diff --git a/cmds/cmd/Android.bp b/cmds/cmd/Android.bp
index 27ef788..cf27e19 100644
--- a/cmds/cmd/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/cmd/Android.bp
@@ -27,14 +27,10 @@
         "libselinux",
         "libbinder",
     ],
-    whole_static_libs: [
-        "libc++fs",
-    ],
 
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
-        "-DXP_UNIX",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -58,6 +54,5 @@
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
-        "-DXP_UNIX",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
index 1b61e3a..6576ffd 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
@@ -2195,6 +2195,74 @@
     ds.AddDir(LOGPERSIST_DATA_DIR, false);
 }
 
+static std::string GetTimestamp(const timespec& ts) {
+    tm tm;
+    localtime_r(&ts.tv_sec, &tm);
+
+    // Reserve enough space for the entire time string, includes the space
+    // for the '\0' to make the calculations below easier by using size for
+    // the total string size.
+    std::string str(sizeof("1970-01-01 00:00:00.123456789+0830"), '\0');
+    size_t n = strftime(str.data(), str.size(), "%F %H:%M", &tm);
+    if (n == 0) {
+        return "TIMESTAMP FAILURE";
+    }
+    int num_chars = snprintf(&str[n], str.size() - n, ":%02d.%09ld", tm.tm_sec, ts.tv_nsec);
+    if (num_chars > str.size() - n) {
+        return "TIMESTAMP FAILURE";
+    }
+    n += static_cast<size_t>(num_chars);
+    if (strftime(&str[n], str.size() - n, "%z", &tm) == 0) {
+        return "TIMESTAMP FAILURE";
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+static std::string GetCmdline(pid_t pid) {
+    std::string cmdline;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/cmdline", pid),
+                                         &cmdline)) {
+        return "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+    // There are '\0' terminators between arguments, convert them to spaces.
+    // But start by skipping all trailing '\0' values.
+    size_t cur = cmdline.size() - 1;
+    while (cur != 0 && cmdline[cur] == '\0') {
+        cur--;
+    }
+    if (cur == 0) {
+        return "UNKNOWN";
+    }
+    while ((cur = cmdline.rfind('\0', cur)) != std::string::npos) {
+        cmdline[cur] = ' ';
+    }
+    return cmdline;
+}
+
+static void DumpPidHeader(int fd, pid_t pid, const timespec& ts) {
+    // For consistency, the header to this message matches the one
+    // dumped by debuggerd.
+    dprintf(fd, "\n----- pid %d at %s -----\n", pid, GetTimestamp(ts).c_str());
+    dprintf(fd, "Cmd line: %s\n", GetCmdline(pid).c_str());
+}
+
+static void DumpPidFooter(int fd, pid_t pid) {
+    // For consistency, the footer to this message matches the one
+    // dumped by debuggerd.
+    dprintf(fd, "----- end %d -----\n", pid);
+}
+
+static bool DumpBacktrace(int fd, pid_t pid, bool is_java_process) {
+    int ret = dump_backtrace_to_file_timeout(
+        pid, is_java_process ? kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace : kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace, 3, fd);
+    if (ret == -1 && is_java_process) {
+        // Tried to unwind as a java process, try a native unwind.
+        dprintf(fd, "Java unwind failed for pid %d, trying a native unwind.\n", pid);
+        ret = dump_backtrace_to_file_timeout(pid, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace, 3, fd);
+    }
+    return ret != -1;
+}
+
 Dumpstate::RunStatus Dumpstate::DumpTraces(const char** path) {
     const std::string temp_file_pattern = ds.bugreport_internal_dir_ + "/dumptrace_XXXXXX";
     const size_t buf_size = temp_file_pattern.length() + 1;
@@ -2243,16 +2311,6 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Skip cached processes.
-        if (IsCached(pid)) {
-            // For consistency, the header and footer to this message match those
-            // dumped by debuggerd in the success case.
-            dprintf(fd, "\n---- pid %d at [unknown] ----\n", pid);
-            dprintf(fd, "Dump skipped for cached process.\n");
-            dprintf(fd, "---- end %d ----", pid);
-            continue;
-        }
-
         const std::string link_name = android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/exe", pid);
         std::string exe;
         if (!android::base::Readlink(link_name, &exe)) {
@@ -2281,16 +2339,31 @@
             break;
         }
 
-        const uint64_t start = Nanotime();
-        const int ret = dump_backtrace_to_file_timeout(
-            pid, is_java_process ? kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace : kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace, 3, fd);
+        timespec start_timespec;
+        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &start_timespec);
+        if (IsCached(pid)) {
+            DumpPidHeader(fd, pid, start_timespec);
+            dprintf(fd, "Process is cached, skipping backtrace due to high chance of timeout.\n");
+            DumpPidFooter(fd, pid);
+            continue;
+        }
 
-        if (ret == -1) {
-            // For consistency, the header and footer to this message match those
-            // dumped by debuggerd in the success case.
-            dprintf(fd, "\n---- pid %d at [unknown] ----\n", pid);
-            dprintf(fd, "Dump failed, likely due to a timeout.\n");
-            dprintf(fd, "---- end %d ----", pid);
+        const uint64_t start = Nanotime();
+        if (!DumpBacktrace(fd, pid, is_java_process)) {
+            if (IsCached(pid)) {
+                DumpPidHeader(fd, pid, start_timespec);
+                dprintf(fd, "Backtrace failed, but process has become cached.\n");
+                DumpPidFooter(fd, pid);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            DumpPidHeader(fd, pid, start_timespec);
+            dprintf(fd, "Backtrace gathering failed, likely due to a timeout.\n");
+            DumpPidFooter(fd, pid);
+
+            dprintf(fd, "\n[dump %s stack %d: %.3fs elapsed]\n",
+                    is_java_process ? "dalvik" : "native", pid,
+                    (float)(Nanotime() - start) / NANOS_PER_SEC);
             timeout_failures++;
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
index 2d889fd..9384926 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
+++ b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
@@ -59,22 +59,27 @@
   done
 }
 
-# Delegate to Pre-reboot Dexopt, a feature of ART Service.
-# ART Service decides what to do with this request:
-# - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is disabled or unsupported, the command returns
-#   non-zero. This is always the case if the current system is Android 14 or
-#   earlier.
-# - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is enabled in synchronous mode, the command blocks
-#   until Pre-reboot Dexopt finishes, and returns zero no matter it succeeds or
-#   not. This is the default behavior if the current system is Android 15.
-# - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is enabled in asynchronous mode, the command schedules
-#   an asynchronous job and returns 0 immediately. The job will then run by the
-#   job scheduler when the device is idle and charging.
-if infinite_source | pm art on-ota-staged --slot "$TARGET_SLOT_SUFFIX"; then
-  # Handled by Pre-reboot Dexopt.
-  exit 0
+PR_DEXOPT_JOB_VERSION="$(pm art pr-dexopt-job --version)"
+if (( $? == 0 )) && (( $PR_DEXOPT_JOB_VERSION >= 2 )); then
+  # Delegate to Pre-reboot Dexopt, a feature of ART Service.
+  # ART Service decides what to do with this request:
+  # - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is disabled or unsupported, the command returns
+  #   non-zero. This is always the case if the current system is Android 14 or
+  #   earlier.
+  # - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is enabled in synchronous mode, the command blocks
+  #   until Pre-reboot Dexopt finishes, and returns zero no matter it succeeds or
+  #   not. This is the default behavior if the current system is Android 15.
+  # - If Pre-reboot Dexopt is enabled in asynchronous mode, the command schedules
+  #   an asynchronous job and returns 0 immediately. The job will then run by the
+  #   job scheduler when the device is idle and charging.
+  if infinite_source | pm art on-ota-staged --slot "$TARGET_SLOT_SUFFIX"; then
+    # Handled by Pre-reboot Dexopt.
+    exit 0
+  fi
+  echo "Pre-reboot Dexopt not enabled. Fall back to otapreopt."
+else
+  echo "Pre-reboot Dexopt is too old. Fall back to otapreopt."
 fi
-echo "Pre-reboot Dexopt not enabled. Fall back to otapreopt."
 
 if [ "$(/system/bin/otapreopt_chroot --version)" != 2 ]; then
   # We require an updated chroot wrapper that reads dexopt commands from stdin.
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/Android.bp b/cmds/installd/tests/Android.bp
index 61fe316..f3e024c 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/Android.bp
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@
         "libziparchive",
         "liblog",
         "liblogwrap",
-        "libc++fs",
     ],
     product_variables: {
         arc: {
diff --git a/cmds/service/Android.bp b/cmds/service/Android.bp
index 21ac11b..00fd249 100644
--- a/cmds/service/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/service/Android.bp
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
     ],
 
     cflags: [
-        "-DXP_UNIX",
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@
     ],
 
     cflags: [
-        "-DXP_UNIX",
         "-DVENDORSERVICES",
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -65,7 +63,6 @@
     ],
 
     cflags: [
-        "-DXP_UNIX",
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
diff --git a/include/android/input.h b/include/android/input.h
index fec56f0..ee98d7a 100644
--- a/include/android/input.h
+++ b/include/android/input.h
@@ -1002,7 +1002,6 @@
  * Keyboard types.
  *
  * Refer to the documentation on android.view.InputDevice for more details.
- * Note: When adding a new keyboard type here InputDeviceInfo::setKeyboardType needs to be updated.
  */
 enum {
     /** none */
diff --git a/include/ftl/expected.h b/include/ftl/expected.h
index 57448dc..7e765c5 100644
--- a/include/ftl/expected.h
+++ b/include/ftl/expected.h
@@ -69,6 +69,36 @@
     exp_.value();                                                         \
   })
 
+// Given an expression `expr` that evaluates to an ftl::Expected<T, E> result (R for short),
+// FTL_EXPECT unwraps T out of R, or bails out of the enclosing function F if R has an error E.
+// While FTL_TRY bails out with R, FTL_EXPECT bails out with E, which is useful when F does not
+// need to propagate R because T is not relevant to the caller.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//   using StringExp = ftl::Expected<std::string, std::errc>;
+//
+//   std::errc repeat(StringExp exp, std::string& out) {
+//     const std::string str = FTL_EXPECT(exp);
+//     out = str + str;
+//     return std::errc::operation_in_progress;
+//   }
+//
+//   std::string str;
+//   assert(std::errc::operation_in_progress == repeat(StringExp("ha"s), str));
+//   assert("haha"s == str);
+//   assert(std::errc::bad_message == repeat(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::bad_message), str));
+//   assert("haha"s == str);
+//
+#define FTL_EXPECT(expr)              \
+  ({                                  \
+    auto exp_ = (expr);               \
+    if (!exp_.has_value()) {          \
+      return std::move(exp_.error()); \
+    }                                 \
+    exp_.value();                     \
+  })
+
 namespace android::ftl {
 
 // Superset of base::expected<T, E> with monadic operations.
diff --git a/include/ftl/function.h b/include/ftl/function.h
index 3538ca4..bda5b75 100644
--- a/include/ftl/function.h
+++ b/include/ftl/function.h
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 //   // Create a typedef to give a more meaningful name and bound the size.
 //   using MyFunction = ftl::Function<int(std::string_view), 2>;
 //   int* ptr = nullptr;
-//   auto f1 = MyFunction::make_function(
+//   auto f1 = MyFunction::make(
 //       [cls = &cls, ptr](std::string_view sv) {
 //           return cls->on_string(ptr, sv);
 //       });
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index 3ca9c19..ec08cdd 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -99,6 +99,18 @@
 
     /* Motion event is inconsistent with previously sent motion events. */
     AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_TAINTED = android::os::IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_TAINTED,
+
+    /** Private flag, not used in Java. */
+    AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION =
+            android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION,
+
+    /** Private flag, not used in Java. */
+    AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION = android::os::IInputConstants::
+            MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION,
+
+    /** Mask for all private flags that are not used in Java. */
+    AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_MASK = AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION,
 };
 
 /**
@@ -209,8 +221,12 @@
  * Transform an angle on the x-y plane. An angle of 0 radians corresponds to "north" or
  * pointing upwards in the negative Y direction, a positive angle points towards the right, and a
  * negative angle points towards the left.
+ *
+ * If the angle represents a direction that needs to be preserved, set isDirectional to true to get
+ * an output range of [-pi, pi]. If the angle's direction does not need to be preserved, set
+ * isDirectional to false to get an output range of [-pi/2, pi/2].
  */
-float transformAngle(const ui::Transform& transform, float angleRadians);
+float transformAngle(const ui::Transform& transform, float angleRadians, bool isDirectional);
 
 /**
  * The type of the InputEvent.
@@ -258,6 +274,16 @@
     ftl_last = VIRTUAL,
 };
 
+/**
+ * The keyboard type. This should have 1:1 correspondence with the values of anonymous enum
+ * defined in input.h
+ */
+enum class KeyboardType {
+    NONE = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE,
+    NON_ALPHABETIC = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC,
+    ALPHABETIC = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC,
+};
+
 bool isStylusToolType(ToolType toolType);
 
 struct PointerProperties;
@@ -462,8 +488,6 @@
     // axes, however the window scaling will not.
     void scale(float globalScale, float windowXScale, float windowYScale);
 
-    void transform(const ui::Transform& transform);
-
     inline float getX() const {
         return getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X);
     }
@@ -930,10 +954,12 @@
     // relative mouse device (since SOURCE_RELATIVE_MOUSE is a non-pointer source). These methods
     // are used to apply these transformations for different axes.
     static vec2 calculateTransformedXY(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&, const vec2& xy);
-    static float calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&,
-                                               const PointerCoords&);
-    static PointerCoords calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&,
-                                                    const PointerCoords&);
+    static float calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source, int32_t flags,
+                                               const ui::Transform&, const PointerCoords&);
+    static void calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(PointerCoords& coords, uint32_t source,
+                                                  int32_t flags, const ui::Transform&);
+    static PointerCoords calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source, int32_t flags,
+                                                    const ui::Transform&, const PointerCoords&);
     // The rounding precision for transformed motion events.
     static constexpr float ROUNDING_PRECISION = 0.001f;
 
diff --git a/include/input/KeyboardClassifier.h b/include/input/KeyboardClassifier.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..457d474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/input/KeyboardClassifier.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <input/Input.h>
+#include <input/InputDevice.h>
+
+#include "rust/cxx.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace input {
+namespace keyboardClassifier {
+struct KeyboardClassifier;
+}
+} // namespace input
+
+/*
+ * Keyboard classifier to classify keyboard into alphabetic and non-alphabetic keyboards
+ */
+class KeyboardClassifier {
+public:
+    KeyboardClassifier();
+    /**
+     * Get the type of keyboard that the classifier currently believes the device to be.
+     */
+    KeyboardType getKeyboardType(DeviceId deviceId);
+    void notifyKeyboardChanged(DeviceId deviceId, const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                               uint32_t deviceClasses);
+    void processKey(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t evdevCode, uint32_t metaState);
+
+private:
+    std::optional<rust::Box<android::input::keyboardClassifier::KeyboardClassifier>>
+            mRustClassifier;
+    std::unordered_map<DeviceId, KeyboardType> mKeyboardTypeMap;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index 090e35b..cb1d114 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
     recovery_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
     native_bridge_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
         "libbinder_headers_platform_shared",
@@ -83,6 +84,124 @@
     },
 }
 
+cc_cmake_snapshot {
+    name: "binder_sdk",
+    modules: [
+        "libbinder_sdk",
+        "libbinder_sdk_single_threaded",
+        "libbinder_ndk_sdk",
+        "binderRpcTestNoKernel",
+    ],
+    prebuilts: [
+        // to enable arm64 host support, build with musl - e.g. on aosp_cf_arm64_phone
+        "aidl",
+        "libc++",
+    ],
+    include_sources: true,
+    cflags: [
+        "-DNDEBUG",
+        "-DBINDER_ENABLE_LIBLOG_ASSERT",
+        "-DBINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE",
+        "-DBINDER_DISABLE_BLOB",
+        "-DBINDER_NO_LIBBASE",
+        "-DBINDER_NO_KERNEL_IPC_TESTING",
+
+        // from Soong's global.go commonGlobalCflags and noOverrideGlobalCflags
+        "-Wno-c99-designator",
+        "-Wno-missing-field-initializers",
+
+        // warnings that only pop up on gcc
+        "-Wno-unknown-pragmas", // "pragma clang"
+        "-Wno-attributes", // attributes on compound-statements
+        "-Wno-psabi", // reminders about old ABI changes
+    ],
+    cflags_ignored: [
+        // gcc requires all header constexprs to be used in all dependent compilatinon units
+        "-Wunused-const-variable",
+    ],
+    library_mapping: [
+        {
+            android_name: "libssl",
+            mapped_name: "ssl",
+            package_pregenerated: "external/boringssl",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libcrypto",
+            mapped_name: "crypto",
+            package_pregenerated: "external/boringssl",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libgtest",
+            mapped_name: "GTest::gtest",
+            package_system: "GTest",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libgtest_main",
+            mapped_name: "GTest::gtest",
+            package_system: "GTest",
+        },
+
+        // use libbinder_sdk and friends instead of full Android's libbinder
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_rpc_no_kernel",
+            mapped_name: "android::libbinder_sdk",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_rpc_single_threaded_no_kernel",
+            mapped_name: "android::libbinder_sdk_single_threaded",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_headers",
+            mapped_name: "android::libbinder_headers_base",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder",
+            mapped_name: "android::libbinder_sdk",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_ndk",
+            mapped_name: "android::libbinder_ndk_sdk",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "liblog",
+            mapped_name: "android::liblog_stub",
+        },
+
+        // explicitly included by Binder tests, but not needed outside of Android
+        {
+            android_name: "libbase",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libcutils",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libutils",
+        },
+
+        // disable tests that don't work outside of Android yet
+        {
+            android_name: "binder_rpc_test_service",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "binder_rpc_test_service_single_threaded",
+        },
+
+        // trusty mocks are artificially triggered and not needed outside of Android build
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_on_trusty_mock",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "libbinder_ndk_on_trusty_mock",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "binderRpcTestService_on_trusty_mock",
+        },
+        {
+            android_name: "binderRpcTest_on_trusty_mock",
+        },
+    ],
+}
+
 // These interfaces are android-specific implementation unrelated to binder
 // transport itself and should be moved to AIDL or in domain-specific libs.
 //
@@ -126,6 +245,9 @@
     header_libs: [
         "libbinder_headers_base",
     ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libbinder_headers_base",
+    ],
 
     cflags: [
         "-Wextra",
@@ -369,6 +491,7 @@
     double_loadable: true,
     // TODO(b/153609531): remove when no longer needed.
     native_bridge_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: false,
 
     // libbinder does not offer a stable wire protocol.
     // if a second copy of it is installed, then it may break after security
@@ -408,16 +531,8 @@
     afdo: true,
 }
 
-cc_library_host_shared {
-    name: "libbinder_sdk",
-
-    defaults: [
-        "libbinder_common_defaults",
-    ],
-
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libutils_binder_sdk",
-    ],
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "binder_sdk_defaults",
 
     cflags: [
         "-DBINDER_ENABLE_LIBLOG_ASSERT",
@@ -429,6 +544,21 @@
     header_libs: [
         "liblog_stub",
     ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libbinder_sdk_defaults",
+
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
+
+    defaults: [
+        "libbinder_common_defaults",
+        "binder_sdk_defaults",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libutils_binder_sdk",
+    ],
 
     srcs: [
         "OS_non_android_linux.cpp",
@@ -446,6 +576,19 @@
     },
 }
 
+cc_library_host_shared {
+    name: "libbinder_sdk",
+    defaults: ["libbinder_sdk_defaults"],
+}
+
+cc_library_host_shared {
+    name: "libbinder_sdk_single_threaded",
+    defaults: ["libbinder_sdk_defaults"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-DBINDER_RPC_SINGLE_THREADED",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_library {
     name: "libbinder_rpc_no_kernel",
     vendor_available: true,
@@ -535,6 +678,7 @@
     defaults: ["libbinder_tls_shared_deps"],
     vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
         "libbinder_headers",
diff --git a/libs/binder/liblog_stub/Android.bp b/libs/binder/liblog_stub/Android.bp
index f2ca22f..2de6658 100644
--- a/libs/binder/liblog_stub/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/liblog_stub/Android.bp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
     product_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     vendor_available: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
 
     target: {
         windows: {
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/Android.bp b/libs/binder/ndk/Android.bp
index 9a2d14a..26c228d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/Android.bp
@@ -32,17 +32,11 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_library {
-    name: "libbinder_ndk",
-
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libbinder_ndk_common_defaults",
     host_supported: true,
     recovery_available: true,
 
-    llndk: {
-        symbol_file: "libbinder_ndk.map.txt",
-        export_llndk_headers: ["libvendorsupport_llndk_headers"],
-    },
-
     export_include_dirs: [
         "include_cpp",
         "include_ndk",
@@ -50,7 +44,6 @@
     ],
 
     cflags: [
-        "-DBINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
         "-Wextra-semi",
@@ -59,14 +52,48 @@
 
     srcs: [
         "ibinder.cpp",
-        "ibinder_jni.cpp",
         "libbinder.cpp",
         "parcel.cpp",
+        "stability.cpp",
+        "status.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_host_shared {
+    name: "libbinder_ndk_sdk",
+
+    defaults: [
+        "libbinder_ndk_common_defaults",
+        "binder_sdk_defaults",
+    ],
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_sdk",
+        "libutils_binder_sdk",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libbinder_ndk",
+
+    defaults: ["libbinder_ndk_common_defaults"],
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: false,
+
+    llndk: {
+        symbol_file: "libbinder_ndk.map.txt",
+        export_llndk_headers: ["libvendorsupport_llndk_headers"],
+    },
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DBINDER_WITH_KERNEL_IPC",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "ibinder_jni.cpp",
         "parcel_jni.cpp",
         "persistable_bundle.cpp",
         "process.cpp",
-        "stability.cpp",
-        "status.cpp",
         "service_manager.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -195,6 +222,7 @@
     host_supported: true,
     // TODO(b/153609531): remove when no longer needed.
     native_bridge_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
index 52edae4..41b30a0 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@
      * Services with methods that perform file IO, web socket creation or ways to egress data must
      * not be added with this flag for privacy concerns.
      */
-    ADD_SERVICE_ALLOW_ISOLATED = 1,
+    ADD_SERVICE_ALLOW_ISOLATED = 1 << 0,
+    ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL = 1 << 1,
+    ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_HIGH = 1 << 2,
+    ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_NORMAL = 1 << 3,
+    ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT = 1 << 4,
 };
 
 /**
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
index 5529455..4436dbe 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,25 @@
     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
 
     bool allowIsolated = flags & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_ALLOW_ISOLATED;
-    status_t exception = sm->addService(String16(instance), binder->getBinder(), allowIsolated);
+    int dumpFlags = 0;
+    if (flags & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL) {
+        dumpFlags |= IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL;
+    }
+    if (flags & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_HIGH) {
+        dumpFlags |= IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_HIGH;
+    }
+    if (flags & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_NORMAL) {
+        dumpFlags |= IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_NORMAL;
+    }
+    if (flags & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT) {
+        dumpFlags |= IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT;
+    }
+    if (dumpFlags == 0) {
+        dumpFlags = IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT;
+    }
+    status_t exception =
+            sm->addService(String16(instance), binder->getBinder(), allowIsolated, dumpFlags);
+
     return PruneException(exception);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
index 2d1175b..f5b0071 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@
     crate_name: "binder_rs_serialization_bindgen",
     wrapper_src: "serialization.hpp",
     source_stem: "bindings",
-    cpp_std: "gnu++17",
     bindgen_flags: [
         "--allowlist-type", "Transaction",
         "--allowlist-var", "TESTDATA_.*",
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index 8771af5..4c7684c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "binder_test_defaults",
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
@@ -142,6 +143,7 @@
     name: "binderRpcTestIface",
     vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
     unstable: true,
     srcs: [
         "BinderRpcTestClientInfo.aidl",
@@ -223,6 +225,7 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "binderRpcTest_common_defaults",
     host_supported: true,
+    cmake_snapshot_supported: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
@@ -264,6 +267,7 @@
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_common_defaults",
     ],
+    compile_multilib: "first",
 
     srcs: [
         "binderRpcTest.cpp",
@@ -333,7 +337,7 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_test {
+cc_binary {
     // The module name cannot start with "binderRpcTest" because
     // then atest tries to execute it as part of binderRpcTest
     name: "binder_rpc_test_service",
@@ -344,7 +348,7 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_test {
+cc_binary {
     name: "binder_rpc_test_service_no_kernel",
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_service_defaults",
@@ -355,7 +359,7 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_test {
+cc_binary {
     name: "binder_rpc_test_service_single_threaded",
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_service_defaults",
@@ -370,7 +374,7 @@
     ],
 }
 
-cc_test {
+cc_binary {
     name: "binder_rpc_test_service_single_threaded_no_kernel",
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_service_defaults",
@@ -382,6 +386,9 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libbinder_rpc_single_threaded_no_kernel",
     ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -502,6 +509,9 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libbinder_rpc_single_threaded_no_kernel",
     ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder_ndk",
+    ],
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
index 9788d9d..00406ed 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <binder/Status.h>
 #include <binder/unique_fd.h>
 #include <utils/Flattenable.h>
 
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using android::base::testing::HasValue;
 using android::base::testing::Ok;
+using android::binder::Status;
 using android::binder::unique_fd;
 using testing::ExplainMatchResult;
 using testing::Matcher;
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@
     public:
         virtual void SetUp() {
             m_server = static_cast<BinderLibTestEnv *>(binder_env)->getServer();
-            IPCThreadState::self()->restoreCallingWorkSource(0); 
+            IPCThreadState::self()->restoreCallingWorkSource(0);
         }
         virtual void TearDown() {
         }
@@ -461,6 +463,35 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, sm->addService(String16("binderLibTest-manager"), binder));
 }
 
+TEST_F(BinderLibTest, RegisterForNotificationsFailure) {
+    auto sm = defaultServiceManager();
+    using LocalRegistrationCallback = IServiceManager::LocalRegistrationCallback;
+    class LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl : public virtual LocalRegistrationCallback {
+        void onServiceRegistration(const String16&, const sp<IBinder>&) override {}
+        virtual ~LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl() {}
+    };
+    sp<LocalRegistrationCallback> cb = sp<LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl>::make();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, sm->registerForNotifications(String16("ValidName"), nullptr));
+    EXPECT_EQ(UNKNOWN_ERROR, sm->registerForNotifications(String16("InvalidName!$"), cb));
+}
+
+TEST_F(BinderLibTest, UnregisterForNotificationsFailure) {
+    auto sm = defaultServiceManager();
+    using LocalRegistrationCallback = IServiceManager::LocalRegistrationCallback;
+    class LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl : public virtual LocalRegistrationCallback {
+        void onServiceRegistration(const String16&, const sp<IBinder>&) override {}
+        virtual ~LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl() {}
+    };
+    sp<LocalRegistrationCallback> cb = sp<LocalRegistrationCallbackImpl>::make();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, sm->registerForNotifications(String16("ValidName"), cb));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, sm->unregisterForNotifications(String16("ValidName"), nullptr));
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, sm->unregisterForNotifications(String16("AnotherValidName"), cb));
+    EXPECT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, sm->unregisterForNotifications(String16("InvalidName!!!"), cb));
+}
+
 TEST_F(BinderLibTest, WasParceled) {
     auto binder = sp<BBinder>::make();
     EXPECT_FALSE(binder->wasParceled());
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcWireProtocolTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcWireProtocolTest.cpp
index e59dc82..91145f0 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcWireProtocolTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcWireProtocolTest.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
 #include <binder/Status.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "../Debug.h"
 #include "../Utils.h"
 
@@ -69,8 +70,8 @@
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeString16(String16(u"a"))); },
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeString16(String16(u"baba"))); },
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeStrongBinder(nullptr)); },
-    [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeInt32Array(arraysize(kInt32Array), kInt32Array)); },
-    [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeByteArray(arraysize(kByteArray), kByteArray)); },
+    [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeInt32Array(countof(kInt32Array), kInt32Array)); },
+    [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeByteArray(countof(kByteArray), kByteArray)); },
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeBool(true)); },
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeBool(false)); },
     [](Parcel* p) { ASSERT_EQ(OK, p->writeChar('a')); },
@@ -162,8 +163,8 @@
 
 static void setParcelForRpc(Parcel* p, uint32_t version) {
     auto session = RpcSession::make();
-    CHECK(session->setProtocolVersion(version));
-    CHECK_EQ(OK, session->addNullDebuggingClient());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(session->setProtocolVersion(version));
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, session->addNullDebuggingClient());
     p->markForRpc(session);
 }
 
@@ -180,13 +181,25 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+// To be replaced with std::views::split (and std::views::zip) once C++ compilers catch up.
+static std::vector<std::string> split(std::string_view s, char delimiter) {
+    std::vector<std::string> result;
+    size_t pos = 0;
+    while (true) {
+        const auto found = s.find(delimiter, pos);
+        result.emplace_back(s.substr(pos, found - pos));
+        if (found == s.npos) return result;
+        pos = found + 1;
+    }
+}
+
 static void checkRepr(const std::string& repr, uint32_t version) {
     const std::string actualRepr = buildRepr(version);
 
-    auto expected = base::Split(repr, "|");
+    auto expected = split(repr, '|');
     ASSERT_EQ(expected.size(), kFillFuns.size());
 
-    auto actual = base::Split(actualRepr, "|");
+    auto actual = split(actualRepr, '|');
     ASSERT_EQ(actual.size(), kFillFuns.size());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kFillFuns.size(); i++) {
@@ -257,8 +270,13 @@
 
 TEST(RpcWire, ReleaseBranchHasFrozenRpcWireProtocol) {
     if (RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL) {
-        EXPECT_FALSE(base::GetProperty("ro.build.version.codename", "") == "REL")
-                << "Binder RPC wire protocol must be frozen on a release branch!";
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+        bool isRelease = base::GetProperty("ro.build.version.codename", "") == "REL";
+#else
+        bool isRelease = true;
+#endif
+        EXPECT_FALSE(isRelease)
+                << "Binder RPC wire protocol must be frozen in release configuration!";
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/ftl/expected_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/expected_test.cpp
index 9b7f017..d5b1d7e 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/expected_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ftl/expected_test.cpp
@@ -79,16 +79,28 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-IntExp increment(IntExp exp) {
+IntExp increment_try(IntExp exp) {
   const int i = FTL_TRY(exp);
   return IntExp(i + 1);
 }
 
-StringExp repeat(StringExp exp) {
+std::errc increment_expect(IntExp exp, int& out) {
+  const int i = FTL_EXPECT(exp);
+  out = i + 1;
+  return std::errc::operation_in_progress;
+}
+
+StringExp repeat_try(StringExp exp) {
   const std::string str = FTL_TRY(exp);
   return StringExp(str + str);
 }
 
+std::errc repeat_expect(StringExp exp, std::string& out) {
+  const std::string str = FTL_EXPECT(exp);
+  out = str + str;
+  return std::errc::operation_in_progress;
+}
+
 void uppercase(char& c, ftl::Optional<char> opt) {
   c = std::toupper(FTL_TRY(std::move(opt).ok_or(ftl::Unit())));
 }
@@ -97,13 +109,13 @@
 
 // Keep in sync with example usage in header file.
 TEST(Expected, Try) {
-  EXPECT_EQ(IntExp(100), increment(IntExp(99)));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(repeat(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::value_too_large)).has_error([](std::errc e) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntExp(100), increment_try(IntExp(99)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(increment_try(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::value_too_large)).has_error([](std::errc e) {
     return e == std::errc::value_too_large;
   }));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(StringExp("haha"s), repeat(StringExp("ha"s)));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(repeat(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::bad_message)).has_error([](std::errc e) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(StringExp("haha"s), repeat_try(StringExp("ha"s)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(repeat_try(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::bad_message)).has_error([](std::errc e) {
     return e == std::errc::bad_message;
   }));
 
@@ -115,4 +127,19 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(c, 'A');
 }
 
+TEST(Expected, Expect) {
+  int i = 0;
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::errc::operation_in_progress, increment_expect(IntExp(99), i));
+  EXPECT_EQ(100, i);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::errc::value_too_large,
+            increment_expect(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::value_too_large), i));
+  EXPECT_EQ(100, i);
+
+  std::string str;
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::errc::operation_in_progress, repeat_expect(StringExp("ha"s), str));
+  EXPECT_EQ("haha"s, str);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::errc::bad_message, repeat_expect(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::bad_message), str));
+  EXPECT_EQ("haha"s, str);
+}
+
 }  // namespace android::test
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index f317a2e..739c3c2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -613,8 +613,19 @@
             std::bind(releaseBufferCallbackThunk, wp<BLASTBufferQueue>(this) /* callbackContext */,
                       std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2, std::placeholders::_3);
     sp<Fence> fence = bufferItem.mFence ? new Fence(bufferItem.mFence->dup()) : Fence::NO_FENCE;
+
+    nsecs_t dequeueTime = -1;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard _lock{mTimestampMutex};
+        auto dequeueTimeIt = mDequeueTimestamps.find(buffer->getId());
+        if (dequeueTimeIt != mDequeueTimestamps.end()) {
+            dequeueTime = dequeueTimeIt->second;
+            mDequeueTimestamps.erase(dequeueTimeIt);
+        }
+    }
+
     t->setBuffer(mSurfaceControl, buffer, fence, bufferItem.mFrameNumber, mProducerId,
-                 releaseBufferCallback);
+                 releaseBufferCallback, dequeueTime);
     t->setDataspace(mSurfaceControl, static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(bufferItem.mDataSpace));
     t->setHdrMetadata(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mHdrMetadata);
     t->setSurfaceDamageRegion(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mSurfaceDamage);
@@ -658,17 +669,6 @@
         mPendingFrameTimelines.pop();
     }
 
-    {
-        std::lock_guard _lock{mTimestampMutex};
-        auto dequeueTime = mDequeueTimestamps.find(buffer->getId());
-        if (dequeueTime != mDequeueTimestamps.end()) {
-            Parcel p;
-            p.writeInt64(dequeueTime->second);
-            t->setMetadata(mSurfaceControl, gui::METADATA_DEQUEUE_TIME, p);
-            mDequeueTimestamps.erase(dequeueTime);
-        }
-    }
-
     mergePendingTransactions(t, bufferItem.mFrameNumber);
     if (applyTransaction) {
         // All transactions on our apply token are one-way. See comment on mAppliedLastTransaction
diff --git a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
index c82bde9..3745805 100644
--- a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
@@ -985,6 +985,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(output->writeBool, hasBarrier);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output->writeUint64, barrierFrameNumber);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output->writeUint32, producerId);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output->writeInt64, dequeueTime);
 
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -1024,6 +1025,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(input->readBool, &hasBarrier);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input->readUint64, &barrierFrameNumber);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input->readUint32, &producerId);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input->readInt64, &dequeueTime);
 
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index b420aab..af91bb3 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -1702,7 +1702,7 @@
 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setBuffer(
         const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
         const std::optional<sp<Fence>>& fence, const std::optional<uint64_t>& optFrameNumber,
-        uint32_t producerId, ReleaseBufferCallback callback) {
+        uint32_t producerId, ReleaseBufferCallback callback, nsecs_t dequeueTime) {
     layer_state_t* s = getLayerState(sc);
     if (!s) {
         mStatus = BAD_INDEX;
@@ -1718,6 +1718,7 @@
         bufferData->frameNumber = frameNumber;
         bufferData->producerId = producerId;
         bufferData->flags |= BufferData::BufferDataChange::frameNumberChanged;
+        bufferData->dequeueTime = dequeueTime;
         if (fence) {
             bufferData->acquireFence = *fence;
             bufferData->flags |= BufferData::BufferDataChange::fenceChanged;
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index 9adf919..5f2f8dc 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -128,6 +128,8 @@
 
     client_cache_t cachedBuffer;
 
+    nsecs_t dequeueTime;
+
     // Generates the release callback id based on the buffer id and frame number.
     // This is used as an identifier when release callbacks are invoked.
     ReleaseCallbackId generateReleaseCallbackId() const;
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 9712907..0862e03 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -568,7 +568,8 @@
         Transaction& setBuffer(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
                                const std::optional<sp<Fence>>& fence = std::nullopt,
                                const std::optional<uint64_t>& frameNumber = std::nullopt,
-                               uint32_t producerId = 0, ReleaseBufferCallback callback = nullptr);
+                               uint32_t producerId = 0, ReleaseBufferCallback callback = nullptr,
+                               nsecs_t dequeueTime = -1);
         Transaction& unsetBuffer(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc);
         std::shared_ptr<BufferData> getAndClearBuffer(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc);
 
diff --git a/libs/input/Android.bp b/libs/input/Android.bp
index ed17014..d782f42 100644
--- a/libs/input/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/Android.bp
@@ -113,6 +113,27 @@
         "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_SOURCE_HDMI",
         "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_SOURCE_SENSOR",
         "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER",
+        "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE",
+        "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC",
+        "--allowlist-var=AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_NONE",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_ALT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_ALT_LEFT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_ALT_RIGHT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_SHIFT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_SHIFT_LEFT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_SYM_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_FUNCTION_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_CTRL_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_CTRL_LEFT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_CTRL_RIGHT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_META_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_META_LEFT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_CAPS_LOCK_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_NUM_LOCK_ON",
+        "--allowlist-var=AMETA_SCROLL_LOCK_ON",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -204,6 +225,7 @@
         "InputVerifier.cpp",
         "Keyboard.cpp",
         "KeyCharacterMap.cpp",
+        "KeyboardClassifier.cpp",
         "KeyLayoutMap.cpp",
         "MotionPredictor.cpp",
         "MotionPredictorMetricsManager.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index ee121d5..b098147 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -96,6 +96,19 @@
     return AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
 }
 
+float transformOrientation(const ui::Transform& transform, const PointerCoords& coords,
+                           int32_t motionEventFlags) {
+    if ((motionEventFlags & AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION) == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    const bool isDirectionalAngle =
+            (motionEventFlags & AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION) != 0;
+
+    return transformAngle(transform, coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION),
+                          isDirectionalAngle);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 const char* motionClassificationToString(MotionClassification classification) {
@@ -187,7 +200,7 @@
     return roundTransformedCoords(transformedXy - transformedOrigin);
 }
 
-float transformAngle(const ui::Transform& transform, float angleRadians) {
+float transformAngle(const ui::Transform& transform, float angleRadians, bool isDirectional) {
     // Construct and transform a vector oriented at the specified clockwise angle from vertical.
     // Coordinate system: down is increasing Y, right is increasing X.
     float x = sinf(angleRadians);
@@ -201,6 +214,11 @@
     transformedPoint.x -= origin.x;
     transformedPoint.y -= origin.y;
 
+    if (!isDirectional && transformedPoint.y > 0) {
+        // Limit the range of atan2f to [-pi/2, pi/2] by reversing the direction of the vector.
+        transformedPoint *= -1;
+    }
+
     // Derive the transformed vector's clockwise angle from vertical.
     // The return value of atan2f is in range [-pi, pi] which conforms to the orientation API.
     return atan2f(transformedPoint.x, -transformedPoint.y);
@@ -530,26 +548,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void PointerCoords::transform(const ui::Transform& transform) {
-    const vec2 xy = transform.transform(getXYValue());
-    setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xy.x);
-    setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, xy.y);
-
-    if (BitSet64::hasBit(bits, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X) ||
-        BitSet64::hasBit(bits, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y)) {
-        const ui::Transform rotation(transform.getOrientation());
-        const vec2 relativeXy = rotation.transform(getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X),
-                                                   getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y));
-        setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, relativeXy.x);
-        setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, relativeXy.y);
-    }
-
-    if (BitSet64::hasBit(bits, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION)) {
-        const float val = getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION);
-        setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, transformAngle(transform, val));
-    }
-}
-
 // --- MotionEvent ---
 
 void MotionEvent::initialize(int32_t id, int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source,
@@ -723,13 +721,13 @@
 float MotionEvent::getHistoricalRawAxisValue(int32_t axis, size_t pointerIndex,
                                              size_t historicalIndex) const {
     const PointerCoords& coords = *getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(pointerIndex, historicalIndex);
-    return calculateTransformedAxisValue(axis, mSource, mRawTransform, coords);
+    return calculateTransformedAxisValue(axis, mSource, mFlags, mRawTransform, coords);
 }
 
 float MotionEvent::getHistoricalAxisValue(int32_t axis, size_t pointerIndex,
                                           size_t historicalIndex) const {
     const PointerCoords& coords = *getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(pointerIndex, historicalIndex);
-    return calculateTransformedAxisValue(axis, mSource, mTransform, coords);
+    return calculateTransformedAxisValue(axis, mSource, mFlags, mTransform, coords);
 }
 
 ssize_t MotionEvent::findPointerIndex(int32_t pointerId) const {
@@ -786,8 +784,9 @@
     transform.set(matrix);
 
     // Apply the transformation to all samples.
-    std::for_each(mSamplePointerCoords.begin(), mSamplePointerCoords.end(),
-                  [&transform](PointerCoords& c) { c.transform(transform); });
+    std::for_each(mSamplePointerCoords.begin(), mSamplePointerCoords.end(), [&](PointerCoords& c) {
+        calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(c, mSource, mFlags, transform);
+    });
 
     if (mRawXCursorPosition != AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION &&
         mRawYCursorPosition != AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION) {
@@ -1059,7 +1058,7 @@
 }
 
 // Keep in sync with calculateTransformedCoords.
-float MotionEvent::calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source,
+float MotionEvent::calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source, int32_t flags,
                                                  const ui::Transform& transform,
                                                  const PointerCoords& coords) {
     if (shouldDisregardTransformation(source)) {
@@ -1081,7 +1080,7 @@
     }
 
     if (axis == AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION) {
-        return transformAngle(transform, coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION));
+        return transformOrientation(transform, coords, flags);
     }
 
     return coords.getAxisValue(axis);
@@ -1089,29 +1088,32 @@
 
 // Keep in sync with calculateTransformedAxisValue. This is an optimization of
 // calculateTransformedAxisValue for all PointerCoords axes.
-PointerCoords MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source,
-                                                      const ui::Transform& transform,
-                                                      const PointerCoords& coords) {
+void MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(PointerCoords& coords, uint32_t source,
+                                                    int32_t flags, const ui::Transform& transform) {
     if (shouldDisregardTransformation(source)) {
-        return coords;
+        return;
     }
-    PointerCoords out = coords;
 
     const vec2 xy = calculateTransformedXYUnchecked(source, transform, coords.getXYValue());
-    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xy.x);
-    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, xy.y);
+    coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xy.x);
+    coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, xy.y);
 
     const vec2 relativeXy =
             transformWithoutTranslation(transform,
                                         {coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X),
                                          coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y)});
-    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, relativeXy.x);
-    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, relativeXy.y);
+    coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, relativeXy.x);
+    coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, relativeXy.y);
 
-    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION,
-                     transformAngle(transform,
-                                    coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION)));
+    coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION,
+                        transformOrientation(transform, coords, flags));
+}
 
+PointerCoords MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source, int32_t flags,
+                                                      const ui::Transform& transform,
+                                                      const PointerCoords& coords) {
+    PointerCoords out = coords;
+    calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(out, source, flags, transform);
     return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp b/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
index bc67810..9333ab8 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -273,10 +273,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDeviceInfo::setKeyboardType(int32_t keyboardType) {
-    static_assert(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE < AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC);
-    static_assert(AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC < AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
-    // There can be multiple subdevices with different keyboard types, set it to the highest type
-    mKeyboardType = std::max(mKeyboardType, keyboardType);
+    mKeyboardType = keyboardType;
 }
 
 void InputDeviceInfo::setKeyboardLayoutInfo(KeyboardLayoutInfo layoutInfo) {
diff --git a/libs/input/KeyboardClassifier.cpp b/libs/input/KeyboardClassifier.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c2c7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/input/KeyboardClassifier.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "KeyboardClassifier"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <com_android_input_flags.h>
+#include <ftl/flags.h>
+#include <input/KeyboardClassifier.h>
+
+#include "input_cxx_bridge.rs.h"
+
+namespace input_flags = com::android::input::flags;
+
+using android::input::RustInputDeviceIdentifier;
+
+namespace android {
+
+KeyboardClassifier::KeyboardClassifier() {
+    if (input_flags::enable_keyboard_classifier()) {
+        mRustClassifier = android::input::keyboardClassifier::create();
+    }
+}
+
+KeyboardType KeyboardClassifier::getKeyboardType(DeviceId deviceId) {
+    if (mRustClassifier) {
+        return static_cast<KeyboardType>(
+                android::input::keyboardClassifier::getKeyboardType(**mRustClassifier, deviceId));
+    } else {
+        auto it = mKeyboardTypeMap.find(deviceId);
+        if (it == mKeyboardTypeMap.end()) {
+            return KeyboardType::NONE;
+        }
+        return it->second;
+    }
+}
+
+// Copied from EventHub.h
+const uint32_t DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD;
+const uint32_t DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY;
+
+void KeyboardClassifier::notifyKeyboardChanged(DeviceId deviceId,
+                                               const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                                               uint32_t deviceClasses) {
+    if (mRustClassifier) {
+        RustInputDeviceIdentifier rustIdentifier;
+        rustIdentifier.name = identifier.name;
+        rustIdentifier.location = identifier.location;
+        rustIdentifier.unique_id = identifier.uniqueId;
+        rustIdentifier.bus = identifier.bus;
+        rustIdentifier.vendor = identifier.vendor;
+        rustIdentifier.product = identifier.product;
+        rustIdentifier.version = identifier.version;
+        rustIdentifier.descriptor = identifier.descriptor;
+        android::input::keyboardClassifier::notifyKeyboardChanged(**mRustClassifier, deviceId,
+                                                                  rustIdentifier, deviceClasses);
+    } else {
+        bool isKeyboard = (deviceClasses & DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD) != 0;
+        bool hasAlphabeticKey = (deviceClasses & DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY) != 0;
+        mKeyboardTypeMap.insert_or_assign(deviceId,
+                                          isKeyboard ? (hasAlphabeticKey
+                                                                ? KeyboardType::ALPHABETIC
+                                                                : KeyboardType::NON_ALPHABETIC)
+                                                     : KeyboardType::NONE);
+    }
+}
+
+void KeyboardClassifier::processKey(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t evdevCode, uint32_t metaState) {
+    if (mRustClassifier &&
+        !android::input::keyboardClassifier::isFinalized(**mRustClassifier, deviceId)) {
+        android::input::keyboardClassifier::processKey(**mRustClassifier, deviceId, evdevCode,
+                                                       metaState);
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/android/os/IInputConstants.aidl b/libs/input/android/os/IInputConstants.aidl
index 90ed2b7..a77dfa5 100644
--- a/libs/input/android/os/IInputConstants.aidl
+++ b/libs/input/android/os/IInputConstants.aidl
@@ -116,6 +116,31 @@
     const int MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_NO_FOCUS_CHANGE = 0x40;
 
     /**
+     * This flag indicates that the event has a valid value for AXIS_ORIENTATION.
+     *
+     * This is a private flag that is not used in Java.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION = 0x80;
+
+    /**
+     * This flag indicates that the pointers' AXIS_ORIENTATION can be used to precisely determine
+     * the direction in which the tool is pointing. The value of the orientation axis will be in
+     * the range [-pi, pi], which represents a full circle. This is usually supported by devices
+     * like styluses.
+     *
+     * Conversely, AXIS_ORIENTATION cannot be used to tell which direction the tool is pointing
+     * when this flag is not set. In this case, the axis value will have a range of [-pi/2, pi/2],
+     * which represents half a circle. This is usually the case for devices like touchscreens and
+     * touchpads, for which it is difficult to tell which direction along the major axis of the
+     * touch ellipse the finger is pointing.
+     *
+     * This is a private flag that is not used in Java.
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION = 0x100;
+
+    /**
      * The input event was generated or modified by accessibility service.
      * Shared by both KeyEvent and MotionEvent flags, so this value should not overlap with either
      * set of flags, including in input/Input.h and in android/input.h.
@@ -234,4 +259,157 @@
      * time to adjust to changes in direction.
      */
     const int VELOCITY_TRACKER_STRATEGY_LEGACY = 9;
+
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Keyboard
+     * The input device is a keyboard or has buttons.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD = 0x00000001;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Alphakey
+     * The input device is an alpha-numeric keyboard (not just a dial pad).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY = 0x00000002;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Touch
+     * The input device is a touchscreen or a touchpad (either single-touch or multi-touch).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH = 0x00000004;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Cursor
+     * The input device is a cursor device such as a trackball or mouse.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR = 0x00000008;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Multi-touch
+     * The input device is a multi-touch touchscreen or touchpad.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT = 0x00000010;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Dpad
+     * The input device is a directional pad (implies keyboard, has DPAD keys).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD = 0x00000020;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Gamepad
+     * The input device is a gamepad (implies keyboard, has BUTTON keys).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD = 0x00000040;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Switch
+     * The input device has switches.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH = 0x00000080;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Joystick
+     * The input device is a joystick (implies gamepad, has joystick absolute axes).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK = 0x00000100;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Vibrator
+     * The input device has a vibrator (supports FF_RUMBLE).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR = 0x00000200;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Mic
+     * The input device has a microphone.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_MIC = 0x00000400;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: External Stylus
+     * The input device is an external stylus (has data we want to fuse with touch data).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS = 0x00000800;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Rotary Encoder
+     * The input device has a rotary encoder.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER = 0x00001000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Sensor
+     * The input device has a sensor like accelerometer, gyro, etc.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_SENSOR = 0x00002000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Battery
+     * The input device has a battery.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY = 0x00004000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Light
+     * The input device has sysfs controllable lights.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_LIGHT = 0x00008000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Touchpad
+     * The input device is a touchpad, requiring an on-screen cursor.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCHPAD = 0x00010000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: Virtual
+     * The input device is virtual (not a real device, not part of UI configuration).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL = 0x20000000;
+
+    /*
+     * Input device class: External
+     * The input device is external (not built-in).
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    const int DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL = 0x40000000;
 }
diff --git a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
index 560166c..a2192cb 100644
--- a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
+++ b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
@@ -150,3 +150,10 @@
   description: "Hide touch and pointer indicators if a secure window is present on display"
   bug: "325252005"
 }
+
+flag {
+  name: "enable_keyboard_classifier"
+  namespace: "input"
+  description: "Keyboard classifier that classifies all keyboards into alphabetic or non-alphabetic"
+  bug: "263559234"
+}
diff --git a/libs/input/rust/input.rs b/libs/input/rust/input.rs
index d0dbd6f..564d94d 100644
--- a/libs/input/rust/input.rs
+++ b/libs/input/rust/input.rs
@@ -16,22 +16,26 @@
 
 //! Common definitions of the Android Input Framework in rust.
 
+use crate::ffi::RustInputDeviceIdentifier;
 use bitflags::bitflags;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_TAINTED;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_HOVER_EXIT_PENDING;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_NO_FOCUS_CHANGE;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
-use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
+use inputconstants::aidl::android::os::IInputConstants;
 use std::fmt;
 
 /// The InputDevice ID.
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
 pub struct DeviceId(pub i32);
 
+/// The InputDevice equivalent for Rust inputflinger
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct InputDevice {
+    /// InputDevice ID
+    pub device_id: DeviceId,
+    /// InputDevice unique identifier
+    pub identifier: RustInputDeviceIdentifier,
+    /// InputDevice classes (equivalent to EventHub InputDeviceClass)
+    pub classes: DeviceClass,
+}
+
 #[repr(u32)]
 pub enum SourceClass {
     None = input_bindgen::AINPUT_SOURCE_CLASS_NONE,
@@ -192,23 +196,28 @@
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct MotionFlags: u32 {
         /// FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED
-        const WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED as u32;
+        const WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED as u32;
         /// FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED
-        const WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED as u32;
+        const WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED as u32;
         /// FLAG_HOVER_EXIT_PENDING
-        const HOVER_EXIT_PENDING = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_HOVER_EXIT_PENDING as u32;
+        const HOVER_EXIT_PENDING = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_HOVER_EXIT_PENDING as u32;
         /// FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE
-        const IS_GENERATED_GESTURE = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE as u32;
+        const IS_GENERATED_GESTURE = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE as u32;
         /// FLAG_CANCELED
-        const CANCELED = INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED as u32;
+        const CANCELED = IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED as u32;
         /// FLAG_NO_FOCUS_CHANGE
-        const NO_FOCUS_CHANGE = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_NO_FOCUS_CHANGE as u32;
+        const NO_FOCUS_CHANGE = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_NO_FOCUS_CHANGE as u32;
+        /// PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION
+        const PRIVATE_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION as u32;
+        /// PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION
+        const PRIVATE_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION =
+                IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION as u32;
         /// FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT
-        const IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT = INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT as u32;
+        const IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT = IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT as u32;
         /// FLAG_TAINTED
-        const TAINTED = INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_TAINTED as u32;
+        const TAINTED = IInputConstants::INPUT_EVENT_FLAG_TAINTED as u32;
         /// FLAG_TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS
-        const TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS = MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS as u32;
+        const TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS = IInputConstants::MOTION_EVENT_FLAG_TARGET_ACCESSIBILITY_FOCUS as u32;
     }
 }
 
@@ -220,6 +229,107 @@
     }
 }
 
+bitflags! {
+    /// Device class of the input device. These are duplicated from Eventhub.h
+    /// We need to make sure the two version remain in sync when adding new classes.
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct DeviceClass: u32 {
+        /// The input device is a keyboard or has buttons
+        const Keyboard = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD as u32;
+        /// The input device is an alpha-numeric keyboard (not just a dial pad)
+        const AlphabeticKey = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY as u32;
+        /// The input device is a touchscreen or a touchpad (either single-touch or multi-touch)
+        const Touch = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH as u32;
+        /// The input device is a cursor device such as a trackball or mouse.
+        const Cursor = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR as u32;
+        /// The input device is a multi-touch touchscreen or touchpad.
+        const MultiTouch = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT as u32;
+        /// The input device is a directional pad (implies keyboard, has DPAD keys).
+        const Dpad = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD as u32;
+        /// The input device is a gamepad (implies keyboard, has BUTTON keys).
+        const Gamepad = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD as u32;
+        /// The input device has switches.
+        const Switch = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH as u32;
+        /// The input device is a joystick (implies gamepad, has joystick absolute axes).
+        const Joystick = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK as u32;
+        /// The input device has a vibrator (supports FF_RUMBLE).
+        const Vibrator = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR as u32;
+        /// The input device has a microphone.
+        const Mic = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_MIC as u32;
+        /// The input device is an external stylus (has data we want to fuse with touch data).
+        const ExternalStylus = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS as u32;
+        /// The input device has a rotary encoder
+        const RotaryEncoder = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER as u32;
+        /// The input device has a sensor like accelerometer, gyro, etc
+        const Sensor = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_SENSOR as u32;
+        /// The input device has a battery
+        const Battery = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY as u32;
+        /// The input device has sysfs controllable lights
+        const Light = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_LIGHT as u32;
+        /// The input device is a touchpad, requiring an on-screen cursor.
+        const Touchpad = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCHPAD as u32;
+        /// The input device is virtual (not a real device, not part of UI configuration).
+        const Virtual = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL as u32;
+        /// The input device is external (not built-in).
+        const External = IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL as u32;
+    }
+}
+
+bitflags! {
+    /// Modifier state flags
+    #[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct ModifierState: u32 {
+        /// No meta keys are pressed
+        const None = input_bindgen::AMETA_NONE;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether one of the ALT meta keys is pressed
+        const AltOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_ALT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the left ALT meta key is pressed
+        const AltLeftOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_ALT_LEFT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the right ALT meta key is pressed
+        const AltRightOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_ALT_RIGHT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether one of the SHIFT meta keys is pressed
+        const ShiftOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_SHIFT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the left SHIFT meta key is pressed
+        const ShiftLeftOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_SHIFT_LEFT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the right SHIFT meta key is pressed
+        const ShiftRightOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the SYM meta key is pressed
+        const SymOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_SYM_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the FUNCTION meta key is pressed
+        const FunctionOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_FUNCTION_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether one of the CTRL meta keys is pressed
+        const CtrlOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_CTRL_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the left CTRL meta key is pressed
+        const CtrlLeftOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_CTRL_LEFT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the right CTRL meta key is pressed
+        const CtrlRightOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_CTRL_RIGHT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether one of the META meta keys is pressed
+        const MetaOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_META_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the left META meta key is pressed
+        const MetaLeftOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_META_LEFT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the right META meta key is pressed
+        const MetaRightOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the CAPS LOCK meta key is on
+        const CapsLockOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_CAPS_LOCK_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the NUM LOCK meta key is on
+        const NumLockOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_NUM_LOCK_ON;
+        /// This mask is used to check whether the SCROLL LOCK meta key is on
+        const ScrollLockOn = input_bindgen::AMETA_SCROLL_LOCK_ON;
+    }
+}
+
+/// A rust enum representation of a Keyboard type.
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum KeyboardType {
+    /// KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE
+    None = input_bindgen::AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NONE,
+    /// KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC
+    NonAlphabetic = input_bindgen::AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC,
+    /// KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC
+    Alphabetic = input_bindgen::AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC,
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::input::SourceClass;
diff --git a/libs/input/rust/keyboard_classifier.rs b/libs/input/rust/keyboard_classifier.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1063fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/input/rust/keyboard_classifier.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Contains the KeyboardClassifier, that tries to identify whether an Input device is an
+//! alphabetic or non-alphabetic keyboard. It also tracks the KeyEvents produced by the device
+//! in order to verify/change the inferred keyboard type.
+//!
+//! Initial classification:
+//! - If DeviceClass includes Dpad, Touch, Cursor, MultiTouch, ExternalStylus, Touchpad, Dpad,
+//!   Gamepad, Switch, Joystick, RotaryEncoder => KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic
+//! - Otherwise if DeviceClass has Keyboard and not AlphabeticKey => KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic
+//! - Otherwise if DeviceClass has both Keyboard and AlphabeticKey => KeyboardType::Alphabetic
+//!
+//! On process keys:
+//! - If KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic and we receive alphabetic key event, then change type to
+//!   KeyboardType::Alphabetic. Once changed, no further changes. (i.e. verified = true)
+//! - TODO(b/263559234): If KeyboardType::Alphabetic and we don't receive any alphabetic key event
+//!    across multiple device connections in a time period, then change type to
+//!    KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic. Once changed, it can still change back to Alphabetic
+//!    (i.e. verified = false).
+//!
+//! TODO(b/263559234): Data store implementation to store information about past classification
+
+use crate::input::{DeviceId, InputDevice, KeyboardType};
+use crate::{DeviceClass, ModifierState};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+/// The KeyboardClassifier is used to classify a keyboard device into non-keyboard, alphabetic
+/// keyboard or non-alphabetic keyboard
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct KeyboardClassifier {
+    device_map: HashMap<DeviceId, KeyboardInfo>,
+}
+
+struct KeyboardInfo {
+    _device: InputDevice,
+    keyboard_type: KeyboardType,
+    is_finalized: bool,
+}
+
+impl KeyboardClassifier {
+    /// Create a new KeyboardClassifier
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds keyboard to KeyboardClassifier
+    pub fn notify_keyboard_changed(&mut self, device: InputDevice) {
+        let (keyboard_type, is_finalized) = self.classify_keyboard(&device);
+        self.device_map.insert(
+            device.device_id,
+            KeyboardInfo { _device: device, keyboard_type, is_finalized },
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Get keyboard type for a tracked keyboard in KeyboardClassifier
+    pub fn get_keyboard_type(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> KeyboardType {
+        return if let Some(keyboard) = self.device_map.get(&device_id) {
+            keyboard.keyboard_type
+        } else {
+            KeyboardType::None
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Tells if keyboard type classification is finalized. Once finalized the classification can't
+    /// change until device is reconnected again.
+    ///
+    /// Finalized devices are either "alphabetic" keyboards or keyboards in blocklist or
+    /// allowlist that are explicitly categorized and won't change with future key events
+    pub fn is_finalized(&self, device_id: DeviceId) -> bool {
+        return if let Some(keyboard) = self.device_map.get(&device_id) {
+            keyboard.is_finalized
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Process a key event and change keyboard type if required.
+    /// - If any key event occurs, the keyboard type will change from None to NonAlphabetic
+    /// - If an alphabetic key occurs, the keyboard type will change to Alphabetic
+    pub fn process_key(
+        &mut self,
+        device_id: DeviceId,
+        evdev_code: i32,
+        modifier_state: ModifierState,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(keyboard) = self.device_map.get_mut(&device_id) {
+            // Ignore all key events with modifier state since they can be macro shortcuts used by
+            // some non-keyboard peripherals like TV remotes, game controllers, etc.
+            if modifier_state.bits() != 0 {
+                return;
+            }
+            if Self::is_alphabetic_key(&evdev_code) {
+                keyboard.keyboard_type = KeyboardType::Alphabetic;
+                keyboard.is_finalized = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn classify_keyboard(&self, device: &InputDevice) -> (KeyboardType, bool) {
+        // This should never happen but having keyboard device class is necessary to be classified
+        // as any type of keyboard.
+        if !device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Keyboard) {
+            return (KeyboardType::None, true);
+        }
+        // Normal classification for internal and virtual keyboards
+        if !device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::External)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Virtual)
+        {
+            return if device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey) {
+                (KeyboardType::Alphabetic, true)
+            } else {
+                (KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic, true)
+            };
+        }
+        // Any composite device with multiple device classes should be categorized as non-alphabetic
+        // keyboard initially
+        if device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Touch)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Cursor)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::MultiTouch)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::ExternalStylus)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Touchpad)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Dpad)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Gamepad)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Switch)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::Joystick)
+            || device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::RotaryEncoder)
+        {
+            // If categorized as NonAlphabetic and no device class AlphabeticKey reported by the
+            // kernel, we no longer need to process key events to verify.
+            return (
+                KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic,
+                !device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey),
+            );
+        }
+        // Only devices with "Keyboard" and "AlphabeticKey" should be classified as full keyboard
+        if device.classes.contains(DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey) {
+            (KeyboardType::Alphabetic, true)
+        } else {
+            // If categorized as NonAlphabetic and no device class AlphabeticKey reported by the
+            // kernel, we no longer need to process key events to verify.
+            (KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic, true)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_alphabetic_key(evdev_code: &i32) -> bool {
+        // Keyboard alphabetic row 1 (Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ])
+        (16..=27).contains(evdev_code)
+            // Keyboard alphabetic row 2 (A S D F G H J K L ; ' `)
+            || (30..=41).contains(evdev_code)
+            // Keyboard alphabetic row 3 (\ Z X C V B N M , . /)
+            || (43..=53).contains(evdev_code)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input::{DeviceId, InputDevice, KeyboardType};
+    use crate::keyboard_classifier::KeyboardClassifier;
+    use crate::{DeviceClass, ModifierState, RustInputDeviceIdentifier};
+
+    static DEVICE_ID: DeviceId = DeviceId(1);
+    static KEY_A: i32 = 30;
+    static KEY_1: i32 = 2;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_external_alphabetic_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::Alphabetic);
+        assert!(classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_external_non_alphabetic_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier
+            .notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(DeviceClass::Keyboard | DeviceClass::External));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_mouse_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Cursor
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_touchpad_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Touchpad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_stylus_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::ExternalStylus
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_dpad_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Dpad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_joystick_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Joystick
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classify_gamepad_pretending_as_keyboard() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Gamepad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reclassify_keyboard_on_alphabetic_key_event() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Dpad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+
+        // on alphabetic key event
+        classifier.process_key(DEVICE_ID, KEY_A, ModifierState::None);
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::Alphabetic);
+        assert!(classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dont_reclassify_keyboard_on_non_alphabetic_key_event() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Dpad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+
+        // on number key event
+        classifier.process_key(DEVICE_ID, KEY_1, ModifierState::None);
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dont_reclassify_keyboard_on_alphabetic_key_event_with_modifiers() {
+        let mut classifier = KeyboardClassifier::new();
+        classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(create_device(
+            DeviceClass::Keyboard
+                | DeviceClass::Dpad
+                | DeviceClass::AlphabeticKey
+                | DeviceClass::External,
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+
+        classifier.process_key(DEVICE_ID, KEY_A, ModifierState::CtrlOn);
+        assert_eq!(classifier.get_keyboard_type(DEVICE_ID), KeyboardType::NonAlphabetic);
+        assert!(!classifier.is_finalized(DEVICE_ID));
+    }
+
+    fn create_device(classes: DeviceClass) -> InputDevice {
+        InputDevice {
+            device_id: DEVICE_ID,
+            identifier: RustInputDeviceIdentifier {
+                name: "test_device".to_string(),
+                location: "location".to_string(),
+                unique_id: "unique_id".to_string(),
+                bus: 123,
+                vendor: 234,
+                product: 345,
+                version: 567,
+                descriptor: "descriptor".to_string(),
+            },
+            classes,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/input/rust/lib.rs b/libs/input/rust/lib.rs
index fb3f520..5010475 100644
--- a/libs/input/rust/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/input/rust/lib.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,13 @@
 
 mod input;
 mod input_verifier;
+mod keyboard_classifier;
 
-pub use input::{DeviceId, MotionAction, MotionFlags, Source};
+pub use input::{
+    DeviceClass, DeviceId, InputDevice, ModifierState, MotionAction, MotionFlags, Source,
+};
 pub use input_verifier::InputVerifier;
+pub use keyboard_classifier::KeyboardClassifier;
 
 #[cxx::bridge(namespace = "android::input")]
 #[allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
@@ -47,7 +51,8 @@
         /// }
         /// ```
         type InputVerifier;
-        fn create(name: String) -> Box<InputVerifier>;
+        #[cxx_name = create]
+        fn create_input_verifier(name: String) -> Box<InputVerifier>;
         fn process_movement(
             verifier: &mut InputVerifier,
             device_id: i32,
@@ -59,15 +64,53 @@
         fn reset_device(verifier: &mut InputVerifier, device_id: i32);
     }
 
+    #[namespace = "android::input::keyboardClassifier"]
+    extern "Rust" {
+        /// Used to classify a keyboard into alphabetic and non-alphabetic
+        type KeyboardClassifier;
+        #[cxx_name = create]
+        fn create_keyboard_classifier() -> Box<KeyboardClassifier>;
+        #[cxx_name = notifyKeyboardChanged]
+        fn notify_keyboard_changed(
+            classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier,
+            device_id: i32,
+            identifier: RustInputDeviceIdentifier,
+            device_classes: u32,
+        );
+        #[cxx_name = getKeyboardType]
+        fn get_keyboard_type(classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier, device_id: i32) -> u32;
+        #[cxx_name = isFinalized]
+        fn is_finalized(classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier, device_id: i32) -> bool;
+        #[cxx_name = processKey]
+        fn process_key(
+            classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier,
+            device_id: i32,
+            evdev_code: i32,
+            modifier_state: u32,
+        );
+    }
+
     #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
     pub struct RustPointerProperties {
         pub id: i32,
     }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct RustInputDeviceIdentifier {
+        pub name: String,
+        pub location: String,
+        pub unique_id: String,
+        pub bus: u16,
+        pub vendor: u16,
+        pub product: u16,
+        pub version: u16,
+        pub descriptor: String,
+    }
 }
 
-use crate::ffi::RustPointerProperties;
+use crate::ffi::{RustInputDeviceIdentifier, RustPointerProperties};
 
-fn create(name: String) -> Box<InputVerifier> {
+fn create_input_verifier(name: String) -> Box<InputVerifier> {
     Box::new(InputVerifier::new(&name, ffi::shouldLog("InputVerifierLogEvents")))
 }
 
@@ -103,3 +146,53 @@
 fn reset_device(verifier: &mut InputVerifier, device_id: i32) {
     verifier.reset_device(DeviceId(device_id));
 }
+
+fn create_keyboard_classifier() -> Box<KeyboardClassifier> {
+    Box::new(KeyboardClassifier::new())
+}
+
+fn notify_keyboard_changed(
+    classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier,
+    device_id: i32,
+    identifier: RustInputDeviceIdentifier,
+    device_classes: u32,
+) {
+    let classes = DeviceClass::from_bits(device_classes);
+    if classes.is_none() {
+        panic!(
+            "The conversion of device class 0x{:08x} failed, please check if some device classes
+             have not been added to DeviceClass.",
+            device_classes
+        );
+    }
+    classifier.notify_keyboard_changed(InputDevice {
+        device_id: DeviceId(device_id),
+        identifier,
+        classes: classes.unwrap(),
+    });
+}
+
+fn get_keyboard_type(classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier, device_id: i32) -> u32 {
+    classifier.get_keyboard_type(DeviceId(device_id)) as u32
+}
+
+fn is_finalized(classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier, device_id: i32) -> bool {
+    classifier.is_finalized(DeviceId(device_id))
+}
+
+fn process_key(
+    classifier: &mut KeyboardClassifier,
+    device_id: i32,
+    evdev_code: i32,
+    meta_state: u32,
+) {
+    let modifier_state = ModifierState::from_bits(meta_state);
+    if modifier_state.is_none() {
+        panic!(
+            "The conversion of meta state 0x{:08x} failed, please check if some meta state
+             have not been added to ModifierState.",
+            meta_state
+        );
+    }
+    classifier.process_key(DeviceId(device_id), evdev_code, modifier_state.unwrap());
+}
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
index 476b5cf..3717f49 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
@@ -26,23 +26,39 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+namespace {
+
 // Default display id.
-static constexpr ui::LogicalDisplayId DISPLAY_ID = ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT;
+constexpr ui::LogicalDisplayId DISPLAY_ID = ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT;
 
-static constexpr float EPSILON = MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION;
+constexpr float EPSILON = MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION;
 
-static constexpr auto POINTER_0_DOWN =
+constexpr auto POINTER_0_DOWN =
         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (0 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 
-static constexpr auto POINTER_1_DOWN =
+constexpr auto POINTER_1_DOWN =
         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 
-static constexpr auto POINTER_0_UP =
+constexpr auto POINTER_0_UP =
         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP | (0 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 
-static constexpr auto POINTER_1_UP =
+constexpr auto POINTER_1_UP =
         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 
+std::array<float, 9> asFloat9(const ui::Transform& t) {
+    std::array<float, 9> mat{};
+    mat[0] = t[0][0];
+    mat[1] = t[1][0];
+    mat[2] = t[2][0];
+    mat[3] = t[0][1];
+    mat[4] = t[1][1];
+    mat[5] = t[2][1];
+    mat[6] = t[0][2];
+    mat[7] = t[1][2];
+    mat[8] = t[2][2];
+    return mat;
+}
+
 class BaseTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     static constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 32> HMAC = {0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,
@@ -50,6 +66,8 @@
                                                      22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31};
 };
 
+} // namespace
+
 // --- PointerCoordsTest ---
 
 class PointerCoordsTest : public BaseTest {
@@ -344,13 +362,15 @@
 }
 
 void MotionEventTest::initializeEventWithHistory(MotionEvent* event) {
+    const int32_t flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION;
     event->initialize(mId, 2, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID, HMAC,
-                      AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED,
-                      AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, AMETA_ALT_ON, AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
-                      MotionClassification::NONE, mTransform, 2.0f, 2.1f,
-                      AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
-                      mRawTransform, ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME, ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME, 2,
-                      mPointerProperties, mSamples[0].pointerCoords);
+                      AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, flags, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP,
+                      AMETA_ALT_ON, AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY, MotionClassification::NONE,
+                      mTransform, 2.0f, 2.1f, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
+                      AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, mRawTransform, ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME,
+                      ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME, 2, mPointerProperties, mSamples[0].pointerCoords);
     event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 1, mSamples[1].pointerCoords);
     event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 2, mSamples[2].pointerCoords);
 }
@@ -364,7 +384,10 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, event->getDisplayId());
     EXPECT_EQ(HMAC, event->getHmac());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, event->getAction());
-    ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED, event->getFlags());
+    ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+                      AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+                      AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION,
+              event->getFlags());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, event->getEdgeFlags());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_ALT_ON, event->getMetaState());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY, event->getButtonState());
@@ -799,8 +822,10 @@
     }
     MotionEvent event;
     ui::Transform identityTransform;
+    const int32_t flags = AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION;
     event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
-                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0,
+                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, /*actionButton=*/0, flags,
                      AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0,
                      MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, /*xPrecision=*/0,
                      /*yPrecision=*/0, /*xCursorPosition=*/3 + RADIUS, /*yCursorPosition=*/2,
@@ -1087,4 +1112,90 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.y, event.getYCursorPosition());
 }
 
+TEST_F(MotionEventTest, InvalidOrientationNotRotated) {
+    // This touch event does not have a value for AXIS_ORIENTATION, and the flags are implicitly
+    // set to 0. The transform is set to a 90-degree rotation.
+    MotionEvent event = MotionEventBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                .downTime(ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME)
+                                .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/4, ToolType::FINGER).x(4).y(4))
+                                .transform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100))
+                                .rawTransform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::FLIP_H, 50, 50))
+                                .build();
+    ASSERT_EQ(event.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f);
+    event.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(event.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f);
+    event.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_180, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(event.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f);
+    event.applyTransform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_270, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(event.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MotionEventTest, ValidZeroOrientationRotated) {
+    // This touch events will implicitly have a value of 0 for its AXIS_ORIENTATION.
+    auto builder = MotionEventBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .downTime(ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/4, ToolType::FINGER).x(4).y(4))
+                           .transform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100))
+                           .rawTransform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::FLIP_H, 50, 50))
+                           .addFlag(AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION);
+    MotionEvent nonDirectionalEvent = builder.build();
+    MotionEvent directionalEvent =
+            builder.addFlag(AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION).build();
+
+    // The angle is rotated by the initial transform, a 90-degree rotation.
+    ASSERT_NEAR(fabs(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0)), M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(fabs(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0)), M_PI, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_180, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_180, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), 0.f, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.applyTransform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_270, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.applyTransform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_270, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(fabs(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0)), M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), -M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MotionEventTest, ValidNonZeroOrientationRotated) {
+    const float initial = 1.f;
+    auto builder = MotionEventBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .downTime(ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/4, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                            .x(4)
+                                            .y(4)
+                                            .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, initial))
+                           .transform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100))
+                           .rawTransform(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::FLIP_H, 50, 50))
+                           .addFlag(AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION);
+
+    MotionEvent nonDirectionalEvent = builder.build();
+    MotionEvent directionalEvent =
+            builder.addFlag(AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION).build();
+
+    // The angle is rotated by the initial transform, a 90-degree rotation.
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial - M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial + M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_90, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial - M_PI, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_180, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.transform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_180, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial, EPSILON);
+
+    nonDirectionalEvent.applyTransform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_270, 100, 100)));
+    directionalEvent.applyTransform(asFloat9(ui::Transform(ui::Transform::ROT_270, 100, 100)));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(nonDirectionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial - M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(directionalEvent.getOrientation(/*pointerIndex=*/0), initial - M_PI_2, EPSILON);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumerNoResampling_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumerNoResampling_test.cpp
index 70529bb..f49469c 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumerNoResampling_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumerNoResampling_test.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@
     hmac = {0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
             16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31};
 
-    flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+    flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION;
     if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
         flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED;
     }
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
index 48512f7..e65a919 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@
     hmac = {0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
             16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31};
 
-    flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+    flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+            AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION;
     if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
         flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED;
     }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
index 757d935..4a04467 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
         "libshaders",
         "libtonemap",
         "libsurfaceflinger_common",
+        "libsurfaceflingerflags",
     ],
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
index 1c60563..bc3976d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -22,24 +22,49 @@
 #include "skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h"
 #include "threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h"
 
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+#if COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS(GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE) || \
+        COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS(FORCE_COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE)
+#define COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE 1
+#else
+#define COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE 0
+#endif
+
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
 
 std::unique_ptr<RenderEngine> RenderEngine::create(const RenderEngineCreationArgs& args) {
     threaded::CreateInstanceFactory createInstanceFactory;
 
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+#if COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE
+    const RenderEngine::SkiaBackend actualSkiaBackend = args.skiaBackend;
+#else
+    if (args.skiaBackend == RenderEngine::SkiaBackend::GRAPHITE) {
+        ALOGE("RenderEngine with Graphite Skia backend was requested, but Graphite was not "
+              "included in the build. Falling back to Ganesh (%s)",
+              args.graphicsApi == RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::GL ? "GL" : "Vulkan");
+    }
+    const RenderEngine::SkiaBackend actualSkiaBackend = RenderEngine::SkiaBackend::GANESH;
+#endif
+
     ALOGD("%sRenderEngine with %s Backend (%s)", args.threaded == Threaded::YES ? "Threaded " : "",
           args.graphicsApi == GraphicsApi::GL ? "SkiaGL" : "SkiaVK",
-          args.skiaBackend == SkiaBackend::GANESH ? "Ganesh" : "Graphite");
+          actualSkiaBackend == SkiaBackend::GANESH ? "Ganesh" : "Graphite");
 
-    if (args.skiaBackend == SkiaBackend::GRAPHITE) {
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+#if COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE
+    if (actualSkiaBackend == SkiaBackend::GRAPHITE) {
         createInstanceFactory = [args]() {
             return android::renderengine::skia::GraphiteVkRenderEngine::create(args);
         };
-    } else { // GANESH
+    } else
+#endif
+    { // GANESH
         if (args.graphicsApi == GraphicsApi::VK) {
             createInstanceFactory = [args]() {
                 return android::renderengine::skia::GaneshVkRenderEngine::create(args);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/Android.bp b/libs/renderengine/tests/Android.bp
index 0eea187..0783714 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/Android.bp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
         "libshaders",
         "libtonemap",
         "libsurfaceflinger_common",
+        "libsurfaceflingerflags",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "libtonemap_headers",
@@ -64,5 +65,6 @@
         "libui",
         "libutils",
         "server_configurable_flags",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
index 4dcaff9..a8a9823 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
 
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
@@ -41,6 +42,14 @@
 #include "../skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.h"
 #include "../threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h"
 
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+#if COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS(GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE) || \
+        COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS(FORCE_COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE)
+#define COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE 1
+#else
+#define COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE 0
+#endif
+
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 128;
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 256;
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_OFFSET = 64;
@@ -152,6 +161,8 @@
     }
 };
 
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+#if COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE
 class GraphiteVkRenderEngineFactory : public RenderEngineFactory {
 public:
     std::string name() override { return "GraphiteVkRenderEngineFactory"; }
@@ -164,6 +175,7 @@
         return renderengine::RenderEngine::SkiaBackend::GRAPHITE;
     }
 };
+#endif
 
 class RenderEngineTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::shared_ptr<RenderEngineFactory>> {
 public:
@@ -1497,10 +1509,15 @@
     expectBufferColor(Rect(kGreyLevels, 1), generator, 2);
 }
 
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(PerRenderEngineType, RenderEngineTest,
                          testing::Values(std::make_shared<SkiaGLESRenderEngineFactory>(),
-                                         std::make_shared<GaneshVkRenderEngineFactory>(),
-                                         std::make_shared<GraphiteVkRenderEngineFactory>()));
+                                         std::make_shared<GaneshVkRenderEngineFactory>()
+#if COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE
+                                                 ,
+                                         std::make_shared<GraphiteVkRenderEngineFactory>()
+#endif
+                                                 ));
 
 TEST_P(RenderEngineTest, drawLayers_noLayersToDraw) {
     if (!GetParam()->apiSupported()) {
diff --git a/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig b/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig
index c511f4a..cbf3055 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig
+++ b/libs/sensor/libsensor_flags.aconfig
@@ -8,3 +8,10 @@
   bug: "322228259"
   is_fixed_read_only: true
 }
+
+flag {
+  name: "sensor_event_queue_report_sensor_usage_in_tracing"
+  namespace: "sensors"
+  description: "When this flag is enabled, sensor event queue will report sensor usage when system trace is enabled."
+  bug: "333132224"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
index 7d3a2df..00dd6ba 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #endif
+#include <input/Keyboard.h>
 #include <input/PrintTools.h>
 #include <unordered_set>
 
@@ -137,6 +138,7 @@
         mNotifiedPointerDisplayId(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID),
         mShowTouchesEnabled(false),
         mStylusPointerIconEnabled(false),
+        mCurrentFocusedDisplay(ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT),
         mRegisterListener(registerListener),
         mUnregisterListener(unregisterListener) {}
 
@@ -168,6 +170,7 @@
 }
 
 void PointerChoreographer::notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs& args) {
+    fadeMouseCursorOnKeyPress(args);
     mNextListener.notify(args);
 }
 
@@ -177,6 +180,32 @@
     mNextListener.notify(newArgs);
 }
 
+void PointerChoreographer::fadeMouseCursorOnKeyPress(const android::NotifyKeyArgs& args) {
+    if (args.action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP || isMetaKey(args.keyCode)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Meta state for these keys is ignored for dismissing cursor while typing
+    constexpr static int32_t ALLOW_FADING_META_STATE_MASK = AMETA_CAPS_LOCK_ON | AMETA_NUM_LOCK_ON |
+            AMETA_SCROLL_LOCK_ON | AMETA_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | AMETA_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON | AMETA_SHIFT_ON;
+    if (args.metaState & ~ALLOW_FADING_META_STATE_MASK) {
+        // Do not fade if any other meta state is active
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!mPolicy.isInputMethodConnectionActive()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+    ui::LogicalDisplayId targetDisplay = args.displayId;
+    if (targetDisplay == ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID) {
+        targetDisplay = mCurrentFocusedDisplay;
+    }
+    auto it = mMousePointersByDisplay.find(targetDisplay);
+    if (it != mMousePointersByDisplay.end()) {
+        it->second->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::GRADUAL);
+    }
+}
+
 NotifyMotionArgs PointerChoreographer::processMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
@@ -806,6 +835,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+void PointerChoreographer::setFocusedDisplay(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+    mCurrentFocusedDisplay = displayId;
+}
+
 PointerChoreographer::ControllerConstructor PointerChoreographer::getMouseControllerConstructor(
         ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) {
     std::function<std::shared_ptr<PointerControllerInterface>()> ctor =
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
index d9b075f..aaf1e3e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@
     virtual void setPointerIconVisibility(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId, bool visible) = 0;
 
     /**
+     * Used by Dispatcher to notify changes in the current focused display.
+     */
+    virtual void setFocusedDisplay(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) = 0;
+
+    /**
      * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager on a binder thread).
      */
     virtual void dump(std::string& dump) = 0;
@@ -97,6 +102,7 @@
     bool setPointerIcon(std::variant<std::unique_ptr<SpriteIcon>, PointerIconStyle> icon,
                         ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId, DeviceId deviceId) override;
     void setPointerIconVisibility(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId, bool visible) override;
+    void setFocusedDisplay(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) override;
 
     void notifyInputDevicesChanged(const NotifyInputDevicesChangedArgs& args) override;
     void notifyConfigurationChanged(const NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs& args) override;
@@ -124,6 +130,7 @@
     InputDeviceInfo* findInputDeviceLocked(DeviceId deviceId) REQUIRES(mLock);
     bool canUnfadeOnDisplay(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
+    void fadeMouseCursorOnKeyPress(const NotifyKeyArgs& args);
     NotifyMotionArgs processMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args);
     NotifyMotionArgs processMouseEventLocked(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) REQUIRES(mLock);
     NotifyMotionArgs processTouchpadEventLocked(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) REQUIRES(mLock);
@@ -192,6 +199,7 @@
     bool mShowTouchesEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mStylusPointerIconEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::set<ui::LogicalDisplayId /*displayId*/> mDisplaysWithPointersHidden;
+    ui::LogicalDisplayId mCurrentFocusedDisplay GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
 protected:
     using WindowListenerRegisterConsumer = std::function<std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>(
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
index 29aa3c3..1a0ec48 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libinputdispatcher_defaults",
-    srcs: [":libinputdispatcher_sources"],
+    srcs: [
+        ":libinputdispatcher_sources",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
@@ -78,6 +80,7 @@
         "libattestation",
         "libgui_window_info_static",
         "libperfetto_client_experimental",
+        "perfetto_winscope_extensions_zero",
     ],
     target: {
         android: {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 9b97629..47c2889 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -444,10 +444,12 @@
             newCoords.copyFrom(motionEntry.pointerCoords[i]);
             // First, apply the current pointer's transform to update the coordinates into
             // window space.
-            newCoords.transform(currTransform);
+            MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(newCoords, motionEntry.source,
+                                                           motionEntry.flags, currTransform);
             // Next, apply the inverse transform of the normalized coordinates so the
             // current coordinates are transformed into the normalized coordinate space.
-            newCoords.transform(inverseTransform);
+            MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoordsInPlace(newCoords, motionEntry.source,
+                                                           motionEntry.flags, inverseTransform);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1894,8 +1896,6 @@
                 doInterceptKeyBeforeDispatchingCommand(focusedWindowToken, *entry);
             };
             postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
-            // Poke user activity for keys not passed to user
-            pokeUserActivityLocked(*entry);
             return false; // wait for the command to run
         } else {
             entry->interceptKeyResult = KeyEntry::InterceptKeyResult::CONTINUE;
@@ -1912,8 +1912,12 @@
                            *dropReason == DropReason::POLICY ? InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED
                                                              : InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED);
         mReporter->reportDroppedKey(entry->id);
-        // Poke user activity for undispatched keys
-        pokeUserActivityLocked(*entry);
+        // Poke user activity for consumed keys, as it may have not been reported due to
+        // the focused window requesting user activity to be disabled
+        if (*dropReason == DropReason::POLICY &&
+            mPendingEvent->policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER) {
+            pokeUserActivityLocked(*entry);
+        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -3313,22 +3317,16 @@
             if (keyEntry.flags & AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED) {
                 return;
             }
-            // If the key code is unknown, we don't consider it user activity
-            if (keyEntry.keyCode == AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN) {
-                return;
-            }
             // Don't inhibit events that were intercepted or are not passed to
             // the apps, like system shortcuts
             if (windowDisablingUserActivityInfo != nullptr &&
-                keyEntry.interceptKeyResult != KeyEntry::InterceptKeyResult::SKIP &&
-                keyEntry.policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER) {
+                keyEntry.interceptKeyResult != KeyEntry::InterceptKeyResult::SKIP) {
                 if (DEBUG_DISPATCH_CYCLE) {
                     ALOGD("Not poking user activity: disabled by window '%s'.",
                           windowDisablingUserActivityInfo->name.c_str());
                 }
                 return;
             }
-
             break;
         }
         default: {
@@ -4885,10 +4883,11 @@
 
             mLock.lock();
 
-            if (policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED) {
-                // The events from InputFilter impersonate real hardware devices. Check these
-                // events for consistency and print an error. An inconsistent event sent from
-                // InputFilter could cause a crash in the later stages of dispatching pipeline.
+            {
+                // Verify all injected streams, whether the injection is coming from apps or from
+                // input filter. Print an error if the stream becomes inconsistent with this event.
+                // An inconsistent injected event sent could cause a crash in the later stages of
+                // dispatching pipeline.
                 auto [it, _] =
                         mInputFilterVerifiersByDisplay.try_emplace(displayId,
                                                                    std::string("Injection on ") +
@@ -5132,8 +5131,8 @@
     }
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.getPointerCount(); i++) {
         entry.pointerCoords[i] =
-                MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(entry.source, transformToDisplay,
-                                                        entry.pointerCoords[i]);
+                MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(entry.source, entry.flags,
+                                                        transformToDisplay, entry.pointerCoords[i]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -5527,6 +5526,17 @@
                 synthesizeCancelationEventsForWindowLocked(windowHandle, options);
             }
             mFocusedDisplayId = displayId;
+            // Enqueue a command to run outside the lock to tell the policy that the focused display
+            // changed.
+            auto command = [this]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
+                scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
+                mPolicy.notifyFocusedDisplayChanged(mFocusedDisplayId);
+            };
+            postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
+
+            // Only a window on the focused display can have Pointer Capture, so disable the active
+            // Pointer Capture session if there is one, since the focused display changed.
+            disablePointerCaptureForcedLocked();
 
             // Find new focused window and validate
             sp<IBinder> newFocusedWindowToken = mFocusResolver.getFocusedWindowToken(displayId);
@@ -6928,17 +6938,17 @@
         enqueueFocusEventLocked(changes.newFocus, /*hasFocus=*/true, changes.reason);
     }
 
-    // If a window has pointer capture, then it must have focus. We need to ensure that this
-    // contract is upheld when pointer capture is being disabled due to a loss of window focus.
-    // If the window loses focus before it loses pointer capture, then the window can be in a state
-    // where it has pointer capture but not focus, violating the contract. Therefore we must
-    // dispatch the pointer capture event before the focus event. Since focus events are added to
-    // the front of the queue (above), we add the pointer capture event to the front of the queue
-    // after the focus events are added. This ensures the pointer capture event ends up at the
-    // front.
-    disablePointerCaptureForcedLocked();
-
     if (mFocusedDisplayId == changes.displayId) {
+        // If a window has pointer capture, then it must have focus and must be on the top-focused
+        // display. We need to ensure that this contract is upheld when pointer capture is being
+        // disabled due to a loss of window focus. If the window loses focus before it loses pointer
+        // capture, then the window can be in a state where it has pointer capture but not focus,
+        // violating the contract. Therefore we must dispatch the pointer capture event before the
+        // focus event. Since focus events are added to the front of the queue (above), we add the
+        // pointer capture event to the front of the queue after the focus events are added. This
+        // ensures the pointer capture event ends up at the front.
+        disablePointerCaptureForcedLocked();
+
         sendFocusChangedCommandLocked(changes.oldFocus, changes.newFocus);
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index 0f03620..65fb76d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@
                                       InputDeviceSensorAccuracy accuracy) = 0;
     virtual void notifyVibratorState(int32_t deviceId, bool isOn) = 0;
 
+    /*
+     * Notifies the system that focused display has changed.
+     */
+    virtual void notifyFocusedDisplayChanged(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) = 0;
+
     /* Filters an input event.
      * Return true to dispatch the event unmodified, false to consume the event.
      * A filter can also transform and inject events later by passing POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/AndroidInputEventProtoConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/AndroidInputEventProtoConverter.cpp
index 2d7554c..0b17507 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/AndroidInputEventProtoConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/AndroidInputEventProtoConverter.cpp
@@ -123,7 +123,8 @@
 
             const auto& coords = motion->pointerCoords[i];
             const auto coordsInWindow =
-                    MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(motion->source, args.transform, coords);
+                    MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(motion->source, motion->flags,
+                                                            args.transform, coords);
             auto bits = BitSet64(coords.bits);
             for (int32_t axisIndex = 0; !bits.isEmpty(); axisIndex++) {
                 const uint32_t axis = bits.clearFirstMarkedBit();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingPerfettoBackend.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingPerfettoBackend.cpp
index 9b9633a..3d30ad6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingPerfettoBackend.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/trace/InputTracingPerfettoBackend.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <perfetto/trace/android/android_input_event.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions_impl.pbzero.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
@@ -229,7 +231,9 @@
         }
         const bool isRedacted = traceLevel == TraceLevel::TRACE_LEVEL_REDACTED;
         auto tracePacket = ctx.NewTracePacket();
-        auto* inputEvent = tracePacket->set_android_input_event();
+        auto* winscopeExtensions = static_cast<perfetto::protos::pbzero::WinscopeExtensionsImpl*>(
+                tracePacket->set_winscope_extensions());
+        auto* inputEvent = winscopeExtensions->set_android_input_event();
         auto* dispatchMotion = isRedacted ? inputEvent->set_dispatcher_motion_event_redacted()
                                           : inputEvent->set_dispatcher_motion_event();
         AndroidInputEventProtoConverter::toProtoMotionEvent(event, *dispatchMotion, isRedacted);
@@ -253,7 +257,9 @@
         }
         const bool isRedacted = traceLevel == TraceLevel::TRACE_LEVEL_REDACTED;
         auto tracePacket = ctx.NewTracePacket();
-        auto* inputEvent = tracePacket->set_android_input_event();
+        auto* winscopeExtensions = static_cast<perfetto::protos::pbzero::WinscopeExtensionsImpl*>(
+                tracePacket->set_winscope_extensions());
+        auto* inputEvent = winscopeExtensions->set_android_input_event();
         auto* dispatchKey = isRedacted ? inputEvent->set_dispatcher_key_event_redacted()
                                        : inputEvent->set_dispatcher_key_event();
         AndroidInputEventProtoConverter::toProtoKeyEvent(event, *dispatchKey, isRedacted);
@@ -277,7 +283,9 @@
         }
         const bool isRedacted = traceLevel == TraceLevel::TRACE_LEVEL_REDACTED;
         auto tracePacket = ctx.NewTracePacket();
-        auto* inputEvent = tracePacket->set_android_input_event();
+        auto* winscopeExtensions = static_cast<perfetto::protos::pbzero::WinscopeExtensionsImpl*>(
+                tracePacket->set_winscope_extensions());
+        auto* inputEvent = winscopeExtensions->set_android_input_event();
         auto* dispatchEvent = isRedacted
                 ? inputEvent->set_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event_redacted()
                 : inputEvent->set_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/NotifyArgsBuilders.h b/services/inputflinger/include/NotifyArgsBuilders.h
index cae638f..5b94d57 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/NotifyArgsBuilders.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/NotifyArgsBuilders.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <attestation/HmacKeyManager.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputEventBuilders.h>
+#include <input/Keyboard.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h> // for nsecs_t, systemTime
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -206,6 +207,12 @@
         return *this;
     }
 
+    KeyArgsBuilder& metaState(int32_t metaState) {
+        mMetaState |= metaState;
+        mMetaState = normalizeMetaState(/*oldMetaState=*/mMetaState);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
     NotifyKeyArgs build() const {
         return {mEventId,
                 mEventTime,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerChoreographerPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerChoreographerPolicyInterface.h
index f6dc109..7a85c12 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerChoreographerPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerChoreographerPolicyInterface.h
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@
      */
     virtual void notifyPointerDisplayIdChanged(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId,
                                                const FloatPoint& position) = 0;
+
+    /* Returns true if any InputConnection is currently active. */
+    virtual bool isInputMethodConnectionActive() = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
index ba586d7..e76b648 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@
         "libutils",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libc++fs",
         "libchrome-gestures",
         "libui-types",
     ],
@@ -156,7 +155,6 @@
         },
     },
     static_libs: [
-        "libc++fs",
         "libchrome-gestures",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
index b807b27..2daf195 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -237,6 +237,12 @@
     mIsExternal = mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
     mHasMic = mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::MIC);
 
+    // Update keyboard type
+    if (mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD)) {
+        mContext->getKeyboardClassifier().notifyKeyboardChanged(mId, mIdentifier, mClasses.get());
+        mKeyboardType = mContext->getKeyboardClassifier().getKeyboardType(mId);
+    }
+
     using Change = InputReaderConfiguration::Change;
 
     if (!changes.any() || !isIgnored()) {
@@ -403,7 +409,7 @@
             mDropUntilNextSync = true;
         } else {
             for_each_mapper_in_subdevice(rawEvent->deviceId, [&](InputMapper& mapper) {
-                out += mapper.process(rawEvent);
+                out += mapper.process(*rawEvent);
             });
         }
         --count;
@@ -445,6 +451,7 @@
                              mHasMic,
                              getAssociatedDisplayId().value_or(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID),
                              {mShouldSmoothScroll}, isEnabled());
+    outDeviceInfo.setKeyboardType(static_cast<int32_t>(mKeyboardType));
 
     for_each_mapper(
             [&outDeviceInfo](InputMapper& mapper) { mapper.populateDeviceInfo(outDeviceInfo); });
@@ -517,13 +524,9 @@
 
     // Keyboard-like devices.
     uint32_t keyboardSource = 0;
-    int32_t keyboardType = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC;
     if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD)) {
         keyboardSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD;
     }
-    if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY)) {
-        keyboardType = AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC;
-    }
     if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::DPAD)) {
         keyboardSource |= AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD;
     }
@@ -532,8 +535,8 @@
     }
 
     if (keyboardSource != 0) {
-        mappers.push_back(createInputMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(contextPtr, readerConfig,
-                                                                 keyboardSource, keyboardType));
+        mappers.push_back(
+                createInputMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(contextPtr, readerConfig, keyboardSource));
     }
 
     // Cursor-like devices.
@@ -730,6 +733,13 @@
     return mController ? std::make_optional(mController->getEventHubId()) : std::nullopt;
 }
 
+void InputDevice::setKeyboardType(KeyboardType keyboardType) {
+    if (mKeyboardType != keyboardType) {
+        mKeyboardType = keyboardType;
+        bumpGeneration();
+    }
+}
+
 InputDeviceContext::InputDeviceContext(InputDevice& device, int32_t eventHubId)
       : mDevice(device),
         mContext(device.getContext()),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
index b9523ef..ab13ad4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
         mEventHub(eventHub),
         mPolicy(policy),
         mNextListener(listener),
+        mKeyboardClassifier(std::make_unique<KeyboardClassifier>()),
         mGlobalMetaState(AMETA_NONE),
         mLedMetaState(AMETA_NONE),
         mGeneration(1),
@@ -1076,4 +1077,8 @@
     return mIdGenerator.nextId();
 }
 
+KeyboardClassifier& InputReader::ContextImpl::getKeyboardClassifier() {
+    return *mReader->mKeyboardClassifier;
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
index 39d2f5b..7cf584d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
@@ -85,64 +85,67 @@
 
 /*
  * Input device classes.
+ *
+ * These classes are duplicated in rust side here: /frameworks/native/libs/input/rust/input.rs.
+ * If any new classes are added, we need to add them in rust input side too.
  */
 enum class InputDeviceClass : uint32_t {
     /* The input device is a keyboard or has buttons. */
-    KEYBOARD = 0x00000001,
+    KEYBOARD = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_KEYBOARD,
 
     /* The input device is an alpha-numeric keyboard (not just a dial pad). */
-    ALPHAKEY = 0x00000002,
+    ALPHAKEY = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_ALPHAKEY,
 
     /* The input device is a touchscreen or a touchpad (either single-touch or multi-touch). */
-    TOUCH = 0x00000004,
+    TOUCH = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH,
 
     /* The input device is a cursor device such as a trackball or mouse. */
-    CURSOR = 0x00000008,
+    CURSOR = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_CURSOR,
 
     /* The input device is a multi-touch touchscreen or touchpad. */
-    TOUCH_MT = 0x00000010,
+    TOUCH_MT = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCH_MT,
 
     /* The input device is a directional pad (implies keyboard, has DPAD keys). */
-    DPAD = 0x00000020,
+    DPAD = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_DPAD,
 
     /* The input device is a gamepad (implies keyboard, has BUTTON keys). */
-    GAMEPAD = 0x00000040,
+    GAMEPAD = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_GAMEPAD,
 
     /* The input device has switches. */
-    SWITCH = 0x00000080,
+    SWITCH = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_SWITCH,
 
     /* The input device is a joystick (implies gamepad, has joystick absolute axes). */
-    JOYSTICK = 0x00000100,
+    JOYSTICK = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_JOYSTICK,
 
     /* The input device has a vibrator (supports FF_RUMBLE). */
-    VIBRATOR = 0x00000200,
+    VIBRATOR = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_VIBRATOR,
 
     /* The input device has a microphone. */
-    MIC = 0x00000400,
+    MIC = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_MIC,
 
     /* The input device is an external stylus (has data we want to fuse with touch data). */
-    EXTERNAL_STYLUS = 0x00000800,
+    EXTERNAL_STYLUS = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL_STYLUS,
 
     /* The input device has a rotary encoder */
-    ROTARY_ENCODER = 0x00001000,
+    ROTARY_ENCODER = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_ROTARY_ENCODER,
 
     /* The input device has a sensor like accelerometer, gyro, etc */
-    SENSOR = 0x00002000,
+    SENSOR = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_SENSOR,
 
     /* The input device has a battery */
-    BATTERY = 0x00004000,
+    BATTERY = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_BATTERY,
 
     /* The input device has sysfs controllable lights */
-    LIGHT = 0x00008000,
+    LIGHT = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_LIGHT,
 
     /* The input device is a touchpad, requiring an on-screen cursor. */
-    TOUCHPAD = 0x00010000,
+    TOUCHPAD = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_TOUCHPAD,
 
     /* The input device is virtual (not a real device, not part of UI configuration). */
-    VIRTUAL = 0x40000000,
+    VIRTUAL = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_VIRTUAL,
 
     /* The input device is external (not built-in). */
-    EXTERNAL = 0x80000000,
+    EXTERNAL = android::os::IInputConstants::DEVICE_CLASS_EXTERNAL,
 };
 
 enum class SysfsClass : uint32_t {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
index 4c9af2e..2a7e262 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@
 
     inline bool isIgnored() { return !getMapperCount() && !mController; }
 
+    inline KeyboardType getKeyboardType() const { return mKeyboardType; }
+
     bool isEnabled();
 
     void dump(std::string& dump, const std::string& eventHubDevStr);
@@ -124,6 +126,8 @@
 
     void addKeyRemapping(int32_t fromKeyCode, int32_t toKeyCode);
 
+    void setKeyboardType(KeyboardType keyboardType);
+
     void bumpGeneration();
 
     [[nodiscard]] NotifyDeviceResetArgs notifyReset(nsecs_t when);
@@ -196,6 +200,7 @@
     uint32_t mSources;
     bool mIsWaking;
     bool mIsExternal;
+    KeyboardType mKeyboardType = KeyboardType::NONE;
     std::optional<uint8_t> mAssociatedDisplayPort;
     std::optional<std::string> mAssociatedDisplayUniqueIdByPort;
     std::optional<std::string> mAssociatedDisplayUniqueIdByDescriptor;
@@ -470,6 +475,10 @@
     }
     inline void bumpGeneration() { mDevice.bumpGeneration(); }
     inline const PropertyMap& getConfiguration() const { return mDevice.getConfiguration(); }
+    inline KeyboardType getKeyboardType() const { return mDevice.getKeyboardType(); }
+    inline void setKeyboardType(KeyboardType keyboardType) {
+        return mDevice.setKeyboardType(keyboardType);
+    }
 
 private:
     InputDevice& mDevice;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
index 7e701c5..6f8c289 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@
         void setLastKeyDownTimestamp(nsecs_t when) REQUIRES(mReader->mLock)
                 REQUIRES(mLock) override;
         nsecs_t getLastKeyDownTimestamp() REQUIRES(mReader->mLock) REQUIRES(mLock) override;
+        KeyboardClassifier& getKeyboardClassifier() override;
     } mContext;
 
     friend class ContextImpl;
@@ -176,6 +177,10 @@
 
     // The next stage that should receive the events generated inside InputReader.
     InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
+
+    // Classifier for keyboard/keyboard-like devices
+    std::unique_ptr<KeyboardClassifier> mKeyboardClassifier;
+
     // As various events are generated inside InputReader, they are stored inside this list. The
     // list can only be accessed with the lock, so the events inside it are well-ordered.
     // Once the reader is done working, these events will be swapped into a temporary storage and
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReaderContext.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReaderContext.h
index 907a49f..e0e0ac2 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReaderContext.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReaderContext.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
+#include <input/KeyboardClassifier.h>
 #include "NotifyArgs.h"
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -64,6 +65,8 @@
 
     virtual void setLastKeyDownTimestamp(nsecs_t when) = 0;
     virtual nsecs_t getLastKeyDownTimestamp() = 0;
+
+    virtual KeyboardClassifier& getKeyboardClassifier() = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
index 90de745..20cdb59 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -215,16 +215,16 @@
     return InputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> CursorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> CursorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    mCursorButtonAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    mCursorMotionAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+    mCursorButtonAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    mCursorMotionAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
-    if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
+    if (rawEvent.type == EV_SYN && rawEvent.code == SYN_REPORT) {
         const auto [eventTime, readTime] =
                 applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier(),
-                                                   rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime,
+                                                   rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime,
                                                    mLastEventTime);
         out += sync(eventTime, readTime);
         mLastEventTime = eventTime;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
index 5bde32b..2108488 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& readerConfig,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
     virtual int32_t getScanCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t scanCode) override;
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.cpp
index 7f7e0dd..3af1d04 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.cpp
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@
     return InputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> ExternalStylusInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> ExternalStylusInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    mSingleTouchMotionAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    mTouchButtonAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+    mSingleTouchMotionAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    mTouchButtonAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
-    if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-        out += sync(rawEvent->when);
+    if (rawEvent.type == EV_SYN && rawEvent.code == SYN_REPORT) {
+        out += sync(rawEvent.when);
     }
     return out;
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.h
index 97df02b..c040a7b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/ExternalStylusInputMapper.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
 private:
     SingleTouchMotionAccumulator mSingleTouchMotionAccumulator;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/InputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/InputMapper.h
index c7eea0e..2c51448 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/InputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/InputMapper.h
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
                                                             const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                             ConfigurationChanges changes);
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when);
-    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) = 0;
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) = 0;
     [[nodiscard]] virtual std::list<NotifyArgs> timeoutExpired(nsecs_t when);
 
     virtual int32_t getKeyCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t keyCode);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
index 5ce4d30..41e018d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.cpp
@@ -259,29 +259,29 @@
     return InputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> JoystickInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> JoystickInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    switch (rawEvent->type) {
+    switch (rawEvent.type) {
         case EV_ABS: {
-            auto it = mAxes.find(rawEvent->code);
+            auto it = mAxes.find(rawEvent.code);
             if (it != mAxes.end()) {
                 Axis& axis = it->second;
                 float newValue, highNewValue;
                 switch (axis.axisInfo.mode) {
                     case AxisInfo::MODE_INVERT:
-                        newValue = (axis.rawAxisInfo.maxValue - rawEvent->value) * axis.scale +
+                        newValue = (axis.rawAxisInfo.maxValue - rawEvent.value) * axis.scale +
                                 axis.offset;
                         highNewValue = 0.0f;
                         break;
                     case AxisInfo::MODE_SPLIT:
-                        if (rawEvent->value < axis.axisInfo.splitValue) {
-                            newValue = (axis.axisInfo.splitValue - rawEvent->value) * axis.scale +
+                        if (rawEvent.value < axis.axisInfo.splitValue) {
+                            newValue = (axis.axisInfo.splitValue - rawEvent.value) * axis.scale +
                                     axis.offset;
                             highNewValue = 0.0f;
-                        } else if (rawEvent->value > axis.axisInfo.splitValue) {
+                        } else if (rawEvent.value > axis.axisInfo.splitValue) {
                             newValue = 0.0f;
                             highNewValue =
-                                    (rawEvent->value - axis.axisInfo.splitValue) * axis.highScale +
+                                    (rawEvent.value - axis.axisInfo.splitValue) * axis.highScale +
                                     axis.highOffset;
                         } else {
                             newValue = 0.0f;
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
                         }
                         break;
                     default:
-                        newValue = rawEvent->value * axis.scale + axis.offset;
+                        newValue = rawEvent.value * axis.scale + axis.offset;
                         highNewValue = 0.0f;
                         break;
                 }
@@ -300,9 +300,9 @@
         }
 
         case EV_SYN:
-            switch (rawEvent->code) {
+            switch (rawEvent.code) {
                 case SYN_REPORT:
-                    out += sync(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime, /*force=*/false);
+                    out += sync(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime, /*force=*/false);
                     break;
             }
             break;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.h
index 313f092..621d38b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/JoystickInputMapper.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
 private:
     struct Axis {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
index 2124555..25f4893 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "KeyboardInputMapper.h"
 
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
+#include <input/KeyboardClassifier.h>
 #include <ui/Rotation.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -96,8 +97,8 @@
 
 KeyboardInputMapper::KeyboardInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext,
                                          const InputReaderConfiguration& readerConfig,
-                                         uint32_t source, int32_t keyboardType)
-      : InputMapper(deviceContext, readerConfig), mSource(source), mKeyboardType(keyboardType) {}
+                                         uint32_t source)
+      : InputMapper(deviceContext, readerConfig), mSource(source) {}
 
 uint32_t KeyboardInputMapper::getSources() const {
     return mSource;
@@ -131,7 +132,6 @@
 void KeyboardInputMapper::populateDeviceInfo(InputDeviceInfo& info) {
     InputMapper::populateDeviceInfo(info);
 
-    info.setKeyboardType(mKeyboardType);
     info.setKeyCharacterMap(getDeviceContext().getKeyCharacterMap());
 
     std::optional keyboardLayoutInfo = getKeyboardLayoutInfo();
@@ -143,7 +143,6 @@
 void KeyboardInputMapper::dump(std::string& dump) {
     dump += INDENT2 "Keyboard Input Mapper:\n";
     dumpParameters(dump);
-    dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "KeyboardType: %d\n", mKeyboardType);
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "Orientation: %s\n", ftl::enum_string(getOrientation()).c_str());
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "KeyDowns: %zu keys currently down\n", mKeyDowns.size());
     dump += StringPrintf(INDENT3 "MetaState: 0x%0x\n", mMetaState);
@@ -237,15 +236,15 @@
     return out;
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> KeyboardInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> KeyboardInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    mHidUsageAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    switch (rawEvent->type) {
+    mHidUsageAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    switch (rawEvent.type) {
         case EV_KEY: {
-            int32_t scanCode = rawEvent->code;
+            int32_t scanCode = rawEvent.code;
 
             if (isSupportedScanCode(scanCode)) {
-                out += processKey(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime, rawEvent->value != 0,
+                out += processKey(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime, rawEvent.value != 0,
                                   scanCode, mHidUsageAccumulator.consumeCurrentHidUsage());
             }
             break;
@@ -327,13 +326,24 @@
         keyMetaState = mMetaState;
     }
 
+    DeviceId deviceId = getDeviceId();
+
+    // On first down: Process key for keyboard classification (will send reconfiguration if the
+    // keyboard type change)
+    if (down && !keyDownIndex) {
+        KeyboardClassifier& classifier = getDeviceContext().getContext()->getKeyboardClassifier();
+        classifier.processKey(deviceId, scanCode, keyMetaState);
+        getDeviceContext().setKeyboardType(classifier.getKeyboardType(deviceId));
+    }
+
+    KeyboardType keyboardType = getDeviceContext().getKeyboardType();
     // Any key down on an external keyboard should wake the device.
     // We don't do this for internal keyboards to prevent them from waking up in your pocket.
     // For internal keyboards and devices for which the default wake behavior is explicitly
     // prevented (e.g. TV remotes), the key layout file should specify the policy flags for each
     // wake key individually.
     if (down && getDeviceContext().isExternal() && !mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault &&
-        !(mKeyboardType != AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC && isMediaKey(keyCode))) {
+        !(keyboardType != KeyboardType::ALPHABETIC && isMediaKey(keyCode))) {
         policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_WAKE;
     }
 
@@ -341,8 +351,8 @@
         policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_DISABLE_KEY_REPEAT;
     }
 
-    out.emplace_back(NotifyKeyArgs(getContext()->getNextId(), when, readTime, getDeviceId(),
-                                   mSource, getDisplayId(), policyFlags,
+    out.emplace_back(NotifyKeyArgs(getContext()->getNextId(), when, readTime, deviceId, mSource,
+                                   getDisplayId(), policyFlags,
                                    down ? AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN : AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, flags,
                                    keyCode, scanCode, keyMetaState, downTime));
     return out;
@@ -483,7 +493,6 @@
 void KeyboardInputMapper::onKeyDownProcessed(nsecs_t downTime) {
     InputReaderContext& context = *getContext();
     context.setLastKeyDownTimestamp(downTime);
-    // TODO(b/338652288): Move cursor fading logic into PointerChoreographer.
     // Ignore meta keys or multiple simultaneous down keys as they are likely to be keyboard
     // shortcuts
     bool shouldHideCursor = mKeyDowns.size() == 1 && !isMetaKey(mKeyDowns[0].keyCode);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.h
index f2d3f4d..c7df558 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
     int32_t getKeyCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t keyCode) override;
     int32_t getScanCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t scanCode) override;
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
     };
 
     uint32_t mSource{};
-    int32_t mKeyboardType{};
     std::optional<KeyboardLayoutInfo> mKeyboardLayoutInfo;
 
     std::vector<KeyDown> mKeyDowns{}; // keys that are down
@@ -85,8 +84,7 @@
     } mParameters{};
 
     KeyboardInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext,
-                        const InputReaderConfiguration& readerConfig, uint32_t source,
-                        int32_t keyboardType);
+                        const InputReaderConfiguration& readerConfig, uint32_t source);
     void configureParameters();
     void dumpParameters(std::string& dump) const;
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
index 05ffa4d..1986fe2 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@
     return TouchInputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> MultiTouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> MultiTouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out = TouchInputMapper::process(rawEvent);
 
-    mMultiTouchMotionAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+    mMultiTouchMotionAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
     return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
index 5c173f3..cca2327 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
     ~MultiTouchInputMapper() override;
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reconfigure(nsecs_t when,
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
index 182e1b7..27ff52f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@
     return InputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> RotaryEncoderInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> RotaryEncoderInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    mRotaryEncoderScrollAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+    mRotaryEncoderScrollAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
-    if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-        out += sync(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime);
+    if (rawEvent.type == EV_SYN && rawEvent.code == SYN_REPORT) {
+        out += sync(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime);
     }
     return out;
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.h
index fe5d152..14c540b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
 private:
     CursorScrollAccumulator mRotaryEncoderScrollAccumulator;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
index a131e35..d7f2993 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -251,35 +251,35 @@
     mPrevMscTime = static_cast<uint32_t>(mscTime);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> SensorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> SensorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    switch (rawEvent->type) {
+    switch (rawEvent.type) {
         case EV_ABS: {
-            auto it = mAxes.find(rawEvent->code);
+            auto it = mAxes.find(rawEvent.code);
             if (it != mAxes.end()) {
                 Axis& axis = it->second;
-                axis.newValue = rawEvent->value * axis.scale + axis.offset;
+                axis.newValue = rawEvent.value * axis.scale + axis.offset;
             }
             break;
         }
 
         case EV_SYN:
-            switch (rawEvent->code) {
+            switch (rawEvent.code) {
                 case SYN_REPORT:
                     for (std::pair<const int32_t, Axis>& pair : mAxes) {
                         Axis& axis = pair.second;
                         axis.currentValue = axis.newValue;
                     }
-                    out += sync(rawEvent->when, /*force=*/false);
+                    out += sync(rawEvent.when, /*force=*/false);
                     break;
             }
             break;
 
         case EV_MSC:
-            switch (rawEvent->code) {
+            switch (rawEvent.code) {
                 case MSC_TIMESTAMP:
                     // hardware timestamp is nano seconds
-                    processHardWareTimestamp(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->value);
+                    processHardWareTimestamp(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.value);
                     break;
             }
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
index a55dcd1..63bc151 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
     bool enableSensor(InputDeviceSensorType sensorType, std::chrono::microseconds samplingPeriod,
                       std::chrono::microseconds maxBatchReportLatency) override;
     void disableSensor(InputDeviceSensorType sensorType) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.cpp
index b7365d3..140bb0c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
     return TouchInputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> SingleTouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> SingleTouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out = TouchInputMapper::process(rawEvent);
 
-    mSingleTouchMotionAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+    mSingleTouchMotionAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
     return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.h
index 7726bfb..bc38711 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SingleTouchInputMapper.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
     ~SingleTouchInputMapper() override;
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
 protected:
     void syncTouch(nsecs_t when, RawState* outState) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.cpp
index 05338da..f131fb7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@
     return AINPUT_SOURCE_SWITCH;
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> SwitchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> SwitchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    switch (rawEvent->type) {
+    switch (rawEvent.type) {
         case EV_SW:
-            processSwitch(rawEvent->code, rawEvent->value);
+            processSwitch(rawEvent.code, rawEvent.value);
             break;
 
         case EV_SYN:
-            if (rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-                out += sync(rawEvent->when);
+            if (rawEvent.code == SYN_REPORT) {
+                out += sync(rawEvent.when);
             }
     }
     return out;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.h
index 2fb48bb..5d8aa2c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SwitchInputMapper.h
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     virtual ~SwitchInputMapper();
 
     virtual uint32_t getSources() const override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
     virtual int32_t getSwitchState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t switchCode) override;
     virtual void dump(std::string& dump) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
index abe75b2..a383490 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -1403,14 +1403,14 @@
     mExternalStylusFusionTimeout = LLONG_MAX;
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
-    mCursorButtonAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
-    mTouchButtonAccumulator.process(*rawEvent);
+std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
+    mCursorButtonAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
+    mTouchButtonAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-        out += sync(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime);
+    if (rawEvent.type == EV_SYN && rawEvent.code == SYN_REPORT) {
+        out += sync(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime);
     }
     return out;
 }
@@ -2343,20 +2343,23 @@
         if (mHaveTilt) {
             float tiltXAngle = (in.tiltX - mTiltXCenter) * mTiltXScale;
             float tiltYAngle = (in.tiltY - mTiltYCenter) * mTiltYScale;
-            orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, atan2f(-sinf(tiltXAngle), sinf(tiltYAngle)));
+            orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, atan2f(-sinf(tiltXAngle), sinf(tiltYAngle)),
+                                         /*isDirectional=*/true);
             tilt = acosf(cosf(tiltXAngle) * cosf(tiltYAngle));
         } else {
             tilt = 0;
 
             switch (mCalibration.orientationCalibration) {
                 case Calibration::OrientationCalibration::INTERPOLATED:
-                    orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, in.orientation * mOrientationScale);
+                    orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, in.orientation * mOrientationScale,
+                                                 /*isDirectional=*/true);
                     break;
                 case Calibration::OrientationCalibration::VECTOR: {
                     int32_t c1 = signExtendNybble((in.orientation & 0xf0) >> 4);
                     int32_t c2 = signExtendNybble(in.orientation & 0x0f);
                     if (c1 != 0 || c2 != 0) {
-                        orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, atan2f(c1, c2) * 0.5f);
+                        orientation = transformAngle(mRawRotation, atan2f(c1, c2) * 0.5f,
+                                                     /*isDirectional=*/true);
                         float confidence = hypotf(c1, c2);
                         float scale = 1.0f + confidence / 16.0f;
                         touchMajor *= scale;
@@ -3672,6 +3675,14 @@
     if (mCurrentStreamModifiedByExternalStylus) {
         source |= AINPUT_SOURCE_BLUETOOTH_STYLUS;
     }
+    if (mOrientedRanges.orientation.has_value()) {
+        flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION;
+        if (mOrientedRanges.tilt.has_value()) {
+            // In the current implementation, only devices that report a value for tilt supports
+            // directional orientation.
+            flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION;
+        }
+    }
 
     const ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId =
             getAssociatedDisplayId().value_or(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
index b24f2ff..30c58a5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
     int32_t getKeyCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t keyCode) override;
     int32_t getScanCodeState(uint32_t sourceMask, int32_t scanCode) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
index a97d646..24efae8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
@@ -417,17 +417,17 @@
     mResettingInterpreter = false;
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchpadInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchpadInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     if (mPointerCaptured) {
-        return mCapturedEventConverter.process(*rawEvent);
+        return mCapturedEventConverter.process(rawEvent);
     }
     if (mMotionAccumulator.getActiveSlotsCount() == 0) {
-        mGestureStartTime = rawEvent->when;
+        mGestureStartTime = rawEvent.when;
     }
-    std::optional<SelfContainedHardwareState> state = mStateConverter.processRawEvent(*rawEvent);
+    std::optional<SelfContainedHardwareState> state = mStateConverter.processRawEvent(rawEvent);
     if (state) {
         updatePalmDetectionMetrics();
-        return sendHardwareState(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime, *state);
+        return sendHardwareState(rawEvent.when, rawEvent.readTime, *state);
     } else {
         return {};
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
index 546fa5b..8baa63e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
                                                     const InputReaderConfiguration& config,
                                                     ConfigurationChanges changes) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> reset(nsecs_t when) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> timeoutExpired(nsecs_t when) override;
 
     void consumeGesture(const Gesture* gesture);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.cpp
index 8d78d0f..a3a48ef 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     info.setVibrator(true);
 }
 
-std::list<NotifyArgs> VibratorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> VibratorInputMapper::process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) {
     // TODO: Handle FF_STATUS, although it does not seem to be widely supported.
     return {};
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.h
index 9079c73..7519682 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/VibratorInputMapper.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
     virtual uint32_t getSources() const override;
     virtual void populateDeviceInfo(InputDeviceInfo& deviceInfo) override;
-    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override;
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> vibrate(const VibrationSequence& sequence, ssize_t repeat,
                                                 int32_t token) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
index 69264f8..f4a5e0d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
     // prefixed with "gestureProp." and have spaces replaced by underscores. So, for example, the
     // configuration key "gestureProp.Palm_Width" refers to the "Palm Width" property.
     const std::string gesturePropPrefix = "gestureProp.";
-    for (const std::string key : idcProperties.getKeysWithPrefix(gesturePropPrefix)) {
+    for (const std::string& key : idcProperties.getKeysWithPrefix(gesturePropPrefix)) {
         std::string propertyName = key.substr(gesturePropPrefix.length());
         for (size_t i = 0; i < propertyName.length(); i++) {
             if (propertyName[i] == '_') {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
index 255c7eb..5b7cc2d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
         "liblog_rust",
         "liblogger",
         "libnix",
+        "libinput_rust",
     ],
     host_supported: true,
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
index 6df339e..8b44af3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 use crate::input_filter_thread::InputFilterThread;
 use crate::slow_keys_filter::SlowKeysFilter;
 use crate::sticky_keys_filter::StickyKeysFilter;
+use input::ModifierState;
 use log::{error, info};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
 
@@ -169,12 +170,15 @@
         Self(callbacks)
     }
 
-    pub fn modifier_state_changed(&self, modifier_state: u32, locked_modifier_state: u32) {
-        let _ = self
-            .0
-            .read()
-            .unwrap()
-            .onModifierStateChanged(modifier_state as i32, locked_modifier_state as i32);
+    pub fn modifier_state_changed(
+        &self,
+        modifier_state: ModifierState,
+        locked_modifier_state: ModifierState,
+    ) {
+        let _ = self.0.read().unwrap().onModifierStateChanged(
+            modifier_state.bits() as i32,
+            locked_modifier_state.bits() as i32,
+        );
     }
 }
 
@@ -396,14 +400,15 @@
         IInputThread::{BnInputThread, IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback},
         KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
     };
+    use input::ModifierState;
     use nix::{sys::time::TimeValLike, time::clock_gettime, time::ClockId};
     use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, atomic::Ordering, Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
     use std::time::Duration;
 
     #[derive(Default)]
     struct TestCallbacksInner {
-        last_modifier_state: u32,
-        last_locked_modifier_state: u32,
+        last_modifier_state: ModifierState,
+        last_locked_modifier_state: ModifierState,
         last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
         test_thread: Option<FakeCppThread>,
     }
@@ -428,15 +433,15 @@
 
         pub fn clear(&mut self) {
             self.inner().last_event = None;
-            self.inner().last_modifier_state = 0;
-            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = 0;
+            self.inner().last_modifier_state = ModifierState::None;
+            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = ModifierState::None;
         }
 
-        pub fn get_last_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
+        pub fn get_last_modifier_state(&self) -> ModifierState {
             self.0.read().unwrap().last_modifier_state
         }
 
-        pub fn get_last_locked_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
+        pub fn get_last_locked_modifier_state(&self) -> ModifierState {
             self.0.read().unwrap().last_locked_modifier_state
         }
 
@@ -459,8 +464,10 @@
             modifier_state: i32,
             locked_modifier_state: i32,
         ) -> std::result::Result<(), binder::Status> {
-            self.inner().last_modifier_state = modifier_state as u32;
-            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = locked_modifier_state as u32;
+            self.inner().last_modifier_state =
+                ModifierState::from_bits(modifier_state as u32).unwrap();
+            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state =
+                ModifierState::from_bits(locked_modifier_state as u32).unwrap();
             Result::Ok(())
         }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
index 6c2277c..6c7c7fb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
     DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
 };
+use input::ModifierState;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 // Modifier keycodes: values are from /frameworks/native/include/android/keycodes.h
@@ -40,20 +41,6 @@
 const KEYCODE_FUNCTION: i32 = 119;
 const KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK: i32 = 143;
 
-// Modifier states: values are from /frameworks/native/include/android/input.h
-const META_ALT_ON: u32 = 0x02;
-const META_ALT_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x10;
-const META_ALT_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x20;
-const META_SHIFT_ON: u32 = 0x01;
-const META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x40;
-const META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x80;
-const META_CTRL_ON: u32 = 0x1000;
-const META_CTRL_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x2000;
-const META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x4000;
-const META_META_ON: u32 = 0x10000;
-const META_META_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x20000;
-const META_META_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x40000;
-
 pub struct StickyKeysFilter {
     next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
     listener: ModifierStateListener,
@@ -61,11 +48,11 @@
     contributing_devices: HashSet<i32>,
     /// State describing the current enabled modifiers. This contain both locked and non-locked
     /// modifier state bits.
-    modifier_state: u32,
+    modifier_state: ModifierState,
     /// State describing the current locked modifiers. These modifiers will not be cleared on a
     /// non-modifier key press. They will be cleared only if the locked modifier key is pressed
     /// again.
-    locked_modifier_state: u32,
+    locked_modifier_state: ModifierState,
 }
 
 impl StickyKeysFilter {
@@ -78,8 +65,8 @@
             next,
             listener,
             contributing_devices: HashSet::new(),
-            modifier_state: 0,
-            locked_modifier_state: 0,
+            modifier_state: ModifierState::None,
+            locked_modifier_state: ModifierState::None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -93,12 +80,12 @@
             // If non-ephemeral modifier key (i.e. non-modifier keys + toggle modifier keys like
             // CAPS_LOCK, NUM_LOCK etc.), don't block key and pass in the sticky modifier state with
             // the KeyEvent.
-            let old_modifier_state = event.metaState as u32;
+            let old_modifier_state = ModifierState::from_bits(event.metaState as u32).unwrap();
             let mut new_event = *event;
             // Send the current modifier state with the key event before clearing non-locked
             // modifier state
             new_event.metaState =
-                (clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(old_modifier_state) | modifier_state) as i32;
+                (clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(old_modifier_state) | modifier_state).bits() as i32;
             self.next.notify_key(&new_event);
             if up && !is_modifier_key(event.keyCode) {
                 modifier_state =
@@ -110,10 +97,10 @@
             // If ephemeral modifier key, capture the key and update the sticky modifier states
             let modifier_key_mask = get_ephemeral_modifier_key_mask(event.keyCode);
             let symmetrical_modifier_key_mask = get_symmetrical_modifier_key_mask(event.keyCode);
-            if locked_modifier_state & modifier_key_mask != 0 {
+            if locked_modifier_state & modifier_key_mask != ModifierState::None {
                 locked_modifier_state &= !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask;
                 modifier_state &= !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask;
-            } else if modifier_key_mask & modifier_state != 0 {
+            } else if modifier_key_mask & modifier_state != ModifierState::None {
                 locked_modifier_state |= modifier_key_mask;
                 modifier_state =
                     (modifier_state & !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask) | modifier_key_mask;
@@ -134,11 +121,12 @@
         // Clear state if all contributing devices removed
         self.contributing_devices.retain(|id| device_infos.iter().any(|x| *id == x.deviceId));
         if self.contributing_devices.is_empty()
-            && (self.modifier_state != 0 || self.locked_modifier_state != 0)
+            && (self.modifier_state != ModifierState::None
+                || self.locked_modifier_state != ModifierState::None)
         {
-            self.modifier_state = 0;
-            self.locked_modifier_state = 0;
-            self.listener.modifier_state_changed(0, 0);
+            self.modifier_state = ModifierState::None;
+            self.locked_modifier_state = ModifierState::None;
+            self.listener.modifier_state_changed(ModifierState::None, ModifierState::None);
         }
         self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
     }
@@ -181,51 +169,53 @@
     )
 }
 
-fn get_ephemeral_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> u32 {
+fn get_ephemeral_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> ModifierState {
     match keycode {
-        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT => META_ALT_LEFT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
-        KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => META_ALT_RIGHT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
-        KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT => META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON,
-        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT => META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON,
-        KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT => META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON,
-        KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT => META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON | META_CTRL_ON,
-        KEYCODE_META_LEFT => META_META_LEFT_ON | META_META_ON,
-        KEYCODE_META_RIGHT => META_META_RIGHT_ON | META_META_ON,
-        _ => 0,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT => ModifierState::AltLeftOn | ModifierState::AltOn,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => ModifierState::AltRightOn | ModifierState::AltOn,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT => ModifierState::ShiftLeftOn | ModifierState::ShiftOn,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT => ModifierState::ShiftRightOn | ModifierState::ShiftOn,
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT => ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn,
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT => ModifierState::CtrlRightOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn,
+        KEYCODE_META_LEFT => ModifierState::MetaLeftOn | ModifierState::MetaOn,
+        KEYCODE_META_RIGHT => ModifierState::MetaRightOn | ModifierState::MetaOn,
+        _ => ModifierState::None,
     }
 }
 
 /// Modifier mask including both left and right versions of a modifier key.
-fn get_symmetrical_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> u32 {
+fn get_symmetrical_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> ModifierState {
     match keycode {
-        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT | KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => META_ALT_LEFT_ON | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT | KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => {
+            ModifierState::AltLeftOn | ModifierState::AltRightOn | ModifierState::AltOn
+        }
         KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT | KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT => {
-            META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON
+            ModifierState::ShiftLeftOn | ModifierState::ShiftRightOn | ModifierState::ShiftOn
         }
         KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT | KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT => {
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlRightOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
         }
         KEYCODE_META_LEFT | KEYCODE_META_RIGHT => {
-            META_META_LEFT_ON | META_META_RIGHT_ON | META_META_ON
+            ModifierState::MetaLeftOn | ModifierState::MetaRightOn | ModifierState::MetaOn
         }
-        _ => 0,
+        _ => ModifierState::None,
     }
 }
 
-fn clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(modifier_state: u32) -> u32 {
+fn clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(modifier_state: ModifierState) -> ModifierState {
     modifier_state
-        & !(META_ALT_LEFT_ON
-            | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON
-            | META_ALT_ON
-            | META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON
-            | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON
-            | META_SHIFT_ON
-            | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON
-            | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON
-            | META_CTRL_ON
-            | META_META_LEFT_ON
-            | META_META_RIGHT_ON
-            | META_META_ON)
+        & !(ModifierState::AltLeftOn
+            | ModifierState::AltRightOn
+            | ModifierState::AltOn
+            | ModifierState::ShiftLeftOn
+            | ModifierState::ShiftRightOn
+            | ModifierState::ShiftOn
+            | ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn
+            | ModifierState::CtrlRightOn
+            | ModifierState::CtrlOn
+            | ModifierState::MetaLeftOn
+            | ModifierState::MetaRightOn
+            | ModifierState::MetaOn)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -237,9 +227,7 @@
         StickyKeysFilter, KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, KEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK,
         KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, KEYCODE_FUNCTION, KEYCODE_META_LEFT,
         KEYCODE_META_RIGHT, KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK, KEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT,
-        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, KEYCODE_SYM, META_ALT_LEFT_ON, META_ALT_ON, META_ALT_RIGHT_ON,
-        META_CTRL_LEFT_ON, META_CTRL_ON, META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON, META_META_LEFT_ON, META_META_ON,
-        META_META_RIGHT_ON, META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON, META_SHIFT_ON, META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, KEYCODE_SYM,
     };
     use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
     use binder::Strong;
@@ -247,6 +235,7 @@
         DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks,
         KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
     };
+    use input::ModifierState;
     use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
     static DEVICE_ID: i32 = 1;
@@ -347,30 +336,30 @@
             Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
         );
         let test_states = &[
-            (KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, META_ALT_ON | META_ALT_LEFT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, META_ALT_ON | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, META_CTRL_ON | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, META_CTRL_ON | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, META_SHIFT_ON | META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, META_SHIFT_ON | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_META_LEFT, META_META_ON | META_META_LEFT_ON),
-            (KEYCODE_META_RIGHT, META_META_ON | META_META_RIGHT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, ModifierState::AltOn | ModifierState::AltLeftOn),
+            (KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, ModifierState::AltOn | ModifierState::AltRightOn),
+            (KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ModifierState::CtrlOn | ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn),
+            (KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, ModifierState::CtrlOn | ModifierState::CtrlRightOn),
+            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, ModifierState::ShiftOn | ModifierState::ShiftLeftOn),
+            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, ModifierState::ShiftOn | ModifierState::ShiftRightOn),
+            (KEYCODE_META_LEFT, ModifierState::MetaOn | ModifierState::MetaLeftOn),
+            (KEYCODE_META_RIGHT, ModifierState::MetaOn | ModifierState::MetaRightOn),
         ];
         for test_state in test_states.iter() {
             test_filter.clear();
             test_callbacks.clear();
             sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
 
             sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
             assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
 
             // Re-send keys to lock it
             sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
             assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
 
             sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
             assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
@@ -382,8 +371,8 @@
             assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
 
             sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
-            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
         }
     }
 
@@ -398,14 +387,17 @@
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
 
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(),
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
+        );
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
 
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
 
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -427,20 +419,26 @@
 
         assert_eq!(
             test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(),
-            META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            ModifierState::ShiftLeftOn
+                | ModifierState::ShiftOn
+                | ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn
+                | ModifierState::CtrlOn
         );
         assert_eq!(
             test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
         );
 
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
 
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(),
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
         );
     }
 
@@ -458,13 +456,13 @@
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
         assert_eq!(
             test_filter.last_event().unwrap().metaState as u32,
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            (ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn).bits()
         );
 
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
         assert_eq!(
             test_filter.last_event().unwrap().metaState as u32,
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            (ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn).bits()
         );
     }
 
@@ -499,15 +497,18 @@
         });
 
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_devices_changed(&[DeviceInfo { deviceId: 2, external: true }]);
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(),
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
+        );
         assert_eq!(
             test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
-            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+            ModifierState::CtrlLeftOn | ModifierState::CtrlOn
         );
 
         sticky_keys_filter.notify_devices_changed(&[]);
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), ModifierState::None);
     }
 
     fn setup_filter(
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
index 9b5db23..cf0d46a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@
     },
     static_libs: [
         "libflagtest",
-        "libc++fs",
         "libgmock",
     ],
     require_root: true,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.cpp
index 530416c..3df05f4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.cpp
@@ -215,6 +215,28 @@
     mStaleEventTimeout = timeout;
 }
 
+void FakeInputDispatcherPolicy::setConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching(bool consumeKeyBeforeDispatching) {
+    mConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching = consumeKeyBeforeDispatching;
+}
+
+void FakeInputDispatcherPolicy::assertFocusedDisplayNotified(ui::LogicalDisplayId expectedDisplay) {
+    std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+    base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
+
+    if (!mFocusedDisplayNotifiedCondition.wait_for(lock, 100ms,
+                                                   [this, expectedDisplay]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
+                                                       if (!mNotifiedFocusedDisplay.has_value() ||
+                                                           mNotifiedFocusedDisplay.value() !=
+                                                                   expectedDisplay) {
+                                                           return false;
+                                                       }
+                                                       return true;
+                                                   })) {
+        ADD_FAILURE() << "Timed out waiting for notifyFocusedDisplayChanged(" << expectedDisplay
+                      << ") to be called.";
+    }
+}
+
 void FakeInputDispatcherPolicy::assertUserActivityNotPoked() {
     std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
     base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
@@ -401,6 +423,9 @@
 
 nsecs_t FakeInputDispatcherPolicy::interceptKeyBeforeDispatching(const sp<IBinder>&,
                                                                  const KeyEvent&, uint32_t) {
+    if (mConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching) {
+        return -1;
+    }
     nsecs_t delay = std::chrono::nanoseconds(mInterceptKeyTimeout).count();
     // Clear intercept state so we could dispatch the event in next wake.
     mInterceptKeyTimeout = 0ms;
@@ -466,4 +491,10 @@
     mFilteredEvent = nullptr;
 }
 
+void FakeInputDispatcherPolicy::notifyFocusedDisplayChanged(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+    mNotifiedFocusedDisplay = displayId;
+    mFocusedDisplayNotifiedCondition.notify_all();
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
index 2c86146..a0f3ea9 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@
     void setUnhandledKeyHandler(std::function<std::optional<KeyEvent>(const KeyEvent&)> handler);
     void assertUnhandledKeyReported(int32_t keycode);
     void assertUnhandledKeyNotReported();
+    void setConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching(bool consumeKeyBeforeDispatching);
+    void assertFocusedDisplayNotified(ui::LogicalDisplayId expectedDisplay);
 
 private:
     std::mutex mLock;
@@ -125,6 +127,9 @@
 
     std::condition_variable mPointerCaptureChangedCondition;
 
+    std::optional<ui::LogicalDisplayId> mNotifiedFocusedDisplay GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::condition_variable mFocusedDisplayNotifiedCondition;
+
     std::optional<PointerCaptureRequest> mPointerCaptureRequest GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     // ANR handling
     std::queue<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>> mAnrApplications GUARDED_BY(mLock);
@@ -144,6 +149,8 @@
 
     std::chrono::nanoseconds mStaleEventTimeout = 1000ms;
 
+    bool mConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching = false;
+
     BlockingQueue<std::pair<int32_t /*deviceId*/, std::set<gui::Uid>>> mNotifiedInteractions;
 
     std::condition_variable mNotifyUnhandledKey;
@@ -198,6 +205,7 @@
     void notifyDropWindow(const sp<IBinder>& token, float x, float y) override;
     void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
                                  const std::set<gui::Uid>& uids) override;
+    void notifyFocusedDisplayChanged(ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId) override;
 
     void assertFilterInputEventWasCalledInternal(
             const std::function<void(const InputEvent&)>& verify);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 8de28c6..aa1462a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -610,28 +610,6 @@
     return args;
 }
 
-static NotifyKeyArgs generateSystemShortcutArgs(
-        int32_t action, ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId = ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID) {
-    nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-    // Define a valid key event.
-    NotifyKeyArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID,
-                       AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_C, KEY_C,
-                       AMETA_META_ON, currentTime);
-
-    return args;
-}
-
-static NotifyKeyArgs generateAssistantKeyArgs(
-        int32_t action, ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId = ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID) {
-    nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-    // Define a valid key event.
-    NotifyKeyArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID,
-                       AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_ASSIST,
-                       KEY_ASSISTANT, AMETA_NONE, currentTime);
-
-    return args;
-}
-
 [[nodiscard]] static NotifyMotionArgs generateMotionArgs(int32_t action, int32_t source,
                                                          ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId,
                                                          const std::vector<PointF>& points) {
@@ -6628,17 +6606,18 @@
 
     window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
 
-    mDispatcher->notifyKey(generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT));
+    mDispatcher->notifyKey(
+            KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD).keyCode(AKEYCODE_A).build());
 
     // Window should receive key down event.
     window->consumeKeyDown(ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT);
 
-    // Should have poked user activity
+    // Should have not poked user activity
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
 }
 
-TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_DoesNotReceiveSystemShortcut) {
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_DoesNotReceivePolicyConsumedKey) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window",
@@ -6650,41 +6629,20 @@
 
     window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
 
+    mFakePolicy->setConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching(true);
+
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(
-            generateSystemShortcutArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT));
+            KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD).keyCode(AKEYCODE_A).build());
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
 
-    // System key is not passed down
+    // Key is not passed down
     window->assertNoEvents();
 
     // Should have poked user activity
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
 }
 
-TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_DoesNotReceiveAssistantKey) {
-    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
-            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window",
-                                       ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT);
-
-    window->setFocusable(true);
-    mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*window->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
-    setFocusedWindow(window);
-
-    window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
-
-    mDispatcher->notifyKey(
-            generateAssistantKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT));
-    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-
-    // System key is not passed down
-    window->assertNoEvents();
-
-    // Should have poked user activity
-    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
-}
-
-TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_SystemKeyIgnoresDisableUserActivity) {
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedWindow_PolicyConsumedKeyIgnoresDisableUserActivity) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
             sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window",
@@ -6697,8 +6655,10 @@
 
     window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
 
+    mFakePolicy->setConsumeKeyBeforeDispatching(true);
+
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(
-            generateSystemShortcutArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT));
+            KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD).keyCode(AKEYCODE_A).build());
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
 
     // System key is not passed down
@@ -6708,6 +6668,39 @@
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
 }
 
+class DisableUserActivityInputDispatcherTest : public InputDispatcherTest,
+                                               public ::testing::WithParamInterface<bool> {};
+
+TEST_P(DisableUserActivityInputDispatcherTest, NotPassedToUserUserActivity) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Fake Window",
+                                       ui::LogicalDisplayId::DEFAULT);
+
+    window->setDisableUserActivity(GetParam());
+
+    window->setFocusable(true);
+    mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*window->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
+    setFocusedWindow(window);
+
+    window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyKey(KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD)
+                                   .keyCode(AKEYCODE_A)
+                                   .policyFlags(0)
+                                   .build());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+
+    // Key is not passed down
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // Should not have poked user activity
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(DisableUserActivity, DisableUserActivityInputDispatcherTest,
+                        ::testing::Bool());
+
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, InjectedTouchesPokeUserActivity) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
@@ -8584,6 +8577,8 @@
         // Set focus to second display window.
         // Set focus display to second one.
         mDispatcher->setFocusedDisplay(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+        mFakePolicy->assertFocusedDisplayNotified(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+
         // Set focus window for second display.
         mDispatcher->setFocusedApplication(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID, application2);
         windowInSecondary->setFocusable(true);
@@ -11054,6 +11049,38 @@
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherPointerCaptureTests, MultiDisplayPointerCapture) {
+    // The default display is the focused display to begin with.
+    requestAndVerifyPointerCapture(mWindow, true);
+
+    // Move the second window to a second display, make it the focused window on that display.
+    mSecondWindow->editInfo()->displayId = SECOND_DISPLAY_ID;
+    mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*mWindow->getInfo(), *mSecondWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
+    setFocusedWindow(mSecondWindow);
+    mSecondWindow->consumeFocusEvent(true);
+
+    mWindow->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // The second window cannot gain capture because it is not on the focused display.
+    mDispatcher->requestPointerCapture(mSecondWindow->getToken(), true);
+    mFakePolicy->assertSetPointerCaptureNotCalled();
+    mSecondWindow->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // Make the second display the focused display.
+    mDispatcher->setFocusedDisplay(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    mFakePolicy->assertFocusedDisplayNotified(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+
+    // This causes the first window to lose pointer capture, and it's unable to request capture.
+    mWindow->consumeCaptureEvent(false);
+    mFakePolicy->assertSetPointerCaptureCalled(mWindow, false);
+
+    mDispatcher->requestPointerCapture(mWindow->getToken(), true);
+    mFakePolicy->assertSetPointerCaptureNotCalled();
+
+    // The second window is now able to gain pointer capture successfully.
+    requestAndVerifyPointerCapture(mSecondWindow, true);
+}
+
 using InputDispatcherPointerCaptureDeathTest = InputDispatcherPointerCaptureTests;
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherPointerCaptureDeathTest,
@@ -13745,4 +13772,9 @@
                                                 /*pointerId=*/0));
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, FocusedDisplayChangeIsNotified) {
+    mDispatcher->setFocusedDisplay(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    mFakePolicy->assertFocusedDisplayNotified(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+}
+
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
index fea1349..b5c9232 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
     event.type = type;
     event.code = code;
     event.value = value;
-    return mMapper->process(&event);
+    return mMapper->process(event);
 }
 
 const char* InputMapperTest::DEVICE_NAME = "device";
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
     event.type = type;
     event.code = code;
     event.value = value;
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> processArgList = mapper.process(&event);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> processArgList = mapper.process(event);
     for (const NotifyArgs& args : processArgList) {
         mFakeListener->notify(args);
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 9960292..fe238f3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -309,9 +309,9 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent* rawEvent) override {
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> process(const RawEvent& rawEvent) override {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
-        mLastEvent = *rawEvent;
+        mLastEvent = rawEvent;
         mProcessWasCalled = true;
         mStateChangedCondition.notify_all();
         return mProcessResult;
@@ -3314,6 +3314,10 @@
 
 class KeyboardInputMapperTest : public InputMapperTest {
 protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD |
+                               InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY);
+    }
     const std::string UNIQUE_ID = "local:0";
     const KeyboardLayoutInfo DEVICE_KEYBOARD_LAYOUT_INFO = KeyboardLayoutInfo("en-US", "qwerty");
     void prepareDisplay(ui::Rotation orientation);
@@ -3354,8 +3358,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, GetSources) {
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, mapper.getSources());
 }
@@ -3370,8 +3373,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, 0, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     // Initial metastate is AMETA_NONE.
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_NONE, mapper.getMetaState());
 
@@ -3471,8 +3473,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKeyRemapping(EVENTHUB_ID, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_B);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     // Key down by scan code.
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_A, 1);
@@ -3493,8 +3494,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_HOME, 0, AKEYCODE_HOME, POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
 
     // Key down
@@ -3516,8 +3516,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, 0, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     // Initial metastate is AMETA_NONE.
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_NONE, mapper.getMetaState());
@@ -3557,8 +3556,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_LEFT, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_90);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testDPadKeyRotation(mapper,
@@ -3579,8 +3577,7 @@
 
     addConfigurationProperty("keyboard.orientationAware", "1");
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
@@ -3651,8 +3648,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_UP, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
 
     // Display id should be LogicalDisplayId::INVALID without any display configuration.
@@ -3677,8 +3673,7 @@
 
     addConfigurationProperty("keyboard.orientationAware", "1");
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
 
     // Display id should be LogicalDisplayId::INVALID without any display configuration.
@@ -3705,8 +3700,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, GetKeyCodeState) {
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     mFakeEventHub->setKeyCodeState(EVENTHUB_ID, AKEYCODE_A, 1);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, mapper.getKeyCodeState(AINPUT_SOURCE_ANY, AKEYCODE_A));
@@ -3717,8 +3711,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, GetKeyCodeForKeyLocation) {
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     mFakeEventHub->addKeyCodeMapping(EVENTHUB_ID, AKEYCODE_Y, AKEYCODE_Z);
     ASSERT_EQ(AKEYCODE_Z, mapper.getKeyCodeForKeyLocation(AKEYCODE_Y))
@@ -3730,8 +3723,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, GetScanCodeState) {
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     mFakeEventHub->setScanCodeState(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_A, 1);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, mapper.getScanCodeState(AINPUT_SOURCE_ANY, KEY_A));
@@ -3742,8 +3734,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, MarkSupportedKeyCodes) {
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_A, 0, AKEYCODE_A, 0);
 
@@ -3762,8 +3753,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, 0, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     // Initial metastate is AMETA_NONE.
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_NONE, mapper.getMetaState());
 
@@ -3828,8 +3818,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, BTN_Y, 0, AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Y, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     // Meta state should be AMETA_NONE after reset
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
@@ -3878,16 +3867,14 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_LEFT, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     device2->addEmptyEventHubDevice(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID);
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper2 =
             device2->constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID,
                                                                 mFakePolicy
                                                                         ->getReaderConfiguration(),
-                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                                AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
             device2->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
                                /*changes=*/{});
@@ -3949,8 +3936,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, 0, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     // Initial metastate is AMETA_NONE.
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_NONE, mapper.getMetaState());
 
@@ -4000,8 +3986,7 @@
             device2->constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID,
                                                                 mFakePolicy
                                                                         ->getReaderConfiguration(),
-                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                                AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
             device2->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
                                /*changes=*/{});
@@ -4020,11 +4005,9 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, 0, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, 0);
 
     // Suppose we have two mappers. (DPAD + KEYBOARD)
-    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD,
-                                               AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC);
+    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD);
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     // Initial metastate is AMETA_NONE.
     ASSERT_EQ(AMETA_NONE, mapper.getMetaState());
 
@@ -4042,8 +4025,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_SCROLLLOCK, 0, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, 0);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper1 =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     // keyboard 2.
     const std::string USB2 = "USB2";
@@ -4065,8 +4047,7 @@
             device2->constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(SECOND_EVENTHUB_ID,
                                                                 mFakePolicy
                                                                         ->getReaderConfiguration(),
-                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                                AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+                                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
             device2->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
                                /*changes=*/{});
@@ -4122,8 +4103,7 @@
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, 0, USAGE_A, AKEYCODE_A, POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     // Key down by scan code.
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_HOME, 1);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
@@ -4148,8 +4128,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, Configure_AssignKeyboardLayoutInfo) {
-    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                               AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
             mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
                                /*changes=*/{});
@@ -4180,8 +4159,7 @@
                                     RawLayoutInfo{.languageTag = "en", .layoutType = "extended"});
 
     // Configuration
-    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                               AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+    constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     InputReaderConfiguration config;
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, config, /*changes=*/{});
 
@@ -4192,8 +4170,7 @@
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest, Process_GesureEventToSetFlagKeepTouchMode) {
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_LEFT, 0, AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, POLICY_FLAG_GESTURE);
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
 
     // Key down
@@ -4202,14 +4179,27 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_FROM_SYSTEM | AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_KEEP_TOUCH_MODE, args.flags);
 }
 
-// --- KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice ---
+// --- KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalAlphabeticDevice ---
 
-class KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice : public InputMapperTest {
+class KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalAlphabeticDevice : public InputMapperTest {
 protected:
-    void SetUp() override { InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL); }
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD |
+                               InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
+    }
 };
 
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice, WakeBehavior_AlphabeticKeyboard) {
+// --- KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalNonAlphabeticDevice ---
+
+class KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalNonAlphabeticDevice : public InputMapperTest {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::KEYBOARD |
+                               InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalAlphabeticDevice, WakeBehavior_AlphabeticKeyboard) {
     // For external devices, keys will trigger wake on key down. Media keys should also trigger
     // wake if triggered from external devices.
 
@@ -4219,8 +4209,7 @@
                           POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_HOME, 1);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
@@ -4248,7 +4237,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(POLICY_FLAG_WAKE, args.policyFlags);
 }
 
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice, WakeBehavior_NoneAlphabeticKeyboard) {
+TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalNonAlphabeticDevice, WakeBehavior_NonAlphabeticKeyboard) {
     // For external devices, keys will trigger wake on key down. Media keys should not trigger
     // wake if triggered from external non-alphaebtic keyboard (e.g. headsets).
 
@@ -4257,8 +4246,7 @@
                           POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
 
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_PLAY, 1);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
@@ -4278,7 +4266,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(POLICY_FLAG_WAKE, args.policyFlags);
 }
 
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice, DoNotWakeByDefaultBehavior) {
+TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalAlphabeticDevice, DoNotWakeByDefaultBehavior) {
     // Tv Remote key's wake behavior is prescribed by the keylayout file.
 
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_HOME, 0, AKEYCODE_HOME, POLICY_FLAG_WAKE);
@@ -4287,8 +4275,7 @@
 
     addConfigurationProperty("keyboard.doNotWakeByDefault", "1");
     KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
-            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                       AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
+            constructAndAddMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
 
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_HOME, 1);
     NotifyKeyArgs args;
@@ -5485,6 +5472,9 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertPointerCoords(args.pointerCoords[0],
             x, y, pressure, size, tool, tool, tool, tool, orientation, distance));
     ASSERT_EQ(tilt, args.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TILT));
+    ASSERT_EQ(args.flags,
+              AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION |
+                      AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_DIRECTIONAL_ORIENTATION);
 }
 
 TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, Process_XYAxes_AffineCalibration) {
@@ -7927,6 +7917,7 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertPointerCoords(args.pointerCoords[0],
             x, y, pressure, size, touchMajor, touchMinor, toolMajor, toolMinor,
             orientation, distance));
+    ASSERT_EQ(args.flags, AMOTION_EVENT_PRIVATE_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ORIENTATION);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Process_TouchAndToolAxes_GeometricCalibration) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.cpp
index 32acb5f..a9d370a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <input/PrintTools.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/android_input_event.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions_impl.pbzero.h>
 
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -30,6 +33,8 @@
 using perfetto::protos::pbzero::AndroidKeyEvent;
 using perfetto::protos::pbzero::AndroidMotionEvent;
 using perfetto::protos::pbzero::AndroidWindowInputDispatchEvent;
+using perfetto::protos::pbzero::WinscopeExtensions;
+using perfetto::protos::pbzero::WinscopeExtensionsImpl;
 
 // These operator<< definitions must be in the global namespace for them to be accessible to the
 // GTEST library. They cannot be in the anonymous namespace.
@@ -85,38 +90,45 @@
 
     Trace::Decoder trace{rawTrace};
     if (trace.has_packet()) {
-        auto it = trace.packet();
-        while (it) {
+        for (auto it = trace.packet(); it; it++) {
             TracePacket::Decoder packet{it->as_bytes()};
-            if (packet.has_android_input_event()) {
-                AndroidInputEvent::Decoder event{packet.android_input_event()};
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_motion_event()) {
-                    tracedMotions.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_motion_event(),
-                                               /*redacted=*/false);
-                }
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_motion_event_redacted()) {
-                    tracedMotions.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_motion_event_redacted(),
-                                               /*redacted=*/true);
-                }
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_key_event()) {
-                    tracedKeys.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_key_event(),
-                                            /*redacted=*/false);
-                }
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_key_event_redacted()) {
-                    tracedKeys.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_key_event_redacted(),
-                                            /*redacted=*/true);
-                }
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event()) {
-                    tracedWindowDispatches.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_window_dispatch_event(),
-                                                        /*redacted=*/false);
-                }
-                if (event.has_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event_redacted()) {
-                    tracedWindowDispatches
-                            .emplace_back(event.dispatcher_window_dispatch_event_redacted(),
-                                          /*redacted=*/true);
-                }
+            if (!packet.has_winscope_extensions()) {
+                continue;
             }
-            it++;
+
+            WinscopeExtensions::Decoder extensions{packet.winscope_extensions()};
+            const auto& field =
+                    extensions.Get(WinscopeExtensionsImpl::kAndroidInputEventFieldNumber);
+            if (!field.valid()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            AndroidInputEvent::Decoder event{field.as_bytes()};
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_motion_event()) {
+                tracedMotions.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_motion_event(),
+                                           /*redacted=*/false);
+            }
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_motion_event_redacted()) {
+                tracedMotions.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_motion_event_redacted(),
+                                           /*redacted=*/true);
+            }
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_key_event()) {
+                tracedKeys.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_key_event(),
+                                        /*redacted=*/false);
+            }
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_key_event_redacted()) {
+                tracedKeys.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_key_event_redacted(),
+                                        /*redacted=*/true);
+            }
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event()) {
+                tracedWindowDispatches.emplace_back(event.dispatcher_window_dispatch_event(),
+                                                    /*redacted=*/false);
+            }
+            if (event.has_dispatcher_window_dispatch_event_redacted()) {
+                tracedWindowDispatches
+                        .emplace_back(event.dispatcher_window_dispatch_event_redacted(),
+                                      /*redacted=*/true);
+            }
         }
     }
     return std::tuple{std::move(tracedMotions), std::move(tracedKeys),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.h
index ed20bc8..bda5521 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTraceSession.h
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <perfetto/config/android/android_input_event_config.pbzero.h>
-#include <perfetto/trace/android/android_input_event.pbzero.h>
 #include <perfetto/trace/trace.pbzero.h>
 #include <perfetto/tracing.h>
 #include <variant>
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTracingTest.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTracingTest.cpp
index 617d67f..2ccd93e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTracingTest.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputTracingTest.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <perfetto/trace/android/android_input_event.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions.pbzero.h>
+#include <perfetto/trace/android/winscope_extensions_impl.pbzero.h>
 #include <perfetto/trace/trace.pbzero.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InterfaceMocks.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/InterfaceMocks.h
index 6a35631..16d3193 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InterfaceMocks.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InterfaceMocks.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
 #include <input/KeyCharacterMap.h>
 #include <input/KeyLayoutMap.h>
+#include <input/KeyboardClassifier.h>
 #include <input/PropertyMap.h>
 #include <input/TouchVideoFrame.h>
 #include <input/VirtualKeyMap.h>
@@ -77,8 +78,11 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(void, setLastKeyDownTimestamp, (nsecs_t when));
     MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, getLastKeyDownTimestamp, ());
 
+    KeyboardClassifier& getKeyboardClassifier() override { return *mClassifier; };
+
 private:
     int32_t mGeneration = 0;
+    std::unique_ptr<KeyboardClassifier> mClassifier = std::make_unique<KeyboardClassifier>();
 };
 
 class MockEventHubInterface : public EventHubInterface {
@@ -182,6 +186,7 @@
                 (PointerControllerInterface::ControllerType), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, notifyPointerDisplayIdChanged,
                 (ui::LogicalDisplayId displayId, const FloatPoint& position), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isInputMethodConnectionActive, (), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
index 031b77d..ab47cc6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/KeyboardInputMapper_test.cpp
@@ -67,17 +67,7 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(mMockInputReaderContext, getPolicy).WillRepeatedly(Return(mFakePolicy.get()));
 
         mMapper = createInputMapper<KeyboardInputMapper>(*mDeviceContext, mReaderConfiguration,
-                                                         AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                                                         AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC);
-    }
-
-    void testPointerVisibilityForKeys(const std::vector<int32_t>& keyCodes, bool expectVisible) {
-        for (int32_t keyCode : keyCodes) {
-            process(EV_KEY, keyCode, 1);
-            process(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
-            process(EV_KEY, keyCode, 0);
-            process(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
-        }
+                                                         AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD);
     }
 
     void testTouchpadTapStateForKeys(const std::vector<int32_t>& keyCodes,
@@ -96,42 +86,6 @@
 };
 
 /**
- * Pointer visibility should remain unaffected if there is no active Input Method Connection
- */
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, KeystrokesWithoutIMeConnectionDoesNotHidePointer) {
-    testPointerVisibilityForKeys({KEY_0, KEY_A, KEY_LEFTCTRL}, /* expectVisible= */ true);
-}
-
-/**
- * Pointer should hide if there is a active Input Method Connection
- */
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, AlphanumericKeystrokesWithIMeConnectionHidePointer) {
-    mFakePolicy->setIsInputMethodConnectionActive(true);
-    testPointerVisibilityForKeys({KEY_0, KEY_A}, /* expectVisible= */ false);
-}
-
-/**
- * Pointer should still hide if touchpad taps are already disabled
- */
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, AlphanumericKeystrokesWithTouchpadTapDisabledHidePointer) {
-    mFakePolicy->setIsInputMethodConnectionActive(true);
-    EXPECT_CALL(mMockInputReaderContext, isPreventingTouchpadTaps).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
-    testPointerVisibilityForKeys({KEY_0, KEY_A}, /* expectVisible= */ false);
-}
-
-/**
- * Pointer visibility should remain unaffected by meta keys even if Input Method Connection is
- * active
- */
-TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, MetaKeystrokesWithIMeConnectionDoesNotHidePointer) {
-    mFakePolicy->setIsInputMethodConnectionActive(true);
-    std::vector<int32_t> metaKeys{KEY_LEFTALT,   KEY_RIGHTALT, KEY_LEFTSHIFT, KEY_RIGHTSHIFT,
-                                  KEY_FN,        KEY_LEFTCTRL, KEY_RIGHTCTRL, KEY_LEFTMETA,
-                                  KEY_RIGHTMETA, KEY_CAPSLOCK, KEY_NUMLOCK,   KEY_SCROLLLOCK};
-    testPointerVisibilityForKeys(metaKeys, /* expectVisible= */ true);
-}
-
-/**
  * Touchpad tap should not be disabled if there is no active Input Method Connection
  */
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperUnitTest, KeystrokesWithoutIMeConnectionDontDisableTouchpadTap) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
index 3f2d6ec..9a5b6a7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
@@ -2294,6 +2294,185 @@
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(pc);
 }
 
+class PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest : public PointerChoreographerTest {
+protected:
+    const std::unordered_map<int32_t, int32_t>
+            mMetaKeyStates{{AKEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, AMETA_ALT_LEFT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, AMETA_ALT_RIGHT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, AMETA_SHIFT_LEFT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, AMETA_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_SYM, AMETA_SYM_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_FUNCTION, AMETA_FUNCTION_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, AMETA_CTRL_LEFT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, AMETA_CTRL_RIGHT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_META_LEFT, AMETA_META_LEFT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_META_RIGHT, AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK, AMETA_CAPS_LOCK_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_NUM_LOCK, AMETA_NUM_LOCK_ON},
+                           {AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, AMETA_SCROLL_LOCK_ON}};
+
+    void notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId targetDisplay, int32_t keyCode,
+                   int32_t metaState = AMETA_NONE) {
+        if (metaState == AMETA_NONE && mMetaKeyStates.contains(keyCode)) {
+            // For simplicity, we always set the corresponding meta state when sending a meta
+            // keycode. This does not take into consideration when the meta state is updated in
+            // reality.
+            metaState = mMetaKeyStates.at(keyCode);
+        }
+        mChoreographer.notifyKey(KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD)
+                                         .displayId(targetDisplay)
+                                         .keyCode(keyCode)
+                                         .metaState(metaState)
+                                         .build());
+        mChoreographer.notifyKey(KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD)
+                                         .displayId(targetDisplay)
+                                         .keyCode(keyCode)
+                                         .metaState(metaState)
+                                         .build());
+    }
+
+    void metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(FakePointerController& pc, int32_t keyCode,
+                                        int32_t metaKeyCode) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pc.isPointerShown());
+        notifyKey(DISPLAY_ID, keyCode, mMetaKeyStates.at(metaKeyCode));
+        ASSERT_FALSE(pc.isPointerShown());
+
+        unfadePointer();
+    }
+
+    void metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(FakePointerController& pc, int32_t keyCode,
+                                              int32_t metaKeyCode) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pc.isPointerShown());
+        notifyKey(DISPLAY_ID, keyCode, mMetaKeyStates.at(metaKeyCode));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pc.isPointerShown());
+    }
+
+    void unfadePointer() {
+        // unfade pointer by injecting mose hover event
+        mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
+                MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                        .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
+                        .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
+                        .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
+                        .build());
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest, KeystrokesWithoutImeConnectionDoesNotHidePointer) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+
+    // Mouse connected
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, AKEYCODE_0);
+    notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, AKEYCODE_A);
+    notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, AKEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest, AlphanumericKeystrokesWithImeConnectionHidePointer) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+
+    // Mouse connected
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mMockPolicy, isInputMethodConnectionActive).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+
+    notifyKey(DISPLAY_ID, AKEYCODE_0);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    unfadePointer();
+
+    notifyKey(DISPLAY_ID, AKEYCODE_A);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest, MetaKeystrokesDoNotHidePointer) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+
+    // Mouse connected
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mMockPolicy, isInputMethodConnectionActive).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+
+    const std::vector<int32_t> metaKeyCodes{AKEYCODE_ALT_LEFT,   AKEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT,
+                                            AKEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, AKEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT,
+                                            AKEYCODE_SYM,        AKEYCODE_FUNCTION,
+                                            AKEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,  AKEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT,
+                                            AKEYCODE_META_LEFT,  AKEYCODE_META_RIGHT,
+                                            AKEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK,  AKEYCODE_NUM_LOCK,
+                                            AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK};
+    for (int32_t keyCode : metaKeyCodes) {
+        notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, keyCode);
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest, KeystrokesWithoutTargetHidePointerOnlyOnFocusedDisplay) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setFocusedDisplay(DISPLAY_ID);
+
+    // Mouse connected
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID),
+              generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto pc1 = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    auto pc2 = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc1->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc2->isPointerShown());
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mMockPolicy, isInputMethodConnectionActive).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+
+    notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, AKEYCODE_0);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc1->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc2->isPointerShown());
+    unfadePointer();
+
+    notifyKey(ui::LogicalDisplayId::INVALID, AKEYCODE_A);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc1->isPointerShown());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc2->isPointerShown());
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerVisibilityOnKeyPressTest, TestMetaKeyCombinations) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+
+    // Mouse connected
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mMockPolicy, isInputMethodConnectionActive).WillRepeatedly(testing::Return(true));
+
+    // meta key combinations that should hide pointer
+    metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT);
+    metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT);
+    metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK);
+    metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_0, AKEYCODE_NUM_LOCK);
+    metaKeyCombinationHidesPointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK);
+
+    // meta key combinations that should not hide pointer
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_ALT_LEFT);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_SYM);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_FUNCTION);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_META_LEFT);
+    metaKeyCombinationDoesNotHidePointer(*pc, AKEYCODE_A, AKEYCODE_META_RIGHT);
+}
+
 class PointerChoreographerWindowInfoListenerTest : public testing::Test {};
 
 TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/CursorInputFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/CursorInputFuzzer.cpp
index af20a27..8361517 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/CursorInputFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/CursorInputFuzzer.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
                             mapper.reconfigure(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(), policyConfig,
                                                InputReaderConfiguration::Change(0));
                     RawEvent rawEvent = getFuzzedRawEvent(*fdp);
-                    unused += mapper.process(&rawEvent);
+                    unused += mapper.process(rawEvent);
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.reset(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/KeyboardInputFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/KeyboardInputFuzzer.cpp
index 922cbdf..9e02502 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/KeyboardInputFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/KeyboardInputFuzzer.cpp
@@ -50,11 +50,10 @@
     FuzzInputReaderContext context(eventHub, fdp);
     InputDevice device = getFuzzedInputDevice(*fdp, &context);
 
-    KeyboardInputMapper& mapper = getMapperForDevice<
-            ThreadSafeFuzzedDataProvider,
-            KeyboardInputMapper>(*fdp.get(), device, InputReaderConfiguration{},
-                                 /*source=*/fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>(),
-                                 /*keyboardType=*/fdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>());
+    KeyboardInputMapper& mapper =
+            getMapperForDevice<ThreadSafeFuzzedDataProvider,
+                               KeyboardInputMapper>(*fdp.get(), device, InputReaderConfiguration{},
+                                                    /*source=*/fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>());
 
     // Loop through mapper operations until randomness is exhausted.
     while (fdp->remaining_bytes() > 0) {
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     RawEvent rawEvent = getFuzzedRawEvent(*fdp);
-                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(&rawEvent);
+                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(rawEvent);
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     mapper.getKeyCodeState(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>(),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
index 25f2f2e..ff425dd 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
@@ -338,9 +338,11 @@
 
     void setLastKeyDownTimestamp(nsecs_t when) { mLastKeyDownTimestamp = when; };
     nsecs_t getLastKeyDownTimestamp() { return mLastKeyDownTimestamp; };
+    KeyboardClassifier& getKeyboardClassifier() override { return *mClassifier; }
 
 private:
     nsecs_t mLastKeyDownTimestamp;
+    std::unique_ptr<KeyboardClassifier> mClassifier = std::make_unique<KeyboardClassifier>();
 };
 
 template <class Fdp>
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MultiTouchInputFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MultiTouchInputFuzzer.cpp
index d3f6690..f29577d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MultiTouchInputFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MultiTouchInputFuzzer.cpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     RawEvent rawEvent = getFuzzedRawEvent(*fdp);
-                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(&rawEvent);
+                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(rawEvent);
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     mapper.getKeyCodeState(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>(),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/SwitchInputFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/SwitchInputFuzzer.cpp
index ac2030a..a42d447 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/SwitchInputFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/SwitchInputFuzzer.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
                 [&]() -> void { mapper.getSources(); },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     RawEvent rawEvent = getFuzzedRawEvent(*fdp);
-                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(&rawEvent);
+                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(rawEvent);
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     mapper.getSwitchState(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>(),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/TouchpadInputFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/TouchpadInputFuzzer.cpp
index 643e8b9..c620032 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/TouchpadInputFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/TouchpadInputFuzzer.cpp
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     RawEvent event = getFuzzedRawEvent(*fdp);
-                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(&event);
+                    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mapper.process(event);
                 },
         })();
     }
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/Android.bp b/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
index afaf0ae..f4b0265 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@
         "android.hardware.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.common.fmq-V1-ndk",
         "server_configurable_flags",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/OWNERS b/services/sensorservice/OWNERS
index 90c2330..7347ac7 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/OWNERS
+++ b/services/sensorservice/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-arthuri@google.com
 bduddie@google.com
-stange@google.com
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig b/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig
index 4c1d314..7abfbaa 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig
+++ b/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig
@@ -28,10 +28,3 @@
   description: "When this flag is enabled, sensor service will only erase dynamic sensor data at the end of the threadLoop to prevent race condition."
   bug: "329020894"
 }
-
-flag {
-  name: "sensor_service_report_sensor_usage_in_tracing"
-  namespace: "sensors"
-  description: "When this flag is enabled, sensor service will report sensor usage when system trace is enabled."
-  bug: "333132224"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index 8ca796e..1b6c598 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@
         "libui",
         "libutils",
         "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc"
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "iinputflinger_aidl_lib_static",
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@
         "libscheduler",
         "libserviceutils",
         "libshaders",
+        "libsurfaceflingerflags",
         "libtimestats",
         "libtonemap",
     ],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.cpp
index f093384..a6a9bec 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.cpp
@@ -20,30 +20,221 @@
 
 #include "Display/DisplayModeController.h"
 #include "Display/DisplaySnapshot.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
+#include <common/FlagManager.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
+#include <ftl/expected.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 namespace android::display {
 
+template <size_t N>
+inline std::string DisplayModeController::Display::concatId(const char (&str)[N]) const {
+    return std::string(ftl::Concat(str, ' ', snapshot.get().displayId().value).str());
+}
+
+DisplayModeController::Display::Display(DisplaySnapshotRef snapshot,
+                                        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr)
+      : snapshot(snapshot),
+        selectorPtr(std::move(selectorPtr)),
+        pendingModeFpsTrace(concatId("PendingModeFps")),
+        activeModeFpsTrace(concatId("ActiveModeFps")),
+        renderRateFpsTrace(concatId("RenderRateFps")),
+        hasDesiredModeTrace(concatId("HasDesiredMode"), false) {}
+
+void DisplayModeController::registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                            DisplaySnapshotRef snapshotRef,
+                                            RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    mDisplays.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::make_unique<Display>(snapshotRef, selectorPtr));
+}
+
 void DisplayModeController::registerDisplay(DisplaySnapshotRef snapshotRef,
                                             DisplayModeId activeModeId,
                                             scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config config) {
     const auto& snapshot = snapshotRef.get();
     const auto displayId = snapshot.displayId();
 
-    mDisplays.emplace_or_replace(displayId, snapshotRef, snapshot.displayModes(), activeModeId,
-                                 config);
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    mDisplays.emplace_or_replace(displayId,
+                                 std::make_unique<Display>(snapshotRef, snapshot.displayModes(),
+                                                           activeModeId, config));
 }
 
 void DisplayModeController::unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
     const bool ok = mDisplays.erase(displayId);
     ALOGE_IF(!ok, "%s: Unknown display %s", __func__, to_string(displayId).c_str());
 }
 
-auto DisplayModeController::selectorPtrFor(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) -> RefreshRateSelectorPtr {
+auto DisplayModeController::selectorPtrFor(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const
+        -> RefreshRateSelectorPtr {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
     return mDisplays.get(displayId)
-            .transform([](const Display& display) { return display.selectorPtr; })
+            .transform([](const DisplayPtr& displayPtr) { return displayPtr->selectorPtr; })
             .value_or(nullptr);
 }
 
+auto DisplayModeController::setDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                           DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode) -> DesiredModeAction {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr =
+            FTL_EXPECT(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(DesiredModeAction::None)).get();
+
+    {
+        ATRACE_NAME(displayPtr->concatId(__func__).c_str());
+        ALOGD("%s %s", displayPtr->concatId(__func__).c_str(), to_string(desiredMode).c_str());
+
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+
+        if (auto& desiredModeOpt = displayPtr->desiredModeOpt) {
+            // A mode transition was already scheduled, so just override the desired mode.
+            const bool emitEvent = desiredModeOpt->emitEvent;
+            const bool force = desiredModeOpt->force;
+            desiredModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
+            desiredModeOpt->emitEvent |= emitEvent;
+            if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
+                desiredModeOpt->force |= force;
+            }
+            return DesiredModeAction::None;
+        }
+
+        // If the desired mode is already active...
+        const auto activeMode = displayPtr->selectorPtr->getActiveMode();
+        if (const auto& desiredModePtr = desiredMode.mode.modePtr;
+            !desiredMode.force && activeMode.modePtr->getId() == desiredModePtr->getId()) {
+            if (activeMode == desiredMode.mode) {
+                return DesiredModeAction::None;
+            }
+
+            // ...but the render rate changed:
+            setActiveModeLocked(displayId, desiredModePtr->getId(), desiredModePtr->getVsyncRate(),
+                                desiredMode.mode.fps);
+            return DesiredModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch;
+        }
+
+        // Restore peak render rate to schedule the next frame as soon as possible.
+        setActiveModeLocked(displayId, activeMode.modePtr->getId(),
+                            activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate(), activeMode.modePtr->getPeakFps());
+
+        // Initiate a mode change.
+        displayPtr->desiredModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
+        displayPtr->hasDesiredModeTrace = true;
+    }
+
+    return DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch;
+}
+
+auto DisplayModeController::getDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const
+        -> DisplayModeRequestOpt {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr =
+            FTL_EXPECT(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(DisplayModeRequestOpt())).get();
+
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+        return displayPtr->desiredModeOpt;
+    }
+}
+
+auto DisplayModeController::getPendingMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const
+        -> DisplayModeRequestOpt {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr =
+            FTL_EXPECT(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(DisplayModeRequestOpt())).get();
+
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+        return displayPtr->pendingModeOpt;
+    }
+}
+
+bool DisplayModeController::isModeSetPending(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr = FTL_EXPECT(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(false)).get();
+
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+        return displayPtr->isModeSetPending;
+    }
+}
+
+scheduler::FrameRateMode DisplayModeController::getActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const {
+    return selectorPtrFor(displayId)->getActiveMode();
+}
+
+void DisplayModeController::clearDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr = FTL_TRY(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(ftl::Unit())).get();
+
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+        displayPtr->desiredModeOpt.reset();
+        displayPtr->hasDesiredModeTrace = false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool DisplayModeController::initiateModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                               DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode,
+                                               const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints,
+                                               hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    const auto& displayPtr = FTL_EXPECT(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(false)).get();
+
+    // TODO: b/255635711 - Flow the DisplayModeRequest through the desired/pending/active states.
+    // For now, `desiredMode` and `desiredModeOpt` are one and the same, but the latter is not
+    // cleared until the next `SF::initiateDisplayModeChanges`. However, the desired mode has been
+    // consumed at this point, so clear the `force` flag to prevent an endless loop of
+    // `initiateModeChange`.
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(displayPtr->desiredModeLock);
+        if (displayPtr->desiredModeOpt) {
+            displayPtr->desiredModeOpt->force = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    displayPtr->pendingModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
+    displayPtr->isModeSetPending = true;
+
+    const auto& mode = *displayPtr->pendingModeOpt->mode.modePtr;
+
+    if (mComposerPtr->setActiveModeWithConstraints(displayId, mode.getHwcId(), constraints,
+                                                   &outTimeline) != OK) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_INT(displayPtr->pendingModeFpsTrace.c_str(), mode.getVsyncRate().getIntValue());
+    return true;
+}
+
+void DisplayModeController::finalizeModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, DisplayModeId modeId,
+                                               Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    setActiveModeLocked(displayId, modeId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
+
+    const auto& displayPtr = FTL_TRY(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(ftl::Unit())).get();
+    displayPtr->isModeSetPending = false;
+}
+
+void DisplayModeController::setActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, DisplayModeId modeId,
+                                          Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mDisplayLock);
+    setActiveModeLocked(displayId, modeId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
+}
+
+void DisplayModeController::setActiveModeLocked(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, DisplayModeId modeId,
+                                                Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
+    const auto& displayPtr = FTL_TRY(mDisplays.get(displayId).ok_or(ftl::Unit())).get();
+
+    ATRACE_INT(displayPtr->activeModeFpsTrace.c_str(), vsyncRate.getIntValue());
+    ATRACE_INT(displayPtr->renderRateFpsTrace.c_str(), renderFps.getIntValue());
+
+    displayPtr->selectorPtr->setActiveMode(modeId, renderFps);
+
+    if (mActiveModeListener) {
+        mActiveModeListener(displayId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android::display
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.h
index b6a6bee..258b04b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayModeController.h
@@ -17,16 +17,26 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <ftl/function.h>
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 
+#include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "Display/DisplaySnapshotRef.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayMode.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "ThreadContext.h"
+#include "TracedOrdinal.h"
+
+namespace android {
+class HWComposer;
+} // namespace android
 
 namespace android::display {
 
@@ -34,40 +44,97 @@
 // certain heuristic signals.
 class DisplayModeController {
 public:
-    // The referenced DisplaySnapshot must outlive the registration.
-    void registerDisplay(DisplaySnapshotRef, DisplayModeId, scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-    void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    using ActiveModeListener = ftl::Function<void(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)>;
 
-    // TODO(b/241285876): Remove once ownership is no longer shared with DisplayDevice.
+    DisplayModeController() = default;
+
+    void setHwComposer(HWComposer* composerPtr) { mComposerPtr = composerPtr; }
+    void setActiveModeListener(const ActiveModeListener& listener) {
+        mActiveModeListener = listener;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: b/241285876 - Remove once ownership is no longer shared with DisplayDevice.
     using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>;
 
-    // Returns `nullptr` if the display is no longer registered (or never was).
-    RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtrFor(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
     // Used by tests to inject an existing RefreshRateSelector.
-    // TODO(b/241285876): Remove this.
-    void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, DisplaySnapshotRef snapshotRef,
-                         RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
-        mDisplays.emplace_or_replace(displayId, snapshotRef, selectorPtr);
-    }
+    // TODO: b/241285876 - Remove this.
+    void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplaySnapshotRef, RefreshRateSelectorPtr)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    // The referenced DisplaySnapshot must outlive the registration.
+    void registerDisplay(DisplaySnapshotRef, DisplayModeId, scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    // Returns `nullptr` if the display is no longer registered (or never was).
+    RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtrFor(PhysicalDisplayId) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    enum class DesiredModeAction { None, InitiateDisplayModeSwitch, InitiateRenderRateSwitch };
+
+    DesiredModeAction setDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest&&)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    using DisplayModeRequestOpt = ftl::Optional<DisplayModeRequest>;
+
+    DisplayModeRequestOpt getDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    void clearDesiredMode(PhysicalDisplayId) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    DisplayModeRequestOpt getPendingMode(PhysicalDisplayId) const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    bool isModeSetPending(PhysicalDisplayId) const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    scheduler::FrameRateMode getActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    bool initiateModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest&&,
+                            const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints&,
+                            hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    void finalizeModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    void setActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
 private:
     struct Display {
-        Display(DisplaySnapshotRef snapshot, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr)
-              : snapshot(snapshot), selectorPtr(std::move(selectorPtr)) {}
+        template <size_t N>
+        std::string concatId(const char (&)[N]) const;
 
+        Display(DisplaySnapshotRef, RefreshRateSelectorPtr);
         Display(DisplaySnapshotRef snapshot, DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
                 scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config config)
               : Display(snapshot,
                         std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(std::move(modes),
                                                                          activeModeId, config)) {}
-
         const DisplaySnapshotRef snapshot;
         const RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr;
+
+        const std::string pendingModeFpsTrace;
+        const std::string activeModeFpsTrace;
+        const std::string renderRateFpsTrace;
+
+        std::mutex desiredModeLock;
+        DisplayModeRequestOpt desiredModeOpt GUARDED_BY(desiredModeLock);
+        TracedOrdinal<bool> hasDesiredModeTrace GUARDED_BY(desiredModeLock);
+
+        DisplayModeRequestOpt pendingModeOpt GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
+        bool isModeSetPending GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext) = false;
     };
 
-    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, Display> mDisplays;
+    using DisplayPtr = std::unique_ptr<Display>;
+
+    void setActiveModeLocked(PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)
+            REQUIRES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    // Set once when initializing the DisplayModeController, which the HWComposer must outlive.
+    HWComposer* mComposerPtr = nullptr;
+
+    ActiveModeListener mActiveModeListener;
+
+    mutable std::mutex mDisplayLock;
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayPtr> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::display
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 38cf053..27ea4a9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
-#include <common/FlagManager.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
@@ -36,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <configstore/Utils.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
 
@@ -64,15 +64,11 @@
         mDisplayToken(args.displayToken),
         mSequenceId(args.sequenceId),
         mCompositionDisplay{args.compositionDisplay},
-        mPendingModeFpsTrace(concatId("PendingModeFps")),
-        mActiveModeFpsTrace(concatId("ActiveModeFps")),
-        mRenderRateFpsTrace(concatId("RenderRateFps")),
         mPhysicalOrientation(args.physicalOrientation),
         mPowerMode(ftl::Concat("PowerMode ", getId().value).c_str(), args.initialPowerMode),
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary),
         mRequestedRefreshRate(args.requestedRefreshRate),
-        mRefreshRateSelector(std::move(args.refreshRateSelector)),
-        mHasDesiredModeTrace(concatId("HasDesiredMode"), false) {
+        mRefreshRateSelector(std::move(args.refreshRateSelector)) {
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isProtected = args.isProtected;
     mCompositionDisplay->createRenderSurface(
@@ -204,47 +200,6 @@
     return mPowerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF;
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::setActiveMode(DisplayModeId modeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
-    ATRACE_INT(mActiveModeFpsTrace.c_str(), vsyncRate.getIntValue());
-    ATRACE_INT(mRenderRateFpsTrace.c_str(), renderFps.getIntValue());
-
-    mRefreshRateSelector->setActiveMode(modeId, renderFps);
-    updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(vsyncRate, renderFps);
-}
-
-bool DisplayDevice::initiateModeChange(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode,
-                                       const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints,
-                                       hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline) {
-    // TODO(b/255635711): Flow the DisplayModeRequest through the desired/pending/active states. For
-    // now, `desiredMode` and `mDesiredModeOpt` are one and the same, but the latter is not cleared
-    // until the next `SF::initiateDisplayModeChanges`. However, the desired mode has been consumed
-    // at this point, so clear the `force` flag to prevent an endless loop of `initiateModeChange`.
-    if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-        if (mDesiredModeOpt) {
-            mDesiredModeOpt->force = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    mPendingModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
-    mIsModeSetPending = true;
-
-    const auto& mode = *mPendingModeOpt->mode.modePtr;
-
-    if (mHwComposer.setActiveModeWithConstraints(getPhysicalId(), mode.getHwcId(), constraints,
-                                                 &outTimeline) != OK) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ATRACE_INT(mPendingModeFpsTrace.c_str(), mode.getVsyncRate().getIntValue());
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DisplayDevice::finalizeModeChange(DisplayModeId modeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
-    setActiveMode(modeId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
-    mIsModeSetPending = false;
-}
-
 nsecs_t DisplayDevice::getVsyncPeriodFromHWC() const {
     const auto physicalId = getPhysicalId();
     if (!mHwComposer.isConnected(physicalId)) {
@@ -450,8 +405,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, bool showSpinner,
-                                             bool showRenderRate, bool showInMiddle) {
+void DisplayDevice::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, Fps refreshRate,
+                                             Fps renderFps, bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate,
+                                             bool showInMiddle) {
     if (!enable) {
         mRefreshRateOverlay.reset();
         return;
@@ -474,14 +430,12 @@
         features |= RefreshRateOverlay::Features::SetByHwc;
     }
 
-    // TODO(b/296636258) Update to use the render rate range in VRR mode.
     const auto fpsRange = mRefreshRateSelector->getSupportedRefreshRateRange();
     mRefreshRateOverlay = RefreshRateOverlay::create(fpsRange, features);
     if (mRefreshRateOverlay) {
         mRefreshRateOverlay->setLayerStack(getLayerStack());
         mRefreshRateOverlay->setViewport(getSize());
-        updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate(), getActiveMode().fps,
-                                     setByHwc);
+        updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(refreshRate, renderFps, setByHwc);
     }
 }
 
@@ -489,6 +443,9 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (mRefreshRateOverlay) {
         if (!mRefreshRateOverlay->isSetByHwc() || setByHwc) {
+            if (mRefreshRateSelector->isVrrDevice() && !mRefreshRateOverlay->isSetByHwc()) {
+                refreshRate = renderFps;
+            }
             mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(refreshRate, renderFps);
         } else {
             mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRenderRate(renderFps);
@@ -529,57 +486,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-auto DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode) -> DesiredModeAction {
-    ATRACE_NAME(concatId(__func__).c_str());
-    ALOGD("%s %s", concatId(__func__).c_str(), to_string(desiredMode).c_str());
-
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-    if (mDesiredModeOpt) {
-        // A mode transition was already scheduled, so just override the desired mode.
-        const bool emitEvent = mDesiredModeOpt->emitEvent;
-        const bool force = mDesiredModeOpt->force;
-        mDesiredModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
-        mDesiredModeOpt->emitEvent |= emitEvent;
-        if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
-            mDesiredModeOpt->force |= force;
-        }
-        return DesiredModeAction::None;
-    }
-
-    // If the desired mode is already active...
-    const auto activeMode = refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode();
-    if (const auto& desiredModePtr = desiredMode.mode.modePtr;
-        !desiredMode.force && activeMode.modePtr->getId() == desiredModePtr->getId()) {
-        if (activeMode == desiredMode.mode) {
-            return DesiredModeAction::None;
-        }
-
-        // ...but the render rate changed:
-        setActiveMode(desiredModePtr->getId(), desiredModePtr->getVsyncRate(),
-                      desiredMode.mode.fps);
-        return DesiredModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch;
-    }
-
-    setActiveMode(activeMode.modePtr->getId(), activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate(),
-                  activeMode.modePtr->getPeakFps());
-
-    // Initiate a mode change.
-    mDesiredModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
-    mHasDesiredModeTrace = true;
-    return DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch;
-}
-
-auto DisplayDevice::getDesiredMode() const -> DisplayModeRequestOpt {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-    return mDesiredModeOpt;
-}
-
-void DisplayDevice::clearDesiredMode() {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-    mDesiredModeOpt.reset();
-    mHasDesiredModeTrace = false;
-}
-
 void DisplayDevice::adjustRefreshRate(Fps pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate) {
     using fps_approx_ops::operator<=;
     if (mRequestedRefreshRate <= 0_Hz) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index a21559f..3cc8cf5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <ftl/concat.h>
-#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
@@ -42,7 +40,6 @@
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayMode.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h"
@@ -183,37 +180,6 @@
 
     ui::Dataspace getCompositionDataSpace() const;
 
-    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     * Display mode management.
-     */
-
-    enum class DesiredModeAction { None, InitiateDisplayModeSwitch, InitiateRenderRateSwitch };
-
-    DesiredModeAction setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&) EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
-
-    using DisplayModeRequestOpt = ftl::Optional<display::DisplayModeRequest>;
-
-    DisplayModeRequestOpt getDesiredMode() const EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
-    void clearDesiredMode() EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
-
-    DisplayModeRequestOpt getPendingMode() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
-        return mPendingModeOpt;
-    }
-    bool isModeSetPending() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) { return mIsModeSetPending; }
-
-    scheduler::FrameRateMode getActiveMode() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
-        return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveMode();
-    }
-
-    void setActiveMode(DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps);
-
-    bool initiateModeChange(display::DisplayModeRequest&&, const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints&,
-                            hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
-    void finalizeModeChange(DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
     scheduler::RefreshRateSelector& refreshRateSelector() const { return *mRefreshRateSelector; }
 
     // Extends the lifetime of the RefreshRateSelector, so it can outlive this DisplayDevice.
@@ -221,13 +187,14 @@
         return mRefreshRateSelector;
     }
 
-    void animateOverlay();
-
     // Enables an overlay to be displayed with the current refresh rate
-    void enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate,
-                                  bool showInMiddle) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    // TODO(b/241285876): Move overlay to DisplayModeController.
+    void enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, Fps refreshRate, Fps renderFps,
+                                  bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate, bool showInMiddle)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
     void updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(Fps refreshRate, Fps renderFps, bool setByHwc = false);
     bool isRefreshRateOverlayEnabled() const { return mRefreshRateOverlay != nullptr; }
+    void animateOverlay();
     bool onKernelTimerChanged(std::optional<DisplayModeId>, bool timerExpired);
 
     // Enables an overlay to be display with the hdr/sdr ratio
@@ -249,11 +216,6 @@
     void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
 
 private:
-    template <size_t N>
-    inline std::string concatId(const char (&str)[N]) const {
-        return std::string(ftl::Concat(str, ' ', getId().value).str());
-    }
-
     const sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger;
     HWComposer& mHwComposer;
     const wp<IBinder> mDisplayToken;
@@ -262,9 +224,6 @@
     const std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> mCompositionDisplay;
 
     std::string mDisplayName;
-    std::string mPendingModeFpsTrace;
-    std::string mActiveModeFpsTrace;
-    std::string mRenderRateFpsTrace;
 
     const ui::Rotation mPhysicalOrientation;
     ui::Rotation mOrientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
@@ -296,13 +255,6 @@
     std::unique_ptr<HdrSdrRatioOverlay> mHdrSdrRatioOverlay;
     // This parameter is only used for hdr/sdr ratio overlay
     float mHdrSdrRatio = 1.0f;
-
-    mutable std::mutex mDesiredModeLock;
-    DisplayModeRequestOpt mDesiredModeOpt GUARDED_BY(mDesiredModeLock);
-    TracedOrdinal<bool> mHasDesiredModeTrace GUARDED_BY(mDesiredModeLock);
-
-    DisplayModeRequestOpt mPendingModeOpt GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
-    bool mIsModeSetPending GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext) = false;
 };
 
 struct DisplayDeviceState {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
index 84f668d..8c0f81e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@
                  DisplayType type)
       : mComposer(composer), mCapabilities(capabilities), mId(id), mType(type) {
     ALOGV("Created display %" PRIu64, id);
+    if (mType == hal::DisplayType::VIRTUAL) {
+        loadDisplayCapabilities();
+    }
 }
 
 Display::~Display() {
@@ -499,29 +502,7 @@
     auto intError = mComposer.setPowerMode(mId, intMode);
 
     if (mode == PowerMode::ON) {
-        std::call_once(mDisplayCapabilityQueryFlag, [this]() {
-            std::vector<DisplayCapability> tmpCapabilities;
-            auto error =
-                    static_cast<Error>(mComposer.getDisplayCapabilities(mId, &tmpCapabilities));
-            if (error == Error::NONE) {
-                std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayCapabilitiesMutex);
-                mDisplayCapabilities.emplace();
-                for (auto capability : tmpCapabilities) {
-                    mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(capability);
-                }
-            } else if (error == Error::UNSUPPORTED) {
-                std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayCapabilitiesMutex);
-                mDisplayCapabilities.emplace();
-                if (mCapabilities.count(AidlCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM)) {
-                    mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(DisplayCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM);
-                }
-                bool dozeSupport = false;
-                error = static_cast<Error>(mComposer.getDozeSupport(mId, &dozeSupport));
-                if (error == Error::NONE && dozeSupport) {
-                    mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(DisplayCapability::DOZE);
-                }
-            }
-        });
+        loadDisplayCapabilities();
     }
 
     return static_cast<Error>(intError);
@@ -653,6 +634,32 @@
     auto it = mLayers.find(id);
     return it != mLayers.end() ? it->second.lock() : nullptr;
 }
+
+void Display::loadDisplayCapabilities() {
+    std::call_once(mDisplayCapabilityQueryFlag, [this]() {
+        std::vector<DisplayCapability> tmpCapabilities;
+        auto error =
+                static_cast<Error>(mComposer.getDisplayCapabilities(mId, &tmpCapabilities));
+        if (error == Error::NONE) {
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayCapabilitiesMutex);
+            mDisplayCapabilities.emplace();
+            for (auto capability : tmpCapabilities) {
+                mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(capability);
+            }
+        } else if (error == Error::UNSUPPORTED) {
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayCapabilitiesMutex);
+            mDisplayCapabilities.emplace();
+            if (mCapabilities.count(AidlCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM)) {
+                mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(DisplayCapability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM);
+            }
+            bool dozeSupport = false;
+            error = static_cast<Error>(mComposer.getDozeSupport(mId, &dozeSupport));
+            if (error == Error::NONE && dozeSupport) {
+                mDisplayCapabilities->emplace(DisplayCapability::DOZE);
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
 } // namespace impl
 
 // Layer methods
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
index de044e0..5b94831 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@
     hal::Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Hwc2::AidlTransform* outTransform) const override;
 
 private:
+    void loadDisplayCapabilities();
 
     // This may fail (and return a null pointer) if no layer with this ID exists
     // on this display
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
index 4b0618e..dd5e8bd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
@@ -152,6 +152,10 @@
             if (swapErase(linkedLayer->mirrorIds, layer.id)) {
                 linkedLayer->changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Mirror;
             }
+            if (linkedLayer->layerIdToMirror == layer.id) {
+                linkedLayer->layerIdToMirror = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+                linkedLayer->changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Mirror;
+            }
             if (linkedLayer->touchCropId == layer.id) {
                 linkedLayer->touchCropId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
             }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index 6d4b0b5..ca53a0d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -256,6 +256,9 @@
 }
 
 void updateVisibility(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, bool visible) {
+    if (snapshot.isVisible != visible) {
+        snapshot.changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility;
+    }
     snapshot.isVisible = visible;
 
     // TODO(b/238781169) we are ignoring this compat for now, since we will have
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 6b97e2f..d27bfd2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -3149,8 +3149,7 @@
 
 bool Layer::setBuffer(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                       const BufferData& bufferData, nsecs_t postTime, nsecs_t desiredPresentTime,
-                      bool isAutoTimestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueTime,
-                      const FrameTimelineInfo& info) {
+                      bool isAutoTimestamp, const FrameTimelineInfo& info) {
     ATRACE_FORMAT("setBuffer %s - hasBuffer=%s", getDebugName(), (buffer ? "true" : "false"));
 
     const bool frameNumberChanged =
@@ -3224,10 +3223,11 @@
 
     setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferTransaction(info, postTime);
 
-    if (dequeueTime && *dequeueTime != 0) {
+    if (bufferData.dequeueTime > 0) {
         const uint64_t bufferId = mDrawingState.buffer->getId();
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceNewLayer(layerId, getName().c_str());
-        mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceTimestamp(layerId, bufferId, frameNumber, *dequeueTime,
+        mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceTimestamp(layerId, bufferId, frameNumber,
+                                               bufferData.dequeueTime,
                                                FrameTracer::FrameEvent::DEQUEUE);
         mFlinger->mFrameTracer->traceTimestamp(layerId, bufferId, frameNumber, postTime,
                                                FrameTracer::FrameEvent::QUEUE);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 9db7664..b9fcd5c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
     bool setBuffer(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& /* buffer */,
                    const BufferData& /* bufferData */, nsecs_t /* postTime */,
                    nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/, bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/,
-                   std::optional<nsecs_t> /* dequeueTime */, const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/);
+                   const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/);
     void setDesiredPresentTime(nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/, bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/);
     bool setDataspace(ui::Dataspace /*dataspace*/);
     bool setExtendedRangeBrightness(float currentBufferRatio, float desiredRatio);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
index b40f332..9527a99 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
@@ -200,19 +200,13 @@
     BufferCache::const_iterator it =
             mBufferCache.find({refreshRate.getIntValue(), renderFps.getIntValue(), transformHint});
     if (it == mBufferCache.end()) {
-        // HWC minFps is not known by the framework in order
-        // to consider lower rates we set minFps to 0.
-        const int minFps = isSetByHwc() ? 0 : mFpsRange.min.getIntValue();
         const int maxFps = mFpsRange.max.getIntValue();
 
-        // Clamp to the range. The current refreshRate may be outside of this range if the display
-        // has changed its set of supported refresh rates.
-        const int displayIntFps = std::clamp(refreshRate.getIntValue(), minFps, maxFps);
+        // Clamp to supported refresh rate range: the current refresh rate may be outside of this
+        // range if the display has changed its set of supported refresh rates.
+        const int refreshIntFps = std::clamp(refreshRate.getIntValue(), 0, maxFps);
         const int renderIntFps = renderFps.getIntValue();
-
-        // Ensure non-zero range to avoid division by zero.
-        const float fpsScale =
-                static_cast<float>(displayIntFps - minFps) / std::max(1, maxFps - minFps);
+        const float fpsScale = static_cast<float>(refreshIntFps) / maxFps;
 
         constexpr SkColor kMinFpsColor = SK_ColorRED;
         constexpr SkColor kMaxFpsColor = SK_ColorGREEN;
@@ -228,9 +222,9 @@
 
         const SkColor color = colorBase.toSkColor();
 
-        auto buffers = draw(displayIntFps, renderIntFps, color, transformHint, mFeatures);
+        auto buffers = draw(refreshIntFps, renderIntFps, color, transformHint, mFeatures);
         it = mBufferCache
-                     .try_emplace({displayIntFps, renderIntFps, transformHint}, std::move(buffers))
+                     .try_emplace({refreshIntFps, renderIntFps, transformHint}, std::move(buffers))
                      .first;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
index 93ec36e..b2896f0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 
     using Buffers = std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>;
 
-    static Buffers draw(int vsyncRate, int renderFps, SkColor, ui::Transform::RotationFlags,
+    static Buffers draw(int refreshRate, int renderFps, SkColor, ui::Transform::RotationFlags,
                         ftl::Flags<Features>);
     static void drawNumber(int number, int left, SkColor, SkCanvas&);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
index 2b4e234..5add290 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
@@ -315,39 +315,15 @@
         return true;
     };
 
-    std::function<std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>()> getLayerSnapshots;
-    if (mFlinger.mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        auto filterFn = [&](const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot,
-                            bool& outStopTraversal) -> bool {
-            const Rect bounds =
-                    frontend::RequestedLayerState::reduce(Rect(snapshot.geomLayerBounds),
-                                                          snapshot.transparentRegionHint);
-            const ui::Transform transform = snapshot.geomLayerTransform;
-            return layerFilterFn(snapshot.name.c_str(), snapshot.path.id, bounds, transform,
-                                 outStopTraversal);
-        };
-        getLayerSnapshots =
-                mFlinger.getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID,
-                                                         filterFn);
-    } else {
-        auto traverseLayers = [&](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-            bool stopLayerFound = false;
-            auto filterVisitor = [&](Layer* layer) {
-                // We don't want to capture any layers beyond the stop layer
-                if (stopLayerFound) return;
-
-                if (!layerFilterFn(layer->getDebugName(), layer->getSequence(),
-                                   Rect(layer->getBounds()), layer->getTransform(),
-                                   stopLayerFound)) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                visitor(layer);
-            };
-            mFlinger.traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, {},
-                                                filterVisitor);
-        };
-        getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
-    }
+    auto filterFn = [&](const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot, bool& outStopTraversal) -> bool {
+        const Rect bounds = frontend::RequestedLayerState::reduce(Rect(snapshot.geomLayerBounds),
+                                                                  snapshot.transparentRegionHint);
+        const ui::Transform transform = snapshot.geomLayerTransform;
+        return layerFilterFn(snapshot.name.c_str(), snapshot.path.id, bounds, transform,
+                             outStopTraversal);
+    };
+    auto getLayerSnapshotsFn =
+            mFlinger.getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, filterFn);
 
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
     if (mCachedBuffer && mCachedBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth() == sampledBounds.getWidth() &&
@@ -372,17 +348,30 @@
     constexpr bool kGrayscale = false;
     constexpr bool kIsProtected = false;
 
-    if (const auto fenceResult =
-                mFlinger.captureScreenshot(SurfaceFlinger::RenderAreaBuilderVariant(
-                                                   std::in_place_type<DisplayRenderAreaBuilder>,
-                                                   sampledBounds, sampledBounds.getSize(),
-                                                   ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB,
-                                                   kHintForSeamlessTransition,
-                                                   true /* captureSecureLayers */, displayWeak),
-                                           getLayerSnapshots, buffer, kRegionSampling, kGrayscale,
-                                           kIsProtected, nullptr)
+    SurfaceFlinger::RenderAreaBuilderVariant
+            renderAreaBuilder(std::in_place_type<DisplayRenderAreaBuilder>, sampledBounds,
+                              sampledBounds.getSize(), ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB,
+                              kHintForSeamlessTransition, true /* captureSecureLayers */,
+                              displayWeak);
+
+    FenceResult fenceResult;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().single_hop_screenshot() &&
+        FlagManager::getInstance().ce_fence_promise()) {
+        std::vector<sp<LayerFE>> layerFEs;
+        auto displayState =
+                mFlinger.getDisplayAndLayerSnapshotsFromMainThread(renderAreaBuilder,
+                                                                   getLayerSnapshotsFn, layerFEs);
+        fenceResult =
+                mFlinger.captureScreenshot(renderAreaBuilder, buffer, kRegionSampling, kGrayscale,
+                                           kIsProtected, nullptr, displayState, layerFEs)
                         .get();
-        fenceResult.ok()) {
+    } else {
+        fenceResult =
+                mFlinger.captureScreenshotLegacy(renderAreaBuilder, getLayerSnapshotsFn, buffer,
+                                                 kRegionSampling, kGrayscale, kIsProtected, nullptr)
+                        .get();
+    }
+    if (fenceResult.ok()) {
         fenceResult.value()->waitForever(LOG_TAG);
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 85ce713..dd3c4b0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -737,7 +737,9 @@
         return ticks<std::milli, float>(TimePoint::fromNs(timePoint) - now);
     };
 
-    Fps displayFps = mRenderRateOpt ? *mRenderRateOpt : Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod.ns());
+    Fps displayFps = !FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_bugfix_24q4() && mRenderRateOpt
+            ? *mRenderRateOpt
+            : Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod.ns());
     const auto divisor = RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayFps, frameRate);
     const auto now = TimePoint::now();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 5f81cd4..596ec12 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/PermissionCache.h>
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <common/FlagManager.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
@@ -813,8 +814,24 @@
                 .setGraphicsApi(renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK);
     } else {
         const auto kVulkan = renderengine::RenderEngine::GraphicsApi::VK;
+// TODO: b/341728634 - Clean up conditional compilation.
+// Note: this guard in particular must check e.g.
+// COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE directly (instead of calling e.g.
+// COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS(GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE)) because that macro is undefined
+// in the libsurfaceflingerflags_test variant of com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h, which
+// is used by layertracegenerator (which also needs SurfaceFlinger.cpp). :)
+#if COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE || \
+        COM_ANDROID_GRAPHICS_SURFACEFLINGER_FLAGS_FORCE_COMPILE_GRAPHITE_RENDERENGINE
         const bool useGraphite = FlagManager::getInstance().graphite_renderengine() &&
                 renderengine::RenderEngine::canSupport(kVulkan);
+#else
+        const bool useGraphite = false;
+        if (FlagManager::getInstance().graphite_renderengine()) {
+            ALOGE("RenderEngine's Graphite Skia backend was requested with the "
+                  "debug.renderengine.graphite system property, but it is not compiled in this "
+                  "build! Falling back to Ganesh backend selection logic.");
+        }
+#endif
         const bool useVulkan = useGraphite ||
                 (FlagManager::getInstance().vulkan_renderengine() &&
                  renderengine::RenderEngine::canSupport(kVulkan));
@@ -874,8 +891,12 @@
     }
 
     mCompositionEngine->setTimeStats(mTimeStats);
+
     mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(getFactory().createHWComposer(mHwcServiceName));
-    mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer().setCallback(*this);
+    auto& composer = mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer();
+    composer.setCallback(*this);
+    mDisplayModeController.setHwComposer(&composer);
+
     ClientCache::getInstance().setRenderEngine(&getRenderEngine());
 
     mHasReliablePresentFences =
@@ -914,6 +935,20 @@
     // initializing the Scheduler after configureLocked, once decoupled from DisplayDevice.
     initScheduler(display);
 
+    // Start listening after creating the Scheduler, since the listener calls into it.
+    mDisplayModeController.setActiveModeListener(
+            display::DisplayModeController::ActiveModeListener::make(
+                    [this](PhysicalDisplayId displayId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderRate) {
+                        // This callback cannot lock mStateLock, as some callers already lock it.
+                        // Instead, switch context to the main thread.
+                        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=,
+                                                                this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+                            if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId)) {
+                                display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(vsyncRate, renderRate);
+                            }
+                        }));
+                    }));
+
     mLayerTracing.setTakeLayersSnapshotProtoFunction([&](uint32_t traceFlags) {
         auto snapshot = perfetto::protos::LayersSnapshotProto{};
         mScheduler
@@ -1279,19 +1314,19 @@
 
     ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', displayId.value).c_str());
 
-    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
-    if (!display) {
-        ALOGW("%s: display is no longer valid", __func__);
-        return;
-    }
-
     const bool emitEvent = desiredMode.emitEvent;
 
-    switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(desiredMode))) {
-        case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
-            // DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode updated the render rate, so inform Scheduler.
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps,
-                                      /*applyImmediately*/ true);
+    using DesiredModeAction = display::DisplayModeController::DesiredModeAction;
+
+    switch (mDisplayModeController.setDesiredMode(displayId, std::move(desiredMode))) {
+        case DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch: {
+            const auto selectorPtr = mDisplayModeController.selectorPtrFor(displayId);
+            if (!selectorPtr) break;
+
+            const Fps renderRate = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().fps;
+
+            // DisplayModeController::setDesiredMode updated the render rate, so inform Scheduler.
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderRate, true /* applyImmediately */);
 
             // Schedule a new frame to initiate the display mode switch.
             scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kNone);
@@ -1311,7 +1346,8 @@
 
             mScheduler->setModeChangePending(true);
             break;
-        case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch:
+        }
+        case DesiredModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch:
             mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, mode.fps, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
 
             if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
@@ -1322,7 +1358,7 @@
                 dispatchDisplayModeChangeEvent(displayId, mode);
             }
             break;
-        case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::None:
+        case DesiredModeAction::None:
             break;
     }
 }
@@ -1378,11 +1414,10 @@
     return future.get();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::finalizeDisplayModeChange(DisplayDevice& display) {
-    const auto displayId = display.getPhysicalId();
+void SurfaceFlinger::finalizeDisplayModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
     ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', displayId.value).c_str());
 
-    const auto pendingModeOpt = display.getPendingMode();
+    const auto pendingModeOpt = mDisplayModeController.getPendingMode(displayId);
     if (!pendingModeOpt) {
         // There is no pending mode change. This can happen if the active
         // display changed and the mode change happened on a different display.
@@ -1391,8 +1426,12 @@
 
     const auto& activeMode = pendingModeOpt->mode;
 
-    if (display.getActiveMode().modePtr->getResolution() != activeMode.modePtr->getResolution()) {
-        auto& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueFor(display.getDisplayToken());
+    if (const auto oldResolution =
+                mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(displayId).modePtr->getResolution();
+        oldResolution != activeMode.modePtr->getResolution()) {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+
+        auto& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueFor(getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(displayId));
         // We need to generate new sequenceId in order to recreate the display (and this
         // way the framebuffer).
         state.sequenceId = DisplayDeviceState{}.sequenceId;
@@ -1403,8 +1442,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    display.finalizeModeChange(activeMode.modePtr->getId(), activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate(),
-                               activeMode.fps);
+    mDisplayModeController.finalizeModeChange(displayId, activeMode.modePtr->getId(),
+                                              activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate(), activeMode.fps);
 
     if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         mScheduler->updatePhaseConfiguration(activeMode.fps);
@@ -1415,21 +1454,20 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::dropModeRequest(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    display->clearDesiredMode();
-    if (display->getPhysicalId() == mActiveDisplayId) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::dropModeRequest(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    mDisplayModeController.clearDesiredMode(displayId);
+    if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         // TODO(b/255635711): Check for pending mode changes on other displays.
         mScheduler->setModeChangePending(false);
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::applyActiveMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    const auto activeModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
+void SurfaceFlinger::applyActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    const auto activeModeOpt = mDisplayModeController.getDesiredMode(displayId);
     auto activeModePtr = activeModeOpt->mode.modePtr;
-    const auto displayId = activeModePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
     const auto renderFps = activeModeOpt->mode.fps;
 
-    dropModeRequest(display);
+    dropModeRequest(displayId);
 
     constexpr bool kAllowToEnable = true;
     mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, kAllowToEnable, std::move(activeModePtr).take());
@@ -1445,11 +1483,8 @@
 
     std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> displayToUpdateImmediately;
 
-    for (const auto& [id, physical] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
-        const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id);
-        if (!display) continue;
-
-        auto desiredModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
+    for (const auto& [displayId, physical] : FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mPhysicalDisplays)) {
+        auto desiredModeOpt = mDisplayModeController.getDesiredMode(displayId);
         if (!desiredModeOpt) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -1466,19 +1501,21 @@
         ALOGV("%s changing active mode to %d(%s) for display %s", __func__,
               ftl::to_underlying(desiredModeId),
               to_string(displayModePtrOpt->get()->getVsyncRate()).c_str(),
-              to_string(display->getId()).c_str());
+              to_string(displayId).c_str());
 
         if ((!FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display() || !desiredModeOpt->force) &&
-            display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
-            applyActiveMode(display);
+            mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(displayId) == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
+            applyActiveMode(displayId);
             continue;
         }
 
+        const auto selectorPtr = mDisplayModeController.selectorPtrFor(displayId);
+
         // Desired active mode was set, it is different than the mode currently in use, however
         // allowed modes might have changed by the time we process the refresh.
         // Make sure the desired mode is still allowed
-        if (!display->refreshRateSelector().isModeAllowed(desiredModeOpt->mode)) {
-            dropModeRequest(display);
+        if (!selectorPtr->isModeAllowed(desiredModeOpt->mode)) {
+            dropModeRequest(displayId);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1488,11 +1525,12 @@
         constraints.seamlessRequired = false;
         hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline outTimeline;
 
-        if (!display->initiateModeChange(std::move(*desiredModeOpt), constraints, outTimeline)) {
+        if (!mDisplayModeController.initiateModeChange(displayId, std::move(*desiredModeOpt),
+                                                       constraints, outTimeline)) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        display->refreshRateSelector().onModeChangeInitiated();
+        selectorPtr->onModeChangeInitiated();
         mScheduler->onNewVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline(outTimeline);
 
         if (outTimeline.refreshRequired) {
@@ -1501,17 +1539,18 @@
             // TODO(b/255635711): Remove `displayToUpdateImmediately` to `finalizeDisplayModeChange`
             // for all displays. This was only needed when the loop iterated over `mDisplays` rather
             // than `mPhysicalDisplays`.
-            displayToUpdateImmediately = display->getPhysicalId();
+            displayToUpdateImmediately = displayId;
         }
     }
 
     if (displayToUpdateImmediately) {
-        const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(*displayToUpdateImmediately);
-        finalizeDisplayModeChange(*display);
+        const auto displayId = *displayToUpdateImmediately;
+        finalizeDisplayModeChange(displayId);
 
-        const auto desiredModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
-        if (desiredModeOpt && display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
-            applyActiveMode(display);
+        const auto desiredModeOpt = mDisplayModeController.getDesiredMode(displayId);
+        if (desiredModeOpt &&
+            mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(displayId) == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
+            applyActiveMode(displayId);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2259,8 +2298,10 @@
                         getHwComposer().getComposer()->isVrrSupported() ? data.refreshPeriodNanos
                                                                         : data.vsyncPeriodNanos);
                 ATRACE_FORMAT("%s refresh rate = %d", whence, refreshRate.getIntValue());
-                display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(refreshRate, display->getActiveMode().fps,
-                                                      /* showRefreshRate */ true);
+
+                const auto renderRate = mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(*displayIdOpt).fps;
+                constexpr bool kSetByHwc = true;
+                display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(refreshRate, renderRate, kSetByHwc);
             }
         }
     }));
@@ -2568,33 +2609,18 @@
 
     // If a mode set is pending and the fence hasn't fired yet, wait for the next commit.
     if (std::any_of(frameTargets.begin(), frameTargets.end(),
-                    [this](const auto& pair) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock)
-                            FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-                                if (!pair.second->isFramePending()) return false;
-
-                                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(pair.first)) {
-                                    return display->isModeSetPending();
-                                }
-
-                                return false;
-                            })) {
+                    [this](const auto& pair) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+                        const auto [displayId, target] = pair;
+                        return target->isFramePending() &&
+                                mDisplayModeController.isModeSetPending(displayId);
+                    })) {
         mScheduler->scheduleFrame();
         return false;
     }
 
-    {
-        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-
-        for (const auto [id, target] : frameTargets) {
-            // TODO(b/241285876): This is `nullptr` when the DisplayDevice is about to be removed in
-            // this commit, since the PhysicalDisplay has already been removed. Rather than checking
-            // for `nullptr` below, change Scheduler::onFrameSignal to filter out the FrameTarget of
-            // the removed display.
-            const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id);
-
-            if (display && display->isModeSetPending()) {
-                finalizeDisplayModeChange(*display);
-            }
+    for (const auto [displayId, _] : frameTargets) {
+        if (mDisplayModeController.isModeSetPending(displayId)) {
+            finalizeDisplayModeChange(displayId);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2629,8 +2655,8 @@
         mPowerAdvisor->setFrameDelay(frameDelay);
         mPowerAdvisor->setTotalFrameTargetWorkDuration(idealSfWorkDuration);
 
-        const auto& display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()).get();
-        const Period idealVsyncPeriod = display->getActiveMode().fps.getPeriod();
+        const Period idealVsyncPeriod =
+                mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(pacesetterId).fps.getPeriod();
         mPowerAdvisor->updateTargetWorkDuration(idealVsyncPeriod);
     }
 
@@ -2693,9 +2719,10 @@
                                                         ? &mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()
                                                         : nullptr,
                                                 updateAttachedChoreographer);
-        initiateDisplayModeChanges();
     }
 
+    initiateDisplayModeChanges();
+
     updateCursorAsync();
     if (!mustComposite) {
         updateInputFlinger(vsyncId, pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime());
@@ -3741,7 +3768,8 @@
 
     if (const auto& physical = state.physical) {
         const auto& mode = *physical->activeMode;
-        display->setActiveMode(mode.getId(), mode.getVsyncRate(), mode.getVsyncRate());
+        mDisplayModeController.setActiveMode(physical->id, mode.getId(), mode.getVsyncRate(),
+                                             mode.getVsyncRate());
     }
 
     display->setLayerFilter(makeLayerFilterForDisplay(display->getId(), state.layerStack));
@@ -3920,7 +3948,9 @@
 
             // TODO(b/175678251) Call a listener instead.
             if (currentState.physical->hwcDisplayId == getHwComposer().getPrimaryHwcDisplayId()) {
-                mScheduler->resetPhaseConfiguration(display->getActiveMode().fps);
+                const Fps refreshRate =
+                        mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(display->getPhysicalId()).fps;
+                mScheduler->resetPhaseConfiguration(refreshRate);
             }
         }
         return;
@@ -5618,10 +5648,7 @@
         layer->setInputInfo(*s.windowInfoHandle->getInfo());
         flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
     }
-    std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueBufferTimestamp;
     if (what & layer_state_t::eMetadataChanged) {
-        dequeueBufferTimestamp = s.metadata.getInt64(gui::METADATA_DEQUEUE_TIME);
-
         if (const int32_t gameMode = s.metadata.getInt32(gui::METADATA_GAME_MODE, -1);
             gameMode != -1) {
             // The transaction will be received on the Task layer and needs to be applied to all
@@ -5763,8 +5790,7 @@
 
     if (what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
         if (layer->setBuffer(composerState.externalTexture, *s.bufferData, postTime,
-                             desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, dequeueBufferTimestamp,
-                             frameTimelineInfo)) {
+                             desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, frameTimelineInfo)) {
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     } else if (frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId != FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
@@ -5850,10 +5876,6 @@
     if (what & layer_state_t::eProducerDisconnect) {
         layer->onDisconnect();
     }
-    std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueBufferTimestamp;
-    if (what & layer_state_t::eMetadataChanged) {
-        dequeueBufferTimestamp = s.metadata.getInt64(gui::METADATA_DEQUEUE_TIME);
-    }
 
     std::vector<sp<CallbackHandle>> callbackHandles;
     if ((what & layer_state_t::eHasListenerCallbacksChanged) && (!filteredListeners.empty())) {
@@ -5900,8 +5922,7 @@
         }
         layer->setTransformHint(transformHint);
         if (layer->setBuffer(composerState.externalTexture, *s.bufferData, postTime,
-                             desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, dequeueBufferTimestamp,
-                             frameTimelineInfo)) {
+                             desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, frameTimelineInfo)) {
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
         mLayersWithQueuedFrames.emplace(layer);
@@ -7667,9 +7688,10 @@
         if (!display->isRefreshRateOverlayEnabled()) return;
 
         const auto desiredModeIdOpt =
-                display->getDesiredMode().transform([](const display::DisplayModeRequest& request) {
-                    return request.mode.modePtr->getId();
-                });
+                mDisplayModeController.getDesiredMode(display->getPhysicalId())
+                        .transform([](const display::DisplayModeRequest& request) {
+                            return request.mode.modePtr->getId();
+                        });
 
         const bool timerExpired = mKernelIdleTimerEnabled && expired;
 
@@ -7846,14 +7868,13 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-ui::Dataspace pickBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace requestedDataspace, const DisplayDevice* display,
+ui::Dataspace pickBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace requestedDataspace,
+                                const compositionengine::impl::OutputCompositionState& state,
                                 bool capturingHdrLayers, bool hintForSeamlessTransition) {
-    if (requestedDataspace != ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN || display == nullptr) {
+    if (requestedDataspace != ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN) {
         return requestedDataspace;
     }
 
-    const auto& state = display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
-
     const auto dataspaceForColorMode = ui::pickDataspaceFor(state.colorMode);
 
     // TODO: Enable once HDR screenshots are ready.
@@ -7933,23 +7954,14 @@
         }
     }
 
-    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots;
-    if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        getLayerSnapshots =
-                getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, args.uid, std::move(excludeLayerIds));
-    } else {
-        auto traverseLayers = [this, args, excludeLayerIds,
-                               layerStack](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-            traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, args.uid, std::move(excludeLayerIds), visitor);
-        };
-        getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
-    }
+    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn =
+            getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, args.uid, std::move(excludeLayerIds));
 
     captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaBuilderVariant(std::in_place_type<DisplayRenderAreaBuilder>,
                                                  args.sourceCrop, reqSize, args.dataspace,
                                                  args.hintForSeamlessTransition,
                                                  args.captureSecureLayers, displayWeak),
-                        getLayerSnapshots, reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
+                        getLayerSnapshotsFn, reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
                         args.grayscale, captureListener);
 }
 
@@ -7986,16 +7998,9 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots;
-    if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        getLayerSnapshots = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID,
-                                                            /*snapshotFilterFn=*/nullptr);
-    } else {
-        auto traverseLayers = [this, layerStack](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-            traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, {}, visitor);
-        };
-        getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
-    }
+    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn =
+            getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID,
+                                            /*snapshotFilterFn=*/nullptr);
 
     if (captureListener == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("capture screen must provide a capture listener callback");
@@ -8010,7 +8015,7 @@
                                                  Rect(), size, args.dataspace,
                                                  args.hintForSeamlessTransition,
                                                  false /* captureSecureLayers */, displayWeak),
-                        getLayerSnapshots, size, args.pixelFormat, kAllowProtected, kGrayscale,
+                        getLayerSnapshotsFn, size, args.pixelFormat, kAllowProtected, kGrayscale,
                         captureListener);
 }
 
@@ -8092,42 +8097,16 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots;
-    if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        std::optional<FloatRect> parentCrop = std::nullopt;
-        if (args.childrenOnly) {
-            parentCrop = crop.isEmpty() ? FloatRect(0, 0, reqSize.width, reqSize.height)
-                                        : crop.toFloatRect();
-        }
-
-        getLayerSnapshots = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(parent->sequence, args.uid,
-                                                            std::move(excludeLayerIds),
-                                                            args.childrenOnly, parentCrop);
-    } else {
-        auto traverseLayers = [parent, args, excludeLayerIds](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-            parent->traverseChildrenInZOrder(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, [&](Layer* layer) {
-                if (!layer->isVisible()) {
-                    return;
-                } else if (args.childrenOnly && layer == parent.get()) {
-                    return;
-                } else if (args.uid != CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID && args.uid != layer->getOwnerUid()) {
-                    return;
-                }
-
-                auto p = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer);
-                while (p != nullptr) {
-                    if (excludeLayerIds.count(p->sequence) != 0) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    p = p->getParent();
-                }
-
-                visitor(layer);
-            });
-        };
-        getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
+    std::optional<FloatRect> parentCrop = std::nullopt;
+    if (args.childrenOnly) {
+        parentCrop = crop.isEmpty() ? FloatRect(0, 0, reqSize.width, reqSize.height)
+                                    : crop.toFloatRect();
     }
 
+    GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn =
+            getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(parent->sequence, args.uid, std::move(excludeLayerIds),
+                                            args.childrenOnly, parentCrop);
+
     if (captureListener == nullptr) {
         ALOGD("capture screen must provide a capture listener callback");
         invokeScreenCaptureError(BAD_VALUE, captureListener);
@@ -8138,7 +8117,7 @@
                                                  reqSize, dataspace, args.captureSecureLayers,
                                                  args.hintForSeamlessTransition, parent,
                                                  args.childrenOnly),
-                        getLayerSnapshots, reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
+                        getLayerSnapshotsFn, reqSize, args.pixelFormat, args.allowProtected,
                         args.grayscale, captureListener);
 }
 
@@ -8153,12 +8132,15 @@
     owningLayer->prepareReleaseCallbacks(std::move(futureFence), layerStack);
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::layersHasProtectedLayer(
-        const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers) const {
+// Loop over all visible layers to see whether there's any protected layer. A protected layer is
+// typically a layer with DRM contents, or have the GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED set on the buffer.
+// A protected layer has no implication on whether it's secure, which is explicitly set by
+// application to avoid being screenshot or drawn via unsecure display.
+bool SurfaceFlinger::layersHasProtectedLayer(const std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layers) const {
     bool protectedLayerFound = false;
-    for (auto& [_, layerFe] : layers) {
+    for (auto& layerFE : layers) {
         protectedLayerFound |=
-                (layerFe->mSnapshot->isVisible && layerFe->mSnapshot->hasProtectedContent);
+                (layerFE->mSnapshot->isVisible && layerFE->mSnapshot->hasProtectedContent);
         if (protectedLayerFound) {
             break;
         }
@@ -8166,8 +8148,28 @@
     return protectedLayerFound;
 }
 
+// Getting layer snapshots and display should take place on main thread.
+// Accessing display requires mStateLock, and contention for this lock
+// is reduced when grabbed from the main thread, thus also reducing
+// risk of deadlocks.
+std::optional<SurfaceFlinger::OutputCompositionState>
+SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayAndLayerSnapshotsFromMainThread(
+        RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn,
+        std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs) {
+    return mScheduler
+            ->schedule([=, this, &renderAreaBuilder, &layerFEs]() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+                auto layers = getLayerSnapshotsFn();
+                for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
+                    attachReleaseFenceFutureToLayer(layer, layerFE.get(), ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK);
+                }
+                layerFEs = extractLayerFEs(layers);
+                return getDisplayStateFromRenderAreaBuilder(renderAreaBuilder);
+            })
+            .get();
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaBuilderVariant renderAreaBuilder,
-                                         GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots,
+                                         GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn,
                                          ui::Size bufferSize, ui::PixelFormat reqPixelFormat,
                                          bool allowProtected, bool grayscale,
                                          const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
@@ -8181,74 +8183,185 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    // Loop over all visible layers to see whether there's any protected layer. A protected layer is
-    // typically a layer with DRM contents, or have the GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED set on the buffer.
-    // A protected layer has no implication on whether it's secure, which is explicitly set by
-    // application to avoid being screenshot or drawn via unsecure display.
-    const bool supportsProtected = getRenderEngine().supportsProtectedContent();
-    bool hasProtectedLayer = false;
-    if (allowProtected && supportsProtected) {
-        auto layers = mScheduler->schedule([=]() { return getLayerSnapshots(); }).get();
-        hasProtectedLayer = layersHasProtectedLayer(layers);
-    }
-    const bool isProtected = hasProtectedLayer && allowProtected && supportsProtected;
-    const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER |
-            GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE |
-            (isProtected ? GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED
-                         : GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN);
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer =
-            getFactory().createGraphicBuffer(bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight(),
-                                             static_cast<android_pixel_format>(reqPixelFormat),
-                                             1 /* layerCount */, usage, "screenshot");
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().single_hop_screenshot() &&
+        FlagManager::getInstance().ce_fence_promise()) {
+        std::vector<sp<LayerFE>> layerFEs;
+        auto displayState =
+                getDisplayAndLayerSnapshotsFromMainThread(renderAreaBuilder, getLayerSnapshotsFn,
+                                                          layerFEs);
 
-    const status_t bufferStatus = buffer->initCheck();
-    if (bufferStatus != OK) {
-        // Animations may end up being really janky, but don't crash here.
-        // Otherwise an irreponsible process may cause an SF crash by allocating
-        // too much.
-        ALOGE("%s: Buffer failed to allocate: %d", __func__, bufferStatus);
-        invokeScreenCaptureError(bufferStatus, captureListener);
-        return;
+        const bool supportsProtected = getRenderEngine().supportsProtectedContent();
+        bool hasProtectedLayer = false;
+        if (allowProtected && supportsProtected) {
+            hasProtectedLayer = layersHasProtectedLayer(layerFEs);
+        }
+        const bool isProtected = hasProtectedLayer && allowProtected && supportsProtected;
+        const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER |
+                GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE |
+                (isProtected ? GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED
+                             : GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN);
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer =
+                getFactory().createGraphicBuffer(bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight(),
+                                                 static_cast<android_pixel_format>(reqPixelFormat),
+                                                 1 /* layerCount */, usage, "screenshot");
+
+        const status_t bufferStatus = buffer->initCheck();
+        if (bufferStatus != OK) {
+            // Animations may end up being really janky, but don't crash here.
+            // Otherwise an irreponsible process may cause an SF crash by allocating
+            // too much.
+            ALOGE("%s: Buffer failed to allocate: %d", __func__, bufferStatus);
+            invokeScreenCaptureError(bufferStatus, captureListener);
+            return;
+        }
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture>(buffer, getRenderEngine(),
+                                                     renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::
+                                                             WRITEABLE);
+        auto futureFence =
+                captureScreenshot(renderAreaBuilder, texture, false /* regionSampling */, grayscale,
+                                  isProtected, captureListener, displayState, layerFEs);
+        futureFence.get();
+
+    } else {
+        const bool supportsProtected = getRenderEngine().supportsProtectedContent();
+        bool hasProtectedLayer = false;
+        if (allowProtected && supportsProtected) {
+            auto layers = mScheduler->schedule([=]() { return getLayerSnapshotsFn(); }).get();
+            hasProtectedLayer = layersHasProtectedLayer(extractLayerFEs(layers));
+        }
+        const bool isProtected = hasProtectedLayer && allowProtected && supportsProtected;
+        const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER |
+                GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE |
+                (isProtected ? GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED
+                             : GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN);
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer =
+                getFactory().createGraphicBuffer(bufferSize.getWidth(), bufferSize.getHeight(),
+                                                 static_cast<android_pixel_format>(reqPixelFormat),
+                                                 1 /* layerCount */, usage, "screenshot");
+
+        const status_t bufferStatus = buffer->initCheck();
+        if (bufferStatus != OK) {
+            // Animations may end up being really janky, but don't crash here.
+            // Otherwise an irreponsible process may cause an SF crash by allocating
+            // too much.
+            ALOGE("%s: Buffer failed to allocate: %d", __func__, bufferStatus);
+            invokeScreenCaptureError(bufferStatus, captureListener);
+            return;
+        }
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture>(buffer, getRenderEngine(),
+                                                     renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::
+                                                             WRITEABLE);
+        auto futureFence = captureScreenshotLegacy(renderAreaBuilder, getLayerSnapshotsFn, texture,
+                                                   false /* regionSampling */, grayscale,
+                                                   isProtected, captureListener);
+        futureFence.get();
     }
-    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> texture = std::make_shared<
-            renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture>(buffer, getRenderEngine(),
-                                                 renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::
-                                                         WRITEABLE);
-    auto futureFence =
-            captureScreenshot(renderAreaBuilder, getLayerSnapshots, texture,
-                              false /* regionSampling */, grayscale, isProtected, captureListener);
-    futureFence.get();
 }
 
-ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenshot(
-        RenderAreaBuilderVariant renderAreaBuilder, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots,
-        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
-        bool grayscale, bool isProtected, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-
-    auto takeScreenshotFn = [=, this, renderAreaBuilder = std::move(renderAreaBuilder)]() REQUIRES(
-                                    kMainThreadContext) mutable -> ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> {
-        // LayerSnapshots must be obtained from the main thread.
-        auto layers = getLayerSnapshots();
-
+std::optional<SurfaceFlinger::OutputCompositionState>
+SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStateFromRenderAreaBuilder(RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder) {
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> display = nullptr;
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
         if (auto* layerRenderAreaBuilder =
                     std::get_if<LayerRenderAreaBuilder>(&renderAreaBuilder)) {
             // LayerSnapshotBuilder should only be accessed from the main thread.
-            frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot =
+            const frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot =
                     mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layerRenderAreaBuilder->layer->getSequence());
             if (!snapshot) {
                 ALOGW("Couldn't find layer snapshot for %d",
                       layerRenderAreaBuilder->layer->getSequence());
             } else {
                 layerRenderAreaBuilder->setLayerSnapshot(*snapshot);
+                display = findDisplay(
+                        [layerStack = snapshot->outputFilter.layerStack](const auto& display) {
+                            return display.getLayerStack() == layerStack;
+                        });
             }
+        } else if (auto* displayRenderAreaBuilder =
+                           std::get_if<DisplayRenderAreaBuilder>(&renderAreaBuilder)) {
+            display = displayRenderAreaBuilder->displayWeak.promote();
         }
 
+        if (display == nullptr) {
+            display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+        }
+
+        if (display != nullptr) {
+            return std::optional{display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState()};
+        }
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::vector<sp<LayerFE>> SurfaceFlinger::extractLayerFEs(
+        const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers) const {
+    std::vector<sp<LayerFE>> layerFEs;
+    layerFEs.reserve(layers.size());
+    for (const auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
+        layerFEs.push_back(layerFE);
+    }
+    return layerFEs;
+}
+
+ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenshot(
+        const RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder,
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
+        bool grayscale, bool isProtected, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener,
+        std::optional<OutputCompositionState>& displayState, std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
+    ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
+    std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea =
+            std::visit([](auto&& arg) -> std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> { return arg.build(); },
+                       renderAreaBuilder);
+
+    if (!renderArea) {
+        ALOGW("Skipping screen capture because of invalid render area.");
+        if (captureListener) {
+            captureResults.fenceResult = base::unexpected(NO_MEMORY);
+            captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
+        }
+        return ftl::yield<FenceResult>(base::unexpected(NO_ERROR)).share();
+    }
+
+    // Empty vector needed to pass into renderScreenImpl for legacy path
+    std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<android::LayerFE>>> layers;
+    ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderFuture =
+            renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), buffer, regionSampling, grayscale, isProtected,
+                             captureResults, displayState, layers, layerFEs);
+
+    if (captureListener) {
+        // Defer blocking on renderFuture back to the Binder thread.
+        return ftl::Future(std::move(renderFuture))
+                .then([captureListener, captureResults = std::move(captureResults)](
+                              FenceResult fenceResult) mutable -> FenceResult {
+                    captureResults.fenceResult = std::move(fenceResult);
+                    captureListener->onScreenCaptureCompleted(captureResults);
+                    return base::unexpected(NO_ERROR);
+                })
+                .share();
+    }
+    return renderFuture;
+}
+
+ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::captureScreenshotLegacy(
+        RenderAreaBuilderVariant renderAreaBuilder, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn,
+        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
+        bool grayscale, bool isProtected, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
+    auto takeScreenshotFn = [=, this, renderAreaBuilder = std::move(renderAreaBuilder)]() REQUIRES(
+                                    kMainThreadContext) mutable -> ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> {
+        auto layers = getLayerSnapshotsFn();
         if (FlagManager::getInstance().ce_fence_promise()) {
             for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
                 attachReleaseFenceFutureToLayer(layer, layerFE.get(), ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK);
             }
         }
+        auto displayState = getDisplayStateFromRenderAreaBuilder(renderAreaBuilder);
 
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
         std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea =
@@ -8264,9 +8377,10 @@
             return ftl::yield<FenceResult>(base::unexpected(NO_ERROR)).share();
         }
 
+        auto layerFEs = extractLayerFEs(layers);
         ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderFuture =
                 renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), buffer, regionSampling, grayscale,
-                                 isProtected, captureResults, layers);
+                                 isProtected, captureResults, displayState, layers, layerFEs);
 
         if (captureListener) {
             // Defer blocking on renderFuture back to the Binder thread.
@@ -8296,22 +8410,14 @@
 }
 
 ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImpl(
-        std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots,
-        const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
-        bool grayscale, bool isProtected, ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults) {
-    auto layers = getLayerSnapshots();
-    return renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), buffer, regionSampling, grayscale, isProtected,
-                            captureResults, layers);
-}
-
-ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImpl(
         std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea,
         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
         bool grayscale, bool isProtected, ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults,
-        std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<android::LayerFE>>>& layers) {
+        std::optional<OutputCompositionState>& displayState,
+        std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers, std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    for (auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
+    for (auto& layerFE : layerFEs) {
         frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = layerFE->mSnapshot.get();
         captureResults.capturedSecureLayers |= (snapshot->isVisible && snapshot->isSecure);
         captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(*snapshot);
@@ -8334,78 +8440,54 @@
     const bool enableLocalTonemapping = FlagManager::getInstance().local_tonemap_screenshots() &&
             !renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition();
 
-    {
-        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-        const DisplayDevice* display = nullptr;
-        if (parent) {
-            const frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot =
-                    mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(parent->sequence);
-            if (snapshot) {
-                display = findDisplay([layerStack = snapshot->outputFilter.layerStack](
-                                              const auto& display) {
-                              return display.getLayerStack() == layerStack;
-                          }).get();
-            }
-        }
+    if (displayState) {
+        const auto& state = displayState.value();
+        captureResults.capturedDataspace =
+                pickBestDataspace(requestedDataspace, state, captureResults.capturedHdrLayers,
+                                  renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition());
+        sdrWhitePointNits = state.sdrWhitePointNits;
 
-        if (display == nullptr) {
-            display = renderArea->getDisplayDevice().get();
-        }
-
-        if (display == nullptr) {
-            display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked().get();
-        }
-
-        if (display != nullptr) {
-            const auto& state = display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
-            captureResults.capturedDataspace =
-                    pickBestDataspace(requestedDataspace, display, captureResults.capturedHdrLayers,
-                                      renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition());
-            sdrWhitePointNits = state.sdrWhitePointNits;
-
-            if (!captureResults.capturedHdrLayers) {
-                displayBrightnessNits = sdrWhitePointNits;
-            } else {
-                displayBrightnessNits = state.displayBrightnessNits;
-
-                if (!enableLocalTonemapping) {
-                    // Only clamp the display brightness if this is not a seamless transition.
-                    // Otherwise for seamless transitions it's important to match the current
-                    // display state as the buffer will be shown under these same conditions, and we
-                    // want to avoid any flickers
-                    if (sdrWhitePointNits > 1.0f && !renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition()) {
-                        // Restrict the amount of HDR "headroom" in the screenshot to avoid
-                        // over-dimming the SDR portion. 2.0 chosen by experimentation
-                        constexpr float kMaxScreenshotHeadroom = 2.0f;
-                        displayBrightnessNits = std::min(sdrWhitePointNits * kMaxScreenshotHeadroom,
-                                                         displayBrightnessNits);
-                    }
+        if (!captureResults.capturedHdrLayers) {
+            displayBrightnessNits = sdrWhitePointNits;
+        } else {
+            displayBrightnessNits = state.displayBrightnessNits;
+            if (!enableLocalTonemapping) {
+                // Only clamp the display brightness if this is not a seamless transition.
+                // Otherwise for seamless transitions it's important to match the current
+                // display state as the buffer will be shown under these same conditions, and we
+                // want to avoid any flickers
+                if (sdrWhitePointNits > 1.0f && !renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition()) {
+                    // Restrict the amount of HDR "headroom" in the screenshot to avoid
+                    // over-dimming the SDR portion. 2.0 chosen by experimentation
+                    constexpr float kMaxScreenshotHeadroom = 2.0f;
+                    displayBrightnessNits = std::min(sdrWhitePointNits * kMaxScreenshotHeadroom,
+                                                     displayBrightnessNits);
                 }
             }
+        }
 
-            // Screenshots leaving the device should be colorimetric
-            if (requestedDataspace == ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN &&
-                renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition()) {
-                renderIntent = state.renderIntent;
-            }
+        // Screenshots leaving the device should be colorimetric
+        if (requestedDataspace == ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN &&
+            renderArea->getHintForSeamlessTransition()) {
+            renderIntent = state.renderIntent;
         }
     }
 
     captureResults.buffer = capturedBuffer->getBuffer();
 
     ui::LayerStack layerStack{ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK};
-    if (!layers.empty()) {
-        const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layers.back().second;
+    if (!layerFEs.empty()) {
+        const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layerFEs.back();
         layerStack = layerFE->getCompositionState()->outputFilter.layerStack;
     }
 
-    auto copyLayerFEs = [&layers]() {
-        std::vector<sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>> layerFEs;
-        layerFEs.reserve(layers.size());
-        for (const auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
-            layerFEs.push_back(layerFE);
+    auto copyLayerFEs = [&layerFEs]() {
+        std::vector<sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>> ceLayerFEs;
+        ceLayerFEs.reserve(layerFEs.size());
+        for (const auto& layerFE : layerFEs) {
+            ceLayerFEs.push_back(layerFE);
         }
-        return layerFEs;
+        return ceLayerFEs;
     };
 
     auto present = [this, buffer = capturedBuffer, dataspace = captureResults.capturedDataspace,
@@ -8474,8 +8556,16 @@
     //
     // TODO(b/196334700) Once we use RenderEngineThreaded everywhere we can always defer the call
     // to CompositionEngine::present.
-    auto presentFuture = mRenderEngine->isThreaded() ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
-                                                     : ftl::yield(present()).share();
+    ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> presentFuture;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().single_hop_screenshot() &&
+        FlagManager::getInstance().ce_fence_promise()) {
+        presentFuture = mRenderEngine->isThreaded()
+                ? ftl::yield(present()).share()
+                : mScheduler->schedule(std::move(present)).share();
+    } else {
+        presentFuture = mRenderEngine->isThreaded() ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
+                                                    : ftl::yield(present()).share();
+    }
 
     if (!FlagManager::getInstance().ce_fence_promise()) {
         for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
@@ -8836,20 +8926,26 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable) {
     bool setByHwc = getHwComposer().hasCapability(Capability::REFRESH_RATE_CHANGED_CALLBACK_DEBUG);
-    for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
-        if (display.snapshot().connectionType() == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal ||
+    for (const auto& [displayId, physical] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+        if (physical.snapshot().connectionType() == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal ||
             FlagManager::getInstance().refresh_rate_overlay_on_external_display()) {
-            if (const auto device = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id)) {
-                const auto enableOverlay = [&](const bool setByHwc) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
-                                                   kMainThreadContext) {
-                    device->enableRefreshRateOverlay(enable, setByHwc, mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner,
-                                                     mRefreshRateOverlayRenderRate,
-                                                     mRefreshRateOverlayShowInMiddle);
+            if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId)) {
+                const auto enableOverlay = [&](bool setByHwc) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+                    const auto activeMode = mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(displayId);
+                    const Fps refreshRate = activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate();
+                    const Fps renderFps = activeMode.fps;
+
+                    display->enableRefreshRateOverlay(enable, setByHwc, refreshRate, renderFps,
+                                                      mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner,
+                                                      mRefreshRateOverlayRenderRate,
+                                                      mRefreshRateOverlayShowInMiddle);
                 };
+
                 enableOverlay(setByHwc);
                 if (setByHwc) {
                     const auto status =
-                            getHwComposer().setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(id, enable);
+                            getHwComposer().setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(displayId,
+                                                                                      enable);
                     if (status != NO_ERROR) {
                         ALOGE("Error %s refresh rate changed callback debug",
                               enable ? "enabling" : "disabling");
@@ -9005,7 +9101,7 @@
     mActiveDisplayId = activeDisplay.getPhysicalId();
     activeDisplay.getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingTexturePoolEnabled(true);
 
-    mScheduler->resetPhaseConfiguration(activeDisplay.getActiveMode().fps);
+    mScheduler->resetPhaseConfiguration(mDisplayModeController.getActiveMode(mActiveDisplayId).fps);
 
     // TODO(b/255635711): Check for pending mode changes on other displays.
     mScheduler->setModeChangePending(false);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 8a39016..ee541c4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -737,12 +737,12 @@
     status_t setActiveModeFromBackdoor(const sp<display::DisplayToken>&, DisplayModeId, Fps minFps,
                                        Fps maxFps);
 
-    void initiateDisplayModeChanges() REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
-    void finalizeDisplayModeChange(DisplayDevice&) REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
+    void initiateDisplayModeChanges() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
+    void finalizeDisplayModeChange(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
 
-    // TODO(b/241285191): Replace DisplayDevice with DisplayModeRequest, and move to Scheduler.
-    void dropModeRequest(const sp<DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    void applyActiveMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dropModeRequest(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    void applyActiveMode(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     // Called on the main thread in response to setPowerMode()
     void setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode)
@@ -892,32 +892,46 @@
     void attachReleaseFenceFutureToLayer(Layer* layer, LayerFE* layerFE, ui::LayerStack layerStack);
 
     // Checks if a protected layer exists in a list of layers.
-    bool layersHasProtectedLayer(const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers) const;
+    bool layersHasProtectedLayer(const std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layers) const;
+
+    using OutputCompositionState = compositionengine::impl::OutputCompositionState;
+
+    std::optional<OutputCompositionState> getDisplayAndLayerSnapshotsFromMainThread(
+            RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder,
+            GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn, std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs);
 
     void captureScreenCommon(RenderAreaBuilderVariant, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction,
                              ui::Size bufferSize, ui::PixelFormat, bool allowProtected,
                              bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
 
+    std::optional<OutputCompositionState> getDisplayStateFromRenderAreaBuilder(
+            RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    // Legacy layer raw pointer is not safe to access outside the main thread.
+    // Creates a new vector consisting only of LayerFEs, which can be safely
+    // accessed outside the main thread.
+    std::vector<sp<LayerFE>> extractLayerFEs(
+            const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers) const;
+
     ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> captureScreenshot(
+            const RenderAreaBuilderVariant& renderAreaBuilder,
+            const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer, bool regionSampling,
+            bool grayscale, bool isProtected, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener,
+            std::optional<OutputCompositionState>& displayState,
+            std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs);
+
+    ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> captureScreenshotLegacy(
             RenderAreaBuilderVariant, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction,
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
             bool grayscale, bool isProtected, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
 
-    // Overloaded version of renderScreenImpl that is used when layer snapshots have
-    // not yet been captured, and thus cannot yet be passed in as a parameter.
-    // Needed for TestableSurfaceFlinger.
-    ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderScreenImpl(
-            std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea>, GetLayerSnapshotsFunction,
-            const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
-            bool grayscale, bool isProtected, ScreenCaptureResults&) EXCLUDES(mStateLock)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
     ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderScreenImpl(
             std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea>,
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
             bool grayscale, bool isProtected, ScreenCaptureResults&,
-            std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<android::LayerFE>>>& layers) EXCLUDES(mStateLock)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+            std::optional<OutputCompositionState>& displayState,
+            std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>& layers,
+            std::vector<sp<LayerFE>>& layerFEs);
 
     // If the uid provided is not UNSET_UID, the traverse will skip any layers that don't have a
     // matching ownerUid
@@ -1084,8 +1098,7 @@
                                const DisplayDeviceState& drawingState)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
 
-    void dispatchDisplayModeChangeEvent(PhysicalDisplayId, const scheduler::FrameRateMode&)
-            REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dispatchDisplayModeChangeEvent(PhysicalDisplayId, const scheduler::FrameRateMode&);
 
     /*
      * VSYNC
@@ -1325,9 +1338,7 @@
     display::PhysicalDisplays mPhysicalDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
     // The inner or outer display for foldables, assuming they have mutually exclusive power states.
-    // Atomic because writes from onActiveDisplayChangedLocked are not always under mStateLock, but
-    // reads from ISchedulerCallback::requestDisplayModes may happen concurrently.
-    std::atomic<PhysicalDisplayId> mActiveDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
+    std::atomic<PhysicalDisplayId> mActiveDisplayId;
 
     display::DisplayModeController mDisplayModeController;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
index fc496b2..0bafb71 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
@@ -436,6 +436,7 @@
         layer.bufferData->flags = ftl::Flags<BufferData::BufferDataChange>(bufferProto.flags());
         layer.bufferData->cachedBuffer.id = bufferProto.cached_buffer_id();
         layer.bufferData->acquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+        layer.bufferData->dequeueTime = -1;
     }
 
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eApiChanged) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/common/Android.bp
index 6b971a7..c3594bc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/Android.bp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
         "server_configurable_flags",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "librenderengine_includes",
@@ -56,6 +57,7 @@
     name: "libsurfaceflinger_common_deps",
     shared_libs: [
         "server_configurable_flags",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libsurfaceflinger_common",
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@
     name: "libsurfaceflinger_common_test_deps",
     shared_libs: [
         "server_configurable_flags",
+        "libaconfig_storage_read_api_cc",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libsurfaceflinger_common_test",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
index b7ec6e0..4216771 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(override_trusted_overlay);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(flush_buffer_slots_to_uncache);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(force_compile_graphite_renderengine);
+    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(single_hop_screenshot);
 
 #undef DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG
 #undef DUMP_SERVER_FLAG
@@ -250,6 +251,7 @@
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(override_trusted_overlay, "");
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(flush_buffer_slots_to_uncache, "");
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(force_compile_graphite_renderengine, "");
+FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(single_hop_screenshot, "");
 
 /// Trunk stable server flags ///
 FLAG_MANAGER_SERVER_FLAG(refresh_rate_overlay_on_external_display, "")
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
index 8f98ed3..22118ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@
     bool override_trusted_overlay() const;
     bool flush_buffer_slots_to_uncache() const;
     bool force_compile_graphite_renderengine() const;
+    bool single_hop_screenshot() const;
 
 protected:
     // overridden for unit tests
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags_new.aconfig b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags_new.aconfig
index ee12325..f4d4ee9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags_new.aconfig
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags_new.aconfig
@@ -103,6 +103,17 @@
     is_fixed_read_only: true
 } # local_tonemap_screenshots
 
+flag {
+  name: "single_hop_screenshot"
+  namespace: "window_surfaces"
+  description: "Only access SF main thread once during a screenshot"
+  bug: "285553970"
+  is_fixed_read_only: true
+  metadata {
+    purpose: PURPOSE_BUGFIX
+  }
+ } # single_hop_screenshot
+
  flag {
   name: "override_trusted_overlay"
   namespace: "window_surfaces"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 5145e11..98d5754 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@
         "DisplayIdGeneratorTest.cpp",
         "DisplayTransactionTest.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice_GetBestColorModeTest.cpp",
-        "DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice_SetDisplayBrightnessTest.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice_SetProjectionTest.cpp",
+        "DisplayModeControllerTest.cpp",
         "EventThreadTest.cpp",
         "FlagManagerTest.cpp",
         "FpsReporterTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 0ddddbd..08973de 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -205,7 +205,8 @@
                                                    CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, {}, visitor);
     };
 
-    auto getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
+    // TODO: Use SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots instead of this legacy function
+    auto getLayerSnapshotsFn = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
 
     const uint32_t usage = GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN |
             GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_RENDER | GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE;
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@
                                                                       HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                                                                       usage);
 
-    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), getLayerSnapshots,
+    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(mDisplay, std::move(renderArea), getLayerSnapshotsFn,
                                             mCaptureScreenBuffer, regionSampling);
     ASSERT_TRUE(future.valid());
     const auto fenceResult = future.get();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index c463a92..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
-
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
-#include "mock/MockFrameRateMode.h"
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#define EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(expected, requestOpt)                               \
-    ASSERT_TRUE(requestOpt);                                                            \
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(expected.mode.modePtr, expected.mode.fps, requestOpt->mode); \
-    EXPECT_EQ(expected.emitEvent, requestOpt->emitEvent)
-
-namespace android {
-namespace {
-
-using FakeDisplayDeviceInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeDisplayDeviceInjector;
-using DisplayModeRequest = display::DisplayModeRequest;
-
-class InitiateModeChangeTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {
-public:
-    using Action = DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction;
-    void SetUp() override {
-        injectFakeBufferQueueFactory();
-        injectFakeNativeWindowSurfaceFactory();
-
-        PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupHwcHotplugCallExpectations(this);
-        PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupFramebufferConsumerBufferQueueCallExpectations(this);
-        PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupFramebufferProducerBufferQueueCallExpectations(this);
-        PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupNativeWindowSurfaceCreationCallExpectations(this);
-        PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupHwcGetActiveConfigCallExpectations(this);
-
-        mFlinger.onComposerHalHotplugEvent(PrimaryDisplayVariant::HWC_DISPLAY_ID,
-                                           DisplayHotplugEvent::CONNECTED);
-        mFlinger.configureAndCommit();
-
-        mDisplay = PrimaryDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this)
-                           .setDisplayModes(makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode120), kModeId60)
-                           .inject();
-    }
-
-protected:
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mDisplay;
-
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId90{1};
-    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId120{2};
-
-    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode60 =
-            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
-    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode90 =
-            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz));
-    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode120 =
-            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz));
-
-    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode30{{30_Hz, kMode60}, .emitEvent = false};
-    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode60{{60_Hz, kMode60}, .emitEvent = true};
-    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode90{{90_Hz, kMode90}, .emitEvent = false};
-    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode120{{120_Hz, kMode120}, .emitEvent = true};
-};
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, setDesiredModeToActiveMode) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode60)));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, setDesiredMode) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
-              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, clearDesiredMode) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
-              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateModeChange) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
-              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
-            .desiredTimeNanos = systemTime(),
-            .seamlessRequired = false,
-    };
-    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateRenderRateSwitch) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateRenderRateSwitch,
-              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode30)));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateDisplayModeSwitch) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
-              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
-            .desiredTimeNanos = systemTime(),
-            .seamlessRequired = false,
-    };
-    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-}
-
-} // namespace
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayModeControllerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayModeControllerTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d971150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayModeControllerTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include "Display/DisplayModeController.h"
+#include "Display/DisplaySnapshot.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+#include "DisplayIdentificationTestHelpers.h"
+#include "FpsOps.h"
+#include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
+#include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
+#include "mock/MockFrameRateMode.h"
+
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#define EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(expected, requestOpt)                               \
+    ASSERT_TRUE(requestOpt);                                                            \
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(expected.mode.modePtr, expected.mode.fps, requestOpt->mode); \
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected.emitEvent, requestOpt->emitEvent)
+
+namespace android::display {
+namespace {
+
+namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
+
+using testing::_;
+using testing::DoAll;
+using testing::Return;
+using testing::SetArgPointee;
+
+class DisplayModeControllerTest : public testing::Test {
+public:
+    using Action = DisplayModeController::DesiredModeAction;
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        mDmc.setHwComposer(mComposer.get());
+        mDmc.setActiveModeListener(
+                [this](PhysicalDisplayId displayId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
+                    mActiveModeListener.Call(displayId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
+                });
+
+        constexpr uint8_t kPort = 111;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal, getDisplayIdentificationData(kHwcDisplayId, _, _))
+                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(kPort), SetArgPointee<2>(getInternalEdid()),
+                                Return(hal::Error::NONE)));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal, setClientTargetSlotCount(kHwcDisplayId));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal,
+                    setVsyncEnabled(kHwcDisplayId, hal::IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal, onHotplugConnect(kHwcDisplayId));
+
+        const auto infoOpt = mComposer->onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(infoOpt);
+
+        mDisplayId = infoOpt->id;
+        mDisplaySnapshotOpt.emplace(mDisplayId, ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal,
+                                    makeModes(kMode60, kMode90, kMode120), ui::ColorModes{},
+                                    std::nullopt);
+
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        mDmc.registerDisplay(*mDisplaySnapshotOpt, kModeId60,
+                             scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::Config{});
+    }
+
+protected:
+    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints expectModeSet(const DisplayModeRequest& request,
+                                                    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline,
+                                                    bool subsequent = false) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal,
+                    isSupported(Hwc2::Composer::OptionalFeature::RefreshRateSwitching))
+                .WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+        if (!subsequent) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal, getDisplayConnectionType(kHwcDisplayId, _))
+                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(
+                                            hal::IComposerClient::DisplayConnectionType::INTERNAL),
+                                    Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
+        }
+
+        const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
+                .desiredTimeNanos = systemTime(),
+                .seamlessRequired = false,
+        };
+
+        const hal::HWConfigId hwcModeId = request.mode.modePtr->getHwcId();
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposerHal,
+                    setActiveConfigWithConstraints(kHwcDisplayId, hwcModeId, constraints, _))
+                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<3>(timeline), Return(hal::V2_4::Error::NONE)));
+
+        return constraints;
+    }
+
+    static constexpr hal::HWDisplayId kHwcDisplayId = 1234;
+
+    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposerHal = new testing::StrictMock<Hwc2::mock::Composer>();
+    const std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> mComposer{
+            std::make_unique<impl::HWComposer>(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposerHal))};
+
+    testing::MockFunction<void(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps, Fps)> mActiveModeListener;
+
+    DisplayModeController mDmc;
+
+    PhysicalDisplayId mDisplayId;
+    std::optional<DisplaySnapshot> mDisplaySnapshotOpt;
+
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId90{1};
+    static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId120{2};
+
+    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode60 =
+            ftl::as_non_null(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
+    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode90 =
+            ftl::as_non_null(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz));
+    static inline const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode120 =
+            ftl::as_non_null(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId120, 120_Hz));
+
+    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode30{{30_Hz, kMode60}, .emitEvent = false};
+    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode60{{60_Hz, kMode60}, .emitEvent = true};
+    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode90{{90_Hz, kMode90}, .emitEvent = false};
+    static inline const DisplayModeRequest kDesiredMode120{{120_Hz, kMode120}, .emitEvent = true};
+};
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, setDesiredModeToActiveMode) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(_, _, _)).Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode60)));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, setDesiredMode) {
+    // Called because setDesiredMode resets the render rate to the active refresh rate.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(mDisplayId, 60_Hz, 60_Hz)).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
+              mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+
+    // No action since a mode switch has already been initiated.
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, clearDesiredMode) {
+    // Called because setDesiredMode resets the render rate to the active refresh rate.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(mDisplayId, 60_Hz, 60_Hz)).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
+              mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+
+    mDmc.clearDesiredMode(mDisplayId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, initiateModeChange) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+    // Called because setDesiredMode resets the render rate to the active refresh rate.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(mDisplayId, 60_Hz, 60_Hz)).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
+              mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
+
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    auto modeRequest = kDesiredMode90;
+
+    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
+    const auto constraints = expectModeSet(modeRequest, timeline);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDmc.initiateModeChange(mDisplayId, std::move(modeRequest), constraints, timeline));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getPendingMode(mDisplayId));
+
+    mDmc.clearDesiredMode(mDisplayId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, initiateRenderRateSwitch) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(mDisplayId, 60_Hz, 30_Hz)).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateRenderRateSwitch,
+              mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode30)));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeControllerTest, initiateDisplayModeSwitch) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+    // Called because setDesiredMode resets the render rate to the active refresh rate.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mActiveModeListener, Call(mDisplayId, 60_Hz, 60_Hz)).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
+              mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    auto modeRequest = kDesiredMode90;
+
+    hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
+    auto constraints = expectModeSet(modeRequest, timeline);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDmc.initiateModeChange(mDisplayId, std::move(modeRequest), constraints, timeline));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getPendingMode(mDisplayId));
+
+    // No action since a mode switch has already been initiated.
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDmc.setDesiredMode(mDisplayId, DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
+
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDmc.getPendingMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    modeRequest = kDesiredMode120;
+
+    constexpr bool kSubsequent = true;
+    constraints = expectModeSet(modeRequest, timeline, kSubsequent);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDmc.initiateModeChange(mDisplayId, std::move(modeRequest), constraints, timeline));
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDmc.getPendingMode(mDisplayId));
+
+    mDmc.clearDesiredMode(mDisplayId);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDmc.getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android::display
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
index 2b333f4..b79bdb4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
@@ -777,4 +777,28 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expected);
 }
 
+// (b/343901186)
+TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, cleanUpDanglingMirrorLayer) {
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
+    mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 2);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 14, 2, 2};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+
+    // destroy layer handle
+    reparentLayer(2, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    destroyLayerHandle(2);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 14};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index 8cf3f03..8b9ac93 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -213,6 +213,17 @@
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, {1, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2});
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, offscreenLayerSnapshotIsInvisible) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->isVisible, true);
+
+    reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    destroyLayerHandle(11);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, {1, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot(111)->isVisible, false);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot(111)->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility));
+}
+
 // relative tests
 TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, RelativeParentCanHideChild) {
     reparentRelativeLayer(13, 11);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index 078b4fe..0c3e875 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
         mDisplay = PrimaryDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this)
                            .setRefreshRateSelector(std::move(selectorPtr))
                            .inject(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker));
+        mDisplayId = mDisplay->getPhysicalId();
 
         // isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported should return true, otherwise the SF's HWC proxy
         // will call setActiveConfig instead of setActiveConfigWithConstraints.
@@ -112,7 +113,11 @@
 protected:
     void setupScheduler(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>);
 
+    auto& dmc() { return mFlinger.mutableDisplayModeController(); }
+
     sp<DisplayDevice> mDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
+    PhysicalDisplayId mDisplayId;
+
     mock::EventThread* mAppEventThread;
 
     static constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
@@ -167,17 +172,17 @@
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, changeRefreshRateOnActiveDisplayWithRefreshRequired) {
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90, false, 0, 120));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId)->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     // Verify that next commit will call setActiveConfigWithConstraints in HWC
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = true};
@@ -187,8 +192,8 @@
 
     Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(mComposer);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     // Verify that the next commit will complete the mode change and send
     // a onModeChanged event to the framework.
@@ -198,23 +203,23 @@
     mFlinger.commit();
     Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(mAppEventThread);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, changeRefreshRateOnActiveDisplayWithoutRefreshRequired) {
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90, true, 0, 120));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId)->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     // Verify that next commit will call setActiveConfigWithConstraints in HWC
     // and complete the mode change.
@@ -226,8 +231,8 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, twoConsecutiveSetDesiredDisplayModeSpecs) {
@@ -236,8 +241,8 @@
     // Test that if we call setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs while a previous mode change
     // is still being processed the later call will be respected.
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
@@ -252,46 +257,45 @@
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId120, false, 0, 180));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId)->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
 
     EXPECT_SET_ACTIVE_CONFIG(PrimaryDisplayVariant::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kModeId120);
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId)->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, changeResolutionOnActiveDisplayWithoutRefreshRequired) {
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90_4K, false, 0, 120));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId)->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     // Verify that next commit will call setActiveConfigWithConstraints in HWC
     // and complete the mode change.
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = false};
     EXPECT_SET_ACTIVE_CONFIG(PrimaryDisplayVariant::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kModeId90_4K);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mAppEventThread, onHotplugReceived(mDisplay->getPhysicalId(), true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mAppEventThread, onHotplugReceived(mDisplayId, true));
 
-    // Misc expecations. We don't need to enforce these method calls, but since the helper methods
-    // already set expectations we should add new ones here, otherwise the test will fail.
+    // Override expectations set up by PrimaryDisplayVariant.
     EXPECT_CALL(*mConsumer,
                 setDefaultBufferSize(static_cast<uint32_t>(kResolution4K.getWidth()),
                                      static_cast<uint32_t>(kResolution4K.getHeight())))
@@ -304,31 +308,28 @@
     injectFakeNativeWindowSurfaceFactory();
     PrimaryDisplayVariant::setupNativeWindowSurfaceCreationCallExpectations(this);
 
-    const auto displayToken = mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote();
-
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    // The DisplayDevice will be destroyed and recreated,
-    // so we need to update with the new instance.
-    mDisplay = mFlinger.getDisplay(displayToken);
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(dmc().getDesiredMode(mDisplayId));
+    EXPECT_EQ(dmc().getActiveMode(mDisplayId).modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
 }
 
 MATCHER_P2(ModeSwitchingTo, flinger, modeId, "") {
-    if (!arg->getDesiredMode()) {
+    const auto displayId = arg->getPhysicalId();
+    auto& dmc = flinger->mutableDisplayModeController();
+
+    if (!dmc.getDesiredMode(displayId)) {
         *result_listener << "No desired mode";
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (arg->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
+    if (dmc.getDesiredMode(displayId)->mode.modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
         *result_listener << "Unexpected desired mode " << ftl::to_underlying(modeId);
         return false;
     }
 
     // VsyncModulator should react to mode switches on the pacesetter display.
-    if (arg->getPhysicalId() == flinger->scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId() &&
+    if (displayId == flinger->scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId() &&
         !flinger->scheduler()->vsyncModulator().isVsyncConfigEarly()) {
         *result_listener << "VsyncModulator did not shift to early phase";
         return false;
@@ -337,8 +338,10 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-MATCHER_P(ModeSettledTo, modeId, "") {
-    if (const auto desiredOpt = arg->getDesiredMode()) {
+MATCHER_P2(ModeSettledTo, dmc, modeId, "") {
+    const auto displayId = arg->getPhysicalId();
+
+    if (const auto desiredOpt = dmc->getDesiredMode(displayId)) {
         *result_listener << "Unsettled desired mode "
                          << ftl::to_underlying(desiredOpt->mode.modePtr->getId());
         return false;
@@ -346,7 +349,7 @@
 
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    if (arg->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
+    if (dmc->getActiveMode(displayId).modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
         *result_listener << "Settled to unexpected active mode " << ftl::to_underlying(modeId);
         return false;
     }
@@ -367,14 +370,14 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::OFF);
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -400,14 +403,14 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::OFF);
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -420,12 +423,12 @@
     mFlinger.commit();
 
     EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, innerAndOuterDisplay) {
@@ -440,14 +443,14 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -473,13 +476,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, powerOffDuringModeSet) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isPoweredOn());
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -502,7 +505,7 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, powerOffDuringConcurrentModeSet) {
@@ -518,14 +521,14 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -555,8 +558,8 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::OFF);
     mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, hal::PowerMode::ON);
@@ -570,13 +573,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
     EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(&dmc(), kModeId120));
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
index 1bae5ff..933d03d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
@@ -232,7 +232,9 @@
     // Invocation
 
     DisplayDeviceState state;
-    if constexpr (constexpr auto connectionType = Case::Display::CONNECTION_TYPE::value) {
+
+    constexpr auto kConnectionTypeOpt = Case::Display::CONNECTION_TYPE::value;
+    if constexpr (kConnectionTypeOpt) {
         const auto displayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(Case::Display::DISPLAY_ID::get());
         ASSERT_TRUE(displayId);
         const auto hwcDisplayId = Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID_OPT::value;
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@
 
         const auto it = mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplays()
                                 .emplace_or_replace(*displayId, displayToken, *displayId,
-                                                    *connectionType, makeModes(activeMode),
+                                                    *kConnectionTypeOpt, makeModes(activeMode),
                                                     std::move(colorModes), std::nullopt)
                                 .first;
 
@@ -291,9 +293,12 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(Case::Display::DISPLAY_FLAGS & DisplayDevice::eReceivesInput,
               device->receivesInput());
 
-    if constexpr (Case::Display::CONNECTION_TYPE::value) {
+    if constexpr (kConnectionTypeOpt) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        EXPECT_EQ(Case::Display::HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID, device->getActiveMode().modePtr->getHwcId());
+        EXPECT_EQ(Case::Display::HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID,
+                  mFlinger.mutableDisplayModeController()
+                          .getActiveMode(device->getPhysicalId())
+                          .modePtr->getHwcId());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 265f804..007383b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -191,6 +191,8 @@
     void setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer> composer) {
         mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->setHwComposer(
                 std::make_unique<impl::HWComposer>(std::move(composer)));
+        mFlinger->mDisplayModeController.setHwComposer(
+                &mFlinger->mCompositionEngine->getHwComposer());
     }
 
     void setupPowerAdvisor(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::PowerAdvisor> powerAdvisor) {
@@ -485,23 +487,28 @@
         return mFlinger->setPowerModeInternal(display, mode);
     }
 
-    auto renderScreenImpl(std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea,
-                          SurfaceFlinger::GetLayerSnapshotsFunction traverseLayers,
+    auto renderScreenImpl(const sp<DisplayDevice> display,
+                          std::unique_ptr<const RenderArea> renderArea,
+                          SurfaceFlinger::GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshotsFn,
                           const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
                           bool regionSampling) {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mFlinger->mStateLock);
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
-        return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
-                              mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers,
-                                                         buffer, regionSampling,
-                                                         false /* grayscale */,
-                                                         false /* isProtected */, captureResults));
+        auto displayState = std::optional{display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState()};
+        auto layers = getLayerSnapshotsFn();
+        auto layerFEs = mFlinger->extractLayerFEs(layers);
+
+        return mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), buffer, regionSampling,
+                                          false /* grayscale */, false /* isProtected */,
+                                          captureResults, displayState, layers, layerFEs);
     }
 
     auto traverseLayersInLayerStack(ui::LayerStack layerStack, int32_t uid,
                                     std::unordered_set<uint32_t> excludeLayerIds,
                                     const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-        return mFlinger->SurfaceFlinger::traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, uid,
-                                                                    excludeLayerIds, visitor);
+        return mFlinger->traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, uid, excludeLayerIds, visitor);
     }
 
     auto getDisplayNativePrimaries(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
@@ -1050,7 +1057,6 @@
 
             auto& modes = mDisplayModes;
             auto& activeModeId = mActiveModeId;
-            std::optional<Fps> refreshRateOpt;
 
             DisplayDeviceState state;
             state.isSecure = mCreationArgs.isSecure;
@@ -1088,7 +1094,9 @@
 
                 const auto activeModeOpt = modes.get(activeModeId);
                 LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!activeModeOpt);
-                refreshRateOpt = activeModeOpt->get()->getPeakFps();
+
+                // Save a copy for use after `modes` is consumed.
+                const Fps refreshRate = activeModeOpt->get()->getPeakFps();
 
                 state.physical = {.id = *physicalId,
                                   .hwcDisplayId = *mHwcDisplayId,
@@ -1104,6 +1112,9 @@
                         .registerDisplay(*physicalId, it->second.snapshot(),
                                          mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector);
 
+                mFlinger.mutableDisplayModeController().setActiveMode(*physicalId, activeModeId,
+                                                                      refreshRate, refreshRate);
+
                 if (mFlinger.scheduler() && mSchedulerRegistration) {
                     mFlinger.scheduler()->registerDisplay(*physicalId,
                                                           mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector,
@@ -1115,10 +1126,6 @@
             sp<DisplayDevice> display = sp<DisplayDevice>::make(mCreationArgs);
             mFlinger.mutableDisplays().emplace_or_replace(mDisplayToken, display);
 
-            if (refreshRateOpt) {
-                display->setActiveMode(activeModeId, *refreshRateOpt, *refreshRateOpt);
-            }
-
             mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().displays.add(mDisplayToken, state);
             mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().displays.add(mDisplayToken, state);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index d4d5b32..85b61f8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
                                                          HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
                                                          0ULL /*usage*/);
         layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, postTime, /*desiredPresentTime*/ 30, false,
-                         dequeueTime, FrameTimelineInfo{});
+                         FrameTimelineInfo{});
 
         commitTransaction(layer.get());
         nsecs_t latchTime = 25;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index 5046a86..46733b9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
         ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
         ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
 
         commitTransaction(layer.get());
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
         ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
         ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
                                                          2ULL /* bufferId */,
                                                          HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
                                                          0ULL /*usage*/);
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         nsecs_t end = systemTime();
         acquireFence2->signalForTest(12);
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
                                                          1ULL /* bufferId */,
                                                          HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
                                                          0ULL /*usage*/);
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
 
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
         ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
         ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
 
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo3;
         ftInfo3.vsyncId = 3;
         ftInfo3.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo3);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo3);
         EXPECT_EQ(2u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto bufferSurfaceFrameTX = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
         ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
         ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
 
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@
                                                          1ULL /* bufferId */,
                                                          HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
                                                          0ULL /*usage*/);
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         acquireFence2->signalForTest(12);
 
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
         ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
         ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture1, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame1 = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfoInv;
         ftInfoInv.vsyncId = FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID;
         ftInfoInv.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfoInv);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture2, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfoInv);
         auto dropEndTime1 = systemTime();
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
         FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo2;
         ftInfo2.vsyncId = 2;
         ftInfo2.inputEventId = 0;
-        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture3, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo2);
+        layer->setBuffer(externalTexture3, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo2);
         auto dropEndTime2 = systemTime();
         acquireFence3->signalForTest(12);
 
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@
             FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo;
             ftInfo.vsyncId = 1;
             ftInfo.inputEventId = 0;
-            layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, std::nullopt, ftInfo);
+            layer->setBuffer(externalTexture, bufferData, 10, 20, false, ftInfo);
             FrameTimelineInfo ftInfo2;
             ftInfo2.vsyncId = 2;
             ftInfo2.inputEventId = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index eafba0a..5109ea6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -535,6 +535,28 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, isVSyncInPhaseWithRenderRate) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_bugfix_24q4, true);
+    auto last = mNow;
+    for (auto i = 0u; i < kMinimumSamplesForPrediction; i++) {
+        EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(last + mPeriod));
+        mNow += mPeriod;
+        last = mNow;
+        tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow);
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 2 * mPeriod));
+
+    const auto renderRateFps = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mPeriod * 2);
+    tracker.setRenderRate(renderRateFps, /*applyImmediately*/ true);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(tracker.isVSyncInPhase(mNow, renderRateFps));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.isVSyncInPhase(mNow + mPeriod, renderRateFps));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(tracker.isVSyncInPhase(mNow + 2 * mPeriod, renderRateFps));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(tracker.isVSyncInPhase(mNow + 3 * mPeriod, renderRateFps));
+}
+
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, isVSyncInPhaseForDivisors) {
     auto last = mNow;
     for (auto i = 0u; i < kMinimumSamplesForPrediction; i++) {
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index 74d3d9d..9e67725 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -1174,7 +1174,8 @@
                             pSurfaceFormat);
 
                     if (surfaceCompressionProps &&
-                        driver.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR) {
+                        (driver.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR ||
+                         driver.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2)) {
                         VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 imageFormatInfo = {};
                         imageFormatInfo.sType =
                             VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2;
@@ -1205,7 +1206,7 @@
                         imageFormatProps.pNext = &compressionProps;
 
                         VkResult compressionRes =
-                            driver.GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2KHR(
+                            GetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
                                 physicalDevice, &imageFormatInfo,
                                 &imageFormatProps);
                         if (compressionRes == VK_SUCCESS) {