diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
index 7a85da0..38974a2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
@@ -332,6 +332,14 @@
     return geomBufferSize.toFloatRect();
 }
 
+bool LayerSnapshot::isFrontBuffered() const {
+    if (!externalTexture) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return externalTexture->getUsage() & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER;
+}
+
 Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode LayerSnapshot::getBlendMode(
         const RequestedLayerState& requested) const {
     auto blendMode = Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode::NONE;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
index 4fd6495..73ee22f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@
     std::string getIsVisibleReason() const;
     bool hasInputInfo() const;
     FloatRect sourceBounds() const;
+    bool isFrontBuffered() const;
     Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode getBlendMode(const RequestedLayerState& requested) const;
     friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const LayerSnapshot& obj);
     void merge(const RequestedLayerState& requested, bool forceUpdate, bool displayChanges,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 700baa2..98f34cf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -4230,6 +4230,14 @@
     return hasBufferOrSidebandStream() ? mBufferInfo.mDataspace : mDrawingState.dataspace;
 }
 
+bool Layer::isFrontBuffered() const {
+    if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getUsage() & AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER;
+}
+
 ui::Dataspace Layer::translateDataspace(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
     ui::Dataspace updatedDataspace = dataspace;
     // translate legacy dataspaces to modern dataspaces
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index dd91adc..46aa521 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -342,6 +342,8 @@
     //
     ui::Dataspace getDataSpace() const;
 
+    virtual bool isFrontBuffered() const;
+
     virtual sp<LayerFE> getCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
     virtual sp<LayerFE> copyCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
     sp<LayerFE> getCompositionEngineLayerFE(const frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath&);
@@ -915,14 +917,13 @@
     void recordLayerHistoryBufferUpdate(const scheduler::LayerProps&, nsecs_t now);
     void recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(const scheduler::LayerProps&, nsecs_t now);
     auto getLayerProps() const {
-        return scheduler::LayerProps{
-                .visible = isVisible(),
-                .bounds = getBounds(),
-                .transform = getTransform(),
-                .setFrameRateVote = getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
-                .frameRateSelectionPriority = getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
-                .isSmallDirty = mSmallDirty,
-        };
+        return scheduler::LayerProps{.visible = isVisible(),
+                                     .bounds = getBounds(),
+                                     .transform = getTransform(),
+                                     .setFrameRateVote = getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
+                                     .frameRateSelectionPriority = getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
+                                     .isSmallDirty = mSmallDirty,
+                                     .isFrontBuffered = isFrontBuffered()};
     };
     bool hasBuffer() const { return mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr; }
     void setTransformHint(std::optional<ui::Transform::RotationFlags> transformHint) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index 21bbb08..8fc9cba 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,11 @@
         return true;
     }
 
+    // Make all front buffered layers active
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && info.isFrontBuffered() && info.isVisible()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     return info.isVisible() && info.getLastUpdatedTime() >= threshold;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
index 54e9022..8d18769 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
@@ -334,6 +334,14 @@
         return votes;
     }
 
+    // Vote for max refresh rate whenever we're front-buffered.
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && isFrontBuffered()) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("front buffered");
+        ALOGV("%s is front-buffered", mName.c_str());
+        votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, Fps()});
+        return votes;
+    }
+
     const LayerInfo::Frequent frequent = isFrequent(now);
     mIsFrequencyConclusive = frequent.isConclusive;
     if (!frequent.isFrequent) {
@@ -394,6 +402,10 @@
     return mLayerProps->frameRateSelectionPriority;
 }
 
+bool LayerInfo::isFrontBuffered() const {
+    return mLayerProps->isFrontBuffered;
+}
+
 FloatRect LayerInfo::getBounds() const {
     return mLayerProps->bounds;
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
index 7d3cffa..03ab0df 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@
     FrameRate getSetFrameRateVote() const;
     bool isVisible() const;
     int32_t getFrameRateSelectionPriority() const;
+    bool isFrontBuffered() const;
     FloatRect getBounds() const;
     ui::Transform getTransform() const;
 
@@ -360,6 +361,7 @@
     LayerInfo::FrameRate setFrameRateVote;
     int32_t frameRateSelectionPriority = -1;
     bool isSmallDirty = false;
+    bool isFrontBuffered = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 62eb17d..d5e1f53 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -2247,6 +2247,7 @@
                 .setFrameRateVote = snapshot->frameRate,
                 .frameRateSelectionPriority = snapshot->frameRateSelectionPriority,
                 .isSmallDirty = snapshot->isSmallDirty,
+                .isFrontBuffered = snapshot->isFrontBuffered(),
         };
 
         if (snapshot->clientChanges & layer_state_t::eDefaultFrameRateCompatibilityChanged) {
@@ -4880,6 +4881,7 @@
                         .transform = layer->getTransform(),
                         .setFrameRateVote = layer->getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
                         .frameRateSelectionPriority = layer->getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
+                        .isFrontBuffered = layer->isFrontBuffered(),
                 };
                 layer->recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(layerProps, now);
             }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
index e8831ab..7c95e5d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
@@ -925,6 +925,43 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(1, animatingLayerCount(time));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, frontBufferedLayerVotesMax) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+    auto layer = createLayer();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, getFrameRateForLayerTree()).WillRepeatedly(Return(Layer::FrameRate()));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isFrontBuffered()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
+
+    // layer is active but infrequent.
+    for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
+
+    // layer became inactive
+    time += MAX_ACTIVE_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, frequentLayerBecomingInfrequentAndBack) {
     auto layer = createLayer();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
index 11072bc..5a03c59 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerInfoTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 
+#include "FlagUtils.h"
 #include "FpsOps.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerInfo.h"
@@ -28,6 +29,8 @@
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h"
 
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
+
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 using android::mock::createDisplayMode;
@@ -67,6 +70,8 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+using namespace com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger;
+
 TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, prefersPresentTime) {
     std::deque<FrameTimeData> frameTimes;
     constexpr auto kExpectedFps = 50_Hz;
@@ -261,5 +266,18 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(actualVotes[0].fps, vote.fps);
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerInfoTest, isFrontBuffered) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(layerInfo.isFrontBuffered());
+
+    LayerProps prop = {.isFrontBuffered = true};
+    layerInfo.setLastPresentTime(0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer, true, prop);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(layerInfo.isFrontBuffered());
+
+    prop.isFrontBuffered = false;
+    layerInfo.setLastPresentTime(0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer, true, prop);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(layerInfo.isFrontBuffered());
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index e784eb7..57babaf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -898,4 +898,24 @@
             gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::TRUSTED_OVERLAY));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, isFrontBuffered) {
+    setBuffer(1,
+              std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(
+                      1U /*width*/, 1U /*height*/, 1ULL /* bufferId */, HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                      GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_FRONT_BUFFER /*usage*/));
+
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot(1)->isFrontBuffered());
+
+    setBuffer(1,
+              std::make_shared<
+                      renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1U /*width*/, 1U /*height*/,
+                                                               1ULL /* bufferId */,
+                                                               HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                               GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_TEXTURE /*usage*/));
+
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getSnapshot(1)->isFrontBuffered());
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockLayer.h
index 4cc78fe..3dfb649 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockLayer.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDefaultFrameRateCompatibility, scheduler::FrameRateCompatibility());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getOwnerUid, uid_t());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getDataSpace, ui::Dataspace());
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isFrontBuffered, (), (const, override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock