diff --git a/cmds/installd/OWNERS b/cmds/installd/OWNERS
index 9a21104..fc745d0 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/OWNERS
+++ b/cmds/installd/OWNERS
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 set noparent
 
-agampe@google.com
 calin@google.com
 jsharkey@android.com
 maco@google.com
diff --git a/include/input/InputApplication.h b/include/input/InputApplication.h
index d01d2d4..6cca456 100644
--- a/include/input/InputApplication.h
+++ b/include/input/InputApplication.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
  * Used by the native input dispatcher as a handle for the window manager objects
  * that describe an application.
  */
-class InputApplicationHandle : public RefBase {
+class InputApplicationHandle {
 public:
     inline const InputApplicationInfo* getInfo() const {
         return &mInfo;
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@
         return mInfo.token;
     }
 
+    bool operator==(const InputApplicationHandle& other) const {
+        return getName() == other.getName() && getApplicationToken() == other.getApplicationToken();
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const InputApplicationHandle& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
     /**
      * Requests that the state of this object be updated to reflect
      * the most current available information about the application.
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index b24a577..861b589 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -127,6 +127,10 @@
         export_aidl_headers: true,
     },
 
+    // TODO(b/142684679): for com.android.media which is compiled
+    // as vendor and used as system code.
+    use_apex_name_macro: true,
+
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
diff --git a/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp b/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
index d2b9b8f..c183d29 100644
--- a/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
             using android::internal::Stability;
 
             auto stability = Stability::get(this);
-            auto required = privateVendor ? Stability::VENDOR : Stability::kLocalStability;
+            auto required = privateVendor ? Stability::VENDOR : Stability::getLocalStability();
 
             if (CC_UNLIKELY(!Stability::check(stability, required))) {
                 ALOGE("Cannot do a user transaction on a %s binder in a %s context.",
diff --git a/libs/binder/Stability.cpp b/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
index e1565fa..6115aec 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 namespace internal {
 
 void Stability::markCompilationUnit(IBinder* binder) {
-    status_t result = set(binder, kLocalStability, true /*log*/);
+    status_t result = set(binder, getLocalStability(), true /*log*/);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != OK, "Should only mark known object.");
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,26 @@
 }
 
 void Stability::tryMarkCompilationUnit(IBinder* binder) {
-    (void) set(binder, kLocalStability, false /*log*/);
+    (void) set(binder, getLocalStability(), false /*log*/);
+}
+
+Stability::Level Stability::getLocalStability() {
+#ifdef __ANDROID_VNDK__
+    #ifdef __ANDROID_APEX__
+        // TODO(b/142684679) avoid use_vendor on system APEXes
+        #if !defined(__ANDROID_APEX_COM_ANDROID_MEDIA_SWCODEC__) \
+            && !defined(__ANDROID_APEX_TEST_COM_ANDROID_MEDIA_SWCODEC__)
+        #error VNDK + APEX only defined for com.android.media.swcodec
+        #endif
+        // TODO(b/142684679) avoid use_vendor on system APEXes
+        return Level::SYSTEM;
+    #else
+        return Level::VENDOR;
+    #endif
+#else
+    // TODO(b/139325195): split up stability levels for system/APEX.
+    return Level::SYSTEM;
+#endif
 }
 
 status_t Stability::set(IBinder* binder, int32_t stability, bool log) {
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/Stability.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/Stability.h
index 2894482..6566285 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/Stability.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/Stability.h
@@ -81,11 +81,8 @@
         VINTF = 0b111111,
     };
 
-#if defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) && !defined(__ANDROID_APEX__)
-    static constexpr Level kLocalStability = Level::VENDOR;
-#else
-    static constexpr Level kLocalStability = Level::SYSTEM;
-#endif
+    // returns the stability according to how this was built
+    static Level getLocalStability();
 
     // applies stability to binder if stability level is known
     __attribute__((warn_unused_result))
diff --git a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
index dd95b92..55dbcd1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t CaptureArgs::read(const Parcel& input) {
-    int32_t format;
+    int32_t format = 0;
     status_t status = input.readInt32(&format) ?:
         input.read(sourceCrop) ?:
         input.readFloat(&frameScale) ?:
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@
 status_t DisplayCaptureArgs::read(const Parcel& input) {
     status_t status = CaptureArgs::read(input);
 
-    int32_t rotationInt;
+    int32_t rotationInt = 0;
 
     status |= input.readStrongBinder(&displayToken) ?:
         input.readUint32(&width) ?:
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
 
     status |= input.readStrongBinder(&layerHandle);
 
-    int32_t numExcludeHandles;
+    int32_t numExcludeHandles = 0;
     status |= input.readInt32(&numExcludeHandles);
     excludeHandles.reserve(numExcludeHandles);
     for (int i = 0; i < numExcludeHandles; i++) {
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@
 
 status_t ScreenCaptureResults::read(const Parcel& input) {
     buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
-    uint32_t dataspace;
+    uint32_t dataspace = 0;
     status_t status = input.read(*buffer) ?:
         input.readBool(&capturedSecureLayers) ?:
         input.readUint32(&dataspace);
diff --git a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
index 8350902..e45b3d1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
@@ -732,6 +732,8 @@
         mSharedBufferHasBeenQueued = false;
     }
 
+    mDequeuedSlots.insert(buf);
+
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -760,6 +762,8 @@
         mSharedBufferHasBeenQueued = true;
     }
 
+    mDequeuedSlots.erase(i);
+
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -895,6 +899,8 @@
         ALOGE("queueBuffer: error queuing buffer to SurfaceTexture, %d", err);
     }
 
+    mDequeuedSlots.erase(i);
+
     if (mEnableFrameTimestamps) {
         mFrameEventHistory->applyDelta(output.frameTimestamps);
         // Update timestamps with the local acquire fence.
@@ -1660,6 +1666,7 @@
         mRemovedBuffers.push_back(mSlots[attachedSlot].buffer);
     }
     mSlots[attachedSlot].buffer = graphicBuffer;
+    mDequeuedSlots.insert(attachedSlot);
 
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -1926,6 +1933,10 @@
 }
 
 void Surface::freeAllBuffers() {
+    if (!mDequeuedSlots.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: %zu buffers were freed while being dequeued!",
+                __FUNCTION__, mDequeuedSlots.size());
+    }
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
         mSlots[i].buffer = nullptr;
     }
@@ -1947,6 +1958,10 @@
             ALOGW("%s: Discarded slot %d doesn't contain buffer!", __FUNCTION__, i);
             continue;
         }
+        // Don't flush currently dequeued buffers
+        if (mDequeuedSlots.count(i) > 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
         outBuffers->push_back(mSlots[i].buffer);
         mSlots[i].buffer = nullptr;
     }
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
index 49c83da..55b4101 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/Surface.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 
 #include <shared_mutex>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -543,8 +544,15 @@
     int mMaxBufferCount;
 
     sp<IProducerListener> mListenerProxy;
+
+    // Get and flush the buffers of given slots, if the buffer in the slot
+    // is currently dequeued then it won't be flushed and won't be returned
+    // in outBuffers.
     status_t getAndFlushBuffersFromSlots(const std::vector<int32_t>& slots,
             std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>* outBuffers);
+
+    // Buffers that are successfully dequeued/attached and handed to clients
+    std::unordered_set<int> mDequeuedSlots;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp b/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
index 231d068..220952d 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
@@ -291,24 +291,27 @@
 
     if (data) {
         for (const auto& ele : mAppStats) {
-            AStatsEvent* event = AStatsEventList_addStatsEvent(data);
-            AStatsEvent_setAtomId(event, android::util::GPU_STATS_APP_INFO);
-            AStatsEvent_writeString(event, ele.second.appPackageName.c_str());
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.driverVersionCode);
+            std::string glDriverBytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(
+                ele.second.glDriverLoadingTime);
+            std::string vkDriverBytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(
+                ele.second.vkDriverLoadingTime);
+            std::string angleDriverBytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(
+                ele.second.angleDriverLoadingTime);
 
-            std::string bytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(ele.second.glDriverLoadingTime);
-            AStatsEvent_writeByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)bytes.c_str(), bytes.length());
-
-            bytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(ele.second.vkDriverLoadingTime);
-            AStatsEvent_writeByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)bytes.c_str(), bytes.length());
-
-            bytes = int64VectorToProtoByteString(ele.second.angleDriverLoadingTime);
-            AStatsEvent_writeByteArray(event, (const uint8_t*)bytes.c_str(), bytes.length());
-
-            AStatsEvent_writeBool(event, ele.second.cpuVulkanInUse);
-            AStatsEvent_writeBool(event, ele.second.falsePrerotation);
-            AStatsEvent_writeBool(event, ele.second.gles1InUse);
-            AStatsEvent_build(event);
+            android::util::addAStatsEvent(
+                    data,
+                    android::util::GPU_STATS_APP_INFO,
+                    ele.second.appPackageName.c_str(),
+                    ele.second.driverVersionCode,
+                    android::util::BytesField(glDriverBytes.c_str(),
+                                              glDriverBytes.length()),
+                    android::util::BytesField(vkDriverBytes.c_str(),
+                                              vkDriverBytes.length()),
+                    android::util::BytesField(angleDriverBytes.c_str(),
+                                              angleDriverBytes.length()),
+                    ele.second.cpuVulkanInUse,
+                    ele.second.falsePrerotation,
+                    ele.second.gles1InUse);
         }
     }
 
@@ -326,22 +329,22 @@
 
     if (data) {
         for (const auto& ele : mGlobalStats) {
-            AStatsEvent* event = AStatsEventList_addStatsEvent(data);
-            AStatsEvent_setAtomId(event, android::util::GPU_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO);
-            AStatsEvent_writeString(event, ele.second.driverPackageName.c_str());
-            AStatsEvent_writeString(event, ele.second.driverVersionName.c_str());
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.driverVersionCode);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.driverBuildTime);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.glLoadingCount);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.glLoadingFailureCount);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.vkLoadingCount);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.vkLoadingFailureCount);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt32(event, ele.second.vulkanVersion);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt32(event, ele.second.cpuVulkanVersion);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt32(event, ele.second.glesVersion);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.angleLoadingCount);
-            AStatsEvent_writeInt64(event, ele.second.angleLoadingFailureCount);
-            AStatsEvent_build(event);
+          android::util::addAStatsEvent(
+                  data,
+                  android::util::GPU_STATS_GLOBAL_INFO,
+                  ele.second.driverPackageName.c_str(),
+                  ele.second.driverVersionName.c_str(),
+                  ele.second.driverVersionCode,
+                  ele.second.driverBuildTime,
+                  ele.second.glLoadingCount,
+                  ele.second.glLoadingFailureCount,
+                  ele.second.vkLoadingCount,
+                  ele.second.vkLoadingFailureCount,
+                  ele.second.vulkanVersion,
+                  ele.second.cpuVulkanVersion,
+                  ele.second.glesVersion,
+                  ele.second.angleLoadingCount,
+                  ele.second.angleLoadingFailureCount);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
index 5ce9f23..6c821d4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@
 private:
     void notifyConfigurationChanged(nsecs_t) override {}
 
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds notifyAnr(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>&, const sp<IBinder>&,
-                                       const std::string& name) override {
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds notifyAnr(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>&,
+                                       const sp<IBinder>&, const std::string& name) override {
         ALOGE("The window is not responding : %s", name.c_str());
         return 0s;
     }
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
     static const int32_t WIDTH = 200;
     static const int32_t HEIGHT = 200;
 
-    FakeWindowHandle(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
+    FakeWindowHandle(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
                      const sp<InputDispatcher>& dispatcher, const std::string name)
           : FakeInputReceiver(dispatcher, name), mFrame(Rect(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT)) {
         mDispatcher->registerInputChannel(mServerChannel);
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@
     dispatcher->start();
 
     // Create a window that will receive motion events
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = new FakeWindowHandle(application, dispatcher, "Fake Window");
 
     dispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
     dispatcher->start();
 
     // Create a window that will receive motion events
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = new FakeWindowHandle(application, dispatcher, "Fake Window");
 
     dispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
index e5b36f4..740d0f9 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@
     sp<Connection> connection;
     nsecs_t eventTime;
     KeyEntry* keyEntry;
-    sp<InputApplicationHandle> inputApplicationHandle;
+    std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle> inputApplicationHandle;
     std::string reason;
     int32_t userActivityEventType;
     uint32_t seq;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 5a4143a..6c9ac4e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@
     if (mNoFocusedWindowTimeoutTime.has_value() && mAwaitedFocusedApplication != nullptr) {
         if (currentTime >= *mNoFocusedWindowTimeoutTime) {
             onAnrLocked(mAwaitedFocusedApplication);
-            mAwaitedFocusedApplication.clear();
+            mAwaitedFocusedApplication.reset();
             return LONG_LONG_MIN;
         } else {
             // Keep waiting
@@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@
 
     // Reset input target wait timeout.
     mNoFocusedWindowTimeoutTime = std::nullopt;
-    mAwaitedFocusedApplication.clear();
+    mAwaitedFocusedApplication.reset();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@
     int32_t displayId = getTargetDisplayId(entry);
     sp<InputWindowHandle> focusedWindowHandle =
             getValueByKey(mFocusedWindowHandlesByDisplay, displayId);
-    sp<InputApplicationHandle> focusedApplicationHandle =
+    std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle> focusedApplicationHandle =
             getValueByKey(mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay, displayId);
 
     // If there is no currently focused window and no focused application
@@ -2149,7 +2149,7 @@
 }
 
 std::string InputDispatcher::getApplicationWindowLabel(
-        const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle,
+        const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle,
         const sp<InputWindowHandle>& windowHandle) {
     if (applicationHandle != nullptr) {
         if (windowHandle != nullptr) {
@@ -3868,30 +3868,36 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::setFocusedApplication(
-        int32_t displayId, const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) {
+        int32_t displayId, const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) {
     if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
         ALOGD("setFocusedApplication displayId=%" PRId32 " %s", displayId,
               inputApplicationHandle ? inputApplicationHandle->getName().c_str() : "<nullptr>");
     }
-    { // acquire lock
+    if (inputApplicationHandle != nullptr &&
+        inputApplicationHandle->getApplicationToken() != nullptr) {
+        // acquire lock
         std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
-        sp<InputApplicationHandle> oldFocusedApplicationHandle =
+        std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle> oldFocusedApplicationHandle =
                 getValueByKey(mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay, displayId);
 
-        if (oldFocusedApplicationHandle == mAwaitedFocusedApplication &&
-            inputApplicationHandle != oldFocusedApplicationHandle) {
-            resetNoFocusedWindowTimeoutLocked();
+        // If oldFocusedApplicationHandle already exists
+        if (oldFocusedApplicationHandle != nullptr) {
+            // If a new focused application handle is different from the old one and
+            // old focus application info is awaited focused application info.
+            if (*oldFocusedApplicationHandle != *inputApplicationHandle &&
+                mAwaitedFocusedApplication != nullptr &&
+                *oldFocusedApplicationHandle == *mAwaitedFocusedApplication) {
+                resetNoFocusedWindowTimeoutLocked();
+            }
+            // Erase the old application from container first
+            mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay.erase(displayId);
+            // Should already get freed after removed from container but just double check.
+            oldFocusedApplicationHandle.reset();
         }
 
-        if (inputApplicationHandle != nullptr && inputApplicationHandle->updateInfo()) {
-            if (oldFocusedApplicationHandle != inputApplicationHandle) {
-                mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay[displayId] = inputApplicationHandle;
-            }
-        } else if (oldFocusedApplicationHandle != nullptr) {
-            oldFocusedApplicationHandle.clear();
-            mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay.erase(displayId);
-        }
+        // Set the new application handle.
+        mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay[displayId] = inputApplicationHandle;
     } // release lock
 
     // Wake up poll loop since it may need to make new input dispatching choices.
@@ -4138,7 +4144,7 @@
         dump += StringPrintf(INDENT "FocusedApplications:\n");
         for (auto& it : mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay) {
             const int32_t displayId = it.first;
-            const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle = it.second;
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle = it.second;
             const int64_t timeoutMillis = millis(
                     applicationHandle->getDispatchingTimeout(DEFAULT_INPUT_DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT));
             dump += StringPrintf(INDENT2 "displayId=%" PRId32
@@ -4652,7 +4658,7 @@
     postCommandLocked(std::move(commandEntry));
 }
 
-void InputDispatcher::onAnrLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application) {
+void InputDispatcher::onAnrLocked(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application) {
     std::string reason = android::base::StringPrintf("%s does not have a focused window",
                                                      application->getName().c_str());
 
@@ -4672,8 +4678,8 @@
     updateLastAnrStateLocked(windowLabel, reason);
 }
 
-void InputDispatcher::updateLastAnrStateLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
-                                               const std::string& reason) {
+void InputDispatcher::updateLastAnrStateLocked(
+        const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application, const std::string& reason) {
     const std::string windowLabel = getApplicationWindowLabel(application, nullptr);
     updateLastAnrStateLocked(windowLabel, reason);
 }
@@ -4744,9 +4750,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-void InputDispatcher::extendAnrTimeoutsLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
-                                              const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
-                                              std::chrono::nanoseconds timeoutExtension) {
+void InputDispatcher::extendAnrTimeoutsLocked(
+        const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
+        const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeoutExtension) {
     sp<Connection> connection = getConnectionLocked(connectionToken);
     if (connection == nullptr) {
         if (mNoFocusedWindowTimeoutTime.has_value() && application != nullptr) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index b4d1079..982f6af 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@
             const std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::vector<sp<InputWindowHandle>>>&
                     handlesPerDisplay) override;
     virtual void setFocusedApplication(
-            int32_t displayId, const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) override;
+            int32_t displayId,
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) override;
     virtual void setFocusedDisplay(int32_t displayId) override;
     virtual void setInputDispatchMode(bool enabled, bool frozen) override;
     virtual void setInputFilterEnabled(bool enabled) override;
@@ -321,8 +322,8 @@
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, TouchState> mTouchStatesByDisplay GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     // Focused applications.
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, sp<InputApplicationHandle>> mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay
-            GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>>
+            mFocusedApplicationHandlesByDisplay GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     // Top focused display.
     int32_t mFocusedDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@
      * The focused application at the time when no focused window was present.
      * Used to raise an ANR when we have no focused window.
      */
-    sp<InputApplicationHandle> mAwaitedFocusedApplication GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle> mAwaitedFocusedApplication GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     // Optimization: AnrTracker is used to quickly find which connection is due for a timeout next.
     // AnrTracker must be kept in-sync with all responsive connection.waitQueues.
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@
     // Once a connection becomes unresponsive, its entries are removed from AnrTracker to
     // prevent unneeded wakeups.
     AnrTracker mAnrTracker GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    void extendAnrTimeoutsLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
+    void extendAnrTimeoutsLocked(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
                                  const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
                                  std::chrono::nanoseconds timeoutExtension) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
@@ -426,8 +427,9 @@
     bool isWindowObscuredAtPointLocked(const sp<InputWindowHandle>& windowHandle, int32_t x,
                                        int32_t y) const REQUIRES(mLock);
     bool isWindowObscuredLocked(const sp<InputWindowHandle>& windowHandle) const REQUIRES(mLock);
-    std::string getApplicationWindowLabel(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle,
-                                          const sp<InputWindowHandle>& windowHandle);
+    std::string getApplicationWindowLabel(
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& applicationHandle,
+            const sp<InputWindowHandle>& windowHandle);
 
     // Manage the dispatch cycle for a single connection.
     // These methods are deliberately not Interruptible because doing all of the work
@@ -499,10 +501,10 @@
     void onFocusChangedLocked(const sp<InputWindowHandle>& oldFocus,
                               const sp<InputWindowHandle>& newFocus) REQUIRES(mLock);
     void onAnrLocked(const sp<Connection>& connection) REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void onAnrLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application) REQUIRES(mLock);
+    void onAnrLocked(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application) REQUIRES(mLock);
     void updateLastAnrStateLocked(const sp<InputWindowHandle>& window, const std::string& reason)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void updateLastAnrStateLocked(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
+    void updateLastAnrStateLocked(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
                                   const std::string& reason) REQUIRES(mLock);
     void updateLastAnrStateLocked(const std::string& windowLabel, const std::string& reason)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
index f97c880..179a263 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
@@ -113,7 +113,8 @@
      * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager).
      */
     virtual void setFocusedApplication(
-            int32_t displayId, const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) = 0;
+            int32_t displayId,
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) = 0;
 
     /* Sets the focused display.
      *
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index c886bee..d04d797 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@
     /* Notifies the system that an application is not responding.
      * Returns a new timeout to continue waiting, or 0 to abort dispatch. */
     virtual std::chrono::nanoseconds notifyAnr(
-            const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle, const sp<IBinder>& token,
-            const std::string& reason) = 0;
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
+            const sp<IBinder>& token, const std::string& reason) = 0;
 
     /* Notifies the system that an input channel is unrecoverably broken. */
     virtual void notifyInputChannelBroken(const sp<IBinder>& token) = 0;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
index cef2b4c..f19d3e5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 #define INDENT3 "      "
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using namespace android::flag_operators;
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -127,9 +128,9 @@
 
 // --- Global Functions ---
 
-uint32_t getAbsAxisUsage(int32_t axis, uint32_t deviceClasses) {
+Flags<InputDeviceClass> getAbsAxisUsage(int32_t axis, Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClasses) {
     // Touch devices get dibs on touch-related axes.
-    if (deviceClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH) {
+    if (deviceClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH)) {
         switch (axis) {
             case ABS_X:
             case ABS_Y:
@@ -151,19 +152,19 @@
             case ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID:
             case ABS_MT_PRESSURE:
             case ABS_MT_DISTANCE:
-                return INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH;
+                return InputDeviceClass::TOUCH;
         }
     }
 
     // External stylus gets the pressure axis
-    if (deviceClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS) {
+    if (deviceClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS)) {
         if (axis == ABS_PRESSURE) {
-            return INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
+            return InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
         }
     }
 
     // Joystick devices get the rest.
-    return deviceClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK;
+    return deviceClasses & InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK;
 }
 
 // --- EventHub::Device ---
@@ -340,10 +341,12 @@
     return device->identifier;
 }
 
-uint32_t EventHub::getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const {
+Flags<InputDeviceClass> EventHub::getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const {
     AutoMutex _l(mLock);
     Device* device = getDeviceLocked(deviceId);
-    if (device == nullptr) return 0;
+    if (device == nullptr) {
+        return Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0);
+    }
     return device->classes;
 }
 
@@ -1278,13 +1281,13 @@
     bool haveGamepadButtons = device->keyBitmask.any(BTN_MISC, BTN_MOUSE) ||
             device->keyBitmask.any(BTN_JOYSTICK, BTN_DIGI);
     if (haveKeyboardKeys || haveGamepadButtons) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     }
 
     // See if this is a cursor device such as a trackball or mouse.
     if (device->keyBitmask.test(BTN_MOUSE) && device->relBitmask.test(REL_X) &&
         device->relBitmask.test(REL_Y)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::CURSOR;
     }
 
     // See if this is a rotary encoder type device.
@@ -1292,7 +1295,7 @@
     if (device->configuration &&
         device->configuration->tryGetProperty(String8("device.type"), deviceType)) {
         if (!deviceType.compare(String8("rotaryEncoder"))) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER;
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::ROTARY_ENCODER;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1303,30 +1306,30 @@
         // with the ABS_MT range.  Try to confirm that the device really is
         // a touch screen.
         if (device->keyBitmask.test(BTN_TOUCH) || !haveGamepadButtons) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT;
+            device->classes |= (InputDeviceClass::TOUCH | InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT);
         }
         // Is this an old style single-touch driver?
     } else if (device->keyBitmask.test(BTN_TOUCH) && device->absBitmask.test(ABS_X) &&
                device->absBitmask.test(ABS_Y)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::TOUCH;
         // Is this a BT stylus?
     } else if ((device->absBitmask.test(ABS_PRESSURE) || device->keyBitmask.test(BTN_TOUCH)) &&
                !device->absBitmask.test(ABS_X) && !device->absBitmask.test(ABS_Y)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
         // Keyboard will try to claim some of the buttons but we really want to reserve those so we
         // can fuse it with the touch screen data, so just take them back. Note this means an
         // external stylus cannot also be a keyboard device.
-        device->classes &= ~INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+        device->classes &= ~InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     }
 
     // See if this device is a joystick.
     // Assumes that joysticks always have gamepad buttons in order to distinguish them
     // from other devices such as accelerometers that also have absolute axes.
     if (haveGamepadButtons) {
-        uint32_t assumedClasses = device->classes | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK;
+        auto assumedClasses = device->classes | InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK;
         for (int i = 0; i <= ABS_MAX; i++) {
             if (device->absBitmask.test(i) &&
-                (getAbsAxisUsage(i, assumedClasses) & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK)) {
+                (getAbsAxisUsage(i, assumedClasses).test(InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK))) {
                 device->classes = assumedClasses;
                 break;
             }
@@ -1336,36 +1339,36 @@
     // Check whether this device has switches.
     for (int i = 0; i <= SW_MAX; i++) {
         if (device->swBitmask.test(i)) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH;
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::SWITCH;
             break;
         }
     }
 
     // Check whether this device supports the vibrator.
     if (device->ffBitmask.test(FF_RUMBLE)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::VIBRATOR;
     }
 
     // Configure virtual keys.
-    if ((device->classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH)) {
+    if ((device->classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH))) {
         // Load the virtual keys for the touch screen, if any.
         // We do this now so that we can make sure to load the keymap if necessary.
         bool success = loadVirtualKeyMapLocked(device);
         if (success) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
         }
     }
 
     // Load the key map.
     // We need to do this for joysticks too because the key layout may specify axes.
     status_t keyMapStatus = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-    if (device->classes & (INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK)) {
+    if (device->classes.any(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD | InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK)) {
         // Load the keymap for the device.
         keyMapStatus = loadKeyMapLocked(device);
     }
 
     // Configure the keyboard, gamepad or virtual keyboard.
-    if (device->classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD) {
+    if (device->classes.test(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD)) {
         // Register the keyboard as a built-in keyboard if it is eligible.
         if (!keyMapStatus && mBuiltInKeyboardId == NO_BUILT_IN_KEYBOARD &&
             isEligibleBuiltInKeyboard(device->identifier, device->configuration, &device->keyMap)) {
@@ -1374,7 +1377,7 @@
 
         // 'Q' key support = cheap test of whether this is an alpha-capable kbd
         if (hasKeycodeLocked(device, AKEYCODE_Q)) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY;
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY;
         }
 
         // See if this device has a DPAD.
@@ -1383,20 +1386,20 @@
             hasKeycodeLocked(device, AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT) &&
             hasKeycodeLocked(device, AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT) &&
             hasKeycodeLocked(device, AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER)) {
-            device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD;
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::DPAD;
         }
 
         // See if this device has a gamepad.
         for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES) / sizeof(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES[0]); i++) {
             if (hasKeycodeLocked(device, GAMEPAD_KEYCODES[i])) {
-                device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD;
+                device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::GAMEPAD;
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 
     // If the device isn't recognized as something we handle, don't monitor it.
-    if (device->classes == 0) {
+    if (device->classes == Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0)) {
         ALOGV("Dropping device: id=%d, path='%s', name='%s'", deviceId, devicePath.c_str(),
               device->identifier.name.c_str());
         delete device;
@@ -1405,16 +1408,16 @@
 
     // Determine whether the device has a mic.
     if (deviceHasMicLocked(device)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_MIC;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::MIC;
     }
 
     // Determine whether the device is external or internal.
     if (isExternalDeviceLocked(device)) {
-        device->classes |= INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL;
+        device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL;
     }
 
-    if (device->classes & (INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD) &&
-        device->classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD) {
+    if (device->classes.any(InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK | InputDeviceClass::DPAD) &&
+        device->classes.test(InputDeviceClass::GAMEPAD)) {
         device->controllerNumber = getNextControllerNumberLocked(device);
         setLedForControllerLocked(device);
     }
@@ -1441,11 +1444,12 @@
 
     configureFd(device);
 
-    ALOGI("New device: id=%d, fd=%d, path='%s', name='%s', classes=0x%x, "
+    ALOGI("New device: id=%d, fd=%d, path='%s', name='%s', classes=%s, "
           "configuration='%s', keyLayout='%s', keyCharacterMap='%s', builtinKeyboard=%s, ",
-          deviceId, fd, devicePath.c_str(), device->identifier.name.c_str(), device->classes,
-          device->configurationFile.c_str(), device->keyMap.keyLayoutFile.c_str(),
-          device->keyMap.keyCharacterMapFile.c_str(), toString(mBuiltInKeyboardId == deviceId));
+          deviceId, fd, devicePath.c_str(), device->identifier.name.c_str(),
+          device->classes.string().c_str(), device->configurationFile.c_str(),
+          device->keyMap.keyLayoutFile.c_str(), device->keyMap.keyCharacterMapFile.c_str(),
+          toString(mBuiltInKeyboardId == deviceId));
 
     addDeviceLocked(device);
     return OK;
@@ -1453,7 +1457,7 @@
 
 void EventHub::configureFd(Device* device) {
     // Set fd parameters with ioctl, such as key repeat, suspend block, and clock type
-    if (device->classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD) {
+    if (device->classes.test(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD)) {
         // Disable kernel key repeat since we handle it ourselves
         unsigned int repeatRate[] = {0, 0};
         if (ioctl(device->fd, EVIOCSREP, repeatRate)) {
@@ -1551,8 +1555,8 @@
 
     Device* device =
             new Device(-1, ReservedInputDeviceId::VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID, "<virtual>", identifier);
-    device->classes = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY |
-            INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL;
+    device->classes = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD | InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY |
+            InputDeviceClass::DPAD | InputDeviceClass::VIRTUAL;
     loadKeyMapLocked(device);
     addDeviceLocked(device);
 }
@@ -1719,8 +1723,9 @@
 }
 
 void EventHub::closeDeviceLocked(Device* device) {
-    ALOGI("Removed device: path=%s name=%s id=%d fd=%d classes=0x%x", device->path.c_str(),
-          device->identifier.name.c_str(), device->id, device->fd, device->classes);
+    ALOGI("Removed device: path=%s name=%s id=%d fd=%d classes=%s", device->path.c_str(),
+          device->identifier.name.c_str(), device->id, device->fd,
+          device->classes.string().c_str());
 
     if (device->id == mBuiltInKeyboardId) {
         ALOGW("built-in keyboard device %s (id=%d) is closing! the apps will not like this",
@@ -1862,7 +1867,7 @@
                 dump += StringPrintf(INDENT2 "%d: %s\n", device->id,
                                      device->identifier.name.c_str());
             }
-            dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Classes: 0x%08x\n", device->classes);
+            dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Classes: %s\n", device->classes.string().c_str());
             dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Path: %s\n", device->path.c_str());
             dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Enabled: %s\n", toString(device->enabled));
             dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Descriptor: %s\n", device->identifier.descriptor.c_str());
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
index b4eaf7f..14f922f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "InputDevice.h"
 
+#include <input/Flags.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 
 #include "CursorInputMapper.h"
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@
         return;
     }
     std::unique_ptr<InputDeviceContext> contextPtr(new InputDeviceContext(*this, eventHubId));
-    uint32_t classes = contextPtr->getDeviceClasses();
+    Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes = contextPtr->getDeviceClasses();
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InputMapper>> mappers;
 
     // Check if we should skip population
@@ -141,33 +142,33 @@
     }
 
     // Switch-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::SWITCH)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<SwitchInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // Scroll wheel-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::ROTARY_ENCODER)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<RotaryEncoderInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // Vibrator-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::VIBRATOR)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<VibratorInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // Keyboard-like devices.
     uint32_t keyboardSource = 0;
     int32_t keyboardType = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC;
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD)) {
         keyboardSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD;
     }
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY)) {
         keyboardType = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC;
     }
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::DPAD)) {
         keyboardSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD;
     }
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::GAMEPAD)) {
         keyboardSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_GAMEPAD;
     }
 
@@ -177,24 +178,24 @@
     }
 
     // Cursor-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::CURSOR)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<CursorInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // Touchscreens and touchpad devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<MultiTouchInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
-    } else if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH) {
+    } else if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<SingleTouchInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // Joystick-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<JoystickInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
     // External stylus-like devices.
-    if (classes & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS) {
+    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<ExternalStylusInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     }
 
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@
 void InputDevice::configure(nsecs_t when, const InputReaderConfiguration* config,
                             uint32_t changes) {
     mSources = 0;
-    mClasses = 0;
+    mClasses = Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0);
     mControllerNumber = 0;
 
     for_each_subdevice([this](InputDeviceContext& context) {
@@ -224,8 +225,8 @@
         }
     });
 
-    mIsExternal = !!(mClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL);
-    mHasMic = !!(mClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_MIC);
+    mIsExternal = mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
+    mHasMic = mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::MIC);
 
     if (!isIgnored()) {
         if (!changes) { // first time only
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
         }
 
         if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS)) {
-            if (!(mClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL)) {
+            if (!mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::VIRTUAL)) {
                 sp<KeyCharacterMap> keyboardLayout =
                         mContext->getPolicy()->getKeyboardLayoutOverlay(mIdentifier);
                 bool shouldBumpGeneration = false;
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@
         }
 
         if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_ALIAS)) {
-            if (!(mClasses & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL)) {
+            if (!(mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::VIRTUAL))) {
                 std::string alias = mContext->getPolicy()->getDeviceAlias(mIdentifier);
                 if (mAlias != alias) {
                     mAlias = alias;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
index 16fe865..bb1ccbf 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
     mDevices.emplace(eventHubId, device);
     bumpGenerationLocked();
 
-    if (device->getClasses() & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS) {
+    if (device->getClasses().test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS)) {
         notifyExternalStylusPresenceChanged();
     }
 }
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
 
     device->removeEventHubDevice(eventHubId);
 
-    if (device->getClasses() & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS) {
+    if (device->getClasses().test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS)) {
         notifyExternalStylusPresenceChanged();
     }
 
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
 void InputReader::getExternalStylusDevicesLocked(std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& outDevices) {
     for (auto& devicePair : mDevices) {
         std::shared_ptr<InputDevice>& device = devicePair.second;
-        if (device->getClasses() & INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS && !device->isIgnored()) {
+        if (device->getClasses().test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS) && !device->isIgnored()) {
             InputDeviceInfo info;
             device->getDeviceInfo(&info);
             outDevices.push_back(info);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
index c5dfcfd..682772c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <climits>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <input/Flags.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
 #include <input/KeyCharacterMap.h>
@@ -76,58 +77,58 @@
 /*
  * Input device classes.
  */
-enum {
+enum class InputDeviceClass : uint32_t {
     /* The input device is a keyboard or has buttons. */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD = 0x00000001,
+    KEYBOARD = 0x00000001,
 
     /* The input device is an alpha-numeric keyboard (not just a dial pad). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY = 0x00000002,
+    ALPHAKEY = 0x00000002,
 
     /* The input device is a touchscreen or a touchpad (either single-touch or multi-touch). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH = 0x00000004,
+    TOUCH = 0x00000004,
 
     /* The input device is a cursor device such as a trackball or mouse. */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR = 0x00000008,
+    CURSOR = 0x00000008,
 
     /* The input device is a multi-touch touchscreen. */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT = 0x00000010,
+    TOUCH_MT = 0x00000010,
 
     /* The input device is a directional pad (implies keyboard, has DPAD keys). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD = 0x00000020,
+    DPAD = 0x00000020,
 
     /* The input device is a gamepad (implies keyboard, has BUTTON keys). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD = 0x00000040,
+    GAMEPAD = 0x00000040,
 
     /* The input device has switches. */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH = 0x00000080,
+    SWITCH = 0x00000080,
 
     /* The input device is a joystick (implies gamepad, has joystick absolute axes). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK = 0x00000100,
+    JOYSTICK = 0x00000100,
 
     /* The input device has a vibrator (supports FF_RUMBLE). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR = 0x00000200,
+    VIBRATOR = 0x00000200,
 
     /* The input device has a microphone. */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_MIC = 0x00000400,
+    MIC = 0x00000400,
 
     /* The input device is an external stylus (has data we want to fuse with touch data). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS = 0x00000800,
+    EXTERNAL_STYLUS = 0x00000800,
 
     /* The input device has a rotary encoder */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER = 0x00001000,
+    ROTARY_ENCODER = 0x00001000,
 
     /* The input device is virtual (not a real device, not part of UI configuration). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL = 0x40000000,
+    VIRTUAL = 0x40000000,
 
     /* The input device is external (not built-in). */
-    INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL = 0x80000000,
+    EXTERNAL = 0x80000000,
 };
 
 /*
  * Gets the class that owns an axis, in cases where multiple classes might claim
  * the same axis for different purposes.
  */
-extern uint32_t getAbsAxisUsage(int32_t axis, uint32_t deviceClasses);
+extern Flags<InputDeviceClass> getAbsAxisUsage(int32_t axis, Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClasses);
 
 /*
  * Grand Central Station for events.
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@
         FIRST_SYNTHETIC_EVENT = DEVICE_ADDED,
     };
 
-    virtual uint32_t getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const = 0;
+    virtual Flags<InputDeviceClass> getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const = 0;
 
     virtual InputDeviceIdentifier getDeviceIdentifier(int32_t deviceId) const = 0;
 
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@
 public:
     EventHub();
 
-    virtual uint32_t getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const override;
+    virtual Flags<InputDeviceClass> getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const override;
 
     virtual InputDeviceIdentifier getDeviceIdentifier(int32_t deviceId) const override;
 
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@
 
         std::unique_ptr<TouchVideoDevice> videoDevice;
 
-        uint32_t classes;
+        Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes;
 
         BitArray<KEY_MAX> keyBitmask;
         BitArray<KEY_MAX> keyState;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
index 6cb86bd..da36a48 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define _UI_INPUTREADER_INPUT_DEVICE_H
 
 #include <input/DisplayViewport.h>
+#include <input/Flags.h>
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <utils/PropertyMap.h>
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@
     inline int32_t getGeneration() const { return mGeneration; }
     inline const std::string getName() const { return mIdentifier.name; }
     inline const std::string getDescriptor() { return mIdentifier.descriptor; }
-    inline uint32_t getClasses() const { return mClasses; }
+    inline Flags<InputDeviceClass> getClasses() const { return mClasses; }
     inline uint32_t getSources() const { return mSources; }
     inline bool hasEventHubDevices() const { return !mDevices.empty(); }
 
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@
     int32_t mControllerNumber;
     InputDeviceIdentifier mIdentifier;
     std::string mAlias;
-    uint32_t mClasses;
+    Flags<InputDeviceClass> mClasses;
 
     // map from eventHubId to device context and mappers
     using MapperVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<InputMapper>>;
@@ -206,7 +207,9 @@
     inline int32_t getId() { return mDeviceId; }
     inline int32_t getEventHubId() { return mId; }
 
-    inline uint32_t getDeviceClasses() const { return mEventHub->getDeviceClasses(mId); }
+    inline Flags<InputDeviceClass> getDeviceClasses() const {
+        return mEventHub->getDeviceClasses(mId);
+    }
     inline InputDeviceIdentifier getDeviceIdentifier() const {
         return mEventHub->getDeviceIdentifier(mId);
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
index bf81496..57acba5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@
     if (!changes) { // first time only
         // Collect all axes.
         for (int32_t abs = 0; abs <= ABS_MAX; abs++) {
-            if (!(getAbsAxisUsage(abs, getDeviceContext().getDeviceClasses()) &
-                  INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK)) {
+            if (!(getAbsAxisUsage(abs, getDeviceContext().getDeviceClasses())
+                          .test(InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK))) {
                 continue; // axis must be claimed by a different device
             }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 86d62d7..7c4bf77 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -124,16 +124,17 @@
 
     // This function must be called soon after the expected ANR timer starts,
     // because we are also checking how much time has passed.
-    void assertNotifyAnrWasCalled(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
-                                  const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& expectedApplication,
-                                  const sp<IBinder>& expectedToken) {
-        std::pair<sp<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData;
+    void assertNotifyAnrWasCalled(
+            std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
+            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& expectedApplication,
+            const sp<IBinder>& expectedToken) {
+        std::pair<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData;
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anrData = getNotifyAnrData(timeout));
         ASSERT_EQ(expectedApplication, anrData.first);
         ASSERT_EQ(expectedToken, anrData.second);
     }
 
-    std::pair<sp<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> getNotifyAnrData(
+    std::pair<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> getNotifyAnrData(
             std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
         const std::chrono::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
         std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@
                           << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(waited).count()
                           << "ms instead";
         }
-        std::pair<sp<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> result =
+        std::pair<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> result =
                 std::make_pair(mAnrApplications.front(), mAnrWindowTokens.front());
         mAnrApplications.pop();
         mAnrWindowTokens.pop();
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@
     std::optional<NotifySwitchArgs> mLastNotifySwitch GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     // ANR handling
-    std::queue<sp<InputApplicationHandle>> mAnrApplications GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::queue<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>> mAnrApplications GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::queue<sp<IBinder>> mAnrWindowTokens GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::condition_variable mNotifyAnr;
     std::chrono::nanoseconds mAnrTimeout = 0ms;
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@
         mConfigurationChangedTime = when;
     }
 
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds notifyAnr(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
+    std::chrono::nanoseconds notifyAnr(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& application,
                                        const sp<IBinder>& windowToken,
                                        const std::string&) override {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
@@ -746,7 +747,7 @@
     static const int32_t WIDTH = 600;
     static const int32_t HEIGHT = 800;
 
-    FakeWindowHandle(const sp<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
+    FakeWindowHandle(const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
                      const sp<InputDispatcher>& dispatcher, const std::string name,
                      int32_t displayId, sp<IBinder> token = nullptr)
           : mName(name) {
@@ -1138,7 +1139,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindow_SingleWindowTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window",
             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1160,7 +1161,7 @@
  * called twice.
  */
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindowOnce_SingleWindowTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
@@ -1183,7 +1184,7 @@
  * when finding touched windows.
  */
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindowTwice_SingleWindowTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
@@ -1202,7 +1203,7 @@
 
 // The foreground window should receive the first touch down event.
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindow_MultiWindowsTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowTop = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Top",
             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowSecond = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Second",
@@ -1219,7 +1220,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindow_FocusedWindow) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowTop = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Top",
             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowSecond = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Second",
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindow_FocusPriority) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowTop = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Top",
             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowSecond = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Second",
@@ -1266,7 +1267,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, SetInputWindow_InputWindowInfo) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowTop = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Top",
             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
@@ -1293,7 +1294,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, HoverMoveEnterMouseClickAndHoverMoveExit) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowLeft =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Left", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     windowLeft->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 600, 800));
@@ -1404,7 +1405,7 @@
 // This test is different from the test above that HOVER_ENTER and HOVER_EXIT events are injected
 // directly in this test.
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, HoverEnterMouseClickAndHoverExit) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 1200, 800));
@@ -1485,7 +1486,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, DispatchMouseEventsUnderCursor) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowLeft =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Left", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
@@ -1510,7 +1511,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifyDeviceReset_CancelsKeyStream) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     window->setFocus(true);
@@ -1533,7 +1534,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifyDeviceReset_CancelsMotionStream) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1556,7 +1557,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TransferTouchFocus_OnePointer) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
     // Create a couple of windows
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindow = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher,
@@ -1591,7 +1592,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TransferTouchFocus_TwoPointerNoSplitTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
     PointF touchPoint = {10, 10};
 
@@ -1647,7 +1648,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TransferTouchFocus_TwoPointersSplitTouch) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
     // Create a non touch modal window that supports split touch
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindow = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher,
@@ -1711,7 +1712,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_ReceivesFocusEventAndKeyEvent) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1728,7 +1729,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, UnfocusedWindow_DoesNotReceiveFocusEventOrKeyEvent) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1743,7 +1744,7 @@
 
 // If a window is touchable, but does not have focus, it should receive motion events, but not keys
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, UnfocusedWindow_ReceivesMotionsButNotKeys) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1802,7 +1803,7 @@
 
 // Tests for gesture monitors
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, GestureMonitor_ReceivesMotionEvents) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
@@ -1818,7 +1819,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, GestureMonitor_DoesNotReceiveKeyEvents) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1838,7 +1839,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, GestureMonitor_CanPilferAfterWindowIsRemovedMidStream) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
@@ -1878,7 +1879,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TestMoveEvent) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1909,7 +1910,7 @@
  * and the action of enabling / disabling.
  */
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TouchModeState_IsSentToApps) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Test window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1947,7 +1948,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, VerifyInputEvent_KeyEvent) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Test window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -1984,7 +1985,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, VerifyInputEvent_MotionEvent) {
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Test window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -2025,7 +2026,7 @@
     static constexpr nsecs_t KEY_REPEAT_TIMEOUT = 40 * 1000000; // 40 ms
     static constexpr nsecs_t KEY_REPEAT_DELAY = 40 * 1000000;   // 40 ms
 
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> mApp;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> mApp;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> mWindow;
 
     virtual void SetUp() override {
@@ -2039,7 +2040,7 @@
     }
 
     void setUpWindow() {
-        mApp = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        mApp = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         mWindow = new FakeWindowHandle(mApp, mDispatcher, "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
         mWindow->setFocus(true);
@@ -2126,7 +2127,7 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
 
-        application1 = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        application1 = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         windowInPrimary = new FakeWindowHandle(application1, mDispatcher, "D_1",
                 ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
@@ -2136,7 +2137,7 @@
         mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {windowInPrimary}}});
         windowInPrimary->consumeFocusEvent(true);
 
-        application2 = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        application2 = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         windowInSecondary = new FakeWindowHandle(application2, mDispatcher, "D_2",
                 SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
         // Set focus to second display window.
@@ -2152,16 +2153,16 @@
     virtual void TearDown() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::TearDown();
 
-        application1.clear();
+        application1.reset();
         windowInPrimary.clear();
-        application2.clear();
+        application2.reset();
         windowInSecondary.clear();
     }
 
 protected:
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application1;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application1;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowInPrimary;
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application2;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application2;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowInSecondary;
 };
 
@@ -2340,7 +2341,8 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
 
-        sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application =
+                std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         mUnfocusedWindow = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Top",
                 ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
         mUnfocusedWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 30, 30));
@@ -2434,7 +2436,8 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
 
-        sp<FakeApplicationHandle> application = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application =
+                std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         mWindow1 = new FakeWindowHandle(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window 1",
                                         ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
         // Adding FLAG_NOT_TOUCH_MODAL otherwise all taps will go to the top most window.
@@ -2636,7 +2639,7 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
 
-        mApplication = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        mApplication = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         mApplication->setDispatchingTimeout(20ms);
         mWindow =
                 new FakeWindowHandle(mApplication, mDispatcher, "TestWindow", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
@@ -2660,7 +2663,7 @@
     }
 
 protected:
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> mApplication;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> mApplication;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> mWindow;
     static constexpr PointF WINDOW_LOCATION = {20, 20};
 
@@ -3019,7 +3022,7 @@
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
 
-        mApplication = new FakeApplicationHandle();
+        mApplication = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
         mApplication->setDispatchingTimeout(10ms);
         mUnfocusedWindow =
                 new FakeWindowHandle(mApplication, mDispatcher, "Unfocused", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
@@ -3055,7 +3058,7 @@
     }
 
 protected:
-    sp<FakeApplicationHandle> mApplication;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> mApplication;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> mUnfocusedWindow;
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> mFocusedWindow;
     static constexpr PointF UNFOCUSED_WINDOW_LOCATION = {20, 20};
@@ -3119,9 +3122,9 @@
 
     tapOnFocusedWindow();
     // we should have ACTION_DOWN/ACTION_UP on focused window and ACTION_OUTSIDE on unfocused window
-    std::pair<sp<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData1 =
+    std::pair<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData1 =
             mFakePolicy->getNotifyAnrData(10ms);
-    std::pair<sp<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData2 =
+    std::pair<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>, sp<IBinder>> anrData2 =
             mFakePolicy->getNotifyAnrData(0ms);
 
     // We don't know which window will ANR first. But both of them should happen eventually.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 232045b..dbca7a2 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 using std::chrono_literals::operator""ms;
+using namespace android::flag_operators;
 
 // Timeout for waiting for an expected event
 static constexpr std::chrono::duration WAIT_TIMEOUT = 100ms;
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@
 
     struct Device {
         InputDeviceIdentifier identifier;
-        uint32_t classes;
+        Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes;
         PropertyMap configuration;
         KeyedVector<int, RawAbsoluteAxisInfo> absoluteAxes;
         KeyedVector<int, bool> relativeAxes;
@@ -394,9 +395,7 @@
             return OK;
         }
 
-        explicit Device(uint32_t classes) :
-                classes(classes), enabled(true) {
-        }
+        explicit Device(Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) : classes(classes), enabled(true) {}
     };
 
     std::mutex mLock;
@@ -416,7 +415,7 @@
 
     FakeEventHub() { }
 
-    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name, uint32_t classes) {
+    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name, Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
         Device* device = new Device(classes);
         device->identifier.name = name;
         mDevices.add(deviceId, device);
@@ -592,9 +591,9 @@
         return index >= 0 ? mDevices.valueAt(index) : nullptr;
     }
 
-    virtual uint32_t getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const {
+    virtual Flags<InputDeviceClass> getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const {
         Device* device = getDevice(deviceId);
-        return device ? device->classes : 0;
+        return device ? device->classes : Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0);
     }
 
     virtual InputDeviceIdentifier getDeviceIdentifier(int32_t deviceId) const {
@@ -1386,7 +1385,7 @@
         mFakePolicy.clear();
     }
 
-    void addDevice(int32_t eventHubId, const std::string& name, uint32_t classes,
+    void addDevice(int32_t eventHubId, const std::string& name, Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes,
                    const PropertyMap* configuration) {
         mFakeEventHub->addDevice(eventHubId, name, classes);
 
@@ -1411,8 +1410,8 @@
     }
 
     FakeInputMapper& addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(int32_t deviceId, int32_t eventHubId,
-                                                  const std::string& name, uint32_t classes,
-                                                  uint32_t sources,
+                                                  const std::string& name,
+                                                  Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes, uint32_t sources,
                                                   const PropertyMap* configuration) {
         std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = mReader->newDevice(deviceId, name);
         FakeInputMapper& mapper = device->addMapper<FakeInputMapper>(eventHubId, sources);
@@ -1423,10 +1422,9 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetInputDevices) {
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(1, "keyboard",
-            INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD, nullptr));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(2, "ignored",
-            0, nullptr)); // no classes so device will be ignored
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(1, "keyboard", InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD, nullptr));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(addDevice(2, "ignored", Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0),
+                                      nullptr)); // no classes so device will be ignored
 
     std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> inputDevices;
     mReader->getInputDevices(inputDevices);
@@ -1449,7 +1447,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, WhenEnabledChanges_SendsDeviceResetNotification) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD);
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = mReader->newDevice(deviceId, "fake");
     // Must add at least one mapper or the device will be ignored!
@@ -1486,7 +1484,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetKeyCodeState_ForwardsRequestsToMappers) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     FakeInputMapper& mapper =
             addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(deviceId, eventHubId, "fake", deviceClass,
@@ -1519,7 +1517,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetScanCodeState_ForwardsRequestsToMappers) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     FakeInputMapper& mapper =
             addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(deviceId, eventHubId, "fake", deviceClass,
@@ -1552,7 +1550,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, GetSwitchState_ForwardsRequestsToMappers) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     FakeInputMapper& mapper =
             addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(deviceId, eventHubId, "fake", deviceClass,
@@ -1585,7 +1583,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, MarkSupportedKeyCodes_ForwardsRequestsToMappers) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     FakeInputMapper& mapper =
             addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(deviceId, eventHubId, "fake", deviceClass,
@@ -1627,7 +1625,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, LoopOnce_WhenDeviceScanFinished_SendsConfigurationChanged) {
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
-    addDevice(eventHubId, "ignored", INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD, nullptr);
+    addDevice(eventHubId, "ignored", InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD, nullptr);
 
     NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs args;
 
@@ -1637,7 +1635,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, LoopOnce_ForwardsRawEventsToMappers) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     FakeInputMapper& mapper =
             addDeviceWithFakeInputMapper(deviceId, eventHubId, "fake", deviceClass,
@@ -1658,7 +1656,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, DeviceReset_RandomId) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = mReader->newDevice(deviceId, "fake");
     // Must add at least one mapper or the device will be ignored!
@@ -1691,7 +1689,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, DeviceReset_GenerateIdWithInputReaderSource) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = 1;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = mReader->newDevice(deviceId, "fake");
     // Must add at least one mapper or the device will be ignored!
@@ -1706,7 +1704,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(InputReaderTest, Device_CanDispatchToDisplay) {
     constexpr int32_t deviceId = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
-    constexpr uint32_t deviceClass = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+    constexpr Flags<InputDeviceClass> deviceClass = InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD;
     constexpr int32_t eventHubId = 1;
     const char* DEVICE_LOCATION = "USB1";
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = mReader->newDevice(deviceId, "fake", DEVICE_LOCATION);
@@ -2026,7 +2024,7 @@
     static const int32_t DEVICE_ID;
     static const int32_t DEVICE_GENERATION;
     static const int32_t DEVICE_CONTROLLER_NUMBER;
-    static const uint32_t DEVICE_CLASSES;
+    static const Flags<InputDeviceClass> DEVICE_CLASSES;
     static const int32_t EVENTHUB_ID;
 
     std::shared_ptr<FakeEventHub> mFakeEventHub;
@@ -2042,7 +2040,7 @@
         mFakeListener = new TestInputListener();
         mFakeContext = new FakeInputReaderContext(mFakeEventHub, mFakePolicy, mFakeListener);
 
-        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME, 0);
+        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME, Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0));
         InputDeviceIdentifier identifier;
         identifier.name = DEVICE_NAME;
         identifier.location = DEVICE_LOCATION;
@@ -2063,14 +2061,14 @@
 const int32_t InputDeviceTest::DEVICE_ID = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
 const int32_t InputDeviceTest::DEVICE_GENERATION = 2;
 const int32_t InputDeviceTest::DEVICE_CONTROLLER_NUMBER = 0;
-const uint32_t InputDeviceTest::DEVICE_CLASSES = INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD
-        | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK;
+const Flags<InputDeviceClass> InputDeviceTest::DEVICE_CLASSES =
+        InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD | InputDeviceClass::TOUCH | InputDeviceClass::JOYSTICK;
 const int32_t InputDeviceTest::EVENTHUB_ID = 1;
 
 TEST_F(InputDeviceTest, ImmutableProperties) {
     ASSERT_EQ(DEVICE_ID, mDevice->getId());
     ASSERT_STREQ(DEVICE_NAME, mDevice->getName().c_str());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0U, mDevice->getClasses());
+    ASSERT_EQ(Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0), mDevice->getClasses());
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDeviceTest, WhenDeviceCreated_EnabledIsFalse) {
@@ -2265,7 +2263,7 @@
     static const int32_t DEVICE_ID;
     static const int32_t DEVICE_GENERATION;
     static const int32_t DEVICE_CONTROLLER_NUMBER;
-    static const uint32_t DEVICE_CLASSES;
+    static const Flags<InputDeviceClass> DEVICE_CLASSES;
     static const int32_t EVENTHUB_ID;
 
     std::shared_ptr<FakeEventHub> mFakeEventHub;
@@ -2274,7 +2272,7 @@
     FakeInputReaderContext* mFakeContext;
     InputDevice* mDevice;
 
-    virtual void SetUp(uint32_t classes) {
+    virtual void SetUp(Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
         mFakeEventHub = std::make_unique<FakeEventHub>();
         mFakePolicy = new FakeInputReaderPolicy();
         mFakeListener = new TestInputListener();
@@ -2379,7 +2377,8 @@
 const int32_t InputMapperTest::DEVICE_ID = END_RESERVED_ID + 1000;
 const int32_t InputMapperTest::DEVICE_GENERATION = 2;
 const int32_t InputMapperTest::DEVICE_CONTROLLER_NUMBER = 0;
-const uint32_t InputMapperTest::DEVICE_CLASSES = 0; // not needed for current tests
+const Flags<InputDeviceClass> InputMapperTest::DEVICE_CLASSES =
+        Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0); // not needed for current tests
 const int32_t InputMapperTest::EVENTHUB_ID = 1;
 
 // --- SwitchInputMapperTest ---
@@ -2884,7 +2883,8 @@
     std::unique_ptr<InputDevice> device2 =
             std::make_unique<InputDevice>(mFakeContext, SECOND_DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_GENERATION,
                                           identifier);
-    mFakeEventHub->addDevice(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME, 0 /*classes*/);
+    mFakeEventHub->addDevice(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME,
+                             Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0) /*classes*/);
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_UP, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP, 0);
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_RIGHT, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, 0);
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_DOWN, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN, 0);
@@ -2952,7 +2952,7 @@
 class KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice : public InputMapperTest {
 protected:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL);
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
     }
 };
 
@@ -6865,7 +6865,8 @@
     std::unique_ptr<InputDevice> device2 =
             std::make_unique<InputDevice>(mFakeContext, SECOND_DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_GENERATION,
                                           identifier);
-    mFakeEventHub->addDevice(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME, 0 /*classes*/);
+    mFakeEventHub->addDevice(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, DEVICE_NAME,
+                             Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0) /*classes*/);
     mFakeEventHub->addAbsoluteAxis(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, RAW_X_MIN, RAW_X_MAX,
                                    0 /*flat*/, 0 /*fuzz*/);
     mFakeEventHub->addAbsoluteAxis(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, RAW_Y_MIN, RAW_Y_MAX,
@@ -7378,7 +7379,7 @@
 class MultiTouchInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
 protected:
     virtual void SetUp() override {
-        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | INPUT_DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL);
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
     }
 };