diff --git a/include/android/input.h b/include/android/input.h
index a45f065..9a0eb4d 100644
--- a/include/android/input.h
+++ b/include/android/input.h
@@ -781,6 +781,8 @@
      *
      * These values are relative to the state from the last event, not accumulated, so developers
      * should make sure to process this axis value for all batched historical events.
+     *
+     * This axis is only set on the first pointer in a motion event.
      */
     AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_X_OFFSET = 48,
     /**
@@ -797,6 +799,8 @@
      *
      * These values are relative to the state from the last event, not accumulated, so developers
      * should make sure to process this axis value for all batched historical events.
+     *
+     * This axis is only set on the first pointer in a motion event.
      */
     AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SCROLL_X_DISTANCE = 50,
     /**
@@ -815,16 +819,29 @@
      *
      * These values are relative to the state from the last event, not accumulated, so developers
      * should make sure to process this axis value for all batched historical events.
+     *
+     * This axis is only set on the first pointer in a motion event.
      */
     AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR = 52,
 
     /**
+     * Axis constant: the number of fingers being used in a multi-finger swipe gesture.
+     *
+     * - For a touch pad, reports the number of fingers being used in a multi-finger swipe gesture
+     *   (with CLASSIFICATION_MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE).
+     *
+     * Since CLASSIFICATION_MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE is a hidden API, so is this axis. It is only set on
+     * the first pointer in a motion event.
+     */
+    AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT = 53,
+
+    /**
      * Note: This is not an "Axis constant". It does not represent any axis, nor should it be used
      * to represent any axis. It is a constant holding the value of the largest defined axis value,
      * to make some computations (like iterating through all possible axes) cleaner.
      * Please update the value accordingly if you add a new axis.
      */
-    AMOTION_EVENT_MAXIMUM_VALID_AXIS_VALUE = AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR,
+    AMOTION_EVENT_MAXIMUM_VALID_AXIS_VALUE = AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT,
 
     // NOTE: If you add a new axis here you must also add it to several other files.
     //       Refer to frameworks/base/core/java/android/view/MotionEvent.java for the full list.
diff --git a/include/input/InputDevice.h b/include/input/InputDevice.h
index 1a40fdb..b7751f7 100644
--- a/include/input/InputDevice.h
+++ b/include/input/InputDevice.h
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
 
 #include <android/sensor.h>
 #include <ftl/flags.h>
+#include <ftl/mixins.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/KeyCharacterMap.h>
+#include <set>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -68,6 +70,9 @@
      * while conforming to the filename limitations.
      */
     std::string getCanonicalName() const;
+
+    bool operator==(const InputDeviceIdentifier&) const = default;
+    bool operator!=(const InputDeviceIdentifier&) const = default;
 };
 
 /* Types of input device sensors. Keep sync with core/java/android/hardware/Sensor.java */
@@ -179,11 +184,24 @@
     int32_t id;
 };
 
+struct BrightnessLevel : ftl::DefaultConstructible<BrightnessLevel, std::uint8_t>,
+                         ftl::Equatable<BrightnessLevel>,
+                         ftl::Orderable<BrightnessLevel>,
+                         ftl::Addable<BrightnessLevel> {
+    using DefaultConstructible::DefaultConstructible;
+};
+
 struct InputDeviceLightInfo {
     explicit InputDeviceLightInfo(std::string name, int32_t id, InputDeviceLightType type,
                                   ftl::Flags<InputDeviceLightCapability> capabilityFlags,
-                                  int32_t ordinal)
-          : name(name), id(id), type(type), capabilityFlags(capabilityFlags), ordinal(ordinal) {}
+                                  int32_t ordinal,
+                                  std::set<BrightnessLevel> preferredBrightnessLevels)
+          : name(name),
+            id(id),
+            type(type),
+            capabilityFlags(capabilityFlags),
+            ordinal(ordinal),
+            preferredBrightnessLevels(std::move(preferredBrightnessLevels)) {}
     // Name string of the light.
     std::string name;
     // Light id
@@ -194,6 +212,8 @@
     ftl::Flags<InputDeviceLightCapability> capabilityFlags;
     // Ordinal of the light
     int32_t ordinal;
+    // Custom brightness levels for the light
+    std::set<BrightnessLevel> preferredBrightnessLevels;
 };
 
 struct InputDeviceBatteryInfo {
diff --git a/include/input/PrintTools.h b/include/input/PrintTools.h
index 02bc201..0ca6fa3 100644
--- a/include/input/PrintTools.h
+++ b/include/input/PrintTools.h
@@ -88,6 +88,20 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Convert map keys to string. The keys of the map should be integral type.
+ */
+template <typename K, typename V>
+std::string dumpMapKeys(const std::map<K, V>& map,
+                        std::string (*keyToString)(const K&) = constToString) {
+    std::string out;
+    for (const auto& [k, _] : map) {
+        out += out.empty() ? "{" : ", ";
+        out += keyToString(k);
+    }
+    return out.empty() ? "{}" : (out + "}");
+}
+
+/**
  * Convert a vector to a string. The values of the vector should be of a type supported by
  * constToString.
  */
diff --git a/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h b/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
index 71a36d0..82e4551 100644
--- a/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
+++ b/include/powermanager/PowerHalController.h
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
           : mHalConnector(std::move(connector)) {}
     virtual ~PowerHalController() = default;
 
-    void init();
+    virtual void init();
 
     virtual HalResult<void> setBoost(hardware::power::Boost boost, int32_t durationMs) override;
     virtual HalResult<void> setMode(hardware::power::Mode mode, bool enabled) override;
diff --git a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
index ed69100..53a2f64 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
@@ -1792,19 +1792,20 @@
 
 int Surface::dispatchSetFrameTimelineInfo(va_list args) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    auto frameNumber = static_cast<uint64_t>(va_arg(args, uint64_t));
-    auto frameTimelineVsyncId = static_cast<int64_t>(va_arg(args, int64_t));
-    auto inputEventId = static_cast<int32_t>(va_arg(args, int32_t));
-    auto startTimeNanos = static_cast<int64_t>(va_arg(args, int64_t));
-    auto useForRefreshRateSelection = static_cast<bool>(va_arg(args, int32_t));
-
     ALOGV("Surface::%s", __func__);
+
+    const auto nativeWindowFtlInfo = static_cast<ANativeWindowFrameTimelineInfo>(
+            va_arg(args, ANativeWindowFrameTimelineInfo));
+
     FrameTimelineInfo ftlInfo;
-    ftlInfo.vsyncId = frameTimelineVsyncId;
-    ftlInfo.inputEventId = inputEventId;
-    ftlInfo.startTimeNanos = startTimeNanos;
-    ftlInfo.useForRefreshRateSelection = useForRefreshRateSelection;
-    return setFrameTimelineInfo(frameNumber, ftlInfo);
+    ftlInfo.vsyncId = nativeWindowFtlInfo.frameTimelineVsyncId;
+    ftlInfo.inputEventId = nativeWindowFtlInfo.inputEventId;
+    ftlInfo.startTimeNanos = nativeWindowFtlInfo.startTimeNanos;
+    ftlInfo.useForRefreshRateSelection = nativeWindowFtlInfo.useForRefreshRateSelection;
+    ftlInfo.skippedFrameVsyncId = nativeWindowFtlInfo.skippedFrameVsyncId;
+    ftlInfo.skippedFrameStartTimeNanos = nativeWindowFtlInfo.skippedFrameStartTimeNanos;
+
+    return setFrameTimelineInfo(nativeWindowFtlInfo.frameNumber, ftlInfo);
 }
 
 bool Surface::transformToDisplayInverse() const {
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 0fda358..5bc05ef 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@
     mEarlyWakeupEnd = false;
     mDesiredPresentTime = 0;
     mIsAutoTimestamp = true;
-    clearFrameTimelineInfo(mFrameTimelineInfo);
+    mFrameTimelineInfo = {};
     mApplyToken = nullptr;
     mMergedTransactionIds.clear();
 }
@@ -2279,27 +2279,13 @@
     if (t.vsyncId != FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID &&
         other.vsyncId != FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
         if (other.vsyncId > t.vsyncId) {
-            t.vsyncId = other.vsyncId;
-            t.inputEventId = other.inputEventId;
-            t.startTimeNanos = other.startTimeNanos;
-            t.useForRefreshRateSelection = other.useForRefreshRateSelection;
+            t = other;
         }
     } else if (t.vsyncId == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
-        t.vsyncId = other.vsyncId;
-        t.inputEventId = other.inputEventId;
-        t.startTimeNanos = other.startTimeNanos;
-        t.useForRefreshRateSelection = other.useForRefreshRateSelection;
+        t = other;
     }
 }
 
-// copied from FrameTimelineInfo::clear()
-void SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::clearFrameTimelineInfo(FrameTimelineInfo& t) {
-    t.vsyncId = FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID;
-    t.inputEventId = os::IInputConstants::INVALID_INPUT_EVENT_ID;
-    t.startTimeNanos = 0;
-    t.useForRefreshRateSelection = false;
-}
-
 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction&
 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setTrustedPresentationCallback(
         const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, TrustedPresentationCallback cb,
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/FrameTimelineInfo.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/FrameTimelineInfo.aidl
index 6a86c6a..4b647a4 100644
--- a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/FrameTimelineInfo.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/FrameTimelineInfo.aidl
@@ -37,4 +37,10 @@
     // Whether this vsyncId should be used to heuristically select the display refresh rate
     // TODO(b/281695725): Clean this up once TextureView use setFrameRate API
     boolean useForRefreshRateSelection = false;
+
+    // The VsyncId of a frame that was not drawn and squashed into this frame.
+    long skippedFrameVsyncId = INVALID_VSYNC_ID;
+
+    // The start time of a frame that was not drawn and squashed into this frame.
+    long skippedFrameStartTimeNanos = 0;
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index fb57f63..3cf57b1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -410,7 +410,6 @@
         static sp<IBinder> sApplyToken;
         void releaseBufferIfOverwriting(const layer_state_t& state);
         static void mergeFrameTimelineInfo(FrameTimelineInfo& t, const FrameTimelineInfo& other);
-        static void clearFrameTimelineInfo(FrameTimelineInfo& t);
 
     protected:
         std::unordered_map<sp<IBinder>, ComposerState, IBinderHash> mComposerStates;
diff --git a/libs/input/Android.bp b/libs/input/Android.bp
index 869458c..4be7328 100644
--- a/libs/input/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/Android.bp
@@ -85,6 +85,12 @@
         "-Wl,--exclude-libs=libtflite_static.a",
     ],
 
+    sanitize: {
+        undefined: true,
+        all_undefined: true,
+        misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+    },
+
     static_libs: [
         "libui-types",
         "libtflite_static",
@@ -117,10 +123,6 @@
                 "libgui_window_info_static",
             ],
 
-            sanitize: {
-                misc_undefined: ["integer"],
-            },
-
             required: [
                 "motion_predictor_model_prebuilt",
             ],
diff --git a/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp b/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
index f99a7d6..1c7cc12 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
@@ -404,7 +404,8 @@
     DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_Y_OFFSET), \
     DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_SCROLL_X_DISTANCE), \
     DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_SCROLL_Y_DISTANCE), \
-    DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR)
+    DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR), \
+    DEFINE_AXIS(GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT)
 
 // NOTE: If you add new LEDs here, you must also add them to Input.h
 #define LEDS_SEQUENCE \
diff --git a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
index f6b4648..4ecb641 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // Provides a shared memory transport for input events.
 //
 #define LOG_TAG "InputTransport"
+#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_INPUT
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -449,6 +450,13 @@
 
     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ sent message of type %s", mName.c_str(),
              ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str());
+
+    if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
+        std::string message =
+                StringPrintf("sendMessage(inputChannel=%s, seq=0x%" PRIx32 ", type=0x%" PRIx32 ")",
+                             mName.c_str(), msg->header.seq, msg->header.type);
+        ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
+    }
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -484,6 +492,13 @@
 
     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ received message of type %s", mName.c_str(),
              ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str());
+
+    if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
+        std::string message = StringPrintf("receiveMessage(inputChannel=%s, seq=0x%" PRIx32
+                                           ", type=0x%" PRIx32 ")",
+                                           mName.c_str(), msg->header.seq, msg->header.type);
+        ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
+    }
     return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
index 42bdf57..6aae25d 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
@@ -44,12 +44,20 @@
         "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     ],
     sanitize: {
+        hwaddress: true,
         undefined: true,
         all_undefined: true,
         diag: {
             undefined: true,
         },
     },
+    target: {
+        host: {
+            sanitize: {
+                address: true,
+            },
+        },
+    },
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h
index 1659d54..e269f0d 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#include <string>
+#endif
+
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
 /**
@@ -142,6 +146,15 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
+    inline std::string toString() const {
+        if (!mBuffer) {
+            return "<HardwareBuffer: Invalid>";
+        }
+        uint64_t id = 0;
+        AHardwareBuffer_getId(mBuffer, &id);
+        return "<HardwareBuffer " + std::to_string(id) + ">";
+    }
+
 private:
     HardwareBuffer(const HardwareBuffer& other) = delete;
     HardwareBuffer& operator=(const HardwareBuffer& other) = delete;
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/system/window.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/system/window.h
index 0fee3c1..edaa422 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/system/window.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/system/window.h
@@ -1066,12 +1066,33 @@
                            (int)compatibility, (int)changeFrameRateStrategy);
 }
 
+struct ANativeWindowFrameTimelineInfo {
+    // Frame Id received from ANativeWindow_getNextFrameId.
+    uint64_t frameNumber;
+
+    // VsyncId received from the Choreographer callback that started this frame.
+    int64_t frameTimelineVsyncId;
+
+    // Input Event ID received from the input event that started this frame.
+    int32_t inputEventId;
+
+    // The time which this frame rendering started (i.e. when Choreographer callback actually run)
+    int64_t startTimeNanos;
+
+    // Whether or not to use the vsyncId to determine the refresh rate. Used for TextureView only.
+    int32_t useForRefreshRateSelection;
+
+    // The VsyncId of a frame that was not drawn and squashed into this frame.
+    // Used for UI thread updates that were not picked up by RenderThread on time.
+    int64_t skippedFrameVsyncId;
+
+    // The start time of a frame that was not drawn and squashed into this frame.
+    int64_t skippedFrameStartTimeNanos;
+};
+
 static inline int native_window_set_frame_timeline_info(
-        struct ANativeWindow* window, uint64_t frameNumber, int64_t frameTimelineVsyncId,
-        int32_t inputEventId, int64_t startTimeNanos, int32_t useForRefreshRateSelection) {
-    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_FRAME_TIMELINE_INFO, frameNumber,
-                           frameTimelineVsyncId, inputEventId, startTimeNanos,
-                           useForRefreshRateSelection);
+        struct ANativeWindow* window, struct ANativeWindowFrameTimelineInfo frameTimelineInfo) {
+    return window->perform(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_FRAME_TIMELINE_INFO, frameTimelineInfo);
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
similarity index 94%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h
rename to libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
index 0d59706..7eacb0a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <ftl/small_map.h>
 #include <ftl/small_vector.h>
 
-namespace android::display {
+namespace android::ui {
 
 // The static capacities were chosen to exceed a typical number of physical and/or virtual displays.
 
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@
 template <typename T>
 using PhysicalDisplayVector = ftl::SmallVector<T, 3>;
 
-} // namespace android::display
+} // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
index 2c3ce16..bb3b43a 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
@@ -137,12 +137,14 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
-static const char* DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY = "ro.hardware.egl";
+static const char* PERSIST_DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY = "persist.graphics.egl";
+static const char* RO_DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY = "ro.hardware.egl";
+static const char* RO_BOARD_PLATFORM_PROPERTY = "ro.board.platform";
 
 static const char* HAL_SUBNAME_KEY_PROPERTIES[3] = {
-        "persist.graphics.egl",
-        DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY,
-        "ro.board.platform",
+        PERSIST_DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY,
+        RO_DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY,
+        RO_BOARD_PLATFORM_PROPERTY,
 };
 
 static bool should_unload_system_driver(egl_connection_t* cnx) {
@@ -245,17 +247,20 @@
                 continue;
             }
             hnd = attempt_to_load_system_driver(cnx, prop.c_str(), true);
-            if (hnd) {
-                break;
-            } else if (strcmp(key, DRIVER_SUFFIX_PROPERTY) == 0) {
+            if (!hnd) {
+                ALOGD("Failed to load drivers from property %s with value %s", key, prop.c_str());
                 failToLoadFromDriverSuffixProperty = true;
             }
+
+            // Abort regardless of whether subsequent properties are set, the value must be set
+            // correctly with the first property that has a value.
+            break;
         }
     }
 
     if (!hnd) {
-        // Can't find graphics driver by appending system properties, now search for the exact name
-        // without any suffix of the GLES userspace driver in both locations.
+        // Can't find graphics driver by appending the value from system properties, now search for
+        // the exact name without any suffix of the GLES userspace driver in both locations.
         // i.e.:
         //      libGLES.so, or:
         //      libEGL.so, libGLESv1_CM.so, libGLESv2.so
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
index 69df45b..ffcc967 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
     name: "libinputflinger_sources",
     srcs: [
         "InputCommonConverter.cpp",
+        "InputDeviceMetricsCollector.cpp",
         "InputProcessor.cpp",
         "PreferStylusOverTouchBlocker.cpp",
         "UnwantedInteractionBlocker.cpp",
@@ -129,6 +130,7 @@
         "libinputflinger_base",
         "libinputreader",
         "libinputreporter",
+        "libPlatformProperties",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libinputdispatcher",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/BlockingQueue.h b/services/inputflinger/BlockingQueue.h
index fe37287..5693848 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/BlockingQueue.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/BlockingQueue.h
@@ -16,15 +16,17 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "android-base/thread_annotations.h"
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <list>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <vector>
+#include <optional>
+#include "android-base/thread_annotations.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 /**
- * A FIFO queue that stores up to <i>capacity</i> objects.
+ * A thread-safe FIFO queue. This list-backed queue stores up to <i>capacity</i> objects if
+ * a capacity is provided at construction, and is otherwise unbounded.
  * Objects can always be added. Objects are added immediately.
  * If the queue is full, new objects cannot be added.
  *
@@ -33,13 +35,13 @@
 template <class T>
 class BlockingQueue {
 public:
-    BlockingQueue(size_t capacity) : mCapacity(capacity) {
-        mQueue.reserve(mCapacity);
-    };
+    explicit BlockingQueue() = default;
+
+    explicit BlockingQueue(size_t capacity) : mCapacity(capacity){};
 
     /**
      * Retrieve and remove the oldest object.
-     * Blocks execution while queue is empty.
+     * Blocks execution indefinitely while queue is empty.
      */
     T pop() {
         std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
@@ -51,26 +53,62 @@
     };
 
     /**
+     * Retrieve and remove the oldest object.
+     * Blocks execution for the given duration while queue is empty, and returns std::nullopt
+     * if the queue was empty for the entire duration.
+     */
+    std::optional<T> popWithTimeout(std::chrono::nanoseconds duration) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLock(mLock);
+        if (!mHasElements.wait_for(lock, duration,
+                                   [this]() REQUIRES(mLock) { return !this->mQueue.empty(); })) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        T t = std::move(mQueue.front());
+        mQueue.erase(mQueue.begin());
+        return t;
+    };
+
+    /**
      * Add a new object to the queue.
      * Does not block.
      * Return true if an element was successfully added.
      * Return false if the queue is full.
      */
     bool push(T&& t) {
-        {
+        { // acquire lock
             std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-            if (mQueue.size() == mCapacity) {
+            if (mCapacity && mQueue.size() == mCapacity) {
                 return false;
             }
             mQueue.push_back(std::move(t));
-        }
+        } // release lock
         mHasElements.notify_one();
         return true;
     };
 
-    void erase(const std::function<bool(const T&)>& lambda) {
+    /**
+     * Construct a new object into the queue.
+     * Does not block.
+     * Return true if an element was successfully added.
+     * Return false if the queue is full.
+     */
+    template <class... Args>
+    bool emplace(Args&&... args) {
+        { // acquire lock
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+            if (mCapacity && mQueue.size() == mCapacity) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            mQueue.emplace_back(args...);
+        } // release lock
+        mHasElements.notify_one();
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    void erase_if(const std::function<bool(const T&)>& pred) {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        std::erase_if(mQueue, [&lambda](const auto& t) { return lambda(t); });
+        std::erase_if(mQueue, pred);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -93,7 +131,7 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    const size_t mCapacity;
+    const std::optional<size_t> mCapacity;
     /**
      * Used to signal that mQueue is non-empty.
      */
@@ -102,7 +140,7 @@
      * Lock for accessing and waiting on elements.
      */
     std::mutex mLock;
-    std::vector<T> mQueue GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::list<T> mQueue GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
index 2437d0f..7812880 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputCommonConverter.cpp
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@
 static_assert(static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GENERIC_14) == common::Axis::GENERIC_14);
 static_assert(static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GENERIC_15) == common::Axis::GENERIC_15);
 static_assert(static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GENERIC_16) == common::Axis::GENERIC_16);
-// TODO(b/251196347): add GESTURE_{X,Y}_OFFSET, GESTURE_SCROLL_{X,Y}_DISTANCE, and
-// GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR.
+// TODO(b/251196347): add GESTURE_{X,Y}_OFFSET, GESTURE_SCROLL_{X,Y}_DISTANCE,
+// GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR, and GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT.
 // If you added a new axis, consider whether this should also be exposed as a HAL axis. Update the
 // static_assert below and add the new axis here, or leave a comment summarizing your decision.
 static_assert(static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_MAXIMUM_VALID_AXIS_VALUE) ==
-              static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_PINCH_SCALE_FACTOR));
+              static_cast<common::Axis>(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT));
 
 static common::VideoFrame getHalVideoFrame(const TouchVideoFrame& frame) {
     common::VideoFrame out;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f92c4f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "InputDeviceMetricsCollector"
+#include "InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h"
+
+#include "KeyCodeClassifications.h"
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <input/PrintTools.h>
+#include <linux/input.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using std::chrono::nanoseconds;
+using std::chrono_literals::operator""ns;
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr nanoseconds DEFAULT_USAGE_SESSION_TIMEOUT = std::chrono::seconds(5);
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages about metrics events logged to statsd.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputDeviceMetricsCollector DEBUG" (requires restart)
+ */
+const bool DEBUG = __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG, ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+int32_t linuxBusToInputDeviceBusEnum(int32_t linuxBus) {
+    switch (linuxBus) {
+        case BUS_USB:
+            return util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__DEVICE_BUS__USB;
+        case BUS_BLUETOOTH:
+            return util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__DEVICE_BUS__BLUETOOTH;
+        default:
+            return util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__DEVICE_BUS__OTHER;
+    }
+}
+
+class : public InputDeviceMetricsLogger {
+    nanoseconds getCurrentTime() override { return nanoseconds(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC)); }
+
+    void logInputDeviceUsageReported(const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                                     const DeviceUsageReport& report) override {
+        const int32_t durationMillis =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(report.usageDuration).count();
+        const static std::vector<int32_t> empty;
+
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "Usage session reported for device: %s", identifier.name.c_str());
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "    Total duration: %dms", durationMillis);
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "    Source breakdown:");
+
+        std::vector<int32_t> sources;
+        std::vector<int32_t> durationsPerSource;
+        for (auto& [src, dur] : report.sourceBreakdown) {
+            sources.push_back(ftl::to_underlying(src));
+            int32_t durMillis = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(dur).count();
+            durationsPerSource.emplace_back(durMillis);
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "        - usageSource: %s\t duration: %dms",
+                     ftl::enum_string(src).c_str(), durMillis);
+        }
+
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "    Uid breakdown:");
+
+        std::vector<int32_t> uids;
+        std::vector<int32_t> durationsPerUid;
+        for (auto& [uid, dur] : report.uidBreakdown) {
+            uids.push_back(uid);
+            int32_t durMillis = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(dur).count();
+            durationsPerUid.push_back(durMillis);
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG, "        - uid: %d\t duration: %dms", uid, durMillis);
+        }
+        util::stats_write(util::INPUTDEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED, identifier.vendor, identifier.product,
+                          identifier.version, linuxBusToInputDeviceBusEnum(identifier.bus),
+                          durationMillis, sources, durationsPerSource, uids, durationsPerUid);
+    }
+} sStatsdLogger;
+
+bool isIgnoredInputDeviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
+    switch (deviceId) {
+        case INVALID_INPUT_DEVICE_ID:
+        case VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID:
+            return true;
+        default:
+            return false;
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+InputDeviceUsageSource getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(const InputDeviceInfo& info,
+                                                const NotifyKeyArgs& keyArgs) {
+    if (!isFromSource(keyArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD)) {
+        return InputDeviceUsageSource::UNKNOWN;
+    }
+
+    if (isFromSource(keyArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD) &&
+        DPAD_ALL_KEYCODES.count(keyArgs.keyCode) != 0) {
+        return InputDeviceUsageSource::DPAD;
+    }
+
+    if (isFromSource(keyArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_GAMEPAD) &&
+        GAMEPAD_KEYCODES.count(keyArgs.keyCode) != 0) {
+        return InputDeviceUsageSource::GAMEPAD;
+    }
+
+    if (info.getKeyboardType() == AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC) {
+        return InputDeviceUsageSource::KEYBOARD;
+    }
+
+    return InputDeviceUsageSource::BUTTONS;
+}
+
+std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(const NotifyMotionArgs& motionArgs) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(motionArgs.pointerCount < 1, "Received motion args without pointers");
+    std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> sources;
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < motionArgs.pointerCount; i++) {
+        const auto toolType = motionArgs.pointerProperties[i].toolType;
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)) {
+            if (toolType == ToolType::MOUSE) {
+                sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (toolType == ToolType::FINGER) {
+                sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (isStylusToolType(toolType)) {
+                sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_INDIRECT);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE_RELATIVE) &&
+            toolType == ToolType::MOUSE) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE_CAPTURED);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD) &&
+            toolType == ToolType::FINGER) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD_CAPTURED);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_BLUETOOTH_STYLUS) &&
+            isStylusToolType(toolType)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_FUSED);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS) && isStylusToolType(toolType)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCH_NAVIGATION)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCH_NAVIGATION);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::JOYSTICK);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::ROTARY_ENCODER);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_TRACKBALL)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::TRACKBALL);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (isFromSource(motionArgs.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)) {
+            sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN);
+            continue;
+        }
+        sources.emplace(InputDeviceUsageSource::UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    return sources;
+}
+
+// --- InputDeviceMetricsCollector ---
+
+InputDeviceMetricsCollector::InputDeviceMetricsCollector(InputListenerInterface& listener)
+      : InputDeviceMetricsCollector(listener, sStatsdLogger, DEFAULT_USAGE_SESSION_TIMEOUT) {}
+
+InputDeviceMetricsCollector::InputDeviceMetricsCollector(InputListenerInterface& listener,
+                                                         InputDeviceMetricsLogger& logger,
+                                                         nanoseconds usageSessionTimeout)
+      : mNextListener(listener), mLogger(logger), mUsageSessionTimeout(usageSessionTimeout) {}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+        const NotifyInputDevicesChangedArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    onInputDevicesChanged(args.inputDeviceInfos);
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyConfigurationChanged(
+        const NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    const SourceProvider getSources = [&args](const InputDeviceInfo& info) {
+        return std::set{getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(info, args)};
+    };
+    onInputDeviceUsage(DeviceId{args.deviceId}, nanoseconds(args.eventTime), getSources);
+
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    onInputDeviceUsage(DeviceId{args.deviceId}, nanoseconds(args.eventTime),
+                       [&args](const auto&) { return getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(args); });
+
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifySwitch(const NotifySwitchArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifySensor(const NotifySensorArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyVibratorState(const NotifyVibratorStateArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyPointerCaptureChanged(
+        const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs& args) {
+    reportCompletedSessions();
+    mNextListener.notify(args);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                                          const std::set<int32_t>& uids) {
+    std::set<Uid> typeSafeUids;
+    for (auto uid : uids) {
+        typeSafeUids.emplace(uid);
+    }
+    mInteractionsQueue.push(DeviceId{deviceId}, timestamp, typeSafeUids);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::dump(std::string& dump) {
+    dump += "InputDeviceMetricsCollector:\n";
+
+    dump += "  Logged device IDs: " + dumpMapKeys(mLoggedDeviceInfos, &toString) + "\n";
+    dump += "  Devices with active usage sessions: " +
+            dumpMapKeys(mActiveUsageSessions, &toString) + "\n";
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::onInputDevicesChanged(const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& infos) {
+    std::map<DeviceId, InputDeviceInfo> newDeviceInfos;
+
+    for (const InputDeviceInfo& info : infos) {
+        if (isIgnoredInputDeviceId(info.getId())) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        newDeviceInfos.emplace(info.getId(), info);
+    }
+
+    for (auto [deviceId, info] : mLoggedDeviceInfos) {
+        if (newDeviceInfos.count(deviceId) != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        onInputDeviceRemoved(deviceId, info.getIdentifier());
+    }
+
+    std::swap(newDeviceInfos, mLoggedDeviceInfos);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::onInputDeviceRemoved(DeviceId deviceId,
+                                                       const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier) {
+    auto it = mActiveUsageSessions.find(deviceId);
+    if (it == mActiveUsageSessions.end()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Report usage for that device if there is an active session.
+    auto& [_, activeSession] = *it;
+    mLogger.logInputDeviceUsageReported(identifier, activeSession.finishSession());
+    mActiveUsageSessions.erase(it);
+
+    // We don't remove this from mLoggedDeviceInfos because it will be updated in
+    // onInputDevicesChanged().
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::onInputDeviceUsage(DeviceId deviceId, nanoseconds eventTime,
+                                                     const SourceProvider& getSources) {
+    auto infoIt = mLoggedDeviceInfos.find(deviceId);
+    if (infoIt == mLoggedDeviceInfos.end()) {
+        // Do not track usage for devices that are not logged.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto [sessionIt, _] =
+            mActiveUsageSessions.try_emplace(deviceId, mUsageSessionTimeout, eventTime);
+    for (InputDeviceUsageSource source : getSources(infoIt->second)) {
+        sessionIt->second.recordUsage(eventTime, source);
+    }
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::onInputDeviceInteraction(const Interaction& interaction) {
+    auto activeSessionIt = mActiveUsageSessions.find(std::get<DeviceId>(interaction));
+    if (activeSessionIt == mActiveUsageSessions.end()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    activeSessionIt->second.recordInteraction(interaction);
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::reportCompletedSessions() {
+    // Process all pending interactions.
+    for (auto interaction = mInteractionsQueue.pop(); interaction;
+         interaction = mInteractionsQueue.pop()) {
+        onInputDeviceInteraction(*interaction);
+    }
+
+    const auto currentTime = mLogger.getCurrentTime();
+    std::vector<DeviceId> completedUsageSessions;
+
+    // Process usages for all active session to determine if any sessions have expired.
+    for (auto& [deviceId, activeSession] : mActiveUsageSessions) {
+        if (activeSession.checkIfCompletedAt(currentTime)) {
+            completedUsageSessions.emplace_back(deviceId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Close out and log all expired usage sessions.
+    for (DeviceId deviceId : completedUsageSessions) {
+        const auto infoIt = mLoggedDeviceInfos.find(deviceId);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(infoIt == mLoggedDeviceInfos.end());
+
+        auto activeSessionIt = mActiveUsageSessions.find(deviceId);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(activeSessionIt == mActiveUsageSessions.end());
+        auto& [_, activeSession] = *activeSessionIt;
+        mLogger.logInputDeviceUsageReported(infoIt->second.getIdentifier(),
+                                            activeSession.finishSession());
+        mActiveUsageSessions.erase(activeSessionIt);
+    }
+}
+
+// --- InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession ---
+
+InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession::ActiveSession(nanoseconds usageSessionTimeout,
+                                                          nanoseconds startTime)
+      : mUsageSessionTimeout(usageSessionTimeout), mDeviceSession({startTime, startTime}) {}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession::recordUsage(nanoseconds eventTime,
+                                                             InputDeviceUsageSource source) {
+    // We assume that event times for subsequent events are always monotonically increasing for each
+    // input device.
+    auto [activeSourceIt, inserted] =
+            mActiveSessionsBySource.try_emplace(source, eventTime, eventTime);
+    if (!inserted) {
+        activeSourceIt->second.end = eventTime;
+    }
+    mDeviceSession.end = eventTime;
+}
+
+void InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession::recordInteraction(const Interaction& interaction) {
+    const auto sessionExpiryTime = mDeviceSession.end + mUsageSessionTimeout;
+    const auto timestamp = std::get<nanoseconds>(interaction);
+    if (timestamp >= sessionExpiryTime) {
+        // This interaction occurred after the device's current active session is set to expire.
+        // Ignore it.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (Uid uid : std::get<std::set<Uid>>(interaction)) {
+        auto [activeUidIt, inserted] = mActiveSessionsByUid.try_emplace(uid, timestamp, timestamp);
+        if (!inserted) {
+            activeUidIt->second.end = timestamp;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession::checkIfCompletedAt(nanoseconds timestamp) {
+    const auto sessionExpiryTime = timestamp - mUsageSessionTimeout;
+    std::vector<InputDeviceUsageSource> completedSourceSessionsForDevice;
+    for (auto& [source, session] : mActiveSessionsBySource) {
+        if (session.end <= sessionExpiryTime) {
+            completedSourceSessionsForDevice.emplace_back(source);
+        }
+    }
+    for (InputDeviceUsageSource source : completedSourceSessionsForDevice) {
+        auto it = mActiveSessionsBySource.find(source);
+        const auto& [_, session] = *it;
+        mSourceUsageBreakdown.emplace_back(source, session.end - session.start);
+        mActiveSessionsBySource.erase(it);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<Uid> completedUidSessionsForDevice;
+    for (auto& [uid, session] : mActiveSessionsByUid) {
+        if (session.end <= sessionExpiryTime) {
+            completedUidSessionsForDevice.emplace_back(uid);
+        }
+    }
+    for (Uid uid : completedUidSessionsForDevice) {
+        auto it = mActiveSessionsByUid.find(uid);
+        const auto& [_, session] = *it;
+        mUidUsageBreakdown.emplace_back(uid, session.end - session.start);
+        mActiveSessionsByUid.erase(it);
+    }
+
+    // This active session has expired if there are no more active source sessions tracked.
+    return mActiveSessionsBySource.empty();
+}
+
+InputDeviceMetricsLogger::DeviceUsageReport
+InputDeviceMetricsCollector::ActiveSession::finishSession() {
+    const auto deviceUsageDuration = mDeviceSession.end - mDeviceSession.start;
+
+    for (const auto& [source, sourceSession] : mActiveSessionsBySource) {
+        mSourceUsageBreakdown.emplace_back(source, sourceSession.end - sourceSession.start);
+    }
+    mActiveSessionsBySource.clear();
+
+    for (const auto& [uid, uidSession] : mActiveSessionsByUid) {
+        mUidUsageBreakdown.emplace_back(uid, uidSession.end - uidSession.start);
+    }
+    mActiveSessionsByUid.clear();
+
+    return {deviceUsageDuration, mSourceUsageBreakdown, mUidUsageBreakdown};
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h b/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..387786f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "InputListener.h"
+#include "NotifyArgs.h"
+#include "SyncQueue.h"
+
+#include <ftl/mixins.h>
+#include <input/InputDevice.h>
+#include <statslog.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/**
+ * Logs metrics about registered input devices and their usages.
+ *
+ * All methods in the InputListenerInterface must be called from a single thread.
+ */
+class InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface : public InputListenerInterface {
+public:
+    /**
+     * Notify the metrics collector that there was an input device interaction with apps.
+     * Called from the InputDispatcher thread.
+     */
+    virtual void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                         const std::set<int32_t>& uids) = 0;
+    /**
+     * Dump the state of the interaction blocker.
+     * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager on a binder thread).
+     */
+    virtual void dump(std::string& dump) = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Enum representation of the InputDeviceUsageSource.
+ */
+enum class InputDeviceUsageSource : int32_t {
+    UNKNOWN = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__UNKNOWN,
+    BUTTONS = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__BUTTONS,
+    KEYBOARD = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__KEYBOARD,
+    DPAD = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__DPAD,
+    GAMEPAD = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__GAMEPAD,
+    JOYSTICK = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__JOYSTICK,
+    MOUSE = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__MOUSE,
+    MOUSE_CAPTURED = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__MOUSE_CAPTURED,
+    TOUCHPAD = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__TOUCHPAD,
+    TOUCHPAD_CAPTURED = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__TOUCHPAD_CAPTURED,
+    ROTARY_ENCODER = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__ROTARY_ENCODER,
+    STYLUS_DIRECT = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__STYLUS_DIRECT,
+    STYLUS_INDIRECT = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__STYLUS_INDIRECT,
+    STYLUS_FUSED = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__STYLUS_FUSED,
+    TOUCH_NAVIGATION = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__TOUCH_NAVIGATION,
+    TOUCHSCREEN = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__TOUCHSCREEN,
+    TRACKBALL = util::INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_REPORTED__USAGE_SOURCES__TRACKBALL,
+
+    ftl_first = UNKNOWN,
+    ftl_last = TRACKBALL,
+};
+
+/** Returns the InputDeviceUsageSource that corresponds to the key event. */
+InputDeviceUsageSource getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(const InputDeviceInfo&, const NotifyKeyArgs&);
+
+/** Returns the InputDeviceUsageSources that correspond to the motion event. */
+std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(const NotifyMotionArgs&);
+
+/** The logging interface for the metrics collector, injected for testing. */
+class InputDeviceMetricsLogger {
+public:
+    virtual std::chrono::nanoseconds getCurrentTime() = 0;
+
+    // Describes the breakdown of an input device usage session by its usage sources.
+    // An input device can have more than one usage source. For example, some game controllers have
+    // buttons, joysticks, and touchpads. We track usage by these sources to get a better picture of
+    // the device usage. The source breakdown of a 10 minute usage session could look like this:
+    //   { {GAMEPAD, <9 mins>}, {TOUCHPAD, <2 mins>}, {TOUCHPAD, <3 mins>} }
+    // This would indicate that the GAMEPAD source was used first, and that source usage session
+    // lasted for 9 mins. During that time, the TOUCHPAD was used for 2 mins, until its source
+    // usage session expired. The TOUCHPAD was then used again later for another 3 mins.
+    using SourceUsageBreakdown =
+            std::vector<std::pair<InputDeviceUsageSource, std::chrono::nanoseconds /*duration*/>>;
+
+    // Describes the breakdown of an input device usage session by the UIDs that it interacted with.
+    using UidUsageBreakdown =
+            std::vector<std::pair<int32_t /*uid*/, std::chrono::nanoseconds /*duration*/>>;
+
+    struct DeviceUsageReport {
+        std::chrono::nanoseconds usageDuration;
+        SourceUsageBreakdown sourceBreakdown;
+        UidUsageBreakdown uidBreakdown;
+    };
+
+    virtual void logInputDeviceUsageReported(const InputDeviceIdentifier&,
+                                             const DeviceUsageReport&) = 0;
+    virtual ~InputDeviceMetricsLogger() = default;
+};
+
+class InputDeviceMetricsCollector : public InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface {
+public:
+    explicit InputDeviceMetricsCollector(InputListenerInterface& listener);
+    ~InputDeviceMetricsCollector() override = default;
+
+    // Test constructor
+    InputDeviceMetricsCollector(InputListenerInterface& listener, InputDeviceMetricsLogger& logger,
+                                std::chrono::nanoseconds usageSessionTimeout);
+
+    void notifyInputDevicesChanged(const NotifyInputDevicesChangedArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyConfigurationChanged(const NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) override;
+    void notifySwitch(const NotifySwitchArgs& args) override;
+    void notifySensor(const NotifySensorArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyVibratorState(const NotifyVibratorStateArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) override;
+    void notifyPointerCaptureChanged(const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs& args) override;
+
+    void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                 const std::set<int32_t>& uids) override;
+    void dump(std::string& dump) override;
+
+private:
+    InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
+    InputDeviceMetricsLogger& mLogger;
+    const std::chrono::nanoseconds mUsageSessionTimeout;
+
+    // Type-safe wrapper for input device id.
+    struct DeviceId : ftl::Constructible<DeviceId, std::int32_t>,
+                      ftl::Equatable<DeviceId>,
+                      ftl::Orderable<DeviceId> {
+        using Constructible::Constructible;
+    };
+    static inline std::string toString(const DeviceId& id) {
+        return std::to_string(ftl::to_underlying(id));
+    }
+
+    // Type-safe wrapper for a UID.
+    struct Uid : ftl::Constructible<Uid, std::int32_t>, ftl::Equatable<Uid>, ftl::Orderable<Uid> {
+        using Constructible::Constructible;
+    };
+    static inline std::string toString(const Uid& src) {
+        return std::to_string(ftl::to_underlying(src));
+    }
+
+    std::map<DeviceId, InputDeviceInfo> mLoggedDeviceInfos;
+
+    using Interaction = std::tuple<DeviceId, std::chrono::nanoseconds, std::set<Uid>>;
+    SyncQueue<Interaction> mInteractionsQueue;
+
+    class ActiveSession {
+    public:
+        explicit ActiveSession(std::chrono::nanoseconds usageSessionTimeout,
+                               std::chrono::nanoseconds startTime);
+        void recordUsage(std::chrono::nanoseconds eventTime, InputDeviceUsageSource source);
+        void recordInteraction(const Interaction&);
+        bool checkIfCompletedAt(std::chrono::nanoseconds timestamp);
+        InputDeviceMetricsLogger::DeviceUsageReport finishSession();
+
+    private:
+        struct UsageSession {
+            std::chrono::nanoseconds start{};
+            std::chrono::nanoseconds end{};
+        };
+
+        const std::chrono::nanoseconds mUsageSessionTimeout;
+        UsageSession mDeviceSession{};
+
+        std::map<InputDeviceUsageSource, UsageSession> mActiveSessionsBySource{};
+        InputDeviceMetricsLogger::SourceUsageBreakdown mSourceUsageBreakdown{};
+
+        std::map<Uid, UsageSession> mActiveSessionsByUid{};
+        InputDeviceMetricsLogger::UidUsageBreakdown mUidUsageBreakdown{};
+    };
+
+    // The input devices that currently have active usage sessions.
+    std::map<DeviceId, ActiveSession> mActiveUsageSessions;
+
+    void onInputDevicesChanged(const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& infos);
+    void onInputDeviceRemoved(DeviceId deviceId, const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier);
+    using SourceProvider = std::function<std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource>(const InputDeviceInfo&)>;
+    void onInputDeviceUsage(DeviceId deviceId, std::chrono::nanoseconds eventTime,
+                            const SourceProvider& getSources);
+    void onInputDeviceInteraction(const Interaction&);
+    void reportCompletedSessions();
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
index ddebcad..1a9f47d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "InputReaderFactory.h"
 #include "UnwantedInteractionBlocker.h"
 
+#include <android/sysprop/InputProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -32,6 +33,9 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+static const bool ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS =
+        sysprop::InputProperties::enable_input_device_usage_metrics().value_or(false);
+
 using gui::FocusRequest;
 
 static int32_t exceptionCodeFromStatusT(status_t status) {
@@ -55,12 +59,22 @@
 
 /**
  * The event flow is via the "InputListener" interface, as follows:
- * InputReader -> UnwantedInteractionBlocker -> InputProcessor -> InputDispatcher
+ *   InputReader
+ *     -> UnwantedInteractionBlocker
+ *     -> InputProcessor
+ *     -> InputDeviceMetricsCollector
+ *     -> InputDispatcher
  */
 InputManager::InputManager(const sp<InputReaderPolicyInterface>& readerPolicy,
                            InputDispatcherPolicyInterface& dispatcherPolicy) {
     mDispatcher = createInputDispatcher(dispatcherPolicy);
-    mProcessor = std::make_unique<InputProcessor>(*mDispatcher);
+
+    if (ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS) {
+        mCollector = std::make_unique<InputDeviceMetricsCollector>(*mDispatcher);
+    }
+
+    mProcessor = ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS ? std::make_unique<InputProcessor>(*mCollector)
+                                                   : std::make_unique<InputProcessor>(*mDispatcher);
     mBlocker = std::make_unique<UnwantedInteractionBlocker>(*mProcessor);
     mReader = createInputReader(readerPolicy, *mBlocker);
 }
@@ -113,6 +127,10 @@
     return *mProcessor;
 }
 
+InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface& InputManager::getMetricsCollector() {
+    return *mCollector;
+}
+
 InputDispatcherInterface& InputManager::getDispatcher() {
     return *mDispatcher;
 }
@@ -131,6 +149,10 @@
     dump += '\n';
     mProcessor->dump(dump);
     dump += '\n';
+    if (ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS) {
+        mCollector->dump(dump);
+        dump += '\n';
+    }
     mDispatcher->dump(dump);
     dump += '\n';
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
index b6ad419..9dc285f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
  * Native input manager.
  */
 
+#include "InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h"
 #include "InputProcessor.h"
 #include "InputReaderBase.h"
 #include "include/UnwantedInteractionBlockerInterface.h"
@@ -82,9 +83,12 @@
     /* Gets the input reader. */
     virtual InputReaderInterface& getReader() = 0;
 
-    /* Gets the input processor */
+    /* Gets the input processor. */
     virtual InputProcessorInterface& getProcessor() = 0;
 
+    /* Gets the metrics collector. */
+    virtual InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface& getMetricsCollector() = 0;
+
     /* Gets the input dispatcher. */
     virtual InputDispatcherInterface& getDispatcher() = 0;
 
@@ -108,6 +112,7 @@
 
     InputReaderInterface& getReader() override;
     InputProcessorInterface& getProcessor() override;
+    InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface& getMetricsCollector() override;
     InputDispatcherInterface& getDispatcher() override;
     void monitor() override;
     void dump(std::string& dump) override;
@@ -124,6 +129,8 @@
 
     std::unique_ptr<InputProcessorInterface> mProcessor;
 
+    std::unique_ptr<InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface> mCollector;
+
     std::unique_ptr<InputDispatcherInterface> mDispatcher;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputProcessor.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputProcessor.cpp
index 7a84be9..6dd267c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputProcessor.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputProcessor.cpp
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
 void MotionClassifier::reset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) {
     int32_t deviceId = args.deviceId;
     // Clear the pending events right away, to avoid unnecessary work done by the HAL.
-    mEvents.erase([deviceId](const ClassifierEvent& event) {
+    mEvents.erase_if([deviceId](const ClassifierEvent& event) {
         std::optional<int32_t> eventDeviceId = event.getDeviceId();
         return eventDeviceId && (*eventDeviceId == deviceId);
     });
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/SyncQueue.h b/services/inputflinger/SyncQueue.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62efd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/SyncQueue.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <utils/threads.h>
+#include <list>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/** A thread-safe FIFO queue. */
+template <class T>
+class SyncQueue {
+public:
+    /** Retrieve and remove the oldest object. Returns std::nullopt if the queue is empty. */
+    std::optional<T> pop() {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+        if (mQueue.empty()) {
+            return {};
+        }
+        T t = std::move(mQueue.front());
+        mQueue.erase(mQueue.begin());
+        return t;
+    };
+
+    /** Add a new object to the queue. */
+    template <class... Args>
+    void push(Args&&... args) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+        mQueue.emplace_back(args...);
+    };
+
+private:
+    std::mutex mLock;
+    std::list<T> mQueue GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
index f65533e..06a7352 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
+namespace {
+
 // An arbitrary device id.
 constexpr int32_t DEVICE_ID = 1;
 
@@ -109,6 +111,9 @@
 
     void notifyDropWindow(const sp<IBinder>&, float x, float y) override {}
 
+    void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                 const std::set<int32_t>& uids) override {}
+
     InputDispatcherConfiguration mConfig;
 };
 
@@ -348,6 +353,8 @@
     dispatcher.stop();
 }
 
+} // namespace
+
 BENCHMARK(benchmarkNotifyMotion);
 BENCHMARK(benchmarkInjectMotion);
 BENCHMARK(benchmarkOnWindowInfosChanged);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
index da4e42f..492551e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libinputdispatcher",
+    host_supported: true,
     defaults: [
         "inputflinger_defaults",
         "libinputdispatcher_defaults",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index b625a1b..a670ebe 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
     entry.transform.dump(transform, "transform");
     out << ", resolvedFlags=" << entry.resolvedFlags
         << ", targetFlags=" << entry.targetFlags.string() << ", transform=" << transform
-        << "} original =" << entry.eventEntry->getDescription();
+        << "} original: " << entry.eventEntry->getDescription();
     return out;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index fbbb388..055fb6f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -1955,7 +1955,7 @@
         ALOGD("dispatchEventToCurrentInputTargets");
     }
 
-    updateInteractionTokensLocked(*eventEntry, inputTargets);
+    processInteractionsLocked(*eventEntry, inputTargets);
 
     ALOG_ASSERT(eventEntry->dispatchInProgress); // should already have been set to true
 
@@ -2579,11 +2579,6 @@
     if (entry.injectionState != nullptr) {
         std::string errs;
         for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-            if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
-                // Allow ACTION_OUTSIDE events generated by targeted injection to be
-                // dispatched to any uid, since the coords will be zeroed out later.
-                continue;
-            }
             const auto err = verifyTargetedInjection(touchedWindow.windowHandle, entry);
             if (err) errs += "\n  - " + *err;
         }
@@ -2636,6 +2631,18 @@
                               targets);
     }
 
+    // During targeted injection, only allow owned targets to receive events
+    std::erase_if(targets, [&](const InputTarget& target) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(target.windowHandle == nullptr);
+        const auto err = verifyTargetedInjection(target.windowHandle, entry);
+        if (err) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Dropping injected event from " << target.windowHandle->getName()
+                         << ": " << (*err);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    });
+
     if (targets.empty()) {
         LOG(INFO) << "Dropping event because no targets were found: " << entry.getDescription();
         outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
@@ -2830,6 +2837,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget inputTarget;
     inputTarget.inputChannel = inputChannel;
+    inputTarget.windowHandle = windowHandle;
     inputTarget.flags = targetFlags;
     inputTarget.globalScaleFactor = windowHandle->getInfo()->globalScaleFactor;
     inputTarget.firstDownTimeInTarget = firstDownTimeInTarget;
@@ -2837,7 +2845,7 @@
     if (displayInfoIt != mDisplayInfos.end()) {
         inputTarget.displayTransform = displayInfoIt->second.transform;
     } else {
-        // DisplayInfo not found for this window on display windowInfo->displayId.
+        // DisplayInfo not found for this window on display windowHandle->getInfo()->displayId.
         // TODO(b/198444055): Make this an error message after 'setInputWindows' API is removed.
     }
     return inputTarget;
@@ -3292,11 +3300,8 @@
 
             if (!connection->inputState.trackKey(keyEntry, dispatchEntry->resolvedAction,
                                                  dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags)) {
-                if (DEBUG_DISPATCH_CYCLE) {
-                    ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ enqueueDispatchEntryLocked: skipping inconsistent key "
-                          "event",
-                          connection->getInputChannelName().c_str());
-                }
+                LOG(WARNING) << "channel " << connection->getInputChannelName()
+                             << "~ dropping inconsistent event: " << *dispatchEntry;
                 return; // skip the inconsistent event
             }
             break;
@@ -3349,11 +3354,8 @@
 
             if (!connection->inputState.trackMotion(motionEntry, dispatchEntry->resolvedAction,
                                                     dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags)) {
-                if (DEBUG_DISPATCH_CYCLE) {
-                    ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ enqueueDispatchEntryLocked: skipping inconsistent motion "
-                          "event",
-                          connection->getInputChannelName().c_str());
-                }
+                LOG(WARNING) << "channel " << connection->getInputChannelName()
+                             << "~ dropping inconsistent event: " << *dispatchEntry;
                 return; // skip the inconsistent event
             }
 
@@ -3408,38 +3410,49 @@
 }
 
 /**
- * This function is purely for debugging. It helps us understand where the user interaction
- * was taking place. For example, if user is touching launcher, we will see a log that user
- * started interacting with launcher. In that example, the event would go to the wallpaper as well.
- * We will see both launcher and wallpaper in that list.
- * Once the interaction with a particular set of connections starts, no new logs will be printed
- * until the set of interacted connections changes.
+ * This function is for debugging and metrics collection. It has two roles.
  *
- * The following items are skipped, to reduce the logspam:
- * ACTION_OUTSIDE: any windows that are receiving ACTION_OUTSIDE are not logged
- * ACTION_UP: any windows that receive ACTION_UP are not logged (for both keys and motions).
- * This includes situations like the soft BACK button key. When the user releases (lifts up the
- * finger) the back button, then navigation bar will inject KEYCODE_BACK with ACTION_UP.
- * Both of those ACTION_UP events would not be logged
+ * The first role is to log input interaction with windows, which helps determine what the user was
+ * interacting with. For example, if user is touching launcher, we will see an input_interaction log
+ * that user started interacting with launcher window, as well as any other window that received
+ * that gesture, such as the wallpaper or other spy windows. A new input_interaction is only logged
+ * when the set of tokens that received the event changes. It is not logged again as long as the
+ * user is interacting with the same windows.
+ *
+ * The second role is to track input device activity for metrics collection. For each input event,
+ * we report the set of UIDs that the input device interacted with to the policy. Unlike for the
+ * input_interaction logs, the device interaction is reported even when the set of interaction
+ * tokens do not change.
+ *
+ * For these purposes, we do not count ACTION_OUTSIDE, ACTION_UP and ACTION_CANCEL actions as
+ * interaction. This includes up and cancel events for both keys and motions.
  */
-void InputDispatcher::updateInteractionTokensLocked(const EventEntry& entry,
-                                                    const std::vector<InputTarget>& targets) {
+void InputDispatcher::processInteractionsLocked(const EventEntry& entry,
+                                                const std::vector<InputTarget>& targets) {
+    int32_t deviceId;
+    nsecs_t eventTime;
     // Skip ACTION_UP events, and all events other than keys and motions
     if (entry.type == EventEntry::Type::KEY) {
         const KeyEntry& keyEntry = static_cast<const KeyEntry&>(entry);
         if (keyEntry.action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
             return;
         }
+        deviceId = keyEntry.deviceId;
+        eventTime = keyEntry.eventTime;
     } else if (entry.type == EventEntry::Type::MOTION) {
         const MotionEntry& motionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(entry);
         if (motionEntry.action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP ||
-            motionEntry.action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
+            motionEntry.action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL ||
+            MotionEvent::getActionMasked(motionEntry.action) == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
             return;
         }
+        deviceId = motionEntry.deviceId;
+        eventTime = motionEntry.eventTime;
     } else {
         return; // Not a key or a motion
     }
 
+    std::set<int32_t> interactionUids;
     std::unordered_set<sp<IBinder>, StrongPointerHash<IBinder>> newConnectionTokens;
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Connection>> newConnections;
     for (const InputTarget& target : targets) {
@@ -3454,7 +3467,18 @@
         }
         newConnectionTokens.insert(std::move(token));
         newConnections.emplace_back(connection);
+        if (target.windowHandle) {
+            interactionUids.emplace(target.windowHandle->getInfo()->ownerUid);
+        }
     }
+
+    auto command = [this, deviceId, eventTime, uids = std::move(interactionUids)]()
+                           REQUIRES(mLock) {
+                               scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
+                               mPolicy.notifyDeviceInteraction(deviceId, eventTime, uids);
+                           };
+    postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
+
     if (newConnectionTokens == mInteractionConnectionTokens) {
         return; // no change
     }
@@ -4112,11 +4136,11 @@
         }
     }
 
-    if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(splitDownTime != originalMotionEntry.eventTime,
-                            "Split motion event has mismatching downTime and eventTime for "
-                            "ACTION_DOWN, motionEntry=%s, splitDownTime=%" PRId64,
-                            originalMotionEntry.getDescription().c_str(), splitDownTime);
+    if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN && splitDownTime != originalMotionEntry.eventTime) {
+        logDispatchStateLocked();
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Split motion event has mismatching downTime and eventTime for "
+                         "ACTION_DOWN, motionEntry=%s, splitDownTime=%" PRId64,
+                         originalMotionEntry.getDescription().c_str(), splitDownTime);
     }
 
     int32_t newId = mIdGenerator.nextId();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index 6b22f2f..20fe0ca 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 
     DropReason mLastDropReason GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
-    const IdGenerator mIdGenerator;
+    const IdGenerator mIdGenerator GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     int64_t mWindowInfosVsyncId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@
     // when switching touch mode state).
     std::unordered_set<sp<IBinder>, StrongPointerHash<IBinder>> mInteractionConnectionTokens
             GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    void updateInteractionTokensLocked(const EventEntry& entry,
-                                       const std::vector<InputTarget>& targets) REQUIRES(mLock);
+    void processInteractionsLocked(const EventEntry& entry, const std::vector<InputTarget>& targets)
+            REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Dispatch inbound events.
     bool dispatchConfigurationChangedLocked(nsecs_t currentTime,
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
     // splitDownTime refers to the time of first 'down' event on that particular target
     std::unique_ptr<MotionEntry> splitMotionEvent(const MotionEntry& originalMotionEntry,
                                                   std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds,
-                                                  nsecs_t splitDownTime);
+                                                  nsecs_t splitDownTime) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Reset and drop everything the dispatcher is doing.
     void resetAndDropEverythingLocked(const char* reason) REQUIRES(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
index 4652c2d..2fcb89a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
@@ -93,11 +93,7 @@
                 mMotionMementos.erase(mMotionMementos.begin() + index);
                 return true;
             }
-            if (DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
-                ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion up or cancel event: deviceId=%d, source=%08x, "
-                      "displayId=%" PRId32 ", actionMasked=%d",
-                      entry.deviceId, entry.source, entry.displayId, actionMasked);
-            }
+
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -150,11 +146,7 @@
                     return true;
                 }
             }
-            if (DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
-                ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion pointer up/down or move event: "
-                      "deviceId=%d, source=%08x, displayId=%" PRId32 ", actionMasked=%d",
-                      entry.deviceId, entry.source, entry.displayId, actionMasked);
-            }
+
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -164,11 +156,7 @@
                 mMotionMementos.erase(mMotionMementos.begin() + index);
                 return true;
             }
-            if (DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
-                ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion hover exit event: deviceId=%d, source=%08x, "
-                      "displayId=%" PRId32,
-                      entry.deviceId, entry.source, entry.displayId);
-            }
+
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
index 7b12f81..3bf8b68 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <ftl/flags.h>
+#include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 #include <gui/constants.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -114,6 +115,10 @@
     // Transform per pointerId.
     ui::Transform pointerTransforms[MAX_POINTERS];
 
+    // The window that this input target is being dispatched to. It is possible for this to be
+    // null for cases like global monitors.
+    sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle> windowHandle;
+
     void addPointers(std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds, const ui::Transform& transform);
     void setDefaultPointerTransform(const ui::Transform& transform);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index 5539915..69caa99 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <gui/InputApplication.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
+#include <set>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -136,6 +137,10 @@
 
     /* Notifies the policy that the drag window has moved over to another window */
     virtual void notifyDropWindow(const sp<IBinder>& token, float x, float y) = 0;
+
+    /* Notifies the policy that there was an input device interaction with apps. */
+    virtual void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                         const std::set<int32_t>& uids) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/KeyCodeClassifications.h b/services/inputflinger/include/KeyCodeClassifications.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a09b02e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/KeyCodeClassifications.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android/input.h>
+#include <set>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/** The set of all Android key codes that are required for a device to be classified as a D-pad. */
+static const std::set<int32_t> DPAD_REQUIRED_KEYCODES = {
+        AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP,    AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN,   AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT,
+        AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER,
+};
+
+/** The set of all Android key codes that correspond to D-pad keys. */
+static const std::set<int32_t> DPAD_ALL_KEYCODES = {
+        AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP,       AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN,      AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT,
+        AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT,    AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER,    AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP_LEFT,
+        AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP_RIGHT, AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN_LEFT, AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN_RIGHT,
+};
+
+/** The set of all Android key codes that correspond to gamepad buttons. */
+static const std::set<int32_t> GAMEPAD_KEYCODES = {
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_A,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_B,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_C,    //
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_X,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Y,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Z,    //
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_L1,     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_R1,                           //
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_L2,     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_R2,                           //
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBL, AKEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBR,                       //
+        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_START,  AKEYCODE_BUTTON_SELECT, AKEYCODE_BUTTON_MODE, //
+};
+
+/** The set of all Android key codes that correspond to buttons (bit-switches) on a stylus. */
+static const std::set<int32_t> STYLUS_BUTTON_KEYCODES = {
+        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
+        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_SECONDARY,
+        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_TERTIARY,
+        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_TAIL,
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
index 0354164..04747cc 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@
 
 #include "EventHub.h"
 
+#include "KeyCodeClassifications.h"
+
 #define INDENT "  "
 #define INDENT2 "    "
 #define INDENT3 "      "
@@ -189,14 +191,6 @@
     return out;
 }
 
-/* The set of all Android key codes that correspond to buttons (bit-switches) on a stylus. */
-static constexpr std::array<int32_t, 4> STYLUS_BUTTON_KEYCODES = {
-        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
-        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_SECONDARY,
-        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_TERTIARY,
-        AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_TAIL,
-};
-
 /**
  * Return true if name matches "v4l-touch*"
  */
@@ -2060,15 +2054,6 @@
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static const int32_t GAMEPAD_KEYCODES[] = {
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_A,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_B,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_C,    //
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_X,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Y,      AKEYCODE_BUTTON_Z,    //
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_L1,     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_R1,                           //
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_L2,     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_R2,                           //
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBL, AKEYCODE_BUTTON_THUMBR,                       //
-        AKEYCODE_BUTTON_START,  AKEYCODE_BUTTON_SELECT, AKEYCODE_BUTTON_MODE, //
-};
-
 status_t EventHub::registerFdForEpoll(int fd) {
     // TODO(b/121395353) - consider adding EPOLLRDHUP
     struct epoll_event eventItem = {};
@@ -2391,31 +2376,23 @@
             device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::ALPHAKEY;
         }
 
-        // See if this device has a DPAD.
-        if (device->hasKeycodeLocked(AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP) &&
-            device->hasKeycodeLocked(AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN) &&
-            device->hasKeycodeLocked(AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT) &&
-            device->hasKeycodeLocked(AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT) &&
-            device->hasKeycodeLocked(AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER)) {
+        // See if this device has a D-pad.
+        if (std::all_of(DPAD_REQUIRED_KEYCODES.begin(), DPAD_REQUIRED_KEYCODES.end(),
+                        [&](int32_t keycode) { return device->hasKeycodeLocked(keycode); })) {
             device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::DPAD;
         }
 
         // See if this device has a gamepad.
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES) / sizeof(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES[0]); i++) {
-            if (device->hasKeycodeLocked(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES[i])) {
-                device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::GAMEPAD;
-                break;
-            }
+        if (std::any_of(GAMEPAD_KEYCODES.begin(), GAMEPAD_KEYCODES.end(),
+                        [&](int32_t keycode) { return device->hasKeycodeLocked(keycode); })) {
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::GAMEPAD;
         }
 
         // See if this device has any stylus buttons that we would want to fuse with touch data.
-        if (!device->classes.any(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH | InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT)) {
-            for (int32_t keycode : STYLUS_BUTTON_KEYCODES) {
-                if (device->hasKeycodeLocked(keycode)) {
-                    device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
+        if (!device->classes.any(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH | InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT) &&
+            std::any_of(STYLUS_BUTTON_KEYCODES.begin(), STYLUS_BUTTON_KEYCODES.end(),
+                        [&](int32_t keycode) { return device->hasKeycodeLocked(keycode); })) {
+            device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL_STYLUS;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.cpp
index a380b5e..eabf591 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 
 #include <locale>
 #include <regex>
-#include <set>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 
+#include <android/sysprop/InputProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
 
 #include "../Macros.h"
@@ -45,6 +47,10 @@
     return (brightness & 0xff) << 24 | (red & 0xff) << 16 | (green & 0xff) << 8 | (blue & 0xff);
 }
 
+static inline bool isKeyboardBacklightCustomLevelsEnabled() {
+    return sysprop::InputProperties::enable_keyboard_backlight_custom_levels().value_or(true);
+}
+
 /**
  * Input controller owned by InputReader device, implements the native API for querying input
  * lights, getting and setting the lights brightness and color, by interacting with EventHub
@@ -272,11 +278,43 @@
     for (const auto& [lightId, light] : mLights) {
         // Input device light doesn't support ordinal, always pass 1.
         InputDeviceLightInfo lightInfo(light->name, light->id, light->type, light->capabilityFlags,
-                                       /*ordinal=*/1);
+                                       /*ordinal=*/1, getPreferredBrightnessLevels(light.get()));
         deviceInfo->addLightInfo(lightInfo);
     }
 }
 
+// TODO(b/281822656): Move to constructor and add as a parameter to avoid parsing repeatedly.
+// Need to change lifecycle of Peripheral controller so that Input device configuration map is
+// available at construction time before moving this logic to constructor.
+std::set<BrightnessLevel> PeripheralController::getPreferredBrightnessLevels(
+        const Light* light) const {
+    std::set<BrightnessLevel> levels;
+    if (!isKeyboardBacklightCustomLevelsEnabled() ||
+        light->type != InputDeviceLightType::KEYBOARD_BACKLIGHT) {
+        return levels;
+    }
+    std::optional<std::string> keyboardBacklightLevels =
+            mDeviceContext.getConfiguration().getString("keyboard.backlight.brightnessLevels");
+    if (!keyboardBacklightLevels) {
+        return levels;
+    }
+    std::stringstream ss(*keyboardBacklightLevels);
+    while (ss.good()) {
+        std::string substr;
+        std::getline(ss, substr, ',');
+        char* end;
+        int32_t value = static_cast<int32_t>(strtol(substr.c_str(), &end, 10));
+        if (*end != '\0' || value < 0 || value > 255) {
+            ALOGE("Error parsing keyboard backlight brightness levels, provided levels = %s",
+                  keyboardBacklightLevels->c_str());
+            levels.clear();
+            break;
+        }
+        levels.insert(BrightnessLevel(value));
+    }
+    return levels;
+}
+
 void PeripheralController::dump(std::string& dump) {
     dump += INDENT2 "Input Controller:\n";
     if (!mLights.empty()) {
@@ -550,5 +588,4 @@
 int32_t PeripheralController::getEventHubId() const {
     return getDeviceContext().getEventHubId();
 }
-
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.h
index 8ac42c3..07ade7c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/controller/PeripheralController.h
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
 
         virtual void dump(std::string& dump) {}
 
+        void configureSuggestedBrightnessLevels();
         std::optional<std::int32_t> getRawLightBrightness(int32_t rawLightId);
         void setRawLightBrightness(int32_t rawLightId, int32_t brightness);
     };
@@ -152,6 +153,8 @@
 
     // Battery map from battery ID to battery
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::unique_ptr<Battery>> mBatteries;
+
+    std::set<BrightnessLevel> getPreferredBrightnessLevels(const Light* light) const;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
index 0b8a608..2f8e5bd 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
     }
     inline bool hasMic() const { return mHasMic; }
 
-    inline bool isIgnored() { return !getMapperCount(); }
+    inline bool isIgnored() { return !getMapperCount() && !mController; }
 
     bool isEnabled();
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> setEnabled(bool enabled, nsecs_t when);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
index 7eca6fa..1088821 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
@@ -385,6 +385,8 @@
         }
 
         mDownTime = when;
+        mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT,
+                                          fingerCount);
         out.push_back(makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN,
                                      /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1,
                                      mFingerProps.data(), mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition,
@@ -441,6 +443,7 @@
                                  /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1,
                                  mFingerProps.data(), mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition,
                                  yCursorPosition));
+    mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT, 0);
     mCurrentClassification = MotionClassification::NONE;
     mSwipeFingerCount = 0;
     return out;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reporter/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/reporter/Android.bp
index 693ff06..b1e1aee 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reporter/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reporter/Android.bp
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libinputreporter_defaults",
     srcs: [":libinputreporter_sources"],
+    host_supported: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
index 569690a..300bb85 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
         "FocusResolver_test.cpp",
         "GestureConverter_test.cpp",
         "HardwareStateConverter_test.cpp",
+        "InputDeviceMetricsCollector_test.cpp",
         "InputMapperTest.cpp",
         "InputProcessor_test.cpp",
         "InputProcessorConverter_test.cpp",
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@
         "NotifyArgs_test.cpp",
         "PreferStylusOverTouch_test.cpp",
         "PropertyProvider_test.cpp",
+        "SyncQueue_test.cpp",
         "TestInputListener.cpp",
         "TouchpadInputMapper_test.cpp",
         "UinputDevice.cpp",
@@ -77,6 +79,9 @@
             ],
         },
         host: {
+            sanitize: {
+                address: true,
+            },
             include_dirs: [
                 "bionic/libc/kernel/android/uapi/",
                 "bionic/libc/kernel/uapi",
@@ -90,6 +95,7 @@
         },
     },
     sanitize: {
+        hwaddress: true,
         undefined: true,
         all_undefined: true,
         diag: {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/BlockingQueue_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/BlockingQueue_test.cpp
index fd9d9d5..754a5c4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/BlockingQueue_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/BlockingQueue_test.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+using std::chrono_literals::operator""ns;
 
 // --- BlockingQueueTest ---
 
@@ -34,6 +35,14 @@
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(queue.push(1));
     ASSERT_EQ(queue.pop(), 1);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(queue.emplace(2));
+    ASSERT_EQ(queue.popWithTimeout(0ns), 2);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(queue.push(3));
+    ASSERT_EQ(queue.popWithTimeout(100ns), 3);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, queue.popWithTimeout(0ns));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -87,7 +96,7 @@
     queue.push(3);
     queue.push(4);
     // Erase elements 2 and 4
-    queue.erase([](int element) { return element == 2 || element == 4; });
+    queue.erase_if([](int element) { return element == 2 || element == 4; });
     // Should no longer receive elements 2 and 4
     ASSERT_EQ(1, queue.pop());
     ASSERT_EQ(3, queue.pop());
@@ -138,5 +147,9 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(hasReceivedElement);
 }
 
+TEST(BlockingQueueTest, Queue_TimesOut) {
+    BlockingQueue<int> queue;
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, queue.popWithTimeout(1ns));
+}
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/EventBuilders.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/EventBuilders.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..606a57d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/EventBuilders.h
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <NotifyArgs.h>
+#include <android/input.h>
+#include <attestation/HmacKeyManager.h>
+#include <input/Input.h>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// An arbitrary device id.
+static constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID = 1;
+
+// The default policy flags to use for event injection by tests.
+static constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS = POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED | POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER;
+
+class PointerBuilder {
+public:
+    PointerBuilder(int32_t id, ToolType toolType) {
+        mProperties.clear();
+        mProperties.id = id;
+        mProperties.toolType = toolType;
+        mCoords.clear();
+    }
+
+    PointerBuilder& x(float x) { return axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x); }
+
+    PointerBuilder& y(float y) { return axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, y); }
+
+    PointerBuilder& axis(int32_t axis, float value) {
+        mCoords.setAxisValue(axis, value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    PointerProperties buildProperties() const { return mProperties; }
+
+    PointerCoords buildCoords() const { return mCoords; }
+
+private:
+    PointerProperties mProperties;
+    PointerCoords mCoords;
+};
+
+class MotionEventBuilder {
+public:
+    MotionEventBuilder(int32_t action, int32_t source) {
+        mAction = action;
+        mSource = source;
+        mEventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+        mDownTime = mEventTime;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& deviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
+        mDeviceId = deviceId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& downTime(nsecs_t downTime) {
+        mDownTime = downTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& eventTime(nsecs_t eventTime) {
+        mEventTime = eventTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& displayId(int32_t displayId) {
+        mDisplayId = displayId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& actionButton(int32_t actionButton) {
+        mActionButton = actionButton;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& buttonState(int32_t buttonState) {
+        mButtonState = buttonState;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& rawXCursorPosition(float rawXCursorPosition) {
+        mRawXCursorPosition = rawXCursorPosition;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& rawYCursorPosition(float rawYCursorPosition) {
+        mRawYCursorPosition = rawYCursorPosition;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& pointer(PointerBuilder pointer) {
+        mPointers.push_back(pointer);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEventBuilder& addFlag(uint32_t flags) {
+        mFlags |= flags;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionEvent build() {
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointerProperties;
+        std::vector<PointerCoords> pointerCoords;
+        for (const PointerBuilder& pointer : mPointers) {
+            pointerProperties.push_back(pointer.buildProperties());
+            pointerCoords.push_back(pointer.buildCoords());
+        }
+
+        // Set mouse cursor position for the most common cases to avoid boilerplate.
+        if (mSource == AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE &&
+            !MotionEvent::isValidCursorPosition(mRawXCursorPosition, mRawYCursorPosition)) {
+            mRawXCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getX();
+            mRawYCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getY();
+        }
+
+        MotionEvent event;
+        static const ui::Transform kIdentityTransform;
+        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), mDeviceId, mSource, mDisplayId, INVALID_HMAC,
+                         mAction, mActionButton, mFlags, /*edgeFlags=*/0, AMETA_NONE, mButtonState,
+                         MotionClassification::NONE, kIdentityTransform,
+                         /*xPrecision=*/0, /*yPrecision=*/0, mRawXCursorPosition,
+                         mRawYCursorPosition, kIdentityTransform, mDownTime, mEventTime,
+                         mPointers.size(), pointerProperties.data(), pointerCoords.data());
+        return event;
+    }
+
+private:
+    int32_t mAction;
+    int32_t mDeviceId{DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID};
+    int32_t mSource;
+    nsecs_t mDownTime;
+    nsecs_t mEventTime;
+    int32_t mDisplayId{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT};
+    int32_t mActionButton{0};
+    int32_t mButtonState{0};
+    int32_t mFlags{0};
+    float mRawXCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
+    float mRawYCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
+
+    std::vector<PointerBuilder> mPointers;
+};
+
+class MotionArgsBuilder {
+public:
+    MotionArgsBuilder(int32_t action, int32_t source) {
+        mAction = action;
+        mSource = source;
+        mEventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+        mDownTime = mEventTime;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& deviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
+        mDeviceId = deviceId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& downTime(nsecs_t downTime) {
+        mDownTime = downTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& eventTime(nsecs_t eventTime) {
+        mEventTime = eventTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& displayId(int32_t displayId) {
+        mDisplayId = displayId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& policyFlags(int32_t policyFlags) {
+        mPolicyFlags = policyFlags;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& actionButton(int32_t actionButton) {
+        mActionButton = actionButton;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& buttonState(int32_t buttonState) {
+        mButtonState = buttonState;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& rawXCursorPosition(float rawXCursorPosition) {
+        mRawXCursorPosition = rawXCursorPosition;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& rawYCursorPosition(float rawYCursorPosition) {
+        mRawYCursorPosition = rawYCursorPosition;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& pointer(PointerBuilder pointer) {
+        mPointers.push_back(pointer);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& addFlag(uint32_t flags) {
+        mFlags |= flags;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    MotionArgsBuilder& classification(MotionClassification classification) {
+        mClassification = classification;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    NotifyMotionArgs build() {
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointerProperties;
+        std::vector<PointerCoords> pointerCoords;
+        for (const PointerBuilder& pointer : mPointers) {
+            pointerProperties.push_back(pointer.buildProperties());
+            pointerCoords.push_back(pointer.buildCoords());
+        }
+
+        // Set mouse cursor position for the most common cases to avoid boilerplate.
+        if (mSource == AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE &&
+            !MotionEvent::isValidCursorPosition(mRawXCursorPosition, mRawYCursorPosition)) {
+            mRawXCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getX();
+            mRawYCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getY();
+        }
+
+        return {InputEvent::nextId(),
+                mEventTime,
+                /*readTime=*/mEventTime,
+                mDeviceId,
+                mSource,
+                mDisplayId,
+                mPolicyFlags,
+                mAction,
+                mActionButton,
+                mFlags,
+                AMETA_NONE,
+                mButtonState,
+                mClassification,
+                /*edgeFlags=*/0,
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(mPointers.size()),
+                pointerProperties.data(),
+                pointerCoords.data(),
+                /*xPrecision=*/0,
+                /*yPrecision=*/0,
+                mRawXCursorPosition,
+                mRawYCursorPosition,
+                mDownTime,
+                /*videoFrames=*/{}};
+    }
+
+private:
+    int32_t mAction;
+    int32_t mDeviceId{DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID};
+    uint32_t mSource;
+    nsecs_t mDownTime;
+    nsecs_t mEventTime;
+    int32_t mDisplayId{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT};
+    uint32_t mPolicyFlags = DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS;
+    int32_t mActionButton{0};
+    int32_t mButtonState{0};
+    int32_t mFlags{0};
+    MotionClassification mClassification{MotionClassification::NONE};
+    float mRawXCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
+    float mRawYCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
+
+    std::vector<PointerBuilder> mPointers;
+};
+
+class KeyArgsBuilder {
+public:
+    KeyArgsBuilder(int32_t action, int32_t source) {
+        mAction = action;
+        mSource = source;
+        mEventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+        mDownTime = mEventTime;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& deviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
+        mDeviceId = deviceId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& downTime(nsecs_t downTime) {
+        mDownTime = downTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& eventTime(nsecs_t eventTime) {
+        mEventTime = eventTime;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& displayId(int32_t displayId) {
+        mDisplayId = displayId;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& policyFlags(int32_t policyFlags) {
+        mPolicyFlags = policyFlags;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& addFlag(uint32_t flags) {
+        mFlags |= flags;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    KeyArgsBuilder& keyCode(int32_t keyCode) {
+        mKeyCode = keyCode;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    NotifyKeyArgs build() const {
+        return {InputEvent::nextId(),
+                mEventTime,
+                /*readTime=*/mEventTime,
+                mDeviceId,
+                mSource,
+                mDisplayId,
+                mPolicyFlags,
+                mAction,
+                mFlags,
+                mKeyCode,
+                mScanCode,
+                mMetaState,
+                mDownTime};
+    }
+
+private:
+    int32_t mAction;
+    int32_t mDeviceId = DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID;
+    uint32_t mSource;
+    nsecs_t mDownTime;
+    nsecs_t mEventTime;
+    int32_t mDisplayId{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT};
+    uint32_t mPolicyFlags = DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS;
+    int32_t mFlags{0};
+    int32_t mKeyCode{AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN};
+    int32_t mScanCode{0};
+    int32_t mMetaState{AMETA_NONE};
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
index 5440a98..2ff9c3c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
+namespace {
+
 class FakeWindowHandle : public WindowInfoHandle {
 public:
     FakeWindowHandle(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& token, bool focusable,
@@ -49,6 +51,8 @@
     }
 };
 
+} // namespace
+
 TEST(FocusResolverTest, SetFocusedWindow) {
     sp<IBinder> focusableWindowToken = sp<BBinder>::make();
     sp<IBinder> invisibleWindowToken = sp<BBinder>::make();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
index a723636..a3994f0 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@
                       WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_ClearsClassificationAndOffsetsAfterGesture) {
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
     InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
     GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
 
@@ -349,29 +349,71 @@
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
 }
 
-TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_ClearsClassificationAndOffsetsAfterGesture) {
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_ClearsScrollDistanceAfterGesture) {
     InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
     GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
 
-    Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ 0,
-                         /* dy= */ 0);
+    Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+
+    Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+
+    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
+                         GESTURES_FLING_START);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+
+    // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
+    // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
+    Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
+                         GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+
+    Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/0,
+                         /*dy=*/0);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
 
-    Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ -5,
-                        /* dy= */ 10);
+    Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/-5,
+                        /*dy=*/10);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_ClearsGestureAxesAfterGesture) {
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+
+    Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/5,
+                         /*dy=*/5);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+
+    Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
+
+    // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
+    // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
+    Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
+                         GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(0)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_Vertical) {
@@ -392,6 +434,7 @@
     NotifyMotionArgs arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger0Start = arg.pointerCoords[0];
@@ -400,7 +443,7 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                                        1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger1Start = arg.pointerCoords[1];
@@ -409,7 +452,7 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                                        2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger2Start = arg.pointerCoords[2];
@@ -418,7 +461,7 @@
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, -0.01, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, -0.01, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[0].getX(), finger0Start.getX());
@@ -435,7 +478,7 @@
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, -0.005, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, -0.005, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[0].getX(), finger0Start.getX());
@@ -451,19 +494,20 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                                        2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                                        1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
 }
@@ -559,6 +603,7 @@
     NotifyMotionArgs arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger0Start = arg.pointerCoords[0];
@@ -567,7 +612,7 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                                        1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger1Start = arg.pointerCoords[1];
@@ -576,7 +621,7 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                                        2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger2Start = arg.pointerCoords[2];
@@ -585,7 +630,7 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                                        3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     PointerCoords finger3Start = arg.pointerCoords[3];
@@ -594,7 +639,7 @@
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0.01, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0.01, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[0].getX(), finger0Start.getX() + 10);
@@ -613,7 +658,7 @@
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0.005, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0.005, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[0].getX(), finger0Start.getX() + 15);
@@ -631,26 +676,27 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                                        3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                                        2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                                        1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
                       WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
 }
@@ -761,28 +807,52 @@
                       WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER)));
 }
 
-TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_ClearsClassificationAndScaleFactorAfterGesture) {
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
     InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
     GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
 
-    Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
+    Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
-                          /* dz= */ 1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
+                          /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
 
-    Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
+    Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0, EPSILON)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+}
+
+TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_ClearsScaleFactorAfterGesture) {
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+
+    Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
+                         GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+
+    Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
+                          /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
+
+    Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
+                       GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
+
+    // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
+    // need to use another gesture type, like scroll.
+    Gesture scrollGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/1,
+                          /*dy=*/0);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, scrollGesture);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0, EPSILON));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ResetWithButtonPressed) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDeviceMetricsCollector_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDeviceMetricsCollector_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c555d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDeviceMetricsCollector_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "../InputDeviceMetricsCollector.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gui/constants.h>
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include <array>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#include "EventBuilders.h"
+#include "TestInputListener.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+using std::chrono_literals::operator""ns;
+using std::chrono::nanoseconds;
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr auto USAGE_TIMEOUT = 8765309ns;
+constexpr auto TIME = 999999ns;
+constexpr auto ALL_USAGE_SOURCES = ftl::enum_range<InputDeviceUsageSource>();
+
+constexpr int32_t DEVICE_ID = 3;
+constexpr int32_t DEVICE_ID_2 = 4;
+constexpr int32_t VID = 0xFEED;
+constexpr int32_t PID = 0xDEAD;
+constexpr int32_t VERSION = 0xBEEF;
+const std::string DEVICE_NAME = "Half Dome";
+const std::string LOCATION = "California";
+const std::string UNIQUE_ID = "Yosemite";
+constexpr uint32_t TOUCHSCREEN = AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN;
+constexpr uint32_t STYLUS = AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS;
+constexpr uint32_t KEY_SOURCES =
+        AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD | AINPUT_SOURCE_DPAD | AINPUT_SOURCE_GAMEPAD;
+constexpr int32_t POINTER_1_DOWN =
+        AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
+
+InputDeviceIdentifier getIdentifier(int32_t id = DEVICE_ID) {
+    InputDeviceIdentifier identifier;
+    identifier.name = DEVICE_NAME + "_" + std::to_string(id);
+    identifier.location = LOCATION;
+    identifier.uniqueId = UNIQUE_ID;
+    identifier.vendor = VID;
+    identifier.product = PID;
+    identifier.version = VERSION;
+    identifier.bus = BUS_USB;
+    return identifier;
+}
+
+InputDeviceInfo generateTestDeviceInfo(int32_t id = DEVICE_ID,
+                                       uint32_t sources = TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS,
+                                       bool isAlphabetic = false) {
+    auto info = InputDeviceInfo();
+    info.initialize(id, /*generation=*/1, /*controllerNumber=*/1, getIdentifier(id), "alias",
+                    /*isExternal=*/false, /*hasMic=*/false, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE);
+    info.addSource(sources);
+    info.setKeyboardType(isAlphabetic ? AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_ALPHABETIC
+                                      : AINPUT_KEYBOARD_TYPE_NON_ALPHABETIC);
+    return info;
+}
+
+const InputDeviceInfo ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO =
+        generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, KEY_SOURCES, /*isAlphabetic=*/true);
+const InputDeviceInfo NON_ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO =
+        generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, KEY_SOURCES, /*isAlphabetic=*/false);
+
+} // namespace
+
+// --- InputDeviceMetricsCollectorDeviceClassificationTest ---
+
+class DeviceClassificationFixture : public ::testing::Test,
+                                    public ::testing::WithParamInterface<InputDeviceUsageSource> {};
+
+TEST_P(DeviceClassificationFixture, ValidClassifications) {
+    const InputDeviceUsageSource usageSource = GetParam();
+
+    // Use a switch to ensure a test is added for all source classifications.
+    switch (usageSource) {
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::UNKNOWN: {
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::UNKNOWN,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(generateTestDeviceInfo(),
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                                       .build()));
+
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::UNKNOWN};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::PALM)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::BUTTONS: {
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::BUTTONS,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(NON_ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .keyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_TAIL)
+                                                       .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::KEYBOARD: {
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::KEYBOARD,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::DPAD: {
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::DPAD,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(NON_ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .keyCode(AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER)
+                                                       .build()));
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::DPAD,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .keyCode(AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER)
+                                                       .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::GAMEPAD: {
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::GAMEPAD,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(NON_ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .keyCode(AKEYCODE_BUTTON_A)
+                                                       .build()));
+
+            ASSERT_EQ(InputDeviceUsageSource::GAMEPAD,
+                      getUsageSourceForKeyArgs(ALPHABETIC_KEYBOARD_INFO,
+                                               KeyArgsBuilder(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, KEY_SOURCES)
+                                                       .keyCode(AKEYCODE_BUTTON_A)
+                                                       .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::JOYSTICK: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::JOYSTICK};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::UNKNOWN)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GAS, 1.f))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::MOUSE)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE_CAPTURED: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::MOUSE_CAPTURED};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE_RELATIVE)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::MOUSE)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, 100)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, 200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD_CAPTURED: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHPAD_CAPTURED};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, 1)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, 2))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::ROTARY_ENCODER: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::ROTARY_ENCODER};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::UNKNOWN)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SCROLL, 10)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_VSCROLL, 10))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                                STYLUS | TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::STYLUS)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_INDIRECT: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_INDIRECT};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                                STYLUS | TOUCHSCREEN | AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::STYLUS)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_FUSED: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_FUSED};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_BLUETOOTH_STYLUS | TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::STYLUS)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCH_NAVIGATION: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCH_NAVIGATION};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCH_NAVIGATION)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                                       .x(100)
+                                                       .y(200))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/2, ToolType::FINGER)
+                                                       .x(300)
+                                                       .y(400))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+
+        case InputDeviceUsageSource::TRACKBALL: {
+            std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TRACKBALL};
+            ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+                      getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                              MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL,
+                                                AINPUT_SOURCE_TRACKBALL)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::UNKNOWN)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_VSCROLL, 100)
+                                                       .axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_HSCROLL, 200))
+                                      .build()));
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorDeviceClassificationTest,
+                         DeviceClassificationFixture,
+                         ::testing::ValuesIn(ALL_USAGE_SOURCES.begin(), ALL_USAGE_SOURCES.end()),
+                         [](const testing::TestParamInfo<InputDeviceUsageSource>& testParamInfo) {
+                             return ftl::enum_string(testParamInfo.param);
+                         });
+
+TEST(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorDeviceClassificationTest, MixedClassificationTouchscreenStylus) {
+    std::set<InputDeviceUsageSource> srcs{InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                          InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT};
+    ASSERT_EQ(srcs,
+              getUsageSourcesForMotionArgs(
+                      MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS)
+                              .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(200))
+                              .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/2, ToolType::STYLUS).x(300).y(400))
+                              .build()));
+}
+
+// --- InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest ---
+
+class InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest : public testing::Test, public InputDeviceMetricsLogger {
+protected:
+    TestInputListener mTestListener;
+    InputDeviceMetricsCollector mMetricsCollector{mTestListener, *this, USAGE_TIMEOUT};
+
+    void assertUsageLogged(InputDeviceIdentifier identifier, nanoseconds duration,
+                           std::optional<SourceUsageBreakdown> sourceBreakdown = {},
+                           std::optional<UidUsageBreakdown> uidBreakdown = {}) {
+        ASSERT_GE(mLoggedUsageSessions.size(), 1u);
+        const auto& [loggedIdentifier, report] = *mLoggedUsageSessions.begin();
+        ASSERT_EQ(identifier, loggedIdentifier);
+        ASSERT_EQ(duration, report.usageDuration);
+        if (sourceBreakdown) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(sourceBreakdown, report.sourceBreakdown);
+        }
+        if (uidBreakdown) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(uidBreakdown, report.uidBreakdown);
+        }
+        mLoggedUsageSessions.erase(mLoggedUsageSessions.begin());
+    }
+
+    void assertUsageNotLogged() { ASSERT_TRUE(mLoggedUsageSessions.empty()); }
+
+    void setCurrentTime(nanoseconds time) { mCurrentTime = time; }
+
+    nsecs_t currentTime() const { return mCurrentTime.count(); }
+
+    NotifyMotionArgs generateMotionArgs(int32_t deviceId,
+                                        uint32_t source = AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                        std::vector<ToolType> toolTypes = {ToolType::FINGER}) {
+        MotionArgsBuilder builder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, source);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < toolTypes.size(); i++) {
+            builder.pointer(PointerBuilder(i, toolTypes[i]));
+        }
+        return builder.deviceId(deviceId)
+                .eventTime(mCurrentTime.count())
+                .downTime(mCurrentTime.count())
+                .build();
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::vector<std::tuple<InputDeviceIdentifier, DeviceUsageReport>> mLoggedUsageSessions;
+    nanoseconds mCurrentTime{TIME};
+
+    nanoseconds getCurrentTime() override { return mCurrentTime; }
+
+    void logInputDeviceUsageReported(const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                                     const DeviceUsageReport& report) override {
+        mLoggedUsageSessions.emplace_back(identifier, report);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, DontLogUsageWhenDeviceNotRegistered) {
+    // Device was used.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device was used again after the usage timeout expired, but we still don't log usage.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, DontLogUsageForIgnoredDevices) {
+    constexpr static std::array<int32_t, 2> ignoredDevices{
+            {INVALID_INPUT_DEVICE_ID, VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID}};
+
+    for (int32_t ignoredDeviceId : ignoredDevices) {
+        mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+                {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(ignoredDeviceId)}});
+
+        // Device was used.
+        mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(ignoredDeviceId));
+        mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+        // Device was used again after the usage timeout expired, but we still don't log usage.
+        setCurrentTime(TIME + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+        mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(ignoredDeviceId));
+        mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled();
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+        // Remove the ignored device, and ensure we still don't log usage.
+        mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {}});
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, LogsSingleEventUsageSession) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+
+    // Device was used.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device was used again after the usage timeout.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    // The usage session has zero duration because it consisted of only one event.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 0ns));
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, LogsMultipleEventUsageSession) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+
+    // Device was used.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device was used again after some time.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 21ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 42ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+
+    // Device was used again after the usage timeout.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 42ns + 2 * USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 42ns));
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, RemovingDeviceEndsUsageSession) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+
+    // Device was used.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device was used again after some time.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 21ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+
+    // The device was removed before the usage timeout expired.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 42ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {}});
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 21ns));
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, TracksUsageFromDifferentDevicesIndependently) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(), generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID_2)}});
+
+    // Device 1 was used.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device 2 was used.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device 1 was used after its usage timeout expired. Its usage session is reported.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID), 100ns));
+
+    // Device 2 was used.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 350ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device 1 was used.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 500ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Device 2 is not used for a while, but Device 1 is used again.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns + (2 * USAGE_TIMEOUT));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    // Since Device 2's usage session ended, its usage should be reported.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID_2), 150ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageBySource) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+    InputDeviceMetricsLogger::SourceUsageBreakdown expectedSourceBreakdown;
+
+    // Use touchscreen.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Use a stylus with the same input device.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, STYLUS, {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, STYLUS, {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Touchscreen was used again after its usage timeout expired.
+    // This should be tracked as a separate usage of the source in the breakdown.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    expectedSourceBreakdown.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN, 100ns);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Continue stylus and touchscreen usages.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 350ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, STYLUS, {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 450ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Touchscreen was used after the stylus's usage timeout expired.
+    // The stylus usage should be tracked in the source breakdown.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    expectedSourceBreakdown.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT,
+                                         150ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Remove all devices to force the usage session to be logged.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 500ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({});
+    expectedSourceBreakdown.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                         100ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    // Verify that only one usage session was logged for the device, and that session was broken
+    // down by source correctly.
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(),
+                                              400ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT + USAGE_TIMEOUT,
+                                              expectedSourceBreakdown));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageBySource_TrackSourceByDevice) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID), generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID_2)}});
+    InputDeviceMetricsLogger::SourceUsageBreakdown expectedSourceBreakdown1;
+    InputDeviceMetricsLogger::SourceUsageBreakdown expectedSourceBreakdown2;
+
+    // Use both devices, with different sources.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2, STYLUS, {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2, STYLUS, {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Remove all devices to force the usage session to be logged.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({});
+    expectedSourceBreakdown1.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN, 100ns);
+    expectedSourceBreakdown2.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT, 100ns);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID), 100ns, expectedSourceBreakdown1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID_2), 100ns, expectedSourceBreakdown2));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageBySource_MultiSourceEvent) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID)}});
+    InputDeviceMetricsLogger::SourceUsageBreakdown expectedSourceBreakdown;
+
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS, //
+                                                      {ToolType::STYLUS}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS, //
+                                                      {ToolType::STYLUS, ToolType::FINGER}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS, //
+                                                      {ToolType::STYLUS, ToolType::FINGER}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS, //
+                                                      {ToolType::FINGER}));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID, TOUCHSCREEN | STYLUS, //
+                                                      {ToolType::FINGER}));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+
+    // Remove all devices to force the usage session to be logged.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({});
+    expectedSourceBreakdown.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::STYLUS_DIRECT, 200ns);
+    expectedSourceBreakdown.emplace_back(InputDeviceUsageSource::TOUCHSCREEN, 300ns);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID), 400ns, expectedSourceBreakdown));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, UidsNotTrackedWhenThereIsNoActiveSession) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+
+    // Notify interaction with UIDs before the device is used.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1});
+
+    // Use the device.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+
+    // Notify interaction for the wrong device.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID_2, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{42});
+
+    // Notify interaction after usage session would have expired.
+    // This interaction should not be tracked.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{2, 3});
+
+    // Use the device again, by starting a new usage session.
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+
+    // The first usage session is logged.
+    static const UidUsageBreakdown emptyBreakdown;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 100ns, /*sourceBreakdown=*/{},
+                                              /*uidBreakdown=*/emptyBreakdown));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageByUid) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+    UidUsageBreakdown expectedUidBreakdown;
+
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2});
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2, 3});
+
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(1, 200ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(2, 100ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(3, 0ns);
+
+    // Remove the device to force the usage session to be logged.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({});
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 200ns, /*sourceBreakdown=*/{},
+                                              expectedUidBreakdown));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageByUid_TracksMultipleSessionsForUid) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo()}});
+    UidUsageBreakdown expectedUidBreakdown;
+
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2});
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 3});
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 3});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(2, 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{4});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 300ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 4});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 400ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(3, 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{2, 3});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 500ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{3});
+
+    // Remove the device to force the usage session to be logged.
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged({});
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(1, 300ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(2, 0ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(3, 100ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown.emplace_back(4, 100ns);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(), 500ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT,
+                                              /*sourceBreakdown=*/{}, expectedUidBreakdown));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDeviceMetricsCollectorTest, BreakdownUsageByUid_TracksUidsByDevice) {
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID), generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID_2)}});
+    UidUsageBreakdown expectedUidBreakdown1;
+    UidUsageBreakdown expectedUidBreakdown2;
+
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID_2, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 3});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 2});
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID_2));
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyDeviceInteraction(DEVICE_ID_2, currentTime(), /*uids=*/{1, 3});
+
+    setCurrentTime(TIME + 200ns + USAGE_TIMEOUT);
+    expectedUidBreakdown1.emplace_back(1, 200ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown1.emplace_back(2, 200ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown2.emplace_back(1, 100ns);
+    expectedUidBreakdown2.emplace_back(3, 100ns);
+    mMetricsCollector.notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(DEVICE_ID));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID), 200ns,
+                                              /*sourceBreakdown=*/{}, expectedUidBreakdown1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageLogged(getIdentifier(DEVICE_ID_2), 100ns,
+                                              /*sourceBreakdown=*/{}, expectedUidBreakdown2));
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertUsageNotLogged());
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 017f10b..8a49ba1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  */
 
 #include "../dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h"
+#include "../BlockingQueue.h"
+#include "EventBuilders.h"
 
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/silent_death_test.h>
@@ -51,13 +53,16 @@
 static constexpr nsecs_t ARBITRARY_TIME = 1234;
 
 // An arbitrary device id.
-static constexpr int32_t DEVICE_ID = 1;
+static constexpr int32_t DEVICE_ID = DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID;
 static constexpr int32_t SECOND_DEVICE_ID = 2;
 
 // An arbitrary display id.
 static constexpr int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT;
 static constexpr int32_t SECOND_DISPLAY_ID = 1;
 
+// Ensure common actions are interchangeable between keys and motions for convenience.
+static_assert(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN);
+static_assert(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP);
 static constexpr int32_t ACTION_DOWN = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
 static constexpr int32_t ACTION_MOVE = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE;
 static constexpr int32_t ACTION_UP = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP;
@@ -97,9 +102,6 @@
 static constexpr int32_t SECONDARY_WINDOW_PID = 1010;
 static constexpr int32_t SECONDARY_WINDOW_UID = 1012;
 
-// The default policy flags to use for event injection by tests.
-static constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS = POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED | POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER;
-
 // An arbitrary pid of the gesture monitor window
 static constexpr int32_t MONITOR_PID = 2001;
 
@@ -415,6 +417,14 @@
         ASSERT_FALSE(mPokedUserActivity) << "Expected user activity not to have been poked";
     }
 
+    void assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(int32_t deviceId, std::set<int32_t> uids) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(std::make_pair(deviceId, uids), mNotifiedInteractions.popWithTimeout(100ms));
+    }
+
+    void assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasNotCalled() {
+        ASSERT_FALSE(mNotifiedInteractions.popWithTimeout(10ms));
+    }
+
 private:
     std::mutex mLock;
     std::unique_ptr<InputEvent> mFilteredEvent GUARDED_BY(mLock);
@@ -440,6 +450,8 @@
 
     std::chrono::milliseconds mInterceptKeyTimeout = 0ms;
 
+    BlockingQueue<std::pair<int32_t /*deviceId*/, std::set<int32_t /*uid*/>>> mNotifiedInteractions;
+
     // All three ANR-related callbacks behave the same way, so we use this generic function to wait
     // for a specific container to become non-empty. When the container is non-empty, return the
     // first entry from the container and erase it.
@@ -611,6 +623,11 @@
         mDropTargetWindowToken = token;
     }
 
+    void notifyDeviceInteraction(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                 const std::set<int32_t>& uids) override {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mNotifiedInteractions.emplace(deviceId, uids));
+    }
+
     void assertFilterInputEventWasCalledInternal(
             const std::function<void(const InputEvent&)>& verify) {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
@@ -848,6 +865,8 @@
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifySwitchWasCalled(args);
 }
 
+namespace {
+
 // --- InputDispatcherTest SetInputWindowTest ---
 static constexpr std::chrono::duration INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT = 500ms;
 // Default input dispatching timeout if there is no focused application or paused window
@@ -1145,12 +1164,29 @@
         mInfo.inputConfig = WindowInfo::InputConfig::DEFAULT;
     }
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> clone(
-            const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle,
-            const std::unique_ptr<InputDispatcher>& dispatcher, int32_t displayId) {
-        sp<FakeWindowHandle> handle =
-                sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(inputApplicationHandle, dispatcher,
-                                           mInfo.name + "(Mirror)", displayId, mInfo.token);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> clone(int32_t displayId) {
+        sp<FakeWindowHandle> handle = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(mInfo.name + "(Mirror)");
+        handle->mInfo = mInfo;
+        handle->mInfo.displayId = displayId;
+        handle->mInfo.id = sId++;
+        handle->mInputReceiver = mInputReceiver;
+        return handle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is different from clone, because clone will make a "mirror" window - a window with the
+     * same token, but a different ID. The original window and the clone window are allowed to be
+     * sent to the dispatcher at the same time - they can coexist inside the dispatcher.
+     * This function will create a different object of WindowInfoHandle, but with the same
+     * properties as the original object - including the ID.
+     * You can use either the old or the new object to consume the events.
+     * IMPORTANT: The duplicated object is supposed to replace the original object, and not appear
+     * at the same time inside dispatcher.
+     */
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> duplicate() {
+        sp<FakeWindowHandle> handle = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(mName);
+        handle->mInfo = mInfo;
+        handle->mInputReceiver = mInputReceiver;
         return handle;
     }
 
@@ -1419,9 +1455,11 @@
     int getChannelFd() { return mInputReceiver->getChannelFd(); }
 
 private:
+    FakeWindowHandle(std::string name) : mName(name){};
     const std::string mName;
-    std::unique_ptr<FakeInputReceiver> mInputReceiver;
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeInputReceiver> mInputReceiver;
     static std::atomic<int32_t> sId; // each window gets a unique id, like in surfaceflinger
+    friend class sp<FakeWindowHandle>;
 };
 
 std::atomic<int32_t> FakeWindowHandle::sId{1};
@@ -1468,247 +1506,6 @@
     return injectKey(dispatcher, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, /*repeatCount=*/0, displayId);
 }
 
-class PointerBuilder {
-public:
-    PointerBuilder(int32_t id, ToolType toolType) {
-        mProperties.clear();
-        mProperties.id = id;
-        mProperties.toolType = toolType;
-        mCoords.clear();
-    }
-
-    PointerBuilder& x(float x) { return axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x); }
-
-    PointerBuilder& y(float y) { return axis(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, y); }
-
-    PointerBuilder& axis(int32_t axis, float value) {
-        mCoords.setAxisValue(axis, value);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    PointerProperties buildProperties() const { return mProperties; }
-
-    PointerCoords buildCoords() const { return mCoords; }
-
-private:
-    PointerProperties mProperties;
-    PointerCoords mCoords;
-};
-
-class MotionEventBuilder {
-public:
-    MotionEventBuilder(int32_t action, int32_t source) {
-        mAction = action;
-        mSource = source;
-        mEventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-        mDownTime = mEventTime;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& deviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
-        mDeviceId = deviceId;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& downTime(nsecs_t downTime) {
-        mDownTime = downTime;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& eventTime(nsecs_t eventTime) {
-        mEventTime = eventTime;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& displayId(int32_t displayId) {
-        mDisplayId = displayId;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& actionButton(int32_t actionButton) {
-        mActionButton = actionButton;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& buttonState(int32_t buttonState) {
-        mButtonState = buttonState;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& rawXCursorPosition(float rawXCursorPosition) {
-        mRawXCursorPosition = rawXCursorPosition;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& rawYCursorPosition(float rawYCursorPosition) {
-        mRawYCursorPosition = rawYCursorPosition;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& pointer(PointerBuilder pointer) {
-        mPointers.push_back(pointer);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEventBuilder& addFlag(uint32_t flags) {
-        mFlags |= flags;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionEvent build() {
-        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointerProperties;
-        std::vector<PointerCoords> pointerCoords;
-        for (const PointerBuilder& pointer : mPointers) {
-            pointerProperties.push_back(pointer.buildProperties());
-            pointerCoords.push_back(pointer.buildCoords());
-        }
-
-        // Set mouse cursor position for the most common cases to avoid boilerplate.
-        if (mSource == AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE &&
-            !MotionEvent::isValidCursorPosition(mRawXCursorPosition, mRawYCursorPosition)) {
-            mRawXCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getX();
-            mRawYCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getY();
-        }
-
-        MotionEvent event;
-        ui::Transform identityTransform;
-        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), mDeviceId, mSource, mDisplayId, INVALID_HMAC,
-                         mAction, mActionButton, mFlags, /* edgeFlags */ 0, AMETA_NONE,
-                         mButtonState, MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform,
-                         /* xPrecision */ 0, /* yPrecision */ 0, mRawXCursorPosition,
-                         mRawYCursorPosition, identityTransform, mDownTime, mEventTime,
-                         mPointers.size(), pointerProperties.data(), pointerCoords.data());
-
-        return event;
-    }
-
-private:
-    int32_t mAction;
-    int32_t mDeviceId = DEVICE_ID;
-    int32_t mSource;
-    nsecs_t mDownTime;
-    nsecs_t mEventTime;
-    int32_t mDisplayId{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT};
-    int32_t mActionButton{0};
-    int32_t mButtonState{0};
-    int32_t mFlags{0};
-    float mRawXCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
-    float mRawYCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
-
-    std::vector<PointerBuilder> mPointers;
-};
-
-class MotionArgsBuilder {
-public:
-    MotionArgsBuilder(int32_t action, int32_t source) {
-        mAction = action;
-        mSource = source;
-        mEventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-        mDownTime = mEventTime;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& deviceId(int32_t deviceId) {
-        mDeviceId = deviceId;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& downTime(nsecs_t downTime) {
-        mDownTime = downTime;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& eventTime(nsecs_t eventTime) {
-        mEventTime = eventTime;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& displayId(int32_t displayId) {
-        mDisplayId = displayId;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& policyFlags(int32_t policyFlags) {
-        mPolicyFlags = policyFlags;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& actionButton(int32_t actionButton) {
-        mActionButton = actionButton;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& buttonState(int32_t buttonState) {
-        mButtonState = buttonState;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& rawXCursorPosition(float rawXCursorPosition) {
-        mRawXCursorPosition = rawXCursorPosition;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& rawYCursorPosition(float rawYCursorPosition) {
-        mRawYCursorPosition = rawYCursorPosition;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& pointer(PointerBuilder pointer) {
-        mPointers.push_back(pointer);
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& addFlag(uint32_t flags) {
-        mFlags |= flags;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    MotionArgsBuilder& classification(MotionClassification classification) {
-        mClassification = classification;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    NotifyMotionArgs build() {
-        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointerProperties;
-        std::vector<PointerCoords> pointerCoords;
-        for (const PointerBuilder& pointer : mPointers) {
-            pointerProperties.push_back(pointer.buildProperties());
-            pointerCoords.push_back(pointer.buildCoords());
-        }
-
-        // Set mouse cursor position for the most common cases to avoid boilerplate.
-        if (mSource == AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE &&
-            !MotionEvent::isValidCursorPosition(mRawXCursorPosition, mRawYCursorPosition)) {
-            mRawXCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getX();
-            mRawYCursorPosition = pointerCoords[0].getY();
-        }
-
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), mEventTime, /*readTime=*/mEventTime, mDeviceId,
-                              mSource, mDisplayId, mPolicyFlags, mAction, mActionButton, mFlags,
-                              AMETA_NONE, mButtonState, mClassification, /*edgeFlags=*/0,
-                              mPointers.size(), pointerProperties.data(), pointerCoords.data(),
-                              /*xPrecision=*/0, /*yPrecision=*/0, mRawXCursorPosition,
-                              mRawYCursorPosition, mDownTime, /*videoFrames=*/{});
-
-        return args;
-    }
-
-private:
-    int32_t mAction;
-    int32_t mDeviceId = DEVICE_ID;
-    int32_t mSource;
-    nsecs_t mDownTime;
-    nsecs_t mEventTime;
-    int32_t mDisplayId{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT};
-    int32_t mPolicyFlags = DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS;
-    int32_t mActionButton{0};
-    int32_t mButtonState{0};
-    int32_t mFlags{0};
-    MotionClassification mClassification{MotionClassification::NONE};
-    float mRawXCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
-    float mRawYCursorPosition{AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION};
-
-    std::vector<PointerBuilder> mPointers;
-};
-
 static InputEventInjectionResult injectMotionEvent(
         const std::unique_ptr<InputDispatcher>& dispatcher, const MotionEvent& event,
         std::chrono::milliseconds injectionTimeout = INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT,
@@ -1727,19 +1524,21 @@
         InputEventInjectionSync injectionMode = InputEventInjectionSync::WAIT_FOR_RESULT,
         nsecs_t eventTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC),
         std::optional<int32_t> targetUid = {}, uint32_t policyFlags = DEFAULT_POLICY_FLAGS) {
-    MotionEvent event = MotionEventBuilder(action, source)
-                                .displayId(displayId)
-                                .eventTime(eventTime)
-                                .rawXCursorPosition(cursorPosition.x)
-                                .rawYCursorPosition(cursorPosition.y)
-                                .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/0, ToolType::FINGER)
-                                                 .x(position.x)
-                                                 .y(position.y))
-                                .build();
+    MotionEventBuilder motionBuilder =
+            MotionEventBuilder(action, source)
+                    .displayId(displayId)
+                    .eventTime(eventTime)
+                    .rawXCursorPosition(cursorPosition.x)
+                    .rawYCursorPosition(cursorPosition.y)
+                    .pointer(
+                            PointerBuilder(/*id=*/0, ToolType::FINGER).x(position.x).y(position.y));
+    if (MotionEvent::getActionMasked(action) == ACTION_DOWN) {
+        motionBuilder.downTime(eventTime);
+    }
 
     // Inject event until dispatch out.
-    return injectMotionEvent(dispatcher, event, injectionTimeout, injectionMode, targetUid,
-                             policyFlags);
+    return injectMotionEvent(dispatcher, motionBuilder.build(), injectionTimeout, injectionMode,
+                             targetUid, policyFlags);
 }
 
 static InputEventInjectionResult injectMotionDown(
@@ -1833,6 +1632,8 @@
     return NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs(/*id=*/0, systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC), request);
 }
 
+} // namespace
+
 /**
  * When a window unexpectedly disposes of its input channel, policy should be notified about the
  * broken channel.
@@ -3843,6 +3644,9 @@
                 std::chrono::nanoseconds(interceptKeyTimeout).count());
 }
 
+/**
+ * Keys with ACTION_UP are delivered immediately, even if a long 'intercept key timeout' is set.
+ */
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, InterceptKeyIfKeyUp) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher,
@@ -3854,12 +3658,14 @@
 
     window->consumeFocusEvent(true);
 
-    mFakePolicy->setInterceptKeyTimeout(150ms);
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT));
-    mDispatcher->notifyKey(generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT));
-
-    // Window should receive key event immediately when same key up.
     window->consumeKeyDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    // Set a value that's significantly larger than the default consumption timeout. If the
+    // implementation is correct, the actual value doesn't matter; it won't slow down the test.
+    mFakePolicy->setInterceptKeyTimeout(600ms);
+    mDispatcher->notifyKey(generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT));
+    // Window should receive key event immediately when same key up.
     window->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 }
 
@@ -4130,6 +3936,72 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Send a two-pointer gesture to a single window. The window's orientation changes in response to
+ * the first pointer.
+ * Ensure that the second pointer is not sent to the window.
+ *
+ * The subsequent gesture should be correctly delivered to the window.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, MultiplePointersWithRotatingWindow) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 400, 400));
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    const nsecs_t baseTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .downTime(baseTime + 10)
+                                      .eventTime(baseTime + 10)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                                      .build());
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+
+    // We need a new window object for the same window, because dispatcher will store objects by
+    // reference. That means that the testing code and the dispatcher will refer to the same shared
+    // object. Calling window->setTransform here would affect dispatcher's comparison
+    // of the old window to the new window, since both the old window and the new window would be
+    // updated to the same value.
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> windowDup = window->duplicate();
+
+    // Change the transform so that the orientation is now different from original.
+    windowDup->setWindowTransform(0, -1, 1, 0);
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {windowDup}}});
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .downTime(baseTime + 10)
+                                      .eventTime(baseTime + 30)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(200).y(200))
+                                      .build());
+
+    // Finish the gesture and start a new one. Ensure the new gesture is sent to the window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .downTime(baseTime + 10)
+                                      .eventTime(baseTime + 40)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(200).y(200))
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .downTime(baseTime + 10)
+                                      .eventTime(baseTime + 50)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                                      .build());
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .downTime(baseTime + 60)
+                                      .eventTime(baseTime + 60)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(40).y(40))
+                                      .build());
+
+    windowDup->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+}
+
+/**
  * Ensure the correct coordinate spaces are used by InputDispatcher.
  *
  * InputDispatcher works in the display space, so its coordinate system is relative to the display
@@ -4710,16 +4582,13 @@
             sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "D_1_W2", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     secondWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> mirrorWindowInPrimary =
-            firstWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> mirrorWindowInPrimary = firstWindowInPrimary->clone(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mirrorWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(0, 100, 100, 200));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindowInSecondary =
-            firstWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindowInSecondary = firstWindowInPrimary->clone(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
     firstWindowInSecondary->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> secondWindowInSecondary =
-            secondWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> secondWindowInSecondary = secondWindowInPrimary->clone(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
     secondWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
 
     // Update window info, let it find window handle of second display first.
@@ -4769,16 +4638,13 @@
             sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "D_1_W2", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     secondWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> mirrorWindowInPrimary =
-            firstWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> mirrorWindowInPrimary = firstWindowInPrimary->clone(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mirrorWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(0, 100, 100, 200));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindowInSecondary =
-            firstWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> firstWindowInSecondary = firstWindowInPrimary->clone(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
     firstWindowInSecondary->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
 
-    sp<FakeWindowHandle> secondWindowInSecondary =
-            secondWindowInPrimary->clone(application, mDispatcher, SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> secondWindowInSecondary = secondWindowInPrimary->clone(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
     secondWindowInPrimary->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
 
     // Update window info, let it find window handle of second display first.
@@ -4833,6 +4699,7 @@
     window->consumeKeyDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     // Should have poked user activity
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
 }
 
@@ -4854,6 +4721,7 @@
     window->consumeKeyDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     // Should have poked user activity
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityNotPoked();
 }
 
@@ -4921,6 +4789,26 @@
     mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, InjectedTouchesPokeUserActivity) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher,
+                                                             "Fake Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
+              injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {100, 100}))
+            << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+
+    // Should have poked user activity
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    mFakePolicy->assertUserActivityPoked();
+}
+
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, UnfocusedWindow_DoesNotReceiveFocusEventOrKeyEvent) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher,
@@ -5701,6 +5589,105 @@
     rightDropTouchesWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifiesDeviceInteractionsWithMotions) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> leftWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Left", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    leftWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+    leftWindow->setOwnerInfo(1, 101);
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> rightSpy =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Right spy", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    rightSpy->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
+    rightSpy->setOwnerInfo(2, 102);
+    rightSpy->setSpy(true);
+    rightSpy->setTrustedOverlay(true);
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> rightWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Right", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    rightWindow->setFrame(Rect(100, 0, 200, 100));
+    rightWindow->setOwnerInfo(3, 103);
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {rightSpy, rightWindow, leftWindow}}});
+
+    // Touch in the left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                                      .build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(leftWindow->consumeMotionDown());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(DEVICE_ID, {101}));
+
+    // Touch another finger over the right windows
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(50))
+                                      .build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightSpy->consumeMotionDown());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightWindow->consumeMotionDown());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(leftWindow->consumeMotionMove());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(DEVICE_ID, {101, 102, 103}));
+
+    // Release finger over left window. The UP actions are not treated as device interaction.
+    // The windows that did not receive the UP pointer will receive MOVE events, but since this
+    // is part of the UP action, we do not treat this as device interaction.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_0_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(50))
+                                      .build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(leftWindow->consumeMotionUp());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightSpy->consumeMotionMove());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightWindow->consumeMotionMove());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasNotCalled());
+
+    // Move remaining finger
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(50))
+                                      .build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightSpy->consumeMotionMove());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightWindow->consumeMotionMove());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(DEVICE_ID, {102, 103}));
+
+    // Release all fingers
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(50))
+                                      .build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightSpy->consumeMotionUp());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(rightWindow->consumeMotionUp());
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasNotCalled());
+}
+
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifiesDeviceInteractionsWithKeys) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+    window->setOwnerInfo(1, 101);
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+    setFocusedWindow(window);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(window->consumeFocusEvent(true));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyKey(KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD).build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(window->consumeKeyDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT));
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasCalled(DEVICE_ID, {101}));
+
+    // The UP actions are not treated as device interaction.
+    mDispatcher->notifyKey(KeyArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD).build());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(window->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT));
+    mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePolicy->assertNotifyDeviceInteractionWasNotCalled());
+}
+
 class InputDispatcherKeyRepeatTest : public InputDispatcherTest {
 protected:
     static constexpr nsecs_t KEY_REPEAT_TIMEOUT = 40 * 1000000; // 40 ms
@@ -7096,6 +7083,55 @@
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Send an event to the app and have the app not respond right away.
+ * When ANR is raised, policy will tell the dispatcher to cancel the events for that window.
+ * So InputDispatcher will enqueue ACTION_CANCEL event as well.
+ * At some point, the window becomes responsive again.
+ * Ensure that subsequent events get dropped, and the next gesture is delivered.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherSingleWindowAnr, TwoGesturesWithAnr) {
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(10).y(10))
+                                      .build());
+
+    std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
+    const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
+
+    mWindow->finishEvent(*sequenceNum);
+    mWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
+
+    // Now that the window is responsive, let's continue the gesture.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(11).y(11))
+                                      .build());
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(11).y(11))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(3).y(3))
+                                      .build());
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(11).y(11))
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, ToolType::FINGER).x(3).y(3))
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(11).y(11))
+                                      .build());
+    // We already canceled this pointer, so the window shouldn't get any new events.
+    mWindow->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // Start another one.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(15).y(15))
+                                      .build());
+    mWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+}
+
 class InputDispatcherMultiWindowAnr : public InputDispatcherTest {
     virtual void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
@@ -9746,7 +9782,7 @@
     window->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
-TEST_F(InputDispatcherTargetedInjectionTest, CanGenerateActionOutsideToOtherUids) {
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTargetedInjectionTest, CannotGenerateActionOutsideToOtherUids) {
     auto owner = User(mDispatcher, 10, 11);
     auto window = owner.createWindow();
 
@@ -9756,11 +9792,11 @@
     randosWindow->setWatchOutsideTouch(true);
     mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {randosWindow, window}}});
 
-    // We allow generation of ACTION_OUTSIDE events into windows owned by different uids.
+    // Do not allow generation of ACTION_OUTSIDE events into windows owned by different uids.
     EXPECT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
               owner.injectTargetedMotion(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN));
     window->consumeMotionDown();
-    randosWindow->consumeMotionOutside();
+    randosWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index bfb371f..327513d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -11070,6 +11070,101 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(controller.getLightColor(lights[0].id).value_or(-1), LIGHT_BRIGHTNESS);
 }
 
+TEST_F(LightControllerTest, Ignore_MonoLight_WithPreferredBacklightLevels) {
+    RawLightInfo infoMono = {.id = 1,
+                             .name = "mono_light",
+                             .maxBrightness = 255,
+                             .flags = InputLightClass::BRIGHTNESS,
+                             .path = ""};
+    mFakeEventHub->addRawLightInfo(infoMono.id, std::move(infoMono));
+    mFakeEventHub->addConfigurationProperty(EVENTHUB_ID, "keyboard.backlight.brightnessLevels",
+                                            "0,100,200");
+
+    PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
+            mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
+                               /*changes=*/{});
+
+    InputDeviceInfo info;
+    controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0U, lights[0].preferredBrightnessLevels.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LightControllerTest, KeyboardBacklight_WithNoPreferredBacklightLevels) {
+    RawLightInfo infoMono = {.id = 1,
+                             .name = "mono_keyboard_backlight",
+                             .maxBrightness = 255,
+                             .flags = InputLightClass::BRIGHTNESS |
+                                     InputLightClass::KEYBOARD_BACKLIGHT,
+                             .path = ""};
+    mFakeEventHub->addRawLightInfo(infoMono.id, std::move(infoMono));
+
+    PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
+            mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
+                               /*changes=*/{});
+
+    InputDeviceInfo info;
+    controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0U, lights[0].preferredBrightnessLevels.size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LightControllerTest, KeyboardBacklight_WithPreferredBacklightLevels) {
+    RawLightInfo infoMono = {.id = 1,
+                             .name = "mono_keyboard_backlight",
+                             .maxBrightness = 255,
+                             .flags = InputLightClass::BRIGHTNESS |
+                                     InputLightClass::KEYBOARD_BACKLIGHT,
+                             .path = ""};
+    mFakeEventHub->addRawLightInfo(infoMono.id, std::move(infoMono));
+    mFakeEventHub->addConfigurationProperty(EVENTHUB_ID, "keyboard.backlight.brightnessLevels",
+                                            "0,100,200");
+
+    PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
+            mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
+                               /*changes=*/{});
+
+    InputDeviceInfo info;
+    controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(3U, lights[0].preferredBrightnessLevels.size());
+    std::set<BrightnessLevel>::iterator it = lights[0].preferredBrightnessLevels.begin();
+    ASSERT_EQ(BrightnessLevel(0), *it);
+    std::advance(it, 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(BrightnessLevel(100), *it);
+    std::advance(it, 1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(BrightnessLevel(200), *it);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LightControllerTest, KeyboardBacklight_WithWrongPreferredBacklightLevels) {
+    RawLightInfo infoMono = {.id = 1,
+                             .name = "mono_keyboard_backlight",
+                             .maxBrightness = 255,
+                             .flags = InputLightClass::BRIGHTNESS |
+                                     InputLightClass::KEYBOARD_BACKLIGHT,
+                             .path = ""};
+    mFakeEventHub->addRawLightInfo(infoMono.id, std::move(infoMono));
+    mFakeEventHub->addConfigurationProperty(EVENTHUB_ID, "keyboard.backlight.brightnessLevels",
+                                            "0,100,200,300,400,500");
+
+    PeripheralController& controller = addControllerAndConfigure<PeripheralController>();
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused =
+            mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
+                               /*changes=*/{});
+
+    InputDeviceInfo info;
+    controller.populateDeviceInfo(&info);
+    std::vector<InputDeviceLightInfo> lights = info.getLights();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, lights.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0U, lights[0].preferredBrightnessLevels.size());
+}
+
 TEST_F(LightControllerTest, RGBLight) {
     RawLightInfo infoRed = {.id = 1,
                             .name = "red",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/SyncQueue_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/SyncQueue_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af2f961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/SyncQueue_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "../SyncQueue.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <thread>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// --- SyncQueueTest ---
+
+// Validate basic pop and push operation.
+TEST(SyncQueueTest, AddAndRemove) {
+    SyncQueue<int> queue;
+
+    queue.push(1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(queue.pop(), 1);
+
+    queue.push(3);
+    ASSERT_EQ(queue.pop(), 3);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, queue.pop());
+}
+
+// Make sure the queue maintains FIFO order.
+// Add elements and remove them, and check the order.
+TEST(SyncQueueTest, isFIFO) {
+    SyncQueue<int> queue;
+
+    constexpr int numItems = 10;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++) {
+        queue.push(static_cast<int>(i));
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(queue.pop(), static_cast<int>(i));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(SyncQueueTest, AllowsMultipleThreads) {
+    SyncQueue<int> queue;
+
+    // Test with a large number of items to increase likelihood that threads overlap
+    constexpr int numItems = 100;
+
+    // Fill queue from a different thread
+    std::thread fillQueue([&queue]() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++) {
+            queue.push(static_cast<int>(i));
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Make sure all elements are received in correct order
+    for (int i = 0; i < numItems; i++) {
+        // Since popping races with the thread that's filling the queue,
+        // keep popping until we get something back
+        std::optional<int> popped;
+        do {
+            popped = queue.pop();
+        } while (!popped);
+        ASSERT_EQ(popped, static_cast<int>(i));
+    }
+
+    fillQueue.join();
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
index db6f254..01b79ca 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 
+#include "TestConstants.h"
+
 namespace android {
 
 MATCHER_P(WithMotionAction, action, "MotionEvent with specified action") {
@@ -136,6 +138,15 @@
     return fabs(argScaleFactor - factor) <= epsilon;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P(WithGestureSwipeFingerCount, count,
+          "InputEvent with specified touchpad swipe finger count") {
+    const auto argFingerCount =
+            arg.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SWIPE_FINGER_COUNT);
+    *result_listener << "expected gesture swipe finger count " << count << " but got "
+                     << argFingerCount;
+    return fabs(argFingerCount - count) <= EPSILON;
+}
+
 MATCHER_P(WithPressure, pressure, "InputEvent with specified pressure") {
     const auto argPressure = arg.pointerCoords[0].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE);
     *result_listener << "expected pressure " << pressure << ", but got " << argPressure;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/BlockingQueueFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/BlockingQueueFuzzer.cpp
index d2595bf..e9016bb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/BlockingQueueFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/BlockingQueueFuzzer.cpp
@@ -47,12 +47,21 @@
                     filled > numPops ? filled -= numPops : filled = 0;
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
+                    // Pops blocks if it is empty, so only pop up to num elements inserted.
+                    size_t numPops = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, filled);
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < numPops; i++) {
+                        queue.popWithTimeout(
+                                std::chrono::nanoseconds{fdp.ConsumeIntegral<int64_t>()});
+                    }
+                    filled > numPops ? filled -= numPops : filled = 0;
+                },
+                [&]() -> void {
                     queue.clear();
                     filled = 0;
                 },
                 [&]() -> void {
                     int32_t eraseElement = fdp.ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
-                    queue.erase([&](int32_t element) {
+                    queue.erase_if([&](int32_t element) {
                         if (element == eraseElement) {
                             filled--;
                             return true;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
index cba1014..ef36234 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
-#include "DisplayMap.h"
 #include "DisplaySnapshot.h"
 
 namespace android::display {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     DisplaySnapshot mSnapshot;
 };
 
-using PhysicalDisplays = PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, PhysicalDisplay>;
+using PhysicalDisplays = ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, PhysicalDisplay>;
 
 // Combinator for ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId>::and_then.
 constexpr auto getPhysicalDisplay(const PhysicalDisplays& displays) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index ce05b38..ded91be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
+
 #include <ftl/shared_mutex.h>
-#include <ftl/small_map.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <optional>
@@ -272,9 +273,9 @@
     // Invalid displayId used as a key to mReaders when mSingleReader is true.
     static constexpr int64_t kSingleReaderKey = 0;
 
-    // TODO (b/256881188): Use display::PhysicalDisplayMap instead of hard-coded `3`
-    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter, 3> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientReader, 3> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<Display, ComposerClientReader> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
     // Protect access to mWriters and mReaders with a shared_mutex. Adding and
     // removing a display require exclusive access, since the iterator or the
     // writer/reader may be invalidated. Other calls need shared access while
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
index 218a64a..6502f36 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <sstream>
 
 #include <gui/DisplayInfo.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
+#include <ui/Transform.h>
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
@@ -44,4 +47,6 @@
     }
 };
 
+using DisplayInfos = ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, DisplayInfo>;
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index 985c6f9..96ff70c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -19,28 +19,26 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerSnapshotBuilder"
 
-#include "LayerSnapshotBuilder.h"
-#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
-#include <ui/FloatRect.h>
-
 #include <numeric>
 #include <optional>
 
+#include <ftl/small_map.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
+#include <ui/FloatRect.h>
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
 #include "LayerLog.h"
 #include "LayerSnapshotBuilder.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
-#include "ftl/small_map.h"
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
 using namespace ftl::flag_operators;
 
 namespace {
-FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays) {
+
+FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds(const DisplayInfos& displays) {
     const ui::Size maxSize = [&displays] {
         if (displays.empty()) return ui::Size{5000, 5000};
 
@@ -668,8 +666,7 @@
 }
 
 // TODO (b/259407931): Remove.
-uint32_t getPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays) {
+uint32_t getPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags(const DisplayInfos& displays) {
     for (auto& [_, display] : displays) {
         if (display.isPrimary) {
             return display.rotationFlags;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
index 148c98e..3f33ab8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "LayerHierarchy.h"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
         const LayerLifecycleManager& layerLifecycleManager;
         ForceUpdateFlags forceUpdate = ForceUpdateFlags::NONE;
         bool includeMetadata = false;
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays;
+        const DisplayInfos& displays;
         // Set to true if there were display changes since last update.
         bool displayChanges = false;
         const renderengine::ShadowSettings& globalShadowSettings;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index f12aab7..f627501 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -1349,6 +1349,8 @@
         mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX =
                 createSurfaceFrameForBuffer(info, postTime, mTransactionName);
     }
+
+    setFrameTimelineVsyncForSkippedFrames(info, postTime, mTransactionName);
 }
 
 void Layer::setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferlessTransaction(const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
@@ -1380,11 +1382,13 @@
             it->second = createSurfaceFrameForTransaction(info, postTime);
         }
     }
+
+    setFrameTimelineVsyncForSkippedFrames(info, postTime, mTransactionName);
 }
 
 void Layer::addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(
-        std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>& surfaceFrame) {
-    surfaceFrame->setDropTime(systemTime());
+        std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>& surfaceFrame, nsecs_t dropTime) {
+    surfaceFrame->setDropTime(dropTime);
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(PresentState::Dropped);
     mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
 }
@@ -1434,6 +1438,32 @@
     return surfaceFrame;
 }
 
+void Layer::setFrameTimelineVsyncForSkippedFrames(const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t postTime,
+                                                  std::string debugName) {
+    if (info.skippedFrameVsyncId == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    FrameTimelineInfo skippedFrameTimelineInfo = info;
+    skippedFrameTimelineInfo.vsyncId = info.skippedFrameVsyncId;
+
+    auto surfaceFrame =
+            mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->createSurfaceFrameForToken(skippedFrameTimelineInfo,
+                                                                 mOwnerPid, mOwnerUid,
+                                                                 getSequence(), mName, debugName,
+                                                                 /*isBuffer*/ false, getGameMode());
+    surfaceFrame->setActualStartTime(skippedFrameTimelineInfo.skippedFrameStartTimeNanos);
+    // For Transactions, the post time is considered to be both queue and acquire fence time.
+    surfaceFrame->setActualQueueTime(postTime);
+    surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(postTime);
+    const auto fps = mFlinger->mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(getOwnerUid());
+    if (fps) {
+        surfaceFrame->setRenderRate(*fps);
+    }
+    onSurfaceFrameCreated(surfaceFrame);
+    addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(surfaceFrame, postTime);
+}
+
 bool Layer::setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(FrameRate frameRate) {
     if (mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree == frameRate) {
         return false;
@@ -3067,7 +3097,7 @@
             decrementPendingBufferCount();
             if (mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX != nullptr &&
                 mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX->getPresentState() != PresentState::Presented) {
-                addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
+                addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX, systemTime());
                 mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX.reset();
             }
         } else if (EARLY_RELEASE_ENABLED && mLastClientCompositionFence != nullptr) {
@@ -3599,7 +3629,7 @@
     return {inputBounds, inputBoundsValid};
 }
 
-bool Layer::simpleBufferUpdate(const layer_state_t& s) const {
+bool Layer::isSimpleBufferUpdate(const layer_state_t& s) const {
     const uint64_t requiredFlags = layer_state_t::eBufferChanged;
 
     const uint64_t deniedFlags = layer_state_t::eProducerDisconnect | layer_state_t::eLayerChanged |
@@ -3608,51 +3638,42 @@
             layer_state_t::eLayerStackChanged | layer_state_t::eAutoRefreshChanged |
             layer_state_t::eReparent;
 
-    const uint64_t allowedFlags = layer_state_t::eHasListenerCallbacksChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eFrameRateSelectionPriority | layer_state_t::eFrameRateChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eSurfaceDamageRegionChanged | layer_state_t::eApiChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eMetadataChanged | layer_state_t::eDropInputModeChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged;
-
     if ((s.what & requiredFlags) != requiredFlags) {
-        ALOGV("%s: false [missing required flags 0x%" PRIx64 "]", __func__,
-              (s.what | requiredFlags) & ~s.what);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [missing required flags 0x%" PRIx64 "]", __func__,
+                              (s.what | requiredFlags) & ~s.what);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (s.what & deniedFlags) {
-        ALOGV("%s: false [has denied flags 0x%" PRIx64 "]", __func__, s.what & deniedFlags);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [has denied flags 0x%" PRIx64 "]", __func__,
+                              s.what & deniedFlags);
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (s.what & allowedFlags) {
-        ALOGV("%s: [has allowed flags 0x%" PRIx64 "]", __func__, s.what & allowedFlags);
-    }
-
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::ePositionChanged) {
         if (mRequestedTransform.tx() != s.x || mRequestedTransform.ty() != s.y) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [ePositionChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [ePositionChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eAlphaChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.color.a != s.color.a) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eAlphaChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eAlphaChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eColorTransformChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.colorTransform != s.colorTransform) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eColorTransformChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eColorTransformChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.bgColorLayer || s.bgColor.a != 0) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eBackgroundColorChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eBackgroundColorChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -3662,91 +3683,92 @@
             mRequestedTransform.dtdy() != s.matrix.dtdy ||
             mRequestedTransform.dtdx() != s.matrix.dtdx ||
             mRequestedTransform.dsdy() != s.matrix.dsdy) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eMatrixChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eMatrixChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eCornerRadiusChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.cornerRadius != s.cornerRadius) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eCornerRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eCornerRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundBlurRadiusChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.backgroundBlurRadius != static_cast<int>(s.backgroundBlurRadius)) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eBackgroundBlurRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eBackgroundBlurRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eBufferTransformChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.bufferTransform != s.bufferTransform) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eBufferTransformChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eBufferTransformChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eTransformToDisplayInverseChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.transformToDisplayInverse != s.transformToDisplayInverse) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eTransformToDisplayInverseChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eTransformToDisplayInverseChanged changed]",
+                                  __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eCropChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.crop != s.crop) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eCropChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eCropChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eDataspaceChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.dataspace != s.dataspace) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eDataspaceChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eDataspaceChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eHdrMetadataChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.hdrMetadata != s.hdrMetadata) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eHdrMetadataChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eHdrMetadataChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eSidebandStreamChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.sidebandStream != s.sidebandStream) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eSidebandStreamChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eSidebandStreamChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eColorSpaceAgnosticChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.colorSpaceAgnostic != s.colorSpaceAgnostic) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eColorSpaceAgnosticChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eColorSpaceAgnosticChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eShadowRadiusChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.shadowRadius != s.shadowRadius) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eShadowRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eShadowRadiusChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eFixedTransformHintChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.fixedTransformHint != s.fixedTransformHint) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eFixedTransformHintChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eFixedTransformHintChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eTrustedOverlayChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.isTrustedOverlay != s.isTrustedOverlay) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eTrustedOverlayChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eTrustedOverlayChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -3755,28 +3777,28 @@
         StretchEffect temp = s.stretchEffect;
         temp.sanitize();
         if (mDrawingState.stretchEffect != temp) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eStretchChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eStretchChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eBufferCropChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.bufferCrop != s.bufferCrop) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eBufferCropChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eBufferCropChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eDestinationFrameChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.destinationFrame != s.destinationFrame) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eDestinationFrameChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eDestinationFrameChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eDimmingEnabledChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.dimmingEnabled != s.dimmingEnabled) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eDimmingEnabledChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eDimmingEnabledChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -3784,12 +3806,11 @@
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged) {
         if (mDrawingState.currentHdrSdrRatio != s.currentHdrSdrRatio ||
             mDrawingState.desiredHdrSdrRatio != s.desiredHdrSdrRatio) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false [eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged changed]", __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false [eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    ALOGV("%s: true", __func__);
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index f7596e2..2fbbbdc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -785,8 +785,8 @@
     void setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferlessTransaction(const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
                                                        nsecs_t postTime);
 
-    void addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(
-            std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>& surfaceFrame);
+    void addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>& surfaceFrame,
+                                         nsecs_t dropTime);
     void addSurfaceFramePresentedForBuffer(
             std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>& surfaceFrame, nsecs_t acquireFenceTime,
             nsecs_t currentLatchTime);
@@ -795,6 +795,8 @@
             const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t postTime);
     std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForBuffer(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t queueTime, std::string debugName);
+    void setFrameTimelineVsyncForSkippedFrames(const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t postTime,
+                                               std::string debugName);
 
     bool setTrustedPresentationInfo(TrustedPresentationThresholds const& thresholds,
                                     TrustedPresentationListener const& listener);
@@ -866,7 +868,7 @@
     std::string getPendingBufferCounterName() { return mBlastTransactionName; }
     bool updateGeometry();
 
-    bool simpleBufferUpdate(const layer_state_t&) const;
+    bool isSimpleBufferUpdate(const layer_state_t& s) const;
 
     static bool isOpaqueFormat(PixelFormat format);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
index 3472d20..e61916c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@
 }
 
 google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> LayerProtoHelper::writeDisplayInfoToProto(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos) {
+        const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos) {
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> displays;
     displays.Reserve(displayInfos.size());
     for (const auto& [layerStack, displayInfo] : displayInfos) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
index b84a49b..346685f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <cstdint>
+
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h"
 
@@ -65,15 +67,15 @@
                                      const frontend::RequestedLayerState& requestedState,
                                      const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot, uint32_t traceFlags);
     static google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> writeDisplayInfoToProto(
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos);
+            const frontend::DisplayInfos&);
 };
 
 class LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator {
 public:
-    LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator(
-            const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-            const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& legacyLayers, uint32_t traceFlags)
+    LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator(const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
+                                    const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos,
+                                    const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& legacyLayers,
+                                    uint32_t traceFlags)
           : mSnapshotBuilder(snapshotBuilder),
             mLegacyLayers(legacyLayers),
             mDisplayInfos(displayInfos),
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@
 
     const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& mSnapshotBuilder;
     const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& mLegacyLayers;
-    const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& mDisplayInfos;
+    const frontend::DisplayInfos& mDisplayInfos;
     uint32_t mTraceFlags;
     LayersProto mLayersProto;
     // winscope expects all the layers, so provide a snapshot even if it not currently drawing
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
index 92c2189..badbf53 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 struct ISchedulerCallback {
-    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) = 0;
+    virtual void requestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled) = 0;
     virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
     virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
     virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 9319543..918d401 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 #include <FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h>
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@
 #include <numeric>
 
 #include "../Layer.h"
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
@@ -114,8 +114,12 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
-    registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
-                            std::make_shared<VsyncSchedule>(displayId, mFeatures));
+    auto schedulePtr = std::make_shared<VsyncSchedule>(displayId, mFeatures,
+                                                       [this](PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enable) {
+                                                           onHardwareVsyncRequest(id, enable);
+                                                       });
+
+    registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr), std::move(schedulePtr));
 }
 
 void Scheduler::registerDisplayInternal(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
@@ -123,14 +127,22 @@
                                         VsyncSchedulePtr schedulePtr) {
     demotePacesetterDisplay();
 
-    std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> pacesetterVsyncSchedule;
-    {
+    auto [pacesetterVsyncSchedule, isNew] = [&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
-        mDisplays.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr), std::move(schedulePtr));
+        const bool isNew = mDisplays
+                                   .emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                                                       std::move(schedulePtr))
+                                   .second;
 
-        pacesetterVsyncSchedule = promotePacesetterDisplayLocked();
-    }
+        return std::make_pair(promotePacesetterDisplayLocked(), isNew);
+    }();
+
     applyNewVsyncSchedule(std::move(pacesetterVsyncSchedule));
+
+    // Disable hardware VSYNC if the registration is new, as opposed to a renewal.
+    if (isNew) {
+        onHardwareVsyncRequest(displayId, false);
+    }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
@@ -407,13 +419,13 @@
 void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id) {
     auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!schedule);
-    schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
+    schedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool disallow) {
     auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!schedule);
-    schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
+    schedule->disableHardwareVsync(disallow);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resyncAllToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable) {
@@ -440,12 +452,32 @@
             refreshRate = display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
         }
         if (refreshRate->isValid()) {
-            display.schedulePtr->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate->getPeriod(),
-                                                       false /* force */);
+            constexpr bool kForce = false;
+            display.schedulePtr->startPeriodTransition(refreshRate->getPeriod(), kForce);
         }
     }
 }
 
+void Scheduler::onHardwareVsyncRequest(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+    static const auto& whence = __func__;
+    ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(whence, ' ', id.value, ' ', enabled).c_str());
+
+    // On main thread to serialize reads/writes of pending hardware VSYNC state.
+    static_cast<void>(
+            schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mDisplayLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+                ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(whence, ' ', id.value, ' ', enabled).c_str());
+
+                if (const auto displayOpt = mDisplays.get(id)) {
+                    auto& display = displayOpt->get();
+                    display.schedulePtr->setPendingHardwareVsyncState(enabled);
+
+                    if (display.powerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
+                        mSchedulerCallback.requestHardwareVsync(id, enabled);
+                    }
+                }
+            }));
+}
+
 void Scheduler::setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId id, Fps renderFrameRate) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -491,18 +523,17 @@
         ALOGW("%s: Invalid display %s!", __func__, to_string(id).c_str());
         return false;
     }
-    return schedule->addResyncSample(mSchedulerCallback, TimePoint::fromNs(timestamp),
-                                     hwcVsyncPeriod);
+    return schedule->addResyncSample(TimePoint::fromNs(timestamp), hwcVsyncPeriod);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId id, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
     auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!schedule);
-    const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence));
-    if (needMoreSignals) {
-        schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
+    if (const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence))) {
+        schedule->enableHardwareVsync();
     } else {
-        schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, false /* disallow */);
+        constexpr bool kDisallow = false;
+        schedule->disableHardwareVsync(kDisallow);
     }
 }
 
@@ -566,9 +597,13 @@
     }
     {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
-        auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(id);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!vsyncSchedule);
-        vsyncSchedule->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
+
+        const auto displayOpt = mDisplays.get(id);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!displayOpt);
+        auto& display = displayOpt->get();
+
+        display.powerMode = powerMode;
+        display.schedulePtr->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
     }
     if (!isPacesetter) return;
 
@@ -626,7 +661,7 @@
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
         for (const auto& [_, display] : mDisplays) {
             constexpr bool kDisallow = false;
-            display.schedulePtr->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, kDisallow);
+            display.schedulePtr->disableHardwareVsync(kDisallow);
         }
     }
 
@@ -745,8 +780,8 @@
         newVsyncSchedulePtr = pacesetter.schedulePtr;
 
         const Fps refreshRate = pacesetter.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
-        newVsyncSchedulePtr->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate.getPeriod(),
-                                                   true /* force */);
+        constexpr bool kForce = true;
+        newVsyncSchedulePtr->startPeriodTransition(refreshRate.getPeriod(), kForce);
     }
     return newVsyncSchedulePtr;
 }
@@ -846,7 +881,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     using RankedRefreshRates = RefreshRateSelector::RankedFrameRates;
-    display::PhysicalDisplayVector<RankedRefreshRates> perDisplayRanking;
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayVector<RankedRefreshRates> perDisplayRanking;
     const auto globalSignals = makeGlobalSignals();
     Fps pacesetterFps;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index f13c878..a1354fa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 #include <scheduler/VsyncConfig.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
@@ -317,6 +317,9 @@
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
 
+    // VsyncSchedule delegate.
+    void onHardwareVsyncRequest(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enable);
+
     void resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(PhysicalDisplayId, bool allowToEnable,
                                      std::optional<Fps> refreshRate = std::nullopt)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mDisplayLock);
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@
         }
     };
 
-    using DisplayModeChoiceMap = display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeChoice>;
+    using DisplayModeChoiceMap = ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeChoice>;
 
     // See mDisplayLock for thread safety.
     DisplayModeChoiceMap chooseDisplayModes() const
@@ -430,12 +433,14 @@
         // Effectively const except in move constructor.
         RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr;
         VsyncSchedulePtr schedulePtr;
+
+        hal::PowerMode powerMode = hal::PowerMode::OFF;
     };
 
     using DisplayRef = std::reference_wrapper<Display>;
     using ConstDisplayRef = std::reference_wrapper<const Display>;
 
-    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, Display> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, Display> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
             GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
     ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mPacesetterDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index 84671ae..5691792 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/Timer.h>
 
 #include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
-#include "ISchedulerCallback.h"
 #include "Utils/Dumper.h"
 #include "VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h"
 #include "VSyncPredictor.h"
@@ -54,8 +54,10 @@
     VSyncCallbackRegistration mRegistration;
 };
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, FeatureFlags features)
+VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, FeatureFlags features,
+                             RequestHardwareVsync requestHardwareVsync)
       : mId(id),
+        mRequestHardwareVsync(std::move(requestHardwareVsync)),
         mTracker(createTracker(id)),
         mDispatch(createDispatch(mTracker)),
         mController(createController(id, *mTracker, features)),
@@ -64,8 +66,9 @@
                         : nullptr) {}
 
 VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch,
-                             ControllerPtr controller)
+                             ControllerPtr controller, RequestHardwareVsync requestHardwareVsync)
       : mId(id),
+        mRequestHardwareVsync(std::move(requestHardwareVsync)),
         mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
         mController(std::move(controller)) {}
@@ -135,14 +138,21 @@
     return reactor;
 }
 
-void VsyncSchedule::startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback& callback, Period period, bool force) {
+void VsyncSchedule::startPeriodTransition(Period period, bool force) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
     mController->startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), force);
-    enableHardwareVsyncLocked(callback);
+    enableHardwareVsyncLocked();
 }
 
-bool VsyncSchedule::addResyncSample(ISchedulerCallback& callback, TimePoint timestamp,
-                                    ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod) {
+bool VsyncSchedule::addResyncSample(TimePoint timestamp, ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
+    if (mClearTimestampsOnNextSample) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("clearing sample after HW vsync enabled", __func__);
+        getTracker().resetModel();
+        mClearTimestampsOnNextSample = false;
+    }
+
     bool needsHwVsync = false;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     {
@@ -154,31 +164,32 @@
         }
     }
     if (needsHwVsync) {
-        enableHardwareVsync(callback);
+        enableHardwareVsync();
     } else {
-        disableHardwareVsync(callback, false /* disallow */);
+        constexpr bool kDisallow = false;
+        disableHardwareVsync(kDisallow);
     }
     return periodFlushed;
 }
 
-void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
+void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsync() {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
-    enableHardwareVsyncLocked(callback);
+    enableHardwareVsyncLocked();
 }
 
-void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
+void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsyncLocked() {
     if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disabled) {
-        getTracker().resetModel();
-        callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, true);
+        mClearTimestampsOnNextSample = true;
+        mRequestHardwareVsync(mId, true);
         mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Enabled;
     }
 }
 
-void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback, bool disallow) {
+void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
     switch (mHwVsyncState) {
         case HwVsyncState::Enabled:
-            callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, false);
+            mRequestHardwareVsync(mId, false);
             [[fallthrough]];
         case HwVsyncState::Disabled:
             mHwVsyncState = disallow ? HwVsyncState::Disallowed : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 763d058..556ef80 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -38,8 +39,6 @@
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
-struct ISchedulerCallback;
-
 // TODO(b/185535769): Rename classes, and remove aliases.
 class VSyncDispatch;
 class VSyncTracker;
@@ -51,7 +50,9 @@
 // Schedule that synchronizes to hardware VSYNC of a physical display.
 class VsyncSchedule {
 public:
-    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, FeatureFlags);
+    using RequestHardwareVsync = std::function<void(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled)>;
+
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, FeatureFlags, RequestHardwareVsync);
     ~VsyncSchedule();
 
     Period period() const;
@@ -64,13 +65,12 @@
     // \param [in] period   The period that the system is changing into.
     // \param [in] force    True to force a transition even if it is not a
     //                      change.
-    void startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback&, Period period, bool force);
+    void startPeriodTransition(Period period, bool force);
 
     // Pass a VSYNC sample to VsyncController. Return true if
     // VsyncController detected that the VSYNC period changed. Enable or disable
     // hardware VSYNCs depending on whether more samples are needed.
-    bool addResyncSample(ISchedulerCallback&, TimePoint timestamp,
-                         ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod);
+    bool addResyncSample(TimePoint timestamp, ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod);
 
     // TODO(b/185535769): Hide behind API.
     const VsyncTracker& getTracker() const { return *mTracker; }
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@
 
     // Turn on hardware VSYNCs, unless mHwVsyncState is Disallowed, in which
     // case this call is ignored.
-    void enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+    void enableHardwareVsync() EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
     // Disable hardware VSYNCs. If `disallow` is true, future calls to
     // enableHardwareVsync are ineffective until isHardwareVsyncAllowed is
     // called with `makeAllowed` set to true.
-    void disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&, bool disallow) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+    void disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
     // If true, enableHardwareVsync can enable hardware VSYNC (if not already
     // enabled). If false, enableHardwareVsync does nothing.
@@ -107,8 +107,11 @@
 protected:
     using ControllerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncController>;
 
+    static void NoOpRequestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) {}
+
     // For tests.
-    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr);
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr,
+                  RequestHardwareVsync = NoOpRequestHardwareVsync);
 
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@
     static DispatchPtr createDispatch(TrackerPtr);
     static ControllerPtr createController(PhysicalDisplayId, VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
 
-    void enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback&) REQUIRES(mHwVsyncLock);
+    void enableHardwareVsyncLocked() REQUIRES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
     mutable std::mutex mHwVsyncLock;
     enum class HwVsyncState {
@@ -143,10 +146,16 @@
     // device is off.
     HwVsyncState mPendingHwVsyncState GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext) = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
 
+    // Whether to reset the timestamps stored in the vsync model on the next hw vsync sample. This
+    // is to avoid clearing the model when hw vsync is enabled, in order to be consistent with the
+    // stale timestamps. Instead, clear the model on the first hw vsync callback.
+    bool mClearTimestampsOnNextSample = false;
+
     class PredictedVsyncTracer;
     using TracerPtr = std::unique_ptr<PredictedVsyncTracer>;
 
     const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
+    const RequestHardwareVsync mRequestHardwareVsync;
     const TrackerPtr mTracker;
     const DispatchPtr mDispatch;
     const ControllerPtr mController;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
index c64a3cd..6ca4e85 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include <ftl/mixins.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
-// TODO(b/185536303): Import StrongTyping.h into FTL so it can be used here.
-
 // Sequential frame identifier, also known as FrameTimeline token.
-struct VsyncId {
-    int64_t value = -1;
+//
+// TODO(b/241285191): Pull to <gui/FrameTimelineInfo.h> and use VsyncId over int64_t everywhere.
+struct VsyncId : ftl::DefaultConstructible<VsyncId, int64_t, -1>,
+                 ftl::Incrementable<VsyncId>,
+                 ftl::Equatable<VsyncId> {
+    using DefaultConstructible::DefaultConstructible;
 };
 
-inline bool operator==(VsyncId lhs, VsyncId rhs) {
-    return lhs.value == rhs.value;
-}
-
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 79378be..e2e89ad 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -116,7 +116,6 @@
 #include "Client.h"
 #include "ClientCache.h"
 #include "Colorizer.h"
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/FramebufferSurface.h"
@@ -2140,26 +2139,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
-    const char* const whence = __func__;
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64, whence, enabled, id.value);
-
-    // On main thread to avoid race conditions with display power state.
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
-        {
-            ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-            if (auto schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(id)) {
-                schedule->setPendingHardwareVsyncState(enabled);
-            }
-        }
-
-        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64 " (main thread)", whence, enabled, id.value);
-        if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id); display && display->isPoweredOn()) {
-            setHWCVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
-        }
-    }));
-}
-
 bool SurfaceFlinger::wouldPresentEarly(TimePoint frameTime, Period vsyncPeriod) const {
     const bool isThreeVsyncsAhead = mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime > 2 * vsyncPeriod;
     return isThreeVsyncsAhead ||
@@ -2384,7 +2363,7 @@
     mExpectedPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime >= frameTime ? expectedVsyncTime
                                                           : calculateExpectedPresentTime(frameTime);
 
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, vsyncId.value,
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId),
                   ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
                   mExpectedPresentTime == expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
 
@@ -2501,7 +2480,7 @@
     // Composite if transactions were committed, or if requested by HWC.
     bool mustComposite = mMustComposite.exchange(false);
     {
-        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
+        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId), frameTime.ns(),
                                     Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(vsyncPeriod.ns()));
 
         const bool flushTransactions = clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
@@ -2509,8 +2488,9 @@
         if (flushTransactions) {
             updates = flushLifecycleUpdates();
             if (mTransactionTracing) {
-                mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
-                                                              updates, mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId),
+                                                              frameTime.ns(), updates,
+                                                              mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
                                                               mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged);
             }
         }
@@ -2554,7 +2534,7 @@
 
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && !mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and tracing should only be enabled for debugging.
-        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime, vsyncId);
     }
     mLastCommittedVsyncId = vsyncId;
 
@@ -2565,7 +2545,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId)
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64, __func__, vsyncId.value);
+    ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId)).c_str());
 
     compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     const auto& displays = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mDisplays);
@@ -2657,8 +2637,9 @@
     // the scheduler.
     const auto presentTime = systemTime();
 
-    std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> layers =
-            moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, /*cursorOnly=*/false, vsyncId.value);
+    constexpr bool kCursorOnly = false;
+    const auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, kCursorOnly);
+
     mCompositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
     moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, layers);
 
@@ -2736,7 +2717,7 @@
     mLayersWithQueuedFrames.clear();
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and should only be used for debugging.
-        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime, vsyncId);
     }
 
     if (mVisibleRegionsDirty) mHdrLayerInfoChanged = true;
@@ -2883,7 +2864,7 @@
     const CompositorTiming compositorTiming(vsyncDeadline.ns(), vsyncPeriod.ns(), vsyncPhase,
                                             presentLatency.ns());
 
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, const DisplayDevice*> layerStackToDisplay;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, const DisplayDevice*> layerStackToDisplay;
     {
         if (!mLayersWithBuffersRemoved.empty() || mNumTrustedPresentationListeners > 0) {
             Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
@@ -3782,7 +3763,8 @@
             mWindowInfosListenerInvoker
                     ->windowInfosChanged(gui::WindowInfosUpdate{std::move(windowInfos),
                                                                 std::move(displayInfos),
-                                                                vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns()},
+                                                                ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId),
+                                                                frameTime.ns()},
                                          std::move(
                                                  inputWindowCommands.windowInfosReportedListeners),
                                          /* forceImmediateCall= */ visibleWindowsChanged ||
@@ -3872,11 +3854,17 @@
             refreshArgs.outputs.push_back(display->getCompositionDisplay());
         }
     }
-    auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, /*cursorOnly=*/true, 0);
+
+    constexpr bool kCursorOnly = true;
+    const auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, kCursorOnly);
     mCompositionEngine->updateCursorAsync(refreshArgs);
     moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, layers);
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::requestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, bool enable) {
+    getHwComposer().setVsyncEnabled(displayId, enable ? hal::Vsync::ENABLE : hal::Vsync::DISABLE);
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest> modeRequests) {
     if (mBootStage != BootStage::FINISHED) {
         ALOGV("Currently in the boot stage, skipping display mode changes");
@@ -3960,8 +3948,6 @@
                                              static_cast<ISchedulerCallback&>(*this), features,
                                              std::move(modulatorPtr));
     mScheduler->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(), display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
-
-    setVsyncEnabled(display->getPhysicalId(), false);
     mScheduler->startTimers();
 
     const auto configs = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs();
@@ -4437,7 +4423,7 @@
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::frameIsEarly(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, VsyncId vsyncId) const {
     const auto prediction =
-            mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(vsyncId.value);
+            mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId));
     if (!prediction) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -4458,26 +4444,27 @@
 bool SurfaceFlinger::shouldLatchUnsignaled(const sp<Layer>& layer, const layer_state_t& state,
                                            size_t numStates, bool firstTransaction) const {
     if (enableLatchUnsignaledConfig == LatchUnsignaledConfig::Disabled) {
-        ALOGV("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::Disabled)", __func__);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::Disabled)", __func__);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (enableLatchUnsignaledConfig == LatchUnsignaledConfig::Always) {
-        ALOGV("%s: true (LatchUnsignaledConfig::Always)", __func__);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: true (LatchUnsignaledConfig::Always)", __func__);
         return true;
     }
 
     // We only want to latch unsignaled when a single layer is updated in this
     // transaction (i.e. not a blast sync transaction).
     if (numStates != 1) {
-        ALOGV("%s: false (numStates=%zu)", __func__, numStates);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false (numStates=%zu)", __func__, numStates);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (enableLatchUnsignaledConfig == LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer) {
         if (!firstTransaction) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; not first transaction)",
-                  __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; not first "
+                                  "transaction)",
+                                  __func__);
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -4485,19 +4472,14 @@
         // as it leads to jank due to RenderEngine waiting for unsignaled buffer
         // or window animations being slow.
         if (mScheduler->vsyncModulator().isVsyncConfigEarly()) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; isVsyncConfigEarly)",
-                  __func__);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; "
+                                  "isVsyncConfigEarly)",
+                                  __func__);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    if (!layer->simpleBufferUpdate(state)) {
-        ALOGV("%s: false (!simpleBufferUpdate)", __func__);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ALOGV("%s: true", __func__);
-    return true;
+    return layer->isSimpleBufferUpdate(state);
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionState(
@@ -5522,11 +5504,14 @@
 
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
         if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId && mode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
-            setHWCVsyncEnabled(displayId,
-                               mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(displayId)
-                                       ->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+            const bool enable =
+                    mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(displayId)->getPendingHardwareVsyncState();
+            requestHardwareVsync(displayId, enable);
+
             mScheduler->enableSyntheticVsync(false);
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, refreshRate);
+
+            constexpr bool kAllowToEnable = true;
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, kAllowToEnable, refreshRate);
         }
 
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
@@ -5550,10 +5535,10 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // Make sure HWVsync is disabled before turning off the display
-        setHWCVsyncEnabled(displayId, false);
-
+        // Disable VSYNC before turning off the display.
+        requestHardwareVsync(displayId, false);
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
+
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
         // from this point on, SF will stop drawing on this display
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
@@ -5581,9 +5566,10 @@
     if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         mTimeStats->setPowerMode(mode);
         mRefreshRateStats->setPowerMode(mode);
-        mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(displayId, mode);
     }
 
+    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(displayId, mode);
+
     ALOGD("Finished setting power mode %d on display %s", mode, to_string(displayId).c_str());
 }
 
@@ -6155,7 +6141,7 @@
     result.append("Window Infos:\n");
     auto windowInfosDebug = mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->getDebugInfo();
     StringAppendF(&result, "  max send vsync id: %" PRId64 "\n",
-                  windowInfosDebug.maxSendDelayVsyncId.value);
+                  ftl::to_underlying(windowInfosDebug.maxSendDelayVsyncId));
     StringAppendF(&result, "  max send delay (ns): %" PRId64 " ns\n",
                   windowInfosDebug.maxSendDelayDuration);
     StringAppendF(&result, "  unsent messages: %" PRIu32 "\n",
@@ -6475,13 +6461,16 @@
                     ALOGD("LayerTracing enabled");
                     tracingEnabledChanged = mLayerTracing.enable();
                     if (tracingEnabledChanged) {
-                        int64_t startingTime =
-                                (fixedStartingTime) ? fixedStartingTime : systemTime();
+                        const TimePoint startingTime = fixedStartingTime
+                                ? TimePoint::fromNs(fixedStartingTime)
+                                : TimePoint::now();
+
                         mScheduler
-                                ->schedule([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
-                                                   kMainThreadContext) {
-                                    addToLayerTracing(true /* visibleRegionDirty */, startingTime,
-                                                      mLastCommittedVsyncId.value);
+                                ->schedule([this, startingTime]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
+                                                   mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+                                    constexpr bool kVisibleRegionDirty = true;
+                                    addToLayerTracing(kVisibleRegionDirty, startingTime,
+                                                      mLastCommittedVsyncId);
                                 })
                                 .wait();
                     }
@@ -8131,7 +8120,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(
         compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
-        std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers) {
+        const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers) {
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::LayerSnapshot>>& snapshots =
                 mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots();
@@ -8148,7 +8137,7 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> SurfaceFlinger::moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(
-        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly, int64_t vsyncId) {
+        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly) {
     std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> layers;
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
         nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime();
@@ -8348,7 +8337,7 @@
     return update;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, TimePoint time, VsyncId vsyncId) {
     const uint32_t tracingFlags = mLayerTracing.getFlags();
     LayersProto layers(dumpDrawingStateProto(tracingFlags));
     if (tracingFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_EXTRA) {
@@ -8359,7 +8348,8 @@
         dumpHwc(hwcDump);
     }
     auto displays = dumpDisplayProto();
-    mLayerTracing.notify(visibleRegionDirty, time, vsyncId, &layers, std::move(hwcDump), &displays);
+    mLayerTracing.notify(visibleRegionDirty, time.ns(), ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId), &layers,
+                         std::move(hwcDump), &displays);
 }
 
 // gui::ISurfaceComposer
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 0bc506f..b7d2047 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
 #include <serviceutils/PriorityDumper.h>
 #include <system/graphics.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@
 #include <scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h>
 #include <ui/FenceResult.h>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "Display/PhysicalDisplay.h"
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
@@ -637,10 +637,7 @@
     void sample() override;
 
     // ISchedulerCallback overrides:
-
-    // Toggles hardware VSYNC by calling into HWC.
-    // TODO(b/241286146): Rename for self-explanatory API.
-    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override;
+    void requestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override;
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override;
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) override;
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override;
@@ -710,10 +707,9 @@
     void updateLayerGeometry();
     void updateLayerMetadataSnapshot();
     std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(
-            compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly,
-            int64_t vsyncId);
+            compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly);
     void moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
-                                          std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers);
+                                          const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers);
     bool updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update,
                                     bool transactionsFlushed, bool& out)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -997,11 +993,6 @@
      */
     nsecs_t getVsyncPeriodFromHWC() const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
-    void setHWCVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
-        hal::Vsync halState = enabled ? hal::Vsync::ENABLE : hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
-        getHwComposer().setVsyncEnabled(id, halState);
-    }
-
     using FenceTimePtr = std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>;
 
     bool wouldPresentEarly(TimePoint frameTime, Period) const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -1086,7 +1077,7 @@
     void dumpOffscreenLayersProto(LayersProto& layersProto,
                                   uint32_t traceFlags = LayerTracing::TRACE_ALL) const;
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> dumpDisplayProto() const;
-    void addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId)
+    void addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, TimePoint, VsyncId)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     // Dumps state from HW Composer
@@ -1224,7 +1215,7 @@
     // never removed, so take precedence over external and virtual displays.
     //
     // May be read from any thread, but must only be written from the main thread.
-    display::DisplayMap<wp<IBinder>, const sp<DisplayDevice>> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
+    ui::DisplayMap<wp<IBinder>, const sp<DisplayDevice>> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
     display::PhysicalDisplays mPhysicalDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
@@ -1442,7 +1433,7 @@
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>> mLegacyLayers;
 
     TransactionHandler mTransactionHandler;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
     bool mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged = false;
 
     // WindowInfo ids visible during the last commit.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
index 0694180..dafdc8a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@
 
 void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(
         const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>& proto,
-        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& outDisplayInfos) {
+        frontend::DisplayInfos& outDisplayInfos) {
     outDisplayInfos.clear();
     for (const proto::DisplayInfo& displayInfo : proto) {
         outDisplayInfos.emplace_or_replace(ui::LayerStack::fromValue(displayInfo.layer_stack()),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
index d6c98e1..457c3be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
 #include <gui/fake/BufferData.h>
 #include <layerproto/TransactionProto.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
-#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "TransactionState.h"
 
@@ -56,9 +55,8 @@
     void fromProto(const proto::LayerCreationArgs&, LayerCreationArgs& outArgs);
     std::unique_ptr<FlingerDataMapper> mMapper;
     static frontend::DisplayInfo fromProto(const proto::DisplayInfo&);
-    static void fromProto(
-            const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>&,
-            display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& outDisplayInfos);
+    static void fromProto(const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>&,
+                          frontend::DisplayInfos& outDisplayInfos);
 
 private:
     proto::DisplayState toProto(const DisplayState&);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
index 87a633f..632de01 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@
     mTransactionQueue.push(state);
 }
 
-void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(
-        int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& newUpdate,
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-        bool displayInfoChanged) {
+void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime,
+                                                  frontend::Update& newUpdate,
+                                                  const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos,
+                                                  bool displayInfoChanged) {
     CommittedUpdates update;
     update.vsyncId = vsyncId;
     update.timestamp = commitTime;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
index f27e7a9..0e56627 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
@@ -59,10 +58,8 @@
     ~TransactionTracing();
 
     void addQueuedTransaction(const TransactionState&);
-    void addCommittedTransactions(
-            int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& update,
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-            bool displayInfoChanged);
+    void addCommittedTransactions(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& update,
+                                  const frontend::DisplayInfos&, bool displayInfoChanged);
     status_t writeToFile(std::string filename = FILE_NAME);
     void setBufferSize(size_t bufferSizeInBytes);
     void onLayerRemoved(int layerId);
@@ -88,8 +85,7 @@
     nsecs_t mStartingTimestamp GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     std::unordered_map<int, proto::LayerCreationArgs> mCreatedLayers GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     std::map<uint32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState> mStartingStates GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mStartingDisplayInfos
-            GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
+    frontend::DisplayInfos mStartingDisplayInfos GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
 
     std::set<uint32_t /* layerId */> mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     TransactionProtoParser mProtoParser;
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@
         std::vector<LayerCreationArgs> createdLayers;
         std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedLayerHandles;
         bool displayInfoChanged;
-        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+        frontend::DisplayInfos displayInfos;
         int64_t vsyncId;
         int64_t timestamp;
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index 55004c5..72a11c6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     frontend::LayerLifecycleManager lifecycleManager;
     frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder{{}};
     frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder snapshotBuilder;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
 
     renderengine::ShadowSettings globalShadowSettings{.ambientColor = {1, 1, 1, 1}};
     char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index 4d03be0..8e208bc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
+    void requestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_layer_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_layer_fuzzer.cpp
index 921cae4..9f0bdde 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_layer_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_layer_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
     effectLayer->addSurfaceFramePresentedForBuffer(surfaceFrame,
                                                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int64_t>() /*acquireTime*/,
                                                    mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int64_t>() /*currentTime*/);
-    effectLayer->addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(surfaceFrame1);
+    effectLayer->addSurfaceFrameDroppedForBuffer(surfaceFrame1, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
 
     parent.clear();
     client.clear();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index db81bad..86af303 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@
         "SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_ExcludeDolbyVisionTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_GetDisplayNativePrimariesTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_GetDisplayStatsTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index e64cb38..ee12276 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -371,10 +371,11 @@
     // Called by tests to inject a HWC display setup
     template <bool kInitPowerMode = true>
     static void injectHwcDisplay(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
-                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
-                                Return(Error::NONE)));
         if constexpr (kInitPowerMode) {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
+                                    Return(Error::NONE)));
+
             EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, INIT_POWER_MODE))
                     .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index b8a7446..12cf070 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 
     LayerHierarchyBuilder mHierarchyBuilder{{}};
     LayerSnapshotBuilder mSnapshotBuilder;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
+    DisplayInfos mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
     renderengine::ShadowSettings globalShadowSettings;
     static const std::vector<uint32_t> STARTING_ZORDER;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index 8f1b450..91875cc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
                 generateTokenForPredictions(frametimeline::TimelineItem(kStartTime.ns(),
                                                                         kEndTime.ns(),
                                                                         kPresentTime.ns())))
-            .WillOnce(Return(vsyncId.value));
+            .WillOnce(Return(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventQueue.mHandler, dispatchFrame(vsyncId, kPresentTime)).Times(1);
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             mEventQueue.vsyncCallback(kPresentTime.ns(), kStartTime.ns(), kEndTime.ns()));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 965e378..682c998 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -155,6 +155,33 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(kEventConnections, mScheduler->getEventThreadConnectionCount(mConnectionHandle));
 }
 
+TEST_F(SchedulerTest, registerDisplay) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+    // Hardware VSYNC should not change if the display is already registered.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mSchedulerCallback, requestHardwareVsync(kDisplayId1, false)).Times(0);
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId1,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay1Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
+
+    // TODO(b/241285191): Restore once VsyncSchedule::getPendingHardwareVsyncState is called by
+    // Scheduler::setDisplayPowerMode rather than SF::setPowerModeInternal.
+#if 0
+    // Hardware VSYNC should be disabled for newly registered displays.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mSchedulerCallback, requestHardwareVsync(kDisplayId2, false)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mSchedulerCallback, requestHardwareVsync(kDisplayId3, false)).Times(1);
+#endif
+
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId2,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay2Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay2Mode60->getId()));
+    mScheduler->registerDisplay(kDisplayId3,
+                                std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(kDisplay3Modes,
+                                                                      kDisplay3Mode60->getId()));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(kDisplayId1)->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(kDisplayId2)->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(kDisplayId3)->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+}
+
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, chooseRefreshRateForContentIsNoopWhenModeSwitchingIsNotSupported) {
     // The layer is registered at creation time and deregistered at destruction time.
     sp<MockLayer> layer = sp<MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd2344c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+struct FoldableTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
+    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
+    FoldableTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
+
+        // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
+        constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
+        {
+            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
+            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
+            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
+            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+        {
+            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
+            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
+            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+
+    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
+};
+
+TEST_F(FoldableTest, foldUnfold) {
+    // When the device boots, the inner display should be the pacesetter.
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kInnerDisplayId);
+
+    // ...and should still be after powering on.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kInnerDisplayId);
+
+    // The outer display should become the pacesetter after folding.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kOuterDisplayId);
+
+    // The inner display should become the pacesetter after unfolding.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kInnerDisplayId);
+
+    // The inner display should stay the pacesetter if both are powered on.
+    // TODO(b/255635821): The pacesetter should depend on the displays' refresh rates.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kInnerDisplayId);
+
+    // The outer display should become the pacesetter if designated.
+    mFlinger.scheduler()->setPacesetterDisplay(kOuterDisplayId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), kOuterDisplayId);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FoldableTest, doesNotRequestHardwareVsyncIfPoweredOff) {
+    // Both displays are powered off.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kInnerDisplayId, _))
+            .Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kOuterDisplayId, _))
+            .Times(0);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mInnerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOuterDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+
+    auto& scheduler = *mFlinger.scheduler();
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kInnerDisplayId, true);
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kOuterDisplayId, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FoldableTest, requestsHardwareVsyncForInnerDisplay) {
+    // Only inner display is powered on.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kInnerDisplayId, true))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kOuterDisplayId, _))
+            .Times(0);
+
+    // The injected VsyncSchedule uses TestableScheduler::mockRequestHardwareVsync, so no calls to
+    // ISchedulerCallback::requestHardwareVsync are expected during setPowerModeInternal.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mInnerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOuterDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+
+    auto& scheduler = *mFlinger.scheduler();
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kInnerDisplayId, true);
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kOuterDisplayId, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FoldableTest, requestsHardwareVsyncForOuterDisplay) {
+    // Only outer display is powered on.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kInnerDisplayId, _))
+            .Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kOuterDisplayId, true))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    // The injected VsyncSchedule uses TestableScheduler::mockRequestHardwareVsync, so no calls to
+    // ISchedulerCallback::requestHardwareVsync are expected during setPowerModeInternal.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mInnerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOuterDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+
+    auto& scheduler = *mFlinger.scheduler();
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kInnerDisplayId, true);
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(kOuterDisplayId, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FoldableTest, requestsHardwareVsyncForBothDisplays) {
+    // Both displays are powered on.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kInnerDisplayId, true))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), requestHardwareVsync(kOuterDisplayId, true))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    // The injected VsyncSchedule uses TestableScheduler::mockRequestHardwareVsync, so no calls to
+    // ISchedulerCallback::requestHardwareVsync are expected during setPowerModeInternal.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mInnerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOuterDisplay->isPoweredOn());
+
+    auto& scheduler = *mFlinger.scheduler();
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(mInnerDisplay->getPhysicalId(), true);
+    scheduler.onHardwareVsyncRequest(mOuterDisplay->getPhysicalId(), true);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index e38f56e..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
-
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
-
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace {
-
-struct MultiDisplayPacesetterTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
-    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
-    MultiDisplayPacesetterTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
-};
-
-TEST_F(MultiDisplayPacesetterTest, foldable) {
-    injectMockScheduler(InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get());
-
-    // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
-    sp<DisplayDevice> innerDisplay, outerDisplay;
-    constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-    {
-        InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-        auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-        injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-        injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
-        innerDisplay = injector.inject();
-    }
-    {
-        OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-        auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-        injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-        outerDisplay = injector.inject();
-    }
-
-    // When the device boots, the inner display should be the pacesetter.
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-
-    // ...and should still be after powering on.
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-
-    // The outer display should become the pacesetter after folding.
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-
-    // The inner display should become the pacesetter after unfolding.
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-
-    // The inner display should stay the pacesetter if both are powered on.
-    // TODO(b/255635821): The pacesetter should depend on the displays' refresh rates.
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-
-    // The outer display should become the pacesetter if designated.
-    mFlinger.scheduler()->setPacesetterDisplay(outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
-}
-
-} // namespace
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
index 7754c21..4780e49 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 struct EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
     static void setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // Expect no change to hardware nor synthetic VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.scheduler()->mockRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(_)).Times(0);
     }
 };
@@ -79,30 +79,28 @@
 struct EventThreadIsSupportedVariant : public EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
     static void setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // Expect to enable hardware VSYNC and disable synthetic VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, true)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.scheduler()->mockRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, true)).Times(1);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(false)).Times(1);
     }
 
     static void setupDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // Expect to disable hardware VSYNC and enable synthetic VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, false)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.scheduler()->mockRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, false)).Times(1);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(true)).Times(1);
     }
 };
 
 struct DispSyncIsSupportedVariant {
-    static void setupResetModelCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+    static void setupStartPeriodTransitionCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         auto vsyncSchedule = test->mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule();
         EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VsyncController&>(vsyncSchedule->getController()),
                     startPeriodTransition(DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD, false))
                 .Times(1);
-        EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(vsyncSchedule->getTracker()), resetModel())
-                .Times(1);
     }
 };
 
 struct DispSyncNotSupportedVariant {
-    static void setupResetModelCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* /* test */) {}
+    static void setupStartPeriodTransitionCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* /* test */) {}
 };
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
         Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
-        Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::DispSync::setupStartPeriodTransitionCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupRepaintEverythingCallExpectations(test);
     }
 
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
-        Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::DispSync::setupStartPeriodTransitionCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, Case::Doze::ACTUAL_POWER_MODE_FOR_DOZE);
     }
 };
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
-        Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::DispSync::setupStartPeriodTransitionCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
     }
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 3b6a987..a30f7e0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncController.h"
+#include "Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h"
 #include "mock/MockVSyncDispatch.h"
 #include "mock/MockVSyncTracker.h"
 #include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
@@ -80,9 +81,13 @@
                                                    new VsyncSchedule(displayId, std::move(tracker),
                                                                      std::make_shared<
                                                                              mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                                                     std::move(controller))));
+                                                                     std::move(controller),
+                                                                     mockRequestHardwareVsync
+                                                                             .AsStdFunction())));
     }
 
+    testing::MockFunction<void(PhysicalDisplayId, bool)> mockRequestHardwareVsync;
+
     void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
         Scheduler::unregisterDisplay(displayId);
@@ -163,6 +168,8 @@
                                           : VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Disabled;
     }
 
+    using Scheduler::onHardwareVsyncRequest;
+
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
     void configure() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
index dd72174..a95a645 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo> displayProtos;
     auto displayInfoProto = displayProtos.Add();
     *displayInfoProto = TransactionProtoParser::toProto(d1, layerStack);
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+    frontend::DisplayInfos displayInfos;
     TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(displayProtos, displayInfos);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(displayInfos.contains(ui::LayerStack::fromValue(layerStack)));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp
index 4010fa6..a8a3cd0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h"
 #include "ThreadContext.h"
-#include "mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h"
 #include "mock/MockVSyncDispatch.h"
 #include "mock/MockVSyncTracker.h"
 #include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
@@ -34,20 +33,21 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId kDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
 
 class VsyncScheduleTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     VsyncScheduleTest();
     ~VsyncScheduleTest() override;
 
-    scheduler::mock::SchedulerCallback mCallback;
+    testing::MockFunction<void(PhysicalDisplayId, bool)> mRequestHardwareVsync;
+
     const std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule =
             std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
-                    new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID,
-                                                 std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
+                    new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(kDisplayId, std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
                                                  std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                                 std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>()));
+                                                 std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
+                                                 mRequestHardwareVsync.AsStdFunction()));
 
     mock::VsyncController& getController() {
         return *static_cast<mock::VsyncController*>(&mVsyncSchedule->getController());
@@ -75,21 +75,21 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(false /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed2) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(true /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, MakeAllowed) {
@@ -98,33 +98,33 @@
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisabled) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(false /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisabled2) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(true /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableWorksWhenDisabled) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableWorksOnce) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AllowedIsSticky) {
@@ -134,22 +134,22 @@
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDisable) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, false));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(false /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDisable2) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, false));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(true /* disallow */);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransition) {
@@ -159,22 +159,22 @@
 
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), false));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, false);
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(period, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransitionAlreadyEnabled) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), false));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, false);
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(period, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransitionForce) {
@@ -182,20 +182,20 @@
 
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, true));
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, true);
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(period, true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleDisallowed) {
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
     const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(), addHwVsyncTimestamp(_, _, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(timestamp, period);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleDisabled) {
@@ -203,40 +203,40 @@
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
     const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(), addHwVsyncTimestamp(_, _, _)).Times(0);
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(timestamp, period);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleReturnsTrue) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
     const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(_, _)).Times(0);
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(),
                 addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp.ns(), std::optional<nsecs_t>(period.ns()), _))
             .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(timestamp, period);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleReturnsFalse) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync();
 
     const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
     const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRequestHardwareVsync, Call(kDisplayId, false));
     EXPECT_CALL(getController(),
                 addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp.ns(), std::optional<nsecs_t>(period.ns()), _))
             .WillOnce(Return(false));
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(timestamp, period);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, PendingState) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
@@ -250,19 +250,19 @@
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNotMakeAllowed) {
     ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(false /* disallow */);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisallowMakesNotAllowed) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(true /* disallow */);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StillAllowedAfterDisable) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(false /* disallow */);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
index 358395d..8e22f43 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 public:
     MockPowerHalController();
     ~MockPowerHalController() override;
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, init, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setBoost, (Boost, int32_t), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<void>, setMode, (Mode, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(HalResult<sp<hardware::power::IPowerHintSession>>, createHintSession,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
index a8eca21..306eb4d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@
 namespace android::scheduler::mock {
 
 struct SchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncEnabled, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, requestHardwareVsync, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, requestDisplayModes, (std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, kernelTimerChanged, (bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged, (), (override));
 };
 
 struct NoOpSchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
+    void requestHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}