeviceCompositionChanges,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index 5bd1216..e9ecf3e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -699,6 +699,7 @@
             Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode::PREMULTIPLIED;
     static constexpr float kAlpha = 51.f;
     static constexpr float kOverrideAlpha = 1.f;
+    static constexpr float kSkipAlpha = 0.f;
     static constexpr ui::Dataspace kDataspace = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(71);
     static constexpr ui::Dataspace kOverrideDataspace = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(72);
     static constexpr int kSupportedPerFrameMetadata = 101;
@@ -1055,6 +1056,22 @@
                                  /*zIsOverridden*/ false, /*isPeekingThrough*/ false);
 }
 
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, overriddenSkipLayerDoesNotSendBuffer) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+    includeOverrideInfo();
+
+    expectGeometryCommonCalls(kOverrideDisplayFrame, kOverrideSourceCrop, kOverrideBufferTransform,
+                              kOverrideBlendMode, kSkipAlpha);
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls(SimulateUnsupported::None, kOverrideDataspace, kOverrideVisibleRegion,
+                              kOverrideSurfaceDamage);
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, hasRoundedCorners()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ true, 0,
+                                 /*zIsOverridden*/ false, /*isPeekingThrough*/ false);
+}
+
 TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, includesOverrideInfoIfPresent) {
     mLayerFEState.compositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
     includeOverrideInfo();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 52e0428..742b155 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@
         mOutput->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
 
         mOutput->editState().displaySpace.bounds = kDefaultDisplaySize;
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
     }
 
     void injectOutputLayer(InjectedLayer& layer) {
@@ -156,6 +157,7 @@
     static const Rect kDefaultDisplaySize;
 
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
     mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
     mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
     std::shared_ptr<Output> mOutput = createOutput(mCompositionEngine);
@@ -1765,7 +1767,7 @@
         MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
-        MOCK_METHOD0(renderCachedSets, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(renderCachedSets, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     };
 
     StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
@@ -1785,7 +1787,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets(Ref(args)));
 
     mOutput.present(args);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
index 9aeb290..5090bb2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
-#include "ui/GraphicBuffer.h"
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -32,7 +26,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/NativeWindow.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
@@ -67,9 +63,12 @@
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
     sp<mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface = new StrictMock<mock::DisplaySurface>();
     impl::RenderSurface mSurface{mCompositionEngine, mDisplay,
-                                 RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                                           DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, mNativeWindow,
-                                                           mDisplaySurface}};
+                                 RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                         .setDisplayWidth(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH)
+                                         .setDisplayHeight(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT)
+                                         .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                         .setDisplaySurface(mDisplaySurface)
+                                         .build()};
 };
 
 /*
@@ -367,11 +366,8 @@
 
     mSurface.flip();
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(501, mSurface.getPageFlipCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(501u, mSurface.getPageFlipCount());
 }
 
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
index 591f981..0acc317 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 using impl::planner::CachedSet;
 using impl::planner::LayerState;
 using impl::planner::LayerStateField;
+using impl::planner::TexturePool;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@
 
     return expectedBlurSetting == arg.blurSetting;
 }
+static const ui::Size kOutputSize = ui::Size(1, 1);
 
 class CachedSetTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
@@ -76,9 +78,11 @@
     impl::OutputCompositionState mOutputState;
 
     android::renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
+    TexturePool mTexturePool = TexturePool(mRenderEngine);
 };
 
 void CachedSetTest::SetUp() {
+    mTexturePool.setDisplaySize(kOutputSize);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumLayers; i++) {
         auto testLayer = std::make_unique<TestLayer>();
         auto pos = static_cast<int32_t>(i);
@@ -219,6 +223,16 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(2u, cachedSet.getAge());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, incrementSkipCount) {
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    CachedSet cachedSet(layer);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, cachedSet.getSkipCount());
+    cachedSet.incrementSkipCount();
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, cachedSet.getSkipCount());
+    cachedSet.incrementSkipCount();
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, cachedSet.getSkipCount());
+}
+
 TEST_F(CachedSetTest, hasBufferUpdate_NoUpdate) {
     CachedSet::Layer& layer1 = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
     CachedSet::Layer& layer2 = *mTestLayers[1]->cachedSetLayer.get();
@@ -253,6 +267,8 @@
     CachedSet cachedSet1(layer1);
     CachedSet cachedSet2(layer2);
     cachedSet1.addLayer(layer3.getState(), kStartTime + 10ms);
+    cachedSet1.incrementSkipCount();
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, cachedSet1.getSkipCount());
     cachedSet1.append(cachedSet2);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(kStartTime, cachedSet1.getLastUpdate());
@@ -264,6 +280,8 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(cachedSet1.getVisibleRegion().hasSameRects(expectedRegion));
     EXPECT_EQ(3u, cachedSet1.getLayerCount());
     EXPECT_EQ(0u, cachedSet1.getAge());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, cachedSet1.getSkipCount());
+
     expectNoBuffer(cachedSet1);
     // TODO(b/181192080): check that getNonBufferHash returns the correct hash value
     // EXPECT_EQ(android::hashCombine(layer1.getHash(), layer2.getHash()),
@@ -319,7 +337,7 @@
                                 const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
                                 base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
-        EXPECT_EQ(Rect(-1, -1, 9, 4), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
+        EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
                   displaySettings.orientation);
@@ -333,10 +351,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList1));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
-    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace, cachedSet.getOutputSpace());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, cachedSet.getTextureBounds());
 
     // Now check that appending a new cached set properly cleans up RenderEngine resources.
     CachedSet::Layer& layer3 = *mTestLayers[2]->cachedSetLayer.get();
@@ -367,7 +386,7 @@
                                 const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
                                 base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
-        EXPECT_EQ(Rect(1, 2, 9, 4), displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
+        EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
                   displaySettings.orientation);
@@ -381,7 +400,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList1));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
-    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace, cachedSet.getOutputSpace());
@@ -424,6 +443,20 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(cachedSet.requiresHolePunch());
 }
 
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, holePunch_requiresNonHdr) {
+    mTestLayers[0]->outputLayerCompositionState.dataspace = ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ;
+    mTestLayers[0]->layerState->update(&mTestLayers[0]->outputLayer);
+
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    mTestLayers[0]->layerFECompositionState.buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make();
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE = mTestLayers[0]->layerFE;
+
+    CachedSet cachedSet(layer);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE, hasRoundedCorners()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(cachedSet.requiresHolePunch());
+}
+
 TEST_F(CachedSetTest, requiresHolePunch) {
     CachedSet::Layer& layer = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
     mTestLayers[0]->layerFECompositionState.buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make();
@@ -554,7 +587,76 @@
     };
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
-    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, addHolePunch_noBuffer) {
+    // Same as addHolePunch, except that clientCompList3 does not contain a
+    // buffer. This imitates the case where the buffer had protected content, so
+    // BufferLayer did not add it to the LayerSettings. This should not assert.
+    mTestLayers[0]->outputLayerCompositionState.displayFrame = Rect(0, 0, 5, 5);
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer1 = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerFE;
+
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer2 = *mTestLayers[1]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE2 = mTestLayers[1]->layerFE;
+
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer3 = *mTestLayers[2]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> layerFE3 = mTestLayers[2]->layerFE;
+
+    CachedSet cachedSet(layer1);
+    cachedSet.addLayer(layer2.getState(), kStartTime + 10ms);
+
+    cachedSet.addHolePunchLayerIfFeasible(layer3, true);
+
+    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompList1;
+    clientCompList1.push_back({});
+    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompList2;
+    clientCompList2.push_back({});
+    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompList3;
+    clientCompList3.push_back({});
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList1));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE3, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList3));
+
+    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+        // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
+        // We're interested in the third layer either way.
+        EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 3u);
+        const auto* holePunchSettings = layers[2];
+        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, holePunchSettings->source.buffer.buffer);
+        EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), holePunchSettings->source.solidColor);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(holePunchSettings->disableBlending);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, holePunchSettings->alpha);
+
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    };
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
+}
+
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, append_removesHolePunch) {
+    mTestLayers[0]->outputLayerCompositionState.displayFrame = Rect(0, 0, 5, 5);
+    mTestLayers[0]->layerFECompositionState.isOpaque = true;
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer1 = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer2 = *mTestLayers[1]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer3 = *mTestLayers[2]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+
+    CachedSet cachedSet(layer1);
+    cachedSet.addLayer(layer2.getState(), kStartTime + 10ms);
+
+    cachedSet.addHolePunchLayerIfFeasible(layer3, false);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(&mTestLayers[2]->outputLayer, cachedSet.getHolePunchLayer());
+
+    CachedSet cachedSet3(layer3);
+    cachedSet.append(cachedSet3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, cachedSet.getHolePunchLayer());
 }
 
 TEST_F(CachedSetTest, decompose_removesHolePunch) {
@@ -672,7 +774,7 @@
     };
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
-    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
index 8b03964..334b855 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <chrono>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -46,21 +47,28 @@
 
 class TestableFlattener : public Flattener {
 public:
-    TestableFlattener(bool enableHolePunch) : Flattener(enableHolePunch) {}
+    TestableFlattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch,
+                      std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>
+                              cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables = std::nullopt)
+          : Flattener(renderEngine, enableHolePunch, cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables) {}
     const std::optional<CachedSet>& getNewCachedSetForTesting() const { return mNewCachedSet; }
 };
 
 class FlattenerTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
-    FlattenerTest() : mFlattener(std::make_unique<TestableFlattener>(true)) {}
+    FlattenerTest() : FlattenerTest(std::nullopt) {}
     void SetUp() override;
 
 protected:
+    FlattenerTest(std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>
+                          cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)
+          : mFlattener(std::make_unique<TestableFlattener>(mRenderEngine, true,
+                                                           cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)) {}
     void initializeOverrideBuffer(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
     void initializeFlattener(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
     void expectAllLayersFlattened(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
 
-    // mRenderEngine may be held as a pointer to mFlattener, so mFlattener must be destroyed first.
+    // mRenderEngine is held as a reference in mFlattener, so explicitly destroy mFlattener first.
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
     std::unique_ptr<TestableFlattener> mFlattener;
 
@@ -84,6 +92,7 @@
 };
 
 void FlattenerTest::SetUp() {
+    mFlattener->setDisplaySize({1, 1});
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumLayers; i++) {
         auto testLayer = std::make_unique<TestLayer>();
         auto pos = static_cast<int32_t>(i);
@@ -146,13 +155,13 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // same geometry, update the internal layer stack
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 }
 
 void FlattenerTest::expectAllLayersFlattened(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) {
@@ -162,7 +171,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     for (const auto layer : layers) {
         EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, layer->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer);
@@ -172,7 +181,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     const auto buffer = layers[0]->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, buffer);
@@ -207,7 +216,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FlattenerTest, flattenLayers_basicFlatten) {
@@ -253,7 +262,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -358,7 +367,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -395,7 +404,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -404,7 +413,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -417,7 +426,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -426,7 +435,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -468,7 +477,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -482,7 +491,7 @@
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
     mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation = ui::ROTATION_90;
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -495,7 +504,7 @@
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
     mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation = ui::ROTATION_180;
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -510,7 +519,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -522,7 +531,7 @@
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
     mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation = ui::ROTATION_270;
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -561,7 +570,7 @@
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
@@ -574,7 +583,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -623,7 +632,7 @@
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
@@ -636,7 +645,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -680,7 +689,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     for (const auto layer : layers) {
         EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, layer->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer);
@@ -690,7 +699,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer3);
@@ -724,7 +733,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     for (const auto layer : layers) {
         EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, layer->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer);
@@ -735,7 +744,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
     for (const auto layer : layers) {
         EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, layer->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer);
     }
@@ -776,7 +785,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     for (const auto layer : layers) {
         EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, layer->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer);
@@ -786,7 +795,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, blurOverrideBuffer);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer3);
@@ -823,7 +832,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     const auto& cachedSet = mFlattener->getNewCachedSetForTesting();
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, cachedSet);
@@ -837,7 +846,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer2, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, blurOverrideBuffer);
@@ -864,7 +873,7 @@
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
@@ -872,16 +881,61 @@
     // Simulate attempting to render prior to merging the new cached set with the layer stack.
     // Here we should not try to re-render.
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We provide the override buffer now that it's rendered
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
-    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mRenderEngine, mOutputState);
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
     EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer2, overrideBuffer1);
 }
 
+const constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kCachedSetRenderDuration = 0ms;
+const constexpr size_t kMaxDeferRenderAttempts = 2;
+
+class FlattenerRenderSchedulingTest : public FlattenerTest {
+public:
+    FlattenerRenderSchedulingTest()
+          : FlattenerTest(
+                    Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables{.cachedSetRenderDuration =
+                                                                         kCachedSetRenderDuration,
+                                                                 .maxDeferRenderAttempts =
+                                                                         kMaxDeferRenderAttempts}) {
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(FlattenerRenderSchedulingTest, flattenLayers_renderCachedSets_defersUpToMaxAttempts) {
+    auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
+    auto& layerState2 = mTestLayers[1]->layerState;
+
+    const std::vector<const LayerState*> layers = {
+            layerState1.get(),
+            layerState2.get(),
+    };
+
+    initializeFlattener(layers);
+
+    // Mark the layers inactive
+    mTime += 200ms;
+
+    initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
+              mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kMaxDeferRenderAttempts; i++) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+        mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState,
+                                     std::chrono::steady_clock::now() -
+                                             (kCachedSetRenderDuration + 10ms));
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState,
+                                 std::chrono::steady_clock::now() -
+                                         (kCachedSetRenderDuration + 10ms));
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b802e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "TexturePoolTest"
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
+namespace {
+
+const ui::Size kDisplaySize(1, 1);
+const ui::Size kDisplaySizeTwo(2, 2);
+
+class TestableTexturePool : public TexturePool {
+public:
+    TestableTexturePool(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) : TexturePool(renderEngine) {}
+
+    size_t getMinPoolSize() const { return kMinPoolSize; }
+    size_t getMaxPoolSize() const { return kMaxPoolSize; }
+    size_t getPoolSize() const { return mPool.size(); }
+};
+
+struct TexturePoolTest : public testing::Test {
+    TexturePoolTest() {
+        const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+                ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+        mTexturePool.setDisplaySize(kDisplaySize);
+    }
+
+    ~TexturePoolTest() {
+        const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+                ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+        ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+    }
+
+    renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
+    TestableTexturePool mTexturePool = TestableTexturePool(mRenderEngine);
+};
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, preallocatesMinPool) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
+}
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, doesNotAllocateBeyondMinPool) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize() + 1; i++) {
+        auto texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
+}
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, cyclesUpToMaxPoolSize) {
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> bufferIds;
+    std::deque<std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture>> textures;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize(); i++) {
+        textures.emplace_back(mTexturePool.borrowTexture());
+        bufferIds.insert(textures.back()->get()->getBuffer()->getId());
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize(), bufferIds.size());
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        textures.pop_front();
+        textures.emplace_back(mTexturePool.borrowTexture());
+        bufferIds.insert(textures.back()->get()->getBuffer()->getId());
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize(), bufferIds.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, goesPastMaxSizeAndRebounds) {
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> bufferIds;
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture>> textures;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize() + 2; i++) {
+        textures.emplace_back(mTexturePool.borrowTexture());
+        bufferIds.insert(textures.back()->get()->getBuffer()->getId());
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize() + 2, bufferIds.size());
+
+    // Return the textures to the pool.
+    // Now when we cycle through the pool it's again bounded by max textures.
+    textures.clear();
+
+    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> newBufferIds;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2 * mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize(); i++) {
+        auto texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
+        newBufferIds.insert(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getId());
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMaxPoolSize(), newBufferIds.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, reallocatesWhenDisplaySizeChanges) {
+    auto texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDisplaySize.getWidth(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getWidth()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDisplaySize.getHeight(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getHeight()));
+    mTexturePool.setDisplaySize(kDisplaySizeTwo);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
+    texture.reset();
+    // When the texture is returned to the pool, the pool now destroys it.
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
+
+    texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDisplaySizeTwo.getWidth(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getWidth()));
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDisplaySizeTwo.getHeight(),
+              static_cast<int32_t>(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getHeight()));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 0f18235..ca4b6ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -70,13 +70,14 @@
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary) {
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     mCompositionDisplay->createRenderSurface(
-            compositionengine::
-                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{ANativeWindow_getWidth(args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                              ANativeWindow_getHeight(args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                              args.nativeWindow, args.displaySurface,
-                                              static_cast<size_t>(
-                                                      SurfaceFlinger::
-                                                              maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers)});
+            compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setDisplayWidth(ANativeWindow_getWidth(args.nativeWindow.get()))
+                    .setDisplayHeight(ANativeWindow_getHeight(args.nativeWindow.get()))
+                    .setNativeWindow(std::move(args.nativeWindow))
+                    .setDisplaySurface(std::move(args.displaySurface))
+                    .setMaxTextureCacheSize(
+                            static_cast<size_t>(SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers))
+                    .build());
 
     if (!mFlinger->mDisableClientCompositionCache &&
         SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers > 0) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index bf249cd..7e4d923 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -103,15 +103,21 @@
     bool needsFiltering() const;
     ui::LayerStack getLayerStack() const;
 
-    // Returns the physical ID of this display. This function asserts the ID is physical and it
-    // shouldn't be called for other display types, e.g. virtual.
+    DisplayId getId() const;
+
+    // Shorthand to upcast the ID of a display whose type is known as a precondition.
     PhysicalDisplayId getPhysicalId() const {
-        const auto displayIdOpt = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(getId());
-        LOG_FATAL_IF(!displayIdOpt);
-        return *displayIdOpt;
+        const auto id = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(getId());
+        LOG_FATAL_IF(!id);
+        return *id;
     }
 
-    DisplayId getId() const;
+    VirtualDisplayId getVirtualId() const {
+        const auto id = VirtualDisplayId::tryCast(getId());
+        LOG_FATAL_IF(!id);
+        return *id;
+    }
+
     const wp<IBinder>& getDisplayToken() const { return mDisplayToken; }
     int32_t getSequenceId() const { return mSequenceId; }
 
@@ -285,4 +291,16 @@
     DisplayModes supportedModes;
 };
 
+// Predicates for display lookup.
+
+struct WithLayerStack {
+    explicit WithLayerStack(ui::LayerStack layerStack) : layerStack(layerStack) {}
+
+    bool operator()(const DisplayDevice& display) const {
+        return display.getLayerStack() == layerStack;
+    }
+
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack;
+};
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
index 1cbcf59..caf0294 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
@@ -211,9 +211,8 @@
     return unwrapRet(ret, 0);
 }
 
-Error Composer::createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-            PixelFormat* format, Display* outDisplay)
-{
+Error Composer::createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
+                                     std::optional<Display>, Display* outDisplay) {
     const uint32_t bufferSlotCount = 1;
     Error error = kDefaultError;
     if (mClient_2_2) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index 0619b8c..b525e63 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define ANDROID_SF_COMPOSER_HAL_H
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@
     virtual Error executeCommands() = 0;
 
     virtual uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() = 0;
-    virtual Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
-                                       Display* outDisplay) = 0;
+    virtual Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat*,
+                                       std::optional<Display> mirror, Display* outDisplay) = 0;
     virtual Error destroyVirtualDisplay(Display display) = 0;
 
     virtual Error acceptDisplayChanges(Display display) = 0;
@@ -341,7 +342,7 @@
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() override;
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
-                               Display* outDisplay) override;
+                               std::optional<Display> mirror, Display* outDisplay) override;
     Error destroyVirtualDisplay(Display display) override;
 
     Error acceptDisplayChanges(Display display) override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
index fae95e7..871465d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
@@ -56,20 +56,16 @@
 // Implement this interface to receive hardware composer events.
 //
 // These callback functions will generally be called on a hwbinder thread, but
-// when first registering the callback the onHotplugReceived() function will
+// when first registering the callback the onComposerHalHotplug() function will
 // immediately be called on the thread calling registerCallback().
-//
-// All calls receive a sequenceId, which will be the value that was supplied to
-// HWC2::Device::registerCallback(). It's used to help differentiate callbacks
-// from different hardware composer instances.
 struct ComposerCallback {
-    virtual void onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection) = 0;
-    virtual void onRefreshReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId) = 0;
-    virtual void onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
-                                 std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos>) = 0;
-    virtual void onVsyncPeriodTimingChangedReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId,
-                                                    const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&) = 0;
-    virtual void onSeamlessPossible(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId) = 0;
+    virtual void onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection) = 0;
+    virtual void onComposerHalRefresh(hal::HWDisplayId) = 0;
+    virtual void onComposerHalVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
+                                    std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos>) = 0;
+    virtual void onComposerHalVsyncPeriodTimingChanged(hal::HWDisplayId,
+                                                       const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&) = 0;
+    virtual void onComposerHalSeamlessPossible(hal::HWDisplayId) = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~ComposerCallback() = default;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 36876dc..32f04e5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "../Layer.h" // needed only for debugging
-#include "../SurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "../SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
 #include "HWC2.h"
@@ -83,25 +82,22 @@
 
 class ComposerCallbackBridge : public hal::IComposerCallback {
 public:
-    ComposerCallbackBridge(ComposerCallback* callback, int32_t sequenceId,
-                           bool vsyncSwitchingSupported)
-          : mCallback(callback),
-            mSequenceId(sequenceId),
-            mVsyncSwitchingSupported(vsyncSwitchingSupported) {}
+    ComposerCallbackBridge(ComposerCallback* callback, bool vsyncSwitchingSupported)
+          : mCallback(callback), mVsyncSwitchingSupported(vsyncSwitchingSupported) {}
 
-    Return<void> onHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId display, hal::Connection conn) override {
-        mCallback->onHotplugReceived(mSequenceId, display, conn);
+    Return<void> onHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId display, hal::Connection connection) override {
+        mCallback->onComposerHalHotplug(display, connection);
         return Void();
     }
 
     Return<void> onRefresh(hal::HWDisplayId display) override {
-        mCallback->onRefreshReceived(mSequenceId, display);
+        mCallback->onComposerHalRefresh(display);
         return Void();
     }
 
     Return<void> onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId display, int64_t timestamp) override {
         if (!mVsyncSwitchingSupported) {
-            mCallback->onVsyncReceived(mSequenceId, display, timestamp, std::nullopt);
+            mCallback->onComposerHalVsync(display, timestamp, std::nullopt);
         } else {
             ALOGW("Unexpected onVsync callback on composer >= 2.4, ignoring.");
         }
@@ -111,8 +107,7 @@
     Return<void> onVsync_2_4(hal::HWDisplayId display, int64_t timestamp,
                              hal::VsyncPeriodNanos vsyncPeriodNanos) override {
         if (mVsyncSwitchingSupported) {
-            mCallback->onVsyncReceived(mSequenceId, display, timestamp,
-                                       std::make_optional(vsyncPeriodNanos));
+            mCallback->onComposerHalVsync(display, timestamp, vsyncPeriodNanos);
         } else {
             ALOGW("Unexpected onVsync_2_4 callback on composer <= 2.3, ignoring.");
         }
@@ -120,20 +115,18 @@
     }
 
     Return<void> onVsyncPeriodTimingChanged(
-            hal::HWDisplayId display,
-            const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& updatedTimeline) override {
-        mCallback->onVsyncPeriodTimingChangedReceived(mSequenceId, display, updatedTimeline);
+            hal::HWDisplayId display, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline) override {
+        mCallback->onComposerHalVsyncPeriodTimingChanged(display, timeline);
         return Void();
     }
 
     Return<void> onSeamlessPossible(hal::HWDisplayId display) override {
-        mCallback->onSeamlessPossible(mSequenceId, display);
+        mCallback->onComposerHalSeamlessPossible(display);
         return Void();
     }
 
 private:
-    ComposerCallback* mCallback;
-    const int32_t mSequenceId;
+    ComposerCallback* const mCallback;
     const bool mVsyncSwitchingSupported;
 };
 
@@ -145,8 +138,9 @@
 
 HWComposer::HWComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer> composer)
       : mComposer(std::move(composer)),
+        mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension(static_cast<size_t>(sysprop::max_virtual_display_dimension(0))),
         mUpdateDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect(
-                android::sysprop::update_device_product_info_on_hotplug_reconnect(false)) {}
+                sysprop::update_device_product_info_on_hotplug_reconnect(false)) {}
 
 HWComposer::HWComposer(const std::string& composerServiceName)
       : HWComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::impl::Composer>(composerServiceName)) {}
@@ -155,7 +149,7 @@
     mDisplayData.clear();
 }
 
-void HWComposer::setConfiguration(HWC2::ComposerCallback* callback, int32_t sequenceId) {
+void HWComposer::setCallback(HWC2::ComposerCallback* callback) {
     loadCapabilities();
     loadLayerMetadataSupport();
 
@@ -164,10 +158,9 @@
         return;
     }
     mRegisteredCallback = true;
-    sp<ComposerCallbackBridge> callbackBridge(
-            new ComposerCallbackBridge(callback, sequenceId,
-                                       mComposer->isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported()));
-    mComposer->registerCallback(callbackBridge);
+
+    mComposer->registerCallback(
+            sp<ComposerCallbackBridge>::make(callback, mComposer->isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported()));
 }
 
 bool HWComposer::getDisplayIdentificationData(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
@@ -243,38 +236,49 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::optional<DisplayId> HWComposer::allocateVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                                                            ui::PixelFormat* format) {
-    if (SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize != 0 &&
-        (width > SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize ||
-         height > SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize)) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Display size %ux%u exceeds maximum dimension of %" PRIu64, __FUNCTION__, width,
-              height, SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize);
-        return {};
+size_t HWComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const {
+    return mComposer->getMaxVirtualDisplayCount();
+}
+
+size_t HWComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayDimension() const {
+    return mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension;
+}
+
+bool HWComposer::allocateVirtualDisplay(HalVirtualDisplayId displayId, ui::Size resolution,
+                                        ui::PixelFormat* format,
+                                        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mirror) {
+    if (!resolution.isValid()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Invalid resolution %dx%d", __func__, resolution.width, resolution.height);
+        return false;
     }
 
-    const auto displayId = mVirtualIdGenerator.nextId();
-    if (!displayId) {
-        ALOGE("%s: No remaining virtual displays", __FUNCTION__);
-        return {};
+    const uint32_t width = static_cast<uint32_t>(resolution.width);
+    const uint32_t height = static_cast<uint32_t>(resolution.height);
+
+    if (mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension > 0 &&
+        (width > mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension || height > mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension)) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Resolution %ux%u exceeds maximum dimension %zu", __func__, width, height,
+              mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension);
+        return false;
     }
 
-    hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId = 0;
+    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> hwcMirrorId;
+    if (mirror) {
+        hwcMirrorId = fromPhysicalDisplayId(*mirror);
+    }
+
+    hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId;
     const auto error = static_cast<hal::Error>(
-            mComposer->createVirtualDisplay(width, height, format, &hwcDisplayId));
-    if (error != hal::Error::NONE) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Failed to create HWC virtual display", __FUNCTION__);
-        mVirtualIdGenerator.markUnused(*displayId);
-        return {};
-    }
+            mComposer->createVirtualDisplay(width, height, format, hwcMirrorId, &hwcDisplayId));
+    RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("createVirtualDisplay", error, displayId, false);
 
     auto display = std::make_unique<HWC2::impl::Display>(*mComposer.get(), mCapabilities,
                                                          hwcDisplayId, hal::DisplayType::VIRTUAL);
     display->setConnected(true);
-    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[*displayId];
+    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
     displayData.hwcDisplay = std::move(display);
     displayData.isVirtual = true;
-    return displayId;
+    return true;
 }
 
 void HWComposer::allocatePhysicalDisplay(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
@@ -670,13 +674,6 @@
 void HWComposer::disconnectDisplay(HalDisplayId displayId) {
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId);
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
-
-    // If this was a virtual display, add its slot back for reuse by future
-    // virtual displays
-    if (displayData.isVirtual) {
-        mVirtualIdGenerator.markUnused(*HalVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
-    }
-
     const auto hwcDisplayId = displayData.hwcDisplay->getId();
 
     // TODO(b/74619554): Select internal/external display from remaining displays.
@@ -983,10 +980,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-uint32_t HWComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const {
-    return mComposer->getMaxVirtualDisplayCount();
-}
-
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index d0c0c11..cd6f9f5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
-#include "DisplayIdGenerator.h"
 #include "DisplayIdentification.h"
 #include "DisplayMode.h"
 #include "HWC2.h"
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@
 
     virtual ~HWComposer();
 
-    virtual void setConfiguration(HWC2::ComposerCallback* callback, int32_t sequenceId) = 0;
+    virtual void setCallback(HWC2::ComposerCallback*) = 0;
 
     virtual bool getDisplayIdentificationData(hal::HWDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
                                               DisplayIdentificationData* outData) const = 0;
@@ -109,9 +108,16 @@
     virtual bool hasCapability(hal::Capability) const = 0;
     virtual bool hasDisplayCapability(HalDisplayId, hal::DisplayCapability) const = 0;
 
-    // Attempts to allocate a virtual display and returns its ID if created on the HWC device.
-    virtual std::optional<DisplayId> allocateVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                                                            ui::PixelFormat*) = 0;
+    virtual size_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const = 0;
+    virtual size_t getMaxVirtualDisplayDimension() const = 0;
+
+    // Attempts to allocate a virtual display on the HWC. The maximum number of virtual displays
+    // supported by the HWC can be queried in advance, but allocation may fail for other reasons.
+    // For virtualized compositors, the PhysicalDisplayId is a hint that this virtual display is
+    // a mirror of a physical display, and that the screen should be captured by the host rather
+    // than guest compositor.
+    virtual bool allocateVirtualDisplay(HalVirtualDisplayId, ui::Size, ui::PixelFormat*,
+                                        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mirror) = 0;
 
     virtual void allocatePhysicalDisplay(hal::HWDisplayId, PhysicalDisplayId) = 0;
 
@@ -246,7 +252,7 @@
 
     ~HWComposer() override;
 
-    void setConfiguration(HWC2::ComposerCallback* callback, int32_t sequenceId) override;
+    void setCallback(HWC2::ComposerCallback*) override;
 
     bool getDisplayIdentificationData(hal::HWDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
                                       DisplayIdentificationData* outData) const override;
@@ -254,9 +260,11 @@
     bool hasCapability(hal::Capability) const override;
     bool hasDisplayCapability(HalDisplayId, hal::DisplayCapability) const override;
 
-    // Attempts to allocate a virtual display and returns its ID if created on the HWC device.
-    std::optional<DisplayId> allocateVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                                                    ui::PixelFormat*) override;
+    size_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const override;
+    size_t getMaxVirtualDisplayDimension() const override;
+
+    bool allocateVirtualDisplay(HalVirtualDisplayId, ui::Size, ui::PixelFormat*,
+                                std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>) override;
 
     // Called from SurfaceFlinger, when the state for a new physical display needs to be recreated.
     void allocatePhysicalDisplay(hal::HWDisplayId, PhysicalDisplayId) override;
@@ -402,7 +410,6 @@
 
     void loadCapabilities();
     void loadLayerMetadataSupport();
-    uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const;
 
     std::unordered_map<HalDisplayId, DisplayData> mDisplayData;
 
@@ -416,8 +423,7 @@
     std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> mExternalHwcDisplayId;
     bool mHasMultiDisplaySupport = false;
 
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<HalVirtualDisplayId> mVirtualIdGenerator{getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()};
-
+    const size_t mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension;
     const bool mUpdateDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayIdGenerator.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayIdGenerator.h
index e7c69a8..9791a25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayIdGenerator.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayIdGenerator.h
@@ -27,23 +27,16 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-template <typename T>
+// Generates pseudo-random IDs of type GpuVirtualDisplayId or HalVirtualDisplayId.
+template <typename Id>
 class DisplayIdGenerator {
 public:
-    virtual std::optional<T> nextId() = 0;
-    virtual void markUnused(T id) = 0;
-
-protected:
-    ~DisplayIdGenerator() {}
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-class RandomDisplayIdGenerator final : public DisplayIdGenerator<T> {
-public:
-    explicit RandomDisplayIdGenerator(size_t maxIdsCount = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
+    explicit DisplayIdGenerator(size_t maxIdsCount = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
           : mMaxIdsCount(maxIdsCount) {}
 
-    std::optional<T> nextId() override {
+    bool inUse() const { return !mUsedIds.empty(); }
+
+    std::optional<Id> generateId() {
         if (mUsedIds.size() >= mMaxIdsCount) {
             return std::nullopt;
         }
@@ -51,8 +44,7 @@
         constexpr int kMaxAttempts = 1000;
 
         for (int attempts = 0; attempts < kMaxAttempts; attempts++) {
-            const auto baseId = mDistribution(mGenerator);
-            const T id(baseId);
+            const Id id{mDistribution(mGenerator)};
             if (mUsedIds.count(id) == 0) {
                 mUsedIds.insert(id);
                 return id;
@@ -62,14 +54,18 @@
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Couldn't generate ID after %d attempts", kMaxAttempts);
     }
 
-    void markUnused(T id) override { mUsedIds.erase(id); }
+    void releaseId(Id id) { mUsedIds.erase(id); }
 
 private:
     const size_t mMaxIdsCount;
 
-    std::unordered_set<T> mUsedIds;
+    std::unordered_set<Id> mUsedIds;
+
+    // Pseudo-random with random seed, in contrast to physical display IDs, which are stable
+    // across reboots. The only ISurfaceComposer exposure for these IDs is a restricted API
+    // for screencap, so there is little benefit in making them unpredictable.
     std::default_random_engine mGenerator{std::random_device()()};
-    std::uniform_int_distribution<typename T::BaseId> mDistribution;
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<typename Id::BaseId> mDistribution;
 };
 
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
index 9b03287..c294ff2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@
                            frametimeline::TimelineItem&& predictions,
                            std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats,
                            JankClassificationThresholds thresholds,
-                           TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter, bool isBuffer)
+                           TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter, bool isBuffer, int32_t gameMode)
       : mToken(frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId),
         mInputEventId(frameTimelineInfo.inputEventId),
         mOwnerPid(ownerPid),
@@ -319,7 +319,8 @@
         mTimeStats(timeStats),
         mJankClassificationThresholds(thresholds),
         mTraceCookieCounter(*traceCookieCounter),
-        mIsBuffer(isBuffer) {}
+        mIsBuffer(isBuffer),
+        mGameMode(gameMode) {}
 
 void SurfaceFrame::setActualStartTime(nsecs_t actualStartTime) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
@@ -607,8 +608,8 @@
     if (mPredictionState != PredictionState::None) {
         // Only update janky frames if the app used vsync predictions
         mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({refreshRate, mRenderRate, mOwnerUid, mLayerName,
-                                          mJankType, displayDeadlineDelta, displayPresentDelta,
-                                          deadlineDelta});
+                                          mGameMode, mJankType, displayDeadlineDelta,
+                                          displayPresentDelta, deadlineDelta});
     }
 }
 
@@ -692,6 +693,7 @@
         actualSurfaceFrameStartEvent->set_gpu_composition(mGpuComposition);
         actualSurfaceFrameStartEvent->set_jank_type(jankTypeBitmaskToProto(mJankType));
         actualSurfaceFrameStartEvent->set_prediction_type(toProto(mPredictionState));
+        actualSurfaceFrameStartEvent->set_is_buffer(mIsBuffer);
     });
 
     // Actual timeline end
@@ -776,14 +778,14 @@
 
 std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> FrameTimeline::createSurfaceFrameForToken(
         const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid, int32_t layerId,
-        std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer) {
+        std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer, int32_t gameMode) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
         return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid, layerId,
                                               std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                               PredictionState::None, TimelineItem(), mTimeStats,
                                               mJankClassificationThresholds, &mTraceCookieCounter,
-                                              isBuffer);
+                                              isBuffer, gameMode);
     }
     std::optional<TimelineItem> predictions =
             mTokenManager.getPredictionsForToken(frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId);
@@ -792,13 +794,13 @@
                                               std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                               PredictionState::Valid, std::move(*predictions),
                                               mTimeStats, mJankClassificationThresholds,
-                                              &mTraceCookieCounter, isBuffer);
+                                              &mTraceCookieCounter, isBuffer, gameMode);
     }
     return std::make_shared<SurfaceFrame>(frameTimelineInfo, ownerPid, ownerUid, layerId,
                                           std::move(layerName), std::move(debugName),
                                           PredictionState::Expired, TimelineItem(), mTimeStats,
                                           mJankClassificationThresholds, &mTraceCookieCounter,
-                                          isBuffer);
+                                          isBuffer, gameMode);
 }
 
 FrameTimeline::DisplayFrame::DisplayFrame(std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
index 42be55a..15ecf13 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
                  int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName,
                  PredictionState predictionState, TimelineItem&& predictions,
                  std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats, JankClassificationThresholds thresholds,
-                 TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter, bool isBuffer);
+                 TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter, bool isBuffer, int32_t gameMode);
     ~SurfaceFrame() = default;
 
     // Returns std::nullopt if the frame hasn't been classified yet.
@@ -259,6 +259,8 @@
     // Tells if the SurfaceFrame is representing a buffer or a transaction without a
     // buffer(animations)
     bool mIsBuffer;
+    // GameMode from the layer. Used in metrics.
+    int32_t mGameMode = 0;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -278,7 +280,8 @@
     // Debug name is the human-readable debugging string for dumpsys.
     virtual std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForToken(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
-            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer) = 0;
+            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer,
+            int32_t gameMode) = 0;
 
     // Adds a new SurfaceFrame to the current DisplayFrame. Frames from multiple layers can be
     // composited into one display frame.
@@ -437,7 +440,8 @@
     frametimeline::TokenManager* getTokenManager() override { return &mTokenManager; }
     std::shared_ptr<SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForToken(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, pid_t ownerPid, uid_t ownerUid,
-            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer) override;
+            int32_t layerId, std::string layerName, std::string debugName, bool isBuffer,
+            int32_t gameMode) override;
     void addSurfaceFrame(std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> surfaceFrame) override;
     void setSfWakeUp(int64_t token, nsecs_t wakeupTime, Fps refreshRate) override;
     void setSfPresent(nsecs_t sfPresentTime, const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 9fcc17c..2bf5602 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@
             mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid,
                                                                  getSequence(), mName,
                                                                  mTransactionName,
-                                                                 /*isBuffer*/ false);
+                                                                 /*isBuffer*/ false, getGameMode());
     // For Transactions, the post time is considered to be both queue and acquire fence time.
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(postTime);
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(postTime);
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(info, mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid,
                                                                  getSequence(), mName, debugName,
-                                                                 /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                                 /*isBuffer*/ true, getGameMode());
     // For buffers, acquire fence time will set during latch.
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(queueTime);
     const auto fps = mFlinger->mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(getOwnerUid());
@@ -1635,7 +1635,8 @@
                                      FrameEventHistoryDelta* outDelta) {
     if (newTimestamps) {
         mFlinger->mTimeStats->setPostTime(getSequence(), newTimestamps->frameNumber,
-                                          getName().c_str(), mOwnerUid, newTimestamps->postedTime);
+                                          getName().c_str(), mOwnerUid, newTimestamps->postedTime,
+                                          getGameMode());
         mFlinger->mTimeStats->setAcquireFence(getSequence(), newTimestamps->frameNumber,
                                               newTimestamps->acquireFence);
     }
@@ -2381,6 +2382,16 @@
     info.touchableRegion = inputTransform.transform(info.touchableRegion);
 }
 
+void Layer::fillTouchOcclusionMode(InputWindowInfo& info) {
+    sp<Layer> p = this;
+    while (p != nullptr && !p->hasInputInfo()) {
+        p = p->mDrawingParent.promote();
+    }
+    if (p != nullptr) {
+        info.touchOcclusionMode = p->mDrawingState.inputInfo.touchOcclusionMode;
+    }
+}
+
 InputWindowInfo Layer::fillInputInfo(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
     if (!hasInputInfo()) {
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.name = getName();
@@ -2418,6 +2429,7 @@
     // anything.
     info.visible = hasInputInfo() ? canReceiveInput() : isVisible();
     info.alpha = getAlpha();
+    fillTouchOcclusionMode(info);
 
     auto cropLayer = mDrawingState.touchableRegionCrop.promote();
     if (info.replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index af26045..5873103 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -850,9 +850,9 @@
     // Sets the parent's gameMode for this layer and all its children. Parent's gameMode is applied
     // only to layers that do not have the GAME_MODE_METADATA set by WMShell. Any layer(along with
     // its children) that has the metadata set will use the gameMode from the metadata.
-    void setGameModeForTree(int parentGameMode);
-    void setGameMode(int gameMode) { mGameMode = gameMode; };
-    int getGameMode() const { return mGameMode; }
+    void setGameModeForTree(int32_t parentGameMode);
+    void setGameMode(int32_t gameMode) { mGameMode = gameMode; };
+    int32_t getGameMode() const { return mGameMode; }
 
     virtual uid_t getOwnerUid() const { return mOwnerUid; }
 
@@ -1057,6 +1057,10 @@
     // null.
     sp<Layer> getRootLayer();
 
+    // Fills in the touch occlusion mode of the first parent (including this layer) that
+    // hasInputInfo() or no-op if no such parent is found.
+    void fillTouchOcclusionMode(InputWindowInfo& info);
+
     // Fills in the frame and transform info for the InputWindowInfo
     void fillInputFrameInfo(InputWindowInfo& info, const ui::Transform& toPhysicalDisplay);
 
@@ -1098,7 +1102,7 @@
 
     // Game mode for the layer. Set by WindowManagerShell, game mode is used in
     // metrics(SurfaceFlingerStats).
-    int mGameMode = 0;
+    int32_t mGameMode = 0;
 
     // A list of regions on this layer that should have blurs.
     const std::vector<BlurRegion> getBlurRegions() const;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
index b062acd..9746076 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
@@ -190,6 +190,45 @@
 RefreshRate RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
                                                    const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
                                                    GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+
+    if (auto cached = getCachedBestRefreshRate(layers, globalSignals, outSignalsConsidered)) {
+        return *cached;
+    }
+
+    GlobalSignals signalsConsidered;
+    RefreshRate result = getBestRefreshRateLocked(layers, globalSignals, &signalsConsidered);
+    lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.emplace(
+            GetBestRefreshRateInvocation{.layerRequirements = layers,
+                                         .globalSignals = globalSignals,
+                                         .outSignalsConsidered = signalsConsidered,
+                                         .resultingBestRefreshRate = result});
+    if (outSignalsConsidered) {
+        *outSignalsConsidered = signalsConsidered;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+std::optional<RefreshRate> RefreshRateConfigs::getCachedBestRefreshRate(
+        const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers, const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
+        GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const {
+    const bool sameAsLastCall = lastBestRefreshRateInvocation &&
+            lastBestRefreshRateInvocation->layerRequirements == layers &&
+            lastBestRefreshRateInvocation->globalSignals == globalSignals;
+
+    if (sameAsLastCall) {
+        if (outSignalsConsidered) {
+            *outSignalsConsidered = lastBestRefreshRateInvocation->outSignalsConsidered;
+        }
+        return lastBestRefreshRateInvocation->resultingBestRefreshRate;
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+RefreshRate RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRateLocked(
+        const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers, const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
+        GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("getBestRefreshRate %zu layers", layers.size());
 
@@ -206,8 +245,6 @@
         }
     };
 
-    std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-
     int noVoteLayers = 0;
     int minVoteLayers = 0;
     int maxVoteLayers = 0;
@@ -592,6 +629,11 @@
 
 void RefreshRateConfigs::setCurrentModeId(DisplayModeId modeId) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+
+    // Invalidate the cached invocation to getBestRefreshRate. This forces
+    // the refresh rate to be recomputed on the next call to getBestRefreshRate.
+    lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.reset();
+
     mCurrentRefreshRate = mRefreshRates.at(modeId).get();
 }
 
@@ -605,11 +647,16 @@
 void RefreshRateConfigs::updateDisplayModes(const DisplayModes& modes,
                                             DisplayModeId currentModeId) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+
     // The current mode should be supported
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(std::none_of(modes.begin(), modes.end(), [&](DisplayModePtr mode) {
         return mode->getId() == currentModeId;
     }));
 
+    // Invalidate the cached invocation to getBestRefreshRate. This forces
+    // the refresh rate to be recomputed on the next call to getBestRefreshRate.
+    lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.reset();
+
     mRefreshRates.clear();
     for (const auto& mode : modes) {
         const auto modeId = mode->getId();
@@ -666,6 +713,7 @@
         ALOGE("Invalid refresh rate policy: %s", policy.toString().c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
+    lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.reset();
     Policy previousPolicy = *getCurrentPolicyLocked();
     mDisplayManagerPolicy = policy;
     if (*getCurrentPolicyLocked() == previousPolicy) {
@@ -680,6 +728,7 @@
     if (policy && !isPolicyValidLocked(*policy)) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
+    lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.reset();
     Policy previousPolicy = *getCurrentPolicyLocked();
     mOverridePolicy = policy;
     if (*getCurrentPolicyLocked() == previousPolicy) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
index ee89149..342fde0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
@@ -250,6 +250,10 @@
         bool touch = false;
         // True if the system hasn't seen any buffers posted to layers recently.
         bool idle = false;
+
+        bool operator==(const GlobalSignals& other) const {
+            return touch == other.touch && idle == other.idle;
+        }
     };
 
     // Returns the refresh rate that fits best to the given layers.
@@ -350,6 +354,15 @@
             const std::function<bool(const RefreshRate&)>& shouldAddRefreshRate,
             std::vector<const RefreshRate*>* outRefreshRates) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
+    std::optional<RefreshRate> getCachedBestRefreshRate(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                                        const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
+                                                        GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const
+            REQUIRES(mLock);
+
+    RefreshRate getBestRefreshRateLocked(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                         const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
+                                         GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const REQUIRES(mLock);
+
     // Returns the refresh rate with the highest score in the collection specified from begin
     // to end. If there are more than one with the same highest refresh rate, the first one is
     // returned.
@@ -414,6 +427,15 @@
 
     const bool mEnableFrameRateOverride;
     bool mSupportsFrameRateOverride;
+
+    struct GetBestRefreshRateInvocation {
+        std::vector<LayerRequirement> layerRequirements;
+        GlobalSignals globalSignals;
+        GlobalSignals outSignalsConsidered;
+        RefreshRate resultingBestRefreshRate;
+    };
+    mutable std::optional<GetBestRefreshRateInvocation> lastBestRefreshRateInvocation
+            GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
index 80f4665..208a767 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
         if (mCurrentRefreshRate.equalsWithMargin(currRefreshRate)) {
             return;
         }
+        mTimeStats.incrementRefreshRateSwitches();
         flushTime();
         mCurrentRefreshRate = currRefreshRate;
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index fac2c65..4b8cbfb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -194,8 +194,6 @@
 
 std::unique_ptr<LayerHistory> Scheduler::createLayerHistory(
         const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& configs) {
-    if (!configs.canSwitch()) return nullptr;
-
     return std::make_unique<scheduler::LayerHistory>(configs);
 }
 
@@ -579,8 +577,6 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::registerLayer(Layer* layer) {
-    if (!mLayerHistory) return;
-
     scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerVoteType voteType;
 
     if (!mOptions.useContentDetection ||
@@ -600,26 +596,22 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::deregisterLayer(Layer* layer) {
-    if (mLayerHistory) {
-        mLayerHistory->deregisterLayer(layer);
-    }
+    mLayerHistory->deregisterLayer(layer);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::recordLayerHistory(Layer* layer, nsecs_t presentTime,
                                    LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType updateType) {
-    if (mLayerHistory) {
+    if (mRefreshRateConfigs.canSwitch()) {
         mLayerHistory->record(layer, presentTime, systemTime(), updateType);
     }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::setModeChangePending(bool pending) {
-    if (mLayerHistory) {
-        mLayerHistory->setModeChangePending(pending);
-    }
+    mLayerHistory->setModeChangePending(pending);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::chooseRefreshRateForContent() {
-    if (!mLayerHistory) return;
+    if (!mRefreshRateConfigs.canSwitch()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
@@ -630,9 +622,6 @@
     bool frameRateOverridesChanged;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
-        if (mFeatures.contentRequirements == summary) {
-            return;
-        }
         mFeatures.contentRequirements = summary;
 
         newModeId = calculateRefreshRateModeId(&consideredSignals);
@@ -691,9 +680,7 @@
 
     // Display Power event will boost the refresh rate to performance.
     // Clear Layer History to get fresh FPS detection
-    if (mLayerHistory) {
-        mLayerHistory->clear();
-    }
+    mLayerHistory->clear();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState state) {
@@ -732,9 +719,7 @@
     // NOTE: Instead of checking all the layers, we should be checking the layer
     // that is currently on top. b/142507166 will give us this capability.
     if (handleTimerStateChanged(&mFeatures.touch, touch)) {
-        if (mLayerHistory) {
-            mLayerHistory->clear();
-        }
+        mLayerHistory->clear();
     }
     ATRACE_INT("TouchState", static_cast<int>(touch));
 }
@@ -908,9 +893,7 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onPrimaryDisplayAreaChanged(uint32_t displayArea) {
-    if (mLayerHistory) {
-        mLayerHistory->setDisplayArea(displayArea);
-    }
+    mLayerHistory->setDisplayArea(displayArea);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 49d3d93..30a3253 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
     VsyncSchedule mVsyncSchedule;
 
     // Used to choose refresh rate if content detection is enabled.
-    const std::unique_ptr<LayerHistory> mLayerHistory;
+    std::unique_ptr<LayerHistory> mLayerHistory;
 
     // Timer that records time between requests for next vsync.
     std::optional<scheduler::OneShotTimer> mIdleTimer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 028f7a6..329e4a0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@
         // in the learning phase we should just clear all timestamps and start
         // over.
         if (mTimestamps.size() < kMinimumSamplesForPrediction) {
+            // Add the timestamp to mTimestamps before clearing it so we could
+            // update mKnownTimestamp based on the new timestamp.
+            mTimestamps.push_back(timestamp);
             clearTimestamps();
         } else if (!mTimestamps.empty()) {
             mKnownTimestamp =
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index d76c274..c1d28b1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <private/gui/SyncFeatures.h>
+#include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/ColorSpace.h>
@@ -295,7 +296,6 @@
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 int64_t SurfaceFlinger::dispSyncPresentTimeOffset;
 bool SurfaceFlinger::useHwcForRgbToYuv;
-uint64_t SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize;
 bool SurfaceFlinger::hasSyncFramework;
 int64_t SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers;
 uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::maxGraphicsWidth;
@@ -358,8 +358,6 @@
 
     useHwcForRgbToYuv = force_hwc_copy_for_virtual_displays(false);
 
-    maxVirtualDisplaySize = max_virtual_display_dimension(0);
-
     maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers = max_frame_buffer_acquired_buffers(2);
 
     maxGraphicsWidth = std::max(max_graphics_width(0), 0);
@@ -435,10 +433,6 @@
     ALOGI_IF(mPropagateBackpressureClientComposition,
              "Enabling backpressure propagation for Client Composition");
 
-    property_get("debug.sf.enable_hwc_vds", value, "0");
-    mUseHwcVirtualDisplays = atoi(value);
-    ALOGI_IF(mUseHwcVirtualDisplays, "Enabling HWC virtual displays");
-
     property_get("ro.surface_flinger.supports_background_blur", value, "0");
     bool supportsBlurs = atoi(value);
     mSupportsBlur = supportsBlurs;
@@ -579,6 +573,59 @@
     setTransactionFlags(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::enableHalVirtualDisplays(bool enable) {
+    auto& generator = mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators.hal;
+    if (!generator && enable) {
+        ALOGI("Enabling HAL virtual displays");
+        generator.emplace(getHwComposer().getMaxVirtualDisplayCount());
+    } else if (generator && !enable) {
+        ALOGW_IF(generator->inUse(), "Disabling HAL virtual displays while in use");
+        generator.reset();
+    }
+}
+
+VirtualDisplayId SurfaceFlinger::acquireVirtualDisplay(ui::Size resolution, ui::PixelFormat format,
+                                                       ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
+    if (auto& generator = mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators.hal) {
+        if (const auto id = generator->generateId()) {
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mirror;
+
+            if (const auto display = findDisplay([layerStack](const auto& display) {
+                    return !display.isVirtual() && display.getLayerStack() == layerStack;
+                })) {
+                mirror = display->getPhysicalId();
+            }
+
+            if (getHwComposer().allocateVirtualDisplay(*id, resolution, &format, mirror)) {
+                return *id;
+            }
+
+            generator->releaseId(*id);
+        } else {
+            ALOGW("%s: Exhausted HAL virtual displays", __func__);
+        }
+
+        ALOGW("%s: Falling back to GPU virtual display", __func__);
+    }
+
+    const auto id = mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators.gpu.generateId();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!id, "Failed to generate ID for GPU virtual display");
+    return *id;
+}
+
+void SurfaceFlinger::releaseVirtualDisplay(VirtualDisplayId displayId) {
+    if (const auto id = HalVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId)) {
+        if (auto& generator = mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators.hal) {
+            generator->releaseId(*id);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto id = GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!id);
+    mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators.gpu.releaseId(*id);
+}
+
 std::vector<PhysicalDisplayId> SurfaceFlinger::getPhysicalDisplayIds() const {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
 
@@ -634,6 +681,10 @@
     if (mStartPropertySetThread->join() != NO_ERROR) {
         ALOGE("Join StartPropertySetThread failed!");
     }
+
+    if (mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture.valid()) {
+        mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture.get();
+    }
     const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
     const nsecs_t duration = now - mBootTime;
     ALOGI("Boot is finished (%ld ms)", long(ns2ms(duration)) );
@@ -735,10 +786,21 @@
                                     ? renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::REALTIME
                                     : renderengine::RenderEngine::ContextPriority::MEDIUM)
                     .build()));
+
+    // Set SF main policy after initializing RenderEngine which has its own policy.
+    if (!SetTaskProfiles(0, {"SFMainPolicy"})) {
+        ALOGW("Failed to set main task profile");
+    }
+
     mCompositionEngine->setTimeStats(mTimeStats);
     mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(getFactory().createHWComposer(mHwcServiceName));
-    mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer().setConfiguration(this, getBE().mComposerSequenceId);
+    mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer().setCallback(this);
     ClientCache::getInstance().setRenderEngine(&getRenderEngine());
+
+    if (base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.enable_hwc_vds"s, false)) {
+        enableHalVirtualDisplays(true);
+    }
+
     // Process any initial hotplug and resulting display changes.
     processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked();
     const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
@@ -756,7 +818,15 @@
     char primeShaderCache[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
     property_get("service.sf.prime_shader_cache", primeShaderCache, "1");
     if (atoi(primeShaderCache)) {
-        getRenderEngine().primeCache();
+        if (setSchedFifo(false) != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGW("Can't set SCHED_OTHER for primeCache");
+        }
+
+        mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture = getRenderEngine().primeCache();
+
+        if (setSchedFifo(true) != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGW("Can't set SCHED_OTHER for primeCache");
+        }
     }
 
     getRenderEngine().onPrimaryDisplaySizeChanged(display->getSize());
@@ -1088,7 +1158,18 @@
         // have been already updated with the upcoming active mode.
         return;
     }
-    const Fps oldRefreshRate = display->getActiveMode()->getFps();
+
+    if (display->getActiveMode()->getSize() != upcomingMode->getSize()) {
+        auto& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueFor(display->getDisplayToken());
+        // We need to generate new sequenceId in order to recreate the display (and this
+        // way the framebuffer).
+        state.sequenceId = DisplayDeviceState{}.sequenceId;
+        state.physical->activeMode = upcomingMode;
+        processDisplayChangesLocked();
+
+        // processDisplayChangesLocked will update all necessary components so we're done here.
+        return;
+    }
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mActiveModeLock);
     mRefreshRateConfigs->setCurrentModeId(mUpcomingActiveMode.modeId);
@@ -1098,9 +1179,6 @@
 
     mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(refreshRate);
 
-    if (!refreshRate.equalsWithMargin(oldRefreshRate)) {
-        mTimeStats->incrementRefreshRateSwitches();
-    }
     updatePhaseConfiguration(refreshRate);
     ATRACE_INT("ActiveConfigFPS", refreshRate.getValue());
 
@@ -1612,16 +1690,11 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
-                                     int64_t timestamp,
-                                     std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos> vsyncPeriod) {
-    ATRACE_NAME("SF onVsync");
+void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalVsync(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
+                                        std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos> vsyncPeriod) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
 
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-    // Ignore any vsyncs from a previous hardware composer.
-    if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
-        return;
-    }
 
     if (const auto displayId = getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId)) {
         auto token = getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(*displayId);
@@ -1672,16 +1745,11 @@
     setDesiredActiveMode({refreshRate.getModeId(), event});
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
-                                       hal::Connection connection) {
-    ALOGI("%s(%d, %" PRIu64 ", %s)", __FUNCTION__, sequenceId, hwcDisplayId,
+void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
+                                          hal::Connection connection) {
+    ALOGI("%s(%" PRIu64 ", %s)", __func__, hwcDisplayId,
           connection == hal::Connection::CONNECTED ? "connected" : "disconnected");
 
-    // Ignore events that do not have the right sequenceId.
-    if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     // Only lock if we're not on the main thread. This function is normally
     // called on a hwbinder thread, but for the primary display it's called on
     // the main thread with the state lock already held, so don't attempt to
@@ -1698,26 +1766,19 @@
     setTransactionFlags(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onVsyncPeriodTimingChangedReceived(
-        int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId /*display*/,
-        const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& updatedTimeline) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalVsyncPeriodTimingChanged(
+        hal::HWDisplayId, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-    if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
-        return;
-    }
-    mScheduler->onNewVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline(updatedTimeline);
+    mScheduler->onNewVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline(timeline);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onSeamlessPossible(int32_t /*sequenceId*/, hal::HWDisplayId /*display*/) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalSeamlessPossible(hal::HWDisplayId) {
     // TODO(b/142753666): use constraints when calling to setActiveModeWithConstraints and
     // use this callback to know when to retry in case of SEAMLESS_NOT_POSSIBLE.
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshReceived(int sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId /*hwcDisplayId*/) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalRefresh(hal::HWDisplayId) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-    if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
-        return;
-    }
     repaintEverythingForHWC();
 }
 
@@ -2006,6 +2067,7 @@
     }
 
     refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = mScheduler->getPreviousVsyncFrom(mExpectedPresentTime);
+    refreshArgs.nextInvalidateTime = mEventQueue->nextExpectedInvalidate();
 
     mGeometryInvalid = false;
 
@@ -2212,11 +2274,10 @@
             mTunnelModeEnabledReporter->updateTunnelModeStatus();
         }
         hdrInfoListeners.reserve(mHdrLayerInfoListeners.size());
-        for (auto& [key, value] : mHdrLayerInfoListeners) {
-            if (value && value->hasListeners()) {
-                auto listenersDisplay = getDisplayById(key);
-                if (listenersDisplay) {
-                    hdrInfoListeners.emplace_back(listenersDisplay->getCompositionDisplay(), value);
+        for (const auto& [displayId, reporter] : mHdrLayerInfoListeners) {
+            if (reporter && reporter->hasListeners()) {
+                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId)) {
+                    hdrInfoListeners.emplace_back(display->getCompositionDisplay(), reporter);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2642,10 +2703,10 @@
         ALOGE_IF(status != NO_ERROR, "Unable to query width (%d)", status);
         status = state.surface->query(NATIVE_WINDOW_HEIGHT, &resolution.height);
         ALOGE_IF(status != NO_ERROR, "Unable to query height (%d)", status);
-        int intPixelFormat;
-        status = state.surface->query(NATIVE_WINDOW_FORMAT, &intPixelFormat);
+        int format;
+        status = state.surface->query(NATIVE_WINDOW_FORMAT, &format);
         ALOGE_IF(status != NO_ERROR, "Unable to query format (%d)", status);
-        pixelFormat = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(intPixelFormat);
+        pixelFormat = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(format);
     } else {
         // Virtual displays without a surface are dormant:
         // they have external state (layer stack, projection,
@@ -2655,17 +2716,18 @@
 
     compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder builder;
     if (const auto& physical = state.physical) {
-        builder.setPhysical({physical->id, physical->type});
+        builder.setId(physical->id);
+        builder.setConnectionType(physical->type);
+    } else {
+        builder.setId(acquireVirtualDisplay(resolution, pixelFormat, state.layerStack));
     }
+
     builder.setPixels(resolution);
-    builder.setPixelFormat(pixelFormat);
     builder.setIsSecure(state.isSecure);
     builder.setLayerStackId(state.layerStack);
     builder.setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor);
-    builder.setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(mUseHwcVirtualDisplays);
-    builder.setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator);
     builder.setName(state.displayName);
-    const auto compositionDisplay = getCompositionEngine().createDisplay(builder.build());
+    auto compositionDisplay = getCompositionEngine().createDisplay(builder.build());
     compositionDisplay->setLayerCachingEnabled(mLayerCachingEnabled);
 
     sp<compositionengine::DisplaySurface> displaySurface;
@@ -2674,33 +2736,30 @@
     sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer> bqConsumer;
     getFactory().createBufferQueue(&bqProducer, &bqConsumer, /*consumerIsSurfaceFlinger =*/false);
 
-    DisplayId displayId = compositionDisplay->getId();
-
     if (state.isVirtual()) {
-        const auto virtualId = VirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId);
-        LOG_FATAL_IF(!virtualId);
-        sp<VirtualDisplaySurface> vds =
-                new VirtualDisplaySurface(getHwComposer(), *virtualId, state.surface, bqProducer,
-                                          bqConsumer, state.displayName);
-
-        displaySurface = vds;
-        producer = vds;
+        const auto displayId = VirtualDisplayId::tryCast(compositionDisplay->getId());
+        LOG_FATAL_IF(!displayId);
+        auto surface = sp<VirtualDisplaySurface>::make(getHwComposer(), *displayId, state.surface,
+                                                       bqProducer, bqConsumer, state.displayName);
+        displaySurface = surface;
+        producer = std::move(surface);
     } else {
         ALOGE_IF(state.surface != nullptr,
                  "adding a supported display, but rendering "
                  "surface is provided (%p), ignoring it",
                  state.surface.get());
-        const auto physicalId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId);
-        LOG_FATAL_IF(!physicalId);
-        displaySurface = new FramebufferSurface(getHwComposer(), *physicalId, bqConsumer,
-                                                state.physical->activeMode->getSize(),
-                                                ui::Size(maxGraphicsWidth, maxGraphicsHeight));
+        const auto displayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(compositionDisplay->getId());
+        LOG_FATAL_IF(!displayId);
+        displaySurface =
+                sp<FramebufferSurface>::make(getHwComposer(), *displayId, bqConsumer,
+                                             state.physical->activeMode->getSize(),
+                                             ui::Size(maxGraphicsWidth, maxGraphicsHeight));
         producer = bqProducer;
     }
 
     LOG_FATAL_IF(!displaySurface);
-    const auto display = setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(displayToken, compositionDisplay, state,
-                                                       displaySurface, producer);
+    const auto display = setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(displayToken, std::move(compositionDisplay),
+                                                       state, displaySurface, producer);
     mDisplays.emplace(displayToken, display);
     if (!state.isVirtual()) {
         dispatchDisplayHotplugEvent(display->getPhysicalId(), true);
@@ -2716,7 +2775,10 @@
     auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
     if (display) {
         display->disconnect();
-        if (!display->isVirtual()) {
+
+        if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            releaseVirtualDisplay(display->getVirtualId());
+        } else {
             dispatchDisplayHotplugEvent(display->getPhysicalId(), false);
         }
     }
@@ -2745,17 +2807,26 @@
                                            const DisplayDeviceState& drawingState) {
     const sp<IBinder> currentBinder = IInterface::asBinder(currentState.surface);
     const sp<IBinder> drawingBinder = IInterface::asBinder(drawingState.surface);
+
+    // Recreate the DisplayDevice if the surface or sequence ID changed.
     if (currentBinder != drawingBinder || currentState.sequenceId != drawingState.sequenceId) {
-        // changing the surface is like destroying and recreating the DisplayDevice
         getRenderEngine().cleanFramebufferCache();
+
         if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
             display->disconnect();
+            if (display->isVirtual()) {
+                releaseVirtualDisplay(display->getVirtualId());
+            }
         }
+
         mDisplays.erase(displayToken);
+
         if (const auto& physical = currentState.physical) {
             getHwComposer().allocatePhysicalDisplay(physical->hwcDisplayId, physical->id);
         }
+
         processDisplayAdded(displayToken, currentState);
+
         if (currentState.physical) {
             const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
             setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
@@ -2765,7 +2836,10 @@
                 mRefreshRateConfigs->updateDisplayModes(currentState.physical->supportedModes,
                                                         currentState.physical->activeMode->getId());
                 mVsyncConfiguration->reset();
-                updatePhaseConfiguration(mRefreshRateConfigs->getCurrentRefreshRate().getFps());
+                const Fps refreshRate = currentState.physical->activeMode->getFps();
+                updatePhaseConfiguration(refreshRate);
+                mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(refreshRate);
+
                 if (mRefreshRateOverlay) {
                     mRefreshRateOverlay->reset();
                 }
@@ -2851,6 +2925,7 @@
     // Commit layer transactions. This needs to happen after display transactions are
     // committed because some geometry logic relies on display orientation.
     if ((transactionFlags & eTraversalNeeded) || mForceTraversal || displayTransactionNeeded) {
+        mForceTraversal = false;
         mCurrentState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
             uint32_t trFlags = layer->getTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
             if (!trFlags && !displayTransactionNeeded) return;
@@ -4431,6 +4506,11 @@
     }
     const auto vsyncPeriod = mRefreshRateConfigs->getCurrentRefreshRate().getVsyncPeriod();
     if (currentMode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
+        // Keep uclamp in a separate syscall and set it before changing to RT due to b/190237315.
+        // We can merge the syscall later.
+        if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(true) != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGW("Couldn't set uclamp.min on display on: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        }
         if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedFifo(true) != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO on display on: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
@@ -4449,6 +4529,9 @@
         if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedFifo(false) != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_OTHER on display off: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
+        if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(false) != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGW("Couldn't set uclamp.min on display off: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        }
         if (display->isPrimary() && currentMode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(true);
             mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
@@ -4629,7 +4712,8 @@
 
     StringAppendF(&result, " PRESENT_TIME_OFFSET=%" PRId64, dispSyncPresentTimeOffset);
     StringAppendF(&result, " FORCE_HWC_FOR_RBG_TO_YUV=%d", useHwcForRgbToYuv);
-    StringAppendF(&result, " MAX_VIRT_DISPLAY_DIM=%" PRIu64, maxVirtualDisplaySize);
+    StringAppendF(&result, " MAX_VIRT_DISPLAY_DIM=%zu",
+                  getHwComposer().getMaxVirtualDisplayDimension());
     StringAppendF(&result, " RUNNING_WITHOUT_SYNC_FRAMEWORK=%d", !hasSyncFramework);
     StringAppendF(&result, " NUM_FRAMEBUFFER_SURFACE_BUFFERS=%" PRId64,
                   maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers);
@@ -5389,8 +5473,8 @@
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             case 1021: { // Disable HWC virtual displays
-                n = data.readInt32();
-                mUseHwcVirtualDisplays = !n;
+                const bool enable = data.readInt32() != 0;
+                static_cast<void>(schedule([this, enable] { enableHalVirtualDisplays(enable); }));
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             case 1022: { // Set saturation boost
@@ -5590,7 +5674,7 @@
                     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
                     hwcId = getHwComposer().getInternalHwcDisplayId();
                 }
-                onHotplugReceived(getBE().mComposerSequenceId, *hwcId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
+                onComposerHalHotplug(*hwcId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             // Modify the max number of display frames stored within FrameTimeline
@@ -5797,35 +5881,45 @@
     if (sched_setscheduler(0, sched_policy, &param) != 0) {
         return -errno;
     }
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack) {
-    if (const sp<IBinder> displayToken =
-                getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(PhysicalDisplayId{displayOrLayerStack})) {
-        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
-    }
-    // Couldn't find display by displayId. Try to get display by layerStack since virtual displays
-    // may not have a displayId.
-    return getDisplayByLayerStack(displayOrLayerStack);
-}
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(bool enabled) {
+    static const unsigned int kUclampMin =
+            base::GetUintProperty<unsigned int>("ro.surface_flinger.uclamp.min", 0U);
 
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayById(DisplayId displayId) const {
-    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
-        if (display->getId() == displayId) {
-            return display;
-        }
+    if (!kUclampMin) {
+        // uclamp.min set to 0 (default), skip setting
+        return NO_ERROR;
     }
-    return nullptr;
-}
 
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayByLayerStack(uint64_t layerStack) {
-    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
-        if (display->getLayerStack() == layerStack) {
-            return display;
-        }
+    // Currently, there is no wrapper in bionic: b/183240349.
+    struct sched_attr {
+        uint32_t size;
+        uint32_t sched_policy;
+        uint64_t sched_flags;
+        int32_t sched_nice;
+        uint32_t sched_priority;
+        uint64_t sched_runtime;
+        uint64_t sched_deadline;
+        uint64_t sched_period;
+        uint32_t sched_util_min;
+        uint32_t sched_util_max;
+    };
+
+    sched_attr attr = {};
+    attr.size = sizeof(attr);
+
+    attr.sched_flags = (SCHED_FLAG_KEEP_ALL | SCHED_FLAG_UTIL_CLAMP);
+    attr.sched_util_min = enabled ? kUclampMin : 0;
+    attr.sched_util_max = 1024;
+
+    if (syscall(__NR_sched_setattr, 0, &attr, 0)) {
+        return -errno;
     }
-    return nullptr;
+
+    return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& args,
@@ -5839,7 +5933,7 @@
 
     if (!args.displayToken) return BAD_VALUE;
 
-    wp<DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
+    wp<const DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
     ui::LayerStack layerStack;
     ui::Size reqSize(args.width, args.height);
     ui::Dataspace dataspace;
@@ -5880,18 +5974,26 @@
                                captureListener);
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(uint64_t displayIdOrLayerStack,
                                         const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ui::LayerStack layerStack;
-    wp<DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
+    wp<const DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
     ui::Size size;
     ui::Dataspace dataspace;
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-        sp<DisplayDevice> display = getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(displayOrLayerStack);
+        auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(PhysicalDisplayId{displayIdOrLayerStack});
+
+        // Fall back to first display whose layer stack matches.
+        if (!display) {
+            const auto layerStack = static_cast<ui::LayerStack>(displayIdOrLayerStack);
+            display = findDisplay(WithLayerStack(layerStack));
+        }
+
         if (!display) {
             return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
         }
+
         layerStack = display->getLayerStack();
         displayWeak = display;
 
@@ -5979,7 +6081,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        const auto display = getDisplayByLayerStack(parent->getLayerStack());
+        const auto display = findDisplay(WithLayerStack(parent->getLayerStack()));
         if (!display) {
             return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 30d76af..a3fa8d6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -170,11 +170,6 @@
     };
     mutable Mutex mBufferingStatsMutex;
     std::unordered_map<std::string, BufferingStats> mBufferingStats;
-
-    // The composer sequence id is a monotonically increasing integer that we
-    // use to differentiate callbacks from different hardware composer
-    // instances. Each hardware composer instance gets a different sequence id.
-    int32_t mComposerSequenceId = 0;
 };
 
 class SurfaceFlinger : public BnSurfaceComposer,
@@ -191,6 +186,9 @@
     // set main thread scheduling policy
     static status_t setSchedFifo(bool enabled) ANDROID_API;
 
+    // set main thread scheduling attributes
+    static status_t setSchedAttr(bool enabled);
+
     static char const* getServiceName() ANDROID_API { return "SurfaceFlinger"; }
 
     // This is the phase offset in nanoseconds of the software vsync event
@@ -229,10 +227,6 @@
     // GL composition.
     static bool useHwcForRgbToYuv;
 
-    // Maximum dimension supported by HWC for virtual display.
-    // Equal to min(max_height, max_width).
-    static uint64_t maxVirtualDisplaySize;
-
     // Controls the number of buffers SurfaceFlinger will allocate for use in
     // FramebufferSurface
     static int64_t maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers;
@@ -722,18 +716,14 @@
     // Implements RefBase.
     void onFirstRef() override;
 
-    /*
-     * HWC2::ComposerCallback / HWComposer::EventHandler interface
-     */
-    void onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
-                         std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos> vsyncPeriod) override;
-    void onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
-                           hal::Connection connection) override;
-    void onRefreshReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId) override;
-    void onVsyncPeriodTimingChangedReceived(
-            int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId display,
-            const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& updatedTimeline) override;
-    void onSeamlessPossible(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId display) override;
+    // HWC2::ComposerCallback overrides:
+    void onComposerHalVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
+                            std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos>) override;
+    void onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection) override;
+    void onComposerHalRefresh(hal::HWDisplayId) override;
+    void onComposerHalVsyncPeriodTimingChanged(hal::HWDisplayId,
+                                               const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&) override;
+    void onComposerHalSeamlessPossible(hal::HWDisplayId) override;
 
     /*
      * ISchedulerCallback
@@ -924,10 +914,6 @@
                                     bool canCaptureBlackoutContent, bool regionSampling,
                                     bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&);
 
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayById(DisplayId displayId) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayByLayerStack(uint64_t layerStack) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-
     // If the uid provided is not UNSET_UID, the traverse will skip any layers that don't have a
     // matching ownerUid
     void traverseLayersInLayerStack(ui::LayerStack, const int32_t uid, const LayerVector::Visitor&);
@@ -953,6 +939,14 @@
         return it == mDisplays.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
     }
 
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(PhysicalDisplayId id) const
+            REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        if (const auto token = getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(id)) {
+            return getDisplayDeviceLocked(token);
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     sp<const DisplayDevice> getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked() const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
         return const_cast<SurfaceFlinger*>(this)->getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     }
@@ -969,6 +963,20 @@
         return getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     }
 
+    // Returns the first display that matches a `bool(const DisplayDevice&)` predicate.
+    template <typename Predicate>
+    sp<DisplayDevice> findDisplay(Predicate p) const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        const auto it = std::find_if(mDisplays.begin(), mDisplays.end(),
+                                     [&](const auto& pair) { return p(*pair.second); });
+
+        return it == mDisplays.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
+    }
+
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(DisplayId id) const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        // TODO(b/182939859): Replace tokens with IDs for display lookup.
+        return findDisplay([id](const auto& display) { return display.getId() == id; });
+    }
+
     // mark a region of a layer stack dirty. this updates the dirty
     // region of all screens presenting this layer stack.
     void invalidateLayerStack(const sp<const Layer>& layer, const Region& dirty);
@@ -1086,6 +1094,14 @@
         return hwcDisplayId ? getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(*hwcDisplayId) : std::nullopt;
     }
 
+    // Toggles use of HAL/GPU virtual displays.
+    void enableHalVirtualDisplays(bool);
+
+    // Virtual display lifecycle for ID generation and HAL allocation.
+    VirtualDisplayId acquireVirtualDisplay(ui::Size, ui::PixelFormat, ui::LayerStack)
+            REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void releaseVirtualDisplay(VirtualDisplayId);
+
     /*
      * Debugging & dumpsys
      */
@@ -1167,6 +1183,8 @@
     sp<StartPropertySetThread> mStartPropertySetThread;
     surfaceflinger::Factory& mFactory;
 
+    std::future<void> mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture;
+
     // access must be protected by mStateLock
     mutable Mutex mStateLock;
     State mCurrentState{LayerVector::StateSet::Current};
@@ -1238,7 +1256,10 @@
     std::unordered_map<PhysicalDisplayId, sp<IBinder>> mPhysicalDisplayTokens
             GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
+    struct {
+        DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> gpu;
+        std::optional<DisplayIdGenerator<HalVirtualDisplayId>> hal;
+    } mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators;
 
     std::unordered_map<BBinder*, wp<Layer>> mLayersByLocalBinderToken GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
@@ -1261,7 +1282,7 @@
     const std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats;
     const std::unique_ptr<FrameTracer> mFrameTracer;
     const std::unique_ptr<frametimeline::FrameTimeline> mFrameTimeline;
-    bool mUseHwcVirtualDisplays = false;
+
     // If blurs should be enabled on this device.
     bool mSupportsBlur = false;
     // If blurs are considered expensive and should require high GPU frequency.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
index d6a0787..f1b153f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,21 @@
     return histogramProto;
 }
 
+SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo_GameMode gameModeToProto(int32_t gameMode) {
+    switch (gameMode) {
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeUnsupported:
+            return SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_UNSUPPORTED;
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard:
+            return SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_STANDARD;
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModePerformance:
+            return SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_PERFORMANCE;
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeBattery:
+            return SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_BATTERY;
+        default:
+            return SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_UNSPECIFIED;
+    }
+}
+
 SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo_SetFrameRateVote frameRateVoteToProto(
         const TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote& setFrameRateVote) {
     using FrameRateCompatibilityEnum =
@@ -206,6 +221,7 @@
         *atom->mutable_app_deadline_misses() =
                 histogramToProto(layer->deltas["appDeadlineDeltas"].hist,
                                  mMaxPulledHistogramBuckets);
+        atom->set_game_mode(gameModeToProto(layer->gameMode));
     }
 
     // Always clear data.
@@ -437,7 +453,8 @@
 
 void TimeStats::flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(int32_t layerId, Fps displayRefreshRate,
                                                    std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                                                   SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) {
+                                                   SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote,
+                                                   int32_t gameMode) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("[%d]-flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked", layerId);
 
@@ -464,12 +481,13 @@
 
             TimeStatsHelper::TimelineStats& displayStats = mTimeStats.stats[timelineKey];
 
-            TimeStatsHelper::LayerStatsKey layerKey = {uid, layerName};
+            TimeStatsHelper::LayerStatsKey layerKey = {uid, layerName, gameMode};
             if (!displayStats.stats.count(layerKey)) {
                 displayStats.stats[layerKey].displayRefreshRateBucket = refreshRateBucket;
                 displayStats.stats[layerKey].renderRateBucket = renderRateBucket;
                 displayStats.stats[layerKey].uid = uid;
                 displayStats.stats[layerKey].layerName = layerName;
+                displayStats.stats[layerKey].gameMode = gameMode;
             }
             if (frameRateVote.frameRate > 0.0f) {
                 displayStats.stats[layerKey].setFrameRateVote = frameRateVote;
@@ -535,10 +553,11 @@
             layerName.compare(0, kMinLenLayerName, kPopupWindowPrefix) != 0;
 }
 
-bool TimeStats::canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid_t uid, const std::string& layerName) {
+bool TimeStats::canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid_t uid, const std::string& layerName,
+                                         int32_t gameMode) {
     uint32_t layerRecords = 0;
     for (const auto& record : mTimeStats.stats) {
-        if (record.second.stats.count({uid, layerName}) > 0) {
+        if (record.second.stats.count({uid, layerName, gameMode}) > 0) {
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -549,7 +568,7 @@
 }
 
 void TimeStats::setPostTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, const std::string& layerName,
-                            uid_t uid, nsecs_t postTime) {
+                            uid_t uid, nsecs_t postTime, int32_t gameMode) {
     if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -557,13 +576,14 @@
           postTime);
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    if (!canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid, layerName)) {
+    if (!canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid, layerName, gameMode)) {
         return;
     }
     if (!mTimeStatsTracker.count(layerId) && mTimeStatsTracker.size() < MAX_NUM_LAYER_RECORDS &&
         layerNameIsValid(layerName)) {
         mTimeStatsTracker[layerId].uid = uid;
         mTimeStatsTracker[layerId].layerName = layerName;
+        mTimeStatsTracker[layerId].gameMode = gameMode;
     }
     if (!mTimeStatsTracker.count(layerId)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = mTimeStatsTracker[layerId];
@@ -698,7 +718,7 @@
 
 void TimeStats::setPresentTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t presentTime,
                                Fps displayRefreshRate, std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                               SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) {
+                               SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) {
     if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -717,13 +737,14 @@
         layerRecord.waitData++;
     }
 
-    flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(layerId, displayRefreshRate, renderRate, frameRateVote);
+    flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(layerId, displayRefreshRate, renderRate, frameRateVote,
+                                       gameMode);
 }
 
 void TimeStats::setPresentFence(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                                 const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence,
                                 Fps displayRefreshRate, std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                                SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) {
+                                SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) {
     if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -743,7 +764,8 @@
         layerRecord.waitData++;
     }
 
-    flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(layerId, displayRefreshRate, renderRate, frameRateVote);
+    flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(layerId, displayRefreshRate, renderRate, frameRateVote,
+                                       gameMode);
 }
 
 static const constexpr int32_t kValidJankyReason = JankType::DisplayHAL |
@@ -801,6 +823,7 @@
     // the first jank record is not dropped.
 
     static const std::string kDefaultLayerName = "none";
+    static constexpr int32_t kDefaultGameMode = TimeStatsHelper::GameModeUnsupported;
 
     const int32_t refreshRateBucket =
             clampToNearestBucket(info.refreshRate, REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_WIDTH);
@@ -817,13 +840,14 @@
 
     updateJankPayload<TimeStatsHelper::TimelineStats>(timelineStats, info.reasons);
 
-    TimeStatsHelper::LayerStatsKey layerKey = {info.uid, info.layerName};
+    TimeStatsHelper::LayerStatsKey layerKey = {info.uid, info.layerName, info.gameMode};
     if (!timelineStats.stats.count(layerKey)) {
-        layerKey = {info.uid, kDefaultLayerName};
+        layerKey = {info.uid, kDefaultLayerName, kDefaultGameMode};
         timelineStats.stats[layerKey].displayRefreshRateBucket = refreshRateBucket;
         timelineStats.stats[layerKey].renderRateBucket = renderRateBucket;
         timelineStats.stats[layerKey].uid = info.uid;
-        timelineStats.stats[layerKey].layerName = kDefaultLayerName;
+        timelineStats.stats[layerKey].layerName = kDefaultGameMode;
+        timelineStats.stats[layerKey].gameMode = info.gameMode;
     }
 
     TimeStatsHelper::TimeStatsLayer& timeStatsLayer = timelineStats.stats[layerKey];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
index 5b0f5bd..dd48950 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
                                             const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& readyFence) = 0;
 
     virtual void setPostTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, const std::string& layerName,
-                             uid_t uid, nsecs_t postTime) = 0;
+                             uid_t uid, nsecs_t postTime, int32_t gameMode) = 0;
     virtual void setLatchTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t latchTime) = 0;
     // Reasons why latching a particular buffer may be skipped
     enum class LatchSkipReason {
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@
     // rendering path, as they flush prior fences if those fences have fired.
     virtual void setPresentTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t presentTime,
                                 Fps displayRefreshRate, std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                                SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) = 0;
+                                SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) = 0;
     virtual void setPresentFence(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                                  const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence,
                                  Fps displayRefreshRate, std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                                 SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) = 0;
+                                 SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) = 0;
 
     // Increments janky frames, blamed to the provided {refreshRate, renderRate, uid, layerName}
     // key, with JankMetadata as supplementary reasons for the jank. Because FrameTimeline is the
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@
         std::optional<Fps> renderRate;
         uid_t uid = 0;
         std::string layerName;
+        int32_t gameMode = 0;
         int32_t reasons = 0;
         nsecs_t displayDeadlineDelta = 0;
         nsecs_t displayPresentJitter = 0;
@@ -141,8 +142,8 @@
                     ((renderRate == std::nullopt && o.renderRate == std::nullopt) ||
                      (renderRate != std::nullopt && o.renderRate != std::nullopt &&
                       Fps::EqualsInBuckets{}(*renderRate, *o.renderRate))) &&
-                    uid == o.uid && layerName == o.layerName && reasons == o.reasons &&
-                    displayDeadlineDelta == o.displayDeadlineDelta &&
+                    uid == o.uid && layerName == o.layerName && gameMode == o.gameMode &&
+                    reasons == o.reasons && displayDeadlineDelta == o.displayDeadlineDelta &&
                     displayPresentJitter == o.displayPresentJitter &&
                     appDeadlineDelta == o.appDeadlineDelta;
         }
@@ -199,6 +200,7 @@
     struct LayerRecord {
         uid_t uid;
         std::string layerName;
+        int32_t gameMode = 0;
         // This is the index in timeRecords, at which the timestamps for that
         // specific frame are still not fully received. This is not waiting for
         // fences to signal, but rather waiting to receive those fences/timestamps.
@@ -251,7 +253,7 @@
                                     const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& readyFence) override;
 
     void setPostTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, const std::string& layerName, uid_t uid,
-                     nsecs_t postTime) override;
+                     nsecs_t postTime, int32_t gameMode) override;
     void setLatchTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t latchTime) override;
     void incrementLatchSkipped(int32_t layerId, LatchSkipReason reason) override;
     void incrementBadDesiredPresent(int32_t layerId) override;
@@ -261,10 +263,11 @@
                          const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& acquireFence) override;
     void setPresentTime(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t presentTime,
                         Fps displayRefreshRate, std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                        SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) override;
+                        SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) override;
     void setPresentFence(int32_t layerId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                          const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence, Fps displayRefreshRate,
-                         std::optional<Fps> renderRate, SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) override;
+                         std::optional<Fps> renderRate, SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote,
+                         int32_t gameMode) override;
 
     void incrementJankyFrames(const JankyFramesInfo& info) override;
     // Clean up the layer record
@@ -286,10 +289,10 @@
     bool recordReadyLocked(int32_t layerId, TimeRecord* timeRecord);
     void flushAvailableRecordsToStatsLocked(int32_t layerId, Fps displayRefreshRate,
                                             std::optional<Fps> renderRate,
-                                            SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote);
+                                            SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode);
     void flushPowerTimeLocked();
     void flushAvailableGlobalRecordsToStatsLocked();
-    bool canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid_t uid, const std::string& layerName);
+    bool canAddNewAggregatedStats(uid_t uid, const std::string& layerName, int32_t gameMode);
 
     void enable();
     void disable();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto
index 133a541..e45757d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsatomsproto/timestats_atoms.proto
@@ -166,6 +166,23 @@
     // This is intended to be used as a dimension in collecting per-render rate
     // jank statistics.
     optional int32 render_rate_bucket = 23;
+
+    enum GameMode {
+         GAME_MODE_UNSPECIFIED = 0;
+         GAME_MODE_UNSUPPORTED = 1;
+         GAME_MODE_STANDARD = 2;
+         GAME_MODE_PERFORMANCE = 3;
+         GAME_MODE_BATTERY = 4;
+    }
+
+    // Game mode that the layer was running at. Used to track user engagement
+    // in different modes. The modes are defined in GameManager.java
+    // Game modes are used only for integrating with GameManager. All non-game
+    // layers will have this field set to UNSUPPORTED.
+    // Introduced in Android 12
+    // This is intended to be used as a dimension in collecting per-game mode
+    // fps and frame related metrics.
+    optional GameMode game_mode = 26;
     // The layer for this set of metrics
     // In many scenarios the package name is included in the layer name, e.g.,
     // layers created by Window Manager. But this is not a guarantee - in the
@@ -271,7 +288,7 @@
     // Introduced in Android 12.
     optional FrameTimingHistogram app_deadline_misses = 25;
 
-    // Next ID: 26
+    // Next ID: 27
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
index a7e7db2..ffb2f09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
@@ -122,6 +122,20 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+std::string TimeStatsHelper::TimeStatsLayer::toString(int32_t gameMode) const {
+    switch (gameMode) {
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeUnsupported:
+            return "GameModeUnsupported";
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard:
+            return "GameModeStandard";
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModePerformance:
+            return "GameModePerformance";
+        case TimeStatsHelper::GameModeBattery:
+            return "GameModeBattery";
+        default:
+            return "GameModeUnspecified";
+    }
+}
 std::string TimeStatsHelper::TimeStatsLayer::toString() const {
     std::string result = "\n";
     StringAppendF(&result, "displayRefreshRate = %d fps\n", displayRefreshRateBucket);
@@ -129,6 +143,7 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "uid = %d\n", uid);
     StringAppendF(&result, "layerName = %s\n", layerName.c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, "packageName = %s\n", packageName.c_str());
+    StringAppendF(&result, "gameMode = %s\n", toString(gameMode).c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, "totalFrames = %d\n", totalFrames);
     StringAppendF(&result, "droppedFrames = %d\n", droppedFrames);
     StringAppendF(&result, "lateAcquireFrames = %d\n", lateAcquireFrames);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
index 2b37ffe..2afff8d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
@@ -77,6 +77,18 @@
         std::string toString() const;
     };
 
+    /**
+     * GameMode of the layer. GameModes are set by SysUI through WMShell.
+     * Actual game mode definitions are managed by GameManager.java
+     * The values defined here should always be in sync with the ones in GameManager.
+     */
+    enum GameMode {
+        GameModeUnsupported = 0,
+        GameModeStandard = 1,
+        GameModePerformance = 2,
+        GameModeBattery = 3,
+    };
+
     class TimeStatsLayer {
     public:
         uid_t uid;
@@ -84,6 +96,7 @@
         std::string packageName;
         int32_t displayRefreshRateBucket = 0;
         int32_t renderRateBucket = 0;
+        int32_t gameMode = 0;
         int32_t totalFrames = 0;
         int32_t droppedFrames = 0;
         int32_t lateAcquireFrames = 0;
@@ -93,6 +106,7 @@
         std::unordered_map<std::string, Histogram> deltas;
 
         std::string toString() const;
+        std::string toString(int32_t gameMode) const;
         SFTimeStatsLayerProto toProto() const;
     };
 
@@ -123,24 +137,19 @@
     struct LayerStatsKey {
         uid_t uid = 0;
         std::string layerName;
+        int32_t gameMode = 0;
 
         struct Hasher {
             size_t operator()(const LayerStatsKey& key) const {
-                size_t result = std::hash<uid_t>{}(key.uid);
-                return HashCombine(result, std::hash<std::string>{}(key.layerName));
+                size_t uidHash = std::hash<uid_t>{}(key.uid);
+                size_t layerNameHash = std::hash<std::string>{}(key.layerName);
+                size_t gameModeHash = std::hash<int32_t>{}(key.gameMode);
+                return HashCombine(uidHash, HashCombine(layerNameHash, gameModeHash));
             }
         };
 
         bool operator==(const LayerStatsKey& o) const {
-            return uid == o.uid && layerName == o.layerName;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct LayerStatsHasher {
-        size_t operator()(const std::pair<uid_t, std::string>& p) const {
-            // Normally this isn't a very good hash function due to symmetry reasons,
-            // but these are distinct types so this should be good enough
-            return std::hash<uid_t>{}(p.first) ^ std::hash<std::string>{}(p.second);
+            return uid == o.uid && layerName == o.layerName && gameMode == o.gameMode;
         }
     };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/main_surfaceflinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/main_surfaceflinger.cpp
index 9686523..673239d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/main_surfaceflinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/main_surfaceflinger.cpp
@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@
     // binder threads to 4.
     ProcessState::self()->setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(4);
 
+    // Set uclamp.min setting on all threads, maybe an overkill but we want
+    // to cover important threads like RenderEngine.
+    if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(true) != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGW("Couldn't set uclamp.min: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    }
+
     // The binder threadpool we start will inherit sched policy and priority
     // of (this) creating thread. We want the binder thread pool to have
     // SCHED_FIFO policy and priority 1 (lowest RT priority)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 736ef30..b5086fa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
         "SurfaceFlinger_GetDisplayNativePrimariesTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HandleTransactionLockedTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_OnHotplugReceivedTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 3042450..560f139 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -105,7 +105,9 @@
 
         mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
         mFlinger.setupTimeStats(std::shared_ptr<TimeStats>(mTimeStats));
-        setupComposer(0);
+
+        mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
+        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
     }
 
     ~CompositionTest() {
@@ -114,14 +116,6 @@
         ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
     }
 
-    void setupComposer(int virtualDisplayCount) {
-        mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-        Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-    }
-
     void setupScheduler() {
         auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
         auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
@@ -289,16 +283,16 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
 
-        auto ceDisplayArgs =
-                compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                        .setPhysical({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
-                        .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
-                        .setIsSecure(Derived::IS_SECURE)
-                        .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                        .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
-                        .setName(std::string("Injected display for ") +
-                                 test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name())
-                        .build();
+        auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                     .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
+                                     .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
+                                     .setIsSecure(Derived::IS_SECURE)
+                                     .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+                                     .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
+                                     .setName(std::string("Injected display for ") +
+                                              test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name())
+                                     .build();
 
         auto compositionDisplay =
                 compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(test->mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdGeneratorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdGeneratorTest.cpp
index 77a3e14..8d4a023 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdGeneratorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdGeneratorTest.cpp
@@ -14,76 +14,68 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include "DisplayIdGenerator.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
-template <typename T>
-void testNextId(DisplayIdGenerator<T>& generator) {
-    constexpr int kNumIds = 5;
-    std::vector<T> ids;
-    for (int i = 0; i < kNumIds; i++) {
-        const auto id = generator.nextId();
-        ASSERT_TRUE(id);
-        ids.push_back(*id);
-    }
+template <typename Id>
+void testGenerateId() {
+    DisplayIdGenerator<Id> generator;
+
+    std::vector<std::optional<Id>> ids;
+    std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(ids), 10, [&] { return generator.generateId(); });
 
     // All IDs should be different.
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumIds; i++) {
-        for (size_t j = i + 1; j < kNumIds; j++) {
-            EXPECT_NE(ids[i], ids[j]);
+    for (auto it = ids.begin(); it != ids.end(); ++it) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(*it);
+
+        for (auto dup = it + 1; dup != ids.end(); ++dup) {
+            EXPECT_NE(*it, *dup);
         }
     }
 }
 
-TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, nextIdGpuVirtual) {
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> generator;
-    testNextId(generator);
+TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, generateGpuVirtualDisplayId) {
+    testGenerateId<GpuVirtualDisplayId>();
 }
 
-TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, nextIdHalVirtual) {
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<HalVirtualDisplayId> generator;
-    testNextId(generator);
+TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, generateHalVirtualDisplayId) {
+    testGenerateId<HalVirtualDisplayId>();
 }
 
-TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, markUnused) {
+TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, releaseId) {
     constexpr size_t kMaxIdsCount = 5;
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> generator(kMaxIdsCount);
+    DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> generator(kMaxIdsCount);
 
-    const auto id = generator.nextId();
+    const auto id = generator.generateId();
     EXPECT_TRUE(id);
 
-    for (int i = 1; i < kMaxIdsCount; i++) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(generator.nextId());
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < kMaxIdsCount; i++) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(generator.generateId());
     }
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(generator.nextId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(generator.generateId());
 
-    generator.markUnused(*id);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(generator.nextId());
+    generator.releaseId(*id);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(generator.generateId());
 }
 
 TEST(DisplayIdGeneratorTest, maxIdsCount) {
     constexpr size_t kMaxIdsCount = 5;
-    RandomDisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> generator(kMaxIdsCount);
+    DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> generator(kMaxIdsCount);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < kMaxIdsCount; i++) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(generator.nextId());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kMaxIdsCount; i++) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(generator.generateId());
     }
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(generator.nextId());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(generator.generateId());
 }
 
 } // namespace android
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index a3e8108..cc24323 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -41,9 +41,6 @@
     mFlinger.mutableUseColorManagement() = false;
     mFlinger.mutableDisplayColorSetting() = DisplayColorSetting::kUnmanaged;
 
-    // Default to using HWC virtual displays
-    mFlinger.mutableUseHwcVirtualDisplays() = true;
-
     mFlinger.setCreateBufferQueueFunction([](auto, auto, auto) {
         ADD_FAILURE() << "Unexpected request to create a buffer queue.";
     });
@@ -85,10 +82,17 @@
 }
 
 void DisplayTransactionTest::injectMockComposer(int virtualDisplayCount) {
+    if (mComposer) {
+        // If reinjecting, disable first to prevent the enable below from being a no-op.
+        mFlinger.enableHalVirtualDisplays(false);
+    }
+
     mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
     mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
 
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
+    mFlinger.enableHalVirtualDisplays(true);
+
     Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
 }
 
@@ -135,18 +139,21 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, perform(NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_USAGE64));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, perform(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_DISCONNECT)).Times(AnyNumber());
 
-    auto compositionDisplay = compositionengine::impl::
-            createDisplay(mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
-                          compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                  .setPhysical(
-                                          {DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal})
-                                  .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
-                                  .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                                  .build());
+    constexpr auto kConnectionType = ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
+    constexpr bool kIsPrimary = true;
 
-    auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(mFlinger, compositionDisplay,
-                                              ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal,
-                                              DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID, true /* isPrimary */);
+    auto compositionDisplay =
+            compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
+                                                   compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                                           .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                                           .setConnectionType(kConnectionType)
+                                                           .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                                                       DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
+                                                           .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
+                                                           .build());
+
+    auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(mFlinger, compositionDisplay, kConnectionType,
+                                              DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kIsPrimary);
 
     injector.setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow);
     if (injectExtra) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index d68fff6..6ce281d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -263,40 +263,23 @@
 
     static auto makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder();
-        if (auto displayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(DISPLAY_ID::get())) {
-            ceDisplayArgs.setPhysical({*displayId, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal});
-        } else {
-            // We turn off the use of HwcVirtualDisplays, to prevent Composition Engine
-            // from calling into HWComposer. This way all virtual displays will get
-            // a GpuVirtualDisplayId, even if we are in the HwcVirtualDisplayVariant.
-            // In this case we later override it by calling display.setDisplayIdForTesting().
-            ceDisplayArgs.setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false);
+        ceDisplayArgs.setId(DISPLAY_ID::get())
+                .setPixels({WIDTH, HEIGHT})
+                .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor);
 
-            GpuVirtualDisplayId desiredDisplayId = GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(DISPLAY_ID::get())
-                                                           .value_or(GpuVirtualDisplayId(0));
-
-            ON_CALL(test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(), nextId())
-                    .WillByDefault(Return(desiredDisplayId));
-
-            auto& generator = test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator();
-            ceDisplayArgs.setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(generator);
+        const auto connectionType = CONNECTION_TYPE::value;
+        if (connectionType) {
+            ceDisplayArgs.setConnectionType(*connectionType);
         }
-        ceDisplayArgs.setPixels({WIDTH, HEIGHT}).setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor);
 
         auto compositionDisplay =
                 compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(test->mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
                                                        ceDisplayArgs.build());
 
-        if (HalVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(DISPLAY_ID::get())) {
-            // CompositionEngine has assigned a placeholder GpuVirtualDisplayId and we need to
-            // override it with the correct HalVirtualDisplayId.
-            compositionDisplay->setDisplayIdForTesting(DISPLAY_ID::get());
-        }
-
         auto injector =
                 TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger,
                                                                   compositionDisplay,
-                                                                  CONNECTION_TYPE::value,
+                                                                  connectionType,
                                                                   HWC_DISPLAY_ID_OPT::value,
                                                                   static_cast<bool>(PRIMARY));
 
@@ -404,8 +387,8 @@
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
 
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                     .setPhysical({DisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get(),
-                                                   PhysicalDisplay::CONNECTION_TYPE})
+                                     .setId(DisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get())
+                                     .setConnectionType(PhysicalDisplay::CONNECTION_TYPE)
                                      .setPixels({DisplayVariant::WIDTH, DisplayVariant::HEIGHT})
                                      .setIsSecure(static_cast<bool>(DisplayVariant::SECURE))
                                      .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
@@ -558,17 +541,13 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
 
-        ON_CALL(test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(), nextId())
-                .WillByDefault(Return(Base::DISPLAY_ID::get()));
-
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                     .setId(Base::DISPLAY_ID::get())
                                      .setPixels({Base::WIDTH, Base::HEIGHT})
                                      .setIsSecure(static_cast<bool>(Base::SECURE))
                                      .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
                                      .setName(std::string("Injected display for ") +
                                               test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name())
-                                     .setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(
-                                             test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator())
                                      .build();
 
         return compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(test->mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
@@ -610,35 +589,22 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
 
-        // In order to prevent compostition engine calling into HWComposer, we
-        // 1. turn off the use of HWC virtual displays,
-        // 2. provide a GpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator which always returns some fake ID
-        // 3. override the ID by calling setDisplayIdForTesting()
-
-        ON_CALL(test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(), nextId())
-                .WillByDefault(Return(GpuVirtualDisplayId(0)));
-
+        const auto displayId = Base::DISPLAY_ID::get();
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                     .setUseHwcVirtualDisplays(false)
+                                     .setId(displayId)
                                      .setPixels({Base::WIDTH, Base::HEIGHT})
                                      .setIsSecure(static_cast<bool>(Base::SECURE))
                                      .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
                                      .setName(std::string("Injected display for ") +
                                               test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name())
-                                     .setGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator(
-                                             test->mFlinger.gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator())
                                      .build();
 
         auto compositionDisplay =
                 compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(test->mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
                                                        ceDisplayArgs);
-        compositionDisplay->setDisplayIdForTesting(Base::DISPLAY_ID::get());
 
         // Insert display data so that the HWC thinks it created the virtual display.
-        if (const auto displayId = Base::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-            HalVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId)) {
-            test->mFlinger.mutableHwcDisplayData().try_emplace(displayId);
-        }
+        test->mFlinger.mutableHwcDisplayData().try_emplace(displayId);
 
         return compositionDisplay;
     }
@@ -649,8 +615,8 @@
     }
 
     static void setupHwcVirtualDisplayCreationCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, createVirtualDisplay(Base::WIDTH, Base::HEIGHT, _, _))
-                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<3>(Self::HWC_DISPLAY_ID), Return(Error::NONE)));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, createVirtualDisplay(Base::WIDTH, Base::HEIGHT, _, _, _))
+                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<4>(Self::HWC_DISPLAY_ID), Return(Error::NONE)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setClientTargetSlotCount(_)).WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
     }
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
index dec0ff5..010c675 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -76,11 +76,9 @@
     static constexpr int32_t PRIORITY_UNSET = -1;
 
     void setupScheduler();
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount);
     sp<BufferStateLayer> createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata);
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
     mock::FrameTimeline mFrameTimeline =
             mock::FrameTimeline(std::make_shared<impl::TimeStats>(), 0);
 
@@ -103,7 +101,8 @@
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
     setupScheduler();
-    setupComposer(0);
+    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
+
     mFpsListener = new TestableFpsListener();
 }
 
@@ -145,19 +144,11 @@
                             std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
 }
 
-void FpsReporterTest::setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
-    mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-    Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-}
-
 namespace {
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, callsListeners) {
     mParent = createBufferStateLayer();
-    const constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
+    constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
     LayerMetadata targetMetadata;
     targetMetadata.setInt32(METADATA_TASK_ID, kTaskId);
     mTarget = createBufferStateLayer(targetMetadata);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
index c6a4115..0a8c748 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@
 static constexpr int32_t sInputEventId = 5;
 static constexpr int32_t sLayerIdOne = 1;
 static constexpr int32_t sLayerIdTwo = 2;
+static constexpr int32_t sGameMode = 0;
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, tokenManagerRemovesStalePredictions) {
     int64_t token1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({0, 0, 0});
@@ -194,11 +195,11 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                        sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidTwo, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                        sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame1->getOwnerPid(), sPidOne);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame2->getOwnerPid(), sPidTwo);
 }
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                        sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::None);
 }
 
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::Expired);
 }
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getPredictionState(), PredictionState::Valid);
     EXPECT_EQ(compareTimelineItems(surfaceFrame->getPredictions(), TimelineItem(10, 20, 30)), true);
@@ -239,7 +240,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, inputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(inputEventId, surfaceFrame->getInputEventId());
 }
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -278,11 +279,11 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo,
-                                                       sLayerNameTwo, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameTwo, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@
                 mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId},
                                                            sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                            sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22 + frameTimeFactor, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
         mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -347,7 +348,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22 + frameTimeFactor, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -361,20 +362,20 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, surfaceFrameEndTimeAcquireFenceAfterQueue) {
-    auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue", /*isBuffer*/ true);
+    auto surfaceFrame = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(123);
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(456);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getActuals().endTime, 456);
 }
 
 TEST_F(FrameTimelineTest, surfaceFrameEndTimeAcquireFenceBeforeQueue) {
-    auto surfaceFrame =
-            mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
-                                                       "acquireFenceAfterQueue", /*isBuffer*/ true);
+    auto surfaceFrame = mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, 0, sLayerIdOne,
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   "acquireFenceAfterQueue",
+                                                                   /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(456);
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(123);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame->getActuals().endTime, 456);
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@
         auto surfaceFrame =
                 mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                            sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -406,7 +407,7 @@
         auto surfaceFrame =
                 mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                            sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@
         auto surfaceFrame =
                 mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                            sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                           /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
         int64_t sfToken = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({22, 26, 30});
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
         surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -443,7 +444,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(20);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(20);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -486,7 +487,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(
                         TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                   sLayerNameOne,
+                                                   sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                    JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed, 2, 10,
                                                    0}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -496,7 +497,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(20);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -511,7 +512,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(
                         TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                   sLayerNameOne,
+                                                   sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                    JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed, 4, 10,
                                                    0}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -522,7 +523,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(20);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -537,8 +538,8 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                                sLayerNameOne, JankType::DisplayHAL,
-                                                                -4, 0, 0}));
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
+                                                                JankType::DisplayHAL, -4, 0, 0}));
 
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 60});
@@ -547,7 +548,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(20);
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps(11.0);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                                sLayerNameOne,
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                                 JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, -4, 0,
                                                                 25}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(45);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
 
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(32);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                                sLayerNameOne,
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                                 JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling,
                                                                 -4, 0, -10}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -597,7 +598,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(50);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
 
@@ -613,7 +614,7 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(16);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                                sLayerNameOne,
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                                 JankType::PredictionError, -4, 5,
                                                                 0}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -623,7 +624,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
 
@@ -639,7 +640,7 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(32);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                                sLayerNameOne,
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
                                                                 JankType::BufferStuffing, -4, 0,
                                                                 0}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -649,7 +650,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 82, refreshRate);
 
@@ -666,9 +667,10 @@
     Fps refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11);
     Fps renderRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
-                incrementJankyFrames(
-                        TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, renderRate, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                   JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, -4, 0, 25}));
+                incrementJankyFrames(TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, renderRate, sUidOne,
+                                                                sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
+                                                                JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, -4, 0,
+                                                                25}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     int64_t surfaceFrameToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({10, 20, 60});
     int64_t sfToken1 = mTokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions({82, 90, 90});
@@ -676,7 +678,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(45);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, refreshRate);
 
@@ -696,6 +698,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(
                         TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{refreshRate, renderRate, sUidOne, sLayerNameOne,
+                                                   sGameMode,
                                                    JankType::Unknown | JankType::AppDeadlineMissed,
                                                    0, 0, 25}));
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
@@ -705,7 +708,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(45);
     // Trigger a prediction expiry
     flushTokens();
@@ -742,7 +745,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -769,7 +772,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({token1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token2, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -815,7 +818,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({}, sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne,
                                                        sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     // Set up the display frame
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(token1, 20, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
@@ -874,7 +877,7 @@
 ProtoActualSurfaceFrameStart createProtoActualSurfaceFrameStart(
         int64_t cookie, int64_t token, int64_t displayFrameToken, pid_t pid, std::string layerName,
         ProtoPresentType presentType, bool onTimeFinish, bool gpuComposition,
-        ProtoJankType jankType, ProtoPredictionType predictionType) {
+        ProtoJankType jankType, ProtoPredictionType predictionType, bool isBuffer) {
     ProtoActualSurfaceFrameStart proto;
     proto.set_cookie(cookie);
     proto.set_token(token);
@@ -886,6 +889,7 @@
     proto.set_gpu_composition(gpuComposition);
     proto.set_jank_type(jankType);
     proto.set_prediction_type(predictionType);
+    proto.set_is_buffer(isBuffer);
     return proto;
 }
 
@@ -975,6 +979,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(received.jank_type(), source.jank_type());
     ASSERT_TRUE(received.has_prediction_type());
     EXPECT_EQ(received.prediction_type(), source.prediction_type());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(received.has_is_buffer());
+    EXPECT_EQ(received.is_buffer(), source.is_buffer());
 }
 
 void validateTraceEvent(const ProtoFrameEnd& received, const ProtoFrameEnd& source) {
@@ -1128,11 +1134,11 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setActualQueueTime(10);
     surfaceFrame1->setDropTime(15);
 
@@ -1151,7 +1157,7 @@
                                                displayFrameToken1, sPidOne, sLayerNameOne,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::PRESENT_DROPPED, false, false,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::JANK_NONE,
-                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_VALID);
+                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_VALID, true);
     auto protoDroppedSurfaceFrameActualEnd = createProtoFrameEnd(traceCookie + 2);
 
     auto protoPresentedSurfaceFrameExpectedStart =
@@ -1163,7 +1169,7 @@
                                                displayFrameToken1, sPidOne, sLayerNameOne,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::PRESENT_ON_TIME, true, false,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::JANK_NONE,
-                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_VALID);
+                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_VALID, true);
     auto protoPresentedSurfaceFrameActualEnd = createProtoFrameEnd(traceCookie + 4);
 
     // Set up the display frame
@@ -1288,7 +1294,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
                                                        sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setActualQueueTime(appEndTime);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(appEndTime);
 
@@ -1306,7 +1312,7 @@
                                                displayFrameToken, sPidOne, sLayerNameOne,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::PRESENT_UNSPECIFIED, false,
                                                false, FrameTimelineEvent::JANK_UNKNOWN,
-                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_EXPIRED);
+                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_EXPIRED, true);
     auto protoActualSurfaceFrameEnd = createProtoFrameEnd(traceCookie + 1);
 
     // Set up the display frame
@@ -1364,7 +1370,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
                                                        sPidOne, sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
 
     constexpr nsecs_t sfStartTime = std::chrono::nanoseconds(22ms).count();
     constexpr nsecs_t sfEndTime = std::chrono::nanoseconds(30ms).count();
@@ -1380,7 +1386,7 @@
                                                displayFrameToken, sPidOne, sLayerNameOne,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::PRESENT_DROPPED, false, false,
                                                FrameTimelineEvent::JANK_NONE,
-                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_EXPIRED);
+                                               FrameTimelineEvent::PREDICTION_EXPIRED, true);
     auto protoActualSurfaceFrameEnd = createProtoFrameEnd(traceCookie + 1);
 
     // Set up the display frame
@@ -1433,7 +1439,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
@@ -1649,7 +1655,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(16);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1669,7 +1675,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(36);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1701,8 +1707,8 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(
                         TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11), std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                   sLayerNameOne, JankType::PredictionError, -3, 5,
-                                                   0}));
+                                                   sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
+                                                   JankType::PredictionError, -3, 5, 0}));
 
     addEmptyDisplayFrame();
 
@@ -1729,7 +1735,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(16);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 22, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1749,7 +1755,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(36);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1781,8 +1787,8 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mTimeStats,
                 incrementJankyFrames(
                         TimeStats::JankyFramesInfo{Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11), std::nullopt, sUidOne,
-                                                   sLayerNameOne, JankType::PredictionError, -3, 5,
-                                                   0}));
+                                                   sLayerNameOne, sGameMode,
+                                                   JankType::PredictionError, -3, 5, 0}));
 
     addEmptyDisplayFrame();
 
@@ -1808,7 +1814,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 42, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1852,7 +1858,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(26);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 32, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1872,7 +1878,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(40);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 43, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1927,7 +1933,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(50);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -1947,7 +1953,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(84);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 112, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented, 54);
@@ -2005,7 +2011,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken1, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame1->setAcquireFenceTime(50);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken1, 52, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
@@ -2025,7 +2031,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken({surfaceFrameToken2, sInputEventId}, sPidOne,
                                                        sUidOne, sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       sLayerNameOne, /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     surfaceFrame2->setAcquireFenceTime(80);
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken2, 82, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(30));
     // Setting previous latch time to 54, adjusted deadline will be 54 + vsyncTime(30) = 84
@@ -2081,7 +2087,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -2097,7 +2103,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -2107,7 +2113,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
@@ -2123,7 +2129,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -2133,7 +2139,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
@@ -2149,7 +2155,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -2159,7 +2165,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
@@ -2178,7 +2184,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame1 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence1 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame1->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame1);
@@ -2188,7 +2194,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame2 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence2 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame2->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame2);
@@ -2198,7 +2204,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame3 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdTwo, sLayerNameTwo, sLayerNameTwo,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence3 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame3->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame3);
@@ -2208,7 +2214,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame4 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence4 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     surfaceFrame4->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Presented);
     mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame4);
@@ -2218,7 +2224,7 @@
     auto surfaceFrame5 =
             mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(FrameTimelineInfo(), sPidOne, sUidOne,
                                                        sLayerIdOne, sLayerNameOne, sLayerNameOne,
-                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true);
+                                                       /*isBuffer*/ true, sGameMode);
     auto presentFence5 = fenceFactory.createFenceTimeForTest(Fence::NO_FENCE);
     // Dropped frames will be excluded from fps computation
     surfaceFrame5->setPresentState(SurfaceFrame::PresentState::Dropped);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
index cbf8cc2..655baf8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
@@ -58,28 +58,26 @@
 using ::testing::StrictMock;
 
 struct MockHWC2ComposerCallback final : StrictMock<HWC2::ComposerCallback> {
-    MOCK_METHOD3(onHotplugReceived, void(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onRefreshReceived, void(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId));
-    MOCK_METHOD4(onVsyncReceived,
-                 void(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
-                      std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos>));
-    MOCK_METHOD3(onVsyncPeriodTimingChangedReceived,
-                 void(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onSeamlessPossible, void(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(onComposerHalHotplug, void(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onComposerHalRefresh, void(hal::HWDisplayId));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(onComposerHalVsync,
+                 void(hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t timestamp, std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos>));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(onComposerHalVsyncPeriodTimingChanged,
+                 void(hal::HWDisplayId, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onComposerHalSeamlessPossible, void(hal::HWDisplayId));
 };
 
-struct HWComposerSetConfigurationTest : testing::Test {
+struct HWComposerSetCallbackTest : testing::Test {
     Hwc2::mock::Composer* mHal = new StrictMock<Hwc2::mock::Composer>();
     MockHWC2ComposerCallback mCallback;
 };
 
-TEST_F(HWComposerSetConfigurationTest, loadsLayerMetadataSupport) {
+TEST_F(HWComposerSetCallbackTest, loadsLayerMetadataSupport) {
     const std::string kMetadata1Name = "com.example.metadata.1";
     constexpr bool kMetadata1Mandatory = false;
     const std::string kMetadata2Name = "com.example.metadata.2";
     constexpr bool kMetadata2Mandatory = true;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getCapabilities()).WillOnce(Return(std::vector<hal::Capability>{}));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getLayerGenericMetadataKeys(_))
             .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(std::vector<hal::LayerGenericMetadataKey>{
@@ -91,7 +89,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
     impl::HWComposer hwc{std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mHal)};
-    hwc.setConfiguration(&mCallback, 123);
+    hwc.setCallback(&mCallback);
 
     const auto& supported = hwc.getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata();
     EXPECT_EQ(2u, supported.size());
@@ -101,8 +99,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(kMetadata2Mandatory, supported.find(kMetadata2Name)->second);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HWComposerSetConfigurationTest, handlesUnsupportedCallToGetLayerGenericMetadataKeys) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(0));
+TEST_F(HWComposerSetCallbackTest, handlesUnsupportedCallToGetLayerGenericMetadataKeys) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getCapabilities()).WillOnce(Return(std::vector<hal::Capability>{}));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getLayerGenericMetadataKeys(_))
             .WillOnce(Return(hardware::graphics::composer::V2_4::Error::UNSUPPORTED));
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
     impl::HWComposer hwc{std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mHal)};
-    hwc.setConfiguration(&mCallback, 123);
+    hwc.setCallback(&mCallback);
 
     const auto& supported = hwc.getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata();
     EXPECT_EQ(0u, supported.size());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
index 7ace70a..d04a7d7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
@@ -45,9 +45,16 @@
 
 class RefreshRateConfigsTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
+    using GetBestRefreshRateInvocation = RefreshRateConfigs::GetBestRefreshRateInvocation;
+
     RefreshRateConfigsTest();
     ~RefreshRateConfigsTest();
 
+    RefreshRate createRefreshRate(DisplayModePtr displayMode) {
+        return {displayMode->getId(), displayMode, displayMode->getFps(),
+                RefreshRate::ConstructorTag(0)};
+    }
+
     Fps findClosestKnownFrameRate(const RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs, Fps frameRate) {
         return refreshRateConfigs.findClosestKnownFrameRate(frameRate);
     }
@@ -71,6 +78,19 @@
         return *refreshRateConfigs.mMaxSupportedRefreshRate;
     }
 
+    void setLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs,
+                                          const GetBestRefreshRateInvocation& invocation) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(refreshRateConfigs.mLock);
+        refreshRateConfigs.lastBestRefreshRateInvocation.emplace(
+                GetBestRefreshRateInvocation(invocation));
+    }
+
+    std::optional<GetBestRefreshRateInvocation> getLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(
+            const RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs) {
+        std::lock_guard lock(refreshRateConfigs.mLock);
+        return refreshRateConfigs.lastBestRefreshRateInvocation;
+    }
+
     // Test config IDs
     static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_60 = DisplayModeId(0);
     static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_90 = DisplayModeId(1);
@@ -1752,6 +1772,78 @@
               refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false}));
 }
 
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ReadsCached) {
+    using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals;
+
+    auto refreshRateConfigs =
+            std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(m30_60_72_90_120Device,
+                                                 /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+
+    setLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(*refreshRateConfigs,
+                                     GetBestRefreshRateInvocation{.layerRequirements = std::vector<
+                                                                          LayerRequirement>(),
+                                                                  .globalSignals = {.touch = true,
+                                                                                    .idle = true},
+                                                                  .outSignalsConsidered =
+                                                                          {.touch = true,
+                                                                           .idle = false},
+                                                                  .resultingBestRefreshRate =
+                                                                          createRefreshRate(
+                                                                                  mConfig90)});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(createRefreshRate(mConfig90),
+              refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(std::vector<LayerRequirement>(),
+                                                     {.touch = true, .idle = true}));
+
+    const GlobalSignals cachedSignalsConsidered{.touch = true, .idle = false};
+    setLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(*refreshRateConfigs,
+                                     GetBestRefreshRateInvocation{.layerRequirements = std::vector<
+                                                                          LayerRequirement>(),
+                                                                  .globalSignals = {.touch = true,
+                                                                                    .idle = true},
+                                                                  .outSignalsConsidered =
+                                                                          cachedSignalsConsidered,
+                                                                  .resultingBestRefreshRate =
+                                                                          createRefreshRate(
+                                                                                  mConfig30)});
+
+    GlobalSignals signalsConsidered;
+    EXPECT_EQ(createRefreshRate(mConfig30),
+              refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(std::vector<LayerRequirement>(),
+                                                     {.touch = true, .idle = true},
+                                                     &signalsConsidered));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(cachedSignalsConsidered, signalsConsidered);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_WritesCache) {
+    using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals;
+
+    auto refreshRateConfigs =
+            std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(m30_60_72_90_120Device,
+                                                 /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(getLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(*refreshRateConfigs).has_value());
+
+    GlobalSignals globalSignals{.touch = true, .idle = true};
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerRequirement>{LayerRequirement{.weight = 1.0f},
+                                                LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.5f}};
+    const auto lastResult =
+            refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, globalSignals,
+                                                   /* outSignalsConsidered */ nullptr);
+
+    const auto lastInvocation = getLastBestRefreshRateInvocation(*refreshRateConfigs);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(lastInvocation.has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(layers, lastInvocation->layerRequirements);
+    ASSERT_EQ(globalSignals, lastInvocation->globalSignals);
+    ASSERT_EQ(lastResult, lastInvocation->resultingBestRefreshRate);
+
+    // outSignalsConsidered needs to be populated even tho earlier we gave nullptr
+    // to getBestRefreshRate()
+    GlobalSignals detaultSignals;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(detaultSignals == lastInvocation->outSignalsConsidered);
+}
+
 TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, testComparisonOperator) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(mExpected60Config < mExpected90Config);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mExpected60Config < mExpected60Config);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectionTest.cpp
index 9c6ad06..fd3e564 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectionTest.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@
     static constexpr int32_t PRIORITY_UNSET = -1;
 
     void setupScheduler();
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount);
     sp<BufferQueueLayer> createBufferQueueLayer();
     sp<BufferStateLayer> createBufferStateLayer();
     sp<EffectLayer> createEffectLayer();
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@
     void commitTransaction(Layer* layer);
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
 
     sp<Client> mClient;
     sp<Layer> mParent;
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
     setupScheduler();
-    setupComposer(0);
+    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
 }
 
 RefreshRateSelectionTest::~RefreshRateSelectionTest() {
@@ -147,14 +145,6 @@
                             std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
 }
 
-void RefreshRateSelectionTest::setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
-    mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-    Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-}
-
 namespace {
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Test cases
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 38e503f..423d0cc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -51,9 +51,18 @@
 
     SchedulerTest();
 
-    const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs
-            mConfigs{{DisplayMode::Builder(0).setVsyncPeriod(16'666'667).setGroup(0).build()},
-                     DisplayModeId(0)};
+    const DisplayModePtr mode60 = DisplayMode::Builder(0)
+                                          .setId(DisplayModeId(0))
+                                          .setVsyncPeriod(Fps(60.f).getPeriodNsecs())
+                                          .setGroup(0)
+                                          .build();
+    const DisplayModePtr mode120 = DisplayMode::Builder(1)
+                                           .setId(DisplayModeId(1))
+                                           .setVsyncPeriod(Fps(120.f).getPeriodNsecs())
+                                           .setGroup(0)
+                                           .build();
+
+    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs mConfigs{{mode60}, mode60->getId()};
 
     mock::SchedulerCallback mSchedulerCallback;
 
@@ -149,15 +158,14 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(kEventConnections, mScheduler->getEventThreadConnectionCount(mConnectionHandle));
 }
 
-TEST_F(SchedulerTest, noLayerHistory) {
-    // Layer history should not be created if there is a single config.
-    ASSERT_FALSE(mScheduler->hasLayerHistory());
-
+TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseRefreshRateForContentIsNoopWhenModeSwitchingIsNotSupported) {
+    // The layer is registered at creation time and deregistered at destruction time.
     sp<mock::MockLayer> layer = sp<mock::MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
 
-    // Content detection should be no-op.
-    mScheduler->registerLayer(layer.get());
+    // recordLayerHistory should be a noop
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
     mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
 
     constexpr bool kPowerStateNormal = true;
     mScheduler->setDisplayPowerState(kPowerStateNormal);
@@ -169,6 +177,18 @@
     mScheduler->chooseRefreshRateForContent();
 }
 
+TEST_F(SchedulerTest, updateDisplayModes) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), mScheduler->layerHistorySize());
+    sp<mock::MockLayer> layer = sp<mock::MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(1), mScheduler->layerHistorySize());
+
+    mConfigs.updateDisplayModes({mode60, mode120}, /* activeMode */ mode60->getId());
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
+    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(1), mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
+}
+
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, testDispatchCachedReportedMode) {
     // If the optional fields are cleared, the function should return before
     // onModeChange is called.
@@ -200,4 +220,25 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, mFlinger.calculateExtraBufferCount(Fps(60), 10ms));
 }
 
+MATCHER(Is120Hz, "") {
+    return arg.getFps().equalsWithMargin(Fps(120.f));
+}
+
+TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseRefreshRateForContentSelectsMaxRefreshRate) {
+    mConfigs.updateDisplayModes({mode60, mode120}, /* activeMode */ mode60->getId());
+
+    sp<mock::MockLayer> layer = sp<mock::MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
+
+    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+
+    constexpr bool kPowerStateNormal = true;
+    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerState(kPowerStateNormal);
+
+    constexpr uint32_t kDisplayArea = 999'999;
+    mScheduler->onPrimaryDisplayAreaChanged(kDisplayArea);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mSchedulerCallback, changeRefreshRate(Is120Hz(), _)).Times(1);
+    mScheduler->chooseRefreshRateForContent();
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
index c088ddc..46ef750 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
@@ -118,14 +118,12 @@
     SetFrameRateTest();
 
     void setupScheduler();
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount);
 
     void addChild(sp<Layer> layer, sp<Layer> child);
     void removeChild(sp<Layer> layer, sp<Layer> child);
     void commitTransaction();
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
     mock::MessageQueue* mMessageQueue = new mock::MessageQueue();
 
     std::vector<sp<Layer>> mLayers;
@@ -139,10 +137,11 @@
     mFlinger.mutableUseFrameRateApi() = true;
 
     setupScheduler();
-    setupComposer(0);
 
+    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
     mFlinger.mutableEventQueue().reset(mMessageQueue);
 }
+
 void SetFrameRateTest::addChild(sp<Layer> layer, sp<Layer> child) {
     layer.get()->addChild(child.get());
 }
@@ -184,14 +183,6 @@
                             /*hasMultipleModes*/ true);
 }
 
-void SetFrameRateTest::setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
-    mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-    Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-}
-
 namespace {
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Test cases
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnHotplugReceivedTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp
similarity index 62%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnHotplugReceivedTest.cpp
rename to services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp
index 42f4cf3..bd89397 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnHotplugReceivedTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp
@@ -22,19 +22,15 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-class OnHotplugReceivedTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
+class HotplugTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
 
-TEST_F(OnHotplugReceivedTest, hotplugEnqueuesEventsForDisplayTransaction) {
-    constexpr int currentSequenceId = 123;
+TEST_F(HotplugTest, enqueuesEventsForDisplayTransaction) {
     constexpr HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId1 = 456;
     constexpr HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId2 = 654;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
 
-    // Set the current sequence id for accepted events
-    mFlinger.mutableComposerSequenceId() = currentSequenceId;
-
     // Set the main thread id so that the current thread does not appear to be
     // the main thread.
     mFlinger.mutableMainThreadId() = std::thread::id();
@@ -50,8 +46,8 @@
     // Invocation
 
     // Simulate two hotplug events (a connect and a disconnect)
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, hwcDisplayId1, Connection::CONNECTED);
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, hwcDisplayId2, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
+    mFlinger.onComposerHalHotplug(hwcDisplayId1, Connection::CONNECTED);
+    mFlinger.onComposerHalHotplug(hwcDisplayId2, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -68,52 +64,14 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(Connection::DISCONNECTED, pendingEvents[1].connection);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OnHotplugReceivedTest, hotplugDiscardsUnexpectedEvents) {
-    constexpr int currentSequenceId = 123;
-    constexpr int otherSequenceId = 321;
-    constexpr HWDisplayId displayId = 456;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
-
-    // Set the current sequence id for accepted events
-    mFlinger.mutableComposerSequenceId() = currentSequenceId;
-
-    // Set the main thread id so that the current thread does not appear to be
-    // the main thread.
-    mFlinger.mutableMainThreadId() = std::thread::id();
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Call Expectations
-
-    // We do not expect any calls to invalidate().
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mMessageQueue, invalidate()).Times(0);
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
-
-    // Call with an unexpected sequence id
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(otherSequenceId, displayId, Connection::INVALID);
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
-
-    // The display transaction needed flag should not be set
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hasTransactionFlagSet(eDisplayTransactionNeeded));
-
-    // There should be no pending events
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mFlinger.mutablePendingHotplugEvents().empty());
-}
-
-TEST_F(OnHotplugReceivedTest, hotplugProcessesEnqueuedEventsIfCalledOnMainThread) {
-    constexpr int currentSequenceId = 123;
+TEST_F(HotplugTest, processesEnqueuedEventsIfCalledOnMainThread) {
     constexpr HWDisplayId displayId1 = 456;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Note:
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // This test case is a bit tricky. We want to verify that
-    // onHotplugReceived() calls processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked(), but we
+    // onComposerHalHotplug() calls processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked(), but we
     // don't really want to provide coverage for everything the later function
     // does as there are specific tests for it.
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -121,9 +79,6 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
 
-    // Set the current sequence id for accepted events
-    mFlinger.mutableComposerSequenceId() = currentSequenceId;
-
     // Set the main thread id so that the current thread does appear to be the
     // main thread.
     mFlinger.mutableMainThreadId() = std::this_thread::get_id();
@@ -139,9 +94,9 @@
     // Invocation
 
     // Simulate a disconnect on a display id that is not connected. This should
-    // be enqueued by onHotplugReceived(), and dequeued by
+    // be enqueued by onComposerHalHotplug(), and dequeued by
     // processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked(), but then ignored as invalid.
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, displayId1, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
+    mFlinger.onComposerHalHotplug(displayId1, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -155,4 +110,4 @@
 }
 
 } // namespace
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 3f9dd01..41fd6e3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@
         return mutableLayerHistory()->mLayerInfos.size();
     }
 
+    size_t getNumActiveLayers() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+        if (!mLayerHistory) return 0;
+        return mutableLayerHistory()->mActiveLayersEnd;
+    }
+
     void replaceTouchTimer(int64_t millis) {
         if (mTouchTimer) {
             mTouchTimer.reset();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index a551248..d78f36c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
 #include "SurfaceInterceptor.h"
 #include "TestableScheduler.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockDisplayIdGenerator.h"
 #include "mock/MockFrameTimeline.h"
 #include "mock/MockFrameTracer.h"
 
@@ -185,9 +184,6 @@
 
     SurfaceFlinger* flinger() { return mFlinger.get(); }
     TestableScheduler* scheduler() { return mScheduler; }
-    mock::DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId>& gpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator() {
-        return mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
-    }
 
     // Extend this as needed for accessing SurfaceFlinger private (and public)
     // functions.
@@ -309,6 +305,8 @@
         return mFlinger->destroyDisplay(displayToken);
     }
 
+    void enableHalVirtualDisplays(bool enable) { mFlinger->enableHalVirtualDisplays(enable); }
+
     auto setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(
             const wp<IBinder>& displayToken,
             std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> compositionDisplay,
@@ -324,9 +322,8 @@
         return mFlinger->handleTransactionLocked(transactionFlags);
     }
 
-    auto onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hal::HWDisplayId display,
-                           hal::Connection connection) {
-        return mFlinger->onHotplugReceived(sequenceId, display, connection);
+    void onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, hal::Connection connection) {
+        mFlinger->onComposerHalHotplug(hwcDisplayId, connection);
     }
 
     auto setDisplayStateLocked(const DisplayState& s) {
@@ -437,11 +434,9 @@
     auto& mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens() { return mFlinger->mPhysicalDisplayTokens; }
     auto& mutableTexturePool() { return mFlinger->mTexturePool; }
     auto& mutableTransactionFlags() { return mFlinger->mTransactionFlags; }
-    auto& mutableUseHwcVirtualDisplays() { return mFlinger->mUseHwcVirtualDisplays; }
     auto& mutablePowerAdvisor() { return mFlinger->mPowerAdvisor; }
     auto& mutableDebugDisableHWC() { return mFlinger->mDebugDisableHWC; }
 
-    auto& mutableComposerSequenceId() { return mFlinger->getBE().mComposerSequenceId; }
     auto& mutableHwcDisplayData() { return getHwComposer().mDisplayData; }
     auto& mutableHwcPhysicalDisplayIdMap() { return getHwComposer().mPhysicalDisplayIdMap; }
     auto& mutableInternalHwcDisplayId() { return getHwComposer().mInternalHwcDisplayId; }
@@ -776,7 +771,6 @@
     surfaceflinger::test::Factory mFactory;
     sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger = new SurfaceFlinger(mFactory, SurfaceFlinger::SkipInitialization);
     TestableScheduler* mScheduler = nullptr;
-    mock::DisplayIdGenerator<GpuVirtualDisplayId> mGpuVirtualDisplayIdGenerator;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
index 3e4e130..317cdf1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
 using testing::UnorderedElementsAre;
 
 using PowerMode = hardware::graphics::composer::V2_4::IComposerClient::PowerMode;
+using SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo = android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo;
+using SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper =
+        android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper;
 
 // clang-format off
 #define FMT_PROTO             true
@@ -71,6 +74,7 @@
 
 const constexpr Fps kRefreshRate0 = Fps(static_cast<float>(REFRESH_RATE_0));
 const constexpr Fps kRenderRate0 = Fps(static_cast<float>(RENDER_RATE_0));
+static constexpr int32_t kGameMode = TimeStatsHelper::GameModeUnsupported;
 
 enum InputCommand : int32_t {
     ENABLE                 = 0,
@@ -143,15 +147,16 @@
     std::string inputCommand(InputCommand cmd, bool useProto);
 
     void setTimeStamp(TimeStamp type, int32_t id, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t ts,
-                      TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote);
+                      TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode);
 
     int32_t genRandomInt32(int32_t begin, int32_t end);
 
     template <size_t N>
     void insertTimeRecord(const TimeStamp (&sequence)[N], int32_t id, uint64_t frameNumber,
-                          nsecs_t ts, TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote = {}) {
+                          nsecs_t ts, TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote = {},
+                          int32_t gameMode = kGameMode) {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < N; i++, ts += 1000000) {
-            setTimeStamp(sequence[i], id, frameNumber, ts, frameRateVote);
+            setTimeStamp(sequence[i], id, frameNumber, ts, frameRateVote, gameMode);
         }
     }
 
@@ -200,11 +205,11 @@
 }
 
 void TimeStatsTest::setTimeStamp(TimeStamp type, int32_t id, uint64_t frameNumber, nsecs_t ts,
-                                 TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote) {
+                                 TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote frameRateVote, int32_t gameMode) {
     switch (type) {
         case TimeStamp::POST:
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                    mTimeStats->setPostTime(id, frameNumber, genLayerName(id), UID_0, ts));
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->setPostTime(id, frameNumber, genLayerName(id),
+                                                            UID_0, ts, gameMode));
             break;
         case TimeStamp::ACQUIRE:
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->setAcquireTime(id, frameNumber, ts));
@@ -221,12 +226,14 @@
             break;
         case TimeStamp::PRESENT:
             ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->setPresentTime(id, frameNumber, ts, kRefreshRate0,
-                                                               kRenderRate0, frameRateVote));
+                                                               kRenderRate0, frameRateVote,
+                                                               gameMode));
             break;
         case TimeStamp::PRESENT_FENCE:
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                    mTimeStats->setPresentFence(id, frameNumber, std::make_shared<FenceTime>(ts),
-                                                kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, frameRateVote));
+            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->setPresentFence(id, frameNumber,
+                                                                std::make_shared<FenceTime>(ts),
+                                                                kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0,
+                                                                frameRateVote, gameMode));
             break;
         default:
             ALOGD("Invalid timestamp type");
@@ -319,22 +326,24 @@
 
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::DisplayHAL, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::PredictionError, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing, 1, 2,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2,
                                       3});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2,
+                                      3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::DisplayHAL, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::PredictionError, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
+            {kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0), kGameMode,
+             JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
 
     const std::string result(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_STRING));
     std::string expectedResult =
@@ -872,22 +881,24 @@
             std::make_shared<FenceTime>(std::chrono::nanoseconds(1ms).count()));
 
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::DisplayHAL, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::PredictionError, 1, 2, 3});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing, 1, 2,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2,
                                       3});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed, 1, 2,
+                                      3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::DisplayHAL, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::PredictionError, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
+            {kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0), kGameMode,
+             JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing, 1, 2, 3});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::None, 1, 2, 3});
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::CLEAR, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
@@ -1039,34 +1050,36 @@
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(std::make_shared<FenceTime>(5000000));
 
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed,
                                       DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
                                       APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed,
                                       DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
                                       APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::DisplayHAL, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::DisplayHAL, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
                                       DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::PredictionError, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::AppDeadlineMissed,
                                       DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
                                       APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::BufferStuffing, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling,
+                                      DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
+                                      APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::PredictionError, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
+                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
+            {kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0), kGameMode,
+             JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
+             DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::BufferStuffing, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
                                       DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::None, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
+                                      kGameMode, JankType::None, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
                                       DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA});
 
     std::string pulledData;
@@ -1157,7 +1170,8 @@
     constexpr nsecs_t APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS = 3'000'000;
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
-    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000, {},
+                     TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES; i++) {
         mTimeStats->incrementLatchSkipped(LAYER_ID_0, TimeStats::LatchSkipReason::LateAcquire);
     }
@@ -1170,43 +1184,50 @@
                     TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple,
             .seamlessness = TimeStats::SetFrameRateVote::Seamlessness::NotRequired,
     };
-    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000, frameRate60);
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000, frameRate60,
+                     TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard);
 
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
+            {kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+             TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard, JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed,
+             DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
+    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
+            {kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+             TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard, JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed,
+             DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerCpuDeadlineMissed,
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard, JankType::DisplayHAL,
                                       DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
                                       APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::SurfaceFlingerGpuDeadlineMissed,
-                                      DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
-                                      APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::DisplayHAL, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
-    mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard,
                                       JankType::AppDeadlineMissed, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
                                       DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard,
                                       JankType::SurfaceFlingerScheduling, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
                                       DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_2MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::PredictionError, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_2MS});
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard, JankType::PredictionError,
+                                      DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
+                                      APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_2MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard,
                                       JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::BufferStuffing,
                                       DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_2MS,
                                       APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_2MS});
     mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({kRefreshRate0, kRenderRate0, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
-                                      JankType::None, DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA,
-                                      DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER, APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
+                                      TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard, JankType::None,
+                                      DISPLAY_DEADLINE_DELTA, DISPLAY_PRESENT_JITTER,
+                                      APP_DEADLINE_DELTA_3MS});
 
     std::string pulledData;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
     ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
-    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(atom.layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0));
     EXPECT_EQ(atom.total_frames(), 1);
@@ -1236,6 +1257,7 @@
               (int)frameRate60.frameRateCompatibility);
     EXPECT_EQ((int)atom.set_frame_rate_vote().seamlessness(), (int)frameRate60.seamlessness);
     EXPECT_THAT(atom.app_deadline_misses(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3, 2}, {4, 3})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom.game_mode(), SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_STANDARD);
 
     SFTimeStatsGlobalProto globalProto;
     ASSERT_TRUE(globalProto.ParseFromString(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_PROTO)));
@@ -1268,6 +1290,92 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(result, Not(HasSubstr(expectedMissing)));
 }
 
+TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_multipleGameModes) {
+    constexpr size_t LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES = 2;
+    constexpr size_t BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES = 3;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
+
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000, {},
+                     TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES; i++) {
+        mTimeStats->incrementLatchSkipped(LAYER_ID_0, TimeStats::LatchSkipReason::LateAcquire);
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES; i++) {
+        mTimeStats->incrementBadDesiredPresent(LAYER_ID_0);
+    }
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 2, 2000000, {},
+                     TimeStatsHelper::GameModeStandard);
+
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 3, 3000000, {},
+                     TimeStatsHelper::GameModePerformance);
+
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 4, 4000000, {}, TimeStatsHelper::GameModeBattery);
+    insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 5, 4000000, {}, TimeStatsHelper::GameModeBattery);
+
+    std::string pulledData;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
+
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
+    // The first time record is never uploaded to stats.
+    ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 3);
+    // Layers are ordered based on the hash in LayerStatsKey. For this test, the order happens to
+    // be: 0 - Battery 1 - Performance 2 - Standard
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom0 = atomList.atom(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.total_frames(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.dropped_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({0, 1}, {1, 1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.post_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({4}, {2})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.acquire_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3}, {2})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.latch_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {2})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.desired_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {2})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom0.post_to_acquire(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {2})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.late_acquire_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.bad_desired_present_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.uid(), UID_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.display_refresh_rate_bucket(), REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.render_rate_bucket(), RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom0.game_mode(), SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_BATTERY);
+
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom1 = atomList.atom(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.total_frames(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.dropped_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.post_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({4}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.acquire_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.latch_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.desired_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom1.post_to_acquire(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.late_acquire_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.bad_desired_present_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.uid(), UID_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.display_refresh_rate_bucket(), REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.render_rate_bucket(), RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom1.game_mode(), SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_PERFORMANCE);
+
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom2 = atomList.atom(2);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.total_frames(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.dropped_frames(), 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.post_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({4}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.acquire_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({3}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.latch_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({2}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.desired_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_THAT(atom2.post_to_acquire(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {1})));
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.late_acquire_frames(), LATE_ACQUIRE_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.bad_desired_present_frames(), BAD_DESIRED_PRESENT_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.uid(), UID_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.display_refresh_rate_bucket(), REFRESH_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.render_rate_bucket(), RENDER_RATE_BUCKET_0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(atom2.game_mode(), SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo::GAME_MODE_STANDARD);
+}
+
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, layerStatsCallback_pullsMultipleLayers) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
@@ -1279,7 +1387,7 @@
     std::string pulledData;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
     ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 2);
     std::vector<std::string> actualLayerNames = {atomList.atom(0).layer_name(),
@@ -1304,10 +1412,10 @@
     std::string pulledData;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
     ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
-    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
     EXPECT_THAT(atom.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1, 2}, {2, 1})));
 }
 
@@ -1323,10 +1431,10 @@
     std::string pulledData;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
     ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
-    const android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
+    const SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfo& atom = atomList.atom(0);
     EXPECT_THAT(atom.present_to_present(), HistogramEq(buildExpectedHistogram({1}, {2})));
 }
 
@@ -1343,7 +1451,7 @@
     std::string pulledData;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mTimeStats->onPullAtom(10063 /*SURFACEFLINGER_STATS_LAYER_INFO*/, &pulledData));
 
-    android::surfaceflinger::SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
+    SurfaceflingerStatsLayerInfoWrapper atomList;
     ASSERT_TRUE(atomList.ParseFromString(pulledData));
     ASSERT_EQ(atomList.atom_size(), 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(atomList.atom(0).layer_name(), genLayerName(LAYER_ID_1));
@@ -1372,7 +1480,7 @@
         TimeStamp type = static_cast<TimeStamp>(genRandomInt32(TIME_STAMP_BEGIN, TIME_STAMP_END));
         const int32_t ts = genRandomInt32(1, 1000000000);
         ALOGV("type[%d], layerId[%d], frameNumber[%d], ts[%d]", type, layerId, frameNumber, ts);
-        setTimeStamp(type, layerId, frameNumber, ts, {});
+        setTimeStamp(type, layerId, frameNumber, ts, {}, kGameMode);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1383,8 +1491,8 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
 
         insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
-        mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames(
-                {fps, std::nullopt, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0), JankType::None, 0, 0, 0});
+        mTimeStats->incrementJankyFrames({fps, std::nullopt, UID_0, genLayerName(LAYER_ID_0),
+                                          kGameMode, JankType::None, 0, 0, 0});
         const std::string result(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_STRING));
         std::string expectedResult = "displayRefreshRate = " + std::to_string(bucket) + " fps";
         EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expectedResult)) << "failed for " << fps;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index 25001d3..546bc4a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
         setupScheduler();
-        setupComposer(0);
+        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
     }
 
     ~TransactionFrameTracerTest() {
@@ -91,17 +91,9 @@
                                 std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
     }
 
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
-        mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-        Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-    }
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
+
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceFactory;
     client_cache_t mClientCache;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index b7917aa..c1123cd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
         setupScheduler();
-        setupComposer(0);
+        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
     }
 
     ~TransactionSurfaceFrameTest() {
@@ -91,17 +91,9 @@
                                 std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
     }
 
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount) {
-        mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, getMaxVirtualDisplayCount()).WillOnce(Return(virtualDisplayCount));
-        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-
-        Mock::VerifyAndClear(mComposer);
-    }
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine mRenderEngine;
+
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceFactory;
     client_cache_t mClientCache;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index 2a658dd..ae936e4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, InconsistentVsyncValueIsFlushedEventually) {
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, inconsistentVsyncValueIsFlushedEventually) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(600));
     EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.needsMoreSamples());
 
@@ -492,6 +492,24 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(tracker.needsMoreSamples());
 }
 
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, knownVsyncIsUpdated) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(600));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.needsMoreSamples());
+    EXPECT_EQ(600, tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow += mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_EQ(mNow + 1000, tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow));
+
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < kMinimumSamplesForPrediction; i++) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.needsMoreSamples());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow += mPeriod));
+        EXPECT_EQ(mNow + 1000, tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow));
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(tracker.needsMoreSamples());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mNow + 1000, tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow));
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index 1ba3c0f..cb3bd73 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(resetCommands, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(executeCommands, Error());
     MOCK_METHOD0(getMaxVirtualDisplayCount, uint32_t());
-    MOCK_METHOD4(createVirtualDisplay, Error(uint32_t, uint32_t, PixelFormat*, Display*));
+    MOCK_METHOD5(createVirtualDisplay,
+                 Error(uint32_t, uint32_t, PixelFormat*, std::optional<Display>, Display*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(destroyVirtualDisplay, Error(Display));
     MOCK_METHOD1(acceptDisplayChanges, Error(Display));
     MOCK_METHOD2(createLayer, Error(Display, Layer* outLayer));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayIdGenerator.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayIdGenerator.h
deleted file mode 100644
index cfc37ea..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockDisplayIdGenerator.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-
-#include "DisplayIdGenerator.h"
-
-namespace android::mock {
-
-template <typename T>
-class DisplayIdGenerator : public android::DisplayIdGenerator<T> {
-public:
-    // Explicit default instantiation is recommended.
-    DisplayIdGenerator() = default;
-    virtual ~DisplayIdGenerator() = default;
-
-    MOCK_METHOD0(nextId, std::optional<T>());
-    MOCK_METHOD1(markUnused, void(T));
-};
-
-} // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
index 526a847..5aebd2f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
@@ -41,18 +41,19 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordFrameDuration, void(nsecs_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordRenderEngineDuration, void(nsecs_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordRenderEngineDuration, void(nsecs_t, const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&));
-    MOCK_METHOD5(setPostTime, void(int32_t, uint64_t, const std::string&, uid_t, nsecs_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD6(setPostTime, void(int32_t, uint64_t, const std::string&, uid_t, nsecs_t, int32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(incrementLatchSkipped, void(int32_t layerId, LatchSkipReason reason));
     MOCK_METHOD1(incrementBadDesiredPresent, void(int32_t layerId));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setLatchTime, void(int32_t, uint64_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setDesiredTime, void(int32_t, uint64_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setAcquireTime, void(int32_t, uint64_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setAcquireFence, void(int32_t, uint64_t, const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&));
-    MOCK_METHOD6(setPresentTime,
-                 void(int32_t, uint64_t, nsecs_t, Fps, std::optional<Fps>, SetFrameRateVote));
-    MOCK_METHOD6(setPresentFence,
+    MOCK_METHOD7(setPresentTime,
+                 void(int32_t, uint64_t, nsecs_t, Fps, std::optional<Fps>, SetFrameRateVote,
+                      int32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD7(setPresentFence,
                  void(int32_t, uint64_t, const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&, Fps, std::optional<Fps>,
-                      SetFrameRateVote));
+                      SetFrameRateVote, int32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD1(incrementJankyFrames, void(const JankyFramesInfo&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(onDestroy, void(int32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(removeTimeRecord, void(int32_t, uint64_t));
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.cpp b/services/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.cpp
index 1010aa5..f15a963 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.cpp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,10 @@
 }
 
 HalResult<void> HalResult<void>::fromStatus(binder::Status status) {
-    if (status.exceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
+    if (status.exceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION ||
+        status.transactionError() == android::UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION) {
+        // UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION means the HAL implementation is an older version, so this is
+        // the same as the operation being unsupported by this HAL. Should not retry.
         return HalResult<void>::unsupported();
     }
     if (status.isOk()) {
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.h b/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.h
index 8720d9d..87bc34e 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.h
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorHalWrapper.h
@@ -42,7 +42,10 @@
     static HalResult<T> unsupported() { return HalResult("", /* unsupported= */ true); }
 
     static HalResult<T> fromStatus(binder::Status status, T data) {
-        if (status.exceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION) {
+        if (status.exceptionCode() == binder::Status::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION ||
+            status.transactionError() == android::UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION) {
+            // UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION means the HAL implementation is an older version, so this is
+            // the same as the operation being unsupported by this HAL. Should not retry.
             return HalResult<T>::unsupported();
         }
         if (status.isOk()) {
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
index af0cdb8..7813303 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
@@ -189,8 +189,7 @@
                 .WillRepeatedly(vibrator::TriggerSchedulerCallback());
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), on(Eq(11), _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), on(Eq(12), _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)));
@@ -228,8 +227,7 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), setAmplitude(Eq(0.1f))).Times(Exactly(1));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), setAmplitude(Eq(0.2f)))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), setAmplitude(Eq(0.5f)))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)));
@@ -265,8 +263,7 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(),
                     alwaysOnEnable(Eq(2), Eq(Effect::TICK), Eq(EffectStrength::MEDIUM)))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(),
                     alwaysOnEnable(Eq(3), Eq(Effect::POP), Eq(EffectStrength::STRONG)))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
@@ -397,8 +394,7 @@
                     Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), getSupportedPrimitives(_))
             .Times(Exactly(1))
-            .WillRepeatedly(
-                    Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), getFrequencyMinimum(_))
             .Times(Exactly(1))
             .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(F_MIN), Return(Status())));
@@ -411,8 +407,7 @@
                     Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), getBandwidthAmplitudeMap(_))
             .Times(Exactly(1))
-            .WillRepeatedly(
-                    Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), getSupportedBraking(_))
             .Times(Exactly(1))
             .WillRepeatedly(
@@ -451,8 +446,7 @@
                         DoAll(SetArgPointee<3>(1000), TriggerCallbackInArg2(), Return(Status())));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), perform(Eq(Effect::POP), Eq(EffectStrength::MEDIUM), _, _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), perform(Eq(Effect::THUD), Eq(EffectStrength::STRONG), _, _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)));
@@ -549,8 +543,7 @@
                 .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(TriggerCallbackInArg1(), Return(Status())));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), compose(Eq(singleEffect), _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), compose(Eq(multipleEffects), _))
                 .Times(Exactly(1))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)));
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorManagerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorManagerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
index 548d028..1593cb1 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorManagerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorManagerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
@@ -308,8 +308,7 @@
                                       Return(Status())));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), triggerSynced(_))
                 .Times(Exactly(3))
-                .WillOnce(Return(
-                        Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)))
+                .WillOnce(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)))
                 .WillOnce(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)))
                 .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(TriggerCallback(), Return(Status())));
     }
@@ -345,8 +344,7 @@
 TEST_F(VibratorManagerHalWrapperAidlTest, TestCancelSynced) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockHal.get(), cancelSynced())
             .Times(Exactly(3))
-            .WillOnce(
-                    Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION)))
             .WillOnce(Return(Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::Exception::EX_SECURITY)))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(Status()));