diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/stability.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/stability.cpp
index 7eafb9c..73eb863 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/stability.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/stability.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@
 #error libbinder_ndk should only be built in a system context
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __ANDROID_VENDOR__
+#error libbinder_ndk should only be built in a system context
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __ANDROID_NDK__
 #error libbinder_ndk should only be built in a system context
 #endif
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GpuStatsInfo.h b/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GpuStatsInfo.h
index 47607a0..9ebaf16 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GpuStatsInfo.h
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/include/graphicsenv/GpuStatsInfo.h
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
         GL_UPDATED = 2,
         VULKAN = 3,
         VULKAN_UPDATED = 4,
-        ANGLE = 5,
+        ANGLE = 5, // cover both system ANGLE and ANGLE APK
     };
 
     enum Stats {
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
index adc1bf1..0d5727d 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@
 #include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
+// Only required by the AIDL glue helper
+#ifdef __cplusplus
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
+#endif // __cplusplus
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
index 04e2fff..7b2f39c 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/Loader.cpp
@@ -567,6 +567,7 @@
         return nullptr;
     }
 
+    // use ANGLE APK driver
     android::GraphicsEnv::getInstance().setDriverToLoad(android::GpuStatsInfo::Driver::ANGLE);
     driver_t* hnd = nullptr;
 
@@ -635,7 +636,13 @@
 Loader::driver_t* Loader::attempt_to_load_system_driver(egl_connection_t* cnx, const char* suffix,
                                                         const bool exact) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    android::GraphicsEnv::getInstance().setDriverToLoad(android::GpuStatsInfo::Driver::GL);
+    if (strcmp(suffix, "angle") == 0) {
+        // use system ANGLE driver
+        android::GraphicsEnv::getInstance().setDriverToLoad(android::GpuStatsInfo::Driver::ANGLE);
+    } else {
+        android::GraphicsEnv::getInstance().setDriverToLoad(android::GpuStatsInfo::Driver::GL);
+    }
+
     driver_t* hnd = nullptr;
     void* dso = load_system_driver("GLES", suffix, exact);
     if (dso) {
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp b/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
index f06a045..d447d1e 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/gpustats/GpuStats.cpp
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@
         addLoadingTime(driver, driverLoadingTime, &appInfo);
         appInfo.appPackageName = appPackageName;
         appInfo.driverVersionCode = driverVersionCode;
-        appInfo.angleInUse = driverPackageName == "angle";
+        appInfo.angleInUse = driver == GpuStatsInfo::Driver::ANGLE;
         appInfo.lastAccessTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
         mAppStats.insert({appStatsKey, appInfo});
     } else {
-        mAppStats[appStatsKey].angleInUse = driverPackageName == "angle";
+        mAppStats[appStatsKey].angleInUse = driver == GpuStatsInfo::Driver::ANGLE;
         addLoadingTime(driver, driverLoadingTime, &mAppStats[appStatsKey]);
         mAppStats[appStatsKey].lastAccessTime = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index 9d0f285..17fa7be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.frameworks.displayservice@1.0",
+        "libc++fs",
         "libdisplayservicehidl",
         "libserviceutils",
     ],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index 069d89b..ff82914 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
@@ -39,8 +40,14 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+using namespace com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger;
+
 bool isLayerActive(const LayerInfo& info, nsecs_t threshold) {
-    // Layers with an explicit frame rate or frame rate category are always kept active,
+    if (flags::misc1() && !info.isVisible()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Layers with an explicit frame rate or frame rate category are kept active,
     // but ignore NoVote.
     if (info.getSetFrameRateVote().isValid() && !info.getSetFrameRateVote().isNoVote()) {
         return true;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
index 36f2475..54e9022 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
@@ -304,19 +304,22 @@
 
     if (mLayerVote.type != LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
         if (mLayerVote.category != FrameRateCategory::Default) {
-            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("ExplicitCategory (%s)",
+            const auto voteType = mLayerVote.type == LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::NoVote
+                    ? LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::NoVote
+                    : LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory;
+            ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("Vote %s (category=%s)", ftl::enum_string(voteType).c_str(),
                                   ftl::enum_string(mLayerVote.category).c_str());
-            ALOGV("%s uses frame rate category: %d", mName.c_str(),
-                  static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.category));
-            votes.push_back({LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitCategory, Fps(),
-                             Seamlessness::Default, mLayerVote.category,
+            ALOGV("%s voted %s with category: %s", mName.c_str(),
+                  ftl::enum_string(voteType).c_str(),
+                  ftl::enum_string(mLayerVote.category).c_str());
+            votes.push_back({voteType, Fps(), Seamlessness::Default, mLayerVote.category,
                              mLayerVote.categorySmoothSwitchOnly});
         }
 
         if (mLayerVote.fps.isValid() ||
             mLayerVote.type != LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
             ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("Vote %s", ftl::enum_string(mLayerVote.type).c_str());
-            ALOGV("%s voted %d ", mName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.type));
+            ALOGV("%s voted %d", mName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(mLayerVote.type));
             votes.push_back(mLayerVote);
         }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index 1d23fb5..eb69d0b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -401,7 +401,6 @@
 
 float RefreshRateSelector::calculateLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer, Fps refreshRate,
                                                      bool isSeamlessSwitch) const {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
     // Slightly prefer seamless switches.
     constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
     const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index fc51721..48be33c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <filesystem>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
@@ -309,6 +310,19 @@
     return LayerHandle::getLayerId(surfaceControl->getHandle());
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns true if the file at path exists and is newer than duration.
+ */
+bool fileNewerThan(const std::string& path, std::chrono::minutes duration) {
+    using Clock = std::filesystem::file_time_type::clock;
+    std::error_code error;
+    std::filesystem::file_time_type updateTime = std::filesystem::last_write_time(path, error);
+    if (error) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return duration > (Clock::now() - updateTime);
+}
+
 }  // namespace anonymous
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -899,7 +913,7 @@
     TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().setWriterFunction(
             [&](const std::string& filename, bool overwrite) {
                 auto writeFn = [&]() {
-                    if (!overwrite && access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+                    if (!overwrite && fileNewerThan(filename, std::chrono::minutes{10})) {
                         ALOGD("TransactionTraceWriter: file=%s already exists", filename.c_str());
                         return;
                     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TEST_MAPPING b/services/surfaceflinger/TEST_MAPPING
index f339d22..3b2bbb0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "CtsSurfaceControlTests"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "CtsSurfaceControlTestsStaging"
     }
   ],
   "hwasan-presubmit": [
@@ -40,10 +43,5 @@
     {
       "name": "libsurfaceflinger_unittest"
     }
-  ],
-  "postsubmit": [
-    {
-      "name": "CtsSurfaceControlTestsStaging"
-    }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/Android.bp
index 0f9060d..910e685 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-resources",
+        "libc++fs",
         "libgmock",
         "libgui_mocks",
         "libgmock_ndk",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
index 631adf1..2f6058f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerHistoryIntegrationTest"
 
 #include <Layer.h>
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include <renderengine/mock/FakeExternalTexture.h>
 
+#include "FlagUtils.h"
 #include "FpsOps.h"
 #include "LayerHierarchyTest.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 using android::mock::createDisplayMode;
+using namespace com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger;
 
 class LayerHistoryIntegrationTest : public surfaceflinger::frontend::LayerSnapshotTestBase {
 protected:
@@ -492,7 +495,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
 }
 
-TEST_F(LayerHistoryIntegrationTest, invisibleExplicitLayer) {
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryIntegrationTest, invisibleExplicitLayerIsActive) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::misc1, false);
+
     auto explicitVisiblelayer = createLegacyAndFrontedEndLayer(1);
     auto explicitInvisiblelayer = createLegacyAndFrontedEndLayer(2);
     hideLayer(2);
@@ -515,6 +520,31 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(2, frequentLayerCount(time));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryIntegrationTest, invisibleExplicitLayerIsNotActive) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::misc1, true);
+
+    auto explicitVisiblelayer = createLegacyAndFrontedEndLayer(1);
+    auto explicitInvisiblelayer = createLegacyAndFrontedEndLayer(2);
+    hideLayer(2);
+    setFrameRate(1, 60.0f, ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_FIXED_SOURCE,
+                 ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS);
+    setFrameRate(2, 90.0f, ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_COMPATIBILITY_FIXED_SOURCE,
+                 ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS);
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+
+    // Post a buffer to the layers to make them active
+    setBufferWithPresentTime(explicitVisiblelayer, time);
+    setBufferWithPresentTime(explicitInvisiblelayer, time);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2u, layerCount());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+              summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryIntegrationTest, infrequentAnimatingLayer) {
     auto layer = createLegacyAndFrontedEndLayer(1);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
index 33c1d86..e8831ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerHistoryTest"
 
 #include <Layer.h>
+#include <com_android_graphics_surfaceflinger_flags.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+#include "FlagUtils.h"
 #include "FpsOps.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
 #include "Scheduler/LayerInfo.h"
@@ -149,6 +151,8 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+using namespace com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger;
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, singleLayerNoVoteDefaultCompatibility) {
     const auto layer = createLayer();
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
@@ -555,6 +559,33 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(FrameRateCategory::High, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].frameRateCategory);
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, oneLayerExplicitVoteWithCategoryNotVisibleDoesNotVote) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::misc1, true);
+
+    auto layer = createLayer();
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*layer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(
+                    Return(Layer::FrameRate(12.34_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                            Seamlessness::OnlySeamless, FrameRateCategory::High)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+    for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
+    }
+
+    // Layer is not visible, so the layer is moved to inactive, infrequent, and it will not have
+    // votes to consider for refresh rate selection.
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, frequentLayerCount(time));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, multipleLayers) {
     auto layer1 = createLayer("A");
     auto layer2 = createLayer("B");
@@ -780,6 +811,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, invisibleExplicitLayer) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::misc1, false);
+
     auto explicitVisiblelayer = createLayer();
     auto explicitInvisiblelayer = createLayer();
 
@@ -810,6 +843,39 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(2, frequentLayerCount(time));
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, invisibleExplicitLayerDoesNotVote) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::misc1, true);
+
+    auto explicitVisiblelayer = createLayer();
+    auto explicitInvisiblelayer = createLayer();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*explicitVisiblelayer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*explicitVisiblelayer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(
+                    Layer::FrameRate(60_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple)));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*explicitInvisiblelayer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*explicitInvisiblelayer, getFrameRateForLayerTree())
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(
+                    Layer::FrameRate(90_Hz, Layer::FrameRateCompatibility::ExactOrMultiple)));
+
+    nsecs_t time = systemTime();
+
+    // Post a buffer to the layers to make them active
+    history().record(explicitVisiblelayer->getSequence(), explicitVisiblelayer->getLayerProps(),
+                     time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(explicitInvisiblelayer->getSequence(), explicitInvisiblelayer->getLayerProps(),
+                     time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, layerCount());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple,
+              summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
+    EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, frequentLayerCount(time));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerHistoryTest, infrequentAnimatingLayer) {
     auto layer = createLayer();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 8f1982d..03af56c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
         resetScheduler(mScheduler);
     }
 
-    void setupMockScheduler(test::MockSchedulerOptions options = {}) {
+    void setupMockScheduler(surfaceflinger::test::MockSchedulerOptions options = {}) {
         using testing::_;
         using testing::Return;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
index 379135e..4a83d44 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
@@ -45,12 +45,21 @@
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 };
 
-TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, canWriteToFile) {
+// Check that a new file is written if overwrite=true and no file exists.
+TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, canWriteToFile_overwriteTrue) {
     TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invokeForTest(mFilename, /* overwrite */ true);
     EXPECT_EQ(access(mFilename.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
     verifyTraceFile();
 }
 
+// Check that a new file is written if overwrite=false and no file exists.
+TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, canWriteToFile_overwriteFalse) {
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invokeForTest(mFilename, /* overwrite */ false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(access(mFilename.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
+    verifyTraceFile();
+}
+
+// Check that an existing file is overwritten when overwrite=true.
 TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, canOverwriteFile) {
     std::string testLine = "test";
     {
@@ -61,6 +70,7 @@
     verifyTraceFile();
 }
 
+// Check that an existing file isn't overwritten when it is new and overwrite=false.
 TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, doNotOverwriteFile) {
     std::string testLine = "test";
     {
@@ -76,4 +86,23 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(line, testLine);
     }
 }
+
+// Check that an existing file is overwritten when it is old and overwrite=false.
+TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, overwriteOldFile) {
+    std::string testLine = "test";
+    {
+        std::ofstream file(mFilename, std::ios::out);
+        file << testLine;
+    }
+
+    // Update file modification time to 15 minutes ago.
+    using Clock = std::filesystem::file_time_type::clock;
+    std::error_code error;
+    std::filesystem::last_write_time(mFilename, Clock::now() - std::chrono::minutes{15}, error);
+    ASSERT_EQ(error.value(), 0);
+
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invokeForTest(mFilename, /* overwrite */ false);
+    verifyTraceFile();
+}
+
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file