diff --git a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
index e7bde21..3d4ba6f 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
@@ -723,10 +723,10 @@
     }
 
     // TODO(b/220095381): Due to boot time regression, we have omitted call to
-    // createAppDirectoryForSupplementalData from here temporarily (unless it's for testing)
+    // createSdkSandboxDataDirectory from here temporarily (unless it's for testing)
     if (uuid_ != nullptr && strcmp(uuid_, "TEST") == 0) {
-        auto status = createAppDirectoryForSupplementalData(uuid, packageName, userId, appId,
-                                                            previousAppId, seInfo, flags);
+        auto status = createSdkSandboxDataDirectory(uuid, packageName, userId, appId, previousAppId,
+                                                    seInfo, flags);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
             return status;
         }
@@ -736,15 +736,15 @@
 }
 
 /**
- * Responsible for creating /data/user/0/supplemental/<app-name> directory and other
+ * Responsible for creating /data/misc_{ce|de}/user/0/sdksandbox/<app-name> directory and other
  * app level sub directories, such as ./shared
  */
-binder::Status InstalldNativeService::createAppDirectoryForSupplementalData(
+binder::Status InstalldNativeService::createSdkSandboxDataDirectory(
         const std::optional<std::string>& uuid, const std::string& packageName, int32_t userId,
         int32_t appId, int32_t previousAppId, const std::string& seInfo, int32_t flags) {
-    int32_t supplementalUid = multiuser_get_supplemental_uid(userId, appId);
-    if (supplementalUid == -1) {
-        // There no valid supplemental process for this app. Skip creation of data directory
+    int32_t sdkSandboxUid = multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid(userId, appId);
+    if (sdkSandboxUid == -1) {
+        // There no valid sdk sandbox process for this app. Skip creation of data directory
         return ok();
     }
 
@@ -759,35 +759,35 @@
         }
         bool isCeData = (currentFlag == FLAG_STORAGE_CE);
 
-        // /data/misc_{ce,de}/<user-id>/supplemental directory gets created by vold
+        // /data/misc_{ce,de}/<user-id>/sdksandbox directory gets created by vold
         // during user creation
 
         // Prepare the app directory
-        auto appPath = create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(uuid_, isCeData, userId,
-                                                                  packageName.c_str());
+        auto appPath = create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(uuid_, isCeData, userId,
+                                                                 packageName.c_str());
         if (prepare_app_dir(appPath, 0751, AID_SYSTEM)) {
             return error("Failed to prepare " + appPath);
         }
 
         // Now prepare the shared directory which will be accessible by all codes
-        auto sharedPath = create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(uuid_, isCeData, userId,
-                                                                    packageName.c_str());
+        auto sharedPath = create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(uuid_, isCeData, userId,
+                                                                   packageName.c_str());
 
-        int32_t previousSupplementalUid = multiuser_get_supplemental_uid(userId, previousAppId);
+        int32_t previousSdkSandboxUid = multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid(userId, previousAppId);
         int32_t cacheGid = multiuser_get_cache_gid(userId, appId);
         if (cacheGid == -1) {
             return exception(binder::Status::EX_ILLEGAL_STATE,
-                             StringPrintf("cacheGid cannot be -1 for supplemental data"));
+                             StringPrintf("cacheGid cannot be -1 for sdksandbox data"));
         }
-        auto status = createAppDataDirs(sharedPath, supplementalUid, &previousSupplementalUid,
-                                        cacheGid, seInfo, 0700);
+        auto status = createAppDataDirs(sharedPath, sdkSandboxUid, &previousSdkSandboxUid, cacheGid,
+                                        seInfo, 0700);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
             return status;
         }
 
         // TODO(b/211763739): We also need to handle art profile creations
 
-        // TODO(b/211763739): And return the CE inode of the supplemental root directory and
+        // TODO(b/211763739): And return the CE inode of the sdksandbox root directory and
         // app directory under it so we can clear contents while CE storage is locked
     }
 
@@ -2084,6 +2084,10 @@
         const std::vector<std::string>& codePaths, std::vector<int64_t>* _aidl_return) {
     ENFORCE_UID(AID_SYSTEM);
     CHECK_ARGUMENT_UUID(uuid);
+    if (packageNames.size() != ceDataInodes.size()) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                         "packageNames/ceDataInodes size mismatch.");
+    }
     for (const auto& packageName : packageNames) {
         CHECK_ARGUMENT_PACKAGE_NAME(packageName);
     }
diff --git a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
index 6b4ba1f..c9a4d50 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
+++ b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
@@ -205,11 +205,10 @@
                                        const std::string& seInfo, int32_t targetSdkVersion,
                                        int64_t* _aidl_return);
 
-    binder::Status createAppDirectoryForSupplementalData(const std::optional<std::string>& uuid,
-                                                         const std::string& packageName,
-                                                         int32_t userId, int32_t appId,
-                                                         int32_t previousAppId,
-                                                         const std::string& seInfo, int32_t flags);
+    binder::Status createSdkSandboxDataDirectory(const std::optional<std::string>& uuid,
+                                                 const std::string& packageName, int32_t userId,
+                                                 int32_t appId, int32_t previousAppId,
+                                                 const std::string& seInfo, int32_t flags);
 };
 
 }  // namespace installd
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
index 703a096..21ab5b8 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 static constexpr const uid_t kTestAppId = 19999;
 
 const gid_t kTestAppUid = multiuser_get_uid(kTestUserId, kTestAppId);
-const uid_t kTestAppSupplementalUid = multiuser_get_supplemental_uid(kTestUserId, kTestAppId);
+const uid_t kTestSdkSandboxUid = multiuser_get_sdk_sandbox_uid(kTestUserId, kTestAppId);
 
 #define FLAG_FORCE InstalldNativeService::FLAG_FORCE
 
@@ -491,6 +491,19 @@
         system(removeCommand.c_str());
     }
 }
+TEST_F(ServiceTest, GetAppSizeWrongSizes) {
+    int32_t externalStorageAppId = -1;
+    std::vector<int64_t> externalStorageSize;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> codePaths;
+    std::vector<std::string> packageNames = {"package1", "package2"};
+    std::vector<int64_t> ceDataInodes = {0};
+
+    EXPECT_BINDER_FAIL(service->getAppSize(std::nullopt, packageNames, 0,
+                                           InstalldNativeService::FLAG_USE_QUOTA,
+                                           externalStorageAppId, ceDataInodes, codePaths,
+                                           &externalStorageSize));
+}
 static bool mkdirs(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
     struct stat sb;
     if (stat(path.c_str(), &sb) != -1 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
@@ -936,7 +949,7 @@
           "com.foo", 10000, "", 0, 41, FLAG_STORAGE_DE));
 }
 
-class AppSupplementalDataTest : public testing::Test {
+class SdkSandboxDataTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
     void CheckFileAccess(const std::string& path, uid_t uid, mode_t mode) {
         const auto fullPath = "/data/local/tmp/" + path;
@@ -973,8 +986,8 @@
         clearAppData();
         ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/user/0", 0700));
         ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/user_de/0", 0700));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/misc_ce/0/supplemental", 0700));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/misc_de/0/supplemental", 0700));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox", 0700));
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mkdirs("/data/local/tmp/misc_de/0/sdksandbox", 0700));
 
         init_globals_from_data_and_root();
     }
@@ -993,7 +1006,7 @@
     }
 };
 
-TEST_F(AppSupplementalDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData) {
+TEST_F(SdkSandboxDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData) {
     android::os::CreateAppDataResult result;
     android::os::CreateAppDataArgs args = createAppDataArgs();
     args.packageName = "com.foo";
@@ -1002,24 +1015,22 @@
     // Create the app user data.
     ASSERT_BINDER_SUCCESS(service->createAppData(args, &result));
 
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
-                    S_IFDIR | 0700);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared/cache", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared", kTestSdkSandboxUid, S_IFDIR | 0700);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared/cache", kTestSdkSandboxUid,
                     S_IFDIR | S_ISGID | 0771);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared/code_cache", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared/code_cache", kTestSdkSandboxUid,
                     S_IFDIR | S_ISGID | 0771);
 
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
-                    S_IFDIR | 0700);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared/cache", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared", kTestSdkSandboxUid, S_IFDIR | 0700);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared/cache", kTestSdkSandboxUid,
                     S_IFDIR | S_ISGID | 0771);
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared/code_cache", kTestAppSupplementalUid,
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared/code_cache", kTestSdkSandboxUid,
                     S_IFDIR | S_ISGID | 0771);
 }
 
-TEST_F(AppSupplementalDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData_WithoutDeFlag) {
+TEST_F(SdkSandboxDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData_WithoutDeFlag) {
     android::os::CreateAppDataResult result;
     android::os::CreateAppDataArgs args = createAppDataArgs();
     args.packageName = "com.foo";
@@ -1029,13 +1040,13 @@
     ASSERT_BINDER_SUCCESS(service->createAppData(args, &result));
 
     // Only CE paths should exist
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
 
     // DE paths should not exist
-    ASSERT_FALSE(exists("/data/local/tmp/misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo"));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(exists("/data/local/tmp/misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo"));
 }
 
-TEST_F(AppSupplementalDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData_WithoutCeFlag) {
+TEST_F(SdkSandboxDataTest, CreateAppData_CreatesSupplementalAppData_WithoutCeFlag) {
     android::os::CreateAppDataResult result;
     android::os::CreateAppDataArgs args = createAppDataArgs();
     args.packageName = "com.foo";
@@ -1045,10 +1056,10 @@
     ASSERT_BINDER_SUCCESS(service->createAppData(args, &result));
 
     // CE paths should not exist
-    ASSERT_FALSE(exists("/data/local/tmp/misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo"));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(exists("/data/local/tmp/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo"));
 
     // Only DE paths should exist
-    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
+    CheckFileAccess("misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo", kSystemUid, S_IFDIR | 0751);
 }
 
 }  // namespace installd
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_utils_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_utils_test.cpp
index 8d1ccdc..17802a3 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_utils_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_utils_test.cpp
@@ -658,38 +658,36 @@
     ASSERT_NE(0, create_dir_if_needed("/data/local/tmp/user/0/bar/baz", 0700));
 }
 
-TEST_F(UtilsTest, TestSupplementalDataPaths) {
+TEST_F(UtilsTest, TestSdkSandboxDataPaths) {
     // Ce data paths
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/supplemental",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_path(nullptr, /*isCeData=*/true, 0));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/supplemental",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_path(nullptr, true, 10));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(nullptr, /*isCeData=*/true, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/sdksandbox", create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(nullptr, true, 10));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(nullptr, true, 0, "com.foo"));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/supplemental/com.foo",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(nullptr, true, 10, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(nullptr, true, 0, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/sdksandbox/com.foo",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(nullptr, true, 10, "com.foo"));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(nullptr, true, 0, "com.foo"));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/supplemental/com.foo/shared",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(nullptr, true, 10, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(nullptr, true, 0, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_ce/10/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(nullptr, true, 10, "com.foo"));
 
     // De data paths
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/supplemental",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_path(nullptr, /*isCeData=*/false, 0));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/supplemental",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_path(nullptr, false, 10));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/sdksandbox",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(nullptr, /*isCeData=*/false, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/sdksandbox", create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(nullptr, false, 10));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(nullptr, false, 0, "com.foo"));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/supplemental/com.foo",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(nullptr, false, 10, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(nullptr, false, 0, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/sdksandbox/com.foo",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(nullptr, false, 10, "com.foo"));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/supplemental/com.foo/shared",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(nullptr, false, 0, "com.foo"));
-    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/supplemental/com.foo/shared",
-              create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(nullptr, false, 10, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/0/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(nullptr, false, 0, "com.foo"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("/data/misc_de/10/sdksandbox/com.foo/shared",
+              create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(nullptr, false, 10, "com.foo"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(UtilsTest, WaitChild) {
diff --git a/cmds/installd/utils.cpp b/cmds/installd/utils.cpp
index 6650b76..992425d 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/utils.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/utils.cpp
@@ -198,39 +198,39 @@
 }
 
 /**
- * Create the path name where supplemental data for all apps will be stored.
- * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/supplemental
+ * Create the path name where sdk_sandbox data for all apps will be stored.
+ * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox
  */
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_path(const char* uuid, bool isCeData, userid_t user) {
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(const char* uuid, bool isCeData, userid_t user) {
     std::string data(create_data_path(uuid));
     if (isCeData) {
-        return StringPrintf("%s/misc_ce/%d/supplemental", data.c_str(), user);
+        return StringPrintf("%s/misc_ce/%d/sdksandbox", data.c_str(), user);
     } else {
-        return StringPrintf("%s/misc_de/%d/supplemental", data.c_str(), user);
+        return StringPrintf("%s/misc_de/%d/sdksandbox", data.c_str(), user);
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Create the path name where code data for all codes in a particular app will be stored.
- * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/supplemental/<app-name>
+ * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/<app-name>
  */
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
-                                                       userid_t user, const char* package_name) {
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
+                                                      userid_t user, const char* package_name) {
     check_package_name(package_name);
     return StringPrintf("%s/%s",
-                        create_data_misc_supplemental_path(volume_uuid, isCeData, user).c_str(),
+                        create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(volume_uuid, isCeData, user).c_str(),
                         package_name);
 }
 
 /**
  * Create the path name where shared code data for a particular app will be stored.
- * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/supplemental/<app-name>/shared
+ * E.g. /data/misc_ce/0/sdksandbox/<app-name>/shared
  */
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
-                                                      userid_t user, const char* package_name) {
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
+                                                     userid_t user, const char* package_name) {
     return StringPrintf("%s/shared",
-                        create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(volume_uuid, isCeData, user,
-                                                                   package_name)
+                        create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(volume_uuid, isCeData, user,
+                                                                  package_name)
                                 .c_str());
 }
 
diff --git a/cmds/installd/utils.h b/cmds/installd/utils.h
index 2d00845..4b56f99 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/utils.h
+++ b/cmds/installd/utils.h
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@
 std::string create_data_user_ce_package_path_as_user_link(
         const char* volume_uuid, userid_t userid, const char* package_name);
 
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
-                                               userid_t userid);
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_package_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
-                                                       userid_t userid, const char* package_name);
-std::string create_data_misc_supplemental_shared_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
+                                              userid_t userid);
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_package_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
                                                       userid_t userid, const char* package_name);
+std::string create_data_misc_sdk_sandbox_shared_path(const char* volume_uuid, bool isCeData,
+                                                     userid_t userid, const char* package_name);
 
 std::string create_data_misc_ce_rollback_base_path(const char* volume_uuid, userid_t user);
 std::string create_data_misc_de_rollback_base_path(const char* volume_uuid, userid_t user);
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index 2837add..b23a951 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -814,6 +814,8 @@
     static vec2 calculateTransformedXY(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&, const vec2& xy);
     static float calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&,
                                                const PointerCoords&);
+    static PointerCoords calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&,
+                                                    const PointerCoords&);
 
 protected:
     int32_t mAction;
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index 3073d94..fe1754c 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -846,6 +846,7 @@
     return calculateTransformedXYUnchecked(source, transform, xy);
 }
 
+// Keep in sync with calculateTransformedCoords.
 float MotionEvent::calculateTransformedAxisValue(int32_t axis, uint32_t source,
                                                  const ui::Transform& transform,
                                                  const PointerCoords& coords) {
@@ -874,6 +875,34 @@
     return coords.getAxisValue(axis);
 }
 
+// Keep in sync with calculateTransformedAxisValue. This is an optimization of
+// calculateTransformedAxisValue for all PointerCoords axes.
+PointerCoords MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source,
+                                                      const ui::Transform& transform,
+                                                      const PointerCoords& coords) {
+    if (shouldDisregardTransformation(source)) {
+        return coords;
+    }
+    PointerCoords out = coords;
+
+    const vec2 xy = calculateTransformedXYUnchecked(source, transform, coords.getXYValue());
+    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xy.x);
+    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, xy.y);
+
+    const vec2 relativeXy =
+            transformWithoutTranslation(transform,
+                                        {coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X),
+                                         coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y)});
+    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, relativeXy.x);
+    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, relativeXy.y);
+
+    out.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION,
+                     transformAngle(transform,
+                                    coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION)));
+
+    return out;
+}
+
 // --- FocusEvent ---
 
 void FocusEvent::initialize(int32_t id, bool hasFocus) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
index cd20a64..9691ad8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/benchmarks/InputDispatcher_benchmarks.cpp
@@ -61,18 +61,13 @@
         ALOGE("There is no focused window for %s", applicationHandle->getName().c_str());
     }
 
-    void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
+    void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken, std::optional<int32_t> pid,
                                   const std::string& reason) override {
         ALOGE("Window is not responding: %s", reason.c_str());
     }
 
-    void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) override {}
-
-    void notifyMonitorUnresponsive(int32_t pid, const std::string& reason) override {
-        ALOGE("Monitor is not responding: %s", reason.c_str());
-    }
-
-    void notifyMonitorResponsive(int32_t pid) override {}
+    void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
+                                std::optional<int32_t> pid) override {}
 
     void notifyInputChannelBroken(const sp<IBinder>&) override {}
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 58c9303..32c3a12 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -4426,19 +4426,9 @@
     const auto& transformToDisplay = it->second.transform.inverse() * injectedTransform;
 
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.pointerCount; i++) {
-        PointerCoords& pc = entry.pointerCoords[i];
-        // Make a copy of the injected coords. We cannot change them in place because some of them
-        // are interdependent (for example, X coordinate might depend on the Y coordinate).
-        PointerCoords injectedCoords = entry.pointerCoords[i];
-
-        BitSet64 bits(injectedCoords.bits);
-        while (!bits.isEmpty()) {
-            const auto axis = static_cast<int32_t>(bits.clearFirstMarkedBit());
-            const float value =
-                    MotionEvent::calculateTransformedAxisValue(axis, entry.source,
-                                                               transformToDisplay, injectedCoords);
-            pc.setAxisValue(axis, value);
-        }
+        entry.pointerCoords[i] =
+                MotionEvent::calculateTransformedCoords(entry.source, transformToDisplay,
+                                                        entry.pointerCoords[i]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -5816,35 +5806,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-void InputDispatcher::sendMonitorUnresponsiveCommandLocked(int32_t pid, std::string reason) {
-    auto command = [this, pid, reason = std::move(reason)]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
-        scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
-        mPolicy->notifyMonitorUnresponsive(pid, reason);
-    };
-    postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
-}
-
 void InputDispatcher::sendWindowUnresponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& token,
+                                                          std::optional<int32_t> pid,
                                                           std::string reason) {
-    auto command = [this, token, reason = std::move(reason)]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
+    auto command = [this, token, pid, reason = std::move(reason)]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
         scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
-        mPolicy->notifyWindowUnresponsive(token, reason);
+        mPolicy->notifyWindowUnresponsive(token, pid, reason);
     };
     postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
 }
 
-void InputDispatcher::sendMonitorResponsiveCommandLocked(int32_t pid) {
-    auto command = [this, pid]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
+void InputDispatcher::sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& token,
+                                                        std::optional<int32_t> pid) {
+    auto command = [this, token, pid]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
         scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
-        mPolicy->notifyMonitorResponsive(pid);
-    };
-    postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
-}
-
-void InputDispatcher::sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) {
-    auto command = [this, connectionToken]() REQUIRES(mLock) {
-        scoped_unlock unlock(mLock);
-        mPolicy->notifyWindowResponsive(connectionToken);
+        mPolicy->notifyWindowResponsive(token, pid);
     };
     postCommandLocked(std::move(command));
 }
@@ -5857,22 +5833,21 @@
 void InputDispatcher::processConnectionUnresponsiveLocked(const Connection& connection,
                                                           std::string reason) {
     const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken = connection.inputChannel->getConnectionToken();
+    std::optional<int32_t> pid;
     if (connection.monitor) {
         ALOGW("Monitor %s is unresponsive: %s", connection.inputChannel->getName().c_str(),
               reason.c_str());
-        std::optional<int32_t> pid = findMonitorPidByTokenLocked(connectionToken);
-        if (!pid.has_value()) {
-            ALOGE("Could not find unresponsive monitor for connection %s",
-                  connection.inputChannel->getName().c_str());
-            return;
+        pid = findMonitorPidByTokenLocked(connectionToken);
+    } else {
+        // The connection is a window
+        ALOGW("Window %s is unresponsive: %s", connection.inputChannel->getName().c_str(),
+              reason.c_str());
+        const sp<WindowInfoHandle> handle = getWindowHandleLocked(connectionToken);
+        if (handle != nullptr) {
+            pid = handle->getInfo()->ownerPid;
         }
-        sendMonitorUnresponsiveCommandLocked(pid.value(), std::move(reason));
-        return;
     }
-    // If not a monitor, must be a window
-    ALOGW("Window %s is unresponsive: %s", connection.inputChannel->getName().c_str(),
-          reason.c_str());
-    sendWindowUnresponsiveCommandLocked(connectionToken, std::move(reason));
+    sendWindowUnresponsiveCommandLocked(connectionToken, pid, std::move(reason));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5880,18 +5855,17 @@
  */
 void InputDispatcher::processConnectionResponsiveLocked(const Connection& connection) {
     const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken = connection.inputChannel->getConnectionToken();
+    std::optional<int32_t> pid;
     if (connection.monitor) {
-        std::optional<int32_t> pid = findMonitorPidByTokenLocked(connectionToken);
-        if (!pid.has_value()) {
-            ALOGE("Could not find responsive monitor for connection %s",
-                  connection.inputChannel->getName().c_str());
-            return;
+        pid = findMonitorPidByTokenLocked(connectionToken);
+    } else {
+        // The connection is a window
+        const sp<WindowInfoHandle> handle = getWindowHandleLocked(connectionToken);
+        if (handle != nullptr) {
+            pid = handle->getInfo()->ownerPid;
         }
-        sendMonitorResponsiveCommandLocked(pid.value());
-        return;
     }
-    // If not a monitor, must be a window
-    sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(connectionToken);
+    sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(connectionToken, pid);
 }
 
 bool InputDispatcher::afterKeyEventLockedInterruptable(const sp<Connection>& connection,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index e162c78..d3e171a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -503,11 +503,11 @@
      */
     void processConnectionResponsiveLocked(const Connection& connection) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
-    void sendMonitorUnresponsiveCommandLocked(int32_t pid, std::string reason) REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void sendWindowUnresponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken, std::string reason)
+    void sendWindowUnresponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
+                                             std::optional<int32_t> pid, std::string reason)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void sendMonitorResponsiveCommandLocked(int32_t pid) REQUIRES(mLock);
-    void sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) REQUIRES(mLock);
+    void sendWindowResponsiveCommandLocked(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
+                                           std::optional<int32_t> pid) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Optimization: AnrTracker is used to quickly find which connection is due for a timeout next.
     // AnrTracker must be kept in-sync with all responsive connection.waitQueues.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index 3c1e637..de0b6da 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -51,30 +51,19 @@
             const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& inputApplicationHandle) = 0;
 
     /* Notifies the system that a window just became unresponsive. This indicates that ANR
-     * should be raised for this window. The window is identified via token.
-     * The string reason contains information about the input event that we haven't received
-     * a response for.
+     * should be raised for this window. The window can be identified via its input token and the
+     * pid of the owner. The string reason contains information about the input event that we
+     * haven't received a response for.
      */
-    virtual void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& token, const std::string& reason) = 0;
-    /* Notifies the system that a monitor just became unresponsive. This indicates that ANR
-     * should be raised for this monitor. The monitor is identified via its pid.
-     * The string reason contains information about the input event that we haven't received
-     * a response for.
-     */
-    virtual void notifyMonitorUnresponsive(int32_t pid, const std::string& reason) = 0;
+    virtual void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& token, std::optional<int32_t> pid,
+                                          const std::string& reason) = 0;
 
     /* Notifies the system that a window just became responsive. This is only called after the
      * window was first marked "unresponsive". This indicates that ANR dialog (if any) should
      * no longer should be shown to the user. The window is eligible to cause a new ANR in the
      * future.
      */
-    virtual void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& token) = 0;
-    /* Notifies the system that a monitor just became responsive. This is only called after the
-     * monitor was first marked "unresponsive". This indicates that ANR dialog (if any) should
-     * no longer should be shown to the user. The monitor is eligible to cause a new ANR in the
-     * future.
-     */
-    virtual void notifyMonitorResponsive(int32_t pid) = 0;
+    virtual void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& token, std::optional<int32_t> pid) = 0;
 
     /* Notifies the system that an input channel is unrecoverably broken. */
     virtual void notifyInputChannelBroken(const sp<IBinder>& token) = 0;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index ae8358a..b3f51ee 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@
 class FakeInputDispatcherPolicy : public InputDispatcherPolicyInterface {
     InputDispatcherConfiguration mConfig;
 
+    using AnrResult = std::pair<sp<IBinder>, int32_t /*pid*/>;
+
 protected:
     virtual ~FakeInputDispatcherPolicy() {}
 
@@ -161,122 +163,71 @@
     void assertNotifyNoFocusedWindowAnrWasCalled(
             std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
             const std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>& expectedApplication) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
         std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle> application;
-        { // acquire lock
-            std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
-            android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
-            ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-                    application = getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrApplications, lock));
-        } // release lock
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                application = getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrApplications, lock));
         ASSERT_EQ(expectedApplication, application);
     }
 
     void assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
-                                                 const sp<IBinder>& expectedConnectionToken) {
-        sp<IBinder> connectionToken = getUnresponsiveWindowToken(timeout);
-        ASSERT_EQ(expectedConnectionToken, connectionToken);
+                                                 const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& window) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(window == nullptr, "window should not be null");
+        assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, window->getToken(),
+                                                window->getInfo()->ownerPid);
     }
 
-    void assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(const sp<IBinder>& expectedConnectionToken) {
-        sp<IBinder> connectionToken = getResponsiveWindowToken();
-        ASSERT_EQ(expectedConnectionToken, connectionToken);
+    void assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
+                                                 const sp<IBinder>& expectedToken,
+                                                 int32_t expectedPid) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
+        AnrResult result;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(result =
+                                        getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrWindows, lock));
+        const auto& [token, pid] = result;
+        ASSERT_EQ(expectedToken, token);
+        ASSERT_EQ(expectedPid, pid);
     }
 
-    void assertNotifyMonitorUnresponsiveWasCalled(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
-        int32_t pid = getUnresponsiveMonitorPid(timeout);
-        ASSERT_EQ(MONITOR_PID, pid);
-    }
-
-    void assertNotifyMonitorResponsiveWasCalled() {
-        int32_t pid = getResponsiveMonitorPid();
-        ASSERT_EQ(MONITOR_PID, pid);
-    }
-
+    /** Wrap call with ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE() to ensure the return value is valid. */
     sp<IBinder> getUnresponsiveWindowToken(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
         std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
         android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
-        return getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrWindowTokens, lock);
+        AnrResult result = getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrWindows, lock);
+        const auto& [token, _] = result;
+        return token;
     }
 
+    void assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(const sp<IBinder>& expectedToken,
+                                               int32_t expectedPid) {
+        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
+        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
+        AnrResult result;
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+                result = getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(0s, mResponsiveWindows, lock));
+        const auto& [token, pid] = result;
+        ASSERT_EQ(expectedToken, token);
+        ASSERT_EQ(expectedPid, pid);
+    }
+
+    /** Wrap call with ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE() to ensure the return value is valid. */
     sp<IBinder> getResponsiveWindowToken() {
         std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
         android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
-        return getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(0s, mResponsiveWindowTokens, lock);
-    }
-
-    int32_t getUnresponsiveMonitorPid(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
-        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
-        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
-        return getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(timeout, mAnrMonitorPids, lock);
-    }
-
-    int32_t getResponsiveMonitorPid() {
-        std::unique_lock lock(mLock);
-        android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mLock);
-        return getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(0s, mResponsiveMonitorPids, lock);
-    }
-
-    // All three ANR-related callbacks behave the same way, so we use this generic function to wait
-    // for a specific container to become non-empty. When the container is non-empty, return the
-    // first entry from the container and erase it.
-    template <class T>
-    T getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout, std::queue<T>& storage,
-                                     std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lock) REQUIRES(mLock) {
-        // If there is an ANR, Dispatcher won't be idle because there are still events
-        // in the waitQueue that we need to check on. So we can't wait for dispatcher to be idle
-        // before checking if ANR was called.
-        // Since dispatcher is not guaranteed to call notifyNoFocusedWindowAnr right away, we need
-        // to provide it some time to act. 100ms seems reasonable.
-        std::chrono::duration timeToWait = timeout + 100ms; // provide some slack
-        const std::chrono::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-        std::optional<T> token =
-                getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(timeToWait, storage, lock, mNotifyAnr);
-        if (!token.has_value()) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Did not receive the ANR callback";
-            return {};
-        }
-
-        const std::chrono::duration waited = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
-        // Ensure that the ANR didn't get raised too early. We can't be too strict here because
-        // the dispatcher started counting before this function was called
-        if (std::chrono::abs(timeout - waited) > 100ms) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "ANR was raised too early or too late. Expected "
-                          << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout).count()
-                          << "ms, but waited "
-                          << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(waited).count()
-                          << "ms instead";
-        }
-        return *token;
-    }
-
-    template <class T>
-    std::optional<T> getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
-                                                           std::queue<T>& storage,
-                                                           std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lock,
-                                                           std::condition_variable& condition)
-            REQUIRES(mLock) {
-        condition.wait_for(lock, timeout,
-                           [&storage]() REQUIRES(mLock) { return !storage.empty(); });
-        if (storage.empty()) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Did not receive the expected callback";
-            return std::nullopt;
-        }
-        T item = storage.front();
-        storage.pop();
-        return std::make_optional(item);
+        AnrResult result = getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(0s, mResponsiveWindows, lock);
+        const auto& [token, _] = result;
+        return token;
     }
 
     void assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled() {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
         ASSERT_TRUE(mAnrApplications.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mAnrWindowTokens.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mAnrMonitorPids.empty());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mResponsiveWindowTokens.empty())
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mAnrWindows.empty());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mResponsiveWindows.empty())
                 << "ANR was not called, but please also consume the 'connection is responsive' "
                    "signal";
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mResponsiveMonitorPids.empty())
-                << "Monitor ANR was not called, but please also consume the 'monitor is responsive'"
-                   " signal";
     }
 
     void setKeyRepeatConfiguration(nsecs_t timeout, nsecs_t delay) {
@@ -344,10 +295,8 @@
 
     // ANR handling
     std::queue<std::shared_ptr<InputApplicationHandle>> mAnrApplications GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::queue<sp<IBinder>> mAnrWindowTokens GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::queue<sp<IBinder>> mResponsiveWindowTokens GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::queue<int32_t> mAnrMonitorPids GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::queue<int32_t> mResponsiveMonitorPids GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::queue<AnrResult> mAnrWindows GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::queue<AnrResult> mResponsiveWindows GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::condition_variable mNotifyAnr;
     std::queue<sp<IBinder>> mBrokenInputChannels GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::condition_variable mNotifyInputChannelBroken;
@@ -355,32 +304,74 @@
     sp<IBinder> mDropTargetWindowToken GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mNotifyDropWindowWasCalled GUARDED_BY(mLock) = false;
 
+    // All three ANR-related callbacks behave the same way, so we use this generic function to wait
+    // for a specific container to become non-empty. When the container is non-empty, return the
+    // first entry from the container and erase it.
+    template <class T>
+    T getAnrTokenLockedInterruptible(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout, std::queue<T>& storage,
+                                     std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lock) REQUIRES(mLock) {
+        // If there is an ANR, Dispatcher won't be idle because there are still events
+        // in the waitQueue that we need to check on. So we can't wait for dispatcher to be idle
+        // before checking if ANR was called.
+        // Since dispatcher is not guaranteed to call notifyNoFocusedWindowAnr right away, we need
+        // to provide it some time to act. 100ms seems reasonable.
+        std::chrono::duration timeToWait = timeout + 100ms; // provide some slack
+        const std::chrono::time_point start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        std::optional<T> token =
+                getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(timeToWait, storage, lock, mNotifyAnr);
+        if (!token.has_value()) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Did not receive the ANR callback";
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        const std::chrono::duration waited = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
+        // Ensure that the ANR didn't get raised too early. We can't be too strict here because
+        // the dispatcher started counting before this function was called
+        if (std::chrono::abs(timeout - waited) > 100ms) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "ANR was raised too early or too late. Expected "
+                          << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(timeout).count()
+                          << "ms, but waited "
+                          << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(waited).count()
+                          << "ms instead";
+        }
+        return *token;
+    }
+
+    template <class T>
+    std::optional<T> getItemFromStorageLockedInterruptible(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout,
+                                                           std::queue<T>& storage,
+                                                           std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lock,
+                                                           std::condition_variable& condition)
+            REQUIRES(mLock) {
+        condition.wait_for(lock, timeout,
+                           [&storage]() REQUIRES(mLock) { return !storage.empty(); });
+        if (storage.empty()) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Did not receive the expected callback";
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+        T item = storage.front();
+        storage.pop();
+        return std::make_optional(item);
+    }
+
     void notifyConfigurationChanged(nsecs_t when) override {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
         mConfigurationChangedTime = when;
     }
 
-    void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken, const std::string&) override {
+    void notifyWindowUnresponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken, std::optional<int32_t> pid,
+                                  const std::string&) override {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        mAnrWindowTokens.push(connectionToken);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pid.has_value());
+        mAnrWindows.push({connectionToken, *pid});
         mNotifyAnr.notify_all();
     }
 
-    void notifyMonitorUnresponsive(int32_t pid, const std::string&) override {
+    void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken,
+                                std::optional<int32_t> pid) override {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        mAnrMonitorPids.push(pid);
-        mNotifyAnr.notify_all();
-    }
-
-    void notifyWindowResponsive(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) override {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        mResponsiveWindowTokens.push(connectionToken);
-        mNotifyAnr.notify_all();
-    }
-
-    void notifyMonitorResponsive(int32_t pid) override {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
-        mResponsiveMonitorPids.push(pid);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(pid.has_value());
+        mResponsiveWindows.push({connectionToken, *pid});
         mNotifyAnr.notify_all();
     }
 
@@ -1245,6 +1236,8 @@
         mInfo.ownerUid = ownerUid;
     }
 
+    int32_t getPid() const { return mInfo.ownerPid; }
+
     void destroyReceiver() { mInputReceiver = nullptr; }
 
     int getChannelFd() { return mInputReceiver->getChannelFd(); }
@@ -4364,13 +4357,13 @@
     std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
 
     mWindow->finishEvent(*sequenceNum);
     mWindow->consumeEvent(AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL,
                           ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, 0 /*flags*/);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
 }
 
 // Send a key to the app and have the app not respond right away.
@@ -4380,7 +4373,7 @@
     std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = mWindow->receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
 }
 
@@ -4485,7 +4478,7 @@
     // We have now sent down and up. Let's consume first event and then ANR on the second.
     mWindow->consumeMotionDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
 }
 
 // A spy window can receive an ANR
@@ -4500,13 +4493,13 @@
     std::optional<uint32_t> sequenceNum = spy->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(sequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = spy->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, spy->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, spy);
 
     spy->finishEvent(*sequenceNum);
     spy->consumeEvent(AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                       0 /*flags*/);
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(spy->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(spy->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
 }
 
 // If an app is not responding to a key event, spy windows should continue to receive
@@ -4521,7 +4514,7 @@
 
     // Stuck on the ACTION_UP
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
 
     // New tap will go to the spy window, but not to the window
     tapOnWindow();
@@ -4530,7 +4523,7 @@
 
     mWindow->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT); // still the previous motion
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
     spy->assertNoEvents();
 }
@@ -4547,7 +4540,7 @@
     mWindow->consumeMotionDown();
     // Stuck on the ACTION_UP
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
 
     // New tap will go to the spy window, but not to the window
     tapOnWindow();
@@ -4556,7 +4549,7 @@
 
     mWindow->consumeMotionUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT); // still the previous motion
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
     spy->assertNoEvents();
 }
@@ -4574,13 +4567,13 @@
     const std::optional<uint32_t> consumeSeq = monitor.receiveEvent();
     ASSERT_TRUE(consumeSeq);
 
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyMonitorUnresponsiveWasCalled(30ms);
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(30ms, monitor.getToken(), MONITOR_PID);
 
     monitor.finishEvent(*consumeSeq);
     monitor.consumeMotionCancel(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyMonitorResponsiveWasCalled();
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(monitor.getToken(), MONITOR_PID);
 }
 
 // If a window is unresponsive, then you get anr. if the window later catches up and starts to
@@ -4595,19 +4588,19 @@
     mWindow->consumeMotionDown();
     // Block on ACTION_UP
     const std::chrono::duration timeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
     mWindow->consumeMotionUp(); // Now the connection should be healthy again
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
 
     tapOnWindow();
     mWindow->consumeMotionDown();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mWindow);
     mWindow->consumeMotionUp();
 
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
 }
@@ -4620,7 +4613,7 @@
                                WINDOW_LOCATION));
 
     const std::chrono::duration windowTimeout = mWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(windowTimeout, mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(windowTimeout, mWindow);
     std::this_thread::sleep_for(windowTimeout);
     // 'notifyConnectionUnresponsive' should only be called once per connection
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
@@ -4630,7 +4623,7 @@
                           ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, 0 /*flags*/);
     mWindow->assertNoEvents();
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mWindow->getToken(), mWindow->getPid());
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
 }
 
@@ -4792,7 +4785,7 @@
 
     const std::chrono::duration timeout =
             mFocusedWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow);
     // Because we injected two DOWN events in a row, CANCEL is enqueued for the first event
     // sequence to make it consistent
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionCancel();
@@ -4803,7 +4796,8 @@
     mFocusedWindow->assertNoEvents();
     mUnfocusedWindow->assertNoEvents();
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken(),
+                                                       mFocusedWindow->getPid());
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
 }
 
@@ -4817,8 +4811,9 @@
 
     tapOnFocusedWindow();
     // we should have ACTION_DOWN/ACTION_UP on focused window and ACTION_OUTSIDE on unfocused window
-    sp<IBinder> anrConnectionToken1 = mFakePolicy->getUnresponsiveWindowToken(10ms);
-    sp<IBinder> anrConnectionToken2 = mFakePolicy->getUnresponsiveWindowToken(0ms);
+    sp<IBinder> anrConnectionToken1, anrConnectionToken2;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anrConnectionToken1 = mFakePolicy->getUnresponsiveWindowToken(10ms));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(anrConnectionToken2 = mFakePolicy->getUnresponsiveWindowToken(0ms));
 
     // We don't know which window will ANR first. But both of them should happen eventually.
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFocusedWindow->getToken() == anrConnectionToken1 ||
@@ -4833,8 +4828,9 @@
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionUp();
     mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionOutside();
 
-    sp<IBinder> responsiveToken1 = mFakePolicy->getResponsiveWindowToken();
-    sp<IBinder> responsiveToken2 = mFakePolicy->getResponsiveWindowToken();
+    sp<IBinder> responsiveToken1, responsiveToken2;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(responsiveToken1 = mFakePolicy->getResponsiveWindowToken());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(responsiveToken2 = mFakePolicy->getResponsiveWindowToken());
 
     // Both applications should be marked as responsive, in any order
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFocusedWindow->getToken() == responsiveToken1 ||
@@ -4858,7 +4854,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(upEventSequenceNum);
     const std::chrono::duration timeout =
             mFocusedWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow);
 
     // Tap once again
     // We cannot use "tapOnFocusedWindow" because it asserts the injection result to be success
@@ -4879,7 +4875,8 @@
     // The second tap did not go to the focused window
     mFocusedWindow->assertNoEvents();
     // Since all events are finished, connection should be deemed healthy again
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken(),
+                                                       mFocusedWindow->getPid());
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
 }
 
@@ -4991,7 +4988,7 @@
 
     const std::chrono::duration timeout =
             mFocusedWindow->getDispatchingTimeout(DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT);
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowUnresponsiveWasCalled(timeout, mFocusedWindow);
 
     mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionDown();
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionDown();
@@ -5010,7 +5007,8 @@
         ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, motionEvent.getAction());
     }
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
-    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken());
+    mFakePolicy->assertNotifyWindowResponsiveWasCalled(mFocusedWindow->getToken(),
+                                                       mFocusedWindow->getPid());
 
     mUnfocusedWindow->assertNoEvents();
     mFocusedWindow->assertNoEvents();
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/AidlSensorHalWrapper.cpp b/services/sensorservice/AidlSensorHalWrapper.cpp
index 86c8b0d..4d1de96 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/AidlSensorHalWrapper.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/AidlSensorHalWrapper.cpp
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 default: {
-                    ALOGE("Invalid sensor additional info tag: %d", srcInfo.payload.getTag());
+                    ALOGE("Invalid sensor additional info tag: %d", (int)srcInfo.payload.getTag());
                 }
             }
             break;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
index aefc014..9302b7b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/Android.bp
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@
         "libtonemap",
         "libtrace_proto",
         "libaidlcommonsupport",
+        "libprocessgroup",
+        "libcgrouprc",
+        "libjsoncpp",
+        "libcgrouprc_format",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
@@ -68,6 +72,7 @@
         "src/DisplayColorProfile.cpp",
         "src/DisplaySurface.cpp",
         "src/DumpHelpers.cpp",
+        "src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp",
         "src/HwcBufferCache.cpp",
         "src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp",
         "src/Output.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
index 47aacc9..6a3fcb7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     virtual void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
 
     // Returns the boot display mode preferred by HWC.
-    virtual int32_t getPreferredBootModeId() const = 0;
+    virtual int32_t getPreferredBootHwcConfigId() const = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~Display() = default;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
index c553fce..ca86f4c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@
     virtual void resizeBuffers(const ui::Size&) = 0;
 
     virtual const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the render surface supports client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index d8644a4..1555102 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 
 #include <ui/DisplayIdentification.h>
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 struct OutputCompositionState;
+struct GpuCompositionResult;
 } // namespace impl
 
 /**
@@ -262,6 +264,9 @@
     // Latches the front-end layer state for each output layer
     virtual void updateLayerStateFromFE(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) const = 0;
 
+    // Enables predicting composition strategy to run client composition earlier
+    virtual void setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool) = 0;
+
 protected:
     virtual void setDisplayColorProfile(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>) = 0;
     virtual void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>) = 0;
@@ -278,13 +283,22 @@
     virtual void updateColorProfile(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void beginFrame() = 0;
     virtual void prepareFrame() = 0;
+
+    using GpuCompositionResult = compositionengine::impl::GpuCompositionResult;
+    // Runs prepare frame in another thread while running client composition using
+    // the previous frame's composition strategy.
+    virtual GpuCompositionResult prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
     virtual void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
-    virtual void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
+    virtual void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) = 0;
     virtual std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
-            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) = 0;
+            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&) = 0;
     virtual void postFramebuffer() = 0;
     virtual void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
-    virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
+    virtual std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>
+    chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
+    virtual void applyCompositionStrategy(
+            const std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>& changes) = 0;
     virtual bool getSkipColorTransform() const = 0;
     virtual FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() = 0;
     virtual std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
@@ -295,6 +309,7 @@
             std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) = 0;
     virtual void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) = 0;
     virtual void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
+    virtual bool canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
index daee83b..9ee779c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@
 
     // Debugging - gets the page flip count for the RenderSurface
     virtual std::uint32_t getPageFlipCount() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the render surface supports client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index c7984bd..3b8b06f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
@@ -51,18 +52,21 @@
     void setReleasedLayers(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void setColorTransform(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) override;
-    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+
+    using DeviceRequestedChanges = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges;
+    std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges> chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override;
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
     void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool) override;
-    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) override;
 
     // compositionengine::Display overrides
     DisplayId getId() const override;
     bool isSecure() const override;
     bool isVirtual() const override;
     void disconnect() override;
-    int32_t getPreferredBootModeId() const override;
+    int32_t getPreferredBootHwcConfigId() const override;
     void createDisplayColorProfile(
             const compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&) override;
     void createRenderSurface(const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) override;
@@ -73,7 +77,6 @@
     using DisplayRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::DisplayRequests;
     using LayerRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::LayerRequests;
     using ClientTargetProperty = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ClientTargetProperty;
-    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
     virtual bool allLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
     virtual void applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes&);
     virtual void applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests&);
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@
     DisplayId mId;
     bool mIsDisconnected = false;
     Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* mPowerAdvisor = nullptr;
-    int32_t mPreferredBootDisplayModeId = -1;
+    int32_t mPreferredBootHwcConfigId = -1;
 };
 
 // This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b1f50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+struct GpuCompositionResult {
+    // Composition ready fence.
+    base::unique_fd fence{};
+
+    // Buffer to be used for gpu composition. If gpu composition was not successful,
+    // then we want to reuse the buffer instead of dequeuing another buffer.
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
+
+    bool bufferAvailable() const { return buffer != nullptr; };
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11c0054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <future>
+#include <optional>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+// HWC Validate call may take multiple milliseconds to complete and can account for
+// a signification amount of time in the display hotpath. This helper class allows
+// us to run the hwc validate function on a real time thread if we can predict what
+// the composition strategy will be and if composition includes client composition.
+// While the hwc validate runs, client composition is kicked off with the prediction.
+// When the worker returns with a value, the composition continues if the prediction
+// was successful otherwise the client composition is re-executed.
+//
+// Note: This does not alter the sequence between HWC and surfaceflinger.
+class HwcAsyncWorker final {
+public:
+    HwcAsyncWorker();
+    ~HwcAsyncWorker();
+    // Runs the provided function which calls hwc validate and returns the requested
+    // device changes as a future.
+    std::future<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> send(
+            std::function<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>()>);
+
+private:
+    std::mutex mMutex;
+    std::condition_variable mCv GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    bool mDone GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
+    bool mTaskRequested GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
+    std::packaged_task<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>()> mTask
+            GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    std::thread mThread;
+    void run();
+};
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index a7a8e97..0be5d01 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -17,9 +17,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/ClientCompositionRequestCache.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 #include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
@@ -92,25 +96,38 @@
     void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void beginFrame() override;
     void prepareFrame() override;
+    GpuCompositionResult prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void devOptRepaintFlash(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
-    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
-    std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(
-            const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) override;
+    void finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&) override;
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> composeSurfaces(const Region&,
+                                                   const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                                                   std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>,
+                                                   base::unique_fd&) override;
     void postFramebuffer() override;
     void renderCachedSets(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
     void cacheClientCompositionRequests(uint32_t) override;
+    bool canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+    void setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool) override;
 
     // Testing
     const ReleasedLayers& getReleasedLayersForTest() const;
     void setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>);
     void setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>);
     bool plannerEnabled() const { return mPlanner != nullptr; }
+    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual void updateProtectedContentState();
+    virtual bool dequeueRenderBuffer(base::unique_fd*,
+                                     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*);
+    virtual std::future<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>>
+    chooseCompositionStrategyAsync();
 
 protected:
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
     std::optional<size_t> findCurrentOutputLayerForLayer(
             const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&) const;
-    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    using DeviceRequestedChanges = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges;
+    std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges> chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
+    void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override{};
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
@@ -131,6 +148,7 @@
 private:
     void dirtyEntireOutput();
     compositionengine::OutputLayer* findLayerRequestingBackgroundComposition() const;
+    void finishPrepareFrame();
     ui::Dataspace getBestDataspace(ui::Dataspace*, bool*) const;
     compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile pickColorProfile(
             const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) const;
@@ -144,6 +162,7 @@
     OutputLayer* mLayerRequestingBackgroundBlur = nullptr;
     std::unique_ptr<ClientCompositionRequestCache> mClientCompositionRequestCache;
     std::unique_ptr<planner::Planner> mPlanner;
+    std::unique_ptr<HwcAsyncWorker> mHwComposerAsyncWorker;
 };
 
 // This template factory function standardizes the implementation details of the
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index 66dd825..ade9b25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace compositionengine::impl {
@@ -114,6 +116,8 @@
     // Current target dataspace
     ui::Dataspace targetDataspace{ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN};
 
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> previousDeviceRequestedChanges{};
+
     // The earliest time to send the present command to the HAL
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point earliestPresentTime;
 
@@ -137,6 +141,18 @@
     // This is slightly distinct from nits, in that nits cannot be passed to hw composer.
     std::optional<float> displayBrightness = std::nullopt;
 
+    enum class CompositionStrategyPredictionState : uint32_t {
+        // Composition strategy prediction did not run for this frame.
+        DISABLED = 0,
+        // Composition strategy predicted successfully for this frame.
+        SUCCESS = 1,
+        // Composition strategy prediction failed for this frame.
+        FAIL = 2,
+    };
+
+    CompositionStrategyPredictionState strategyPrediction =
+            CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED;
+
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
index a8a5380..e4cb113 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
     void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override;
     void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override;
     void flip() override;
+    bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override;
 
     // Debugging
     void dump(std::string& result) const override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
index 84afb59..72e6f3b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
@@ -34,13 +34,14 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getId, DisplayId());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isSecure, bool());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isVirtual, bool());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPreferredBootModeId, int32_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPreferredBootHwcConfigId, int32_t());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(disconnect, void());
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(createDisplayColorProfile, void(const DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createRenderSurface, void(const RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createClientCompositionCache, void(uint32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setPredictCompositionStrategy, void(bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index b68b95d..27303a8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/GpuCompositionResult.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
@@ -99,16 +100,22 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(prepareFrameAsync, GpuCompositionResult(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy,
+                 std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyCompositionStrategy,
+                 void(const std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>&));
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(finishFrame,
+                 void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&, GpuCompositionResult&&));
 
-    MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+    MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                  std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
                          const Region&,
-                         const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs));
+                         const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                         std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getSkipColorTransform, bool());
 
     MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
@@ -121,6 +128,8 @@
                  void(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setExpensiveRenderingExpected, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(cacheClientCompositionRequests, void(uint32_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(canPredictCompositionStrategy, bool(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setPredictCompositionStrategy, void(bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
index fe858c2..e12aebb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(flip, void());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string& result));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPageFlipCount, std::uint32_t());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction, bool());
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 6390025..09648c3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     std::optional<hal::HWConfigId> preferredBootModeId =
             getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer().getPreferredBootDisplayMode(*physicalId);
     if (preferredBootModeId.has_value()) {
-        mPreferredBootDisplayModeId = static_cast<int32_t>(preferredBootModeId.value());
+        mPreferredBootHwcConfigId = static_cast<int32_t>(preferredBootModeId.value());
     }
 }
 
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@
     return mId;
 }
 
-int32_t Display::getPreferredBootModeId() const {
-    return mPreferredBootDisplayModeId;
+int32_t Display::getPreferredBootHwcConfigId() const {
+    return mPreferredBootHwcConfigId;
 }
 
 void Display::disconnect() {
@@ -221,12 +221,12 @@
     setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
 }
 
-void Display::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> Display::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
     if (mIsDisconnected) {
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     // Default to the base settings -- client composition only.
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
     // If we don't have a HWC display, then we are done.
     const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(mId);
     if (!halDisplayId) {
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
@@ -260,8 +260,13 @@
         result != NO_ERROR) {
         ALOGE("chooseCompositionStrategy failed for %s: %d (%s)", getName().c_str(), result,
               strerror(-result));
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
+
+    return changes;
+}
+
+void Display::applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>& changes) {
     if (changes) {
         applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes->changedTypes);
         applyDisplayRequests(changes->displayRequests);
@@ -287,12 +292,6 @@
     return hwc.hasCapability(Capability::SKIP_CLIENT_COLOR_TRANSFORM);
 }
 
-bool Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
-    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
-    return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
-                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
-}
-
 bool Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
     const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
     return std::all_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
@@ -390,7 +389,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Display::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+void Display::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+                          GpuCompositionResult&& result) {
     // We only need to actually compose the display if:
     // 1) It is being handled by hardware composer, which may need this to
     //    keep its virtual display state machine in sync, or
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    impl::Output::finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    impl::Output::finishFrame(refreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
index db6d4f2..28900af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DisplaySurface.cpp
@@ -20,4 +20,8 @@
 
 DisplaySurface::~DisplaySurface() = default;
 
+bool DisplaySurface::supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const {
+    return true;
+}
+
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..497424a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/HwcAsyncWorker.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
+#include <processgroup/sched_policy.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <system/thread_defs.h>
+
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <cutils/sched_policy.h>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+
+HwcAsyncWorker::HwcAsyncWorker() {
+    mThread = std::thread(&HwcAsyncWorker::run, this);
+    pthread_setname_np(mThread.native_handle(), "HwcAsyncWorker");
+}
+
+HwcAsyncWorker::~HwcAsyncWorker() {
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
+        mDone = true;
+        mCv.notify_all();
+    }
+    if (mThread.joinable()) {
+        mThread.join();
+    }
+}
+std::future<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> HwcAsyncWorker::send(
+        std::function<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>()> task) {
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLock(mMutex);
+    mTask = std::packaged_task<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>()>(
+            [task = std::move(task)]() { return task(); });
+    mTaskRequested = true;
+    mCv.notify_one();
+    return mTask.get_future();
+}
+
+void HwcAsyncWorker::run() {
+    set_sched_policy(0, SP_FOREGROUND);
+    struct sched_param param = {0};
+    param.sched_priority = 2;
+    sched_setscheduler(gettid(), SCHED_FIFO, &param);
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    android::base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLock(mMutex);
+    while (!mDone) {
+        mCv.wait(lock);
+        if (mTaskRequested && mTask.valid()) {
+            mTask();
+            mTaskRequested = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index ff332eb..e4bd325 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFE.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/HwcAsyncWorker.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@
 Output::~Output() = default;
 
 namespace impl {
-
+using CompositionStrategyPredictionState =
+        OutputCompositionState::CompositionStrategyPredictionState;
 namespace {
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -434,9 +436,17 @@
     writeCompositionState(refreshArgs);
     setColorTransform(refreshArgs);
     beginFrame();
-    prepareFrame();
+
+    GpuCompositionResult result;
+    const bool predictCompositionStrategy = canPredictCompositionStrategy(refreshArgs);
+    if (predictCompositionStrategy) {
+        result = prepareFrameAsync(refreshArgs);
+    } else {
+        prepareFrame();
+    }
+
     devOptRepaintFlash(refreshArgs);
-    finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    finishFrame(refreshArgs, std::move(result));
     postFramebuffer();
     renderCachedSets(refreshArgs);
 }
@@ -951,19 +961,64 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
-    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    auto& outputState = editState();
     if (!outputState.isEnabled) {
         return;
     }
 
-    chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    auto changes = chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    outputState.strategyPrediction = CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED;
+    outputState.previousDeviceRequestedChanges = changes;
+    if (changes) {
+        applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+    }
+    finishPrepareFrame();
+}
 
-    if (mPlanner) {
-        mPlanner->reportFinalPlan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+std::future<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>>
+Output::chooseCompositionStrategyAsync() {
+    return mHwComposerAsyncWorker->send([&]() { return chooseCompositionStrategy(); });
+}
+
+GpuCompositionResult Output::prepareFrameAsync(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+    auto& state = editState();
+    const auto& previousChanges = state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges;
+    auto hwcResult = chooseCompositionStrategyAsync();
+    applyCompositionStrategy(previousChanges);
+    finishPrepareFrame();
+
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    updateProtectedContentState();
+    const bool dequeueSucceeded = dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer);
+    GpuCompositionResult compositionResult;
+    if (dequeueSucceeded) {
+        std::optional<base::unique_fd> optFd =
+                composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence);
+        if (optFd) {
+            compositionResult.fence = std::move(*optFd);
+        }
     }
 
-    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(outputState.usesClientComposition,
-                                 outputState.usesDeviceComposition);
+    auto changes = hwcResult.valid() ? hwcResult.get() : std::nullopt;
+    const bool predictionSucceeded = dequeueSucceeded && changes == previousChanges;
+    state.strategyPrediction = predictionSucceeded ? CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS
+                                                   : CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL;
+    if (!predictionSucceeded) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("CompositionStrategyPredictionMiss");
+        if (changes) {
+            applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+        }
+        finishPrepareFrame();
+        // Track the dequeued buffer to reuse so we don't need to dequeue another one.
+        compositionResult.buffer = buffer;
+    } else {
+        ATRACE_NAME("CompositionStrategyPredictionHit");
+    }
+    state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges = std::move(changes);
+    return compositionResult;
 }
 
 void Output::devOptRepaintFlash(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
@@ -973,7 +1028,11 @@
 
     if (getState().isEnabled) {
         if (const auto dirtyRegion = getDirtyRegion(); !dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
-            static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs));
+            base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+            updateProtectedContentState();
+            dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer);
+            static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence));
             mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
         }
     }
@@ -985,17 +1044,33 @@
     prepareFrame();
 }
 
-void Output::finishFrame(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+void Output::finishFrame(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, GpuCompositionResult&& result) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
-
-    if (!getState().isEnabled) {
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    if (!outputState.isEnabled) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // Repaint the framebuffer (if needed), getting the optional fence for when
-    // the composition completes.
-    auto optReadyFence = composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs);
+    std::optional<base::unique_fd> optReadyFence;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
+    if (outputState.strategyPrediction == CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS) {
+        optReadyFence = std::move(result.fence);
+    } else {
+        if (result.bufferAvailable()) {
+            buffer = std::move(result.buffer);
+            bufferFence = std::move(result.fence);
+        } else {
+            updateProtectedContentState();
+            if (!dequeueRenderBuffer(&bufferFence, &buffer)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        // Repaint the framebuffer (if needed), getting the optional fence for when
+        // the composition completes.
+        optReadyFence = composeSurfaces(Region::INVALID_REGION, refreshArgs, buffer, bufferFence);
+    }
     if (!optReadyFence) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1004,16 +1079,8 @@
     mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(std::move(*optReadyFence));
 }
 
-std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
-        const Region& debugRegion, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
-
+void Output::updateProtectedContentState() {
     const auto& outputState = getState();
-    OutputCompositionState& outputCompositionState = editState();
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
-                                                      outputState.usesClientComposition};
-
     auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
     const bool supportsProtectedContent = renderEngine.supportsProtectedContent();
 
@@ -1035,29 +1102,48 @@
     } else if (!outputState.isSecure && renderEngine.isProtected()) {
         renderEngine.useProtectedContext(false);
     }
+}
 
-    base::unique_fd fd;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+bool Output::dequeueRenderBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence,
+                                 std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>* tex) {
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
 
     // If we aren't doing client composition on this output, but do have a
     // flipClientTarget request for this frame on this output, we still need to
     // dequeue a buffer.
-    if (hasClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
-        tex = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(&fd);
-        if (tex == nullptr) {
+    if (outputState.usesClientComposition || outputState.flipClientTarget) {
+        *tex = mRenderSurface->dequeueBuffer(bufferFence);
+        if (*tex == nullptr) {
             ALOGW("Dequeuing buffer for display [%s] failed, bailing out of "
                   "client composition for this frame",
                   mName.c_str());
-            return {};
+            return false;
         }
     }
+    return true;
+}
 
+std::optional<base::unique_fd> Output::composeSurfaces(
+        const Region& debugRegion, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
+        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex, base::unique_fd& fd) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
+                                                      outputState.usesClientComposition};
     if (!hasClientComposition) {
         setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
         return base::unique_fd();
     }
 
+    if (tex == nullptr) {
+        ALOGW("Buffer not valid for display [%s], bailing out of "
+              "client composition for this frame",
+              mName.c_str());
+        return {};
+    }
+
     ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
@@ -1085,6 +1171,8 @@
             outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
 
     // Generate the client composition requests for the layers on this output.
+    auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
+    const bool supportsProtectedContent = renderEngine.supportsProtectedContent();
     std::vector<LayerFE*> clientCompositionLayersFE;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers =
             generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent,
@@ -1092,16 +1180,19 @@
                                               clientCompositionLayersFE);
     appendRegionFlashRequests(debugRegion, clientCompositionLayers);
 
+    OutputCompositionState& outputCompositionState = editState();
     // Check if the client composition requests were rendered into the provided graphic buffer. If
     // so, we can reuse the buffer and avoid client composition.
     if (mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
         if (mClientCompositionRequestCache->exists(tex->getBuffer()->getId(),
                                                    clientCompositionDisplay,
                                                    clientCompositionLayers)) {
+            ATRACE_NAME("ClientCompositionCacheHit");
             outputCompositionState.reusedClientComposition = true;
             setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
             return base::unique_fd();
         }
+        ATRACE_NAME("ClientCompositionCacheMiss");
         mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(tex->getBuffer()->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
                                             clientCompositionLayers);
     }
@@ -1349,12 +1440,13 @@
     outputState.dirtyRegion.set(outputState.displaySpace.getBoundsAsRect());
 }
 
-void Output::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> Output::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
     // The base output implementation can only do client composition
     auto& outputState = editState();
     outputState.usesClientComposition = true;
     outputState.usesDeviceComposition = false;
     outputState.reusedClientComposition = false;
+    return {};
 }
 
 bool Output::getSkipColorTransform() const {
@@ -1369,5 +1461,63 @@
     return result;
 }
 
+void Output::setPredictCompositionStrategy(bool predict) {
+    if (predict) {
+        mHwComposerAsyncWorker = std::make_unique<HwcAsyncWorker>();
+    } else {
+        mHwComposerAsyncWorker.reset(nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+bool Output::canPredictCompositionStrategy(const CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
+    if (!getState().isEnabled || !mHwComposerAsyncWorker) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy disabled");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!getState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy previous changes not available");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!mRenderSurface->supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction()) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy surface does not support");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // If no layer uses clientComposition, then don't predict composition strategy
+    // because we have less work to do in parallel.
+    if (!anyLayersRequireClientComposition()) {
+        ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy no layer uses clientComposition");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("canPredictCompositionStrategy updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame");
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool Output::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::any_of(layers.begin(), layers.end(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+void Output::finishPrepareFrame() {
+    const auto& state = getState();
+    if (mPlanner) {
+        mPlanner->reportFinalPlan(getOutputLayersOrderedByZ());
+    }
+    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(state.usesClientComposition, state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
index 482250a..7188281 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,19 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl {
+using CompositionStrategyPredictionState =
+        OutputCompositionState::CompositionStrategyPredictionState;
+
+std::string toString(CompositionStrategyPredictionState state) {
+    switch (state) {
+        case CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED:
+            return "Disabled";
+        case CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS:
+            return "Success";
+        case CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL:
+            return "Fail";
+    }
+}
 
 void OutputCompositionState::dump(std::string& out) const {
     out.append("   ");
@@ -56,6 +69,7 @@
     dumpVal(out, "sdrWhitePointNits", sdrWhitePointNits);
     dumpVal(out, "clientTargetBrightness", clientTargetBrightness);
     dumpVal(out, "displayBrightness", displayBrightness);
+    dumpVal(out, "compositionStrategyPredictionState", toString(strategyPrediction));
 
     out.append("\n");
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
index 12c2c8e..5a3af7b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
@@ -289,5 +289,9 @@
     return mTexture;
 }
 
+bool RenderSurface::supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const {
+    return mDisplaySurface->supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction();
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index cd03235..36b04d9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
 
@@ -198,6 +200,22 @@
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
                                               getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
+
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges mDeviceRequestedChanges{
+            {{nullptr, Composition::CLIENT}},
+            hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET,
+            {{nullptr, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET}},
+            {hal::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, hal::Dataspace::UNKNOWN},
+            -1.f,
+    };
+
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy(Display* display) {
+        std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes =
+                display->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+        if (changes) {
+            display->applyCompositionStrategy(changes);
+        }
+    }
 };
 
 struct FullDisplayImplTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
@@ -214,6 +232,11 @@
                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer2.outputLayer));
         mDisplay->injectOutputLayerForTest(
                 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer>(mLayer3.outputLayer));
+        mResultWithBuffer.buffer = std::make_shared<
+                renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1U /*width*/, 1U /*height*/,
+                                                         1ULL /* bufferId */,
+                                                         HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                                         0ULL /*usage*/);
     }
 
     Layer mLayer1;
@@ -222,6 +245,8 @@
     StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2LayerUnknown;
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
             createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult mResultWithBuffer;
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult mResultWithoutBuffer;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -554,7 +579,7 @@
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, args);
     EXPECT_TRUE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(gpuDisplay->getId()));
 
-    gpuDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(gpuDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = gpuDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -567,11 +592,12 @@
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), false, _, _, _, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.previousDeviceRequestedChanges.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperation) {
@@ -588,10 +614,16 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            .WillOnce(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<5>(mDeviceRequestedChanges),
+                                     Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.changedTypes))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(mDeviceRequestedChanges.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.layerRequests))
+            .Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -618,11 +650,17 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            .WillOnce(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<5>(mDeviceRequestedChanges),
+                                     Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.changedTypes))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(mDeviceRequestedChanges.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.layerRequests))
+            .Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
     mDisplay->setNextBrightness(kDisplayBrightness);
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -631,14 +669,6 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperationWithChanges) {
-    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges changes{
-            {{nullptr, Composition::CLIENT}},
-            hal::DisplayRequest::FLIP_CLIENT_TARGET,
-            {{nullptr, hal::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET}},
-            {hal::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888, hal::Dataspace::UNKNOWN},
-            -1.f,
-    };
-
     // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return
     // values, use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known
     // order.
@@ -652,13 +682,15 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer,
                 getDeviceCompositionChanges(HalDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID), true, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<5>(changes), Return(NO_ERROR)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes.changedTypes)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(changes.displayRequests)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes.layerRequests)).Times(1);
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<5>(mDeviceRequestedChanges), Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.changedTypes))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(mDeviceRequestedChanges.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(mDeviceRequestedChanges.layerRequests))
+            .Times(1);
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
-    mDisplay->chooseCompositionStrategy();
+    chooseCompositionStrategy(mDisplay.get());
 
     auto& state = mDisplay->getState();
     EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
@@ -922,7 +954,7 @@
     mDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     mDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    mDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    mDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithBuffer));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, skipsCompositionIfNotDirty) {
@@ -940,7 +972,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithoutBuffer));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfDirty) {
@@ -957,7 +989,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.setContent(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({}, std::move(mResultWithBuffer));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index c2521b2..0c5ea79 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
@@ -73,6 +74,9 @@
 constexpr OutputColorSetting kVendorSpecifiedOutputColorSetting =
         static_cast<OutputColorSetting>(0x100);
 
+using CompositionStrategyPredictionState = android::compositionengine::impl::
+        OutputCompositionState::CompositionStrategyPredictionState;
+
 struct OutputPartialMockBase : public impl::Output {
     // compositionengine::Output overrides
     const OutputCompositionState& getState() const override { return mState; }
@@ -989,7 +993,7 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>());
     };
 
     OutputPrepareFrameTest() {
@@ -1020,6 +1024,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
 
     mOutput.prepareFrame();
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput.getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED);
 }
 
 // Note: Use OutputTest and not OutputPrepareFrameTest, so the real
@@ -1035,6 +1040,134 @@
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().usesClientComposition);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->getState().usesDeviceComposition);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput->getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED);
+}
+
+struct OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
+        // mock implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
+        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategyAsync,
+                     std::future<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>>());
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
+                     std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
+    };
+
+    OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
+    CompositionRefreshArgs mRefreshArgs;
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, delegatesToChooseCompositionStrategyAndRenderSurface) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> p;
+    p.set_value(mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync()).WillOnce([&] { return p.get_future(); });
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput.getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, skipCompositionOnDequeueFailure) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> p;
+    p.set_value(mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync()).WillOnce([&] { return p.get_future(); });
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput.getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+// Tests that in the event of hwc error when choosing composition strategy, we would fall back
+// client composition
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, chooseCompositionStrategyFailureCallsPrepareFrame) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    std::promise<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> p;
+    p.set_value({});
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(tex), Return(true)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync()).WillOnce([&] { return p.get_future(); });
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput.getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.bufferAvailable());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameAsyncTest, predictionMiss) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+    mOutput.editState().previousDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    auto newDeviceRequestedChanges =
+            std::make_optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>({});
+    newDeviceRequestedChanges->clientTargetBrightness = 5.f;
+    std::promise<std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>> p;
+    p.set_value(newDeviceRequestedChanges);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(0u));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(tex), Return(true)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true)).Times(2);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategyAsync()).WillOnce([&] { return p.get_future(); });
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(_, Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result = mOutput.prepareFrameAsync(mRefreshArgs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mOutput.getState().strategyPrediction, CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(result.bufferAvailable());
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1795,10 +1928,14 @@
         MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(beginFrame, void());
         MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(prepareFrameAsync, GpuCompositionResult(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
         MOCK_METHOD1(devOptRepaintFlash, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
-        MOCK_METHOD1(finishFrame, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD2(finishFrame,
+                     void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                          GpuCompositionResult&&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
         MOCK_METHOD1(renderCachedSets, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(canPredictCompositionStrategy, bool(const CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     };
 
     StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput;
@@ -1814,9 +1951,30 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, writeCompositionState(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, canPredictCompositionStrategy(Ref(args))).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets(Ref(args)));
+
+    mOutput.present(args);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPresentTest, predictingCompositionStrategyInvokesPrepareFrameAsync) {
+    CompositionRefreshArgs args;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateColorProfile(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, planComposition());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, writeCompositionState(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setColorTransform(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, beginFrame());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, canPredictCompositionStrategy(Ref(args))).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrameAsync(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, devOptRepaintFlash(Ref(args)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, finishFrame(Ref(args), _));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, renderCachedSets(Ref(args)));
 
@@ -2714,11 +2872,15 @@
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
         MOCK_METHOD(Region, getDirtyRegion, (), (const));
-        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                      std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
-                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
         MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
     };
 
     OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest() {
@@ -2775,7 +2937,9 @@
 
     InSequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion()).WillOnce(Return(kNotEmptyRegion));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs), _, _));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
@@ -2791,10 +2955,14 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
+        MOCK_METHOD4(composeSurfaces,
                      std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
-                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
+                             const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&,
+                             std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>, base::unique_fd&));
         MOCK_METHOD0(postFramebuffer, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD0(updateProtectedContentState, void());
+        MOCK_METHOD2(dequeueRenderBuffer,
+                     bool(base::unique_fd*, std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>*));
     };
 
     OutputFinishFrameTest() {
@@ -2812,27 +2980,62 @@
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, ifNotEnabledDoesNothing) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
 
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, takesEarlyOutifComposeSurfacesReturnsNoFence) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, _, _));
 
-    InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _));
-
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, queuesBufferIfComposeSurfacesReturnsAFence) {
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
 
     InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, updateProtectedContentState());
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, dequeueRenderBuffer(_, _)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, _, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(base::unique_fd())));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
 
-    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs);
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, predictionSucceeded) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.mState.strategyPrediction = CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS;
+    InSequence seq;
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputFinishFrameTest, predictionFailedAndBufferIsReused) {
+    mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.mState.strategyPrediction = CompositionStrategyPredictionState::FAIL;
+
+    InSequence seq;
+
+    impl::GpuCompositionResult result;
+    result.buffer =
+            std::make_shared<renderengine::mock::FakeExternalTexture>(1, 1,
+                                                                      HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
+                                                                      2);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput,
+                composeSurfaces(RegionEq(Region::INVALID_REGION), _, result.buffer,
+                                Eq(ByRef(result.fence))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(base::unique_fd())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
+    mOutput.finishFrame(mRefreshArgs, std::move(result));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3079,8 +3282,15 @@
 
     struct ExecuteState : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExecuteState> {
         auto execute() {
-            getInstance()->mReadyFence =
-                    getInstance()->mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+            base::unique_fd fence;
+            std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> externalTexture;
+            const bool success =
+                    getInstance()->mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fence, &externalTexture);
+            if (success) {
+                getInstance()->mReadyFence =
+                        getInstance()->mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs,
+                                                               externalTexture, fence);
+            }
             return nextState<FenceCheckState>();
         }
     };
@@ -3641,7 +3851,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifRenderEngineDoesNotSupportIt) {
@@ -3649,7 +3863,11 @@
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNoProtectedContentLayers) {
@@ -3661,7 +3879,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(false));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNotEnabled) {
@@ -3683,7 +3905,11 @@
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledEverywhere) {
@@ -3693,7 +3919,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifFailsToEnableInRenderEngine) {
@@ -3704,7 +3934,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderEngine) {
@@ -3715,7 +3949,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderSurface) {
@@ -3726,7 +3964,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, useProtectedContext(true));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering : public OutputComposeSurfacesTest {
@@ -3755,7 +3997,11 @@
             .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
                     futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 struct OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur
@@ -3790,7 +4036,12 @@
     mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_SetsExpensiveRendering_ForBlur, IfBlursAreNotExpensive) {
@@ -3800,7 +4051,12 @@
     mOutput.writeCompositionState(mRefreshArgs);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true)).Times(0);
-    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs);
+
+    base::unique_fd fd;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> tex;
+    mOutput.updateProtectedContentState();
+    mOutput.dequeueRenderBuffer(&fd, &tex);
+    mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, mRefreshArgs, tex, fd);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index eef0052..610d86f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
                 static_cast<uint32_t>(SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers));
     }
 
+    mCompositionDisplay->setPredictCompositionStrategy(mFlinger->mPredictCompositionStrategy);
     mCompositionDisplay->createDisplayColorProfile(
             compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgsBuilder()
                     .setHasWideColorGamut(args.hasWideColorGamut)
@@ -235,6 +236,15 @@
     return nullptr;
 }
 
+DisplayModePtr DisplayDevice::getModefromHwcId(uint32_t hwcId) const {
+    const auto it = std::find_if(mSupportedModes.begin(), mSupportedModes.end(),
+                                 [&](DisplayModePtr mode) { return mode->getHwcId() == hwcId; });
+    if (it != mSupportedModes.end()) {
+        return *it;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
 nsecs_t DisplayDevice::getVsyncPeriodFromHWC() const {
     const auto physicalId = getPhysicalId();
     if (!mHwComposer.isConnected(physicalId)) {
@@ -460,7 +470,13 @@
 }
 
 ui::DisplayModeId DisplayDevice::getPreferredBootModeId() const {
-    return mCompositionDisplay->getPreferredBootModeId();
+    const auto preferredBootHwcModeId = mCompositionDisplay->getPreferredBootHwcConfigId();
+    const auto mode = getModefromHwcId(preferredBootHwcModeId);
+    if (mode == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("%s: invalid display mode (%d)", __FUNCTION__, preferredBootHwcModeId);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    return mode->getId().value();
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool showSpinnner) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index bf6b31a..690f240 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -232,6 +232,9 @@
     // set-top boxes after a hotplug reconnect.
     DisplayModePtr getMode(DisplayModeId) const;
 
+    // Returns nullptr if the given mode ID is not supported.
+    DisplayModePtr getModefromHwcId(uint32_t) const;
+
     // Returns the refresh rate configs for this display.
     scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& refreshRateConfigs() const { return *mRefreshRateConfigs; }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index 5b2e265..a8d439b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -269,6 +269,14 @@
                     support) = 0;
 };
 
+static inline bool operator==(const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& lhs,
+                              const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& rhs) {
+    return lhs.changedTypes == rhs.changedTypes && lhs.displayRequests == rhs.displayRequests &&
+            lhs.layerRequests == rhs.layerRequests &&
+            lhs.clientTargetProperty == rhs.clientTargetProperty &&
+            lhs.clientTargetBrightness == rhs.clientTargetBrightness;
+}
+
 namespace impl {
 
 class HWComposer final : public android::HWComposer {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
index 307da41..e21095a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@
     virtual void dumpAsString(String8& result) const;
     virtual void resizeBuffers(const ui::Size&) override;
     virtual const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const override;
+    // Virtual display surface needs to prepare the frame based on composition type. Skip
+    // any client composition prediction.
+    virtual bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override { return false; };
 
 private:
     enum Source : size_t {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 91b479b..416725b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::DisplayDecorationSupport;
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability;
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::DisplayCapability;
+using CompositionStrategyPredictionState = android::compositionengine::impl::
+        OutputCompositionState::CompositionStrategyPredictionState;
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -480,6 +482,9 @@
     property_get("debug.sf.disable_client_composition_cache", value, "0");
     mDisableClientCompositionCache = atoi(value);
 
+    property_get("debug.sf.predict_hwc_composition_strategy", value, "0");
+    mPredictCompositionStrategy = atoi(value);
+
     // We should be reading 'persist.sys.sf.color_saturation' here
     // but since /data may be encrypted, we need to wait until after vold
     // comes online to attempt to read the property. The property is
@@ -500,6 +505,8 @@
     if (!mIsUserBuild && base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.enable_transaction_tracing"s, true)) {
         mTransactionTracing.emplace();
     }
+
+    mIgnoreHdrCameraLayers = ignore_hdr_camera_layers(false);
 }
 
 LatchUnsignaledConfig SurfaceFlinger::getLatchUnsignaledConfig() {
@@ -1436,8 +1443,15 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setBootDisplayMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayModeId id) {
     auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() MAIN_THREAD -> status_t {
-        if (const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken)) {
-            return getHwComposer().setBootDisplayMode(*displayId, id);
+        if (const auto displayDevice = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
+            const auto mode = displayDevice->getMode(DisplayModeId{id});
+            if (mode == nullptr) {
+                ALOGE("%s: invalid display mode (%d)", __FUNCTION__, id);
+                return BAD_VALUE;
+            }
+
+            return getHwComposer().setBootDisplayMode(displayDevice->getPhysicalId(),
+                                                      mode->getHwcId());
         } else {
             ALOGE("%s: Invalid display token %p", __FUNCTION__, displayToken.get());
             return BAD_VALUE;
@@ -2258,24 +2272,24 @@
 
     const bool prevFrameHadClientComposition = mHadClientComposition;
 
-    mHadClientComposition = std::any_of(displays.cbegin(), displays.cend(), [](const auto& pair) {
-        const auto& state = pair.second->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
-        return state.usesClientComposition && !state.reusedClientComposition;
-    });
-    mHadDeviceComposition = std::any_of(displays.cbegin(), displays.cend(), [](const auto& pair) {
-        const auto& state = pair.second->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
-        return state.usesDeviceComposition;
-    });
-    mReusedClientComposition =
-            std::any_of(displays.cbegin(), displays.cend(), [](const auto& pair) {
-                const auto& state = pair.second->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
-                return state.reusedClientComposition;
-            });
-    // Only report a strategy change if we move in and out of client composition
-    if (prevFrameHadClientComposition != mHadClientComposition) {
-        mTimeStats->incrementCompositionStrategyChanges();
+    mHadClientComposition = mHadDeviceComposition = mReusedClientComposition = false;
+    TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord clientCompositionRecord;
+    for (const auto& [_, display] : displays) {
+        const auto& state = display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState();
+        mHadClientComposition |= state.usesClientComposition && !state.reusedClientComposition;
+        mHadDeviceComposition |= state.usesDeviceComposition;
+        mReusedClientComposition |= state.reusedClientComposition;
+        clientCompositionRecord.predicted |=
+                (state.strategyPrediction != CompositionStrategyPredictionState::DISABLED);
+        clientCompositionRecord.predictionSucceeded |=
+                (state.strategyPrediction == CompositionStrategyPredictionState::SUCCESS);
     }
 
+    clientCompositionRecord.hadClientComposition = mHadClientComposition;
+    clientCompositionRecord.reused = mReusedClientComposition;
+    clientCompositionRecord.changed = prevFrameHadClientComposition != mHadClientComposition;
+    mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState(clientCompositionRecord);
+
     // TODO: b/160583065 Enable skip validation when SF caches all client composition layers
     const bool usedGpuComposition = mHadClientComposition || mReusedClientComposition;
     modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onDisplayRefresh, usedGpuComposition);
@@ -2376,6 +2390,19 @@
     getBE().mCompositorTiming.presentLatency = snappedCompositeToPresentLatency;
 }
 
+bool SurfaceFlinger::isHdrLayer(Layer* layer) const {
+    if (!isHdrDataspace(layer->getDataSpace())) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (mIgnoreHdrCameraLayers) {
+        auto buffer = layer->getBuffer();
+        if (buffer && (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_CAMERA_WRITE) != 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::postComposition() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("postComposition");
@@ -2461,7 +2488,7 @@
             mDrawingState.traverse([&, compositionDisplay = compositionDisplay](Layer* layer) {
                 const auto layerFe = layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE();
                 if (layer->isVisible() && compositionDisplay->includesLayer(layerFe)) {
-                    if (isHdrDataspace(layer->getDataSpace())) {
+                    if (isHdrLayer(layer)) {
                         const auto* outputLayer =
                             compositionDisplay->getOutputLayerForLayer(layerFe);
                         if (outputLayer) {
@@ -2517,13 +2544,6 @@
     }
 
     mTimeStats->incrementTotalFrames();
-    if (mHadClientComposition) {
-        mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionFrames();
-    }
-
-    if (mReusedClientComposition) {
-        mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames();
-    }
 
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(mPreviousPresentFences[0].fenceTime);
 
@@ -3937,24 +3957,6 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::queueTransaction(TransactionState& state) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mQueueLock);
 
-    // If its TransactionQueue already has a pending TransactionState or if it is pending
-    auto itr = mPendingTransactionQueues.find(state.applyToken);
-    // if this is an animation frame, wait until prior animation frame has
-    // been applied by SF
-    if (state.flags & eAnimation) {
-        while (itr != mPendingTransactionQueues.end()) {
-            status_t err =
-                    mTransactionQueueCV.waitRelative(mQueueLock, mAnimationTransactionTimeout);
-            if (CC_UNLIKELY(err != NO_ERROR)) {
-                ALOGW_IF(err == TIMED_OUT,
-                         "setTransactionState timed out "
-                         "waiting for animation frame to apply");
-                break;
-            }
-            itr = mPendingTransactionQueues.find(state.applyToken);
-        }
-    }
-
     // Generate a CountDownLatch pending state if this is a synchronous transaction.
     if ((state.flags & eSynchronous) || state.inputWindowCommands.syncInputWindows) {
         state.transactionCommittedSignal = std::make_shared<CountDownLatch>(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index f49bf5d..5829838 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -344,6 +344,11 @@
     void disableExpensiveRendering();
     FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds();
 
+    // If set, composition engine tries to predict the composition strategy provided by HWC
+    // based on the previous frame. If the strategy can be predicted, gpu composition will
+    // run parallel to the hwc validateDisplay call and re-run if the predition is incorrect.
+    bool mPredictCompositionStrategy = false;
+
 protected:
     // We're reference counted, never destroy SurfaceFlinger directly
     virtual ~SurfaceFlinger();
@@ -1131,6 +1136,8 @@
     void updateInternalDisplayVsyncLocked(const sp<DisplayDevice>& activeDisplay)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
+    bool isHdrLayer(Layer* layer) const;
+
     sp<StartPropertySetThread> mStartPropertySetThread;
     surfaceflinger::Factory& mFactory;
     pid_t mPid;
@@ -1179,6 +1186,7 @@
     // Used to ensure we omit a callback when HDR layer info listener is newly added but the
     // scene hasn't changed
     bool mAddingHDRLayerInfoListener = false;
+    bool mIgnoreHdrCameraLayers = false;
 
     // Set during transaction application stage to track if the input info or children
     // for a layer has changed.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
index 16f6e31..20fa091 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
@@ -371,5 +371,9 @@
     return SurfaceFlingerProperties::enable_layer_caching().value_or(defaultValue);
 }
 
+bool ignore_hdr_camera_layers(bool defaultValue) {
+    return SurfaceFlingerProperties::ignore_hdr_camera_layers().value_or(defaultValue);
+}
+
 } // namespace sysprop
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
index 8d0e426..080feee 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@
 
 bool enable_sdr_dimming(bool defaultValue);
 
+bool ignore_hdr_camera_layers(bool defaultValue);
+
 } // namespace sysprop
 } // namespace android
 #endif // SURFACEFLINGERPROPERTIES_H_
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
index b1a2bda..e5a9dd4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
@@ -321,22 +321,19 @@
     mTimeStats.missedFramesLegacy++;
 }
 
-void TimeStats::incrementClientCompositionFrames() {
-    if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
+void TimeStats::pushCompositionStrategyState(const TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord& record) {
+    if (!mEnabled.load() || !record.hasInterestingData()) {
+        return;
+    }
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    mTimeStats.clientCompositionFramesLegacy++;
-}
-
-void TimeStats::incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames() {
-    if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
-
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    mTimeStats.clientCompositionReusedFramesLegacy++;
+    if (record.changed) mTimeStats.compositionStrategyChangesLegacy++;
+    if (record.hadClientComposition) mTimeStats.clientCompositionFramesLegacy++;
+    if (record.reused) mTimeStats.clientCompositionReusedFramesLegacy++;
+    if (record.predicted) mTimeStats.compositionStrategyPredictedLegacy++;
+    if (record.predictionSucceeded) mTimeStats.compositionStrategyPredictionSucceededLegacy++;
 }
 
 void TimeStats::incrementRefreshRateSwitches() {
@@ -348,15 +345,6 @@
     mTimeStats.refreshRateSwitchesLegacy++;
 }
 
-void TimeStats::incrementCompositionStrategyChanges() {
-    if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
-
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    mTimeStats.compositionStrategyChangesLegacy++;
-}
-
 void TimeStats::recordDisplayEventConnectionCount(int32_t count) {
     if (!mEnabled.load()) return;
 
@@ -1062,8 +1050,10 @@
     mTimeStats.missedFramesLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.clientCompositionFramesLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.clientCompositionReusedFramesLegacy = 0;
-    mTimeStats.refreshRateSwitchesLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.compositionStrategyChangesLegacy = 0;
+    mTimeStats.compositionStrategyPredictedLegacy = 0;
+    mTimeStats.compositionStrategyPredictionSucceededLegacy = 0;
+    mTimeStats.refreshRateSwitchesLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.displayEventConnectionsCountLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.displayOnTimeLegacy = 0;
     mTimeStats.presentToPresentLegacy.hist.clear();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
index 77c7973..7a159b8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     virtual ~TimeStats() = default;
 
     // Process a pull request from statsd.
-    virtual bool onPullAtom(const int atomId, std::string* pulledData);
+    virtual bool onPullAtom(const int atomId, std::string* pulledData) = 0;
 
     virtual void parseArgs(bool asProto, const Vector<String16>& args, std::string& result) = 0;
     virtual bool isEnabled() = 0;
@@ -53,14 +53,8 @@
 
     virtual void incrementTotalFrames() = 0;
     virtual void incrementMissedFrames() = 0;
-    virtual void incrementClientCompositionFrames() = 0;
-    virtual void incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames() = 0;
     // Increments the number of times the display refresh rate changed.
     virtual void incrementRefreshRateSwitches() = 0;
-    // Increments the number of changes in composition strategy
-    // The intention is to reflect the number of changes between hwc and gpu
-    // composition, where "gpu composition" may also include mixed composition.
-    virtual void incrementCompositionStrategyChanges() = 0;
     // Records the most up-to-date count of display event connections.
     // The stored count will be the maximum ever recoded.
     virtual void recordDisplayEventConnectionCount(int32_t count) = 0;
@@ -158,6 +152,24 @@
         }
     };
 
+    struct ClientCompositionRecord {
+        // Frame had client composition or mixed composition
+        bool hadClientComposition = false;
+        // Composition changed between hw composition and mixed/client composition
+        bool changed = false;
+        // Frame reused the client composition result from a previous frame
+        bool reused = false;
+        // Composition strategy predicted for frame
+        bool predicted = false;
+        // Composition strategy prediction succeeded
+        bool predictionSucceeded = false;
+
+        // Whether there is data we want to record.
+        bool hasInterestingData() const {
+            return hadClientComposition || changed || reused || predicted;
+        }
+    };
+
     virtual void incrementJankyFrames(const JankyFramesInfo& info) = 0;
     // Clean up the layer record
     virtual void onDestroy(int32_t layerId) = 0;
@@ -169,6 +181,7 @@
     // Source of truth is RefrehRateStats.
     virtual void recordRefreshRate(uint32_t fps, nsecs_t duration) = 0;
     virtual void setPresentFenceGlobal(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence) = 0;
+    virtual void pushCompositionStrategyState(const ClientCompositionRecord&) = 0;
 };
 
 namespace impl {
@@ -236,10 +249,7 @@
 
     void incrementTotalFrames() override;
     void incrementMissedFrames() override;
-    void incrementClientCompositionFrames() override;
-    void incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames() override;
     void incrementRefreshRateSwitches() override;
-    void incrementCompositionStrategyChanges() override;
     void recordDisplayEventConnectionCount(int32_t count) override;
 
     void recordFrameDuration(nsecs_t startTime, nsecs_t endTime) override;
@@ -275,6 +285,8 @@
     void recordRefreshRate(uint32_t fps, nsecs_t duration) override;
     void setPresentFenceGlobal(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence) override;
 
+    void pushCompositionStrategyState(const ClientCompositionRecord&) override;
+
     static const size_t MAX_NUM_TIME_RECORDS = 64;
 
 private:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
index 69afa2a..cf1ca65 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.cpp
@@ -143,6 +143,14 @@
                   clientCompositionReusedFramesLegacy);
     StringAppendF(&result, "refreshRateSwitches = %d\n", refreshRateSwitchesLegacy);
     StringAppendF(&result, "compositionStrategyChanges = %d\n", compositionStrategyChangesLegacy);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "compositionStrategyPredicted = %d\n",
+                  compositionStrategyPredictedLegacy);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "compositionStrategyPredictionSucceeded = %d\n",
+                  compositionStrategyPredictionSucceededLegacy);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "compositionStrategyPredictionFailed = %d\n",
+                  compositionStrategyPredictedLegacy -
+                          compositionStrategyPredictionSucceededLegacy);
+
     StringAppendF(&result, "displayOnTime = %" PRId64 " ms\n", displayOnTimeLegacy);
     StringAppendF(&result, "displayConfigStats is as below:\n");
     for (const auto& [fps, duration] : refreshRateStatsLegacy) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
index 438561c..237ae8d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/timestatsproto/include/timestatsproto/TimeStatsHelper.h
@@ -178,6 +178,8 @@
         Histogram frameDurationLegacy;
         Histogram renderEngineTimingLegacy;
         std::unordered_map<uint32_t, nsecs_t> refreshRateStatsLegacy;
+        int32_t compositionStrategyPredictedLegacy = 0;
+        int32_t compositionStrategyPredictionSucceededLegacy = 0;
 
         std::unordered_map<TimelineStatsKey, TimelineStats, TimelineStatsKey::Hasher> stats;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
index 7702ea2..bcbe21a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
@@ -461,4 +461,13 @@
     scope: Public
     access: Readonly
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.enable_sdr_dimming"
+}
+
+# Ignores Camera layers when calculating HDR coverage information
+prop {
+    api_name: "ignore_hdr_camera_layers"
+    type: Boolean
+    scope: Public
+    access: Readonly
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.ignore_hdr_camera_layers"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
index bf1e7e2..348a462 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.has_wide_color_display"
   }
   prop {
+    api_name: "ignore_hdr_camera_layers"
+    prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.ignore_hdr_camera_layers"
+  }
+  prop {
     api_name: "max_frame_buffer_acquired_buffers"
     type: Long
     prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.max_frame_buffer_acquired_buffers"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff3e1c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "transactiontrace_testsuite",
+    defaults: [
+        "libsurfaceflinger_mocks_defaults",
+        "surfaceflinger_defaults",
+        "skia_renderengine_deps",
+    ],
+    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    sanitize: {
+        address: false,
+    },
+    srcs: [
+        ":libsurfaceflinger_sources",
+        ":libsurfaceflinger_mock_sources",
+        ":layertracegenerator_sources",
+        "TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libc++fs",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libsurfaceflinger_mocks_headers",
+        "layertracegenerator_headers",
+    ],
+    data: ["testdata/*"],
+}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/AndroidTest.xml b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0aeb35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Config for transactiontrace_testsuite">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push"
+        value="transactiontrace_testsuite->/data/local/tmp/transactiontrace_testsuite" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="transactiontrace_testsuite" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac4354c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <LayerTraceGenerator.h>
+#include <Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h>
+#include <layerproto/LayerProtoHeader.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+using namespace android::surfaceflinger;
+
+namespace android {
+
+class TransactionTraceTestSuite : public testing::Test,
+                                  public testing::WithParamInterface<std::filesystem::path> {
+public:
+    static std::vector<std::filesystem::path> sTransactionTraces;
+    static constexpr std::string_view sTransactionTracePrefix = "transactions_trace_";
+    static constexpr std::string_view sLayersTracePrefix = "layers_trace_";
+    static constexpr std::string_view sTracePostfix = ".winscope";
+
+    proto::TransactionTraceFile mTransactionTrace;
+    LayersTraceFileProto mExpectedLayersTraceProto;
+    LayersTraceFileProto mActualLayersTraceProto;
+
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        std::filesystem::path transactionTracePath = GetParam();
+        parseTransactionTraceFromFile(transactionTracePath.c_str(), mTransactionTrace);
+
+        std::string expectedLayersFilename = std::string(sLayersTracePrefix) +
+                transactionTracePath.filename().string().substr(sTransactionTracePrefix.length());
+        std::string expectedLayersTracePath =
+                transactionTracePath.parent_path().string() + "/" + expectedLayersFilename;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::path(expectedLayersTracePath)));
+        parseLayersTraceFromFile(expectedLayersTracePath.c_str(), mExpectedLayersTraceProto);
+        TemporaryDir temp_dir;
+        std::string actualLayersTracePath =
+                std::string(temp_dir.path) + "/" + expectedLayersFilename + "_actual";
+
+        EXPECT_TRUE(
+                LayerTraceGenerator().generate(mTransactionTrace, actualLayersTracePath.c_str()))
+                << "Failed to generate layers trace from " << transactionTracePath;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(std::filesystem::exists(std::filesystem::path(actualLayersTracePath)));
+        parseLayersTraceFromFile(actualLayersTracePath.c_str(), mActualLayersTraceProto);
+    }
+
+    void parseTransactionTraceFromFile(const char* transactionTracePath,
+                                       proto::TransactionTraceFile& outProto) {
+        ALOGD("Parsing file %s...", transactionTracePath);
+        std::fstream input(transactionTracePath, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(input) << "Error could not open " << transactionTracePath;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(outProto.ParseFromIstream(&input))
+                << "Failed to parse " << transactionTracePath;
+    }
+
+    void parseLayersTraceFromFile(const char* layersTracePath, LayersTraceFileProto& outProto) {
+        ALOGD("Parsing file %s...", layersTracePath);
+        std::fstream input(layersTracePath, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(input) << "Error could not open " << layersTracePath;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(outProto.ParseFromIstream(&input)) << "Failed to parse " << layersTracePath;
+    }
+};
+
+std::vector<std::filesystem::path> TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTransactionTraces{};
+
+TEST_P(TransactionTraceTestSuite, validateEndState) {
+    ASSERT_GT(mActualLayersTraceProto.entry_size(), 0);
+    ASSERT_GT(mExpectedLayersTraceProto.entry_size(), 0);
+
+    auto expectedLastEntry =
+            mExpectedLayersTraceProto.entry(mExpectedLayersTraceProto.entry_size() - 1);
+    auto actualLastEntry = mActualLayersTraceProto.entry(mActualLayersTraceProto.entry_size() - 1);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(expectedLastEntry.layers().layers_size(), actualLastEntry.layers().layers_size());
+    for (int i = 0;
+         i < expectedLastEntry.layers().layers_size() && i < actualLastEntry.layers().layers_size();
+         i++) {
+        auto expectedLayer = expectedLastEntry.layers().layers(i);
+        auto actualLayer = actualLastEntry.layers().layers(i);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayer.id(), actualLayer.id());
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayer.name(), actualLayer.name());
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayer.parent(), actualLayer.parent());
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayer.z(), actualLayer.z());
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayer.curr_frame(), actualLayer.curr_frame());
+        ALOGV("Validating %s[%d] parent=%d z=%d frame=%" PRIu64, expectedLayer.name().c_str(),
+              expectedLayer.id(), expectedLayer.parent(), expectedLayer.z(),
+              expectedLayer.curr_frame());
+    }
+}
+
+std::string PrintToStringParamName(const ::testing::TestParamInfo<std::filesystem::path>& info) {
+    const auto& prefix = android::TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTransactionTracePrefix;
+    const auto& postfix = android::TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTracePostfix;
+
+    const auto& filename = info.param.filename().string();
+    return filename.substr(prefix.length(), filename.length() - prefix.length() - postfix.length());
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(TransactionTraceTestSuites, TransactionTraceTestSuite,
+                        testing::ValuesIn(TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTransactionTraces),
+                        PrintToStringParamName);
+
+} // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    for (const auto& entry : std::filesystem::directory_iterator(
+                 android::base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/testdata/")) {
+        if (!entry.is_regular_file()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const auto& filename = entry.path().filename().string();
+        const auto& prefix = android::TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTransactionTracePrefix;
+        if (filename.compare(0, prefix.length(), prefix)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const std::string& path = entry.path().string();
+        const auto& postfix = android::TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTracePostfix;
+        if (path.compare(path.length() - postfix.length(), postfix.length(), postfix)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        android::TransactionTraceTestSuite::sTransactionTraces.push_back(path);
+    }
+    ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+    return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/readme.md b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e80a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+### TransactionTrace Testsuite ###
+
+Hassle free way to test and validate whether a sequence of
+transactions will produce the expected front end state(s). Test
+runs through all testdata/transactions_trace_*.winscope files,
+generates layer states and checks if the states match the
+corresponding layer trace in testdata.
+
+
+#### Run Test ####
+`atest transactiontrace_testsuite`
+
+
+#### Workflow ####
+Add transaction traces that resulted in front end bugs along
+with the layer trace after fixing the issue. The layer trace
+can be generated by using the layertracegenerator tool. The
+main goal of this test suite is to add regression tests with
+minimal effort.
+
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e4005c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8356ae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
index 0ef8456..6ffc039 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TimeStatsTest.cpp
@@ -268,8 +268,11 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < MISSED_FRAMES; i++) {
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementMissedFrames());
     }
+    TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord record;
+    record.hadClientComposition = true;
+
     for (size_t i = 0; i < CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES; i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionFrames());
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState(record));
     }
 
     SFTimeStatsGlobalProto globalProto;
@@ -459,19 +462,49 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expectedResult));
 }
 
-TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canIncreaseClientCompositionReusedFrames) {
+TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canIncreaseClientCompositionStats) {
     // this stat is not in the proto so verify by checking the string dump
-    constexpr size_t CLIENT_COMPOSITION_REUSED_FRAMES = 2;
+    constexpr size_t COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGED_FRAMES = 1;
+    constexpr size_t HAD_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES = 2;
+    constexpr size_t REUSED_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES = 3;
+    constexpr size_t COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTION_SUCCEEDED_FRAMES = 4;
+    constexpr size_t COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTED_FRAMES = 5;
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < CLIENT_COMPOSITION_REUSED_FRAMES; i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i <= COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTED_FRAMES; i++) {
+        TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord record;
+        record.hadClientComposition = i < HAD_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES;
+        record.changed = i < COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGED_FRAMES;
+        record.reused = i < REUSED_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES;
+        record.predicted = i < COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTED_FRAMES;
+        record.predictionSucceeded = i < COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTION_SUCCEEDED_FRAMES;
+        mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState(record);
     }
 
     const std::string result(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_STRING));
-    const std::string expectedResult =
-            "clientCompositionReusedFrames = " + std::to_string(CLIENT_COMPOSITION_REUSED_FRAMES);
-    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expectedResult));
+    std::string expected =
+            "compositionStrategyChanges = " + std::to_string(COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGED_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
+
+    expected = "clientCompositionFrames = " + std::to_string(HAD_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
+
+    expected =
+            "clientCompositionReusedFrames = " + std::to_string(REUSED_CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
+
+    expected = "compositionStrategyPredicted = " +
+            std::to_string(COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTED_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
+
+    expected = "compositionStrategyPredictionSucceeded = " +
+            std::to_string(COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTION_SUCCEEDED_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
+
+    expected = "compositionStrategyPredictionFailed = " +
+            std::to_string(COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTED_FRAMES -
+                           COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_PREDICTION_SUCCEEDED_FRAMES);
+    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expected));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canIncreaseRefreshRateSwitches) {
@@ -489,21 +522,6 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expectedResult));
 }
 
-TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canIncreaseCompositionStrategyChanges) {
-    // this stat is not in the proto so verify by checking the string dump
-    constexpr size_t COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGES = 2;
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGES; i++) {
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementCompositionStrategyChanges());
-    }
-
-    const std::string result(inputCommand(InputCommand::DUMP_ALL, FMT_STRING));
-    const std::string expectedResult =
-            "compositionStrategyChanges = " + std::to_string(COMPOSITION_STRATEGY_CHANGES);
-    EXPECT_THAT(result, HasSubstr(expectedResult));
-}
-
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canAverageFrameDuration) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
     mTimeStats->setPowerMode(PowerMode::ON);
@@ -836,7 +854,7 @@
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementTotalFrames());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementMissedFrames());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionFrames());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState({}));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->setPowerMode(PowerMode::ON));
 
     mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds(3ms).count(),
@@ -867,9 +885,8 @@
 TEST_F(TimeStatsTest, canClearDumpOnlyTimeStats) {
     // These stats are not in the proto so verify by checking the string dump.
     EXPECT_TRUE(inputCommand(InputCommand::ENABLE, FMT_STRING).empty());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames());
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState({}));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementRefreshRateSwitches());
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTimeStats->incrementCompositionStrategyChanges());
     mTimeStats->setPowerMode(PowerMode::ON);
     mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds(1ms).count(),
                                     std::chrono::nanoseconds(5ms).count());
@@ -1032,8 +1049,10 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < MISSED_FRAMES; i++) {
         mTimeStats->incrementMissedFrames();
     }
+    TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord record;
+    record.hadClientComposition = true;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < CLIENT_COMPOSITION_FRAMES; i++) {
-        mTimeStats->incrementClientCompositionFrames();
+        mTimeStats->pushCompositionStrategyState(record);
     }
 
     insertTimeRecord(NORMAL_SEQUENCE, LAYER_ID_0, 1, 1000000);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
index 46c8404..ded7531 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
         // if this is an animation, this thread should be blocked for 5s
         // in setTransactionState waiting for transactionA to flush.  Otherwise,
         // the transaction should be placed on the pending queue
-        if (flags & (ISurfaceComposer::eAnimation | ISurfaceComposer::eSynchronous) ||
+        if (flags & (ISurfaceComposer::eSynchronous) ||
             syncInputWindows) {
             EXPECT_GE(systemTime(),
                       applicationSentTime + mFlinger.getAnimationTransactionTimeout());
@@ -288,10 +288,6 @@
     NotPlacedOnTransactionQueue(ISurfaceComposer::eSynchronous, /*syncInputWindows*/ false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(TransactionApplicationTest, NotPlacedOnTransactionQueue_Animation) {
-    NotPlacedOnTransactionQueue(ISurfaceComposer::eAnimation, /*syncInputWindows*/ false);
-}
-
 TEST_F(TransactionApplicationTest, NotPlacedOnTransactionQueue_SyncInputWindows) {
     NotPlacedOnTransactionQueue(/*flags*/ 0, /*syncInputWindows*/ true);
 }
@@ -300,10 +296,6 @@
     PlaceOnTransactionQueue(ISurfaceComposer::eSynchronous, /*syncInputWindows*/ false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(TransactionApplicationTest, PlaceOnTransactionQueue_Animation) {
-    PlaceOnTransactionQueue(ISurfaceComposer::eAnimation, /*syncInputWindows*/ false);
-}
-
 TEST_F(TransactionApplicationTest, PlaceOnTransactionQueue_SyncInputWindows) {
     PlaceOnTransactionQueue(/*flags*/ 0, /*syncInputWindows*/ true);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
index 0a69b56..0dee800 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockTimeStats.h
@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD0(miniDump, std::string());
     MOCK_METHOD0(incrementTotalFrames, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(incrementMissedFrames, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(incrementClientCompositionFrames, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(incrementClientCompositionReusedFrames, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(incrementRefreshRateSwitches, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(incrementCompositionStrategyChanges, void());
     MOCK_METHOD1(recordDisplayEventConnectionCount, void(int32_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordFrameDuration, void(nsecs_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordRenderEngineDuration, void(nsecs_t, nsecs_t));
@@ -63,6 +60,8 @@
                  void(hardware::graphics::composer::V2_4::IComposerClient::PowerMode));
     MOCK_METHOD2(recordRefreshRate, void(uint32_t, nsecs_t));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setPresentFenceGlobal, void(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, pushCompositionStrategyState,
+                (const android::TimeStats::ClientCompositionRecord&), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver.cpp
index 9225062..60c0cb5 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver.cpp
@@ -632,8 +632,10 @@
         switch (ext_bit) {
             case ProcHook::KHR_android_surface:
             case ProcHook::KHR_surface:
+            case ProcHook::KHR_surface_protected_capabilities:
             case ProcHook::EXT_swapchain_colorspace:
             case ProcHook::KHR_get_surface_capabilities2:
+            case ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query:
                 hook_extensions_.set(ext_bit);
                 // return now as these extensions do not require HAL support
                 return;
@@ -710,8 +712,10 @@
             case ProcHook::KHR_external_fence_capabilities:
             case ProcHook::KHR_get_surface_capabilities2:
             case ProcHook::KHR_surface:
+            case ProcHook::KHR_surface_protected_capabilities:
             case ProcHook::EXT_debug_report:
             case ProcHook::EXT_swapchain_colorspace:
+            case ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query:
             case ProcHook::ANDROID_native_buffer:
             case ProcHook::EXTENSION_CORE_1_0:
             case ProcHook::EXTENSION_CORE_1_1:
@@ -923,6 +927,9 @@
     loader_extensions.push_back({
         VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_KHR_SURFACE_SPEC_VERSION});
+    loader_extensions.push_back(
+        {VK_KHR_SURFACE_PROTECTED_CAPABILITIES_EXTENSION_NAME,
+         VK_KHR_SURFACE_PROTECTED_CAPABILITIES_SPEC_VERSION});
     loader_extensions.push_back({
         VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_SPEC_VERSION});
@@ -932,6 +939,8 @@
     loader_extensions.push_back({
         VK_KHR_GET_SURFACE_CAPABILITIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME,
         VK_KHR_GET_SURFACE_CAPABILITIES_2_SPEC_VERSION});
+    loader_extensions.push_back({VK_GOOGLE_SURFACELESS_QUERY_EXTENSION_NAME,
+                                 VK_GOOGLE_SURFACELESS_QUERY_SPEC_VERSION});
 
     static const VkExtensionProperties loader_debug_report_extension = {
         VK_EXT_DEBUG_REPORT_EXTENSION_NAME, VK_EXT_DEBUG_REPORT_SPEC_VERSION,
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.cpp
index 5f37a50..b436db1 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.cpp
@@ -565,11 +565,13 @@
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_EXT_hdr_metadata") == 0) return ProcHook::EXT_hdr_metadata;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_EXT_swapchain_colorspace") == 0) return ProcHook::EXT_swapchain_colorspace;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_GOOGLE_display_timing") == 0) return ProcHook::GOOGLE_display_timing;
+    if (strcmp(name, "VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query") == 0) return ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_android_surface") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_android_surface;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_get_surface_capabilities2") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_get_surface_capabilities2;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_incremental_present") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_incremental_present;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_shared_presentable_image") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_shared_presentable_image;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_surface") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_surface;
+    if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_surface_protected_capabilities") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_surface_protected_capabilities;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_swapchain") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_swapchain;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_ANDROID_external_memory_android_hardware_buffer") == 0) return ProcHook::ANDROID_external_memory_android_hardware_buffer;
     if (strcmp(name, "VK_KHR_bind_memory2") == 0) return ProcHook::KHR_bind_memory2;
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.h b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.h
index 819f6b2..079f9cc 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.h
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/driver_gen.h
@@ -41,11 +41,13 @@
         EXT_hdr_metadata,
         EXT_swapchain_colorspace,
         GOOGLE_display_timing,
+        GOOGLE_surfaceless_query,
         KHR_android_surface,
         KHR_get_surface_capabilities2,
         KHR_incremental_present,
         KHR_shared_presentable_image,
         KHR_surface,
+        KHR_surface_protected_capabilities,
         KHR_swapchain,
         ANDROID_external_memory_android_hardware_buffer,
         KHR_bind_memory2,
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index 4a6b4f1..0be4403 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -619,42 +619,65 @@
 
 VKAPI_ATTR
 VkResult GetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(
-    VkPhysicalDevice /*pdev*/,
+    VkPhysicalDevice pdev,
     VkSurfaceKHR surface,
     VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR* capabilities) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     int err;
-    ANativeWindow* window = SurfaceFromHandle(surface)->window.get();
-
     int width, height;
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH, &width);
-    if (err != android::OK) {
-        ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH query failed: %s (%d)",
-              strerror(-err), err);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_HEIGHT, &height);
-    if (err != android::OK) {
-        ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH query failed: %s (%d)",
-              strerror(-err), err);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
-
     int transform_hint;
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT, &transform_hint);
-    if (err != android::OK) {
-        ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT query failed: %s (%d)",
-              strerror(-err), err);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
-
     int max_buffer_count;
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT, &max_buffer_count);
-    if (err != android::OK) {
-        ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT query failed: %s (%d)",
-              strerror(-err), err);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+    if (surface == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        const InstanceData& instance_data = GetData(pdev);
+        ProcHook::Extension surfaceless = ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query;
+        bool surfaceless_enabled =
+            instance_data.hook_extensions.test(surfaceless);
+        if (!surfaceless_enabled) {
+            // It is an error to pass a surface==VK_NULL_HANDLE unless the
+            // VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query extension is enabled
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        // Support for VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query.  The primary purpose of this
+        // extension for this function is for
+        // VkSurfaceProtectedCapabilitiesKHR::supportsProtected.  The following
+        // four values cannot be known without a surface.  Default values will
+        // be supplied anyway, but cannot be relied upon.
+        width = 1000;
+        height = 1000;
+        transform_hint = VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR;
+        max_buffer_count = 10;
+    } else {
+        ANativeWindow* window = SurfaceFromHandle(surface)->window.get();
+
+        err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH, &width);
+        if (err != android::OK) {
+            ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH query failed: %s (%d)",
+                  strerror(-err), err);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_HEIGHT, &height);
+        if (err != android::OK) {
+            ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_DEFAULT_WIDTH query failed: %s (%d)",
+                  strerror(-err), err);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+
+        err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT,
+                            &transform_hint);
+        if (err != android::OK) {
+            ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_TRANSFORM_HINT query failed: %s (%d)",
+                  strerror(-err), err);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+
+        err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT,
+                            &max_buffer_count);
+        if (err != android::OK) {
+            ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT query failed: %s (%d)",
+                  strerror(-err), err);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
     }
     capabilities->minImageCount = std::min(max_buffer_count, 3);
     capabilities->maxImageCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(max_buffer_count);
@@ -695,23 +718,43 @@
     const InstanceData& instance_data = GetData(pdev);
 
     bool wide_color_support = false;
-    Surface& surface = *SurfaceFromHandle(surface_handle);
-    int err = native_window_get_wide_color_support(surface.window.get(),
-                                                   &wide_color_support);
-    if (err) {
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
+    uint64_t consumer_usage = 0;
     bool swapchain_ext =
         instance_data.hook_extensions.test(ProcHook::EXT_swapchain_colorspace);
-    ALOGV("wide_color_support is: %d", wide_color_support);
+    if (surface_handle == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        ProcHook::Extension surfaceless = ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query;
+        bool surfaceless_enabled =
+            instance_data.hook_extensions.test(surfaceless);
+        if (!surfaceless_enabled) {
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        // Support for VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query.  The EGL loader
+        // unconditionally supports wide color formats, even if they will cause
+        // a SurfaceFlinger fallback.  Based on that, wide_color_support will be
+        // set to true in this case.
+        wide_color_support = true;
+
+        // TODO(b/203826952): research proper value; temporarily use the
+        // values seen on Pixel
+        consumer_usage = AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_COMPOSER_OVERLAY;
+    } else {
+        Surface& surface = *SurfaceFromHandle(surface_handle);
+        int err = native_window_get_wide_color_support(surface.window.get(),
+                                                       &wide_color_support);
+        if (err) {
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        ALOGV("wide_color_support is: %d", wide_color_support);
+
+        consumer_usage = surface.consumer_usage;
+    }
     wide_color_support = wide_color_support && swapchain_ext;
 
     AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc = {};
     desc.width = 1;
     desc.height = 1;
     desc.layers = 1;
-    desc.usage = surface.consumer_usage |
-                 AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE |
+    desc.usage = consumer_usage | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE |
                  AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_FRAMEBUFFER;
 
     // We must support R8G8B8A8
@@ -731,6 +774,10 @@
             VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_DISPLAY_P3_NONLINEAR_EXT});
     }
 
+    // NOTE: Any new formats that are added must be coordinated across different
+    // Android users.  This includes the ANGLE team (a layered implementation of
+    // OpenGL-ES).
+
     desc.format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM;
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
@@ -770,6 +817,10 @@
                                VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
     }
 
+    // NOTE: Any new formats that are added must be coordinated across different
+    // Android users.  This includes the ANGLE team (a layered implementation of
+    // OpenGL-ES).
+
     VkResult result = VK_SUCCESS;
     if (formats) {
         uint32_t transfer_count = all_formats.size();
@@ -814,6 +865,12 @@
                         .supportedUsageFlags;
             } break;
 
+            case VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SURFACE_PROTECTED_CAPABILITIES_KHR: {
+                VkSurfaceProtectedCapabilitiesKHR* protected_caps =
+                    reinterpret_cast<VkSurfaceProtectedCapabilitiesKHR*>(caps);
+                protected_caps->supportsProtected = VK_TRUE;
+            } break;
+
             default:
                 // Ignore all other extension structs
                 break;
@@ -865,31 +922,51 @@
 
     int err;
     int query_value;
-    ANativeWindow* window = SurfaceFromHandle(surface)->window.get();
-
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS,
-                        &query_value);
-    if (err != android::OK || query_value < 0) {
-        ALOGE(
-            "NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS query failed: %s (%d) "
-            "value=%d",
-            strerror(-err), err, query_value);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
-    uint32_t min_undequeued_buffers = static_cast<uint32_t>(query_value);
-
-    err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT, &query_value);
-    if (err != android::OK || query_value < 0) {
-        ALOGE("NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT query failed: %s (%d) value=%d",
-              strerror(-err), err, query_value);
-        return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
-    }
-    uint32_t max_buffer_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(query_value);
-
     std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> present_modes;
-    if (min_undequeued_buffers + 1 < max_buffer_count)
+    if (surface == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        const InstanceData& instance_data = GetData(pdev);
+        ProcHook::Extension surfaceless = ProcHook::GOOGLE_surfaceless_query;
+        bool surfaceless_enabled =
+            instance_data.hook_extensions.test(surfaceless);
+        if (!surfaceless_enabled) {
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        // Support for VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query.  The primary purpose of this
+        // extension for this function is for
+        // VK_PRESENT_MODE_SHARED_DEMAND_REFRESH_KHR and
+        // VK_PRESENT_MODE_SHARED_CONTINUOUS_REFRESH_KHR.  We technically cannot
+        // know if VK_PRESENT_MODE_SHARED_MAILBOX_KHR is supported without a
+        // surface, and that cannot be relied upon.
         present_modes.push_back(VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR);
-    present_modes.push_back(VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR);
+        present_modes.push_back(VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR);
+    } else {
+        ANativeWindow* window = SurfaceFromHandle(surface)->window.get();
+
+        err = window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS,
+                            &query_value);
+        if (err != android::OK || query_value < 0) {
+            ALOGE(
+                "NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS query failed: %s (%d) "
+                "value=%d",
+                strerror(-err), err, query_value);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        uint32_t min_undequeued_buffers = static_cast<uint32_t>(query_value);
+
+        err =
+            window->query(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT, &query_value);
+        if (err != android::OK || query_value < 0) {
+            ALOGE(
+                "NATIVE_WINDOW_MAX_BUFFER_COUNT query failed: %s (%d) value=%d",
+                strerror(-err), err, query_value);
+            return VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR;
+        }
+        uint32_t max_buffer_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(query_value);
+
+        if (min_undequeued_buffers + 1 < max_buffer_count)
+            present_modes.push_back(VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR);
+        present_modes.push_back(VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR);
+    }
 
     VkPhysicalDevicePresentationPropertiesANDROID present_properties;
     QueryPresentationProperties(pdev, &present_properties);
diff --git a/vulkan/scripts/driver_generator.py b/vulkan/scripts/driver_generator.py
index 6a73023..af56764 100644
--- a/vulkan/scripts/driver_generator.py
+++ b/vulkan/scripts/driver_generator.py
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@
     'VK_EXT_hdr_metadata',
     'VK_EXT_swapchain_colorspace',
     'VK_GOOGLE_display_timing',
+    'VK_GOOGLE_surfaceless_query',
     'VK_KHR_android_surface',
     'VK_KHR_get_surface_capabilities2',
     'VK_KHR_incremental_present',
     'VK_KHR_shared_presentable_image',
     'VK_KHR_surface',
+    'VK_KHR_surface_protected_capabilities',
     'VK_KHR_swapchain',
 ]