diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
index 83b336c..b99f443 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@
 #define PROFILE_DATA_DIR_CUR "/data/misc/profiles/cur"
 #define PROFILE_DATA_DIR_REF "/data/misc/profiles/ref"
 #define XFRM_STAT_PROC_FILE "/proc/net/xfrm_stat"
+#define KERNEL_CONFIG "/proc/config.gz"
 #define WLUTIL "/vendor/xbin/wlutil"
 #define WMTRACE_DATA_DIR "/data/misc/wmtrace"
 #define OTA_METADATA_DIR "/metadata/ota"
@@ -1951,6 +1952,8 @@
     DumpFile("PSI memory", "/proc/pressure/memory");
     DumpFile("PSI io", "/proc/pressure/io");
 
+    ds.AddZipEntry(ZIP_ROOT_DIR + KERNEL_CONFIG, KERNEL_CONFIG);
+
     RunCommand("SDK EXTENSIONS", {SDK_EXT_INFO, "--dump"},
                CommandOptions::WithTimeout(10).Always().DropRoot().Build());
 
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp b/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
index e54f9d3..870e8eb 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
+++ b/cmds/lshal/ListCommand.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "Timeout.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
+using ::android::hardware::hidl_array;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_string;
 using ::android::hardware::hidl_vec;
 using ::android::hidl::base::V1_0::DebugInfo;
@@ -522,27 +523,35 @@
     using namespace ::android::hardware;
     using namespace ::android::hidl::manager::V1_0;
     using namespace ::android::hidl::base::V1_0;
-    using std::literals::chrono_literals::operator""s;
-    auto ret = timeoutIPC(10s, manager, &IServiceManager::debugDump, [&] (const auto &infos) {
-        std::map<std::string, TableEntry> entries;
-        for (const auto &info : infos) {
-            std::string interfaceName = std::string{info.interfaceName.c_str()} + "/" +
-                    std::string{info.instanceName.c_str()};
-            entries.emplace(interfaceName, TableEntry{
-                .interfaceName = interfaceName,
-                .transport = vintf::Transport::PASSTHROUGH,
-                .clientPids = info.clientPids,
-            }).first->second.arch |= fromBaseArchitecture(info.arch);
-        }
-        for (auto &&pair : entries) {
-            putEntry(HalType::PASSTHROUGH_LIBRARIES, std::move(pair.second));
-        }
-    });
+
+    // The lambda function may be executed asynchrounously because it is passed to timeoutIPC,
+    // even though the interface function call is synchronous.
+    // However, there's no need to lock because if ret.isOk(), the background thread has
+    // already ended, so it is safe to dereference entries.
+    auto entries = std::make_shared<std::map<std::string, TableEntry>>();
+    auto ret =
+            timeoutIPC(mLshal.getDebugDumpWait(), manager, &IServiceManager::debugDump,
+                       [entries](const auto& infos) {
+                           for (const auto& info : infos) {
+                               std::string interfaceName = std::string{info.interfaceName.c_str()} +
+                                       "/" + std::string{info.instanceName.c_str()};
+                               entries->emplace(interfaceName,
+                                                TableEntry{
+                                                        .interfaceName = interfaceName,
+                                                        .transport = vintf::Transport::PASSTHROUGH,
+                                                        .clientPids = info.clientPids,
+                                                })
+                                       .first->second.arch |= fromBaseArchitecture(info.arch);
+                           }
+                       });
     if (!ret.isOk()) {
         err() << "Error: Failed to call list on getPassthroughServiceManager(): "
              << ret.description() << std::endl;
         return DUMP_ALL_LIBS_ERROR;
     }
+    for (auto&& pair : *entries) {
+        putEntry(HalType::PASSTHROUGH_LIBRARIES, std::move(pair.second));
+    }
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -553,27 +562,40 @@
     using namespace ::android::hardware::details;
     using namespace ::android::hidl::manager::V1_0;
     using namespace ::android::hidl::base::V1_0;
-    auto ret = timeoutIPC(manager, &IServiceManager::debugDump, [&] (const auto &infos) {
-        for (const auto &info : infos) {
-            if (info.clientPids.size() <= 0) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            putEntry(HalType::PASSTHROUGH_CLIENTS, {
-                .interfaceName =
-                        std::string{info.interfaceName.c_str()} + "/" +
-                        std::string{info.instanceName.c_str()},
-                .transport = vintf::Transport::PASSTHROUGH,
-                .serverPid = info.clientPids.size() == 1 ? info.clientPids[0] : NO_PID,
-                .clientPids = info.clientPids,
-                .arch = fromBaseArchitecture(info.arch)
-            });
-        }
-    });
+
+    // The lambda function may be executed asynchrounously because it is passed to timeoutIPC,
+    // even though the interface function call is synchronous.
+    // However, there's no need to lock because if ret.isOk(), the background thread has
+    // already ended, so it is safe to dereference entries.
+    auto entries = std::make_shared<std::vector<TableEntry>>();
+    auto ret =
+            timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), manager, &IServiceManager::debugDump,
+                       [entries](const auto& infos) {
+                           for (const auto& info : infos) {
+                               if (info.clientPids.size() <= 0) {
+                                   continue;
+                               }
+                               entries->emplace_back(
+                                       TableEntry{.interfaceName =
+                                                          std::string{info.interfaceName.c_str()} +
+                                                          "/" +
+                                                          std::string{info.instanceName.c_str()},
+                                                  .transport = vintf::Transport::PASSTHROUGH,
+                                                  .serverPid = info.clientPids.size() == 1
+                                                          ? info.clientPids[0]
+                                                          : NO_PID,
+                                                  .clientPids = info.clientPids,
+                                                  .arch = fromBaseArchitecture(info.arch)});
+                           }
+                       });
     if (!ret.isOk()) {
         err() << "Error: Failed to call debugDump on defaultServiceManager(): "
              << ret.description() << std::endl;
         return DUMP_PASSTHROUGH_ERROR;
     }
+    for (auto&& entry : *entries) {
+        putEntry(HalType::PASSTHROUGH_CLIENTS, std::move(entry));
+    }
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -583,11 +605,14 @@
     if (!shouldFetchHalType(HalType::BINDERIZED_SERVICES)) { return OK; }
 
     const vintf::Transport mode = vintf::Transport::HWBINDER;
-    hidl_vec<hidl_string> fqInstanceNames;
-    // copying out for timeoutIPC
-    auto listRet = timeoutIPC(manager, &IServiceManager::list, [&] (const auto &names) {
-        fqInstanceNames = names;
-    });
+
+    // The lambda function may be executed asynchrounously because it is passed to timeoutIPC,
+    // even though the interface function call is synchronous.
+    // However, there's no need to lock because if listRet.isOk(), the background thread has
+    // already ended, so it is safe to dereference fqInstanceNames.
+    auto fqInstanceNames = std::make_shared<hidl_vec<hidl_string>>();
+    auto listRet = timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), manager, &IServiceManager::list,
+                              [fqInstanceNames](const auto& names) { *fqInstanceNames = names; });
     if (!listRet.isOk()) {
         err() << "Error: Failed to list services for " << mode << ": "
              << listRet.description() << std::endl;
@@ -596,7 +621,7 @@
 
     Status status = OK;
     std::map<std::string, TableEntry> allTableEntries;
-    for (const auto &fqInstanceName : fqInstanceNames) {
+    for (const auto& fqInstanceName : *fqInstanceNames) {
         // create entry and default assign all fields.
         TableEntry& entry = allTableEntries[fqInstanceName];
         entry.interfaceName = fqInstanceName;
@@ -623,7 +648,8 @@
     const auto pair = splitFirst(entry->interfaceName, '/');
     const auto &serviceName = pair.first;
     const auto &instanceName = pair.second;
-    auto getRet = timeoutIPC(manager, &IServiceManager::get, serviceName, instanceName);
+    auto getRet = timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), manager, &IServiceManager::get, serviceName,
+                             instanceName);
     if (!getRet.isOk()) {
         handleError(TRANSACTION_ERROR,
                     "cannot be fetched from service manager:" + getRet.description());
@@ -637,30 +663,33 @@
 
     // getDebugInfo
     do {
-        DebugInfo debugInfo;
-        auto debugRet = timeoutIPC(service, &IBase::getDebugInfo, [&] (const auto &received) {
-            debugInfo = received;
-        });
+        // The lambda function may be executed asynchrounously because it is passed to timeoutIPC,
+        // even though the interface function call is synchronous.
+        // However, there's no need to lock because if debugRet.isOk(), the background thread has
+        // already ended, so it is safe to dereference debugInfo.
+        auto debugInfo = std::make_shared<DebugInfo>();
+        auto debugRet = timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), service, &IBase::getDebugInfo,
+                                   [debugInfo](const auto& received) { *debugInfo = received; });
         if (!debugRet.isOk()) {
             handleError(TRANSACTION_ERROR,
                         "debugging information cannot be retrieved: " + debugRet.description());
             break; // skip getPidInfo
         }
 
-        entry->serverPid = debugInfo.pid;
-        entry->serverObjectAddress = debugInfo.ptr;
-        entry->arch = fromBaseArchitecture(debugInfo.arch);
+        entry->serverPid = debugInfo->pid;
+        entry->serverObjectAddress = debugInfo->ptr;
+        entry->arch = fromBaseArchitecture(debugInfo->arch);
 
-        if (debugInfo.pid != NO_PID) {
-            const BinderPidInfo* pidInfo = getPidInfoCached(debugInfo.pid);
+        if (debugInfo->pid != NO_PID) {
+            const BinderPidInfo* pidInfo = getPidInfoCached(debugInfo->pid);
             if (pidInfo == nullptr) {
                 handleError(IO_ERROR,
-                            "no information for PID " + std::to_string(debugInfo.pid) +
-                            ", are you root?");
+                            "no information for PID " + std::to_string(debugInfo->pid) +
+                                    ", are you root?");
                 break;
             }
-            if (debugInfo.ptr != NO_PTR) {
-                auto it = pidInfo->refPids.find(debugInfo.ptr);
+            if (debugInfo->ptr != NO_PTR) {
+                auto it = pidInfo->refPids.find(debugInfo->ptr);
                 if (it != pidInfo->refPids.end()) {
                     entry->clientPids = it->second;
                 }
@@ -672,39 +701,46 @@
 
     // hash
     do {
-        ssize_t hashIndex = -1;
-        auto ifaceChainRet = timeoutIPC(service, &IBase::interfaceChain, [&] (const auto& c) {
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < c.size(); ++i) {
-                if (serviceName == c[i]) {
-                    hashIndex = static_cast<ssize_t>(i);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        });
+        // The lambda function may be executed asynchrounously because it is passed to timeoutIPC,
+        // even though the interface function call is synchronous.
+        auto hashIndexStore = std::make_shared<ssize_t>(-1);
+        auto ifaceChainRet = timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), service, &IBase::interfaceChain,
+                                        [hashIndexStore, serviceName](const auto& c) {
+                                            for (size_t i = 0; i < c.size(); ++i) {
+                                                if (serviceName == c[i]) {
+                                                    *hashIndexStore = static_cast<ssize_t>(i);
+                                                    break;
+                                                }
+                                            }
+                                        });
         if (!ifaceChainRet.isOk()) {
             handleError(TRANSACTION_ERROR,
                         "interfaceChain fails: " + ifaceChainRet.description());
             break; // skip getHashChain
         }
+        // if ifaceChainRet.isOk(), the background thread has already ended, so it is safe to
+        // dereference hashIndex without any locking.
+        auto hashIndex = *hashIndexStore;
         if (hashIndex < 0) {
             handleError(BAD_IMPL, "Interface name does not exist in interfaceChain.");
             break; // skip getHashChain
         }
-        auto hashRet = timeoutIPC(service, &IBase::getHashChain, [&] (const auto& hashChain) {
-            if (static_cast<size_t>(hashIndex) >= hashChain.size()) {
-                handleError(BAD_IMPL,
-                            "interfaceChain indicates position " + std::to_string(hashIndex) +
-                            " but getHashChain returns " + std::to_string(hashChain.size()) +
-                            " hashes");
-                return;
-            }
-
-            auto&& hashArray = hashChain[hashIndex];
-            entry->hash = android::base::HexString(hashArray.data(), hashArray.size());
-        });
+        // See comments about hashIndex above.
+        auto hashChain = std::make_shared<hidl_vec<hidl_array<uint8_t, 32>>>();
+        auto hashRet = timeoutIPC(mLshal.getIpcCallWait(), service, &IBase::getHashChain,
+                                  [hashChain](const auto& ret) { *hashChain = std::move(ret); });
         if (!hashRet.isOk()) {
             handleError(TRANSACTION_ERROR, "getHashChain failed: " + hashRet.description());
         }
+        if (static_cast<size_t>(hashIndex) >= hashChain->size()) {
+            handleError(BAD_IMPL,
+                        "interfaceChain indicates position " + std::to_string(hashIndex) +
+                                " but getHashChain returns " + std::to_string(hashChain->size()) +
+                                " hashes");
+        } else {
+            auto&& hashArray = (*hashChain)[hashIndex];
+            entry->hash = android::base::HexString(hashArray.data(), hashArray.size());
+        }
     } while (0);
     if (status == OK) {
         entry->serviceStatus = ServiceStatus::ALIVE;
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/Lshal.cpp b/cmds/lshal/Lshal.cpp
index a5f98c2..6115da7 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/Lshal.cpp
+++ b/cmds/lshal/Lshal.cpp
@@ -250,5 +250,17 @@
     return mPassthroughManager;
 }
 
+void Lshal::setWaitTimeForTest(std::chrono::milliseconds ipcCallWait,
+                               std::chrono::milliseconds debugDumpWait) {
+    mIpcCallWait = ipcCallWait;
+    mDebugDumpWait = debugDumpWait;
+}
+std::chrono::milliseconds Lshal::getIpcCallWait() const {
+    return mIpcCallWait;
+}
+std::chrono::milliseconds Lshal::getDebugDumpWait() const {
+    return mDebugDumpWait;
+}
+
 }  // namespace lshal
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/Lshal.h b/cmds/lshal/Lshal.h
index 50279d4..cb2820c 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/Lshal.h
+++ b/cmds/lshal/Lshal.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 
@@ -58,6 +59,11 @@
 
     void forEachCommand(const std::function<void(const Command* c)>& f) const;
 
+    void setWaitTimeForTest(std::chrono::milliseconds ipcCallWait,
+                            std::chrono::milliseconds debugDumpWait);
+    std::chrono::milliseconds getIpcCallWait() const;
+    std::chrono::milliseconds getDebugDumpWait() const;
+
 private:
     Status parseArgs(const Arg &arg);
 
@@ -70,6 +76,9 @@
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Command>> mRegisteredCommands;
 
+    std::chrono::milliseconds mIpcCallWait{500};
+    std::chrono::milliseconds mDebugDumpWait{10000};
+
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Lshal);
 };
 
diff --git a/cmds/lshal/Timeout.h b/cmds/lshal/Timeout.h
index e8d22d9..805e8dc 100644
--- a/cmds/lshal/Timeout.h
+++ b/cmds/lshal/Timeout.h
@@ -27,8 +27,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace lshal {
 
-static constexpr std::chrono::milliseconds IPC_CALL_WAIT{500};
-
 class BackgroundTaskState {
 public:
     explicit BackgroundTaskState(std::function<void(void)> &&func)
@@ -96,12 +94,5 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-template<class Function, class I, class... Args>
-typename std::result_of<Function(I *, Args...)>::type
-timeoutIPC(const sp<I> &interfaceObject, Function &&func, Args &&... args) {
-    return timeoutIPC(IPC_CALL_WAIT, interfaceObject, func, args...);
-}
-
-
 }  // namespace lshal
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/include/ftl/details/function.h b/include/ftl/details/function.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35c5a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ftl/details/function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace android::ftl::details {
+
+// The maximum allowed value for the template argument `N` in
+// `ftl::Function<F, N>`.
+constexpr size_t kFunctionMaximumN = 14;
+
+// Converts a member function pointer type `Ret(Class::*)(Args...)` to an equivalent non-member
+// function type `Ret(Args...)`.
+
+template <typename>
+struct remove_member_function_pointer;
+
+template <typename Class, typename Ret, typename... Args>
+struct remove_member_function_pointer<Ret (Class::*)(Args...)> {
+  using type = Ret(Args...);
+};
+
+template <typename Class, typename Ret, typename... Args>
+struct remove_member_function_pointer<Ret (Class::*)(Args...) const> {
+  using type = Ret(Args...);
+};
+
+template <auto MemberFunction>
+using remove_member_function_pointer_t =
+    typename remove_member_function_pointer<decltype(MemberFunction)>::type;
+
+// Helper functions for binding to the supported targets.
+
+template <typename Ret, typename... Args>
+auto bind_opaque_no_op() -> Ret (*)(void*, Args...) {
+  return [](void*, Args...) -> Ret {
+    if constexpr (!std::is_void_v<Ret>) {
+      return Ret{};
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+template <typename F, typename Ret, typename... Args>
+auto bind_opaque_function_object(const F&) -> Ret (*)(void*, Args...) {
+  return [](void* opaque, Args... args) -> Ret {
+    return std::invoke(*static_cast<F*>(opaque), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  };
+}
+
+template <auto MemberFunction, typename Class, typename Ret, typename... Args>
+auto bind_member_function(Class* instance, Ret (*)(Args...) = nullptr) {
+  return [instance](Args... args) -> Ret {
+    return std::invoke(MemberFunction, instance, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  };
+}
+
+template <auto FreeFunction, typename Ret, typename... Args>
+auto bind_free_function(Ret (*)(Args...) = nullptr) {
+  return [](Args... args) -> Ret { return std::invoke(FreeFunction, std::forward<Args>(args)...); };
+}
+
+// Traits class for the opaque storage used by Function.
+
+template <std::size_t N>
+struct function_opaque_storage {
+  // The actual type used for the opaque storage. An `N` of zero specifies the minimum useful size,
+  // which allows a lambda with zero or one capture args.
+  using type = std::array<std::intptr_t, N + 1>;
+
+  template <typename S>
+  static constexpr bool require_trivially_copyable = std::is_trivially_copyable_v<S>;
+
+  template <typename S>
+  static constexpr bool require_trivially_destructible = std::is_trivially_destructible_v<S>;
+
+  template <typename S>
+  static constexpr bool require_will_fit_in_opaque_storage = sizeof(S) <= sizeof(type);
+
+  template <typename S>
+  static constexpr bool require_alignment_compatible =
+      std::alignment_of_v<S> <= std::alignment_of_v<type>;
+
+  // Copies `src` into the opaque storage, and returns that storage.
+  template <typename S>
+  static type opaque_copy(const S& src) {
+    // TODO: Replace with C++20 concepts/constraints which can give more details.
+    static_assert(require_trivially_copyable<S>,
+                  "ftl::Function can only store lambdas that capture trivially copyable data.");
+    static_assert(
+        require_trivially_destructible<S>,
+        "ftl::Function can only store lambdas that capture trivially destructible data.");
+    static_assert(require_will_fit_in_opaque_storage<S>,
+                  "ftl::Function has limited storage for lambda captured state. Maybe you need to "
+                  "increase N?");
+    static_assert(require_alignment_compatible<S>);
+
+    type opaque;
+    std::memcpy(opaque.data(), &src, sizeof(S));
+    return opaque;
+  }
+};
+
+// Traits class to help determine the template parameters to use for a ftl::Function, given a
+// function object.
+
+template <typename F, typename = decltype(&F::operator())>
+struct function_traits {
+  // The function type `F` with which to instantiate the `Function<F, N>` template.
+  using type = remove_member_function_pointer_t<&F::operator()>;
+
+  // The (minimum) size `N` with which to instantiate the `Function<F, N>` template.
+  static constexpr std::size_t size =
+      (std::max(sizeof(std::intptr_t), sizeof(F)) - 1) / sizeof(std::intptr_t);
+};
+
+}  // namespace android::ftl::details
diff --git a/include/ftl/function.h b/include/ftl/function.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3538ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ftl/function.h
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <functional>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <ftl/details/function.h>
+
+namespace android::ftl {
+
+// ftl::Function<F, N> is a container for function object, and can mostly be used in place of
+// std::function<F>.
+//
+// Unlike std::function<F>, a ftl::Function<F, N>:
+//
+//  * Uses a static amount of memory (controlled by N), and never any dynamic allocation.
+//  * Satisfies the std::is_trivially_copyable<> trait.
+//  * Satisfies the std::is_trivially_destructible<> trait.
+//
+// However those same limits are also required from the contained function object in turn.
+//
+// The size of a ftl::Function<F, N> is guaranteed to be:
+//
+//     sizeof(std::intptr_t) * (N + 2)
+//
+// A ftl::Function<F, N> can always be implicitly converted to a larger size ftl::Function<F, M>.
+// Trying to convert the other way leads to a compilation error.
+//
+// A default-constructed ftl::Function is in an empty state. The operator bool() overload returns
+// false in this state. It is undefined behavior to attempt to invoke the function in this state.
+//
+// The ftl::Function<F, N> can also be constructed or assigned from ftl::no_op. This sets up the
+// ftl::Function to be non-empty, with a function that when called does nothing except
+// default-constructs a return value.
+//
+// The ftl::make_function() helpers construct a ftl::Function<F, N>, including deducing the
+// values of F and N from the arguments it is given.
+//
+// The static ftl::Function<F, N>::make() helpers construct a ftl::Function<F, N> without that
+// deduction, and also allow for implicit argument conversion if the target being called needs them.
+//
+// The construction helpers allow any of the following types of functions to be stored:
+//
+//  * Any SMALL function object (as defined by the C++ Standard), such as a lambda with a small
+//    capture, or other "functor". The requirements are:
+//
+//      1) The function object must be trivial to destroy (in fact, the destructor will never
+//         actually be called once copied to the internal storage).
+//      2) The function object must be trivial to copy (the raw bytes will be copied as the
+//         ftl::Function<F, N> is copied/moved).
+//      3) The size of the function object cannot be larger than sizeof(std::intptr_t) * (N + 1),
+//         and it cannot require stricter alignment than alignof(std::intptr_t).
+//
+//    With the default of N=0, a lambda can only capture a single pointer-sized argument. This is
+//    enough to capture `this`, which is why N=0 is the default.
+//
+//  * A member function, with the address passed as the template value argument to the construction
+//    helper function, along with the instance pointer needed to invoke it passed as an ordinary
+//    argument.
+//
+//        ftl::make_function<&Class::member_function>(this);
+//
+//    Note that the indicated member function will be invoked non-virtually. If you need it to be
+//    invoked virtually, you should invoke it yourself with a small lambda like so:
+//
+//        ftl::function([this] { virtual_member_function(); });
+//
+//  * An ordinary function ("free function"), with the address of the function passed as a template
+//    value argument.
+//
+//        ftl::make_function<&std::atoi>();
+//
+//   As with the member function helper, as the function is known at compile time, it will be called
+//   directly.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//   class MyClass {
+//    public:
+//     void on_event() const {}
+//     int on_string(int*, std::string_view) { return 1; }
+//
+//     auto get_function() {
+//       return ftl::function([this] { on_event(); });
+//     }
+//   } cls;
+//
+//   // A function container with no arguments, and returning no value.
+//   ftl::Function<void()> f;
+//
+//   // Construct a ftl::Function containing a small lambda.
+//   f = cls.get_function();
+//
+//   // Construct a ftl::Function that calls `cls.on_event()`.
+//   f = ftl::function<&MyClass::on_event>(&cls);
+//
+//   // Create a do-nothing function.
+//   f = ftl::no_op;
+//
+//   // Invoke the contained function.
+//   f();
+//
+//   // Also invokes it.
+//   std::invoke(f);
+//
+//   // Create a typedef to give a more meaningful name and bound the size.
+//   using MyFunction = ftl::Function<int(std::string_view), 2>;
+//   int* ptr = nullptr;
+//   auto f1 = MyFunction::make_function(
+//       [cls = &cls, ptr](std::string_view sv) {
+//           return cls->on_string(ptr, sv);
+//       });
+//   int r = f1("abc"sv);
+//
+//   // Returns a default-constructed int (0).
+//   f1 = ftl::no_op;
+//   r = f1("abc"sv);
+//   assert(r == 0);
+
+template <typename F, std::size_t N = 0>
+class Function;
+
+// Used to construct a Function that does nothing.
+struct NoOpTag {};
+
+constexpr NoOpTag no_op;
+
+// Detects that a type is a `ftl::Function<F, N>` regardless of what `F` and `N` are.
+template <typename>
+struct is_function : public std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename F, std::size_t N>
+struct is_function<Function<F, N>> : public std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_function_v = is_function<T>::value;
+
+template <typename Ret, typename... Args, std::size_t N>
+class Function<Ret(Args...), N> final {
+  // Enforce a valid size, with an arbitrary maximum allowed size for the container of
+  // sizeof(std::intptr_t) * 16, though that maximum can be relaxed.
+  static_assert(N <= details::kFunctionMaximumN);
+
+  using OpaqueStorageTraits = details::function_opaque_storage<N>;
+
+ public:
+  // Defining result_type allows ftl::Function to be substituted for std::function.
+  using result_type = Ret;
+
+  // Constructs an empty ftl::Function.
+  Function() = default;
+
+  // Constructing or assigning from nullptr_t also creates an empty ftl::Function.
+  Function(std::nullptr_t) {}
+  Function& operator=(std::nullptr_t) { return *this = Function(nullptr); }
+
+  // Constructing from NoOpTag sets up a a special no-op function which is valid to call, and which
+  // returns a default constructed return value.
+  Function(NoOpTag) : function_(details::bind_opaque_no_op<Ret, Args...>()) {}
+  Function& operator=(NoOpTag) { return *this = Function(no_op); }
+
+  // Constructing/assigning from a function object stores a copy of that function object, however:
+  //  * It must be trivially copyable, as the implementation makes a copy with memcpy().
+  //  * It must be trivially destructible, as the implementation doesn't destroy the copy!
+  //  * It must fit in the limited internal storage, which enforces size/alignment restrictions.
+
+  template <typename F, typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_invocable_r_v<Ret, F, Args...>>>
+  Function(const F& f)
+      : opaque_(OpaqueStorageTraits::opaque_copy(f)),
+        function_(details::bind_opaque_function_object<F, Ret, Args...>(f)) {}
+
+  template <typename F, typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_invocable_r_v<Ret, F, Args...>>>
+  Function& operator=(const F& f) noexcept {
+    return *this = Function{OpaqueStorageTraits::opaque_copy(f),
+                            details::bind_opaque_function_object<F, Ret, Args...>(f)};
+  }
+
+  // Constructing/assigning from a smaller ftl::Function is allowed, but not anything else.
+
+  template <std::size_t M>
+  Function(const Function<Ret(Args...), M>& other)
+      : opaque_{OpaqueStorageTraits::opaque_copy(other.opaque_)}, function_(other.function_) {}
+
+  template <std::size_t M>
+  auto& operator=(const Function<Ret(Args...), M>& other) {
+    return *this = Function{OpaqueStorageTraits::opaque_copy(other.opaque_), other.function_};
+  }
+
+  // Returns true if a function is set.
+  explicit operator bool() const { return function_ != nullptr; }
+
+  // Checks if the other function has the same contents as this one.
+  bool operator==(const Function& other) const {
+    return other.opaque_ == opaque_ && other.function_ == function_;
+  }
+  bool operator!=(const Function& other) const { return !operator==(other); }
+
+  // Alternative way of testing for a function being set.
+  bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const { return function_ == nullptr; }
+  bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const { return function_ != nullptr; }
+
+  // Invokes the function.
+  Ret operator()(Args... args) const {
+    return std::invoke(function_, opaque_.data(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // Creation helper for function objects, such as lambdas.
+  template <typename F>
+  static auto make(const F& f) -> decltype(Function{f}) {
+    return Function{f};
+  }
+
+  // Creation helper for a class pointer and a compile-time chosen member function to call.
+  template <auto MemberFunction, typename Class>
+  static auto make(Class* instance) -> decltype(Function{
+      details::bind_member_function<MemberFunction>(instance,
+                                                    static_cast<Ret (*)(Args...)>(nullptr))}) {
+    return Function{details::bind_member_function<MemberFunction>(
+        instance, static_cast<Ret (*)(Args...)>(nullptr))};
+  }
+
+  // Creation helper for a compile-time chosen free function to call.
+  template <auto FreeFunction>
+  static auto make() -> decltype(Function{
+      details::bind_free_function<FreeFunction>(static_cast<Ret (*)(Args...)>(nullptr))}) {
+    return Function{
+        details::bind_free_function<FreeFunction>(static_cast<Ret (*)(Args...)>(nullptr))};
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Needed so a Function<F, M> can be converted to a Function<F, N>.
+  template <typename, std::size_t>
+  friend class Function;
+
+  // The function pointer type of function stored in `function_`. The first argument is always
+  // `&opaque_`.
+  using StoredFunction = Ret(void*, Args...);
+
+  // The type of the opaque storage, used to hold an appropriate function object.
+  // The type stored here is ONLY known to the StoredFunction.
+  // We always use at least one std::intptr_t worth of storage, and always a multiple of that size.
+  using OpaqueStorage = typename OpaqueStorageTraits::type;
+
+  // Internal constructor for creating from a raw opaque blob + function pointer.
+  Function(const OpaqueStorage& opaque, StoredFunction* function)
+      : opaque_(opaque), function_(function) {}
+
+  // Note: `mutable` so that `operator() const` can use it.
+  mutable OpaqueStorage opaque_{};
+  StoredFunction* function_{nullptr};
+};
+
+// Makes a ftl::Function given a function object `F`.
+template <typename F, typename T = details::function_traits<F>>
+Function(const F&) -> Function<typename T::type, T::size>;
+
+template <typename F>
+auto make_function(const F& f) -> decltype(Function{f}) {
+  return Function{f};
+}
+
+// Makes a ftl::Function given a `MemberFunction` and a instance pointer to the associated `Class`.
+template <auto MemberFunction, typename Class>
+auto make_function(Class* instance)
+    -> decltype(Function{details::bind_member_function<MemberFunction>(
+        instance,
+        static_cast<details::remove_member_function_pointer_t<MemberFunction>*>(nullptr))}) {
+  return Function{details::bind_member_function<MemberFunction>(
+      instance, static_cast<details::remove_member_function_pointer_t<MemberFunction>*>(nullptr))};
+}
+
+// Makes a ftl::Function given an ordinary free function.
+template <auto FreeFunction>
+auto make_function() -> decltype(Function{
+    details::bind_free_function<FreeFunction>(static_cast<decltype(FreeFunction)>(nullptr))}) {
+  return Function{
+      details::bind_free_function<FreeFunction>(static_cast<decltype(FreeFunction)>(nullptr))};
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::ftl
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index 1c4ea6b..7b253a5 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -515,6 +515,8 @@
     PointerProperties& operator=(const PointerProperties&) = default;
 };
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const PointerProperties& properties);
+
 // TODO(b/211379801) : Use a strong type from ftl/mixins.h instead
 using DeviceId = int32_t;
 
diff --git a/include/input/PrintTools.h b/include/input/PrintTools.h
index 83fffa3..3470be4 100644
--- a/include/input/PrintTools.h
+++ b/include/input/PrintTools.h
@@ -117,11 +117,12 @@
 template <typename T>
 std::string dumpVector(const std::vector<T>& values,
                        std::string (*valueToString)(const T&) = constToString) {
-    std::string dump = valueToString(values[0]);
-    for (size_t i = 1; i < values.size(); i++) {
-        dump += ", " + valueToString(values[i]);
+    std::string out;
+    for (const auto& value : values) {
+        out += out.empty() ? "[" : ", ";
+        out += valueToString(value);
     }
-    return dump;
+    return out.empty() ? "[]" : (out + "]");
 }
 
 const char* toString(bool value);
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index f1cc5f0..ae0fb01 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -22,23 +22,51 @@
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
-    name: "libbinder_headers",
+    name: "libbinder_headers_base",
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     vendor_available: true,
     recovery_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
-    // TODO(b/153609531): remove when no longer needed.
+    native_bridge_supported: true,
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbinder_headers_platform_shared",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libbinder_headers_platform_shared",
+    ],
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.media",
+        "com.android.media.swcodec",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "29",
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+    visibility: [
+        ":__subpackages__",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libbinder_headers",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    recovery_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
     native_bridge_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
         "libbase_headers",
-        "libbinder_headers_platform_shared",
+        "libbinder_headers_base",
         "libcutils_headers",
         "libutils_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: [
         "libbase_headers",
-        "libbinder_headers_platform_shared",
+        "libbinder_headers_base",
         "libcutils_headers",
         "libutils_headers",
     ],
@@ -87,6 +115,7 @@
         "RpcSession.cpp",
         "RpcServer.cpp",
         "RpcState.cpp",
+        "RpcTransportRaw.cpp",
         "Stability.cpp",
         "Status.cpp",
         "TextOutput.cpp",
@@ -94,17 +123,8 @@
         "file.cpp",
     ],
 
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libcutils",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-
-    static_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-    ],
-
     header_libs: [
-        "libbinder_headers",
+        "libbinder_headers_base",
     ],
 
     cflags: [
@@ -131,7 +151,6 @@
     srcs: [
         "OS_android.cpp",
         "OS_unix_base.cpp",
-        "RpcTransportRaw.cpp",
     ],
 
     target: {
@@ -156,11 +175,18 @@
     },
 
     shared_libs: [
+        "libcutils",
         "liblog",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
     ],
 
     header_libs: [
         "jni_headers",
+        "libbinder_headers",
     ],
 
     export_header_lib_headers: [
@@ -217,17 +243,24 @@
     host_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
+        "libbinder_headers_base",
         "liblog_stub",
         "trusty_mock_headers",
     ],
 
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libutils_binder_sdk",
+    ],
+
     cflags: [
         "-DBINDER_RPC_SINGLE_THREADED",
         "-DBINDER_ENABLE_LIBLOG_ASSERT",
         "-DBINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE",
         "-DBINDER_DISABLE_BLOB",
         "-DBINDER_NO_LIBBASE",
+        // TODO: switch to "vendor: true" rather than copying this
         // Trusty libbinder uses vendor stability for its binders
+        "-D__ANDROID_VENDOR__",
         "-D__ANDROID_VNDK__",
         "-U__ANDROID__",
         "-D__TRUSTY__",
@@ -351,6 +384,44 @@
     afdo: true,
 }
 
+cc_library_host_shared {
+    name: "libbinder_sdk",
+
+    defaults: [
+        "libbinder_common_defaults",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libutils_binder_sdk",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DBINDER_ENABLE_LIBLOG_ASSERT",
+        "-DBINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE",
+        "-DBINDER_DISABLE_BLOB",
+        "-DBINDER_NO_LIBBASE",
+    ],
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "liblog_stub",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "OS_non_android_linux.cpp",
+        "OS_unix_base.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    visibility: [
+        ":__subpackages__",
+    ],
+
+    target: {
+        windows: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+}
+
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libbinder_rpc_no_kernel",
     vendor_available: true,
diff --git a/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp b/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
index 9341eff..b92e504 100644
--- a/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/IPCThreadState.cpp
@@ -67,28 +67,28 @@
 
 // Static const and functions will be optimized out if not used,
 // when LOG_NDEBUG and references in IF_LOG_COMMANDS() are optimized out.
-static const char *kReturnStrings[] = {
-    "BR_ERROR",
-    "BR_OK",
-    "BR_TRANSACTION",
-    "BR_REPLY",
-    "BR_ACQUIRE_RESULT",
-    "BR_DEAD_REPLY",
-    "BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE",
-    "BR_INCREFS",
-    "BR_ACQUIRE",
-    "BR_RELEASE",
-    "BR_DECREFS",
-    "BR_ATTEMPT_ACQUIRE",
-    "BR_NOOP",
-    "BR_SPAWN_LOOPER",
-    "BR_FINISHED",
-    "BR_DEAD_BINDER",
-    "BR_CLEAR_DEATH_NOTIFICATION_DONE",
-    "BR_FAILED_REPLY",
-    "BR_FROZEN_REPLY",
-    "BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT",
-    "BR_TRANSACTION_SEC_CTX",
+static const char* kReturnStrings[] = {
+        "BR_ERROR",
+        "BR_OK",
+        "BR_TRANSACTION/BR_TRANSACTION_SEC_CTX",
+        "BR_REPLY",
+        "BR_ACQUIRE_RESULT",
+        "BR_DEAD_REPLY",
+        "BR_TRANSACTION_COMPLETE",
+        "BR_INCREFS",
+        "BR_ACQUIRE",
+        "BR_RELEASE",
+        "BR_DECREFS",
+        "BR_ATTEMPT_ACQUIRE",
+        "BR_NOOP",
+        "BR_SPAWN_LOOPER",
+        "BR_FINISHED",
+        "BR_DEAD_BINDER",
+        "BR_CLEAR_DEATH_NOTIFICATION_DONE",
+        "BR_FAILED_REPLY",
+        "BR_FROZEN_REPLY",
+        "BR_ONEWAY_SPAM_SUSPECT",
+        "BR_TRANSACTION_PENDING_FROZEN",
 };
 
 static const char *kCommandStrings[] = {
diff --git a/libs/binder/OS_non_android_linux.cpp b/libs/binder/OS_non_android_linux.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b525d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/OS_non_android_linux.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "OS.h"
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include <syscall.h>
+#include <cstdarg>
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#error "This module is not intended for Android, just bare Linux"
+#endif
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#error "This module is not intended for MacOS"
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#error "This module is not intended for Windows"
+#endif
+
+namespace android::binder::os {
+
+void trace_begin(uint64_t, const char*) {}
+
+void trace_end(uint64_t) {}
+
+uint64_t GetThreadId() {
+    return syscall(__NR_gettid);
+}
+
+bool report_sysprop_change() {
+    return false;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::binder::os
+
+int __android_log_print(int /*prio*/, const char* /*tag*/, const char* fmt, ...) {
+    va_list args;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
+    va_end(args);
+
+    return 1;
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/Stability.cpp b/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
index c432b3a..665dfea 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Stability.cpp
@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@
     (void)setRepr(binder, getLocalLevel(), REPR_NONE);
 }
 
+// after deprecation of the VNDK, these should be aliases. At some point
+// all references to __ANDROID_VNDK__ should be replaced by __ANDROID_VENDOR__
+// but for right now, check that this condition holds because some
+// places check __ANDROID_VNDK__ and some places check __ANDROID_VENDOR__
+#if defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) != defined(__ANDROID_VENDOR__)
+#error "__ANDROID_VNDK__ and __ANDROID_VENDOR__ should be aliases"
+#endif
+
 Stability::Level Stability::getLocalLevel() {
 #ifdef __ANDROID_APEX__
 #error "APEX can't use libbinder (must use libbinder_ndk)"
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/IPCThreadState.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/IPCThreadState.h
index 9347ce4..dc5b1a1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/IPCThreadState.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/IPCThreadState.h
@@ -62,8 +62,13 @@
 
             /**
              * Returns the PID of the process which has made the current binder
-             * call. If not in a binder call, this will return getpid. If the
-             * call is oneway, this will return 0.
+             * call. If not in a binder call, this will return getpid.
+             *
+             * Warning: oneway transactions do not receive PID. Even if you expect
+             * a transaction to be synchronous, a misbehaving client could send it
+             * as an asynchronous call and result in a 0 PID here. Additionally, if
+             * there is a race and the calling process dies, the PID may still be
+             * 0 for a synchronous call.
              */
             [[nodiscard]] pid_t getCallingPid() const;
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
index ddd82e8..cb44c58 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,14 @@
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
 #include <binder/unique_fd.h>
+
+#ifndef __TRUSTY__
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __linux__
 #include <linux/vm_sockets.h>
+#endif // __linux__
 
 using android::OK;
 using android::RpcServer;
@@ -74,6 +80,7 @@
 
 extern "C" {
 
+#ifndef __TRUSTY__
 ARpcServer* ARpcServer_newVsock(AIBinder* service, unsigned int cid, unsigned int port) {
     auto server = RpcServer::make();
 
@@ -147,6 +154,7 @@
     server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
     return createObjectHandle<ARpcServer>(server);
 }
+#endif // __TRUSTY__
 
 void ARpcServer_setSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes(
         ARpcServer* handle, const ARpcSession_FileDescriptorTransportMode modes[],
@@ -187,6 +195,7 @@
     freeObjectHandle<RpcSession>(handle);
 }
 
+#ifndef __TRUSTY__
 AIBinder* ARpcSession_setupVsockClient(ARpcSession* handle, unsigned int cid, unsigned int port) {
     auto session = handleToStrongPointer<RpcSession>(handle);
     if (status_t status = session->setupVsockClient(cid, port); status != OK) {
@@ -234,13 +243,14 @@
     }
     return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
 }
+#endif // __TRUSTY__
 
 AIBinder* ARpcSession_setupPreconnectedClient(ARpcSession* handle, int (*requestFd)(void* param),
                                               void* param) {
     auto session = handleToStrongPointer<RpcSession>(handle);
     auto request = [=] { return unique_fd{requestFd(param)}; };
     if (status_t status = session->setupPreconnectedClient(unique_fd{}, request); status != OK) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to set up vsock client. error: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
+        ALOGE("Failed to set up preconnected client. error: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
         return nullptr;
     }
     return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
diff --git a/libs/binder/liblog_stub/include/log/log.h b/libs/binder/liblog_stub/include/log/log.h
index 3b65607..91c9632 100644
--- a/libs/binder/liblog_stub/include/log/log.h
+++ b/libs/binder/liblog_stub/include/log/log.h
@@ -35,15 +35,19 @@
     return ANDROID_LOG_STUB_MIN_PRIORITY <= priority;
 }
 
-int __android_log_print(int prio, const char* tag, const char* fmt, ...)
-        __attribute__((format(printf, 3, 4)))
 #ifdef ANDROID_LOG_STUB_WEAK_PRINT
-        __attribute__((weak))
+#define __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_IS_PRINT_PRESENT __android_log_print
+#define __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_PRINT_ATTR __attribute__((weak))
+#else
+#define __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_IS_PRINT_PRESENT true
+#define __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_PRINT_ATTR
 #endif
-        ;
+
+int __android_log_print(int prio, const char* tag, const char* fmt, ...)
+        __attribute__((format(printf, 3, 4))) __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_PRINT_ATTR;
 
 #define IF_ALOG(priority, tag) \
-    if (__android_log_stub_is_loggable(ANDROID_##priority) && __android_log_print)
+    if (__android_log_stub_is_loggable(ANDROID_##priority) && __ANDROID_LOG_STUB_IS_PRINT_PRESENT)
 #define IF_ALOGV() IF_ALOG(LOG_VERBOSE, LOG_TAG)
 #define IF_ALOGD() IF_ALOG(LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG)
 #define IF_ALOGI() IF_ALOG(LOG_INFO, LOG_TAG)
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_ibinder.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_ibinder.h
index db2d2c1..b1ab7b0 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_ibinder.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_ibinder.h
@@ -390,6 +390,12 @@
  * calling process dies and is replaced with another process with elevated permissions and the same
  * PID.
  *
+ * Warning: oneway transactions do not receive PID. Even if you expect
+ * a transaction to be synchronous, a misbehaving client could send it
+ * as a synchronous call and result in a 0 PID here. Additionally, if
+ * there is a race and the calling process dies, the PID may still be
+ * 0 for a synchronous call.
+ *
  * Available since API level 29.
  *
  * \return calling pid or the current process's PID if this thread isn't processing a transaction.
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
index a957385..163f000 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 
 //! API for RPC Binder services.
 
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
 mod server;
 mod session;
 
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
 pub use server::{RpcServer, RpcServerRef};
 pub use session::{FileDescriptorTransportMode, RpcSession, RpcSessionRef};
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
index 79a9510..09688a2 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,8 @@
 use binder::unstable_api::new_spibinder;
 use binder::{FromIBinder, SpIBinder, StatusCode, Strong};
 use foreign_types::{foreign_type, ForeignType, ForeignTypeRef};
-use std::ffi::CString;
-use std::os::{
-    raw::{c_int, c_void},
-    unix::io::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd},
-};
+use std::os::fd::RawFd;
+use std::os::raw::{c_int, c_void};
 
 pub use binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::ARpcSession_FileDescriptorTransportMode as FileDescriptorTransportMode;
 
@@ -87,6 +84,7 @@
     }
 
     /// Connects to an RPC Binder server over vsock for a particular interface.
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
     pub fn setup_vsock_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
         &self,
         cid: u32,
@@ -106,11 +104,12 @@
 
     /// Connects to an RPC Binder server over a names Unix Domain Socket for
     /// a particular interface.
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
     pub fn setup_unix_domain_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
         &self,
         socket_name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
-        let socket_name = match CString::new(socket_name) {
+        let socket_name = match std::ffi::CString::new(socket_name) {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) => {
                 log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", socket_name, e);
@@ -131,10 +130,12 @@
 
     /// Connects to an RPC Binder server over a bootstrap Unix Domain Socket
     /// for a particular interface.
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
     pub fn setup_unix_domain_bootstrap_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
         &self,
-        bootstrap_fd: BorrowedFd,
+        bootstrap_fd: std::os::fd::BorrowedFd,
     ) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
+        use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
         // SAFETY: ARpcSession_setupUnixDomainBootstrapClient does not take
         // ownership of bootstrap_fd. The returned AIBinder has correct
         // reference count, and the ownership can safely be taken by new_spibinder.
@@ -148,12 +149,13 @@
     }
 
     /// Connects to an RPC Binder server over inet socket at the given address and port.
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "trusty"))]
     pub fn setup_inet_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
         &self,
         address: &str,
         port: u32,
     ) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
-        let address = match CString::new(address) {
+        let address = match std::ffi::CString::new(address) {
             Ok(s) => s,
             Err(e) => {
                 log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", address, e);
@@ -173,6 +175,22 @@
         Self::get_interface(service)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_os = "trusty")]
+    pub fn setup_trusty_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
+        &self,
+        port: &std::ffi::CStr,
+    ) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
+        self.setup_preconnected_client(|| {
+            let h = tipc::Handle::connect(port)
+                .expect("Failed to connect to service port {SERVICE_PORT}");
+
+            // Do not close the handle at the end of the scope
+            let fd = h.as_raw_fd();
+            core::mem::forget(h);
+            Some(fd)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Connects to an RPC Binder server, using the given callback to get (and
     /// take ownership of) file descriptors already connected to it.
     pub fn setup_preconnected_client<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/state.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/state.rs
index a3a2562..8a06274 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/state.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/state.rs
@@ -101,13 +101,16 @@
     /// dies and is replaced with another process with elevated permissions and
     /// the same PID.
     ///
+    /// Warning: oneway transactions do not receive PID. Even if you expect
+    /// a transaction to be synchronous, a misbehaving client could send it
+    /// as a synchronous call and result in a 0 PID here. Additionally, if
+    /// there is a race and the calling process dies, the PID may still be
+    /// 0 for a synchronous call.
+    ///
     /// Available since API level 29.
     ///
     /// \return calling pid or the current process's PID if this thread isn't
     /// processing a transaction.
-    ///
-    /// If the transaction being processed is a oneway transaction, then this
-    /// method will return 0.
     pub fn get_calling_pid() -> pid_t {
         // Safety: Safe FFI
         unsafe { sys::AIBinder_getCallingPid() }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index e4d4de8..dd2be94 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -256,6 +256,12 @@
     // contention on the device. b/276820894
     test_options: {
         unit_test: false,
+        test_runner_options: [
+            {
+                name: "native-test-timeout",
+                value: "10m",
+            },
+        ],
     },
 
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
@@ -830,6 +836,7 @@
         ],
         // Adds bugs to hotlist "AIDL fuzzers bugs" on buganizer
         hotlists: ["4637097"],
+        use_for_presubmit: true,
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/OS.cpp b/libs/binder/trusty/OS.cpp
index 9869bf3..a8dabc3 100644
--- a/libs/binder/trusty/OS.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/OS.cpp
@@ -126,8 +126,3 @@
 
     return 1;
 }
-
-// TODO(b/285204695): remove once trusty mock doesn't depend on libbase
-extern "C" int __android_log_buf_print(int, int, const char*, const char*, ...) {
-    return -ENOSYS;
-}
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/binder_rpc_unstable/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/binder_rpc_unstable/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8dbce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/binder_rpc_unstable/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+LOCAL_DIR := $(GET_LOCAL_DIR)
+LIBBINDER_DIR := $(LOCAL_DIR)/../..
+
+MODULE := $(LOCAL_DIR)
+
+MODULE_SRCS := \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp \
+
+MODULE_EXPORT_INCLUDES += \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/include_rpc_unstable \
+
+MODULE_LIBRARY_DEPS += \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/ndk \
+	trusty/user/base/lib/libstdc++-trusty \
+
+include make/library.mk
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/kernel/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/kernel/rules.mk
index 788184d..5cbe0af 100644
--- a/libs/binder/trusty/kernel/rules.mk
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/kernel/rules.mk
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
 	-DBINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE \
 	-DBINDER_DISABLE_BLOB \
 	-DBINDER_NO_LIBBASE \
+	-D__ANDROID_VENDOR__ \
 	-D__ANDROID_VNDK__ \
 
 MODULE_DEPS += \
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/rules.mk
index e0f821f..f2f140d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/trusty/rules.mk
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rules.mk
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 	-DBINDER_DISABLE_NATIVE_HANDLE \
 	-DBINDER_DISABLE_BLOB \
 	-DBINDER_NO_LIBBASE \
+	-D__ANDROID_VENDOR__ \
 	-D__ANDROID_VNDK__ \
 
 # libbinder has some deprecated declarations that we want to produce warnings
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/BinderBindings.hpp b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/BinderBindings.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f96566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/BinderBindings.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <binder_rpc_unstable.hpp>
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/lib.rs b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7036f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Generated Rust bindings to binder_rpc_unstable
+
+#[allow(bad_style)]
+mod sys {
+    include!(env!("BINDGEN_INC_FILE"));
+}
+
+pub use sys::*;
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef1b7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+LOCAL_DIR := $(GET_LOCAL_DIR)
+LIBBINDER_DIR := $(LOCAL_DIR)/../../..
+
+MODULE := $(LOCAL_DIR)
+
+MODULE_SRCS := $(LOCAL_DIR)/lib.rs
+
+MODULE_CRATE_NAME := binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen
+
+MODULE_LIBRARY_DEPS += \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/binder_rpc_unstable \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/ndk \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust/binder_ndk_sys \
+	trusty/user/base/lib/libstdc++-trusty \
+	trusty/user/base/lib/trusty-sys \
+
+MODULE_BINDGEN_SRC_HEADER := $(LOCAL_DIR)/BinderBindings.hpp
+
+MODULE_BINDGEN_FLAGS += \
+	--blocklist-type="AIBinder" \
+	--raw-line="use binder_ndk_sys::AIBinder;" \
+	--rustified-enum="ARpcSession_FileDescriptorTransportMode" \
+
+include make/library.mk
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rpcbinder/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rpcbinder/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76f3b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rpcbinder/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+LOCAL_DIR := $(GET_LOCAL_DIR)
+LIBBINDER_DIR := $(LOCAL_DIR)/../../..
+
+MODULE := $(LOCAL_DIR)
+
+MODULE_SRCS := $(LIBBINDER_DIR)/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
+
+MODULE_CRATE_NAME := rpcbinder
+
+MODULE_LIBRARY_DEPS += \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/ndk \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust/binder_ndk_sys \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen \
+	external/rust/crates/foreign-types \
+	trusty/user/base/lib/tipc/rust \
+	trusty/user/base/lib/trusty-sys \
+
+include make/library.mk
diff --git a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rules.mk b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rules.mk
index be90df3..6de7eb5 100644
--- a/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rules.mk
+++ b/libs/binder/trusty/rust/rules.mk
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty \
 	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/ndk \
 	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust/binder_ndk_sys \
+	$(LIBBINDER_DIR)/trusty/rust/binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen \
 	external/rust/crates/downcast-rs \
 	trusty/user/base/lib/trusty-sys \
 
diff --git a/libs/ftl/Android.bp b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
index ea1b5e4..918680d 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
         "enum_test.cpp",
         "fake_guard_test.cpp",
         "flags_test.cpp",
+        "function_test.cpp",
         "future_test.cpp",
         "match_test.cpp",
         "mixins_test.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/ftl/function_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/function_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91b5e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ftl/function_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <ftl/function.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace android::test {
+namespace {
+
+// Create an alias to composite requirements defined by the trait class `T` for easier testing.
+template <typename T, typename S>
+inline constexpr bool is_opaquely_storable = (T::template require_trivially_copyable<S> &&
+                                              T::template require_trivially_destructible<S> &&
+                                              T::template require_will_fit_in_opaque_storage<S> &&
+                                              T::template require_alignment_compatible<S>);
+
+// `I` gives a count of sizeof(std::intptr_t) bytes , and `J` gives a raw count of bytes
+template <size_t I, size_t J = 0>
+struct KnownSizeFunctionObject {
+  using Data = std::array<std::byte, sizeof(std::intptr_t) * I + J>;
+  void operator()() const {};
+  Data data{};
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// static_assert the expected type traits
+static_assert(std::is_invocable_r_v<void, ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_copy_constructible_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_move_constructible_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_copy_assignable_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+static_assert(std::is_trivially_move_assignable_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+
+template <typename T>
+using function_traits = ftl::details::function_traits<T>;
+
+// static_assert that the expected value of N is used for known function object sizes.
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<0, 0>>::size == 0);
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<0, 1>>::size == 0);
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<1, 0>>::size == 0);
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<1, 1>>::size == 1);
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<2, 0>>::size == 1);
+static_assert(function_traits<KnownSizeFunctionObject<2, 1>>::size == 2);
+
+// Check that is_function_v works
+static_assert(!ftl::is_function_v<KnownSizeFunctionObject<0>>);
+static_assert(!ftl::is_function_v<std::function<void()>>);
+static_assert(ftl::is_function_v<ftl::Function<void()>>);
+
+// static_assert what can and cannot be stored inside the opaque storage
+
+template <size_t N>
+using function_opaque_storage = ftl::details::function_opaque_storage<N>;
+
+// Function objects can be stored if they fit.
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<0>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<0>>);
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<0>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<1>>);
+static_assert(!is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<0>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<2>>);
+
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<1>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<2>>);
+static_assert(!is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<1>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<3>>);
+
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<3>>);
+static_assert(!is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, KnownSizeFunctionObject<4>>);
+
+// Another opaque storage can be stored if it fits. This property is used to copy smaller
+// ftl::Functions into larger ones.
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, function_opaque_storage<0>::type>);
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, function_opaque_storage<1>::type>);
+static_assert(is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, function_opaque_storage<2>::type>);
+static_assert(!is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, function_opaque_storage<3>::type>);
+
+// Function objects that aren't trivially copyable or destroyable cannot be stored.
+auto lambda_capturing_unique_ptr = [ptr = std::unique_ptr<void*>()] { static_cast<void>(ptr); };
+static_assert(
+    !is_opaquely_storable<function_opaque_storage<2>, decltype(lambda_capturing_unique_ptr)>);
+
+// Keep in sync with "Example usage" in header file.
+TEST(Function, Example) {
+  using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+
+  class MyClass {
+   public:
+    void on_event() const {}
+    int on_string(int*, std::string_view) { return 1; }
+
+    auto get_function() {
+      return ftl::make_function([this] { on_event(); });
+    }
+  } cls;
+
+  // A function container with no arguments, and returning no value.
+  ftl::Function<void()> f;
+
+  // Construct a ftl::Function containing a small lambda.
+  f = cls.get_function();
+
+  // Construct a ftl::Function that calls `cls.on_event()`.
+  f = ftl::make_function<&MyClass::on_event>(&cls);
+
+  // Create a do-nothing function.
+  f = ftl::no_op;
+
+  // Invoke the contained function.
+  f();
+
+  // Also invokes it.
+  std::invoke(f);
+
+  // Create a typedef to give a more meaningful name and bound the size.
+  using MyFunction = ftl::Function<int(std::string_view), 2>;
+  int* ptr = nullptr;
+  auto f1 =
+      MyFunction::make([cls = &cls, ptr](std::string_view sv) { return cls->on_string(ptr, sv); });
+  int r = f1("abc"sv);
+
+  // Returns a default-constructed int (0).
+  f1 = ftl::no_op;
+  r = f1("abc"sv);
+  EXPECT_EQ(r, 0);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, BasicOperations) {
+  // Default constructible.
+  ftl::Function<int()> f;
+
+  // Compares as empty
+  EXPECT_FALSE(f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(f != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ftl::Function<int()>() == f);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ftl::Function<int()>() != f);
+
+  // Assigning no_op sets it to not empty.
+  f = ftl::no_op;
+
+  // Verify it can be called, and that it returns a default constructed value.
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(), 0);
+
+  // Comparable when non-empty.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(f == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ftl::Function<int()>() == f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ftl::Function<int()>() != f);
+
+  // Constructing from nullptr means empty.
+  f = ftl::Function<int()>{nullptr};
+  EXPECT_FALSE(f);
+
+  // Assigning nullptr means it is empty.
+  f = nullptr;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(f);
+
+  // Move construction
+  f = ftl::no_op;
+  ftl::Function<int()> g{std::move(f)};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(g != nullptr);
+
+  // Move assignment
+  f = nullptr;
+  f = std::move(g);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f != nullptr);
+
+  // Copy construction
+  ftl::Function<int()> h{f};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(h != nullptr);
+
+  // Copy assignment
+  g = h;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(g != nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, CanMoveConstructFromLambda) {
+  auto lambda = [] {};
+  ftl::Function<void()> f{std::move(lambda)};
+}
+
+TEST(Function, TerseDeducedConstructAndAssignFromLambda) {
+  auto f = ftl::Function([] { return 1; });
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(), 1);
+
+  f = [] { return 2; };
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(), 2);
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+struct ImplicitConversionsHelper {
+  auto exact(int) -> int { return 0; }
+  auto inexact(long) -> short { return 0; }
+  // TODO: Switch to `auto templated(auto x)` with C++20
+  template <typename T>
+  T templated(T x) {
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  static auto static_exact(int) -> int { return 0; }
+  static auto static_inexact(long) -> short { return 0; }
+  // TODO: Switch to `static auto static_templated(auto x)` with C++20
+  template <typename T>
+  static T static_templated(T x) {
+    return x;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(Function, ImplicitConversions) {
+  using Function = ftl::Function<int(int)>;
+  auto check = [](Function f) { return f(0); };
+  auto exact = [](int) -> int { return 0; };
+  auto inexact = [](long) -> short { return 0; };
+  auto templated = [](auto x) { return x; };
+
+  ImplicitConversionsHelper helper;
+
+  // Note, `check(nullptr)` would crash, so we can only check if it would be invocable.
+  static_assert(std::is_invocable_v<decltype(check), decltype(nullptr)>);
+
+  // Note: We invoke each of these to fully expand all the templates involved.
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(ftl::no_op), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(exact), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(inexact), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(templated), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::exact>(&helper)), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::inexact>(&helper)), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::templated<int>>(&helper)), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::static_exact>()), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::static_inexact>()), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(check(Function::make<&ImplicitConversionsHelper::static_templated<int>>()), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithNonConstMemberFunction) {
+  struct Observer {
+    bool called = false;
+    void setCalled() { called = true; }
+  } observer;
+
+  auto f = ftl::make_function<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer);
+
+  f();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(observer.called);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f == ftl::Function<void()>::make<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer));
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithConstMemberFunction) {
+  struct Observer {
+    mutable bool called = false;
+    void setCalled() const { called = true; }
+  } observer;
+
+  const auto f = ftl::make_function<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer);
+
+  f();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(observer.called);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f == ftl::Function<void()>::make<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer));
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithConstClassPointer) {
+  const struct Observer {
+    mutable bool called = false;
+    void setCalled() const { called = true; }
+  } observer;
+
+  const auto f = ftl::make_function<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer);
+
+  f();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(observer.called);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f == ftl::Function<void()>::make<&Observer::setCalled>(&observer));
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithNonCapturingLambda) {
+  auto f = ftl::make_function([](int a, int b) { return a + b; });
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(1, 2), 3);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithCapturingLambda) {
+  bool called = false;
+  auto f = ftl::make_function([&called](int a, int b) {
+    called = true;
+    return a + b;
+  });
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(1, 2), 3);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(called);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithCapturingMutableLambda) {
+  bool called = false;
+  auto f = ftl::make_function([&called](int a, int b) mutable {
+    called = true;
+    return a + b;
+  });
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(1, 2), 3);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(called);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithThreePointerCapturingLambda) {
+  bool my_bool = false;
+  int my_int = 0;
+  float my_float = 0.f;
+
+  auto f = ftl::make_function(
+      [ptr_bool = &my_bool, ptr_int = &my_int, ptr_float = &my_float](int a, int b) mutable {
+        *ptr_bool = true;
+        *ptr_int = 1;
+        *ptr_float = 1.f;
+
+        return a + b;
+      });
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(f(1, 2), 3);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(my_bool);
+  EXPECT_EQ(my_int, 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(my_float, 1.f);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, MakeWithFreeFunction) {
+  auto f = ftl::make_function<&std::make_unique<int, int>>();
+  std::unique_ptr<int> unique_int = f(1);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(unique_int);
+  EXPECT_EQ(*unique_int, 1);
+}
+
+TEST(Function, CopyToLarger) {
+  int counter = 0;
+  ftl::Function<void()> a{[ptr_counter = &counter] { (*ptr_counter)++; }};
+  ftl::Function<void(), 1> b = a;
+  ftl::Function<void(), 2> c = a;
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0);
+  a();
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 1);
+  b();
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 2);
+  c();
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 3);
+
+  b = [ptr_counter = &counter] { (*ptr_counter) += 2; };
+  c = [ptr_counter = &counter] { (*ptr_counter) += 3; };
+
+  b();
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 5);
+  c();
+  EXPECT_EQ(counter, 8);
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::test
diff --git a/libs/gui/Android.bp b/libs/gui/Android.bp
index 44a9e52..eb4d3df 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gui/Android.bp
@@ -423,7 +423,6 @@
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
         "libnativewindow",
-        "libselinux",
         "libsync",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
index 744201a..11f5174 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
@@ -38,43 +38,10 @@
 #include <private/gui/BufferQueueThreadState.h>
 #if !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) && !defined(NO_BINDER)
 #include <binder/PermissionCache.h>
-#include <selinux/android.h>
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 #endif
 
 #include <system/window.h>
 
-namespace {
-#if !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) && !defined(NO_BINDER)
-int selinux_log_suppress_callback(int, const char*, ...) { // NOLINT
-    // DO NOTHING
-    return 0;
-}
-
-bool hasAccessToPermissionService() {
-    char* ctx;
-
-    if (getcon(&ctx) == -1) {
-        // Failed to get current selinux context
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    union selinux_callback cb;
-
-    cb.func_log = selinux_log_suppress_callback;
-    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
-
-    bool hasAccess = selinux_check_access(ctx, "u:object_r:permission_service:s0",
-                                          "service_manager", "find", NULL) == 0;
-    freecon(ctx);
-    cb.func_log = hasAccess ? selinux_log_callback : selinux_vendor_log_callback;
-    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
-
-    return hasAccess;
-}
-#endif
-} // namespace
-
 namespace android {
 
 // Macros for include BufferQueueCore information in log messages
@@ -843,18 +810,14 @@
     const uid_t uid = BufferQueueThreadState::getCallingUid();
 #if !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) && !defined(NO_BINDER)
     // permission check can't be done for vendors as vendors have no access to
-    // the PermissionController. We need to do a runtime check as well, since
-    // the system variant of libgui can be loaded in a vendor process. For eg:
-    // if a HAL uses an llndk library that depends on libgui (libmediandk etc).
-    if (hasAccessToPermissionService()) {
-        const pid_t pid = BufferQueueThreadState::getCallingPid();
-        if ((uid != shellUid) &&
-            !PermissionCache::checkPermission(String16("android.permission.DUMP"), pid, uid)) {
-            outResult->appendFormat("Permission Denial: can't dump BufferQueueConsumer "
-                                    "from pid=%d, uid=%d\n",
-                                    pid, uid);
-            denied = true;
-        }
+    // the PermissionController.
+    const pid_t pid = BufferQueueThreadState::getCallingPid();
+    if ((uid != shellUid) &&
+        !PermissionCache::checkPermission(String16("android.permission.DUMP"), pid, uid)) {
+        outResult->appendFormat("Permission Denial: can't dump BufferQueueConsumer "
+                                "from pid=%d, uid=%d\n",
+                                pid, uid);
+        denied = true;
     }
 #else
     if (uid != shellUid) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp b/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
index 93df124..c6f3363 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
@@ -344,6 +344,10 @@
     handleRefreshRateUpdates();
 }
 
+void Choreographer::dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId, int32_t, int32_t) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged was called but was never registered");
+}
+
 void Choreographer::handleMessage(const Message& message) {
     switch (message.what) {
         case MSG_SCHEDULE_CALLBACKS:
diff --git a/libs/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.cpp b/libs/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.cpp
index 5dd058c..f3de96d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.cpp
@@ -195,6 +195,11 @@
                     dispatchFrameRateOverrides(ev.header.timestamp, ev.header.displayId,
                                                std::move(mFrameRateOverrides));
                     break;
+                case DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HDCP_LEVELS_CHANGE:
+                    dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged(ev.header.displayId,
+                                              ev.hdcpLevelsChange.connectedLevel,
+                                              ev.hdcpLevelsChange.maxLevel);
+                    break;
                 default:
                     ALOGW("dispatcher %p ~ ignoring unknown event type %#x", this, ev.header.type);
                     break;
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 8b6f202..8d18551 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -3117,7 +3117,6 @@
             ->removeWindowInfosListener(windowInfosListener,
                                         ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService());
 }
-
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 status_t ScreenshotClient::captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& captureArgs,
diff --git a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
index 9933680..c952ba2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
+++ b/libs/gui/fuzzer/libgui_fuzzer_utils.h
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(dispatchNullEvent, void(nsecs_t, PhysicalDisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD3(dispatchFrameRateOverrides,
                  void(nsecs_t, PhysicalDisplayId, std::vector<FrameRateOverride>));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged, void(PhysicalDisplayId, int32_t, int32_t));
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/Choreographer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/Choreographer.h
index 9fef512..55a7aa7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/Choreographer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/Choreographer.h
@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@
     void dispatchNullEvent(nsecs_t, PhysicalDisplayId) override;
     void dispatchFrameRateOverrides(nsecs_t timestamp, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
                                     std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides) override;
+    void dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                                   int32_t maxLevel) override;
 
     void scheduleCallbacks();
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.h
index fe2dd20..82cd50c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventDispatcher.h
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@
     virtual void dispatchFrameRateOverrides(nsecs_t timestamp, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
                                             std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides) = 0;
 
+    virtual void dispatchHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                                           int32_t maxLevel) = 0;
+
     bool processPendingEvents(nsecs_t* outTimestamp, PhysicalDisplayId* outDisplayId,
                               uint32_t* outCount, VsyncEventData* outVsyncEventData);
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.h
index 79582ce..8c1103b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.h
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class DisplayEventReceiver {
 public:
-
     enum {
         DISPLAY_EVENT_VSYNC = fourcc('v', 's', 'y', 'n'),
         DISPLAY_EVENT_HOTPLUG = fourcc('p', 'l', 'u', 'g'),
@@ -66,6 +65,7 @@
         DISPLAY_EVENT_NULL = fourcc('n', 'u', 'l', 'l'),
         DISPLAY_EVENT_FRAME_RATE_OVERRIDE = fourcc('r', 'a', 't', 'e'),
         DISPLAY_EVENT_FRAME_RATE_OVERRIDE_FLUSH = fourcc('f', 'l', 's', 'h'),
+        DISPLAY_EVENT_HDCP_LEVELS_CHANGE = fourcc('h', 'd', 'c', 'p'),
     };
 
     struct Event {
@@ -101,12 +101,22 @@
             float frameRateHz __attribute__((aligned(8)));
         };
 
+        /*
+         * The values are defined in aidl:
+         * hardware/interfaces/drm/aidl/android/hardware/drm/HdcpLevel.aidl
+         */
+        struct HdcpLevelsChange {
+            int32_t connectedLevel;
+            int32_t maxLevel;
+        };
+
         Header header;
         union {
             VSync vsync;
             Hotplug hotplug;
             ModeChange modeChange;
             FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride;
+            HdcpLevelsChange hdcpLevelsChange;
         };
     };
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
index 4d4c5e4..b72b71a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@
                 static_cast<uint32_t>(os::InputConfig::INTERCEPTS_STYLUS),
         CLONE =
                 static_cast<uint32_t>(os::InputConfig::CLONE),
+        GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH =
+                static_cast<uint32_t>(os::InputConfig::GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH),
         // clang-format on
     };
 
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index bd5b67b..8eaff00 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -379,6 +379,11 @@
     return out;
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const PointerProperties& properties) {
+    out << "Pointer(id=" << properties.id << ", " << ftl::enum_string(properties.toolType) << ")";
+    return out;
+}
+
 // --- PointerCoords ---
 
 float PointerCoords::getAxisValue(int32_t axis) const {
diff --git a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
index 09e98d0..669f801 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@
               "action=%s, actionButton=0x%08x, flags=0x%x, edgeFlags=0x%x, "
               "metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x, classification=%s,"
               "xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, downTime=%" PRId64 ", eventTime=%" PRId64 ", "
-              "pointerCount=%" PRIu32 " \n%s",
+              "pointerCount=%" PRIu32 "\n%s",
               mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, deviceId,
               inputEventSourceToString(source).c_str(), displayId,
               MotionEvent::actionToString(action).c_str(), actionButton, flags, edgeFlags,
diff --git a/libs/input/android/os/InputConfig.aidl b/libs/input/android/os/InputConfig.aidl
index 4e644ff..5d39155 100644
--- a/libs/input/android/os/InputConfig.aidl
+++ b/libs/input/android/os/InputConfig.aidl
@@ -150,4 +150,11 @@
      * likely a duplicate window with the same client token, but different bounds.
      */
     CLONE                        = 1 << 16,
+
+    /**
+     * If the stylus is currently down *anywhere* on the screen, new touches will not be delivered
+     * to the window with this flag. This helps prevent unexpected clicks on some system windows,
+     * like StatusBar and TaskBar.
+     */
+    GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH   = 1 << 17,
 }
diff --git a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
index 54eeb39..11f6994 100644
--- a/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
+++ b/libs/input/input_flags.aconfig
@@ -52,7 +52,14 @@
 flag {
   name: "enable_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection"
   namespace: "input"
-  description: "Enable additional palm rejection on touchpad while typing"
+  description: "Enabling additional touchpad palm rejection will disable the tap to click while the user is typing on a physical keyboard"
+  bug: "301055381"
+}
+
+flag {
+  name: "enable_v2_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection"
+  namespace: "input"
+  description: "In addition to touchpad palm rejection v1, v2 will also cancel ongoing move gestures while typing and add delay in re-enabling the tap to click."
   bug: "301055381"
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/AHardwareBuffer.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/AHardwareBuffer.cpp
index e7b2195..745b6f3 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/AHardwareBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/AHardwareBuffer.cpp
@@ -113,6 +113,22 @@
                 AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R10G10B10A10_UNORM,
         "HAL and AHardwareBuffer pixel format don't match");
 
+static enum AHardwareBufferStatus filterStatus(status_t status) {
+    switch (status) {
+        case STATUS_OK:
+            return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_OK;
+        case STATUS_NO_MEMORY:
+            return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_NO_MEMORY;
+        case STATUS_BAD_VALUE:
+            return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+        case STATUS_UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION:
+        case STATUS_INVALID_OPERATION:
+            return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
+        default:
+            return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Public functions
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -511,6 +527,24 @@
     return AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel)->write(*gb);
 }
 
+ADataSpace AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(const AHardwareBuffer* _Nonnull buffer) {
+    const GraphicBuffer* gb = AHardwareBuffer_to_GraphicBuffer(buffer);
+    if (!gb) return ADATASPACE_UNKNOWN;
+    ui::Dataspace dataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+    status_t status = gb->getDataspace(&dataspace);
+    if (status != OK) {
+        return ADATASPACE_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    return static_cast<ADataSpace>(dataspace);
+}
+
+enum AHardwareBufferStatus AHardwareBuffer_setDataSpace(AHardwareBuffer* buffer,
+                                                        ADataSpace dataspace) {
+    GraphicBuffer* gb = AHardwareBuffer_to_GraphicBuffer(buffer);
+    auto& mapper = GraphicBufferMapper::get();
+    return filterStatus(mapper.setDataspace(gb->handle, static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(dataspace)));
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // VNDK functions
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -552,6 +586,56 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+enum AHardwareBufferStatus AHardwareBuffer_allocate2(
+        const AHardwareBuffer_Desc* desc, const AHardwareBufferLongOptions* additionalOptions,
+        size_t additionalOptionsSize, AHardwareBuffer** outBuffer) {
+    (void)additionalOptions;
+    (void)additionalOptionsSize;
+    if (!outBuffer || !desc) return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    if (!AHardwareBuffer_isValidDescription(desc, /*log=*/true)) {
+        return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    int format = AHardwareBuffer_convertToPixelFormat(desc->format);
+    uint64_t usage = AHardwareBuffer_convertToGrallocUsageBits(desc->usage);
+
+    std::vector<GraphicBufferAllocator::AdditionalOptions> extras;
+    extras.reserve(additionalOptionsSize);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < additionalOptionsSize; i++) {
+        extras.push_back(GraphicBufferAllocator::AdditionalOptions{additionalOptions[i].name,
+                                                                   additionalOptions[i].value});
+    }
+
+    const auto extrasCount = extras.size();
+    auto gbuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest{
+            .importBuffer = true,
+            .width = desc->width,
+            .height = desc->height,
+            .format = format,
+            .layerCount = desc->layers,
+            .usage = usage,
+            .requestorName = std::string("AHardwareBuffer pid [") + std::to_string(getpid()) + "]",
+            .extras = std::move(extras),
+    });
+
+    status_t err = gbuffer->initCheck();
+    if (err != 0 || gbuffer->handle == nullptr) {
+        if (err == NO_MEMORY) {
+        GraphicBuffer::dumpAllocationsToSystemLog();
+        }
+        ALOGE("GraphicBuffer(w=%u, h=%u, lc=%u, extrasCount=%zd) failed (%s), handle=%p",
+              desc->width, desc->height, desc->layers, extrasCount, strerror(-err),
+              gbuffer->handle);
+        return filterStatus(err == 0 ? UNKNOWN_ERROR : err);
+    }
+
+    *outBuffer = AHardwareBuffer_from_GraphicBuffer(gbuffer.get());
+
+    // Ensure the buffer doesn't get destroyed when the sp<> goes away.
+    AHardwareBuffer_acquire(*outBuffer);
+    return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_OK;
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers implementation
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -652,12 +736,9 @@
     return ahardwarebuffer_format;
 }
 
+// TODO: Remove, this is just to make an overly aggressive ABI checker happy
 int32_t AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(AHardwareBuffer* buffer) {
-    GraphicBuffer* gb = AHardwareBuffer_to_GraphicBuffer(buffer);
-    auto& mapper = GraphicBufferMapper::get();
-    ui::Dataspace dataspace = ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
-    mapper.getDataspace(gb->handle, &dataspace);
-    return static_cast<int32_t>(dataspace);
+    return ::AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(buffer);
 }
 
 uint64_t AHardwareBuffer_convertToGrallocUsageBits(uint64_t usage) {
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
index dd5958d..f97eed5 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
@@ -152,31 +152,56 @@
 
 int32_t ANativeWindow_setBuffersDataSpace(ANativeWindow* window, int32_t dataSpace) {
     static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_UNKNOWN) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_UNKNOWN));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_MASK) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_MASK));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT709) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT601_625) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT601_525) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_BT470M) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT470M));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_FILM) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_FILM));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_DCI_P3) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_MASK) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_LINEAR) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_ST2084) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(TRANSFER_HLG) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(RANGE_MASK) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_MASK));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(RANGE_UNSPECIFIED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(RANGE_FULL) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_FULL));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(RANGE_LIMITED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED));
-    static_assert(static_cast<int>(RANGE_EXTENDED) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_MASK) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_MASK));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT470M) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT470M));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_FILM) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_FILM));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_RANGE_MASK) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_MASK));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_FULL));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED));
+    static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED) ==
+                  static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED));
     static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_SRGB) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_V0_SRGB));
     static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_SCRGB) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_V0_SCRGB));
     static_assert(static_cast<int>(ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3) == static_cast<int>(HAL_DATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3));
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include-private/private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h b/libs/nativewindow/include-private/private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h
index 880c694..f145a2f 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include-private/private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include-private/private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-struct AHardwareBuffer;
-struct AHardwareBuffer_Desc;
+#include <vndk/hardware_buffer.h>
+
 struct ANativeWindowBuffer;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -46,11 +46,6 @@
 // convert HAL format to AHardwareBuffer format (note: this is a no-op)
 uint32_t AHardwareBuffer_convertToPixelFormat(uint32_t format);
 
-// retrieves a dataspace from the AHardwareBuffer metadata, if the device
-// support gralloc metadata. Returns UNKNOWN if gralloc metadata is not
-// supported.
-int32_t AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(AHardwareBuffer* buffer);
-
 // convert AHardwareBuffer usage bits to HAL usage bits (note: this is a no-op)
 uint64_t AHardwareBuffer_convertFromGrallocUsageBits(uint64_t usage);
 
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
index eab21fb..d4278be 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/data_space.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 /**
  * ADataSpace.
  */
-enum ADataSpace {
+enum ADataSpace : int32_t {
     /**
      * Default-assumption data space, when not explicitly specified.
      *
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
      * Defines the chromaticity coordinates of the source primaries in terms of
      * the CIE 1931 definition of x and y specified in ISO 11664-1.
      */
-    STANDARD_MASK = 63 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_MASK = 63 << 16,
 
     /**
      * Chromacity coordinates are unknown or are determined by the application.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
      * For all other formats standard is undefined, and implementations should use
      * an appropriate standard for the data represented.
      */
-    STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.2126, KB = 0.0722 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT709 = 1 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 = 1 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
      *  to minimize the color shift into RGB space that uses BT.709
      *  primaries.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT601_625 = 2 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625 = 2 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.222, KB = 0.071 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED = 3 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED = 3 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
      *  to minimize the color shift into RGB space that uses BT.709
      *  primaries.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT601_525 = 4 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525 = 4 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.212, KB = 0.087 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion (as in SMPTE 240M).
      */
-    STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED = 5 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED = 5 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.2627, KB = 0.0593 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT2020 = 6 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 = 6 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.2627, KB = 0.0593 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion using the linear domain.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT2020_CONSTANT_LUMINANCE = 7 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020_CONSTANT_LUMINANCE = 7 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.30, KB = 0.11 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion.
      */
-    STANDARD_BT470M = 8 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT470M = 8 << 16,
 
     /**
      * <pre>
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
      * Use the unadjusted KR = 0.254, KB = 0.068 luminance interpretation
      * for RGB conversion.
      */
-    STANDARD_FILM = 9 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_FILM = 9 << 16,
 
     /**
      * SMPTE EG 432-1 and SMPTE RP 431-2. (DCI-P3)
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
      *  red             0.680   0.320
      *  white (D65)     0.3127  0.3290</pre>
      */
-    STANDARD_DCI_P3 = 10 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3 = 10 << 16,
 
     /**
      * Adobe RGB
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
      *  red             0.640   0.330
      *  white (D65)     0.3127  0.3290</pre>
      */
-    STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB = 11 << 16,
+    ADATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB = 11 << 16,
 
     /**
      * Transfer aspect
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
      * component. Implementation may apply the transfer function in RGB space
      * for all pixel formats if desired.
      */
-    TRANSFER_MASK = 31 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK = 31 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Transfer characteristics are unknown or are determined by the
@@ -244,13 +244,13 @@
      *
      * Implementations should use the following transfer functions:
      *
-     * For YCbCr formats: use TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M
-     * For RGB formats: use TRANSFER_SRGB
+     * For YCbCr formats: use ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M
+     * For RGB formats: use ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB
      *
      * For all other formats transfer function is undefined, and implementations
      * should use an appropriate standard for the data represented.
      */
-    TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Linear transfer.
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_LINEAR = 1 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR = 1 << 22,
 
     /**
      * sRGB transfer.
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_SRGB = 2 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB = 2 << 22,
 
     /**
      * SMPTE 170M transfer.
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M = 3 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M = 3 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Display gamma 2.2.
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2 = 4 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2 = 4 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Display gamma 2.6.
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6 = 5 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6 = 5 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Display gamma 2.8.
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@
      *     L - luminance of image 0 <= L <= 1 for conventional colorimetry
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8 = 6 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8 = 6 << 22,
 
     /**
      * SMPTE ST 2084 (Dolby Perceptual Quantizer).
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
      *         L = 1 corresponds to 10000 cd/m2
      *     E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_ST2084 = 7 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084 = 7 << 22,
 
     /**
      * ARIB STD-B67 Hybrid Log Gamma.
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
      *          to reference white level of 100 cd/m2
      *      E - corresponding electrical signal</pre>
      */
-    TRANSFER_HLG = 8 << 22,
+    ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG = 8 << 22,
 
     /**
      * Range aspect
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
      * Defines the range of values corresponding to the unit range of 0-1.
      * This is defined for YCbCr only, but can be expanded to RGB space.
      */
-    RANGE_MASK = 7 << 27,
+    ADATASPACE_RANGE_MASK = 7 << 27,
 
     /**
      * Range is unknown or are determined by the application.  Implementations
@@ -365,13 +365,13 @@
      * For all other formats range is undefined, and implementations should use
      * an appropriate range for the data represented.
      */
-    RANGE_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 27,
+    ADATASPACE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED = 0 << 27,
 
     /**
      * Full range uses all values for Y, Cb and Cr from
      * 0 to 2^b-1, where b is the bit depth of the color format.
      */
-    RANGE_FULL = 1 << 27,
+    ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL = 1 << 27,
 
     /**
      * Limited range uses values 16/256*2^b to 235/256*2^b for Y, and
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@
      * Luma (Y) samples should range from 64 to 940, inclusive
      * Chroma (Cb, Cr) samples should range from 64 to 960, inclusive
      */
-    RANGE_LIMITED = 2 << 27,
+    ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED = 2 << 27,
 
     /**
      * Extended range is used for scRGB. Intended for use with
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@
      * color outside the sRGB gamut.
      * Used to blend / merge multiple dataspaces on a single display.
      */
-    RANGE_EXTENDED = 3 << 27,
+    ADATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED = 3 << 27,
 
     /**
      * scRGB linear encoding
@@ -410,7 +410,8 @@
      *
      * Uses extended range, linear transfer and BT.709 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_SCRGB_LINEAR = 406913024, // STANDARD_BT709 | TRANSFER_LINEAR | RANGE_EXTENDED
+    ADATASPACE_SCRGB_LINEAR = 406913024, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR |
+                                         // ADATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED
 
     /**
      * sRGB gamma encoding
@@ -425,7 +426,8 @@
      *
      * Uses full range, sRGB transfer BT.709 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_SRGB = 142671872, // STANDARD_BT709 | TRANSFER_SRGB | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_SRGB = 142671872, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB |
+                                 // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * scRGB
@@ -440,14 +442,16 @@
      *
      * Uses extended range, sRGB transfer and BT.709 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_SCRGB = 411107328, // STANDARD_BT709 | TRANSFER_SRGB | RANGE_EXTENDED
+    ADATASPACE_SCRGB = 411107328, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB |
+                                  // ADATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED
 
     /**
      * Display P3
      *
      * Uses full range, sRGB transfer and D65 DCI-P3 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3 = 143261696, // STANDARD_DCI_P3 | TRANSFER_SRGB | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3 = 143261696, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB |
+                                       // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 2020 (BT.2020)
@@ -456,7 +460,8 @@
      *
      * Uses full range, SMPTE 2084 (PQ) transfer and BT2020 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT2020_PQ = 163971072, // STANDARD_BT2020 | TRANSFER_ST2084 | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_BT2020_PQ = 163971072, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084 |
+                                      // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 2020 (BT.2020)
@@ -465,7 +470,8 @@
      *
      * Uses limited range, SMPTE 2084 (PQ) transfer and BT2020 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT2020_ITU_PQ = 298188800, // STANDARD_BT2020 | TRANSFER_ST2084 | RANGE_LIMITED
+    ADATASPACE_BT2020_ITU_PQ = 298188800, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084
+                                          // | ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED
 
     /**
      * Adobe RGB
@@ -475,7 +481,8 @@
      * Note: Application is responsible for gamma encoding the data as
      * a 2.2 gamma encoding is not supported in HW.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_ADOBE_RGB = 151715840, // STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB | TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2 | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_ADOBE_RGB = 151715840, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB |
+                                      // ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2 | ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF)
@@ -484,7 +491,8 @@
      *
      * Uses full range, SMPTE 170M transfer and BT.601_625 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_JFIF = 146931712, // STANDARD_BT601_625 | TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_JFIF = 146931712, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M |
+                                 // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 601 (BT.601) - 625-line
@@ -493,7 +501,8 @@
      *
      * Uses limited range, SMPTE 170M transfer and BT.601_625 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT601_625 = 281149440, // STANDARD_BT601_625 | TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | RANGE_LIMITED
+    ADATASPACE_BT601_625 = 281149440, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625 |
+                                      // ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 601 (BT.601) - 525-line
@@ -502,7 +511,8 @@
      *
      * Uses limited range, SMPTE 170M transfer and BT.601_525 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT601_525 = 281280512, // STANDARD_BT601_525 | TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | RANGE_LIMITED
+    ADATASPACE_BT601_525 = 281280512, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525 |
+                                      // ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 2020 (BT.2020)
@@ -511,7 +521,8 @@
      *
      * Uses full range, SMPTE 170M transfer and BT2020 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT2020 = 147193856, // STANDARD_BT2020 | TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_BT2020 = 147193856, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M |
+                                   // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * ITU-R Recommendation 709 (BT.709)
@@ -520,7 +531,8 @@
      *
      * Uses limited range, SMPTE 170M transfer and BT.709 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT709 = 281083904, // STANDARD_BT709 | TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M | RANGE_LIMITED
+    ADATASPACE_BT709 = 281083904, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M |
+                                  // ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED
 
     /**
      * SMPTE EG 432-1 and SMPTE RP 431-2
@@ -532,7 +544,8 @@
      * Note: Application is responsible for gamma encoding the data as
      * a 2.6 gamma encoding is not supported in HW.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_DCI_P3 = 155844608, // STANDARD_DCI_P3 | TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6 | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_DCI_P3 = 155844608, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6 |
+                                   // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * sRGB linear encoding
@@ -546,21 +559,24 @@
      *
      * Uses full range, linear transfer and BT.709 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_SRGB_LINEAR = 138477568, // STANDARD_BT709 | TRANSFER_LINEAR | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_SRGB_LINEAR = 138477568, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR |
+                                        // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * Hybrid Log Gamma encoding
      *
      * Uses full range, hybrid log gamma transfer and BT2020 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT2020_HLG = 168165376, // STANDARD_BT2020 | TRANSFER_HLG | RANGE_FULL
+    ADATASPACE_BT2020_HLG = 168165376, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG |
+                                       // ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL
 
     /**
      * ITU Hybrid Log Gamma encoding
      *
      * Uses limited range, hybrid log gamma transfer and BT2020 standard.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_BT2020_ITU_HLG = 302383104, // STANDARD_BT2020 | TRANSFER_HLG | RANGE_LIMITED
+    ADATASPACE_BT2020_ITU_HLG = 302383104, // ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 | ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG |
+                                           // ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED
 
     /**
      * Depth
@@ -574,7 +590,37 @@
      *
      * Embedded depth metadata following the dynamic depth specification.
      */
-    ADATASPACE_DYNAMIC_DEPTH = 4098
+    ADATASPACE_DYNAMIC_DEPTH = 4098,
+
+#ifndef ADATASPACE_SKIP_LEGACY_DEFINES
+    STANDARD_MASK = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_MASK,
+    STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_UNSPECIFIED,
+    STANDARD_BT709 = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT709,
+    STANDARD_BT601_625 = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625,
+    STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_625_UNADJUSTED,
+    STANDARD_BT601_525 = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525,
+    STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT601_525_UNADJUSTED,
+    STANDARD_BT470M = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT470M,
+    STANDARD_BT2020 = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020,
+    STANDARD_FILM = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_FILM,
+    STANDARD_DCI_P3 = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_DCI_P3,
+    STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB = ADATASPACE_STANDARD_ADOBE_RGB,
+    TRANSFER_MASK = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK,
+    TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_UNSPECIFIED,
+    TRANSFER_LINEAR = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR,
+    TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SMPTE_170M,
+    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2 = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_2,
+    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6 = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_6,
+    TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8 = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_GAMMA2_8,
+    TRANSFER_SRGB = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_SRGB,
+    TRANSFER_ST2084 = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084,
+    TRANSFER_HLG = ADATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG,
+    RANGE_MASK = ADATASPACE_RANGE_MASK,
+    RANGE_UNSPECIFIED = ADATASPACE_RANGE_UNSPECIFIED,
+    RANGE_FULL = ADATASPACE_RANGE_FULL,
+    RANGE_LIMITED = ADATASPACE_RANGE_LIMITED,
+    RANGE_EXTENDED = ADATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED,
+#endif
 };
 
 __END_DECLS
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
index 21798d0..e0e30c3 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@
 #define ANDROID_HARDWARE_BUFFER_H
 
 #include <android/rect.h>
+#define ADATASPACE_SKIP_LEGACY_DEFINES
+#include <android/data_space.h>
+#undef ADATASPACE_SKIP_LEGACY_DEFINES
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
index 0d5727d..68ac7e0 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/native_window_aidl.h
@@ -103,14 +103,22 @@
 
     binder_status_t readFromParcel(const AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) {
         reset();
-        return ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(parcel, &mWindow);
+        if (__builtin_available(android __ANDROID_API_U__, *)) {
+            return ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(parcel, &mWindow);
+        } else {
+            return STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION;
+        }
     }
 
     binder_status_t writeToParcel(AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) const {
         if (!mWindow) {
             return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
         }
-        return ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(mWindow, parcel);
+        if (__builtin_available(android __ANDROID_API_U__, *)) {
+            return ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(mWindow, parcel);
+        } else {
+            return STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/vndk/hardware_buffer.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/vndk/hardware_buffer.h
index 21931bb..4918601 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/vndk/hardware_buffer.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/vndk/hardware_buffer.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 
 #include <cutils/native_handle.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
@@ -105,6 +106,76 @@
     AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CAMERA_MASK               = 6UL << 16,
 };
 
+/**
+ * Additional options for AHardwareBuffer_allocate2. These correspond to
+ * android.hardware.graphics.common.ExtendableType
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    const char* _Nonnull name;
+    int64_t value;
+} AHardwareBufferLongOptions;
+
+enum AHardwareBufferStatus : int32_t {
+    /* Success, no error */
+    AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_OK = 0,
+    /* There's insufficient memory to satisfy the request */
+    AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_NO_MEMORY = -ENOMEM,
+    /* The given argument is invalid */
+    AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_BAD_VALUE = -EINVAL,
+    /* The requested operation is not supported by the device */
+    AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED = -ENOSYS,
+    /* An unknown error occurred */
+    AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNKNOWN_ERROR = (-2147483647 - 1),
+};
+
+/**
+ * Allocates a buffer that matches the passed AHardwareBuffer_Desc with additional options
+ *
+ * If allocation succeeds, the buffer can be used according to the
+ * usage flags specified in its description. If a buffer is used in ways
+ * not compatible with its usage flags, the results are undefined and
+ * may include program termination.
+ *
+ * @param desc The AHardwareBuffer_Desc that describes the allocation to request. Note that `stride`
+ *             is ignored.
+ * @param additionalOptions A pointer to an array of AHardwareBufferLongOptions with additional
+ *                          string key + long value options that may be specified. May be null if
+ *                          `additionalOptionsSize` is 0
+ * @param additionalOptionsSize The number of additional options to pass
+ * @param outBuffer The resulting buffer allocation
+ * @return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_OK on success
+ *         AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_NO_MEMORY if there's insufficient resources for the allocation
+ *         AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_BAD_VALUE if the provided description & options are not supported
+ *         by the device
+ *         AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNKNOWN_ERROR for any other error
+ * any reason. The returned buffer has a reference count of 1.
+ */
+enum AHardwareBufferStatus AHardwareBuffer_allocate2(
+        const AHardwareBuffer_Desc* _Nonnull desc,
+        const AHardwareBufferLongOptions* _Nullable additionalOptions, size_t additionalOptionsSize,
+        AHardwareBuffer* _Nullable* _Nonnull outBuffer) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
+
+/**
+ * Queries the dataspace of the given AHardwareBuffer.
+ *
+ * @param buffer The non-null buffer for which to query the Dataspace
+ * @return The dataspace of the buffer, or ADATASPACE_UNKNOWN if one hasn't been set
+ */
+enum ADataSpace AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(const AHardwareBuffer* _Nonnull buffer)
+        __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the dataspace of the given AHardwareBuffer
+ * @param buffer The non-null buffer for which to set the dataspace
+ * @param dataSpace The dataspace to set
+ * @return AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_OK on success,
+ *         AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED if the device doesn't support setting the dataspace,
+ *         AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNKNOWN_ERROR for any other failure.
+ */
+enum AHardwareBufferStatus AHardwareBuffer_setDataSpace(AHardwareBuffer* _Nonnull buffer,
+                                                        enum ADataSpace dataSpace)
+        __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_V__);
+
 __END_DECLS
 
 #endif /* ANDROID_VNDK_NATIVEWINDOW_AHARDWAREBUFFER_H */
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt b/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
index dcb5068..a185a59 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/libnativewindow.map.txt
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
   global:
     AHardwareBuffer_acquire;
     AHardwareBuffer_allocate;
+    AHardwareBuffer_allocate2; # llndk # systemapi
     AHardwareBuffer_createFromHandle; # llndk # systemapi
     AHardwareBuffer_describe;
     AHardwareBuffer_getId; # introduced=31
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@
     AHardwareBuffer_unlock;
     AHardwareBuffer_readFromParcel; # introduced=34
     AHardwareBuffer_writeToParcel; # introduced=34
+    AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace; # llndk # systemapi
+    AHardwareBuffer_setDataSpace; # llndk # systemapi
     ANativeWindowBuffer_getHardwareBuffer; # llndk
     ANativeWindow_OemStorageGet; # llndk
     ANativeWindow_OemStorageSet; # llndk
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/tests/AHardwareBufferTest.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/tests/AHardwareBufferTest.cpp
index ef863b6..1f0128a 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/tests/AHardwareBufferTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/tests/AHardwareBufferTest.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "AHardwareBuffer_test"
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android/data_space.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/common/1.0/types.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h>
@@ -26,6 +28,10 @@
 using namespace android;
 using android::hardware::graphics::common::V1_0::BufferUsage;
 
+static bool IsCuttlefish() {
+    return ::android::base::GetProperty("ro.product.board", "") == "cutf";
+}
+
 static ::testing::AssertionResult BuildHexFailureMessage(uint64_t expected,
         uint64_t actual, const char* type) {
     std::ostringstream ss;
@@ -170,3 +176,83 @@
 
     EXPECT_NE(id1, id2);
 }
+
+TEST(AHardwareBufferTest, Allocate2NoExtras) {
+    AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc{
+            .width = 64,
+            .height = 1,
+            .layers = 1,
+            .format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_BLOB,
+            .usage = AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_READ_OFTEN | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN,
+            .stride = 0,
+    };
+
+    AHardwareBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, AHardwareBuffer_allocate2(&desc, nullptr, 0, &buffer));
+    uint64_t id = 0;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, AHardwareBuffer_getId(buffer, &id));
+    EXPECT_NE(0, id);
+    AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc2{};
+    AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer, &desc2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(desc.width, desc2.width);
+    EXPECT_EQ(desc.height, desc2.height);
+    EXPECT_GE(desc2.stride, desc2.width);
+
+    AHardwareBuffer_release(buffer);
+}
+
+TEST(AHardwareBufferTest, Allocate2WithExtras) {
+    if (!IsCuttlefish()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Unknown gralloc HAL, cannot test extras";
+    }
+
+    AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc{
+            .width = 64,
+            .height = 48,
+            .layers = 1,
+            .format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+            .usage = AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_READ_OFTEN | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN,
+            .stride = 0,
+    };
+
+    AHardwareBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
+    std::array<AHardwareBufferLongOptions, 1> extras = {{
+            {.name = "android.hardware.graphics.common.Dataspace", ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3},
+    }};
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, AHardwareBuffer_allocate2(&desc, extras.data(), extras.size(), &buffer));
+    uint64_t id = 0;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, AHardwareBuffer_getId(buffer, &id));
+    EXPECT_NE(0, id);
+    AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc2{};
+    AHardwareBuffer_describe(buffer, &desc2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(desc.width, desc2.width);
+    EXPECT_EQ(desc.height, desc2.height);
+    EXPECT_GE(desc2.stride, desc2.width);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3, AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(buffer));
+
+    AHardwareBuffer_release(buffer);
+}
+
+TEST(AHardwareBufferTest, GetSetDataspace) {
+    AHardwareBuffer_Desc desc{
+            .width = 64,
+            .height = 48,
+            .layers = 1,
+            .format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
+            .usage = AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_READ_OFTEN | AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN,
+            .stride = 0,
+    };
+
+    AHardwareBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, AHardwareBuffer_allocate(&desc, &buffer));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(ADATASPACE_UNKNOWN, AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(buffer));
+    AHardwareBufferStatus status = AHardwareBuffer_setDataSpace(buffer, ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3);
+    if (status != AHARDWAREBUFFER_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, status);
+        EXPECT_EQ(ADATASPACE_DISPLAY_P3, AHardwareBuffer_getDataSpace(buffer));
+    }
+
+    AHardwareBuffer_release(buffer);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/tests/Android.bp b/libs/nativewindow/tests/Android.bp
index 30737c1..d7c7eb3 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/tests/Android.bp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
         "device-tests",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
         "libgui",
         "liblog",
         "libnativewindow",
@@ -44,5 +45,8 @@
         "ANativeWindowTest.cpp",
         "c_compatibility.c",
     ],
-    cflags: ["-Wall", "-Werror"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index 2053c6a..d688b51 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -236,7 +236,13 @@
             err = selectEGLConfig(display, format, 0, &config);
             if (err != NO_ERROR) {
                 // this EGL is too lame for android
-                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("no suitable EGLConfig found, giving up");
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("no suitable EGLConfig found, giving up"
+                                 " (format: %d, vendor: %s, version: %s, extensions: %s, Client"
+                                 " API: %s)",
+                                 format, eglQueryString(display, EGL_VENDOR),
+                                 eglQueryString(display, EGL_VERSION),
+                                 eglQueryString(display, EGL_EXTENSIONS),
+                                 eglQueryString(display, EGL_CLIENT_APIS) ?: "Not Supported");
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
index d112a12..f8ee3fc 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
@@ -248,6 +248,22 @@
     return static_cast<ssize_t>(mSensors.size());
 }
 
+ssize_t SensorManager::getDefaultDeviceSensorList(Vector<Sensor> & list) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    status_t err = assertStateLocked();
+    if (err < 0) {
+        return static_cast<ssize_t>(err);
+    }
+
+    if (mDeviceId == DEVICE_ID_DEFAULT) {
+        list = mSensors;
+    } else {
+        list = mSensorServer->getSensorList(mOpPackageName);
+    }
+
+    return static_cast<ssize_t>(list.size());
+}
+
 ssize_t SensorManager::getDynamicSensorList(Vector<Sensor> & dynamicSensors) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
     status_t err = assertStateLocked();
diff --git a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
index e67fac7..49f050a 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
+++ b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
     ~SensorManager();
 
     ssize_t getSensorList(Sensor const* const** list);
+    ssize_t getDefaultDeviceSensorList(Vector<Sensor> & list);
     ssize_t getDynamicSensorList(Vector<Sensor>& list);
     ssize_t getDynamicSensorList(Sensor const* const** list);
     ssize_t getRuntimeSensorList(int deviceId, Vector<Sensor>& list);
diff --git a/libs/ui/Gralloc2.cpp b/libs/ui/Gralloc2.cpp
index e9b5dec..a5aca99 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Gralloc2.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Gralloc2.cpp
@@ -384,8 +384,8 @@
 
 status_t Gralloc2Allocator::allocate(std::string /*requestorName*/, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage,
-                                     uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
-                                     buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
+                                     uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
+                                     bool importBuffers) const {
     IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo descriptorInfo = {};
     descriptorInfo.width = width;
     descriptorInfo.height = height;
@@ -400,6 +400,8 @@
         return error;
     }
 
+    constexpr auto bufferCount = 1;
+
     auto ret = mAllocator->allocate(descriptor, bufferCount,
                                     [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpStride,
                                         const auto& tmpBuffers) {
diff --git a/libs/ui/Gralloc3.cpp b/libs/ui/Gralloc3.cpp
index 474d381..152b35a 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Gralloc3.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Gralloc3.cpp
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@
 
 status_t Gralloc3Allocator::allocate(std::string /*requestorName*/, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                      android::PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
+                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
                                      buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
     IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo descriptorInfo;
     sBufferDescriptorInfo(width, height, format, layerCount, usage, &descriptorInfo);
@@ -383,6 +383,8 @@
         return error;
     }
 
+    constexpr auto bufferCount = 1;
+
     auto ret = mAllocator->allocate(descriptor, bufferCount,
                                     [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpStride,
                                         const auto& tmpBuffers) {
diff --git a/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp b/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
index 03ff58a..d6970e0 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@
 
 status_t Gralloc4Allocator::allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                      android::PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
+                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
                                      buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
     IMapper::BufferDescriptorInfo descriptorInfo;
     if (auto error = sBufferDescriptorInfo(requestorName, width, height, format, layerCount, usage,
@@ -1084,6 +1084,8 @@
         return error;
     }
 
+    constexpr auto bufferCount = 1;
+
     if (mAidlAllocator) {
         AllocationResult result;
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
diff --git a/libs/ui/Gralloc5.cpp b/libs/ui/Gralloc5.cpp
index 2ec6d18..b07e155 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Gralloc5.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Gralloc5.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <ui/Gralloc5.h>
 
+#include <aidl/android/hardware/graphics/allocator/AllocationError.h>
 #include <aidlcommonsupport/NativeHandle.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/mapper/utils/IMapperMetadataTypes.h>
@@ -215,55 +216,75 @@
 
 status_t Gralloc5Allocator::allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                      android::PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount,
-                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t *outStride,
-                                     buffer_handle_t *outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
-    auto descriptorInfo = makeDescriptor(requestorName, width, height, format, layerCount, usage);
+                                     uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
+                                     buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers) const {
+    auto result = allocate(GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest{
+            .importBuffer = importBuffers,
+            .width = width,
+            .height = height,
+            .format = format,
+            .layerCount = layerCount,
+            .usage = usage,
+            .requestorName = requestorName,
+    });
+
+    *outStride = result.stride;
+    outBufferHandles[0] = result.handle;
+    return result.status;
+}
+
+GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult Gralloc5Allocator::allocate(
+        const GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest& request) const {
+    auto descriptorInfo = makeDescriptor(request.requestorName, request.width, request.height,
+                                         request.format, request.layerCount, request.usage);
     if (!descriptorInfo) {
-        return BAD_VALUE;
+        return GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult{BAD_VALUE};
+    }
+
+    descriptorInfo->additionalOptions.reserve(request.extras.size());
+    for (const auto& option : request.extras) {
+        ExtendableType type;
+        type.name = option.name;
+        type.value = option.value;
+        descriptorInfo->additionalOptions.push_back(std::move(type));
     }
 
     AllocationResult result;
-    auto status = mAllocator->allocate2(*descriptorInfo, bufferCount, &result);
+    auto status = mAllocator->allocate2(*descriptorInfo, 1, &result);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
         auto error = status.getExceptionCode();
         if (error == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
-            error = status.getServiceSpecificError();
+            switch (static_cast<AllocationError>(status.getServiceSpecificError())) {
+                case AllocationError::BAD_DESCRIPTOR:
+                    error = BAD_VALUE;
+                    break;
+                case AllocationError::NO_RESOURCES:
+                    error = NO_MEMORY;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    error = UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+                    break;
+            }
         }
-        if (error == OK) {
-            error = UNKNOWN_ERROR;
-        }
-        return error;
+        return GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult{error};
     }
 
-    if (importBuffers) {
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++) {
-            auto handle = makeFromAidl(result.buffers[i]);
-            auto error = mMapper.importBuffer(handle, &outBufferHandles[i]);
-            native_handle_delete(handle);
-            if (error != NO_ERROR) {
-                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                    mMapper.freeBuffer(outBufferHandles[j]);
-                    outBufferHandles[j] = nullptr;
-                }
-                return error;
-            }
+    GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult ret{OK};
+    if (request.importBuffer) {
+        auto handle = makeFromAidl(result.buffers[0]);
+        auto error = mMapper.importBuffer(handle, &ret.handle);
+        native_handle_delete(handle);
+        if (error != NO_ERROR) {
+            return GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult{error};
         }
     } else {
-        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++) {
-            outBufferHandles[i] = dupFromAidl(result.buffers[i]);
-            if (!outBufferHandles[i]) {
-                for (uint32_t j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                    auto buffer = const_cast<native_handle_t *>(outBufferHandles[j]);
-                    native_handle_close(buffer);
-                    native_handle_delete(buffer);
-                    outBufferHandles[j] = nullptr;
-                }
-                return NO_MEMORY;
-            }
+        ret.handle = dupFromAidl(result.buffers[0]);
+        if (!ret.handle) {
+            return GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult{NO_MEMORY};
         }
     }
 
-    *outStride = result.stride;
+    ret.stride = result.stride;
 
     // Release all the resources held by AllocationResult (specifically any remaining FDs)
     result = {};
@@ -272,7 +293,7 @@
     // is marked apex_available (b/214400477) and libbinder isn't (which of course is correct)
     // IPCThreadState::self()->flushCommands();
 
-    return OK;
+    return ret;
 }
 
 void Gralloc5Mapper::preload() {
diff --git a/libs/ui/GraphicBuffer.cpp b/libs/ui/GraphicBuffer.cpp
index 429760f..c007fdb 100644
--- a/libs/ui/GraphicBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/GraphicBuffer.cpp
@@ -106,6 +106,26 @@
                                 inUsage, inStride);
 }
 
+GraphicBuffer::GraphicBuffer(const GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest& request)
+      : GraphicBuffer() {
+    GraphicBufferAllocator& allocator = GraphicBufferAllocator::get();
+    auto result = allocator.allocate(request);
+    mInitCheck = result.status;
+    if (result.status == NO_ERROR) {
+        handle = result.handle;
+        stride = result.stride;
+
+        mBufferMapper.getTransportSize(handle, &mTransportNumFds, &mTransportNumInts);
+
+        width = static_cast<int>(request.width);
+        height = static_cast<int>(request.height);
+        format = request.format;
+        layerCount = request.layerCount;
+        usage = request.usage;
+        usage_deprecated = int(usage);
+    }
+}
+
 GraphicBuffer::~GraphicBuffer()
 {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -143,6 +163,10 @@
             const_cast<GraphicBuffer*>(this));
 }
 
+status_t GraphicBuffer::getDataspace(ui::Dataspace* outDataspace) const {
+    return mBufferMapper.getDataspace(handle, outDataspace);
+}
+
 status_t GraphicBuffer::reallocate(uint32_t inWidth, uint32_t inHeight,
         PixelFormat inFormat, uint32_t inLayerCount, uint64_t inUsage)
 {
diff --git a/libs/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.cpp b/libs/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.cpp
index eb0bd4e..98082fb 100644
--- a/libs/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.cpp
@@ -113,6 +113,79 @@
     ALOGD("%s", s.c_str());
 }
 
+auto GraphicBufferAllocator::allocate(const AllocationRequest& request) -> AllocationResult {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (!request.width || !request.height) {
+        return AllocationResult(BAD_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    const auto width = request.width;
+    const auto height = request.height;
+
+    const uint32_t bpp = bytesPerPixel(request.format);
+    if (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / width / height < static_cast<size_t>(bpp)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to allocate (%u x %u) layerCount %u format %d "
+              "usage %" PRIx64 ": Requesting too large a buffer size",
+              request.width, request.height, request.layerCount, request.format, request.usage);
+        return AllocationResult(BAD_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    if (request.layerCount < 1) {
+        return AllocationResult(BAD_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    auto result = mAllocator->allocate(request);
+    if (result.status == UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION) {
+        if (!request.extras.empty()) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to allocate with additional options, allocator version mis-match? "
+                  "gralloc version = %d",
+                  (int)mMapper.getMapperVersion());
+            return result;
+        }
+        // If there's no additional options, fall back to previous allocate version
+        result.status = mAllocator->allocate(request.requestorName, request.width, request.height,
+                                             request.format, request.layerCount, request.usage,
+                                             &result.stride, &result.handle, request.importBuffer);
+    }
+
+    if (result.status != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to allocate (%u x %u) layerCount %u format %d "
+              "usage %" PRIx64 ": %d",
+              request.width, request.height, request.layerCount, request.format, request.usage,
+              result.status);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    if (!request.importBuffer) {
+        return result;
+    }
+    size_t bufSize;
+
+    // if stride has no meaning or is too large,
+    // approximate size with the input width instead
+    if ((result.stride) != 0 &&
+        std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / height / (result.stride) < static_cast<size_t>(bpp)) {
+        bufSize = static_cast<size_t>(width) * height * bpp;
+    } else {
+        bufSize = static_cast<size_t>((result.stride)) * height * bpp;
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(sLock);
+    KeyedVector<buffer_handle_t, alloc_rec_t>& list(sAllocList);
+    alloc_rec_t rec;
+    rec.width = width;
+    rec.height = height;
+    rec.stride = result.stride;
+    rec.format = request.format;
+    rec.layerCount = request.layerCount;
+    rec.usage = request.usage;
+    rec.size = bufSize;
+    rec.requestorName = request.requestorName;
+    list.add(result.handle, rec);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 status_t GraphicBufferAllocator::allocateHelper(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat format,
                                                 uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage,
                                                 buffer_handle_t* handle, uint32_t* stride,
@@ -141,7 +214,7 @@
     usage &= ~static_cast<uint64_t>((1 << 10) | (1 << 13));
 
     status_t error = mAllocator->allocate(requestorName, width, height, format, layerCount, usage,
-                                          1, stride, handle, importBuffer);
+                                          stride, handle, importBuffer);
     if (error != NO_ERROR) {
         ALOGE("Failed to allocate (%u x %u) layerCount %u format %d "
               "usage %" PRIx64 ": %d",
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc.h
index 496ba57..e6015e0 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include "GraphicBufferAllocator.h"
 
 #include <string>
 
@@ -218,9 +219,13 @@
      */
     virtual status_t allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                               PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage,
-                              uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
-                              buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
+                              uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
                               bool importBuffers = true) const = 0;
+
+    virtual GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult allocate(
+            const GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest&) const {
+        return GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION);
+    }
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc2.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc2.h
index a7b6f492..e50bb3a 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc2.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc2.h
@@ -81,9 +81,8 @@
     std::string dumpDebugInfo(bool less = true) const override;
 
     status_t allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount,
-                      uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
-                      bool importBuffers = true) const override;
+                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
+                      buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers = true) const override;
 
 private:
     const Gralloc2Mapper& mMapper;
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc3.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc3.h
index 7367549..035684a 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc3.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc3.h
@@ -82,9 +82,8 @@
     std::string dumpDebugInfo(bool less = true) const override;
 
     status_t allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount,
-                      uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
-                      bool importBuffers = true) const override;
+                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
+                      buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers = true) const override;
 
 private:
     const Gralloc3Mapper& mMapper;
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc4.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc4.h
index df43be8..0f469c0 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc4.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc4.h
@@ -174,9 +174,8 @@
     std::string dumpDebugInfo(bool less = true) const override;
 
     status_t allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount,
-                      uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
-                      bool importBuffers = true) const override;
+                      PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
+                      buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool importBuffers = true) const override;
 
 private:
     const Gralloc4Mapper& mMapper;
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc5.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc5.h
index 44b97d1..f9e8f5e 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc5.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Gralloc5.h
@@ -172,10 +172,12 @@
 
     [[nodiscard]] status_t allocate(std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
                                     PixelFormat format, uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage,
-                                    uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t *outStride,
-                                    buffer_handle_t *outBufferHandles,
+                                    uint32_t* outStride, buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles,
                                     bool importBuffers) const override;
 
+    [[nodiscard]] GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationResult allocate(
+            const GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest&) const override;
+
 private:
     const Gralloc5Mapper &mMapper;
     std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::allocator::IAllocator> mAllocator;
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBuffer.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBuffer.h
index f859848..652d8ba 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBuffer.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBuffer.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 #include <ui/ANativeObjectBase.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBufferMapper.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
@@ -103,6 +104,8 @@
             uint32_t inLayerCount, uint64_t inUsage,
             std::string requestorName = "<Unknown>");
 
+    GraphicBuffer(const GraphicBufferAllocator::AllocationRequest&);
+
     // Create a GraphicBuffer from an existing handle.
     enum HandleWrapMethod : uint8_t {
         // Wrap and use the handle directly.  It assumes the handle has been
@@ -169,6 +172,8 @@
         mGenerationNumber = generation;
     }
 
+    status_t getDataspace(ui::Dataspace* outDataspace) const;
+
     // This function is privileged.  It requires access to the allocator
     // device or service, which usually involves adding suitable selinux
     // rules.
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h
index 3ed988c..8f461e1 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <cutils/native_handle.h>
 
@@ -42,6 +43,35 @@
 public:
     static inline GraphicBufferAllocator& get() { return getInstance(); }
 
+    struct AdditionalOptions {
+        const char* name;
+        int64_t value;
+    };
+
+    struct AllocationRequest {
+        bool importBuffer;
+        uint32_t width;
+        uint32_t height;
+        PixelFormat format;
+        uint32_t layerCount;
+        uint64_t usage;
+        std::string requestorName;
+        std::vector<AdditionalOptions> extras;
+    };
+
+    struct AllocationResult {
+        status_t status;
+        buffer_handle_t handle = nullptr;
+        uint32_t stride = 0;
+
+        explicit AllocationResult(status_t status) : status(status) {}
+
+        explicit AllocationResult(buffer_handle_t handle, uint32_t stride)
+              : status(OK), handle(handle), stride(stride) {}
+    };
+
+    AllocationResult allocate(const AllocationRequest&);
+
     /**
      * Allocates and imports a gralloc buffer.
      *
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/GraphicBufferAllocator_test.cpp b/libs/ui/tests/GraphicBufferAllocator_test.cpp
index f4c0afa..efca083 100644
--- a/libs/ui/tests/GraphicBufferAllocator_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/GraphicBufferAllocator_test.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         std::cout << "Setting expected stride to " << stride << std::endl;
         EXPECT_CALL(*(reinterpret_cast<const mock::MockGrallocAllocator*>(mAllocator.get())),
                     allocate)
-                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<7>(stride), Return(err)));
+                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<6>(stride), Return(err)));
     }
     std::unique_ptr<const GrallocAllocator>& getAllocator() { return mAllocator; }
 };
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/mock/MockGrallocAllocator.h b/libs/ui/tests/mock/MockGrallocAllocator.h
index d62e3e2..d02b387 100644
--- a/libs/ui/tests/mock/MockGrallocAllocator.h
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/mock/MockGrallocAllocator.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(std::string, dumpDebugInfo, (bool less), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(status_t, allocate,
                 (std::string requestorName, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat format,
-                 uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t bufferCount, uint32_t* outStride,
+                 uint32_t layerCount, uint64_t usage, uint32_t* outStride,
                  buffer_handle_t* outBufferHandles, bool less),
                 (const, override));
 };
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
index bf6189d..654c903 100644
--- a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
+++ b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
     BATTERY_PROP_MANUFACTURING_DATE = 8, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_MANUFACTURING_DATE
     BATTERY_PROP_FIRST_USAGE_DATE = 9, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_FIRST_USAGE_DATE
     BATTERY_PROP_STATE_OF_HEALTH = 10, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_STATE_OF_HEALTH
+    BATTERY_PROP_PART_STATUS = 12, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_PART_STATUS
 };
 
 struct BatteryProperties {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
index 45c9b5c..69f42bc 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
         "InputCommonConverter.cpp",
         "InputDeviceMetricsCollector.cpp",
         "InputFilter.cpp",
+        "InputFilterCallbacks.cpp",
         "InputProcessor.cpp",
         "PointerChoreographer.cpp",
         "PreferStylusOverTouchBlocker.cpp",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
index 9c4a3eb..5d87d34 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
@@ -44,31 +44,9 @@
     return event;
 }
 
-NotifyKeyArgs keyEventToNotifyKeyArgs(const AidlKeyEvent& event) {
-    return NotifyKeyArgs(event.id, event.eventTime, event.readTime, event.deviceId,
-                         static_cast<uint32_t>(event.source), event.displayId, event.policyFlags,
-                         static_cast<int32_t>(event.action), event.flags, event.keyCode,
-                         event.scanCode, event.metaState, event.downTime);
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-class RustCallbacks : public IInputFilter::BnInputFilterCallbacks {
-public:
-    RustCallbacks(InputListenerInterface& nextListener) : mNextListener(nextListener) {}
-    ndk::ScopedAStatus sendKeyEvent(const AidlKeyEvent& event) override {
-        mNextListener.notifyKey(keyEventToNotifyKeyArgs(event));
-        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
-    }
-
-private:
-    InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
-};
-
-} // namespace
-
 InputFilter::InputFilter(InputListenerInterface& listener, IInputFlingerRust& rust)
-      : mNextListener(listener), mCallbacks(ndk::SharedRefBase::make<RustCallbacks>(listener)) {
+      : mNextListener(listener),
+        mCallbacks(ndk::SharedRefBase::make<InputFilterCallbacks>(listener)) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!rust.createInputFilter(mCallbacks, &mInputFilterRust).isOk());
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mInputFilterRust);
 }
@@ -92,11 +70,11 @@
 }
 
 void InputFilter::notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs& args) {
-    if (!isFilterEnabled()) {
-        mNextListener.notifyKey(args);
+    if (isFilterEnabled()) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mInputFilterRust->notifyKey(notifyKeyArgsToKeyEvent(args)).isOk());
         return;
     }
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mInputFilterRust->notifyKey(notifyKeyArgsToKeyEvent(args)).isOk());
+    mNextListener.notifyKey(args);
 }
 
 void InputFilter::notifyMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs& args) {
@@ -138,6 +116,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+void InputFilter::setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+
+    if (mConfig.stickyKeysEnabled != enabled) {
+        mConfig.stickyKeysEnabled = enabled;
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mInputFilterRust->notifyConfigurationChanged(mConfig).isOk());
+    }
+}
+
 void InputFilter::dump(std::string& dump) {
     dump += "InputFilter:\n";
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
index 06f7d0e..9fa7a87 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include "InputFilterCallbacks.h"
 #include "InputListener.h"
 #include "NotifyArgs.h"
 
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
      */
     virtual void dump(std::string& dump) = 0;
     virtual void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) = 0;
+    virtual void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) = 0;
 };
 
 class InputFilter : public InputFilterInterface {
@@ -56,11 +58,12 @@
     void notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) override;
     void notifyPointerCaptureChanged(const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs& args) override;
     void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) override;
+    void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) override;
     void dump(std::string& dump) override;
 
 private:
     InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
-    std::shared_ptr<IInputFilterCallbacks> mCallbacks;
+    std::shared_ptr<InputFilterCallbacks> mCallbacks;
     std::shared_ptr<IInputFilter> mInputFilterRust;
     mutable std::mutex mLock;
     InputFilterConfiguration mConfig GUARDED_BY(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c8f5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "InputFilterCallbacks"
+
+#include "InputFilterCallbacks.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+using AidlKeyEvent = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::KeyEvent;
+
+NotifyKeyArgs keyEventToNotifyKeyArgs(const AidlKeyEvent& event) {
+    return NotifyKeyArgs(event.id, event.eventTime, event.readTime, event.deviceId,
+                         static_cast<uint32_t>(event.source), event.displayId, event.policyFlags,
+                         static_cast<int32_t>(event.action), event.flags, event.keyCode,
+                         event.scanCode, event.metaState, event.downTime);
+}
+
+InputFilterCallbacks::InputFilterCallbacks(InputListenerInterface& listener)
+      : mNextListener(listener) {}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus InputFilterCallbacks::sendKeyEvent(const AidlKeyEvent& event) {
+    mNextListener.notifyKey(keyEventToNotifyKeyArgs(event));
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+ndk::ScopedAStatus InputFilterCallbacks::onModifierStateChanged(int32_t modifierState,
+                                                                int32_t lockedModifierState) {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+    mStickyModifierState.modifierState = modifierState;
+    mStickyModifierState.lockedModifierState = lockedModifierState;
+    ALOGI("Sticky keys modifier state changed: modifierState=%d, lockedModifierState=%d",
+          modifierState, lockedModifierState);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
+uint32_t InputFilterCallbacks::getModifierState() {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+    return mStickyModifierState.modifierState;
+}
+
+uint32_t InputFilterCallbacks::getLockedModifierState() {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+    return mStickyModifierState.lockedModifierState;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a80fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
+#include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <mutex>
+#include "InputListener.h"
+#include "NotifyArgs.h"
+
+/**
+ * The C++ component of InputFilter designed as a wrapper around the rust callback implementation.
+ */
+namespace android {
+
+using IInputFilter = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputFilter;
+using AidlKeyEvent = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::KeyEvent;
+
+class InputFilterCallbacks : public IInputFilter::BnInputFilterCallbacks {
+public:
+    explicit InputFilterCallbacks(InputListenerInterface& listener);
+    ~InputFilterCallbacks() override = default;
+
+    uint32_t getModifierState();
+    uint32_t getLockedModifierState();
+
+private:
+    InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
+    mutable std::mutex mLock;
+    struct StickyModifierState {
+        uint32_t modifierState;
+        uint32_t lockedModifierState;
+    } mStickyModifierState GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus sendKeyEvent(const AidlKeyEvent& event) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus onModifierStateChanged(int32_t modifierState,
+                                              int32_t lockedModifierState) override;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
index 07a5041..0be4c32 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.cpp
@@ -327,14 +327,23 @@
     std::set<DeviceId> touchDevicesToKeep;
     std::set<DeviceId> stylusDevicesToKeep;
 
-    // Mark the displayIds or deviceIds of PointerControllers currently needed.
+    // Mark the displayIds or deviceIds of PointerControllers currently needed, and create
+    // new PointerControllers if necessary.
     for (const auto& info : mInputDeviceInfos) {
         const uint32_t sources = info.getSources();
         if (isFromSource(sources, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE) ||
             isFromSource(sources, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE_RELATIVE)) {
-            const int32_t resolvedDisplayId =
-                    getTargetMouseDisplayLocked(info.getAssociatedDisplayId());
-            mouseDisplaysToKeep.insert(resolvedDisplayId);
+            const int32_t displayId = getTargetMouseDisplayLocked(info.getAssociatedDisplayId());
+            mouseDisplaysToKeep.insert(displayId);
+            // For mice, show the cursor immediately when the device is first connected or
+            // when it moves to a new display.
+            auto [mousePointerIt, isNewMousePointer] =
+                    mMousePointersByDisplay.try_emplace(displayId,
+                                                        getMouseControllerConstructor(displayId));
+            auto [_, isNewMouseDevice] = mMouseDevices.emplace(info.getId());
+            if (isNewMouseDevice || isNewMousePointer) {
+                mousePointerIt->second->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+            }
         }
         if (isFromSource(sources, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN) && mShowTouchesEnabled &&
             info.getAssociatedDisplayId() != ADISPLAY_ID_NONE) {
@@ -356,6 +365,11 @@
     std::erase_if(mStylusPointersByDevice, [&stylusDevicesToKeep](const auto& pair) {
         return stylusDevicesToKeep.find(pair.first) == stylusDevicesToKeep.end();
     });
+    std::erase_if(mMouseDevices, [&](DeviceId id) REQUIRES(mLock) {
+        return std::find_if(mInputDeviceInfos.begin(), mInputDeviceInfos.end(),
+                            [id](const auto& info) { return info.getId() == id; }) ==
+                mInputDeviceInfos.end();
+    });
 
     // Notify the policy if there's a change on the pointer display ID.
     notifyPointerDisplayIdChangedLocked();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
index 9b809a1..f46419e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/PointerChoreographer.h
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@
     int32_t mDefaultMouseDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     int32_t mNotifiedPointerDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> mInputDeviceInfos GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+    std::set<DeviceId> mMouseDevices GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::vector<DisplayViewport> mViewports GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mShowTouchesEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     bool mStylusPointerIconEnabled GUARDED_BY(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
index 14b41cd..2921d30 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@
     interface IInputFilterCallbacks {
         /** Sends back a filtered key event */
         void sendKeyEvent(in KeyEvent event);
+
+        /** Sends back modifier state */
+        void onModifierStateChanged(int modifierState, int lockedModifierState);
     }
 
     /** Returns if InputFilter is enabled */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
index 3b2e88b..38b1612 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
@@ -22,4 +22,6 @@
 parcelable InputFilterConfiguration {
     // Threshold value for Bounce keys filter (check bounce_keys_filter.rs)
     long bounceKeysThresholdNs;
+    // If sticky keys filter is enabled
+    boolean stickyKeysEnabled;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 6033398..112f16b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@
 using android::os::InputEventInjectionSync;
 namespace input_flags = com::android::input::flags;
 
-static const bool REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS = input_flags::remove_app_switch_drops();
+// TODO(b/312714754): remove the corresponding code, as well.
+static const bool REMOVE_APP_SWITCH_DROPS = true;
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
@@ -252,6 +253,14 @@
     }
 }
 
+std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> getPointerIds(const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers) {
+    std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds;
+    for (const PointerProperties& pointer : pointers) {
+        pointerIds.set(pointer.id);
+    }
+    return pointerIds;
+}
+
 std::string dumpRegion(const Region& region) {
     if (region.isEmpty()) {
         return "<empty>";
@@ -630,15 +639,15 @@
     }
 
     // We should consider all hovering pointers here. But for now, just use the first one
-    const int32_t pointerId = entry.pointerProperties[0].id;
+    const PointerProperties& pointer = entry.pointerProperties[0];
 
     std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> oldWindows;
     if (oldState != nullptr) {
-        oldWindows = oldState->getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointerId);
+        oldWindows = oldState->getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointer.id);
     }
 
     std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> newWindows =
-            newTouchState.getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointerId);
+            newTouchState.getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointer.id);
 
     // If the pointer is no longer in the new window set, send HOVER_EXIT.
     for (const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& oldWindow : oldWindows) {
@@ -672,7 +681,7 @@
             }
             touchedWindow.dispatchMode = InputTarget::DispatchMode::AS_IS;
         }
-        touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointerId);
+        touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(entry.deviceId, pointer);
         if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*newWindow->getInfo())) {
             touchedWindow.targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
         }
@@ -740,6 +749,20 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Return true if stylus is currently down anywhere on the specified display, and false otherwise.
+ */
+bool isStylusActiveInDisplay(
+        int32_t displayId,
+        const std::unordered_map<int32_t /*displayId*/, TouchState>& touchStatesByDisplay) {
+    const auto it = touchStatesByDisplay.find(displayId);
+    if (it == touchStatesByDisplay.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const TouchState& state = it->second;
+    return state.hasActiveStylus();
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 // --- InputDispatcher ---
@@ -2135,7 +2158,6 @@
 sp<WindowInfoHandle> InputDispatcher::findFocusedWindowTargetLocked(
         nsecs_t currentTime, const EventEntry& entry, nsecs_t* nextWakeupTime,
         InputEventInjectionResult& outInjectionResult) {
-    std::string reason;
     outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED; // Default result
 
     int32_t displayId = getTargetDisplayId(entry);
@@ -2320,7 +2342,7 @@
         /* Case 1: New splittable pointer going down, or need target for hover or scroll. */
         const auto [x, y] = resolveTouchedPosition(entry);
         const int32_t pointerIndex = MotionEvent::getActionIndex(action);
-        const int32_t pointerId = entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id;
+        const PointerProperties& pointer = entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex];
         // Outside targets should be added upon first dispatched DOWN event. That means, this should
         // be a pointer that would generate ACTION_DOWN, *and* touch should not already be down.
         const bool isStylus = isPointerFromStylus(entry, pointerIndex);
@@ -2328,7 +2350,7 @@
                 findTouchedWindowAtLocked(displayId, x, y, isStylus);
 
         if (isDown) {
-            targets += findOutsideTargetsLocked(displayId, newTouchedWindowHandle, pointerId);
+            targets += findOutsideTargetsLocked(displayId, newTouchedWindowHandle, pointer.id);
         }
         // Handle the case where we did not find a window.
         if (newTouchedWindowHandle == nullptr) {
@@ -2386,7 +2408,7 @@
 
             if (isHoverAction) {
                 // The "windowHandle" is the target of this hovering pointer.
-                tempTouchState.addHoveringPointerToWindow(windowHandle, entry.deviceId, pointerId);
+                tempTouchState.addHoveringPointerToWindow(windowHandle, entry.deviceId, pointer);
             }
 
             // Set target flags.
@@ -2409,12 +2431,10 @@
             // Update the temporary touch state.
 
             if (!isHoverAction) {
-                std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds;
-                pointerIds.set(pointerId);
                 const bool isDownOrPointerDown = maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN ||
                         maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN;
                 tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, InputTarget::DispatchMode::AS_IS,
-                                                 targetFlags, entry.deviceId, pointerIds,
+                                                 targetFlags, entry.deviceId, {pointer},
                                                  isDownOrPointerDown
                                                          ? std::make_optional(entry.eventTime)
                                                          : std::nullopt);
@@ -2437,7 +2457,7 @@
                         }
                         tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(wallpaper,
                                                          InputTarget::DispatchMode::AS_IS,
-                                                         wallpaperFlags, entry.deviceId, pointerIds,
+                                                         wallpaperFlags, entry.deviceId, {pointer},
                                                          entry.eventTime);
                     }
                 }
@@ -2448,12 +2468,12 @@
         // make it pilfering. This will prevent other non-spy windows from getting this pointer,
         // which is a specific behaviour that we want.
         for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-            if (touchedWindow.hasTouchingPointer(entry.deviceId, pointerId) &&
+            if (touchedWindow.hasTouchingPointer(entry.deviceId, pointer.id) &&
                 touchedWindow.hasPilferingPointers(entry.deviceId)) {
                 // This window is already pilfering some pointers, and this new pointer is also
                 // going to it. Therefore, take over this pointer and don't give it to anyone
                 // else.
-                touchedWindow.addPilferingPointer(entry.deviceId, pointerId);
+                touchedWindow.addPilferingPointer(entry.deviceId, pointer.id);
             }
         }
 
@@ -2522,8 +2542,8 @@
 
                 // Make a slippery exit from the old window.
                 std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds;
-                const int32_t pointerId = entry.pointerProperties[0].id;
-                pointerIds.set(pointerId);
+                const PointerProperties& pointer = entry.pointerProperties[0];
+                pointerIds.set(pointer.id);
 
                 const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow =
                         tempTouchState.getTouchedWindow(oldTouchedWindowHandle);
@@ -2553,13 +2573,13 @@
 
                 tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(newTouchedWindowHandle,
                                                  InputTarget::DispatchMode::SLIPPERY_ENTER,
-                                                 targetFlags, entry.deviceId, pointerIds,
+                                                 targetFlags, entry.deviceId, {pointer},
                                                  entry.eventTime);
 
                 // Check if the wallpaper window should deliver the corresponding event.
                 slipWallpaperTouch(targetFlags, oldTouchedWindowHandle, newTouchedWindowHandle,
-                                   tempTouchState, entry.deviceId, pointerId, targets);
-                tempTouchState.removeTouchingPointerFromWindow(entry.deviceId, pointerId,
+                                   tempTouchState, entry.deviceId, pointer, targets);
+                tempTouchState.removeTouchingPointerFromWindow(entry.deviceId, pointer.id,
                                                                oldTouchedWindowHandle);
             }
         }
@@ -2568,14 +2588,12 @@
         if (!isSplit && maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN) {
             // If no split, we suppose all touched windows should receive pointer down.
             const int32_t pointerIndex = MotionEvent::getActionIndex(action);
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < tempTouchState.windows.size(); i++) {
-                TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = tempTouchState.windows[i];
+            std::vector<PointerProperties> touchingPointers{entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex]};
+            for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
                 // Ignore drag window for it should just track one pointer.
                 if (mDragState && mDragState->dragWindow == touchedWindow.windowHandle) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> touchingPointers;
-                touchingPointers.set(entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].id);
                 touchedWindow.addTouchingPointers(entry.deviceId, touchingPointers);
             }
         }
@@ -2646,13 +2664,13 @@
 
     // Output targets from the touch state.
     for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> touchingPointers =
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> touchingPointers =
                 touchedWindow.getTouchingPointers(entry.deviceId);
-        if (touchingPointers.none()) {
+        if (touchingPointers.empty()) {
             continue;
         }
         addPointerWindowTargetLocked(touchedWindow.windowHandle, touchedWindow.dispatchMode,
-                                     touchedWindow.targetFlags, touchingPointers,
+                                     touchedWindow.targetFlags, getPointerIds(touchingPointers),
                                      touchedWindow.getDownTimeInTarget(entry.deviceId), targets);
     }
 
@@ -3371,27 +3389,40 @@
 
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags = resolvedFlags;
                 if (resolvedAction != motionEntry.action) {
+                    std::optional<std::vector<PointerProperties>> usingProperties;
+                    std::optional<std::vector<PointerCoords>> usingCoords;
+                    if (resolvedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT ||
+                        resolvedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
+                        // This is a HOVER_EXIT or an ACTION_CANCEL event that was synthesized by
+                        // the dispatcher, and therefore the coordinates of this event are currently
+                        // incorrect. These events should use the coordinates of the last dispatched
+                        // ACTION_MOVE or HOVER_MOVE. We need to query InputState to get this data.
+                        const bool hovering = resolvedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT;
+                        std::optional<std::pair<std::vector<PointerProperties>,
+                                                std::vector<PointerCoords>>>
+                                pointerInfo =
+                                        connection->inputState.getPointersOfLastEvent(motionEntry,
+                                                                                      hovering);
+                        if (pointerInfo) {
+                            usingProperties = pointerInfo->first;
+                            usingCoords = pointerInfo->second;
+                        }
+                    }
                     // Generate a new MotionEntry with a new eventId using the resolved action and
                     // flags.
-                    resolvedMotion =
-                            std::make_shared<MotionEntry>(mIdGenerator.nextId(),
-                                                          motionEntry.injectionState,
-                                                          motionEntry.eventTime,
-                                                          motionEntry.deviceId, motionEntry.source,
-                                                          motionEntry.displayId,
-                                                          motionEntry.policyFlags, resolvedAction,
-                                                          motionEntry.actionButton, resolvedFlags,
-                                                          motionEntry.metaState,
-                                                          motionEntry.buttonState,
-                                                          motionEntry.classification,
-                                                          motionEntry.edgeFlags,
-                                                          motionEntry.xPrecision,
-                                                          motionEntry.yPrecision,
-                                                          motionEntry.xCursorPosition,
-                                                          motionEntry.yCursorPosition,
-                                                          motionEntry.downTime,
-                                                          motionEntry.pointerProperties,
-                                                          motionEntry.pointerCoords);
+                    resolvedMotion = std::make_shared<
+                            MotionEntry>(mIdGenerator.nextId(), motionEntry.injectionState,
+                                         motionEntry.eventTime, motionEntry.deviceId,
+                                         motionEntry.source, motionEntry.displayId,
+                                         motionEntry.policyFlags, resolvedAction,
+                                         motionEntry.actionButton, resolvedFlags,
+                                         motionEntry.metaState, motionEntry.buttonState,
+                                         motionEntry.classification, motionEntry.edgeFlags,
+                                         motionEntry.xPrecision, motionEntry.yPrecision,
+                                         motionEntry.xCursorPosition, motionEntry.yCursorPosition,
+                                         motionEntry.downTime,
+                                         usingProperties.value_or(motionEntry.pointerProperties),
+                                         usingCoords.value_or(motionEntry.pointerCoords));
                     if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
                         std::string message = StringPrintf("Transmute MotionEvent(id=0x%" PRIx32
                                                            ") to MotionEvent(id=0x%" PRIx32 ").",
@@ -4418,7 +4449,8 @@
     policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED;
 
     android::base::Timer t;
-    mPolicy.interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(args.displayId, args.eventTime, policyFlags);
+    mPolicy.interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(args.displayId, args.source, args.action, args.eventTime,
+                                          policyFlags);
     if (t.duration() > SLOW_INTERCEPTION_THRESHOLD) {
         ALOGW("Excessive delay in interceptMotionBeforeQueueing; took %s ms",
               std::to_string(t.duration().count()).c_str());
@@ -4679,7 +4711,9 @@
             if (!(policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED)) {
                 nsecs_t eventTime = motionEvent.getEventTime();
                 android::base::Timer t;
-                mPolicy.interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(displayId, eventTime, /*byref*/ policyFlags);
+                mPolicy.interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(displayId, motionEvent.getSource(),
+                                                      motionEvent.getAction(), eventTime,
+                                                      /*byref*/ policyFlags);
                 if (t.duration() > SLOW_INTERCEPTION_THRESHOLD) {
                     ALOGW("Excessive delay in interceptMotionBeforeQueueing; took %s ms",
                           std::to_string(t.duration().count()).c_str());
@@ -5047,6 +5081,13 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    // Ignore touches if stylus is down anywhere on screen
+    if (info.inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH) &&
+        isStylusActiveInDisplay(info.displayId, mTouchStatesByDisplay)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Dropping touch from " << window->getName() << " because stylus is active";
+        return false;
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -5481,7 +5522,7 @@
 
         // Erase old window.
         ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> oldTargetFlags = touchedWindow->targetFlags;
-        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds = touchedWindow->getTouchingPointers(deviceId);
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointers = touchedWindow->getTouchingPointers(deviceId);
         sp<WindowInfoHandle> fromWindowHandle = touchedWindow->windowHandle;
         state->removeWindowByToken(fromToken);
 
@@ -5493,17 +5534,17 @@
             newTargetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
         }
         state->addOrUpdateWindow(toWindowHandle, InputTarget::DispatchMode::AS_IS, newTargetFlags,
-                                 deviceId, pointerIds, downTimeInTarget);
+                                 deviceId, pointers, downTimeInTarget);
 
         // Store the dragging window.
         if (isDragDrop) {
-            if (pointerIds.count() != 1) {
+            if (pointers.size() != 1) {
                 ALOGW("The drag and drop cannot be started when there is no pointer or more than 1"
                       " pointer on the window.");
                 return false;
             }
             // Track the pointer id for drag window and generate the drag state.
-            const size_t id = firstMarkedBit(pointerIds);
+            const size_t id = pointers.begin()->id;
             mDragState = std::make_unique<DragState>(toWindowHandle, id);
         }
 
@@ -5520,7 +5561,7 @@
 
             // Check if the wallpaper window should deliver the corresponding event.
             transferWallpaperTouch(oldTargetFlags, newTargetFlags, fromWindowHandle, toWindowHandle,
-                                   *state, deviceId, pointerIds);
+                                   *state, deviceId, pointers);
         }
     } // release lock
 
@@ -5997,8 +6038,10 @@
                                    "input channel stole pointer stream");
         options.deviceId = deviceId;
         options.displayId = displayId;
-        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds = window.getTouchingPointers(deviceId);
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> pointers = window.getTouchingPointers(deviceId);
+        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds = getPointerIds(pointers);
         options.pointerIds = pointerIds;
+
         std::string canceledWindows;
         for (const TouchedWindow& w : state.windows) {
             const std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> channel =
@@ -6794,10 +6837,10 @@
 void InputDispatcher::slipWallpaperTouch(ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
                                          const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& oldWindowHandle,
                                          const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& newWindowHandle,
-                                         TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId, int32_t pointerId,
+                                         TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId,
+                                         const PointerProperties& pointerProperties,
                                          std::vector<InputTarget>& targets) const {
-    std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds;
-    pointerIds.set(pointerId);
+    std::vector<PointerProperties> pointers{pointerProperties};
     const bool oldHasWallpaper = oldWindowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
             gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER);
     const bool newHasWallpaper = targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND) &&
@@ -6814,16 +6857,16 @@
     if (oldWallpaper != nullptr) {
         const TouchedWindow& oldTouchedWindow = state.getTouchedWindow(oldWallpaper);
         addPointerWindowTargetLocked(oldWallpaper, InputTarget::DispatchMode::SLIPPERY_EXIT,
-                                     oldTouchedWindow.targetFlags, pointerIds,
+                                     oldTouchedWindow.targetFlags, getPointerIds(pointers),
                                      oldTouchedWindow.getDownTimeInTarget(deviceId), targets);
-        state.removeTouchingPointerFromWindow(deviceId, pointerId, oldWallpaper);
+        state.removeTouchingPointerFromWindow(deviceId, pointerProperties.id, oldWallpaper);
     }
 
     if (newWallpaper != nullptr) {
         state.addOrUpdateWindow(newWallpaper, InputTarget::DispatchMode::SLIPPERY_ENTER,
                                 InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
                                         InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED,
-                                deviceId, pointerIds);
+                                deviceId, pointers);
     }
 }
 
@@ -6832,7 +6875,7 @@
                                              const sp<WindowInfoHandle> fromWindowHandle,
                                              const sp<WindowInfoHandle> toWindowHandle,
                                              TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId,
-                                             std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds) {
+                                             const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers) {
     const bool oldHasWallpaper = oldTargetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND) &&
             fromWindowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                     gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER);
@@ -6861,7 +6904,7 @@
         wallpaperFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
                 InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
         state.addOrUpdateWindow(newWallpaper, InputTarget::DispatchMode::AS_IS, wallpaperFlags,
-                                deviceId, pointerIds, downTimeInTarget);
+                                deviceId, pointers, downTimeInTarget);
         std::shared_ptr<Connection> wallpaperConnection =
                 getConnectionLocked(newWallpaper->getToken());
         if (wallpaperConnection != nullptr) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index 3f99b2d..010dbb2 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -690,14 +690,15 @@
     void slipWallpaperTouch(ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
                             const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& oldWindowHandle,
                             const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& newWindowHandle,
-                            TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId, int32_t pointerId,
+                            TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId,
+                            const PointerProperties& pointerProperties,
                             std::vector<InputTarget>& targets) const REQUIRES(mLock);
     void transferWallpaperTouch(ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> oldTargetFlags,
                                 ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> newTargetFlags,
                                 const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> fromWindowHandle,
                                 const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> toWindowHandle,
                                 TouchState& state, int32_t deviceId,
-                                std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointerIds) REQUIRES(mLock);
+                                const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> findWallpaperWindowBelow(
             const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle) const REQUIRES(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
index a4ac4fb..1fec9b7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
@@ -195,6 +195,16 @@
     }
 }
 
+std::optional<std::pair<std::vector<PointerProperties>, std::vector<PointerCoords>>>
+InputState::getPointersOfLastEvent(const MotionEntry& entry, bool hovering) const {
+    ssize_t index = findMotionMemento(entry, hovering);
+    if (index == -1) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(mMotionMementos[index].pointerProperties,
+                          mMotionMementos[index].pointerCoords);
+}
+
 ssize_t InputState::findKeyMemento(const KeyEntry& entry) const {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mKeyMementos.size(); i++) {
         const KeyMemento& memento = mKeyMementos[i];
@@ -311,16 +321,6 @@
             return true;
         }
 
-        // Use the previous stream cancellation logic to generate all HOVER_EXIT events.
-        // If this hover event was generated as a result of the pointer leaving the window,
-        // the HOVER_EXIT event should have the same coordinates as the previous
-        // HOVER_MOVE event in this stream. Ensure that all HOVER_EXITs have the same
-        // coordinates as the previous event by cancelling the stream here. With this approach, the
-        // HOVER_EXIT event is generated from the previous event.
-        if (actionMasked == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT && lastMemento.hovering) {
-            return true;
-        }
-
         // If the stream changes its source, just cancel the current gesture to be safe. It's
         // possible that the app isn't handling source changes properly
         if (motionEntry.source != lastMemento.source) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
index b0e4209..d49469d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
@@ -48,6 +48,15 @@
     // and should be skipped.
     bool trackMotion(const MotionEntry& entry, int32_t flags);
 
+    /**
+     * Return the PointerProperties and the PointerCoords for the last event, if found. Return
+     * std::nullopt if not found. We should not return std::vector<PointerCoords> in isolation,
+     * because the pointers can technically be stored in the vector in any order, so the
+     * PointerProperties are needed to specify the order in which the pointer coords are stored.
+     */
+    std::optional<std::pair<std::vector<PointerProperties>, std::vector<PointerCoords>>>
+    getPointersOfLastEvent(const MotionEntry& entry, bool hovering) const;
+
     // Create cancel events for the previous stream if the current motionEntry requires it.
     std::unique_ptr<EventEntry> cancelConflictingInputStream(const MotionEntry& motionEntry);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
index e8d8c18..f8aa625 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
@@ -73,9 +73,9 @@
 void TouchState::addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
                                    InputTarget::DispatchMode dispatchMode,
                                    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, DeviceId deviceId,
-                                   std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> touchingPointerIds,
+                                   const std::vector<PointerProperties>& touchingPointers,
                                    std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget) {
-    if (touchingPointerIds.none()) {
+    if (touchingPointers.empty()) {
         LOG(FATAL) << __func__ << "No pointers specified for " << windowHandle->getName();
         return;
     }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
             // For cases like hover enter/exit or DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE a touch window might not have
             // downTime set initially. Need to update existing window when a pointer is down for the
             // window.
-            touchedWindow.addTouchingPointers(deviceId, touchingPointerIds);
+            touchedWindow.addTouchingPointers(deviceId, touchingPointers);
             if (firstDownTimeInTarget) {
                 touchedWindow.trySetDownTimeInTarget(deviceId, *firstDownTimeInTarget);
             }
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
     touchedWindow.windowHandle = windowHandle;
     touchedWindow.dispatchMode = dispatchMode;
     touchedWindow.targetFlags = targetFlags;
-    touchedWindow.addTouchingPointers(deviceId, touchingPointerIds);
+    touchedWindow.addTouchingPointers(deviceId, touchingPointers);
     if (firstDownTimeInTarget) {
         touchedWindow.trySetDownTimeInTarget(deviceId, *firstDownTimeInTarget);
     }
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@
 }
 
 void TouchState::addHoveringPointerToWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                                            DeviceId deviceId, int32_t hoveringPointerId) {
+                                            DeviceId deviceId, const PointerProperties& pointer) {
     for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : windows) {
         if (touchedWindow.windowHandle == windowHandle) {
-            touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(deviceId, hoveringPointerId);
+            touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(deviceId, pointer);
             return;
         }
     }
 
     TouchedWindow touchedWindow;
     touchedWindow.windowHandle = windowHandle;
-    touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(deviceId, hoveringPointerId);
+    touchedWindow.addHoveringPointer(deviceId, pointer);
     windows.push_back(touchedWindow);
 }
 
@@ -234,6 +234,11 @@
     });
 }
 
+bool TouchState::hasActiveStylus() const {
+    return std::any_of(windows.begin(), windows.end(),
+                       [](const TouchedWindow& window) { return window.hasActiveStylus(); });
+}
+
 std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> TouchState::getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId,
                                                                          int32_t pointerId) const {
     std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> out;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
index e0a84e8..3d534bc 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@
     void addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
                            InputTarget::DispatchMode dispatchMode,
                            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, DeviceId deviceId,
-                           std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> touchingPointerIds,
+                           const std::vector<PointerProperties>& touchingPointers,
                            std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget = std::nullopt);
     void addHoveringPointerToWindow(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                                    DeviceId deviceId, int32_t hoveringPointerId);
-    void removeHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t hoveringPointerId);
+                                    DeviceId deviceId, const PointerProperties& pointer);
+    void removeHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId);
     void clearHoveringPointers(DeviceId deviceId);
 
     void removeAllPointersForDevice(DeviceId deviceId);
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@
     bool isDown(DeviceId deviceId) const;
     bool hasHoveringPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const;
 
+    bool hasActiveStylus() const;
+
     std::set<sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>> getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(
             DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) const;
     std::string dump() const;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
index cd0500c..037d7c8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
@@ -26,9 +26,20 @@
 
 namespace inputdispatcher {
 
+namespace {
+
+bool hasPointerId(const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers, int32_t pointerId) {
+    return std::find_if(pointers.begin(), pointers.end(),
+                        [&pointerId](const PointerProperties& properties) {
+                            return properties.id == pointerId;
+                        }) != pointers.end();
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
 bool TouchedWindow::hasHoveringPointers() const {
     for (const auto& [_, state] : mDeviceStates) {
-        if (state.hoveringPointerIds.any()) {
+        if (!state.hoveringPointers.empty()) {
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -42,7 +53,7 @@
     }
     const DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
 
-    return state.hoveringPointerIds.any();
+    return !state.hoveringPointers.empty();
 }
 
 void TouchedWindow::clearHoveringPointers(DeviceId deviceId) {
@@ -51,7 +62,7 @@
         return;
     }
     DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
-    state.hoveringPointerIds.reset();
+    state.hoveringPointers.clear();
     if (!state.hasPointers()) {
         mDeviceStates.erase(stateIt);
     }
@@ -63,22 +74,40 @@
         return false;
     }
     const DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
-
-    return state.hoveringPointerIds.test(pointerId);
+    return hasPointerId(state.hoveringPointers, pointerId);
 }
 
-void TouchedWindow::addHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) {
-    mDeviceStates[deviceId].hoveringPointerIds.set(pointerId);
+void TouchedWindow::addHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, const PointerProperties& pointer) {
+    std::vector<PointerProperties>& hoveringPointers = mDeviceStates[deviceId].hoveringPointers;
+    const size_t initialSize = hoveringPointers.size();
+    std::erase_if(hoveringPointers, [&pointer](const PointerProperties& properties) {
+        return properties.id == pointer.id;
+    });
+    if (hoveringPointers.size() != initialSize) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": " << pointer << ", device " << deviceId << " was in " << *this;
+    }
+    hoveringPointers.push_back(pointer);
 }
 
 void TouchedWindow::addTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId,
-                                        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointers) {
-    mDeviceStates[deviceId].touchingPointerIds |= pointers;
+                                        const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers) {
+    std::vector<PointerProperties>& touchingPointers = mDeviceStates[deviceId].touchingPointers;
+    const size_t initialSize = touchingPointers.size();
+    for (const PointerProperties& pointer : pointers) {
+        std::erase_if(touchingPointers, [&pointer](const PointerProperties& properties) {
+            return properties.id == pointer.id;
+        });
+    }
+    if (touchingPointers.size() != initialSize) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": " << dumpVector(pointers, streamableToString) << ", device "
+                   << deviceId << " already in " << *this;
+    }
+    touchingPointers.insert(touchingPointers.end(), pointers.begin(), pointers.end());
 }
 
 bool TouchedWindow::hasTouchingPointers() const {
     for (const auto& [_, state] : mDeviceStates) {
-        if (state.touchingPointerIds.any()) {
+        if (!state.touchingPointers.empty()) {
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -86,21 +115,25 @@
 }
 
 bool TouchedWindow::hasTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const {
-    return getTouchingPointers(deviceId).any();
+    return !getTouchingPointers(deviceId).empty();
 }
 
 bool TouchedWindow::hasTouchingPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) const {
-    return getTouchingPointers(deviceId).test(pointerId);
+    const auto stateIt = mDeviceStates.find(deviceId);
+    if (stateIt == mDeviceStates.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
+    return hasPointerId(state.touchingPointers, pointerId);
 }
 
-std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> TouchedWindow::getTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const {
+std::vector<PointerProperties> TouchedWindow::getTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const {
     const auto stateIt = mDeviceStates.find(deviceId);
     if (stateIt == mDeviceStates.end()) {
         return {};
     }
     const DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
-
-    return state.touchingPointerIds;
+    return state.touchingPointers;
 }
 
 void TouchedWindow::removeTouchingPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) {
@@ -118,7 +151,10 @@
     }
     DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
 
-    state.touchingPointerIds &= ~pointers;
+    std::erase_if(state.touchingPointers, [&pointers](const PointerProperties& properties) {
+        return pointers.test(properties.id);
+    });
+
     state.pilferingPointerIds &= ~pointers;
 
     if (!state.hasPointers()) {
@@ -126,10 +162,26 @@
     }
 }
 
+bool TouchedWindow::hasActiveStylus() const {
+    for (const auto& [_, state] : mDeviceStates) {
+        for (const PointerProperties& properties : state.touchingPointers) {
+            if (properties.toolType == ToolType::STYLUS) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        for (const PointerProperties& properties : state.hoveringPointers) {
+            if (properties.toolType == ToolType::STYLUS) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 std::set<DeviceId> TouchedWindow::getTouchingDeviceIds() const {
     std::set<DeviceId> deviceIds;
     for (const auto& [deviceId, deviceState] : mDeviceStates) {
-        if (deviceState.touchingPointerIds.any()) {
+        if (!deviceState.touchingPointers.empty()) {
             deviceIds.insert(deviceId);
         }
     }
@@ -198,7 +250,7 @@
     }
     DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
 
-    state.touchingPointerIds.reset();
+    state.touchingPointers.clear();
     state.pilferingPointerIds.reset();
     state.downTimeInTarget.reset();
 
@@ -214,7 +266,9 @@
     }
     DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
 
-    state.hoveringPointerIds.set(pointerId, false);
+    std::erase_if(state.hoveringPointers, [&pointerId](const PointerProperties& properties) {
+        return properties.id == pointerId;
+    });
 
     if (!state.hasPointers()) {
         mDeviceStates.erase(stateIt);
@@ -228,7 +282,7 @@
     }
     DeviceState& state = stateIt->second;
 
-    state.hoveringPointerIds.reset();
+    state.hoveringPointers.clear();
 
     if (!state.hasPointers()) {
         mDeviceStates.erase(stateIt);
@@ -236,11 +290,11 @@
 }
 
 std::string TouchedWindow::deviceStateToString(const TouchedWindow::DeviceState& state) {
-    return StringPrintf("[touchingPointerIds=%s, "
-                        "downTimeInTarget=%s, hoveringPointerIds=%s, pilferingPointerIds=%s]",
-                        bitsetToString(state.touchingPointerIds).c_str(),
+    return StringPrintf("[touchingPointers=%s, "
+                        "downTimeInTarget=%s, hoveringPointers=%s, pilferingPointerIds=%s]",
+                        dumpVector(state.touchingPointers, streamableToString).c_str(),
                         toString(state.downTimeInTarget).c_str(),
-                        bitsetToString(state.hoveringPointerIds).c_str(),
+                        dumpVector(state.hoveringPointers, streamableToString).c_str(),
                         bitsetToString(state.pilferingPointerIds).c_str());
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
index c604353..0d1531f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
@@ -38,17 +38,18 @@
     bool hasHoveringPointers() const;
     bool hasHoveringPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const;
     bool hasHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) const;
-    void addHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId);
+    void addHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, const PointerProperties& pointer);
     void removeHoveringPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId);
 
     // Touching
     bool hasTouchingPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId) const;
     bool hasTouchingPointers() const;
     bool hasTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const;
-    std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> getTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const;
-    void addTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId, std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointers);
+    std::vector<PointerProperties> getTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId) const;
+    void addTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId, const std::vector<PointerProperties>& pointers);
     void removeTouchingPointer(DeviceId deviceId, int32_t pointerId);
     void removeTouchingPointers(DeviceId deviceId, std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pointers);
+    bool hasActiveStylus() const;
     std::set<DeviceId> getTouchingDeviceIds() const;
 
     // Pilfering pointers
@@ -69,16 +70,16 @@
 
 private:
     struct DeviceState {
-        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> touchingPointerIds;
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> touchingPointers;
         // The pointer ids of the pointers that this window is currently pilfering, by device
         std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> pilferingPointerIds;
         // Time at which the first action down occurred on this window, for each device
         // NOTE: This is not initialized in case of HOVER entry/exit and DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE
         // scenario.
         std::optional<nsecs_t> downTimeInTarget;
-        std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1> hoveringPointerIds;
+        std::vector<PointerProperties> hoveringPointers;
 
-        bool hasPointers() const { return touchingPointerIds.any() || hoveringPointerIds.any(); };
+        bool hasPointers() const { return !touchingPointers.empty() || !hoveringPointers.empty(); };
     };
 
     std::map<DeviceId, DeviceState> mDeviceStates;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
index 1c23720..9e6209b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
      * This method is expected to set the POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER policy flag if the event
      * should be dispatched to applications.
      */
-    virtual void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t displayId, nsecs_t when,
-                                               uint32_t& policyFlags) = 0;
+    virtual void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t displayId, uint32_t source, int32_t action,
+                                               nsecs_t when, uint32_t& policyFlags) = 0;
 
     /* Allows the policy a chance to intercept a key before dispatching. */
     virtual nsecs_t interceptKeyBeforeDispatching(const sp<IBinder>& token,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
index 5a74a42..2dd05f5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/MultiTouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -35,10 +35,12 @@
 MultiTouchInputMapper::~MultiTouchInputMapper() {}
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> MultiTouchInputMapper::reset(nsecs_t when) {
-    // TODO(b/291626046): Sync the MT state with the kernel using EVIOCGMTSLOTS.
-    mMultiTouchMotionAccumulator.reset(getDeviceContext());
-    mPointerIdBits.clear();
-
+    // The evdev multi-touch protocol does not allow userspace applications to query the initial or
+    // current state of the pointers at any time. This means if we clear our accumulated state when
+    // resetting the input mapper, there's no way to rebuild the full initial state of the pointers.
+    // We can only wait for updates to all the pointers and axes. Rather than clearing the state and
+    // rebuilding the state from scratch, we work around this kernel API limitation by never
+    // fully clearing any state specific to the multi-touch protocol.
     return TouchInputMapper::reset(when);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
index 34ca0b3..255f02d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
+#include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/input.h>
 #include <com_android_input_flags.h>
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
@@ -156,13 +158,20 @@
         return sAccumulator;
     }
 
-    void recordFinger(const TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier& id) { mCounters[id].fingers++; }
+    void recordFinger(const TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier& id) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+        mCounters[id].fingers++;
+    }
 
-    void recordPalm(const TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier& id) { mCounters[id].palms++; }
+    void recordPalm(const TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier& id) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+        mCounters[id].palms++;
+    }
 
     // Checks whether a Gesture struct is for the end of a gesture that we log metrics for, and
     // records it if so.
     void processGesture(const TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier& id, const Gesture& gesture) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
         switch (gesture.type) {
             case kGestureTypeFling:
                 if (gesture.details.fling.fling_state == GESTURES_FLING_START) {
@@ -200,15 +209,20 @@
                                                                  void* cookie) {
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(atomTag != android::util::TOUCHPAD_USAGE);
         MetricsAccumulator& accumulator = MetricsAccumulator::getInstance();
-        accumulator.produceAtoms(outEventList);
-        accumulator.resetCounters();
+        accumulator.produceAtomsAndReset(*outEventList);
         return AStatsManager_PULL_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    void produceAtoms(AStatsEventList* outEventList) const {
+    void produceAtomsAndReset(AStatsEventList& outEventList) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
+        produceAtomsLocked(outEventList);
+        resetCountersLocked();
+    }
+
+    void produceAtomsLocked(AStatsEventList& outEventList) const REQUIRES(mLock) {
         for (auto& [id, counters] : mCounters) {
             auto [busId, vendorId, productId, versionId] = id;
-            addAStatsEvent(outEventList, android::util::TOUCHPAD_USAGE, vendorId, productId,
+            addAStatsEvent(&outEventList, android::util::TOUCHPAD_USAGE, vendorId, productId,
                            versionId, linuxBusToInputDeviceBusEnum(busId, /*isUsi=*/false),
                            counters.fingers, counters.palms, counters.twoFingerSwipeGestures,
                            counters.threeFingerSwipeGestures, counters.fourFingerSwipeGestures,
@@ -216,7 +230,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    void resetCounters() { mCounters.clear(); }
+    void resetCountersLocked() REQUIRES(mLock) { mCounters.clear(); }
 
     // Stores the counters for a specific touchpad model. Fields have the same meanings as those of
     // the TouchpadUsage atom; see that definition for detailed documentation.
@@ -232,7 +246,10 @@
 
     // Metrics are aggregated by device model and version, so if two devices of the same model and
     // version are connected at once, they will have the same counters.
-    std::map<TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier, Counters> mCounters;
+    std::map<TouchpadInputMapper::MetricsIdentifier, Counters> mCounters GUARDED_BY(mLock);
+
+    // Metrics are pulled by a binder thread, so we need to guard them with a mutex.
+    mutable std::mutex mLock;
 };
 
 } // namespace
@@ -449,6 +466,9 @@
     if (mPointerCaptured) {
         return mCapturedEventConverter.process(*rawEvent);
     }
+    if (mMotionAccumulator.getActiveSlotsCount() == 0) {
+        mGestureStartTime = rawEvent->when;
+    }
     std::optional<SelfContainedHardwareState> state = mStateConverter.processRawEvent(rawEvent);
     if (state) {
         updatePalmDetectionMetrics();
@@ -514,7 +534,7 @@
     if (mDisplayId) {
         MetricsAccumulator& metricsAccumulator = MetricsAccumulator::getInstance();
         for (Gesture& gesture : mGesturesToProcess) {
-            out += mGestureConverter.handleGesture(when, readTime, gesture);
+            out += mGestureConverter.handleGesture(when, readTime, mGestureStartTime, gesture);
             metricsAccumulator.processGesture(mMetricsId, gesture);
         }
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
index ece0eca..897edca 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.h
@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@
     // ADISPLAY_ID_NONE to target the focused display. If there is no display target (i.e.
     // std::nullopt), all events will be ignored.
     std::optional<int32_t> mDisplayId;
+
+    nsecs_t mGestureStartTime{0};
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp
index d06514a..b0fc903 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.cpp
@@ -30,29 +30,23 @@
                                             size_t slotCount, bool usingSlotsProtocol) {
     mUsingSlotsProtocol = usingSlotsProtocol;
     mSlots = std::vector<Slot>(slotCount);
-    reset(deviceContext);
-}
 
-void MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::reset(const InputDeviceContext& deviceContext) {
-    resetSlots();
-
-    if (!mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Query the driver for the current slot index and use it as the initial slot before we
-    // start reading events from the device.  It is possible that the current slot index will
-    // not be the same as it was when the first event was written into the evdev buffer, which
-    // means the input mapper could start out of sync with the initial state of the events in
-    // the evdev buffer. In the extremely unlikely case that this happens, the data from two
-    // slots will be confused until the next ABS_MT_SLOT event is received. This can cause the
-    // touch point to "jump", but at least there will be no stuck touches.
-    int32_t initialSlot;
-    if (const auto status = deviceContext.getAbsoluteAxisValue(ABS_MT_SLOT, &initialSlot);
-        status == OK) {
-        mCurrentSlot = initialSlot;
-    } else {
-        ALOGD("Could not retrieve current multi-touch slot index. status=%d", status);
+    mCurrentSlot = -1;
+    if (mUsingSlotsProtocol) {
+        // Query the driver for the current slot index and use it as the initial slot before we
+        // start reading events from the device.  It is possible that the current slot index will
+        // not be the same as it was when the first event was written into the evdev buffer, which
+        // means the input mapper could start out of sync with the initial state of the events in
+        // the evdev buffer. In the extremely unlikely case that this happens, the data from two
+        // slots will be confused until the next ABS_MT_SLOT event is received. This can cause the
+        // touch point to "jump", but at least there will be no stuck touches.
+        int32_t initialSlot;
+        if (const auto status = deviceContext.getAbsoluteAxisValue(ABS_MT_SLOT, &initialSlot);
+            status == OK) {
+            mCurrentSlot = initialSlot;
+        } else {
+            ALOGD("Could not retrieve current multi-touch slot index. status=%d", status);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h
index 5b55e3d..0e3e2bb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/accumulator/MultiTouchMotionAccumulator.h
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(index < 0 || index >= mSlots.size(), "Invalid index: %zu", index);
         return mSlots[index];
     }
-    void reset(const InputDeviceContext& deviceContext);
 
 private:
     int32_t mCurrentSlot;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
index 9552104..01e983a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
@@ -35,8 +35,14 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+// This will disable the tap to click while the user is typing on a physical keyboard
 const bool ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION = input_flags::enable_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection();
 
+// In addition to v1, v2 will also cancel ongoing move gestures while typing and add delay in
+// re-enabling the tap to click.
+const bool ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2 =
+        input_flags::enable_v2_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection();
+
 uint32_t gesturesButtonToMotionEventButton(uint32_t gesturesButton) {
     switch (gesturesButton) {
         case GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT:
@@ -75,6 +81,7 @@
     out << StringPrintf("Button state: 0x%08x\n", mButtonState);
     out << "Down time: " << mDownTime << "\n";
     out << "Current classification: " << ftl::enum_string(mCurrentClassification) << "\n";
+    out << "Enable Tap Timestamp: " << mWhenToEnableTapToClick << "\n";
     return out.str();
 }
 
@@ -109,8 +116,6 @@
 void GestureConverter::populateMotionRanges(InputDeviceInfo& info) const {
     info.addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, SOURCE, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0, 0, 0);
 
-    // TODO(b/259547750): set this using the raw axis ranges from the touchpad when pointer capture
-    // is enabled.
     if (!mBoundsInLogicalDisplay.isEmpty()) {
         info.addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, SOURCE, mBoundsInLogicalDisplay.left,
                             mBoundsInLogicalDisplay.right, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -131,6 +136,7 @@
 }
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> GestureConverter::handleGesture(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                      nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
                                                       const Gesture& gesture) {
     if (!mDisplayId) {
         // Ignore gestures when there is no target display configured.
@@ -139,13 +145,13 @@
 
     switch (gesture.type) {
         case kGestureTypeMove:
-            return {handleMove(when, readTime, gesture)};
+            return handleMove(when, readTime, gestureStartTime, gesture);
         case kGestureTypeButtonsChange:
             return handleButtonsChange(when, readTime, gesture);
         case kGestureTypeScroll:
             return handleScroll(when, readTime, gesture);
         case kGestureTypeFling:
-            return handleFling(when, readTime, gesture);
+            return handleFling(when, readTime, gestureStartTime, gesture);
         case kGestureTypeSwipe:
             return handleMultiFingerSwipe(when, readTime, 3, gesture.details.swipe.dx,
                                           gesture.details.swipe.dy);
@@ -162,18 +168,41 @@
     }
 }
 
-NotifyMotionArgs GestureConverter::handleMove(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
-                                              const Gesture& gesture) {
+std::list<NotifyArgs> GestureConverter::handleMove(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                   nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
+                                                   const Gesture& gesture) {
     float deltaX = gesture.details.move.dx;
     float deltaY = gesture.details.move.dy;
-    if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION && (std::abs(deltaX) > 0 || std::abs(deltaY) > 0)) {
-        enableTapToClick();
+    if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2) {
+        bool wasHoverCancelled = mIsHoverCancelled;
+        // Gesture will be cancelled if it started before the user started typing and
+        // there is a active IME connection.
+        mIsHoverCancelled = gestureStartTime <= mReaderContext.getLastKeyDownTimestamp() &&
+                mReaderContext.getPolicy()->isInputMethodConnectionActive();
+
+        if (!wasHoverCancelled && mIsHoverCancelled) {
+            // This is the first event of the cancelled gesture, we won't return because we need to
+            // generate a HOVER_EXIT event
+            mPointerController->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::GRADUAL);
+        } else if (mIsHoverCancelled) {
+            return {};
+        }
     }
+
     rotateDelta(mOrientation, &deltaX, &deltaY);
 
-    mPointerController->setPresentation(PointerControllerInterface::Presentation::POINTER);
-    mPointerController->move(deltaX, deltaY);
-    mPointerController->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+    // Update the cursor, and enable tap to click if the gesture is not cancelled
+    if (!mIsHoverCancelled) {
+        // handleFling calls hoverMove with zero delta on FLING_TAP_DOWN. Don't enable tap to click
+        // for this case as subsequent handleButtonsChange may choose to ignore this tap.
+        if ((ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION || ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2) &&
+            (std::abs(deltaX) > 0 || std::abs(deltaY) > 0)) {
+            enableTapToClick(when);
+        }
+        mPointerController->setPresentation(PointerControllerInterface::Presentation::POINTER);
+        mPointerController->move(deltaX, deltaY);
+        mPointerController->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+    }
 
     const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] =
             mEnablePointerChoreographer ? FloatPoint{0, 0} : mPointerController->getPosition();
@@ -187,10 +216,12 @@
     const bool down = isPointerDown(mButtonState);
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, down ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
 
-    const int32_t action = down ? AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE : AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE;
-    return makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, action, /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState,
-                          /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(), &coords, xCursorPosition,
-                          yCursorPosition);
+    const int32_t action = mIsHoverCancelled
+            ? AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT
+            : (down ? AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE : AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE);
+    return {makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, action, /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState,
+                           /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(), &coords, xCursorPosition,
+                           yCursorPosition)};
 }
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> GestureConverter::handleButtonsChange(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
@@ -210,8 +241,15 @@
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, 0);
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, 0);
 
-    if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION && mReaderContext.isPreventingTouchpadTaps()) {
-        enableTapToClick();
+    // V2 palm rejection should override V1
+    if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2) {
+        enableTapToClick(when);
+        if (gesture.details.buttons.is_tap && when <= mWhenToEnableTapToClick) {
+            // return early to prevent this tap
+            return out;
+        }
+    } else if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION && mReaderContext.isPreventingTouchpadTaps()) {
+        enableTapToClick(when);
         if (gesture.details.buttons.is_tap) {
             // return early to prevent this tap
             return out;
@@ -348,6 +386,7 @@
 }
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> GestureConverter::handleFling(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                    nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
                                                     const Gesture& gesture) {
     switch (gesture.details.fling.fling_state) {
         case GESTURES_FLING_START:
@@ -366,13 +405,10 @@
                 // magnitude, which will also result in the pointer icon being updated.
                 // TODO(b/282023644): Add a signal in libgestures for when a stable contact has been
                 //  initiated with a touchpad.
-                if (!mReaderContext.isPreventingTouchpadTaps()) {
-                    enableTapToClick();
-                }
-                return {handleMove(when, readTime,
-                                   Gesture(kGestureMove, gesture.start_time, gesture.end_time,
-                                           /*dx=*/0.f,
-                                           /*dy=*/0.f))};
+                return handleMove(when, readTime, gestureStartTime,
+                                  Gesture(kGestureMove, gesture.start_time, gesture.end_time,
+                                          /*dx=*/0.f,
+                                          /*dy=*/0.f));
             }
             break;
         default:
@@ -598,8 +634,11 @@
             /* videoFrames= */ {}};
 }
 
-void GestureConverter::enableTapToClick() {
-    mReaderContext.setPreventingTouchpadTaps(false);
+void GestureConverter::enableTapToClick(nsecs_t when) {
+    if (mReaderContext.isPreventingTouchpadTaps()) {
+        mWhenToEnableTapToClick = when + TAP_ENABLE_DELAY_NANOS.count();
+        mReaderContext.setPreventingTouchpadTaps(false);
+    }
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.h
index 732a4b2..88e7b99 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.h
@@ -34,6 +34,13 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+using std::chrono_literals::operator""ms;
+/**
+ * This duration is decided based on internal team testing, it may be updated after testing with
+ * larger groups
+ */
+constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds TAP_ENABLE_DELAY_NANOS = 400ms;
+
 // Converts Gesture structs from the gestures library into NotifyArgs and the appropriate
 // PointerController calls.
 class GestureConverter {
@@ -53,17 +60,20 @@
     void populateMotionRanges(InputDeviceInfo& info) const;
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> handleGesture(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                      nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
                                                       const Gesture& gesture);
 
 private:
-    [[nodiscard]] NotifyMotionArgs handleMove(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
-                                              const Gesture& gesture);
+    [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> handleMove(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                   nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
+                                                   const Gesture& gesture);
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> handleButtonsChange(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                             const Gesture& gesture);
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> releaseAllButtons(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime);
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> handleScroll(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                      const Gesture& gesture);
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> handleFling(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
+                                                    nsecs_t gestureStartTime,
                                                     const Gesture& gesture);
     [[nodiscard]] NotifyMotionArgs endScroll(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime);
 
@@ -82,7 +92,9 @@
                                     const PointerCoords* pointerCoords, float xCursorPosition,
                                     float yCursorPosition);
 
-    void enableTapToClick();
+    void enableTapToClick(nsecs_t when);
+    bool mIsHoverCancelled{false};
+    nsecs_t mWhenToEnableTapToClick{0};
 
     const int32_t mDeviceId;
     InputReaderContext& mReaderContext;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
index 340ff8e..e94a71f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 };
 
 use crate::bounce_keys_filter::BounceKeysFilter;
+use crate::sticky_keys_filter::StickyKeysFilter;
 use log::{error, info};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
 
@@ -91,6 +92,14 @@
         let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
         let mut first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync> =
             Box::new(BaseFilter::new(self.callbacks.clone()));
+        if config.stickyKeysEnabled {
+            first_filter = Box::new(StickyKeysFilter::new(
+                first_filter,
+                ModifierStateListener::new(self.callbacks.clone()),
+            ));
+            state.enabled = true;
+            info!("Sticky keys filter is installed");
+        }
         if config.bounceKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
             first_filter =
                 Box::new(BounceKeysFilter::new(first_filter, config.bounceKeysThresholdNs));
@@ -125,34 +134,43 @@
     }
 }
 
+pub struct ModifierStateListener {
+    callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
+}
+
+impl ModifierStateListener {
+    /// Create a new InputFilter instance.
+    pub fn new(callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>) -> ModifierStateListener {
+        Self { callbacks }
+    }
+
+    pub fn modifier_state_changed(&self, modifier_state: u32, locked_modifier_state: u32) {
+        let _ = self
+            .callbacks
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .onModifierStateChanged(modifier_state as i32, locked_modifier_state as i32);
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::input_filter::{test_filter::TestFilter, Filter, InputFilter};
+    use crate::input_filter::{
+        test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, test_filter::TestFilter, InputFilter,
+    };
     use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
-    use binder::{Interface, Strong};
+    use binder::Strong;
     use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
         DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, IInputFilter::IInputFilter,
-        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks,
         InputFilterConfiguration::InputFilterConfiguration, KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
         KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
     };
     use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
 
-    struct FakeCallbacks {}
-
-    impl Interface for FakeCallbacks {}
-
-    impl IInputFilterCallbacks for FakeCallbacks {
-        fn sendKeyEvent(&self, _event: &KeyEvent) -> binder::Result<()> {
-            Result::Ok(())
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_not_enabled_with_default_filter() {
-        let fake_callbacks: Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks> =
-            Strong::new(Box::new(FakeCallbacks {}));
-        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(fake_callbacks);
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert!(!result.unwrap());
@@ -160,17 +178,21 @@
 
     #[test]
     fn test_notify_key_with_no_filters() {
-        let fake_callbacks: Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks> =
-            Strong::new(Box::new(FakeCallbacks {}));
-        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(fake_callbacks);
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())));
         let event = create_key_event();
         assert!(input_filter.notifyKey(&event).is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.last_event().unwrap(), event);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_notify_key_with_filter() {
         let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
-        let input_filter = create_input_filter(Box::new(test_filter.clone()));
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::create_input_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)))),
+        );
         let event = create_key_event();
         assert!(input_filter.notifyKey(&event).is_ok());
         assert_eq!(test_filter.last_event().unwrap(), event);
@@ -179,7 +201,11 @@
     #[test]
     fn test_notify_devices_changed() {
         let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
-        let input_filter = create_input_filter(Box::new(test_filter.clone()));
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::create_input_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)))),
+        );
         assert!(input_filter
             .notifyInputDevicesChanged(&[DeviceInfo { deviceId: 0, external: true }])
             .is_ok());
@@ -188,21 +214,30 @@
 
     #[test]
     fn test_notify_configuration_changed_enabled_bounce_keys() {
-        let fake_callbacks: Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks> =
-            Strong::new(Box::new(FakeCallbacks {}));
-        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(fake_callbacks);
-        let result = input_filter
-            .notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration { bounceKeysThresholdNs: 100 });
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
+        let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
+            bounceKeysThresholdNs: 100,
+            stickyKeysEnabled: false,
+        });
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         assert!(result.unwrap());
     }
 
-    fn create_input_filter(filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>) -> InputFilter {
-        let fake_callbacks: Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks> =
-            Strong::new(Box::new(FakeCallbacks {}));
-        InputFilter::create_input_filter(filter, Arc::new(RwLock::new(fake_callbacks)))
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_configuration_changed_enabled_sticky_keys() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
+        let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
+            bounceKeysThresholdNs: 0,
+            stickyKeysEnabled: true,
+        });
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        assert!(result.unwrap());
     }
 
     fn create_key_event() -> KeyEvent {
@@ -272,3 +307,69 @@
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test_callbacks {
+    use binder::Interface;
+    use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks, KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
+    };
+    use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct TestCallbacksInner {
+        last_modifier_state: u32,
+        last_locked_modifier_state: u32,
+        last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default, Clone)]
+    pub struct TestCallbacks(Arc<RwLock<TestCallbacksInner>>);
+
+    impl Interface for TestCallbacks {}
+
+    impl TestCallbacks {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            Default::default()
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestCallbacksInner> {
+            self.0.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn last_event(&self) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().last_event
+        }
+
+        pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+            self.inner().last_event = None;
+            self.inner().last_modifier_state = 0;
+            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = 0;
+        }
+
+        pub fn get_last_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().last_modifier_state
+        }
+
+        pub fn get_last_locked_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().last_locked_modifier_state
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl IInputFilterCallbacks for TestCallbacks {
+        fn sendKeyEvent(&self, event: &KeyEvent) -> binder::Result<()> {
+            self.inner().last_event = Some(*event);
+            Result::Ok(())
+        }
+
+        fn onModifierStateChanged(
+            &self,
+            modifier_state: i32,
+            locked_modifier_state: i32,
+        ) -> std::result::Result<(), binder::Status> {
+            self.inner().last_modifier_state = modifier_state as u32;
+            self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = locked_modifier_state as u32;
+            Result::Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
index 68cd480..fa16898 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 mod bounce_keys_filter;
 mod input_filter;
+mod sticky_keys_filter;
 
 use crate::input_filter::InputFilter;
 use binder::{
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da581b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Sticky keys input filter implementation.
+//! Sticky keys is an accessibility feature that assists users who have physical disabilities or
+//! helps users reduce repetitive strain injury. It serializes keystrokes instead of pressing
+//! multiple keys at a time, allowing the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Shift,
+//! Ctrl, Alt, or any other modifier key, and have it remain active until any other key is pressed.
+use crate::input_filter::{Filter, ModifierStateListener};
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+    DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+
+// Modifier keycodes: values are from /frameworks/native/include/android/keycodes.h
+const KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT: i32 = 57;
+const KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT: i32 = 58;
+const KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT: i32 = 59;
+const KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT: i32 = 60;
+const KEYCODE_SYM: i32 = 63;
+const KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT: i32 = 113;
+const KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT: i32 = 114;
+const KEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK: i32 = 115;
+const KEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK: i32 = 116;
+const KEYCODE_META_LEFT: i32 = 117;
+const KEYCODE_META_RIGHT: i32 = 118;
+const KEYCODE_FUNCTION: i32 = 119;
+const KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK: i32 = 143;
+
+// Modifier states: values are from /frameworks/native/include/android/input.h
+const META_ALT_ON: u32 = 0x02;
+const META_ALT_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x10;
+const META_ALT_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x20;
+const META_SHIFT_ON: u32 = 0x01;
+const META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x40;
+const META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x80;
+const META_CTRL_ON: u32 = 0x1000;
+const META_CTRL_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x2000;
+const META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x4000;
+const META_META_ON: u32 = 0x10000;
+const META_META_LEFT_ON: u32 = 0x20000;
+const META_META_RIGHT_ON: u32 = 0x40000;
+
+pub struct StickyKeysFilter {
+    next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+    listener: ModifierStateListener,
+    /// Tracking devices that contributed to the modifier state.
+    contributing_devices: HashSet<i32>,
+    /// State describing the current enabled modifiers. This contain both locked and non-locked
+    /// modifier state bits.
+    modifier_state: u32,
+    /// State describing the current locked modifiers. These modifiers will not be cleared on a
+    /// non-modifier key press. They will be cleared only if the locked modifier key is pressed
+    /// again.
+    locked_modifier_state: u32,
+}
+
+impl StickyKeysFilter {
+    /// Create a new StickyKeysFilter instance.
+    pub fn new(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        listener: ModifierStateListener,
+    ) -> StickyKeysFilter {
+        Self {
+            next,
+            listener,
+            contributing_devices: HashSet::new(),
+            modifier_state: 0,
+            locked_modifier_state: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Filter for StickyKeysFilter {
+    fn notify_key(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent) {
+        let up = event.action == KeyEventAction::UP;
+        let mut modifier_state = self.modifier_state;
+        let mut locked_modifier_state = self.locked_modifier_state;
+        if !is_ephemeral_modifier_key(event.keyCode) {
+            // If non-ephemeral modifier key (i.e. non-modifier keys + toggle modifier keys like
+            // CAPS_LOCK, NUM_LOCK etc.), don't block key and pass in the sticky modifier state with
+            // the KeyEvent.
+            let old_modifier_state = event.metaState as u32;
+            let mut new_event = *event;
+            // Send the current modifier state with the key event before clearing non-locked
+            // modifier state
+            new_event.metaState =
+                (clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(old_modifier_state) | modifier_state) as i32;
+            self.next.notify_key(&new_event);
+            if up && !is_modifier_key(event.keyCode) {
+                modifier_state =
+                    clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(modifier_state) | locked_modifier_state;
+            }
+        } else if up {
+            // Update contributing devices to track keyboards
+            self.contributing_devices.insert(event.deviceId);
+            // If ephemeral modifier key, capture the key and update the sticky modifier states
+            let modifier_key_mask = get_ephemeral_modifier_key_mask(event.keyCode);
+            let symmetrical_modifier_key_mask = get_symmetrical_modifier_key_mask(event.keyCode);
+            if locked_modifier_state & modifier_key_mask != 0 {
+                locked_modifier_state &= !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask;
+                modifier_state &= !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask;
+            } else if modifier_key_mask & modifier_state != 0 {
+                locked_modifier_state |= modifier_key_mask;
+                modifier_state =
+                    (modifier_state & !symmetrical_modifier_key_mask) | modifier_key_mask;
+            } else {
+                modifier_state |= modifier_key_mask;
+            }
+        }
+        if self.modifier_state != modifier_state
+            || self.locked_modifier_state != locked_modifier_state
+        {
+            self.modifier_state = modifier_state;
+            self.locked_modifier_state = locked_modifier_state;
+            self.listener.modifier_state_changed(modifier_state, locked_modifier_state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
+        // Clear state if all contributing devices removed
+        self.contributing_devices.retain(|id| device_infos.iter().any(|x| *id == x.deviceId));
+        if self.contributing_devices.is_empty()
+            && (self.modifier_state != 0 || self.locked_modifier_state != 0)
+        {
+            self.modifier_state = 0;
+            self.locked_modifier_state = 0;
+            self.listener.modifier_state_changed(0, 0);
+        }
+        self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_modifier_key(keycode: i32) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        keycode,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_META_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_META_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_SYM
+            | KEYCODE_FUNCTION
+            | KEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK
+            | KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK
+            | KEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK
+    )
+}
+
+fn is_ephemeral_modifier_key(keycode: i32) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        keycode,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT
+            | KEYCODE_META_LEFT
+            | KEYCODE_META_RIGHT
+    )
+}
+
+fn get_ephemeral_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> u32 {
+    match keycode {
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT => META_ALT_LEFT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => META_ALT_RIGHT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT => META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT => META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT => META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON,
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT => META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON | META_CTRL_ON,
+        KEYCODE_META_LEFT => META_META_LEFT_ON | META_META_ON,
+        KEYCODE_META_RIGHT => META_META_RIGHT_ON | META_META_ON,
+        _ => 0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Modifier mask including both left and right versions of a modifier key.
+fn get_symmetrical_modifier_key_mask(keycode: i32) -> u32 {
+    match keycode {
+        KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT | KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT => META_ALT_LEFT_ON | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON | META_ALT_ON,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT | KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT => {
+            META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON
+        }
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT | KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT => {
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        }
+        KEYCODE_META_LEFT | KEYCODE_META_RIGHT => {
+            META_META_LEFT_ON | META_META_RIGHT_ON | META_META_ON
+        }
+        _ => 0,
+    }
+}
+
+fn clear_ephemeral_modifier_state(modifier_state: u32) -> u32 {
+    modifier_state
+        & !(META_ALT_LEFT_ON
+            | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON
+            | META_ALT_ON
+            | META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON
+            | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON
+            | META_SHIFT_ON
+            | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON
+            | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON
+            | META_CTRL_ON
+            | META_META_LEFT_ON
+            | META_META_RIGHT_ON
+            | META_META_ON)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input_filter::{
+        test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, test_filter::TestFilter, Filter, ModifierStateListener,
+    };
+    use crate::sticky_keys_filter::{
+        StickyKeysFilter, KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, KEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK,
+        KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, KEYCODE_FUNCTION, KEYCODE_META_LEFT,
+        KEYCODE_META_RIGHT, KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK, KEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT,
+        KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, KEYCODE_SYM, META_ALT_LEFT_ON, META_ALT_ON, META_ALT_RIGHT_ON,
+        META_CTRL_LEFT_ON, META_CTRL_ON, META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON, META_META_LEFT_ON, META_META_ON,
+        META_META_RIGHT_ON, META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON, META_SHIFT_ON, META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON,
+    };
+    use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
+    use binder::Strong;
+    use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+        DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks,
+        KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+    };
+    use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+
+    static DEVICE_ID: i32 = 1;
+    static KEY_A: i32 = 29;
+    static BASE_KEY_DOWN: KeyEvent = KeyEvent {
+        id: 1,
+        deviceId: DEVICE_ID,
+        downTime: 0,
+        readTime: 0,
+        eventTime: 0,
+        source: Source::KEYBOARD,
+        displayId: 0,
+        policyFlags: 0,
+        action: KeyEventAction::DOWN,
+        flags: 0,
+        keyCode: 0,
+        scanCode: 0,
+        metaState: 0,
+    };
+
+    static BASE_KEY_UP: KeyEvent = KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::UP, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_consumes_ephemeral_modifier_keys() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        let key_codes = &[
+            KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT,
+            KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT,
+            KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,
+            KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT,
+            KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT,
+            KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT,
+            KEYCODE_META_LEFT,
+            KEYCODE_META_RIGHT,
+        ];
+        for key_code in key_codes.iter() {
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: *key_code, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+            assert!(test_filter.last_event().is_none());
+
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: *key_code, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+            assert!(test_filter.last_event().is_none());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_passes_non_ephemeral_modifier_keys() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        let key_codes = &[
+            KEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK,
+            KEYCODE_NUM_LOCK,
+            KEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK,
+            KEYCODE_FUNCTION,
+            KEYCODE_SYM,
+        ];
+        for key_code in key_codes.iter() {
+            let event = KeyEvent { keyCode: *key_code, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN };
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&event);
+            assert_eq!(test_filter.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+            let event = KeyEvent { keyCode: *key_code, ..BASE_KEY_UP };
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&event);
+            assert_eq!(test_filter.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_passes_non_modifier_keys() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        let event = KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN };
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(test_filter.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+
+        let event = KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP };
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(test_filter.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modifier_state_updated_on_modifier_key_press() {
+        let mut test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        let test_states = &[
+            (KEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, META_ALT_ON | META_ALT_LEFT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, META_ALT_ON | META_ALT_RIGHT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, META_CTRL_ON | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, META_CTRL_ON | META_CTRL_RIGHT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, META_SHIFT_ON | META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, META_SHIFT_ON | META_SHIFT_RIGHT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_META_LEFT, META_META_ON | META_META_LEFT_ON),
+            (KEYCODE_META_RIGHT, META_META_ON | META_META_RIGHT_ON),
+        ];
+        for test_state in test_states.iter() {
+            test_filter.clear();
+            test_callbacks.clear();
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+
+            // Re-send keys to lock it
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+
+            // Re-send keys to clear
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), test_state.1);
+
+            sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: test_state.0, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modifier_state_cleared_on_non_modifier_key_press() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_locked_modifier_state_not_cleared_on_non_modifier_key_press() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(),
+            META_SHIFT_LEFT_ON | META_SHIFT_ON | META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_key_events_have_sticky_modifier_state() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_DOWN });
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_filter.last_event().unwrap().metaState as u32,
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { keyCode: KEY_A, ..BASE_KEY_UP });
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_filter.last_event().unwrap().metaState as u32,
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_modifier_state_not_cleared_until_all_devices_removed() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let mut sticky_keys_filter = setup_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks.clone())))),
+        );
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent {
+            deviceId: 1,
+            keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,
+            ..BASE_KEY_DOWN
+        });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent {
+            deviceId: 1,
+            keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,
+            ..BASE_KEY_UP
+        });
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent {
+            deviceId: 2,
+            keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,
+            ..BASE_KEY_DOWN
+        });
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent {
+            deviceId: 2,
+            keyCode: KEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT,
+            ..BASE_KEY_UP
+        });
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_devices_changed(&[DeviceInfo { deviceId: 2, external: true }]);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON);
+        assert_eq!(
+            test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(),
+            META_CTRL_LEFT_ON | META_CTRL_ON
+        );
+
+        sticky_keys_filter.notify_devices_changed(&[]);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_modifier_state(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(test_callbacks.get_last_locked_modifier_state(), 0);
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
+    ) -> StickyKeysFilter {
+        StickyKeysFilter::new(next, ModifierStateListener::new(callbacks))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
index e9d93af..fb2db06 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputDispatcherPolicy.h
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
     void interceptKeyBeforeQueueing(const KeyEvent&, uint32_t&) override {}
 
-    void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t, nsecs_t, uint32_t&) override {}
+    void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t, uint32_t, int32_t, nsecs_t, uint32_t&) override {}
 
     nsecs_t interceptKeyBeforeDispatching(const sp<IBinder>&, const KeyEvent&, uint32_t) override {
         return 0;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
index 7668011..800f864 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
     void setDisplayViewport(const DisplayViewport& viewport) override;
     void updatePointerIcon(PointerIconStyle iconId) override;
     void setCustomPointerIcon(const SpriteIcon& icon) override;
+    void fade(Transition) override;
 
     void assertViewportSet(int32_t displayId);
     void assertViewportNotSet();
@@ -56,7 +57,6 @@
     std::string dump() override { return ""; }
     std::optional<FloatRect> getBounds() const override;
     void move(float deltaX, float deltaY) override;
-    void fade(Transition) override;
     void unfade(Transition) override;
     void setPresentation(Presentation) override {}
     void setSpots(const PointerCoords*, const uint32_t*, BitSet32 spotIdBits,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
index d2b68dd..69772af 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
@@ -41,10 +41,14 @@
 
 const auto TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION =
         ACONFIG_FLAG(input_flags, enable_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection);
+const auto TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2 =
+        ACONFIG_FLAG(input_flags, enable_v2_touchpad_typing_palm_rejection);
 
 } // namespace
 
 using testing::AllOf;
+using testing::ElementsAre;
+using testing::VariantWith;
 
 class GestureConverterTestBase : public testing::Test {
 protected:
@@ -107,14 +111,14 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePointerController->assertPosition(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10));
 }
@@ -126,14 +130,14 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X + 10, POINTER_Y + 5), WithRelativeMotion(10, 5),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X + 10, POINTER_Y + 5), WithRelativeMotion(10, 5),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePointerController->assertPosition(POINTER_X + 10, POINTER_Y + 5));
 }
@@ -147,67 +151,69 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT | GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
 
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
-                                      AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
-                                      AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
+                                                          AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
+                                                          AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Then release the left button
     Gesture leftUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                           /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, leftUpGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, leftUpGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                              WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                              WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Finally release the right button
     Gesture rightUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                            /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                            /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, rightUpGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, rightUpGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, DragWithButton) {
@@ -219,32 +225,33 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                         /* is_tap= */ false);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Move
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePointerController->assertPosition(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10));
 
@@ -252,24 +259,27 @@
     Gesture upGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                       /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                       /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, upGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, upGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll) {
@@ -279,50 +289,52 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 10),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
+                                          WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 10),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_Rotated) {
@@ -333,43 +345,47 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 10, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 10, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 15, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X - 15, POINTER_Y),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 15, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X - 15, POINTER_Y),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
@@ -378,21 +394,22 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_ClearsScrollDistanceAfterGesture) {
@@ -401,20 +418,21 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
     Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, pinchGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON));
 }
@@ -426,17 +444,19 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/0,
                          /*dy=*/0);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/-5,
                         /*dy=*/10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_ClearsGestureAxesAfterGesture) {
@@ -446,16 +466,17 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/5,
                          /*dy=*/5);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
     Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, pinchGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(0)));
@@ -472,7 +493,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ 0,
                          /* dy= */ 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
 
     // Three fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -523,7 +545,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 0, /* dy= */ 5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -540,30 +562,36 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[2].getY(), finger2Start.getY() - 15);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ThreeFingerSwipe_Rotated) {
@@ -574,7 +602,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ 0,
                          /* dy= */ 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
 
     // Three fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -616,7 +645,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 0, /* dy= */ 5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -631,23 +660,24 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[2].getY(), finger2Start.getY());
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(3u),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(3u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, FourFingerSwipe_Horizontal) {
@@ -657,7 +687,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureFourFingerSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                          /* dx= */ 10, /* dy= */ 0);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
 
     // Four fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -720,7 +751,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureFourFingerSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 5, /* dy= */ 0);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -739,38 +770,46 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[3].getY(), finger3Start.getY());
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_Inwards) {
@@ -780,51 +819,57 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 100, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 100, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 100, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 100, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* dz= */ 0.8, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0.8f, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCoords(0, POINTER_X - 80, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 80, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                              WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0.8f, EPSILON),
+                              WithPointerCoords(0, POINTER_X - 80, POINTER_Y),
+                              WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 80, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(2u),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_Outwards) {
@@ -834,51 +879,57 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 100, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 100, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X - 100, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 100, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* dz= */ 1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.2f, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCoords(0, POINTER_X - 120, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 120, POINTER_Y), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                              WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.2f, EPSILON),
+                              WithPointerCoords(0, POINTER_X - 120, POINTER_Y),
+                              WithPointerCoords(1, POINTER_X + 120, POINTER_Y),
+                              WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
@@ -888,21 +939,22 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Pinch_ClearsScaleFactorAfterGesture) {
@@ -912,21 +964,22 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like scroll.
     Gesture scrollGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/1,
                           /*dy=*/0);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, scrollGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, scrollGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0, EPSILON));
 }
@@ -939,28 +992,28 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /*down=*/GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT | GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                         /*up=*/GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /*is_tap=*/false);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ResetDuringScroll) {
@@ -969,18 +1022,18 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 10),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 10),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ResetDuringThreeFingerSwipe) {
@@ -990,31 +1043,35 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/0,
                          /*dy=*/10);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, ResetDuringPinch) {
@@ -1024,22 +1081,24 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, FlingTapDown) {
@@ -1049,7 +1108,8 @@
 
     Gesture tapDownGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                            /*vx=*/0.f, /*vy=*/0.f, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapDownGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, tapDownGesture);
 
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
@@ -1069,52 +1129,57 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                        /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                        /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, tapGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Click) {
@@ -1125,62 +1190,71 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonDownGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                               /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                               /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                             /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTest, TapWithTapToClickDisabled,
-                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION)) {
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION),
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_DISABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    nsecs_t currentTime = ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME;
+
     // Tap should be ignored when disabled
     mReader->getContext()->setPreventingTouchpadTaps(true);
 
@@ -1188,9 +1262,45 @@
     GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
-    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
+    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
+
+    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                       /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                       /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    // no events should be generated
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // Future taps should be re-enabled
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
+}
+
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTest, TapWithTapToClickDisabledWithDelay,
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    nsecs_t currentTime = ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME;
+
+    // Tap should be ignored when disabled
+    mReader->getContext()->setPreventingTouchpadTaps(true);
+
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+    converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                         /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
@@ -1198,18 +1308,73 @@
                       WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
                       WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
                       WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
 
-    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
+    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
                        /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                        /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
 
     // no events should be generated
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
 
     // Future taps should be re-enabled
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
+
+    // taps before the threshold should still be ignored
+    currentTime += TAP_ENABLE_DELAY_NANOS.count();
+    flingGesture = Gesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                           /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0)));
+
+    tapGesture = Gesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    // no events should be generated
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // taps after the threshold should be recognised
+    currentTime += 1;
+    flingGesture = Gesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                           /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0)));
+
+    tapGesture = Gesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(1),
+                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
+                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                      WithButtonState(0)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                      WithButtonState(0)));
 }
 
 TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTest, ClickWithTapToClickDisabled,
@@ -1223,58 +1388,64 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonDownGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                               /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                               /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                             /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Future taps should be re-enabled
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
@@ -1290,14 +1461,14 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
-                      WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                              WithCoords(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10), WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                              WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakePointerController->assertPosition(POINTER_X - 5, POINTER_Y + 10));
 
@@ -1305,6 +1476,45 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
 }
 
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTest, KeypressCancelsHoverMove,
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    const nsecs_t gestureStartTime = 1000;
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+    converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    // Start a move gesture at gestureStartTime
+    Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, gestureStartTime, gestureStartTime, -5, 10);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(gestureStartTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE))));
+
+    // Key presses with IME connection should cancel ongoing move gesture
+    nsecs_t currentTime = gestureStartTime + 100;
+    mFakePolicy->setIsInputMethodConnectionActive(true);
+    mReader->getContext()->setLastKeyDownTimestamp(currentTime);
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT))));
+
+    // any updates in existing move gesture should be ignored
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // New gesture should not be affected
+    currentTime += 100;
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, currentTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE))));
+}
+
 // TODO(b/311416205): De-duplicate the test cases after the refactoring is complete and the flagging
 //   logic can be removed.
 class GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer : public GestureConverterTestBase {
@@ -1321,13 +1531,14 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Move_Rotated) {
@@ -1337,13 +1548,14 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(10, 5), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(10, 5), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ButtonsChange) {
@@ -1355,65 +1567,64 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT | GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
-                                      AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
-                                      AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
+                                                          AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY |
+                                                          AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Then release the left button
     Gesture leftUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                           /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, leftUpGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, leftUpGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                              WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                              WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Finally release the right button
     Gesture rightUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                            /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                            /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, rightUpGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, rightUpGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, DragWithButton) {
@@ -1425,53 +1636,53 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                         /* is_tap= */ false);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Move
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Release the button
     Gesture upGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                       /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                       /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, upGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, upGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Scroll) {
@@ -1481,47 +1692,50 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(0, -10),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
+                                          WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(0, -10),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(0, -15),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(0, -15),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, 0 - 15),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, 0 - 15),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Scroll_Rotated) {
@@ -1532,40 +1746,46 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(-10, 0),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(downTime, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(-10, 0),
+                                          WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(-15, 0),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE), WithCoords(-15, 0),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(-15, 0),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(-15, 0),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Scroll_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
@@ -1574,21 +1794,22 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Scroll_ClearsScrollDistanceAfterGesture) {
@@ -1597,20 +1818,21 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
     Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, pinchGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON));
 }
@@ -1622,17 +1844,18 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/0,
                          /*dy=*/0);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/-5,
                         /*dy=*/10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ThreeFingerSwipe_ClearsGestureAxesAfterGesture) {
@@ -1642,16 +1865,17 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/5,
                          /*dy=*/5);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like pinch.
     Gesture pinchGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, pinchGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, pinchGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(0)));
@@ -1668,7 +1892,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ 0,
                          /* dy= */ 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
 
     // Three fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -1719,7 +1944,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 0, /* dy= */ 5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -1736,30 +1961,36 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[2].getY(), finger2Start.getY() - 15);
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(3),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ThreeFingerSwipe_Rotated) {
@@ -1770,7 +2001,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dx= */ 0,
                          /* dy= */ 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
 
     // Three fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -1812,7 +2044,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 0, /* dy= */ 5);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -1827,23 +2059,24 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[2].getY(), finger2Start.getY());
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(3u),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(3u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, FourFingerSwipe_Horizontal) {
@@ -1853,7 +2086,8 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureFourFingerSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                          /* dx= */ 10, /* dy= */ 0);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
 
     // Four fake fingers should be created. We don't actually care where they are, so long as they
@@ -1916,7 +2150,7 @@
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureFourFingerSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* dx= */ 5, /* dy= */ 0);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, continueGesture);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     arg = std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front());
     ASSERT_THAT(arg,
@@ -1935,38 +2169,46 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(arg.pointerCoords[3].getY(), finger3Start.getY());
 
     Gesture liftGesture(kGestureSwipeLift, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, liftGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON), WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, liftGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  3 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(4u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithGestureSwipeFingerCount(4),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Pinch_Inwards) {
@@ -1976,50 +2218,56 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithCoords(-100, 0),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCoords(1, 100, 0),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithCoords(-100, 0), WithPointerCount(1u),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCoords(1, 100, 0), WithPointerCount(2u),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* dz= */ 0.8, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0.8f, EPSILON), WithPointerCoords(0, -80, 0),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, 80, 0), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                              WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0.8f, EPSILON),
+                              WithPointerCoords(0, -80, 0), WithPointerCoords(1, 80, 0),
+                              WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Pinch_Outwards) {
@@ -2029,50 +2277,56 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithCoords(-100, 0),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCoords(1, 100, 0),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithCoords(-100, 0), WithPointerCount(1u),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCoords(1, 100, 0), WithPointerCount(2u),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /* dz= */ 1.1, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.1f, EPSILON), WithPointerCoords(0, -110, 0),
-                      WithPointerCoords(1, 110, 0), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                              WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.1f, EPSILON),
+                              WithPointerCoords(0, -110, 0), WithPointerCoords(1, 110, 0),
+                              WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* dz= */ 1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Pinch_ClearsClassificationAfterGesture) {
@@ -2082,21 +2336,22 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE));
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::NONE))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Pinch_ClearsScaleFactorAfterGesture) {
@@ -2106,21 +2361,22 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     Gesture updateGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                           /*dz=*/1.2, GESTURES_ZOOM_UPDATE);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, updateGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, updateGesture);
 
     Gesture endGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                        GESTURES_ZOOM_END);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, endGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, endGesture);
 
     // Move gestures don't use the fake finger array, so to test that gesture axes are cleared we
     // need to use another gesture type, like scroll.
     Gesture scrollGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/1,
                           /*dy=*/0);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, scrollGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, scrollGesture);
     ASSERT_FALSE(args.empty());
     EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()), WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(0, EPSILON));
 }
@@ -2133,27 +2389,27 @@
     Gesture downGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                         /*down=*/GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT | GESTURES_BUTTON_RIGHT,
                         /*up=*/GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /*is_tap=*/false);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, downGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, downGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ResetDuringScroll) {
@@ -2162,17 +2418,17 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -10);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, -10),
-                      WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, -10),
+                              WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                              WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                              WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ResetDuringThreeFingerSwipe) {
@@ -2182,31 +2438,35 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGestureSwipe, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dx=*/0,
                          /*dy=*/10);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  2 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(3u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithGestureOffset(0, 0, EPSILON),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(
+                                                  MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ResetDuringPinch) {
@@ -2216,22 +2476,24 @@
 
     Gesture startGesture(kGesturePinch, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /*dz=*/1,
                          GESTURES_ZOOM_START);
-    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, startGesture);
+    (void)converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, startGesture);
 
     std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
-                                       1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(2u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    EXPECT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
-                      WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
-                      WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON), WithPointerCount(1u),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(
+                                                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+                                                  1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(2u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::PINCH),
+                                          WithGesturePinchScaleFactor(1.0f, EPSILON),
+                                          WithPointerCount(1u), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, FlingTapDown) {
@@ -2241,7 +2503,8 @@
 
     Gesture tapDownGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                            /*vx=*/0.f, /*vy=*/0.f, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapDownGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, tapDownGesture);
 
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
@@ -2257,50 +2520,54 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                        /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                        /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, tapGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, Click) {
@@ -2311,7 +2578,8 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
@@ -2322,49 +2590,56 @@
     Gesture buttonDownGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                               /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                               /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                             /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 }
 
 TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, TapWithTapToClickDisabled,
-                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION)) {
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION),
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_DISABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    nsecs_t currentTime = ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME;
+
     // Tap should be ignored when disabled
     mReader->getContext()->setPreventingTouchpadTaps(true);
 
@@ -2372,21 +2647,22 @@
     GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
-    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
+    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
-    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
+    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
                        /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                        /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, tapGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
 
     // no events should be generated
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
@@ -2395,6 +2671,96 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
 }
 
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, TapWithTapToClickDisabledWithDelay,
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    nsecs_t currentTime = ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME;
+
+    // Tap should be ignored when disabled
+    mReader->getContext()->setPreventingTouchpadTaps(true);
+
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+    converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                         /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+
+    Gesture tapGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                       /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                       /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    // no events should be generated
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // Future taps should be re-enabled
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
+
+    // taps before the threshold should still be ignored
+    currentTime += TAP_ENABLE_DELAY_NANOS.count();
+    flingGesture = Gesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                           /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0)));
+
+    tapGesture = Gesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    // no events should be generated
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // taps after the threshold should be recognised
+    currentTime += 1;
+    flingGesture = Gesture(kGestureFling, currentTime, currentTime, /* vx= */ 0,
+                           /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, flingGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0)));
+
+    tapGesture = Gesture(kGestureButtonsChange, currentTime, currentTime,
+                         /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
+                         /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ true);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, currentTime, currentTime, tapGesture);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(5u, args.size());
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(1),
+                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
+                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                      WithButtonState(0)));
+    args.pop_front();
+    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                      WithButtonState(0)));
+}
+
 TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, ClickWithTapToClickDisabled,
                   REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION)) {
     // Click should still produce button press/release events
@@ -2406,56 +2772,62 @@
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, /* vx= */ 0,
                          /* vy= */ 0, GESTURES_FLING_TAP_DOWN);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, flingGesture);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, flingGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonDownGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                               /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT,
                               /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(2u, args.size());
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonDownGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                                          WithButtonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     Gesture buttonUpGesture(kGestureButtonsChange, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME,
                             /* down= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_NONE,
                             /* up= */ GESTURES_BUTTON_LEFT, /* is_tap= */ false);
-    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, buttonUpGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(3u, args.size());
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
-                      WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
-                      WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(1.0f),
-                      WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
-    args.pop_front();
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(0, 0), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
-                      WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE),
+                                          WithActionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY),
+                                          WithButtonState(0), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                                          WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(1.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0.f, 0.f),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT))),
+                            VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                                    AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                                          WithCoords(0, 0), WithRelativeMotion(0, 0),
+                                          WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER), WithButtonState(0),
+                                          WithPressure(0.0f),
+                                          WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Future taps should be re-enabled
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
@@ -2471,16 +2843,57 @@
     converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
 
     Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, -5, 10);
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, moveGesture);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, args.size());
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME, moveGesture);
 
-    ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
-                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
-                      WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
-                      WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)));
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithCoords(0, 0),
+                              WithRelativeMotion(-5, 10), WithToolType(ToolType::FINGER),
+                              WithButtonState(0), WithPressure(0.0f),
+                              WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)))));
 
     // Future taps should be re-enabled
     ASSERT_FALSE(mReader->getContext()->isPreventingTouchpadTaps());
 }
 
+TEST_F_WITH_FLAGS(GestureConverterTestWithChoreographer, KeypressCancelsHoverMove,
+                  REQUIRES_FLAGS_ENABLED(TOUCHPAD_PALM_REJECTION_V2)) {
+    const nsecs_t gestureStartTime = 1000;
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    GestureConverter converter(*mReader->getContext(), deviceContext, DEVICE_ID);
+    converter.setDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    // Start a move gesture at gestureStartTime
+    Gesture moveGesture(kGestureMove, gestureStartTime, gestureStartTime, -5, 10);
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> args =
+            converter.handleGesture(gestureStartTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE))));
+
+    // Key presses with IME connection should cancel ongoing move gesture
+    nsecs_t currentTime = gestureStartTime + 100;
+    mFakePolicy->setIsInputMethodConnectionActive(true);
+    mReader->getContext()->setLastKeyDownTimestamp(currentTime);
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT))));
+
+    // any updates in existing move gesture should be ignored
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, gestureStartTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, args.size());
+
+    // New gesture should not be affected
+    currentTime += 100;
+    moveGesture = Gesture(kGestureMove, currentTime, currentTime, -5, 10);
+    args = converter.handleGesture(currentTime, READ_TIME, currentTime, moveGesture);
+    ASSERT_THAT(args,
+                ElementsAre(VariantWith<NotifyMotionArgs>(
+                        WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE))));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 5002391..a880a4c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t, nsecs_t, uint32_t&) override {}
+    void interceptMotionBeforeQueueing(int32_t, uint32_t, int32_t, nsecs_t, uint32_t&) override {}
 
     nsecs_t interceptKeyBeforeDispatching(const sp<IBinder>&, const KeyEvent&, uint32_t) override {
         nsecs_t delay = std::chrono::nanoseconds(mInterceptKeyTimeout).count();
@@ -572,7 +572,8 @@
         /** We simply reconstruct NotifySwitchArgs in policy because InputDispatcher is
          * essentially a passthrough for notifySwitch.
          */
-        mLastNotifySwitch = NotifySwitchArgs(/*id=*/1, when, policyFlags, switchValues, switchMask);
+        mLastNotifySwitch =
+                NotifySwitchArgs(InputEvent::nextId(), when, policyFlags, switchValues, switchMask);
     }
 
     void pokeUserActivity(nsecs_t, int32_t, int32_t) override {
@@ -836,7 +837,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifySwitch_CallsPolicy) {
-    NotifySwitchArgs args(/*id=*/10, /*eventTime=*/20, /*policyFlags=*/0, /*switchValues=*/1,
+    NotifySwitchArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), /*eventTime=*/20, /*policyFlags=*/0,
+                          /*switchValues=*/1,
                           /*switchMask=*/2);
     mDispatcher->notifySwitch(args);
 
@@ -1182,6 +1184,11 @@
         mInfo.setInputConfig(WindowInfo::InputConfig::DISABLE_USER_ACTIVITY, disableUserActivity);
     }
 
+    void setGlobalStylusBlocksTouch(bool shouldGlobalStylusBlockTouch) {
+        mInfo.setInputConfig(WindowInfo::InputConfig::GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH,
+                             shouldGlobalStylusBlockTouch);
+    }
+
     void setAlpha(float alpha) { mInfo.alpha = alpha; }
 
     void setTouchOcclusionMode(TouchOcclusionMode mode) { mInfo.touchOcclusionMode = mode; }
@@ -1221,31 +1228,27 @@
 
     void setWindowOffset(float offsetX, float offsetY) { mInfo.transform.set(offsetX, offsetY); }
 
-    KeyEvent* consumeKey(bool handled = true) {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED, handled);
-        if (event == nullptr) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Consume failed : no event";
-            return nullptr;
+    const KeyEvent& consumeKey(bool handled = true) {
+        const InputEvent& event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED, handled);
+        if (event.getType() != InputEventType::KEY) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Instead of key event, got " << event;
         }
-        if (event->getType() != InputEventType::KEY) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Instead of key event, got " << *event;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return static_cast<KeyEvent*>(event);
+        return static_cast<const KeyEvent&>(event);
     }
 
     void consumeKeyEvent(const ::testing::Matcher<KeyEvent>& matcher) {
-        KeyEvent* keyEvent = consumeKey();
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, keyEvent) << "Did not get a key event, but expected " << matcher;
-        ASSERT_THAT(*keyEvent, matcher);
+        const KeyEvent& keyEvent = consumeKey();
+        ASSERT_THAT(keyEvent, matcher);
     }
 
     void consumeKeyDown(int32_t expectedDisplayId, int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::KEY, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, expectedDisplayId, expectedFlags);
+        consumeKeyEvent(AllOf(WithKeyAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId),
+                              WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
     void consumeKeyUp(int32_t expectedDisplayId, int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::KEY, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, expectedDisplayId, expectedFlags);
+        consumeKeyEvent(AllOf(WithKeyAction(ACTION_UP), WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId),
+                              WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionCancel(int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
@@ -1267,44 +1270,46 @@
 
     void consumeAnyMotionDown(std::optional<int32_t> expectedDisplayId = std::nullopt,
                               std::optional<int32_t> expectedFlags = std::nullopt) {
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, expectedDisplayId,
-                     expectedFlags);
+        consumeMotionEvent(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN),
+                      testing::Conditional(expectedDisplayId.has_value(),
+                                           WithDisplayId(*expectedDisplayId), testing::_),
+                      testing::Conditional(expectedFlags.has_value(), WithFlags(*expectedFlags),
+                                           testing::_)));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionPointerDown(int32_t pointerIdx,
                                   int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                                   int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
+        const int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN |
                 (pointerIdx << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, action, expectedDisplayId, expectedFlags);
+        consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(action), WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId),
+                                 WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionPointerUp(int32_t pointerIdx, int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                                 int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
+        const int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP |
                 (pointerIdx << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, action, expectedDisplayId, expectedFlags);
+        consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(action), WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId),
+                                 WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionUp(int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                          int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, expectedDisplayId,
-                     expectedFlags);
+        consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_UP), WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId),
+                                 WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
     void consumeMotionOutside(int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                               int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE, expectedDisplayId,
-                     expectedFlags);
+        consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE),
+                                 WithDisplayId(expectedDisplayId), WithFlags(expectedFlags)));
     }
 
-    void consumeMotionOutsideWithZeroedCoords(int32_t expectedDisplayId = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
-                                              int32_t expectedFlags = 0) {
-        MotionEvent* motionEvent = consumeMotion();
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent);
-        EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE, motionEvent->getActionMasked());
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.f, motionEvent->getRawPointerCoords(0)->getX());
-        EXPECT_EQ(0.f, motionEvent->getRawPointerCoords(0)->getY());
+    void consumeMotionOutsideWithZeroedCoords() {
+        consumeMotionEvent(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE), WithRawCoords(0, 0)));
     }
 
     void consumeFocusEvent(bool hasFocus, bool inTouchMode = true) {
@@ -1319,21 +1324,15 @@
         mInputReceiver->consumeCaptureEvent(hasCapture);
     }
 
-    const MotionEvent& consumeMotionEvent(const ::testing::Matcher<MotionEvent>& matcher) {
-        MotionEvent* motionEvent = consumeMotion();
-        if (nullptr == motionEvent) {
-            LOG(FATAL) << "Did not get a motion event, but expected " << matcher;
+    const MotionEvent& consumeMotionEvent(
+            const ::testing::Matcher<MotionEvent>& matcher = testing::_) {
+        const InputEvent& event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
+        if (event.getType() != InputEventType::MOTION) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Instead of motion event, got " << event;
         }
-        EXPECT_THAT(*motionEvent, matcher);
-        return *motionEvent;
-    }
-
-    void consumeEvent(InputEventType expectedEventType, int32_t expectedAction,
-                      std::optional<int32_t> expectedDisplayId,
-                      std::optional<int32_t> expectedFlags) {
-        ASSERT_NE(mInputReceiver, nullptr) << "Invalid consume event on window with no receiver";
-        mInputReceiver->consumeEvent(expectedEventType, expectedAction, expectedDisplayId,
-                                     expectedFlags);
+        const auto& motionEvent = static_cast<const MotionEvent&>(event);
+        EXPECT_THAT(motionEvent, matcher);
+        return motionEvent;
     }
 
     void consumeDragEvent(bool isExiting, float x, float y) {
@@ -1364,26 +1363,6 @@
         mInputReceiver->sendTimeline(inputEventId, timeline);
     }
 
-    InputEvent* consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = true) {
-        if (mInputReceiver == nullptr) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return mInputReceiver->consume(timeout, handled);
-    }
-
-    MotionEvent* consumeMotion() {
-        InputEvent* event = consume(CONSUME_TIMEOUT_EVENT_EXPECTED);
-        if (event == nullptr) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Consume failed : no event";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        if (event->getType() != InputEventType::MOTION) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Instead of motion event, got " << *event;
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return static_cast<MotionEvent*>(event);
-    }
-
     void assertNoEvents() {
         if (mInputReceiver == nullptr &&
             mInfo.inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::NO_INPUT_CHANNEL)) {
@@ -1415,6 +1394,17 @@
     std::shared_ptr<FakeInputReceiver> mInputReceiver;
     static std::atomic<int32_t> sId; // each window gets a unique id, like in surfaceflinger
     friend class sp<FakeWindowHandle>;
+
+    const InputEvent& consume(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout, bool handled = true) {
+        if (mInputReceiver == nullptr) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Cannot consume event from a window with no input event receiver";
+        }
+        InputEvent* event = mInputReceiver->consume(timeout, handled);
+        if (event == nullptr) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Consume failed: no event";
+        }
+        return *event;
+    }
 };
 
 std::atomic<int32_t> FakeWindowHandle::sId{1};
@@ -1579,9 +1569,9 @@
 static NotifyKeyArgs generateKeyArgs(int32_t action, int32_t displayId = ADISPLAY_ID_NONE) {
     nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
     // Define a valid key event.
-    NotifyKeyArgs args(/*id=*/0, currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                       displayId, POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_A, KEY_A,
-                       AMETA_NONE, currentTime);
+    NotifyKeyArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID,
+                       AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, displayId, POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER, action,
+                       /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_A, KEY_A, AMETA_NONE, currentTime);
 
     return args;
 }
@@ -1590,9 +1580,9 @@
                                                 int32_t displayId = ADISPLAY_ID_NONE) {
     nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
     // Define a valid key event.
-    NotifyKeyArgs args(/*id=*/0, currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                       displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_C, KEY_C, AMETA_META_ON,
-                       currentTime);
+    NotifyKeyArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID,
+                       AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_C, KEY_C,
+                       AMETA_META_ON, currentTime);
 
     return args;
 }
@@ -1601,9 +1591,9 @@
                                               int32_t displayId = ADISPLAY_ID_NONE) {
     nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
     // Define a valid key event.
-    NotifyKeyArgs args(/*id=*/0, currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD,
-                       displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_ASSIST, KEY_ASSISTANT,
-                       AMETA_NONE, currentTime);
+    NotifyKeyArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID,
+                       AINPUT_SOURCE_KEYBOARD, displayId, 0, action, /*flags=*/0, AKEYCODE_ASSIST,
+                       KEY_ASSISTANT, AMETA_NONE, currentTime);
 
     return args;
 }
@@ -1631,9 +1621,9 @@
 
     nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
     // Define a valid motion event.
-    NotifyMotionArgs args(/*id=*/0, currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID, source, displayId,
-                          POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER, action, /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0,
-                          AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0, MotionClassification::NONE,
+    NotifyMotionArgs args(InputEvent::nextId(), currentTime, /*readTime=*/0, DEVICE_ID, source,
+                          displayId, POLICY_FLAG_PASS_TO_USER, action, /*actionButton=*/0,
+                          /*flags=*/0, AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0, MotionClassification::NONE,
                           AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, pointerCount, pointerProperties,
                           pointerCoords, /*xPrecision=*/0, /*yPrecision=*/0,
                           AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
@@ -1652,7 +1642,8 @@
 
 static NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs generatePointerCaptureChangedArgs(
         const PointerCaptureRequest& request) {
-    return NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs(/*id=*/0, systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC), request);
+    return NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs(InputEvent::nextId(), systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC),
+                                           request);
 }
 
 } // namespace
@@ -3355,6 +3346,150 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * If stylus is down anywhere on the screen, then touches should not be delivered to windows that
+ * have InputConfig::GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH.
+ *
+ * Two windows: one on the left and one on the right.
+ * The window on the right has GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH config.
+ * Stylus down on the left window, and then touch down on the right window.
+ * Check that the right window doesn't get touches while the stylus is down on the left window.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherMultiDeviceTest, GlobalStylusDownBlocksTouch) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> leftWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Left window",
+                                       ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    leftWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> sbtRightWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher,
+                                       "Stylus blocks touch (right) window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    sbtRightWindow->setFrame(Rect(100, 100, 200, 200));
+    sbtRightWindow->setGlobalStylusBlocksTouch(true);
+
+    mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged(
+            {{*leftWindow->getInfo(), *sbtRightWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
+
+    const int32_t stylusDeviceId = 5;
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+
+    // Stylus down in the left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(50).y(52))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+
+    // Finger tap on the right window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(151))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(151))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+
+    // The touch should be blocked, because stylus is down somewhere else on screen!
+    sbtRightWindow->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // Continue stylus motion, and ensure it's not impacted.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(51).y(53))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(51).y(53))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_UP), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+
+    // Now that the stylus gesture is done, touches should be getting delivered correctly.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(151).y(153))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    sbtRightWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * If stylus is hovering anywhere on the screen, then touches should not be delivered to windows
+ * that have InputConfig::GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH.
+ *
+ * Two windows: one on the left and one on the right.
+ * The window on the right has GLOBAL_STYLUS_BLOCKS_TOUCH config.
+ * Stylus hover on the left window, and then touch down on the right window.
+ * Check that the right window doesn't get touches while the stylus is hovering on the left window.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherMultiDeviceTest, GlobalStylusHoverBlocksTouch) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> leftWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Left window",
+                                       ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    leftWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> sbtRightWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher,
+                                       "Stylus blocks touch (right) window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    sbtRightWindow->setFrame(Rect(100, 100, 200, 200));
+    sbtRightWindow->setGlobalStylusBlocksTouch(true);
+
+    mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged(
+            {{*leftWindow->getInfo(), *sbtRightWindow->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
+
+    const int32_t stylusDeviceId = 5;
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+
+    // Stylus hover in the left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(50).y(52))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+
+    // Finger tap on the right window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(151))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(150).y(151))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+
+    // The touch should be blocked, because stylus is hovering somewhere else on screen!
+    sbtRightWindow->assertNoEvents();
+
+    // Continue stylus motion, and ensure it's not impacted.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(51).y(53))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::STYLUS).x(51).y(53))
+                                      .deviceId(stylusDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_MOVE), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT), WithDeviceId(stylusDeviceId)));
+
+    // Now that the stylus gesture is done, touches should be getting delivered correctly.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                      .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(151).y(153))
+                                      .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                                      .build());
+    sbtRightWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+}
+
+/**
  * A spy window above a window with no input channel.
  * Start hovering with a stylus device, and then tap with it.
  * Ensure spy window receives the entire sequence.
@@ -3625,20 +3760,18 @@
 
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
 
-    MotionEvent* motionEvent1 = window1->consumeMotion();
-    ASSERT_NE(motionEvent1, nullptr);
+    const MotionEvent& motionEvent1 = window1->consumeMotionEvent();
     window2->assertNoEvents();
-    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow1 = motionEvent1->getDownTime();
-    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent1->getDownTime(), motionEvent1->getEventTime());
+    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow1 = motionEvent1.getDownTime();
+    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent1.getDownTime(), motionEvent1.getEventTime());
 
     // Now touch down on the window with another pointer
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(generateTouchArgs(POINTER_1_DOWN, {{50, 50}, {150, 50}}));
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
-    MotionEvent* motionEvent2 = window2->consumeMotion();
-    ASSERT_NE(motionEvent2, nullptr);
-    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow2 = motionEvent2->getDownTime();
+    const MotionEvent& motionEvent2 = window2->consumeMotionEvent();
+    nsecs_t downTimeForWindow2 = motionEvent2.getDownTime();
     ASSERT_NE(downTimeForWindow1, downTimeForWindow2);
-    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent2->getDownTime(), motionEvent2->getEventTime());
+    ASSERT_EQ(motionEvent2.getDownTime(), motionEvent2.getEventTime());
 
     // Now move the pointer on the second window
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(generateTouchArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, {{50, 50}, {151, 51}}));
@@ -4233,8 +4366,7 @@
     // When device reset happens, that key stream should be terminated with FLAG_CANCELED
     // on the app side.
     mDispatcher->notifyDeviceReset({/*id=*/10, /*eventTime=*/20, DEVICE_ID});
-    window->consumeEvent(InputEventType::KEY, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
-                         AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED);
+    window->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, NotifyDeviceReset_CancelsMotionStream) {
@@ -4473,12 +4605,12 @@
                                 InputEventInjectionSync::WAIT_FOR_RESULT))
             << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
 
-    const MotionEvent* event = window->consumeMotion();
-    EXPECT_EQ(POINTER_1_DOWN, event->getAction());
-    EXPECT_EQ(70, event->getX(0));  // 50 + 20
-    EXPECT_EQ(90, event->getY(0));  // 50 + 40
-    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event->getX(1)); // -30 + 20
-    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event->getY(1)); // -50 + 40
+    const MotionEvent& event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
+    EXPECT_EQ(POINTER_1_DOWN, event.getAction());
+    EXPECT_EQ(70, event.getX(0));  // 50 + 20
+    EXPECT_EQ(90, event.getY(0));  // 50 + 40
+    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event.getX(1)); // -30 + 20
+    EXPECT_EQ(-10, event.getY(1)); // -50 + 40
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4744,15 +4876,15 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, mDispatcher->pilferPointers(spyWindowDefaultDisplay->getToken()));
 
     // windowDefaultDisplay gets cancel
-    MotionEvent* event = windowDefaultDisplay->consumeMotion();
-    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, event->getAction());
+    const MotionEvent& event = windowDefaultDisplay->consumeMotionEvent();
+    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, event.getAction());
 
     // The cancel event is sent to windowDefaultDisplay of the ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT display, so the
     // coordinates of the cancel are converted by windowDefaultDisplay's transform, the x and y
     // coordinates are both 100, otherwise if the cancel event is sent to windowSecondDisplay of
     // SECOND_DISPLAY_ID, the x and y coordinates are 200
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getY(0));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4882,19 +5014,18 @@
                                                  {PointF{150, 220}}));
 
     firstWindow->assertNoEvents();
-    const MotionEvent* event = secondWindow->consumeMotion();
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, event);
-    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, event->getAction());
+    const MotionEvent& event = secondWindow->consumeMotionEvent();
+    EXPECT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, event.getAction());
 
     // Ensure that the events from the "getRaw" API are in logical display coordinates.
-    EXPECT_EQ(300, event->getRawX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(880, event->getRawY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(300, event.getRawX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(880, event.getRawY(0));
 
     // Ensure that the x and y values are in the window's coordinate space.
     // The left-top of the second window is at (100, 200) in display space, which is (200, 800) in
     // the logical display space. This will be the origin of the window space.
-    EXPECT_EQ(100, event->getX(0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(80, event->getY(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(100, event.getX(0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(80, event.getY(0));
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherDisplayProjectionTest, CancelMotionWithCorrectCoordinates) {
@@ -5968,8 +6099,7 @@
                                              motionArgs.pointerCoords[0].getX() - 10);
 
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(motionArgs);
-    window->consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
-                         /*expectedFlags=*/0);
+    window->consumeMotionMove(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*expectedFlags=*/0);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6039,10 +6169,9 @@
     const NotifyKeyArgs keyArgs = generateKeyArgs(AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN);
     mDispatcher->notifyKey(keyArgs);
 
-    KeyEvent* event = window->consumeKey();
-    ASSERT_NE(event, nullptr);
+    const KeyEvent& event = window->consumeKey();
 
-    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(*event);
+    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(event);
     ASSERT_NE(verified, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(verified->type, VerifiedInputEvent::Type::KEY);
 
@@ -6083,10 +6212,9 @@
                                ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(motionArgs);
 
-    MotionEvent* event = window->consumeMotion();
-    ASSERT_NE(event, nullptr);
+    const MotionEvent& event = window->consumeMotionEvent();
 
-    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(*event);
+    std::unique_ptr<VerifiedInputEvent> verified = mDispatcher->verifyInputEvent(event);
     ASSERT_NE(verified, nullptr);
     ASSERT_EQ(verified->type, VerifiedInputEvent::Type::MOTION);
 
@@ -6664,9 +6792,8 @@
     }
 
     void consumeKey(bool handled, const ::testing::Matcher<KeyEvent>& matcher) {
-        KeyEvent* event = mWindow->consumeKey(handled);
-        ASSERT_NE(event, nullptr) << "Did not receive key event";
-        ASSERT_THAT(*event, matcher);
+        const KeyEvent& event = mWindow->consumeKey(handled);
+        ASSERT_THAT(event, matcher);
     }
 };
 
@@ -6897,7 +7024,7 @@
         mDispatcher->notifyKey(keyArgs);
 
         // Window should receive key down event.
-        mWindow->consumeEvent(InputEventType::KEY, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+        mWindow->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                               /*expectedFlags=*/0);
     }
 };
@@ -6967,10 +7094,9 @@
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Flaky test (b/270393106)";
     sendAndConsumeKeyDown(/*deviceId=*/1);
     for (int32_t repeatCount = 1; repeatCount <= 10; ++repeatCount) {
-        KeyEvent* repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, repeatEvent) << "Didn't receive event with repeat count " << repeatCount;
+        const KeyEvent& repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
         EXPECT_EQ(IdGenerator::Source::INPUT_DISPATCHER,
-                  IdGenerator::getSource(repeatEvent->getId()));
+                  IdGenerator::getSource(repeatEvent.getId()));
     }
 }
 
@@ -6980,9 +7106,8 @@
 
     std::unordered_set<int32_t> idSet;
     for (int32_t repeatCount = 1; repeatCount <= 10; ++repeatCount) {
-        KeyEvent* repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, repeatEvent) << "Didn't receive event with repeat count " << repeatCount;
-        int32_t id = repeatEvent->getId();
+        const KeyEvent& repeatEvent = mWindow->consumeKey();
+        int32_t id = repeatEvent.getId();
         EXPECT_EQ(idSet.end(), idSet.find(id));
         idSet.insert(id);
     }
@@ -7071,8 +7196,7 @@
     mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged({{*windowInPrimary->getInfo()}, {}, 0, 0});
 
     // Old focus should receive a cancel event.
-    windowInSecondary->consumeEvent(InputEventType::KEY, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE,
-                                    AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED);
+    windowInSecondary->consumeKeyUp(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE, AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED);
 
     // Test inject a key down, should timeout because of no target window.
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertInjectedKeyTimesOut(*mDispatcher));
@@ -7550,24 +7674,21 @@
     void consumeMotionEvent(const sp<FakeWindowHandle>& window, int32_t expectedAction,
                             const std::vector<PointF>& points) {
         const std::string name = window->getName();
-        MotionEvent* motionEvent = window->consumeMotion();
+        const MotionEvent& motionEvent =
+                window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(expectedAction));
 
-        ASSERT_NE(nullptr, motionEvent)
-                << name.c_str() << ": consumer should have returned non-NULL event.";
-
-        ASSERT_THAT(*motionEvent, WithMotionAction(expectedAction));
-        ASSERT_EQ(points.size(), motionEvent->getPointerCount());
+        ASSERT_EQ(points.size(), motionEvent.getPointerCount());
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < points.size(); i++) {
             float expectedX = points[i].x;
             float expectedY = points[i].y;
 
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectedX, motionEvent->getX(i))
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectedX, motionEvent.getX(i))
                     << "expected " << expectedX << " for x[" << i << "] coord of " << name.c_str()
-                    << ", got " << motionEvent->getX(i);
-            EXPECT_EQ(expectedY, motionEvent->getY(i))
+                    << ", got " << motionEvent.getX(i);
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectedY, motionEvent.getY(i))
                     << "expected " << expectedY << " for y[" << i << "] coord of " << name.c_str()
-                    << ", got " << motionEvent->getY(i);
+                    << ", got " << motionEvent.getY(i);
         }
     }
 
@@ -8380,8 +8501,7 @@
                                         .build()));
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionDown();
     mFocusedWindow->consumeMotionUp();
-    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE,
-                                   ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
+    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionOutside(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
     // We consumed all events, so no ANR
     ASSERT_TRUE(mDispatcher->waitForIdle());
     mFakePolicy->assertNotifyAnrWasNotCalled();
@@ -8457,8 +8577,7 @@
 // At the same time, FLAG_WATCH_OUTSIDE_TOUCH targets should not receive any events.
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherMultiWindowAnr, DuringAnr_SecondTapIsIgnored) {
     tapOnFocusedWindow();
-    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE,
-                                   ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
+    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionOutside(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
     // Receive the events, but don't respond
     std::optional<uint32_t> downEventSequenceNum = mFocusedWindow->receiveEvent(); // ACTION_DOWN
     ASSERT_TRUE(downEventSequenceNum);
@@ -8590,8 +8709,7 @@
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN,
                                                  AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
                                                  {FOCUSED_WINDOW_LOCATION}));
-    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE,
-                                   ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
+    mUnfocusedWindow->consumeMotionOutside(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, /*flags=*/0);
 
     // Touch Window 2
     mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
@@ -9723,7 +9841,7 @@
 
     // Receives cancel for first pointer after next pointer down
     mSpyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL));
-    mSpyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+    mSpyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithPointerIds({1})));
     mDragWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
 
     mSpyWindow->assertNoEvents();
@@ -9733,13 +9851,13 @@
     mDragWindow->assertNoEvents();
 
     const MotionEvent firstFingerMoveEvent =
-            MotionEventBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+            MotionEventBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
                     .eventTime(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC))
                     .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/0, ToolType::FINGER).x(60).y(60))
                     .pointer(PointerBuilder(/*id=*/1, ToolType::FINGER).x(60).y(60))
                     .build();
     ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
-              injectMotionEvent(*mDispatcher, secondFingerDownEvent, INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT,
+              injectMotionEvent(*mDispatcher, firstFingerMoveEvent, INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT,
                                 InputEventInjectionSync::WAIT_FOR_RESULT))
             << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
 
@@ -9930,8 +10048,7 @@
                                         .displayId(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID)
                                         .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::FINGER).x(100).y(100))
                                         .build()));
-    windowInSecondary->consumeEvent(InputEventType::MOTION, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN,
-                                    SECOND_DISPLAY_ID, /*expectedFlag=*/0);
+    windowInSecondary->consumeMotionDown(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID, /*expectedFlag=*/0);
     // Update window again.
     mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged(
             {{*mDragWindow->getInfo(), *mSpyWindow->getInfo(), *mWindow->getInfo(),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index e0a3e94..c6536de 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -2894,9 +2894,9 @@
     mapper.assertConfigureWasCalled();
     mapper.assertResetWasNotCalled();
 
-    RawEvent event{.deviceId = EVENTHUB_ID,
+    RawEvent event{.when = ARBITRARY_TIME,
                    .readTime = ARBITRARY_TIME,
-                   .when = ARBITRARY_TIME,
+                   .deviceId = EVENTHUB_ID,
                    .type = EV_SYN,
                    .code = SYN_REPORT,
                    .value = 0};
@@ -10971,7 +10971,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(uint32_t(1), motionArgs.getPointerCount());
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, ResetClearsTouchState) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Reset_PreservesLastTouchState) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
     prepareAxes(POSITION | ID | SLOT | PRESSURE);
@@ -10994,36 +10994,25 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(ACTION_POINTER_1_DOWN)));
 
-    // Reset the mapper. When the mapper is reset, the touch state is also cleared.
+    // Reset the mapper. When the mapper is reset, we expect the current multi-touch state to be
+    // preserved. Resetting should cancel the ongoing gesture.
     resetMapper(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL)));
 
-    // Move the second slot pointer, and ensure there are no events, because the touch state was
-    // cleared and no slots should be in use.
+    // Send a sync to simulate an empty touch frame where nothing changes. The mapper should use
+    // the existing touch state to generate a down event.
     processPosition(mapper, 301, 302);
     processSync(mapper);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
-
-    // Release both fingers.
-    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
-    processSlot(mapper, FIRST_SLOT);
-    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
-    processSync(mapper);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
-
-    // Start a new gesture, and ensure we get a DOWN event for it.
-    processId(mapper, FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
-    processPosition(mapper, 200, 300);
-    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
-    processSync(mapper);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithPressure(1.f))));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_POINTER_1_DOWN), WithPressure(1.f))));
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, ResetClearsTouchStateWithNoPointersDown) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Reset_PreservesLastTouchState_NoPointersDown) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
     prepareAxes(POSITION | ID | SLOT | PRESSURE);
@@ -11151,66 +11140,6 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(fakePointerController->isPointerShown());
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, SimulateKernelBufferOverflow) {
-    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
-    prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
-    prepareAxes(POSITION | ID | SLOT | PRESSURE);
-    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = constructAndAddMapper<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
-
-    // First finger down.
-    processId(mapper, FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
-    processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
-    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
-    processSync(mapper);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
-            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN)));
-
-    // Assume the kernel buffer overflows, and we get a SYN_DROPPED event.
-    // This will reset the mapper, and thus also reset the touch state.
-    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_DROPPED, 0);
-    resetMapper(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
-            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL)));
-
-    // Since the touch state was reset, it doesn't know which slots are active, so any movements
-    // are ignored.
-    processPosition(mapper, 101, 201);
-    processSync(mapper);
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
-
-    // Second finger goes down. This is the first active finger, so we get a DOWN event.
-    processSlot(mapper, SECOND_SLOT);
-    processId(mapper, SECOND_TRACKING_ID);
-    processPosition(mapper, 400, 500);
-    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
-    processSync(mapper);
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
-            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN)));
-
-    // First slot is still ignored, only the second one is active.
-    processSlot(mapper, FIRST_SLOT);
-    processPosition(mapper, 102, 202);
-    processSlot(mapper, SECOND_SLOT);
-    processPosition(mapper, 401, 501);
-    processSync(mapper);
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
-            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE)));
-
-    // Both slots up, so we get the UP event for the active pointer.
-    processSlot(mapper, FIRST_SLOT);
-    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
-    processSlot(mapper, SECOND_SLOT);
-    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
-    processSync(mapper);
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
-            mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP)));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
-}
-
 // --- MultiTouchInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice ---
 
 class MultiTouchInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
index 2457f7c..193b84d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/PointerChoreographer_test.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "../PointerChoreographer.h"
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <deque>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "FakePointerController.h"
@@ -33,7 +34,9 @@
 
 // Helpers to std::visit with lambdas.
 template <typename... V>
-struct Visitor : V... {};
+struct Visitor : V... {
+    using V::operator()...;
+};
 template <typename... V>
 Visitor(V...) -> Visitor<V...>;
 
@@ -88,14 +91,14 @@
 
     std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController> assertPointerControllerCreated(
             ControllerType expectedType) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(mLastCreatedController) << "No PointerController was created";
-        auto [type, controller] = std::move(*mLastCreatedController);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(mCreatedControllers.empty()) << "No PointerController was created";
+        auto [type, controller] = std::move(mCreatedControllers.front());
         EXPECT_EQ(expectedType, type);
-        mLastCreatedController.reset();
+        mCreatedControllers.pop_front();
         return controller;
     }
 
-    void assertPointerControllerNotCreated() { ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, mLastCreatedController); }
+    void assertPointerControllerNotCreated() { ASSERT_TRUE(mCreatedControllers.empty()); }
 
     void assertPointerControllerRemoved(const std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController>& pc) {
         // Ensure that the code under test is not holding onto this PointerController.
@@ -110,6 +113,12 @@
                                         "to this PointerController";
     }
 
+    void assertPointerControllerNotRemoved(const std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController>& pc) {
+        // See assertPointerControllerRemoved above.
+        ASSERT_GT(pc.use_count(), 1) << "Expected PointerChoreographer to hold at least one "
+                                        "reference to this PointerController";
+    }
+
     void assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(int32_t displayId) {
         ASSERT_EQ(displayId, mPointerDisplayIdNotified);
         mPointerDisplayIdNotified.reset();
@@ -118,17 +127,15 @@
     void assertPointerDisplayIdNotNotified() { ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, mPointerDisplayIdNotified); }
 
 private:
-    std::optional<std::pair<ControllerType, std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController>>>
-            mLastCreatedController;
+    std::deque<std::pair<ControllerType, std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController>>>
+            mCreatedControllers;
     std::optional<int32_t> mPointerDisplayIdNotified;
 
     std::shared_ptr<PointerControllerInterface> createPointerController(
             ControllerType type) override {
-        EXPECT_FALSE(mLastCreatedController.has_value())
-                << "More than one PointerController created at a time";
         std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController> pc = std::make_shared<FakePointerController>();
         EXPECT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
-        mLastCreatedController = {type, pc};
+        mCreatedControllers.emplace_back(type, pc);
         return pc;
     }
 
@@ -184,33 +191,15 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenMouseIsJustAddedDoesNotCreatePointerController) {
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenMouseIsAddedCreatesPointerController) {
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    assertPointerControllerNotCreated();
-}
-
-TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenMouseEventOccursCreatesPointerController) {
-    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
-            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenMouseIsRemovedRemovesPointerController) {
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 
     // Remove the mouse.
@@ -226,34 +215,20 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetsViewportForAssociatedMouse) {
-    // Just adding a viewport or device should not create a PointerController.
+    // Just adding a viewport or device should create a PointerController.
     mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    assertPointerControllerNotCreated();
 
-    // After the mouse emits event, PointerController will be created and viewport will be set.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenViewportSetLaterSetsViewportForAssociatedMouse) {
-    // Without viewport information, PointerController will be created by a mouse event
-    // but viewport won't be set.
+    // Without viewport information, PointerController will be created but viewport won't be set.
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportNotSet();
 
@@ -270,14 +245,9 @@
     // the PointerController.
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest,
@@ -287,29 +257,18 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto firstDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     firstDisplayPc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(firstDisplayPc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Change default mouse display. Existing PointerController should be removed.
+    // Change default mouse display. Existing PointerController should be removed and a new one
+    // should be created.
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(firstDisplayPc);
-    assertPointerControllerNotCreated();
 
-    // New PointerController for the new default display will be created by the motion event.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto secondDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     secondDisplayPc->assertViewportSet(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secondDisplayPc->isPointerShown());
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, CallsNotifyPointerDisplayIdChanged) {
@@ -317,12 +276,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
@@ -332,12 +285,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotNotified();
 
@@ -350,12 +297,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
 
@@ -372,28 +313,13 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto firstDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
 
-    // Set another viewport as a default mouse display ID. ADISPLAY_ID_NONE will be notified
-    // before a mouse event.
+    // Set another viewport as a default mouse display ID. The mouse is moved to the other display.
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
-    assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE);
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(firstDisplayPc);
 
-    // After a mouse event, pointer display ID will be notified with new default mouse display.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
 }
@@ -403,13 +329,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -428,7 +347,7 @@
     pc->assertPosition(110, 220);
     ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check that x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
+    // Check that x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(110, 220), WithDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID), WithCursorPosition(110, 220)));
 }
@@ -444,23 +363,8 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
               generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto unassociatedMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, unassociatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
-
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto associatedMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, associatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -483,7 +387,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, associatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
     ASSERT_TRUE(associatedMousePc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check that x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
+    // Check that x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(310, 420), WithDeviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID),
                   WithDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID), WithCursorPosition(310, 420)));
@@ -494,13 +398,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -531,7 +428,7 @@
     pc->assertPosition(100, 200);
     ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are not changed.
+    // Check x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are not changed.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(10, 20), WithRelativeMotion(10, 20), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
                   WithCursorPosition(AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
@@ -543,13 +440,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
     ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
@@ -561,6 +451,65 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
 }
 
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, MultipleMiceConnectionAndRemoval) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
+
+    // A mouse is connected, and the pointer is shown.
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    pc->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+
+    // Add a second mouse is added, the pointer is shown again.
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
+              generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // One of the mice is removed, and it does not cause the mouse pointer to fade, because
+    // we have one more mouse connected.
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+    assertPointerControllerNotRemoved(pc);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // The final mouse is removed. The pointer is removed.
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged({/*id=*/0, {}});
+    assertPointerControllerRemoved(pc);
+}
+
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, UnrelatedChangeDoesNotUnfadePointer) {
+    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
+    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
+
+    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    pc->fade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
+
+    // Adding a touchscreen device does not unfade the mouse pointer.
+    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
+            {/*id=*/0,
+             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
+              generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN | AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS,
+                                     DISPLAY_ID)}});
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
+
+    // Show touches setting change does not unfade the mouse pointer.
+    mChoreographer.setShowTouchesEnabled(true);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
+}
+
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenShowTouchesEnabledAndDisabledDoesNotCreatePointerController) {
     // Disable show touches and add a touch device.
     mChoreographer.setShowTouchesEnabled(false);
@@ -1038,25 +987,11 @@
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(pc);
 }
 
-TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenTouchpadIsJustAddedDoesNotCreatePointerController) {
+TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenTouchpadIsAddedCreatesPointerController) {
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    assertPointerControllerNotCreated();
-}
-
-TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, WhenTouchpadEventOccursCreatesPointerController) {
-    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
-            {/*id=*/0,
-             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
-                                     ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 }
 
@@ -1065,12 +1000,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 
     // Remove the touchpad.
@@ -1085,15 +1014,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    assertPointerControllerNotCreated();
-
-    // After the touchpad emits event, PointerController will be created and viewport will be set.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
 }
@@ -1105,12 +1025,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportNotSet();
 
@@ -1127,32 +1041,19 @@
     // the PointerController.
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
 }
 
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest,
        WhenDefaultTouchpadDisplayChangesSetsDefaultTouchpadViewportForPointerController) {
-    // Set one display as a default touchpad display and emit touchpad event to create
-    // PointerController.
+    // Set one display as a default touchpad display and create PointerController.
     mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID}));
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto firstDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     firstDisplayPc->assertViewportSet(DISPLAY_ID);
 
@@ -1160,13 +1061,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(firstDisplayPc);
 
-    // New PointerController for the new default display will be created by the motion event.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto secondDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     secondDisplayPc->assertViewportSet(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
 }
@@ -1178,12 +1072,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
 
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
@@ -1195,12 +1083,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotNotified();
 
@@ -1215,12 +1097,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
 
@@ -1240,28 +1116,14 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto firstDisplayPc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(DISPLAY_ID);
 
     // Set another viewport as a default mouse display ID. ADISPLAY_ID_NONE will be notified
     // before a touchpad event.
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
-    assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE);
     assertPointerControllerRemoved(firstDisplayPc);
 
-    // After a touchpad event, pointer display ID will be notified with new default mouse display.
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     assertPointerDisplayIdNotified(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID);
 }
@@ -1273,13 +1135,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -1298,7 +1153,7 @@
     pc->assertPosition(110, 220);
     ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check that x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
+    // Check that x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(110, 220), WithDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID), WithCursorPosition(110, 220)));
 }
@@ -1310,13 +1165,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -1398,23 +1246,8 @@
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
               generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto unassociatedMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, unassociatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
-
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto associatedMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, associatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -1437,7 +1270,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, associatedMousePc->getDisplayId());
     ASSERT_TRUE(associatedMousePc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check that x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
+    // Check that x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are correctly updated.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(310, 420), WithDeviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID),
                   WithDisplayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID), WithCursorPosition(310, 420)));
@@ -1450,13 +1283,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
 
@@ -1479,7 +1305,7 @@
     pc->assertPosition(200, 300);
     ASSERT_FALSE(pc->isPointerShown());
 
-    // Check x-y cooridnates, displayId and cursor position are not changed.
+    // Check x-y coordinates, displayId and cursor position are not changed.
     mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
             AllOf(WithCoords(100, 200), WithDisplayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
                   WithCursorPosition(AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
@@ -1493,13 +1319,6 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE | AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD,
                                      ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(TOUCHPAD_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    mTestListener.assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE));
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, pc->getDisplayId());
     ASSERT_TRUE(pc->isPointerShown());
@@ -1517,12 +1336,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
 
@@ -1537,12 +1350,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
 
@@ -1558,12 +1365,6 @@
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
 
@@ -1573,41 +1374,12 @@
     pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
 }
 
-TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, DoesNotSetPointerIconForDeviceWithoutPointerController) {
-    // Add two devices, one with a PointerController and the other without PointerController.
-    mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
-    mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
-    mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
-            {/*id=*/0,
-             {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
-              generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
-    auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
-    pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
-
-    // Set pointer icon for the device without PointerController. This should be ignored.
-    ASSERT_FALSE(mChoreographer.setPointerIcon(PointerIconStyle::TYPE_TEXT, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID,
-                                               SECOND_DEVICE_ID));
-    pc->assertPointerIconNotSet();
-}
-
 TEST_F(PointerChoreographerTest, SetsCustomPointerIconForMouse) {
     // Make sure there is a PointerController.
     mChoreographer.setDisplayViewports(createViewports({DISPLAY_ID}));
     mChoreographer.setDefaultMouseDisplayId(DISPLAY_ID);
     mChoreographer.notifyInputDevicesChanged(
             {/*id=*/0, {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto pc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     pc->assertCustomPointerIconNotSet();
 
@@ -1632,20 +1404,8 @@
             {/*id=*/0,
              {generateTestDeviceInfo(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE),
               generateTestDeviceInfo(SECOND_DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)}});
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_NONE)
-                    .build());
     auto firstMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, firstMousePc->getDisplayId());
-    mChoreographer.notifyMotion(
-            MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
-                    .pointer(MOUSE_POINTER)
-                    .deviceId(SECOND_DEVICE_ID)
-                    .displayId(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID)
-                    .build());
     auto secondMousePc = assertPointerControllerCreated(ControllerType::MOUSE);
     ASSERT_EQ(ANOTHER_DISPLAY_ID, secondMousePc->getDisplayId());
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
index 66fdaa4..8ba497a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestEventMatchers.h
@@ -464,6 +464,53 @@
     return WithPointersMatcher(pointers);
 }
 
+/// Pointer ids matcher
+class WithPointerIdsMatcher {
+public:
+    using is_gtest_matcher = void;
+    explicit WithPointerIdsMatcher(std::set<int32_t> pointerIds) : mPointerIds(pointerIds) {}
+
+    bool MatchAndExplain(const MotionEvent& event, std::ostream* os) const {
+        std::set<int32_t> actualPointerIds;
+        for (size_t pointerIndex = 0; pointerIndex < event.getPointerCount(); pointerIndex++) {
+            const PointerProperties* properties = event.getPointerProperties(pointerIndex);
+            actualPointerIds.insert(properties->id);
+        }
+
+        if (mPointerIds != actualPointerIds) {
+            *os << "expected pointer ids " << dumpSet(mPointerIds) << ", but got "
+                << dumpSet(actualPointerIds);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool MatchAndExplain(const NotifyMotionArgs& event, std::ostream* os) const {
+        std::set<int32_t> actualPointerIds;
+        for (const PointerProperties& properties : event.pointerProperties) {
+            actualPointerIds.insert(properties.id);
+        }
+
+        if (mPointerIds != actualPointerIds) {
+            *os << "expected pointer ids " << dumpSet(mPointerIds) << ", but got "
+                << dumpSet(actualPointerIds);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void DescribeTo(std::ostream* os) const { *os << "with pointer ids " << dumpSet(mPointerIds); }
+
+    void DescribeNegationTo(std::ostream* os) const { *os << "wrong pointer ids"; }
+
+private:
+    const std::set<int32_t> mPointerIds;
+};
+
+inline WithPointerIdsMatcher WithPointerIds(const std::set<int32_t /*id*/>& pointerIds) {
+    return WithPointerIdsMatcher(pointerIds);
+}
+
 /// Key code
 class WithKeyCodeMatcher {
 public:
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/InputDispatcherFuzzer.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/InputDispatcherFuzzer.cpp
index 0bd8fb3..dc5a213 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/InputDispatcherFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/InputDispatcherFuzzer.cpp
@@ -65,6 +65,27 @@
     std::map<int32_t /*displayId*/, InputVerifier> mVerifiers;
 };
 
+void scrambleWindow(FuzzedDataProvider& fdp, FakeWindowHandle& window) {
+    const int32_t left = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
+    const int32_t top = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
+    const int32_t width = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
+    const int32_t height = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
+
+    window.setFrame(Rect(left, top, left + width, top + height));
+    window.setSlippery(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    window.setDupTouchToWallpaper(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    window.setIsWallpaper(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    window.setVisible(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    window.setPreventSplitting(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    const bool isTrustedOverlay = fdp.ConsumeBool();
+    window.setTrustedOverlay(isTrustedOverlay);
+    if (isTrustedOverlay) {
+        window.setSpy(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    } else {
+        window.setSpy(false);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 sp<FakeWindowHandle> generateFuzzedWindow(FuzzedDataProvider& fdp, InputDispatcher& dispatcher,
@@ -73,17 +94,9 @@
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
     std::string windowName = android::base::StringPrintf("Win") + std::to_string(windowNumber++);
     sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
-            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, dispatcher, "Fake", displayId);
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, dispatcher, windowName, displayId);
 
-    const int32_t left = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
-    const int32_t top = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
-    const int32_t width = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
-    const int32_t height = fdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<int32_t>(0, 100);
-
-    window->setFrame(Rect(left, top, left + width, top + height));
-    window->setSlippery(fdp.ConsumeBool());
-    window->setDupTouchToWallpaper(fdp.ConsumeBool());
-    window->setTrustedOverlay(fdp.ConsumeBool());
+    scrambleWindow(fdp, *window);
     return window;
 }
 
@@ -113,7 +126,14 @@
                     windowsPerDisplay.erase(displayId);
                 }
             },
-            // Could also clone a window, change flags, reposition, etc...
+            // Change flags or move some of the existing windows
+            [&]() -> void {
+                for (auto& window : windows) {
+                    if (fdp.ConsumeBool()) {
+                        scrambleWindow(fdp, *window);
+                    }
+                }
+            },
     })();
 }
 
diff --git a/services/powermanager/WorkDuration.cpp b/services/powermanager/WorkDuration.cpp
index ef723c2..bd2b10a 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/WorkDuration.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/WorkDuration.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@
 
 WorkDuration::WorkDuration(int64_t startTimestampNanos, int64_t totalDurationNanos,
                            int64_t cpuDurationNanos, int64_t gpuDurationNanos)
-      : workPeriodStartTimestampNanos(startTimestampNanos),
+      : timestampNanos(0),
         actualTotalDurationNanos(totalDurationNanos),
+        workPeriodStartTimestampNanos(startTimestampNanos),
         actualCpuDurationNanos(cpuDurationNanos),
         actualGpuDurationNanos(gpuDurationNanos) {}
 
diff --git a/services/powermanager/include/android/WorkDuration.h b/services/powermanager/include/android/WorkDuration.h
index 99b5b8b..26a575f 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/include/android/WorkDuration.h
+++ b/services/powermanager/include/android/WorkDuration.h
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@
         return os;
     }
 
-    int64_t workPeriodStartTimestampNanos;
+    int64_t timestampNanos;
     int64_t actualTotalDurationNanos;
+    int64_t workPeriodStartTimestampNanos;
     int64_t actualCpuDurationNanos;
     int64_t actualGpuDurationNanos;
-    int64_t timestampNanos;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::os
diff --git a/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp b/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
index 641ba9f..3d2cf29 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/tests/PowerHalWrapperAidlTest.cpp
@@ -29,9 +29,12 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::IPower;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag;
 using android::binder::Status;
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -53,6 +56,14 @@
                 (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
                  int64_t durationNanos, std::shared_ptr<IPowerHintSession>* session),
                 (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, createHintSessionWithConfig,
+                (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                 int64_t durationNanos, SessionTag tag, SessionConfig* config,
+                 std::shared_ptr<IPowerHintSession>* _aidl_return),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getSessionChannel,
+                (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, ChannelConfig* _aidl_return), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, closeSessionChannel, (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getHintSessionPreferredRate, (int64_t * rate), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getInterfaceVersion, (int32_t * version), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getInterfaceHash, (std::string * hash), (override));
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/Android.bp b/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
index 11c56a8..0dd4dd6 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/Android.bp
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
+aconfig_declarations {
+    name: "sensorservice_flags",
+    package: "com.android.frameworks.sensorservice.flags",
+    srcs: ["senserservice_flags.aconfig"],
+}
+
+cc_aconfig_library {
+    name: "sensorservice_flags_c_lib",
+    aconfig_declarations: "dynamic_sensors_flags",
+    host_supported: true,
+}
+
 cc_library {
     name: "libsensorservice",
 
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig b/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3bd0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/sensorservice/senserservice_flags.aconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package: "com.android.frameworks.sensorservice.flags"
+
+flag {
+  name: "dynamic_sensor_hal_reconnect_handling"
+  namespace: "sensors"
+  description: "This flag controls if the dynamic sensor data will be clean up after HAL is disconnected."
+  bug: "307782607"
+}
+
+flag {
+  name: "sensor_device_on_dynamic_sensor_disconnected"
+  namespace: "sensors"
+  description: "This flag controls if the callback onDynamicSensorsDisconnected is implemented or not."
+  bug: "316958439"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
index 5e84be1..c71c517 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
     // True if the display is secure
     virtual bool isSecure() const = 0;
 
+    // Sets the secure flag for the display
+    virtual void setSecure(bool secure) = 0;
+
     // True if the display is virtual
     virtual bool isVirtual() const = 0;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index eac5d97..c53b461 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
     void createRenderSurface(const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) override;
     void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) override;
     void applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) override;
+    void setSecure(bool secure) override;
 
     // Internal helpers used by chooseCompositionStrategy()
     using ChangedTypes = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ChangedTypes;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
index 7e99ec2..46cb95e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Display.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getId, DisplayId());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isSecure, bool());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(setSecure, void(bool));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(isVirtual, bool());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getPreferredBootHwcConfigId, int32_t());
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 690d35f..d907bf5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -74,6 +74,10 @@
     return getState().isSecure;
 }
 
+void Display::setSecure(bool secure) {
+    editState().isSecure = secure;
+}
+
 bool Display::isVirtual() const {
     return VirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mId).has_value();
 }
@@ -246,7 +250,6 @@
     }
 
     // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
-    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
     auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
     const bool requiresClientComposition = anyLayersRequireClientComposition();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
index a18397d..91cfe5d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
         }
 
         // Do not unflatten if source crop is only moved.
-        if (FlagManager::getInstance().cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved() &&
+        if (FlagManager::getInstance().cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved() &&
             incomingLayers[i]->isSourceCropSizeEqual(*(existingLayers[i])) &&
             incomingLayers[i]->getDifferingFields(*(existingLayers[i])) ==
                     LayerStateField::SourceCrop) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 8b736be..9e35717 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -148,8 +148,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(const aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::OverlayProperties&,
                 getOverlaySupport, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(status_t, setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD(status_t, notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired,
-                (PhysicalDisplayId, Period, TimePoint, Fps, std::optional<Period>));
+    MOCK_METHOD(status_t, notifyExpectedPresent, (PhysicalDisplayId, TimePoint, Fps));
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index bf7ed87..30ba9e4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -4094,7 +4094,11 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNoProtectedContentLayers) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().display_protected()) {
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
+    } else {
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    }
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = false;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -4108,7 +4112,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifNotEnabled) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().display_protected()) {
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
+    } else {
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    }
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
 
@@ -4130,7 +4138,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledEverywhere) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().display_protected()) {
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
+    } else {
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    }
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -4143,7 +4155,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputComposeSurfacesTest_HandlesProtectedContent, ifAlreadyEnabledInRenderSurface) {
-    mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().display_protected()) {
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
+    } else {
+        mOutput.mState.isSecure = true;
+    }
     mLayer2.mLayerFEState.hasProtectedContent = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, supportsProtectedContent()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, isProtected).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -4222,6 +4238,7 @@
 
     GenerateClientCompositionRequestsTest() {
         mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
 
         mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
                 std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
@@ -4246,6 +4263,7 @@
         mOutput.mState.displaySpace.setOrientation(kDisplayOrientation);
         mOutput.mState.needsFiltering = false;
         mOutput.mState.isSecure = false;
+        mOutput.mState.isProtected = true;
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < mLayers.size(); i++) {
             mLayers[i].mOutputLayerState.clearClientTarget = false;
@@ -4708,7 +4726,7 @@
             Region(kDisplayFrame),
             false, /* needs filtering */
             false, /* secure */
-            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            true,  /* isProtected */
             kDisplayViewport,
             kDisplayDataspace,
             true /* realContentIsVisible */,
@@ -4721,7 +4739,7 @@
             Region(kDisplayFrame),
             false, /* needs filtering */
             false, /* secure */
-            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            true,  /* isProtected */
             kDisplayViewport,
             kDisplayDataspace,
             true /* realContentIsVisible */,
@@ -4734,7 +4752,7 @@
             Region(kDisplayFrame),
             false, /* needs filtering */
             false, /* secure */
-            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            true,  /* isProtected */
             kDisplayViewport,
             kDisplayDataspace,
             true /* realContentIsVisible */,
@@ -4912,7 +4930,7 @@
             Region(Rect(0, 0, 1000, 1000)),
             false, /* needs filtering */
             true,  /* secure */
-            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            true,  /* isProtected */
             kPortraitViewport,
             kOutputDataspace,
             true /* realContentIsVisible */,
@@ -4931,7 +4949,7 @@
             Region(Rect(1000, 0, 2000, 1000)),
             false, /* needs filtering */
             true,  /* secure */
-            true,  /* supports protected content */
+            true,  /* isProtected */
             kPortraitViewport,
             kOutputDataspace,
             true /* realContentIsVisible */,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
index 763b998..d2eff75 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(FlattenerTest, unflattenLayers_onlySourceCropMoved) {
     SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(com::android::graphics::surfaceflinger::flags::
-                              cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved,
+                              cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved,
                       true);
 
     auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 950b05e..7b0aad7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -222,7 +222,6 @@
                                        const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints& constraints,
                                        hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline) {
     mPendingModeOpt = std::move(desiredMode);
-    mIsModeSetPending = true;
 
     const auto& mode = *mPendingModeOpt->mode.modePtr;
 
@@ -235,9 +234,22 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::finalizeModeChange(DisplayModeId modeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
-    setActiveMode(modeId, vsyncRate, renderFps);
-    mIsModeSetPending = false;
+auto DisplayDevice::finalizeModeChange() -> ModeChange {
+    if (!mPendingModeOpt) return NoModeChange{"No pending mode"};
+
+    auto pendingMode = *std::exchange(mPendingModeOpt, std::nullopt);
+    auto& pendingModePtr = pendingMode.mode.modePtr;
+
+    if (!mRefreshRateSelector->displayModes().contains(pendingModePtr->getId())) {
+        return NoModeChange{"Unknown pending mode"};
+    }
+
+    if (getActiveMode().modePtr->getResolution() != pendingModePtr->getResolution()) {
+        return ResolutionChange{std::move(pendingMode)};
+    }
+
+    setActiveMode(pendingModePtr->getId(), pendingModePtr->getVsyncRate(), pendingMode.mode.fps);
+    return RefreshRateChange{std::move(pendingMode)};
 }
 
 nsecs_t DisplayDevice::getVsyncPeriodFromHWC() const {
@@ -353,6 +365,10 @@
     return mCompositionDisplay->isSecure();
 }
 
+void DisplayDevice::setSecure(bool secure) {
+    mCompositionDisplay->setSecure(secure);
+}
+
 const Rect DisplayDevice::getBounds() const {
     return mCompositionDisplay->getState().displaySpace.getBoundsAsRect();
 }
@@ -571,10 +587,14 @@
     return mDesiredModeOpt;
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::clearDesiredMode() {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
-    mDesiredModeOpt.reset();
-    mHasDesiredModeTrace = false;
+auto DisplayDevice::takeDesiredMode() -> DisplayModeRequestOpt {
+    DisplayModeRequestOpt desiredModeOpt;
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDesiredModeLock);
+        std::swap(mDesiredModeOpt, desiredModeOpt);
+        mHasDesiredModeTrace = false;
+    }
+    return desiredModeOpt;
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::adjustRefreshRate(Fps pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index ac390cb..4c09ffd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <variant>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/native_window.h>
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@
     // isSecure indicates whether this display can be trusted to display
     // secure surfaces.
     bool isSecure() const;
+    void setSecure(bool secure);
 
     int getWidth() const;
     int getHeight() const;
@@ -194,12 +196,11 @@
     using DisplayModeRequestOpt = ftl::Optional<display::DisplayModeRequest>;
 
     DisplayModeRequestOpt getDesiredMode() const EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
-    void clearDesiredMode() EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
+    DisplayModeRequestOpt takeDesiredMode() EXCLUDES(mDesiredModeLock);
 
-    DisplayModeRequestOpt getPendingMode() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
-        return mPendingModeOpt;
+    bool isModeSetPending() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+        return mPendingModeOpt.has_value();
     }
-    bool isModeSetPending() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) { return mIsModeSetPending; }
 
     scheduler::FrameRateMode getActiveMode() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
         return mRefreshRateSelector->getActiveMode();
@@ -211,8 +212,25 @@
                             hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& outTimeline)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    void finalizeModeChange(DisplayModeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps)
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    struct NoModeChange {
+        const char* reason;
+    };
+
+    struct ResolutionChange {
+        display::DisplayModeRequest activeMode;
+    };
+
+    struct RefreshRateChange {
+        display::DisplayModeRequest activeMode;
+    };
+
+    using ModeChange = std::variant<NoModeChange, ResolutionChange, RefreshRateChange>;
+
+    // Clears the pending DisplayModeRequest, and returns the ModeChange that occurred. If it was a
+    // RefreshRateChange, the pending mode becomes the active mode. If it was a ResolutionChange,
+    // the caller is responsible for resizing the framebuffer to match the active resolution by
+    // recreating the DisplayDevice.
+    ModeChange finalizeModeChange() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     scheduler::RefreshRateSelector& refreshRateSelector() const { return *mRefreshRateSelector; }
 
@@ -249,6 +267,8 @@
     void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
 
 private:
+    friend class TestableSurfaceFlinger;
+
     template <size_t N>
     inline std::string concatId(const char (&str)[N]) const {
         return std::string(ftl::Concat(str, ' ', getId().value).str());
@@ -299,12 +319,15 @@
     // This parameter is only used for hdr/sdr ratio overlay
     float mHdrSdrRatio = 1.0f;
 
+    // A DisplayModeRequest flows through three states: desired, pending, and active. Requests
+    // within a frame are merged into a single desired request. Unless cleared, the request is
+    // relayed to HWC on the next frame, and becomes pending. The mode becomes active once HWC
+    // signals the present fence to confirm the mode set.
     mutable std::mutex mDesiredModeLock;
     DisplayModeRequestOpt mDesiredModeOpt GUARDED_BY(mDesiredModeLock);
     TracedOrdinal<bool> mHasDesiredModeTrace GUARDED_BY(mDesiredModeLock);
 
     DisplayModeRequestOpt mPendingModeOpt GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
-    bool mIsModeSetPending GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext) = false;
 };
 
 struct DisplayDeviceState {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index c25f9dd..64a8ae7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -271,7 +271,10 @@
             }
         }
     }
-
+    if (getLayerLifecycleBatchCommand()) {
+        mEnableLayerCommandBatchingFlag =
+                FlagManager::getInstance().enable_layer_command_batching();
+    }
     ALOGI("Loaded AIDL composer3 HAL service");
 }
 
@@ -288,7 +291,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool AidlComposer::getDisplayConfigurationsSupported() const {
+bool AidlComposer::isVrrSupported() const {
     return mComposerInterfaceVersion >= 3 && FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config();
 }
 
@@ -407,25 +410,58 @@
 
 Error AidlComposer::createLayer(Display display, Layer* outLayer) {
     int64_t layer;
-    const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->createLayer(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                                                         kMaxLayerBufferCount, &layer);
-    if (!status.isOk()) {
-        ALOGE("createLayer failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
-        return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    if (!mEnableLayerCommandBatchingFlag) {
+        const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->createLayer(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                             kMaxLayerBufferCount, &layer);
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            ALOGE("createLayer failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
+            return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
+        }
+    } else {
+        // generate a unique layerID. map in AidlComposer with <SF_layerID, HWC_layerID>
+        // Add this as a new displayCommand in execute command.
+        // return the SF generated layerID instead of calling HWC
+        layer = mLayerID++;
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+            writer->get().setLayerLifecycleBatchCommandType(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                            translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                                            LayerLifecycleBatchCommandType::CREATE);
+            writer->get().setNewBufferSlotCount(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                translate<int64_t>(layer), kMaxLayerBufferCount);
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
     }
-
     *outLayer = translate<Layer>(layer);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::destroyLayer(Display display, Layer layer) {
-    const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->destroyLayer(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                                                          translate<int64_t>(layer));
-    if (!status.isOk()) {
-        ALOGE("destroyLayer failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
-        return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    if (!mEnableLayerCommandBatchingFlag) {
+        const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->destroyLayer(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                              translate<int64_t>(layer));
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            ALOGE("destroyLayer failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
+            return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
+        }
+    } else {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+            writer->get()
+                    .setLayerLifecycleBatchCommandType(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                       translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                                       LayerLifecycleBatchCommandType::DESTROY);
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getActiveConfig(Display display, Config* outConfig) {
@@ -591,6 +627,13 @@
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
+bool AidlComposer::getLayerLifecycleBatchCommand() {
+    std::vector<Capability> capabilities = getCapabilities();
+    bool hasCapability = std::find(capabilities.begin(), capabilities.end(),
+                                   Capability::LAYER_LIFECYCLE_BATCH_COMMAND) != capabilities.end();
+    return hasCapability;
+}
+
 Error AidlComposer::getOverlaySupport(AidlOverlayProperties* outProperties) {
     const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->getOverlaySupport(outProperties);
     if (!status.isOk()) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index 51ac1f5..ea0e53a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     ~AidlComposer() override;
 
     bool isSupported(OptionalFeature) const;
-    bool getDisplayConfigurationsSupported() const;
+    bool isVrrSupported() const;
 
     std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability> getCapabilities()
             override;
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@
     void removeDisplay(Display) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     void addReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
     void removeReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
-
+    bool getLayerLifecycleBatchCommand();
     bool hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(Display);
 
     // 64KiB minus a small space for metadata such as read/write pointers
@@ -293,6 +293,8 @@
     ftl::SharedMutex mMutex;
 
     int32_t mComposerInterfaceVersion = 1;
+    bool mEnableLayerCommandBatchingFlag = false;
+    std::atomic<int64_t> mLayerID = 1;
 
     // Buffer slots for layers are cleared by setting the slot buffer to this buffer.
     sp<GraphicBuffer> mClearSlotBuffer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index 1a24222..bc067a0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
     };
 
     virtual bool isSupported(OptionalFeature) const = 0;
-    virtual bool getDisplayConfigurationsSupported() const = 0;
+    virtual bool isVrrSupported() const = 0;
 
     virtual std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>
     getCapabilities() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
index 24a9e22..704ece5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
@@ -165,8 +165,7 @@
     auto intError = mComposer.getChangedCompositionTypes(
             mId, &layerIds, &types);
     uint32_t numElements = layerIds.size();
-    auto error = static_cast<Error>(intError);
-    error = static_cast<Error>(intError);
+    const auto error = static_cast<Error>(intError);
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
         return error;
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 6b67865..cf1c3c1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
+#include <chrono>
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 
@@ -76,61 +77,10 @@
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy;
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability;
 using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::DisplayCapability;
+using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::VrrConfig;
+using namespace std::string_literals;
 namespace hal = android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal;
 
-namespace {
-bool isFrameIntervalOnCadence(android::TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
-                              android::TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
-                              android::Fps lastFrameInterval, android::Period timeout,
-                              android::Duration threshold) {
-    if (lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs() == 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const auto expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs =
-            expectedPresentTime.ns() - lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns();
-
-    if (expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs > timeout.ns()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const auto expectedPresentPeriods = static_cast<nsecs_t>(
-            std::round(static_cast<float>(expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs) /
-                       static_cast<float>(lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs())));
-    const auto calculatedPeriodsOutNs = lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs() * expectedPresentPeriods;
-    const auto calculatedExpectedPresentTimeNs =
-            lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + calculatedPeriodsOutNs;
-    const auto presentTimeDelta =
-            std::abs(expectedPresentTime.ns() - calculatedExpectedPresentTimeNs);
-    return presentTimeDelta < threshold.ns();
-}
-
-bool isExpectedPresentWithinTimeout(android::TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
-                                    android::TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
-                                    std::optional<android::Period> timeoutOpt,
-                                    android::Duration threshold) {
-    if (!timeoutOpt) {
-        // Always within timeout if timeoutOpt is absent and don't send hint
-        // for the timeout
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    if (timeoutOpt->ns() == 0) {
-        // Always outside timeout if timeoutOpt is 0 and always send
-        // the hint for the timeout.
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (expectedPresentTime.ns() < lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + timeoutOpt->ns()) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Check if within the threshold as it can be just outside the timeout
-    return std::abs(expectedPresentTime.ns() -
-                    (lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + timeoutOpt->ns())) < threshold.ns();
-}
-} // namespace
-
 namespace android {
 
 HWComposer::~HWComposer() = default;
@@ -141,7 +91,8 @@
       : mComposer(std::move(composer)),
         mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension(static_cast<size_t>(sysprop::max_virtual_display_dimension(0))),
         mUpdateDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect(
-                sysprop::update_device_product_info_on_hotplug_reconnect(false)) {}
+                sysprop::update_device_product_info_on_hotplug_reconnect(false)),
+        mEnableVrrTimeout(base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.vrr_timeout_hint_enabled"s, false)) {}
 
 HWComposer::HWComposer(const std::string& composerServiceName)
       : HWComposer(Hwc2::Composer::create(composerServiceName)) {}
@@ -321,7 +272,7 @@
 
     const auto hwcDisplayId = mDisplayData.at(displayId).hwcDisplay->getId();
 
-    if (mComposer->getDisplayConfigurationsSupported()) {
+    if (mComposer->isVrrSupported()) {
         return getModesFromDisplayConfigurations(hwcDisplayId, maxFrameIntervalNs);
     }
 
@@ -351,6 +302,10 @@
             hwcMode.dpiY = config.dpi->y;
         }
 
+        if (!mEnableVrrTimeout) {
+            hwcMode.vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig = {};
+        }
+
         modes.push_back(hwcMode);
     }
 
@@ -538,13 +493,6 @@
     }();
 
     displayData.validateWasSkipped = false;
-    {
-        std::scoped_lock lock{displayData.expectedPresentLock};
-        if (expectedPresentTime > displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns()) {
-            displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime);
-        }
-    }
-
     ATRACE_FORMAT("NextFrameInterval %d_Hz", frameInterval.getIntValue());
     if (canSkipValidate) {
         sp<Fence> outPresentFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
@@ -939,55 +887,15 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t HWComposer::notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
-                                                     Period vsyncPeriod,
-                                                     TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
-                                                     Fps frameInterval,
-                                                     std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt) {
+status_t HWComposer::notifyExpectedPresent(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                           TimePoint expectedPresentTime, Fps frameInterval) {
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
-    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
-    if (!displayData.hwcDisplay) {
-        // Display setup has not completed yet
-        return BAD_INDEX;
-    }
-    {
-        std::scoped_lock lock{displayData.expectedPresentLock};
-        const auto lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp;
-        const auto lastFrameInterval = displayData.lastFrameInterval;
-        displayData.lastFrameInterval = frameInterval;
-        const auto threshold = Duration::fromNs(vsyncPeriod.ns() / 2);
-
-        const constexpr nsecs_t kOneSecondNs =
-                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(1s).count();
-        const bool frameIntervalIsOnCadence =
-                isFrameIntervalOnCadence(expectedPresentTime, lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
-                                         lastFrameInterval,
-                                         Period::fromNs(timeoutOpt && timeoutOpt->ns() > 0
-                                                                ? timeoutOpt->ns()
-                                                                : kOneSecondNs),
-                                         threshold);
-
-        const bool expectedPresentWithinTimeout =
-                isExpectedPresentWithinTimeout(expectedPresentTime, lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
-                                               timeoutOpt, threshold);
-
-        using fps_approx_ops::operator!=;
-        if (frameIntervalIsOnCadence && frameInterval != lastFrameInterval) {
-            displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = expectedPresentTime;
-        }
-
-        if (expectedPresentWithinTimeout && frameIntervalIsOnCadence) {
-            return NO_ERROR;
-        }
-
-        displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = expectedPresentTime;
-    }
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s ExpectedPresentTime %" PRId64 " frameIntervalNs %d", __func__,
-                  expectedPresentTime, frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs());
-    const auto error = mComposer->notifyExpectedPresent(displayData.hwcDisplay->getId(),
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s ExpectedPresentTime in %.2fms frameInterval %.2fms", __func__,
+                  ticks<std::milli, float>(expectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
+                  ticks<std::milli, float>(Duration::fromNs(frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs())));
+    const auto error = mComposer->notifyExpectedPresent(mDisplayData[displayId].hwcDisplay->getId(),
                                                         expectedPresentTime.ns(),
                                                         frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs());
-
     if (error != hal::Error::NONE) {
         ALOGE("Error in notifyExpectedPresent call %s", to_string(error).c_str());
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index af62731..fb32ff4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -303,10 +303,8 @@
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy,
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Hdr*) = 0;
     virtual status_t setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled) = 0;
-    virtual status_t notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId, Period vsyncPeriod,
-                                                     TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
-                                                     Fps frameInterval,
-                                                     std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt) = 0;
+    virtual status_t notifyExpectedPresent(PhysicalDisplayId, TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
+                                           Fps frameInterval) = 0;
 };
 
 static inline bool operator==(const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& lhs,
@@ -466,9 +464,8 @@
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy,
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Hdr*) override;
     status_t setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled) override;
-    status_t notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId, Period vsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint expectedPresentTime, Fps frameInterval,
-                                             std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt) override;
+    status_t notifyExpectedPresent(PhysicalDisplayId, TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
+                                   Fps frameInterval) override;
 
     // for debugging ----------------------------------------------------------
     void dump(std::string& out) const override;
@@ -502,11 +499,6 @@
         sp<Fence> lastPresentFence = Fence::NO_FENCE; // signals when the last set op retires
         nsecs_t lastPresentTimestamp = 0;
 
-        std::mutex expectedPresentLock;
-        TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp GUARDED_BY(expectedPresentLock) =
-                TimePoint::fromNs(0);
-        Fps lastFrameInterval GUARDED_BY(expectedPresentLock) = Fps::fromValue(0);
-
         std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, sp<Fence>> releaseFences;
 
         bool validateWasSkipped;
@@ -551,6 +543,7 @@
 
     const size_t mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension;
     const bool mUpdateDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect;
+    bool mEnableVrrTimeout;
 };
 
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
index 31c2833..e3d9622 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/Hal.h
@@ -169,10 +169,8 @@
         out << "}, ";
         out << "notifyExpectedPresentConfig={";
         if (vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig) {
-            out << "notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs="
-                << vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs
-                << ", notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs="
-                << vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs;
+            out << "headsUpNs=" << vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->headsUpNs
+                << ", timeoutNs=" << vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig->timeoutNs;
         }
         out << "}}";
         return out.str();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index 5f1d5f8..c4ff9cc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool HidlComposer::getDisplayConfigurationsSupported() const {
-    // getDisplayConfigurations is not supported on the HIDL composer.
+bool HidlComposer::isVrrSupported() const {
+    // VRR is not supported on the HIDL composer.
     return false;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
index c768d27..d78bfb7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
     ~HidlComposer() override;
 
     bool isSupported(OptionalFeature) const;
-    bool getDisplayConfigurationsSupported() const;
+    bool isVrrSupported() const;
 
     std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability> getCapabilities()
             override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.cpp
index dd228b4..a0c943b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.cpp
@@ -31,10 +31,6 @@
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
-#include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPower.h>
-#include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPowerHintSession.h>
-#include <aidl/android/hardware/power/WorkDuration.h>
-
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 
 #include "../SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h
index 0276e44..bbe51cc0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/PowerAdvisor.h
@@ -25,9 +25,14 @@
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
+// FMQ library in IPower does questionable conversions
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPower.h>
-#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <powermanager/PowerHalController.h>
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayIdentification.h>
 #include "../Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
index 803299c..d0e2d7a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
@@ -390,6 +390,22 @@
     mGpuComposition = true;
 }
 
+// TODO(b/316171339): migrate from perfetto side
+bool SurfaceFrame::isSelfJanky() const {
+    int32_t jankType = getJankType().value_or(JankType::None);
+
+    if (jankType == JankType::None) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    int32_t jankBitmask = JankType::AppDeadlineMissed | JankType::Unknown;
+    if (jankType & jankBitmask) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
 std::optional<int32_t> SurfaceFrame::getJankType() const {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
     if (mPresentState == PresentState::Dropped) {
@@ -1113,20 +1129,23 @@
 }
 
 void FrameTimeline::DisplayFrame::addSkippedFrame(pid_t surfaceFlingerPid, nsecs_t monoBootOffset,
-                                                  nsecs_t previousActualPresentTime) const {
+                                                  nsecs_t previousPredictionPresentTime) const {
     nsecs_t skippedFrameStartTime = 0, skippedFramePresentTime = 0;
     const constexpr float kThresh = 0.5f;
     const constexpr float kRange = 1.5f;
     for (auto& surfaceFrame : mSurfaceFrames) {
-        if (previousActualPresentTime != 0 &&
-            static_cast<float>(mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime - previousActualPresentTime) >=
+        if (previousPredictionPresentTime != 0 &&
+            static_cast<float>(mSurfaceFlingerPredictions.presentTime -
+                               previousPredictionPresentTime) >=
                     static_cast<float>(mRenderRate.getPeriodNsecs()) * kRange &&
             static_cast<float>(surfaceFrame->getPredictions().presentTime) <=
-                    (static_cast<float>(mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime) -
+                    (static_cast<float>(mSurfaceFlingerPredictions.presentTime) -
                      kThresh * static_cast<float>(mRenderRate.getPeriodNsecs())) &&
             static_cast<float>(surfaceFrame->getPredictions().presentTime) >=
-                    (static_cast<float>(previousActualPresentTime) -
-                     kThresh * static_cast<float>(mRenderRate.getPeriodNsecs()))) {
+                    (static_cast<float>(previousPredictionPresentTime) -
+                     kThresh * static_cast<float>(mRenderRate.getPeriodNsecs())) &&
+            // sf skipped frame is not considered if app is self janked
+            !surfaceFrame->isSelfJanky()) {
             skippedFrameStartTime = surfaceFrame->getPredictions().endTime;
             skippedFramePresentTime = surfaceFrame->getPredictions().presentTime;
             break;
@@ -1215,18 +1234,18 @@
     });
 }
 
-void FrameTimeline::DisplayFrame::trace(pid_t surfaceFlingerPid, nsecs_t monoBootOffset,
-                                        nsecs_t previousActualPresentTime) const {
+nsecs_t FrameTimeline::DisplayFrame::trace(pid_t surfaceFlingerPid, nsecs_t monoBootOffset,
+                                           nsecs_t previousPredictionPresentTime) const {
     if (mSurfaceFrames.empty()) {
         // We don't want to trace display frames without any surface frames updates as this cannot
         // be janky
-        return;
+        return previousPredictionPresentTime;
     }
 
     if (mToken == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
         // DisplayFrame should not have an invalid token.
         ALOGE("Cannot trace DisplayFrame with invalid token");
-        return;
+        return previousPredictionPresentTime;
     }
 
     if (mPredictionState == PredictionState::Valid) {
@@ -1241,8 +1260,9 @@
     }
 
     if (FlagManager::getInstance().add_sf_skipped_frames_to_trace()) {
-        addSkippedFrame(surfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset, previousActualPresentTime);
+        addSkippedFrame(surfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset, previousPredictionPresentTime);
     }
+    return mSurfaceFlingerPredictions.presentTime;
 }
 
 float FrameTimeline::computeFps(const std::unordered_set<int32_t>& layerIds) {
@@ -1333,8 +1353,9 @@
         const auto& pendingPresentFence = *mPendingPresentFences.begin();
         const nsecs_t signalTime = Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID;
         auto& displayFrame = pendingPresentFence.second;
-        displayFrame->onPresent(signalTime, mPreviousPresentTime);
-        displayFrame->trace(mSurfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset, mPreviousPresentTime);
+        displayFrame->onPresent(signalTime, mPreviousActualPresentTime);
+        mPreviousPredictionPresentTime = displayFrame->trace(mSurfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset,
+                                                             mPreviousPredictionPresentTime);
         mPendingPresentFences.erase(mPendingPresentFences.begin());
     }
 
@@ -1349,9 +1370,10 @@
         }
 
         auto& displayFrame = pendingPresentFence.second;
-        displayFrame->onPresent(signalTime, mPreviousPresentTime);
-        displayFrame->trace(mSurfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset, mPreviousPresentTime);
-        mPreviousPresentTime = signalTime;
+        displayFrame->onPresent(signalTime, mPreviousActualPresentTime);
+        mPreviousPredictionPresentTime = displayFrame->trace(mSurfaceFlingerPid, monoBootOffset,
+                                                             mPreviousPredictionPresentTime);
+        mPreviousActualPresentTime = signalTime;
 
         mPendingPresentFences.erase(mPendingPresentFences.begin() + static_cast<int>(i));
         --i;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
index b5047a3..a76f7d4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@
                  TraceCookieCounter* traceCookieCounter, bool isBuffer, GameMode);
     ~SurfaceFrame() = default;
 
+    bool isSelfJanky() const;
+
     // Returns std::nullopt if the frame hasn't been classified yet.
     // Used by both SF and FrameTimeline.
     std::optional<int32_t> getJankType() const;
@@ -381,8 +383,8 @@
         // Emits a packet for perfetto tracing. The function body will be executed only if tracing
         // is enabled. monoBootOffset is the difference between SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME
         // and SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC.
-        void trace(pid_t surfaceFlingerPid, nsecs_t monoBootOffset,
-                   nsecs_t previousActualPresentTime) const;
+        nsecs_t trace(pid_t surfaceFlingerPid, nsecs_t monoBootOffset,
+                      nsecs_t previousPredictionPresentTime) const;
         // Sets the token, vsyncPeriod, predictions and SF start time.
         void onSfWakeUp(int64_t token, Fps refreshRate, Fps renderRate,
                         std::optional<TimelineItem> predictions, nsecs_t wakeUpTime);
@@ -508,7 +510,8 @@
     uint32_t mMaxDisplayFrames;
     std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> mTimeStats;
     const pid_t mSurfaceFlingerPid;
-    nsecs_t mPreviousPresentTime = 0;
+    nsecs_t mPreviousActualPresentTime = 0;
+    nsecs_t mPreviousPredictionPresentTime = 0;
     const JankClassificationThresholds mJankClassificationThresholds;
     static constexpr uint32_t kDefaultMaxDisplayFrames = 64;
     // The initial container size for the vector<SurfaceFrames> inside display frame. Although
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
index 1e5a6fb..821ac0c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
@@ -190,8 +190,12 @@
     return outInvalidRelativeRoot != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
 }
 
-LayerHierarchyBuilder::LayerHierarchyBuilder(
-        const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& layers) {
+void LayerHierarchyBuilder::init(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& layers) {
+    mLayerIdToHierarchy.clear();
+    mHierarchies.clear();
+    mRoot = nullptr;
+    mOffscreenRoot = nullptr;
+
     mHierarchies.reserve(layers.size());
     mLayerIdToHierarchy.reserve(layers.size());
     for (auto& layer : layers) {
@@ -202,6 +206,7 @@
         onLayerAdded(layer.get());
     }
     detachHierarchyFromRelativeParent(&mOffscreenRoot);
+    mInitialized = true;
 }
 
 void LayerHierarchyBuilder::attachToParent(LayerHierarchy* hierarchy) {
@@ -332,7 +337,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void LayerHierarchyBuilder::update(
+void LayerHierarchyBuilder::doUpdate(
         const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& layers,
         const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& destroyedLayers) {
     // rebuild map
@@ -381,6 +386,32 @@
     attachHierarchyToRelativeParent(&mRoot);
 }
 
+void LayerHierarchyBuilder::update(LayerLifecycleManager& layerLifecycleManager) {
+    if (!mInitialized) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("LayerHierarchyBuilder:init");
+        init(layerLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    } else if (layerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(
+                       RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("LayerHierarchyBuilder:update");
+        doUpdate(layerLifecycleManager.getLayers(), layerLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
+    } else {
+        return; // nothing to do
+    }
+
+    uint32_t invalidRelativeRoot;
+    bool hasRelZLoop = mRoot.hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
+    while (hasRelZLoop) {
+        ATRACE_NAME("FixRelZLoop");
+        TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invoke("relz_loop_detected",
+                                                     /*overwrite=*/false);
+        layerLifecycleManager.fixRelativeZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
+        // reinitialize the hierarchy with the updated layer data
+        init(layerLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+        // check if we have any remaining loops
+        hasRelZLoop = mRoot.hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
+    }
+}
+
 const LayerHierarchy& LayerHierarchyBuilder::getHierarchy() const {
     return mRoot;
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
index ba2e262..a1c73c3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "RequestedLayerState.h"
 #include "ftl/small_vector.h"
 
@@ -197,9 +198,8 @@
 // hierarchy from a list of RequestedLayerState and associated change flags.
 class LayerHierarchyBuilder {
 public:
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>&);
-    void update(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& layers,
-                const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& destroyedLayers);
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder() = default;
+    void update(LayerLifecycleManager& layerLifecycleManager);
     LayerHierarchy getPartialHierarchy(uint32_t, bool childrenOnly) const;
     const LayerHierarchy& getHierarchy() const;
     const LayerHierarchy& getOffscreenHierarchy() const;
@@ -213,14 +213,18 @@
     void detachFromRelativeParent(LayerHierarchy*);
     void attachHierarchyToRelativeParent(LayerHierarchy*);
     void detachHierarchyFromRelativeParent(LayerHierarchy*);
-
+    void init(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>&);
+    void doUpdate(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& layers,
+                  const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>& destroyedLayers);
     void onLayerDestroyed(RequestedLayerState* layer);
     void updateMirrorLayer(RequestedLayerState* layer);
     LayerHierarchy* getHierarchyFromId(uint32_t layerId, bool crashOnFailure = true);
+
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, LayerHierarchy*> mLayerIdToHierarchy;
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<LayerHierarchy>> mHierarchies;
     LayerHierarchy mRoot{nullptr};
     LayerHierarchy mOffscreenRoot{nullptr};
+    bool mInitialized = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
index 693a357..6e862b4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
@@ -100,6 +100,11 @@
         case DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_MODE_CHANGE:
             return StringPrintf("ModeChanged{displayId=%s, modeId=%u}",
                                 to_string(event.header.displayId).c_str(), event.modeChange.modeId);
+        case DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HDCP_LEVELS_CHANGE:
+            return StringPrintf("HdcpLevelsChange{displayId=%s, connectedLevel=%d, maxLevel=%d}",
+                                to_string(event.header.displayId).c_str(),
+                                event.hdcpLevelsChange.connectedLevel,
+                                event.hdcpLevelsChange.maxLevel);
         default:
             return "Event{}";
     }
@@ -170,6 +175,20 @@
             }};
 }
 
+DisplayEventReceiver::Event makeHdcpLevelsChange(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                                 int32_t connectedLevel, int32_t maxLevel) {
+    return DisplayEventReceiver::Event{
+            .header =
+                    DisplayEventReceiver::Event::Header{
+                            .type = DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HDCP_LEVELS_CHANGE,
+                            .displayId = displayId,
+                            .timestamp = systemTime(),
+                    },
+            .hdcpLevelsChange.connectedLevel = connectedLevel,
+            .hdcpLevelsChange.maxLevel = maxLevel,
+    };
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 EventThreadConnection::EventThreadConnection(EventThread* eventThread, uid_t callingUid,
@@ -301,7 +320,7 @@
 
     mVsyncRegistration.update({.workDuration = mWorkDuration.get().count(),
                                .readyDuration = mReadyDuration.count(),
-                               .earliestVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
+                               .lastVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
 }
 
 sp<EventThreadConnection> EventThread::createEventConnection(
@@ -442,6 +461,14 @@
     mCondition.notify_all();
 }
 
+void EventThread::onHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                                      int32_t maxLevel) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+
+    mPendingEvents.push_back(makeHdcpLevelsChange(displayId, connectedLevel, maxLevel));
+    mCondition.notify_all();
+}
+
 void EventThread::threadMain(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>& lock) {
     DisplayEventConsumers consumers;
 
@@ -501,7 +528,7 @@
             const auto scheduleResult =
                     mVsyncRegistration.schedule({.workDuration = mWorkDuration.get().count(),
                                                  .readyDuration = mReadyDuration.count(),
-                                                 .earliestVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
+                                                 .lastVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!scheduleResult, "Error scheduling callback");
         } else {
             mVsyncRegistration.cancel();
@@ -757,7 +784,7 @@
     if (reschedule) {
         mVsyncRegistration.schedule({.workDuration = mWorkDuration.get().count(),
                                      .readyDuration = mReadyDuration.count(),
-                                     .earliestVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
+                                     .lastVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
     }
     return oldRegistration;
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
index 7842318..8970103 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
@@ -131,6 +131,9 @@
             const sp<EventThreadConnection>& connection) const = 0;
 
     virtual void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) = 0;
+
+    virtual void onHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                                     int32_t maxLevel) = 0;
 };
 
 struct IEventThreadCallback {
@@ -177,6 +180,9 @@
 
     void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) override EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
+    void onHdcpLevelsChanged(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                             int32_t maxLevel) override;
+
 private:
     friend EventThreadTest;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
index 18c0a69..cf8b3bf 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
         mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
                 mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
                                                .readyDuration = 0,
-                                               .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
+                                               .lastVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
     }
     return oldRegistration;
 }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
     mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
             mVsync.registration->update({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
                                          .readyDuration = 0,
-                                         .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
+                                         .lastVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
 }
 
 void MessageQueue::waitMessage() {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
     mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
             mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                           .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
+                                           .lastVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
 }
 
 auto MessageQueue::getScheduledFrameTime() const -> std::optional<Clock::time_point> {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 6a85788..bfc47e6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -412,6 +412,17 @@
     thread->onFrameRateOverridesChanged(displayId, std::move(overrides));
 }
 
+void Scheduler::onHdcpLevelsChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                    int32_t connectedLevel, int32_t maxLevel) {
+    android::EventThread* thread;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
+        RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
+        thread = mConnections[handle].thread.get();
+    }
+    thread->onHdcpLevelsChanged(displayId, connectedLevel, maxLevel);
+}
+
 void Scheduler::onPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, const FrameRateMode& mode) {
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
@@ -600,8 +611,10 @@
     const Display& display = *displayOpt;
     const nsecs_t threshold =
             display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriodNsecs() / 2;
-    const nsecs_t nextVsyncTime = display.schedulePtr->getTracker().nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
-            currentExpectedPresentTime.ns() + threshold);
+    const nsecs_t nextVsyncTime =
+            display.schedulePtr->getTracker()
+                    .nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(currentExpectedPresentTime.ns() + threshold,
+                                                  currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
     return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(nextVsyncTime - currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
 }
 
@@ -630,6 +643,7 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId id, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
+    ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', id.value).c_str());
     const auto scheduleOpt =
             (ftl::FakeGuard(mDisplayLock), mDisplays.get(id)).and_then([](const Display& display) {
                 return display.powerMode == hal::PowerMode::OFF
@@ -640,7 +654,8 @@
     if (!scheduleOpt) return;
     const auto& schedule = scheduleOpt->get();
 
-    if (const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence))) {
+    const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence));
+    if (needMoreSignals) {
         schedule->enableHardwareVsync();
     } else {
         constexpr bool kDisallow = false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index ce585c6..a29d153 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -173,6 +173,8 @@
     void onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId)
             EXCLUDES(mConnectionsLock);
 
+    void onHdcpLevelsChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId, int32_t, int32_t);
+
     // Modifies work duration in the event thread.
     void setDuration(ConnectionHandle, std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
                      std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
index c3a952f..f978016 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@
      *                 able to provide the ready-by time (deadline) on the callback.
      *                 For internal clients, we don't need to add additional padding, so
      *                 readyDuration will typically be 0.
-     * @earliestVsync: The targeted display time. This will be snapped to the closest
-     *                 predicted vsync time after earliestVsync.
+     * @lastVsync: The targeted display time. This will be snapped to the closest
+     *                 predicted vsync time after lastVsync.
      *
      * callback will be dispatched at 'workDuration + readyDuration' nanoseconds before a vsync
      * event.
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@
     struct ScheduleTiming {
         nsecs_t workDuration = 0;
         nsecs_t readyDuration = 0;
-        nsecs_t earliestVsync = 0;
+        nsecs_t lastVsync = 0;
 
         bool operator==(const ScheduleTiming& other) const {
             return workDuration == other.workDuration && readyDuration == other.readyDuration &&
-                    earliestVsync == other.earliestVsync;
+                    lastVsync == other.lastVsync;
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const ScheduleTiming& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@
      * The callback will be dispatched at 'workDuration + readyDuration' nanoseconds before a vsync
      * event.
      *
-     * The caller designates the earliest vsync event that should be targeted by the earliestVsync
+     * The caller designates the earliest vsync event that should be targeted by the lastVsync
      * parameter.
      * The callback will be scheduled at (workDuration + readyDuration - predictedVsync), where
-     * predictedVsync is the first vsync event time where ( predictedVsync >= earliestVsync ).
+     * predictedVsync is the first vsync event time where ( predictedVsync >= lastVsync ).
      *
-     * If (workDuration + readyDuration - earliestVsync) is in the past, or if a callback has
+     * If (workDuration + readyDuration - lastVsync) is in the past, or if a callback has
      * already been dispatched for the predictedVsync, an error will be returned.
      *
      * It is valid to reschedule a callback to a different time.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
index ef30887..5cb0ffb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,11 @@
 
 nsecs_t getExpectedCallbackTime(VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now,
                                 const VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming& timing) {
-    const auto nextVsyncTime = tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
-            std::max(timing.earliestVsync, now + timing.workDuration + timing.readyDuration));
+    const auto nextVsyncTime =
+            tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(std::max(timing.lastVsync,
+                                                          now + timing.workDuration +
+                                                                  timing.readyDuration),
+                                                 timing.lastVsync);
     return getExpectedCallbackTime(nextVsyncTime, timing);
 }
 
@@ -93,8 +96,11 @@
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::schedule(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming timing,
                                                       VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now) {
-    auto nextVsyncTime = tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
-            std::max(timing.earliestVsync, now + timing.workDuration + timing.readyDuration));
+    auto nextVsyncTime =
+            tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(std::max(timing.lastVsync,
+                                                          now + timing.workDuration +
+                                                                  timing.readyDuration),
+                                                 timing.lastVsync);
     auto nextWakeupTime = nextVsyncTime - timing.workDuration - timing.readyDuration;
 
     bool const wouldSkipAVsyncTarget =
@@ -139,11 +145,13 @@
     bool const nextVsyncTooClose = mLastDispatchTime &&
             (nextVsyncTime - *mLastDispatchTime + mMinVsyncDistance) <= currentPeriod;
     if (alreadyDispatchedForVsync) {
-        return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + mMinVsyncDistance);
+        return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + mMinVsyncDistance,
+                                                    *mLastDispatchTime);
     }
 
     if (nextVsyncTooClose) {
-        return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + currentPeriod);
+        return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + currentPeriod,
+                                                    *mLastDispatchTime + currentPeriod);
     }
 
     return nextVsyncTime;
@@ -160,11 +168,12 @@
     }
 
     const auto earliestReadyBy = now + mScheduleTiming.workDuration + mScheduleTiming.readyDuration;
-    const auto earliestVsync = std::max(earliestReadyBy, mScheduleTiming.earliestVsync);
+    const auto earliestVsync = std::max(earliestReadyBy, mScheduleTiming.lastVsync);
 
     const auto nextVsyncTime =
             adjustVsyncIfNeeded(tracker, /*nextVsyncTime*/
-                                tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(earliestVsync));
+                                tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(earliestVsync,
+                                                                     mScheduleTiming.lastVsync));
     const auto nextReadyTime = nextVsyncTime - mScheduleTiming.readyDuration;
     const auto nextWakeupTime = nextReadyTime - mScheduleTiming.workDuration;
 
@@ -214,10 +223,10 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "\t\t%s: %s %s\n", mName.c_str(),
                   mRunning ? "(in callback function)" : "", armedInfo.c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result,
-                  "\t\t\tworkDuration: %.2fms readyDuration: %.2fms earliestVsync: %.2fms relative "
+                  "\t\t\tworkDuration: %.2fms readyDuration: %.2fms lastVsync: %.2fms relative "
                   "to now\n",
                   mScheduleTiming.workDuration / 1e6f, mScheduleTiming.readyDuration / 1e6f,
-                  (mScheduleTiming.earliestVsync - systemTime()) / 1e6f);
+                  (mScheduleTiming.lastVsync - systemTime()) / 1e6f);
 
     if (mLastDispatchTime) {
         StringAppendF(&result, "\t\t\tmLastDispatchTime: %.2fms ago\n",
@@ -237,6 +246,7 @@
 
 VSyncDispatchTimerQueue::~VSyncDispatchTimerQueue() {
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    mRunning = false;
     cancelTimer();
     for (auto& [_, entry] : mCallbacks) {
         ALOGE("Forgot to unregister a callback on VSyncDispatch!");
@@ -305,6 +315,10 @@
     std::vector<Invocation> invocations;
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+        if (!mRunning) {
+            ALOGD("TimerQueue is not running. Skipping callback.");
+            return;
+        }
         auto const now = mTimeKeeper->now();
         mLastTimerCallback = now;
         for (auto it = mCallbacks.begin(); it != mCallbacks.end(); it++) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
index e0fb8f9..3d08410 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
@@ -148,6 +148,10 @@
 
     std::mutex mutable mMutex;
 
+    // During VSyncDispatchTimerQueue deconstruction, skip timerCallback to
+    // avoid crash
+    bool mRunning = true;
+
     static constexpr nsecs_t kInvalidTime = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
     std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper> const mTimeKeeper;
     VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr mTracker;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 7379a46..28e35de 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
             (timestamp - aValidTimestamp) % idealPeriod() * kMaxPercent / idealPeriod();
     if (percent >= kOutlierTolerancePercent &&
         percent <= (kMaxPercent - kOutlierTolerancePercent)) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("timestamp is not aligned with model");
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@
     const auto distancePercent = std::abs(*iter - timestamp) * kMaxPercent / idealPeriod();
     if (distancePercent < kOutlierTolerancePercent) {
         // duplicate timestamp
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("duplicate timestamp");
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -126,6 +128,8 @@
 }
 
 bool VSyncPredictor::addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
 
     if (!validate(timestamp)) {
@@ -144,6 +148,8 @@
         } else {
             mKnownTimestamp = timestamp;
         }
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("timestamp rejected. mKnownTimestamp was %.2fms ago",
+            (systemTime() - *mKnownTimestamp) / 1e6f);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -247,7 +253,7 @@
 }
 
 auto VSyncPredictor::getVsyncSequenceLocked(nsecs_t timestamp) const -> VsyncSequence {
-    const auto vsync = nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFromLocked(timestamp);
+    const auto vsync = snapToVsync(timestamp);
     if (!mLastVsyncSequence) return {vsync, 0};
 
     const auto [slope, _] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
@@ -257,7 +263,7 @@
     return {vsync, vsyncSequence};
 }
 
-nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFromLocked(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
+nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::snapToVsync(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
     auto const [slope, intercept] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
 
     if (mTimestamps.empty()) {
@@ -293,9 +299,29 @@
     return prediction;
 }
 
-nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
+nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint,
+                                                     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt) const {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    const auto currentPeriod = mRateMap.find(idealPeriod())->second.slope;
+    const auto threshold = currentPeriod / 2;
+    const auto minFramePeriod = minFramePeriodLocked().ns();
+    const auto lastFrameMissed =
+            lastVsyncOpt && std::abs(*lastVsyncOpt - mLastMissedVsync.ns()) < threshold;
+    const nsecs_t baseTime =
+            FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && !lastFrameMissed && lastVsyncOpt
+            ? std::max(timePoint, *lastVsyncOpt + minFramePeriod - threshold)
+            : timePoint;
+    const auto vsyncTime = snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(baseTime);
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
+        const auto vsyncTimePoint = TimePoint::fromNs(vsyncTime);
+        const Fps renderRate = mRenderRateOpt ? *mRenderRateOpt : mDisplayModePtr->getPeakFps();
+        mVsyncTrackerCallback.onVsyncGenerated(vsyncTimePoint, mDisplayModePtr, renderRate);
+    }
+    return vsyncTime;
+}
 
+nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
     // update the mLastVsyncSequence for reference point
     mLastVsyncSequence = getVsyncSequenceLocked(timePoint);
 
@@ -319,30 +345,12 @@
     }();
 
     if (renderRatePhase == 0) {
-        const auto vsyncTime = mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime;
-        if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
-            const auto vsyncTimePoint = TimePoint::fromNs(vsyncTime);
-            ATRACE_FORMAT("%s InPhase vsyncIn %.2fms", __func__,
-                          ticks<std::milli, float>(vsyncTimePoint - TimePoint::now()));
-            const Fps renderRate = mRenderRateOpt ? *mRenderRateOpt : mDisplayModePtr->getPeakFps();
-            mVsyncTrackerCallback.onVsyncGenerated(vsyncTimePoint, mDisplayModePtr, renderRate);
-        }
-        return vsyncTime;
+        return mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime;
     }
 
     auto const [slope, intercept] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
     const auto approximateNextVsync = mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime + slope * renderRatePhase;
-    const auto nextAnticipatedVsyncTime =
-            nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFromLocked(approximateNextVsync - slope / 2);
-    if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
-        const auto nextAnticipatedVsyncTimePoint = TimePoint::fromNs(nextAnticipatedVsyncTime);
-        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s outOfPhase vsyncIn %.2fms", __func__,
-                      ticks<std::milli, float>(nextAnticipatedVsyncTimePoint - TimePoint::now()));
-        const Fps renderRate = mRenderRateOpt ? *mRenderRateOpt : mDisplayModePtr->getPeakFps();
-        mVsyncTrackerCallback.onVsyncGenerated(nextAnticipatedVsyncTimePoint, mDisplayModePtr,
-                                               renderRate);
-    }
-    return nextAnticipatedVsyncTime;
+    return snapToVsync(approximateNextVsync - slope / 2);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -397,7 +405,7 @@
             : std::nullopt;
     ALOGV("%s %s: DisplayMode %s notifyExpectedPresentTimeout %s", __func__, to_string(mId).c_str(),
           to_string(*modePtr).c_str(),
-          timeout ? std::to_string(timeout->notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs).c_str() : "N/A");
+          timeout ? std::to_string(timeout->timeoutNs).c_str() : "N/A");
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
 
     mDisplayModePtr = modePtr;
@@ -445,6 +453,7 @@
             if (mLastVsyncSequence) {
                 mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime += phase.ns();
             }
+            mPastExpectedPresentTimes.clear();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -462,23 +471,17 @@
                                                  lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns()) /
                                       1e6f);
     }
-    mPastExpectedPresentTimes.push_back(expectedPresentTime);
-
     const auto currentPeriod = mRateMap.find(idealPeriod())->second.slope;
     const auto threshold = currentPeriod / 2;
+    mPastExpectedPresentTimes.push_back(expectedPresentTime);
 
-    const auto minFramePeriod = minFramePeriodLocked().ns();
     while (!mPastExpectedPresentTimes.empty()) {
         const auto front = mPastExpectedPresentTimes.front().ns();
-        const bool frontIsLastConfirmed =
-                std::abs(front - lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns()) < threshold;
-        const bool frontIsBeforeConfirmed =
-                front < lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns() - minFramePeriod + threshold;
-        if (frontIsLastConfirmed || frontIsBeforeConfirmed) {
+        const bool frontIsBeforeConfirmed = front < lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns() + threshold;
+        if (frontIsBeforeConfirmed) {
             if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceOn)) {
                 ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("Discarding old vsync - %.2f before last signaled fence",
-                                      static_cast<float>(lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns() -
-                                                         mPastExpectedPresentTimes.front().ns()) /
+                                      static_cast<float>(lastConfirmedPresentTime.ns() - front) /
                                               1e6f);
             }
             mPastExpectedPresentTimes.pop_front();
@@ -502,6 +505,7 @@
             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime.ns() + currentPeriod);
 
     ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(expectedPresentTime, lastConfirmedPresentTime);
+    mLastMissedVsync = expectedPresentTime;
 }
 
 VSyncPredictor::Model VSyncPredictor::getVSyncPredictionModel() const {
@@ -515,6 +519,8 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::clearTimestamps() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
     if (!mTimestamps.empty()) {
         auto const maxRb = *std::max_element(mTimestamps.begin(), mTimestamps.end());
         if (mKnownTimestamp) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
index 72a3431..9191003 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@
     ~VSyncPredictor();
 
     bool addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint) const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint,
+                                         std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const final
+            EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     nsecs_t currentPeriod() const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     Period minFramePeriod() const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     void resetModel() final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
@@ -87,7 +89,8 @@
     size_t next(size_t i) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     bool validate(nsecs_t timestamp) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     Model getVSyncPredictionModelLocked() const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFromLocked(nsecs_t timePoint) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    nsecs_t snapToVsync(nsecs_t timePoint) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    nsecs_t snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(nsecs_t timePoint) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     bool isVSyncInPhaseLocked(nsecs_t timePoint, unsigned divisor) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     Period minFramePeriodLocked() const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     void ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(TimePoint, TimePoint) REQUIRES(mMutex);
@@ -120,6 +123,8 @@
     mutable std::optional<VsyncSequence> mLastVsyncSequence GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
     std::deque<TimePoint> mPastExpectedPresentTimes GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+    TimePoint mLastMissedVsync GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
index 24737e4..186a2d6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 VSyncReactor::~VSyncReactor() = default;
 
 bool VSyncReactor::addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
     if (!fence) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -64,6 +66,8 @@
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     if (mExternalIgnoreFences || mInternalIgnoreFences) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("mExternalIgnoreFences=%d mInternalIgnoreFences=%d",
+            mExternalIgnoreFences, mInternalIgnoreFences);
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
index 1ed863c..417163f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
@@ -57,9 +57,13 @@
      * is updated.
      *
      * \param [in] timePoint    The point in time after which to estimate a vsync event.
+     * \param [in] lastVsyncOpt The last vsync time used by the client. If provided, the tracker
+     *                          should use that as a reference point when generating the new vsync
+     *                          and avoid crossing the minimal frame period of a VRR display.
      * \return                  A prediction of the timestamp of a vsync event.
      */
-    virtual nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint) const = 0;
+    virtual nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
+            nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const = 0;
 
     /*
      * The current period of the vsync signal.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index ff1c9e9..db6a187 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <common/FlagManager.h>
 
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/Timer.h>
 
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsyncLocked() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
     if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disabled) {
         getTracker().resetModel();
         mRequestHardwareVsync(mId, true);
@@ -187,6 +189,7 @@
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
     switch (mHwVsyncState) {
         case HwVsyncState::Enabled:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 9b417c6..b369205 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 #include <ftl/concat.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <ftl/future.h>
+#include <ftl/match.h>
 #include <ftl/unit.h>
 #include <gui/AidlStatusUtil.h>
 #include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
@@ -318,6 +319,53 @@
     return duration > (Clock::now() - updateTime);
 }
 
+bool isFrameIntervalOnCadence(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                              Fps lastFrameInterval, Period timeout, Duration threshold) {
+    if (lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs() == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs =
+            expectedPresentTime.ns() - lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns();
+
+    if (expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs > timeout.ns()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    const auto expectedPresentPeriods = static_cast<nsecs_t>(
+            std::round(static_cast<float>(expectedPresentTimeDeltaNs) /
+                       static_cast<float>(lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs())));
+    const auto calculatedPeriodsOutNs = lastFrameInterval.getPeriodNsecs() * expectedPresentPeriods;
+    const auto calculatedExpectedPresentTimeNs =
+            lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + calculatedPeriodsOutNs;
+    const auto presentTimeDelta =
+            std::abs(expectedPresentTime.ns() - calculatedExpectedPresentTimeNs);
+    return presentTimeDelta < threshold.ns();
+}
+
+bool isExpectedPresentWithinTimeout(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
+                                    TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                    std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt, Duration threshold) {
+    if (!timeoutOpt) {
+        // Always within timeout if timeoutOpt is absent and don't send hint
+        // for the timeout
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (timeoutOpt->ns() == 0) {
+        // Always outside timeout if timeoutOpt is 0 and always send
+        // the hint for the timeout.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (expectedPresentTime.ns() < lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + timeoutOpt->ns()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Check if within the threshold as it can be just outside the timeout
+    return std::abs(expectedPresentTime.ns() -
+                    (lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.ns() + timeoutOpt->ns())) < threshold.ns();
+}
 }  // namespace anonymous
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -504,6 +552,12 @@
             base::GetBoolProperty("persist.debug.sf.enable_layer_lifecycle_manager"s, true);
     mLegacyFrontEndEnabled = !mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled ||
             base::GetBoolProperty("persist.debug.sf.enable_legacy_frontend"s, false);
+
+    // These are set by the HWC implementation to indicate that they will use the workarounds.
+    mIsHotplugErrViaNegVsync =
+            base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.hwc_hotplug_error_via_neg_vsync"s, false);
+
+    mIsHdcpViaNegVsync = base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.hwc_hdcp_via_neg_vsync"s, false);
 }
 
 LatchUnsignaledConfig SurfaceFlinger::getLatchUnsignaledConfig() {
@@ -716,7 +770,7 @@
 
     sp<IBinder> input(defaultServiceManager()->waitForService(String16("inputflinger")));
 
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
         if (input == nullptr) {
             ALOGE("Failed to link to input service");
         } else {
@@ -1182,20 +1236,21 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& request, bool force) {
-    const auto displayId = request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& desiredMode, bool force) {
+    const auto mode = desiredMode.mode;
+    const auto displayId = mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+
     ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', displayId.value).c_str());
 
     const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
     if (!display) {
-        ALOGW("%s: display is no longer valid", __func__);
+        ALOGW("%s: Unknown display %s", __func__, to_string(displayId).c_str());
         return;
     }
 
-    const auto mode = request.mode;
-    const bool emitEvent = request.emitEvent;
+    const bool emitEvent = desiredMode.emitEvent;
 
-    switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(request), force)) {
+    switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(desiredMode), force)) {
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
             // DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode updated the render rate, so inform Scheduler.
             mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId,
@@ -1245,7 +1300,7 @@
     }
 
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) -> status_t {
         const auto displayOpt =
                 FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock,
                                ftl::find_if(mPhysicalDisplays,
@@ -1291,61 +1346,55 @@
     const auto displayId = display.getPhysicalId();
     ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', displayId.value).c_str());
 
-    const auto pendingModeOpt = display.getPendingMode();
-    if (!pendingModeOpt) {
-        // There is no pending mode change. This can happen if the active
-        // display changed and the mode change happened on a different display.
-        return;
-    }
+    ftl::match(
+            display.finalizeModeChange(),
+            [this, displayId](DisplayDevice::RefreshRateChange change) {
+                ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
 
-    const auto& activeMode = pendingModeOpt->mode;
+                if (change.activeMode.emitEvent) {
+                    dispatchDisplayModeChangeEvent(displayId, change.activeMode.mode);
+                }
 
-    if (display.getActiveMode().modePtr->getResolution() != activeMode.modePtr->getResolution()) {
-        auto& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueFor(display.getDisplayToken());
-        // We need to generate new sequenceId in order to recreate the display (and this
-        // way the framebuffer).
-        state.sequenceId = DisplayDeviceState{}.sequenceId;
-        state.physical->activeMode = activeMode.modePtr.get();
-        processDisplayChangesLocked();
+                applyActiveMode(std::move(change.activeMode));
+            },
+            [&](DisplayDevice::ResolutionChange change) {
+                auto& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueFor(display.getDisplayToken());
+                // Assign a new sequence ID to recreate the display and so its framebuffer.
+                state.sequenceId = DisplayDeviceState{}.sequenceId;
+                state.physical->activeMode = change.activeMode.mode.modePtr.get();
 
-        // processDisplayChangesLocked will update all necessary components so we're done here.
-        return;
-    }
+                ftl::FakeGuard guard1(kMainThreadContext);
+                ftl::FakeGuard guard2(mStateLock);
+                processDisplayChangesLocked();
 
-    display.finalizeModeChange(activeMode.modePtr->getId(), activeMode.modePtr->getVsyncRate(),
-                               activeMode.fps);
-
-    if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
-        mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(activeMode.fps);
-        updatePhaseConfiguration(activeMode.fps);
-    }
-
-    if (pendingModeOpt->emitEvent) {
-        dispatchDisplayModeChangeEvent(displayId, activeMode);
-    }
+                applyActiveMode(std::move(change.activeMode));
+            },
+            [](DisplayDevice::NoModeChange noChange) {
+                // TODO(b/255635821): Remove this case, as it should no longer happen.
+                ALOGE("A mode change was initiated but not finalized: %s", noChange.reason);
+            });
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::dropModeRequest(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    display->clearDesiredMode();
-    if (display->getPhysicalId() == mActiveDisplayId) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::dropModeRequest(display::DisplayModeRequest&& request) {
+    if (request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId() == mActiveDisplayId) {
         // TODO(b/255635711): Check for pending mode changes on other displays.
         mScheduler->setModeChangePending(false);
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::applyActiveMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    const auto activeModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
-    auto activeModePtr = activeModeOpt->mode.modePtr;
+void SurfaceFlinger::applyActiveMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& activeMode) {
+    auto activeModePtr = activeMode.mode.modePtr;
     const auto displayId = activeModePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-    const auto renderFps = activeModeOpt->mode.fps;
+    const auto renderFps = activeMode.mode.fps;
 
-    dropModeRequest(display);
+    dropModeRequest(std::move(activeMode));
 
     constexpr bool kAllowToEnable = true;
     mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, kAllowToEnable, std::move(activeModePtr).take());
     mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderFps);
 
     if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
+        mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(renderFps);
         updatePhaseConfiguration(renderFps);
     }
 }
@@ -1359,50 +1408,50 @@
         const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id);
         if (!display) continue;
 
-        auto desiredModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
+        auto desiredModeOpt = display->takeDesiredMode();
         if (!desiredModeOpt) {
             continue;
         }
 
+        auto desiredMode = std::move(*desiredModeOpt);
+
         if (!shouldApplyRefreshRateSelectorPolicy(*display)) {
-            dropModeRequest(display);
+            dropModeRequest(std::move(desiredMode));
             continue;
         }
 
-        const auto desiredModeId = desiredModeOpt->mode.modePtr->getId();
+        const auto desiredModeId = desiredMode.mode.modePtr->getId();
         const auto displayModePtrOpt = physical.snapshot().displayModes().get(desiredModeId);
 
         if (!displayModePtrOpt) {
-            ALOGW("Desired display mode is no longer supported. Mode ID = %d",
-                  desiredModeId.value());
-            dropModeRequest(display);
+            ALOGW("%s: Unknown mode %d for display %s", __func__, desiredModeId.value(),
+                  to_string(id).c_str());
+            dropModeRequest(std::move(desiredMode));
             continue;
         }
 
-        ALOGV("%s changing active mode to %d(%s) for display %s", __func__, desiredModeId.value(),
-              to_string(displayModePtrOpt->get()->getVsyncRate()).c_str(),
-              to_string(display->getId()).c_str());
-
-        if (display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
-            applyActiveMode(display);
+        if (display->getActiveMode() == desiredMode.mode) {
+            dropModeRequest(std::move(desiredMode));
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Desired active mode was set, it is different than the mode currently in use, however
-        // allowed modes might have changed by the time we process the refresh.
-        // Make sure the desired mode is still allowed
-        if (!display->refreshRateSelector().isModeAllowed(desiredModeOpt->mode)) {
-            dropModeRequest(display);
+        // The desired mode is different from the active mode. However, the allowed modes might have
+        // changed since setDesiredMode scheduled a mode transition.
+        if (!display->refreshRateSelector().isModeAllowed(desiredMode.mode)) {
+            dropModeRequest(std::move(desiredMode));
             continue;
         }
 
-        // TODO(b/142753666) use constrains
+        ALOGV("Mode setting display %s to %d (%s)", to_string(id).c_str(), desiredModeId.value(),
+              to_string(displayModePtrOpt.value().get()->getVsyncRate()).c_str());
+
+        // TODO(b/142753666): Use constraints.
         hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints;
         constraints.desiredTimeNanos = systemTime();
         constraints.seamlessRequired = false;
         hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline outTimeline;
 
-        if (!display->initiateModeChange(std::move(*desiredModeOpt), constraints, outTimeline)) {
+        if (!display->initiateModeChange(std::move(desiredMode), constraints, outTimeline)) {
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -1422,17 +1471,12 @@
     if (displayToUpdateImmediately) {
         const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(*displayToUpdateImmediately);
         finalizeDisplayModeChange(*display);
-
-        const auto desiredModeOpt = display->getDesiredMode();
-        if (desiredModeOpt && display->getActiveMode() == desiredModeOpt->mode) {
-            applyActiveMode(display);
-        }
     }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::disableExpensiveRendering() {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
         ATRACE_NAME(whence);
         if (mPowerAdvisor->isUsingExpensiveRendering()) {
             for (const auto& [_, display] : mDisplays) {
@@ -1474,7 +1518,7 @@
     }
 
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
         const auto displayOpt =
                 ftl::find_if(mPhysicalDisplays, PhysicalDisplay::hasToken(displayToken))
                         .transform(&ftl::to_mapped_ref<PhysicalDisplays>)
@@ -1555,7 +1599,7 @@
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setBootDisplayMode(const sp<display::DisplayToken>& displayToken,
                                             DisplayModeId modeId) {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
         const auto snapshotOpt =
                 ftl::find_if(mPhysicalDisplays, PhysicalDisplay::hasToken(displayToken))
                         .transform(&ftl::to_mapped_ref<PhysicalDisplays>)
@@ -1583,7 +1627,7 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::clearBootDisplayMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
         if (const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken)) {
             return getHwComposer().clearBootDisplayMode(*displayId);
         } else {
@@ -1622,7 +1666,7 @@
         ALOGE("hdrOutputConversion is not supported by this device.");
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) mutable -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) mutable -> status_t {
         using AidlHdrConversionStrategy =
                 aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy;
         using GuiHdrConversionStrategyTag = gui::HdrConversionStrategy::Tag;
@@ -1682,7 +1726,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setAutoLowLatencyMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, bool on) {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
         if (const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken)) {
             getHwComposer().setAutoLowLatencyMode(*displayId, on);
         } else {
@@ -1693,7 +1737,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setGameContentType(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, bool on) {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
         if (const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken)) {
             const auto type = on ? hal::ContentType::GAME : hal::ContentType::NONE;
             getHwComposer().setContentType(*displayId, type);
@@ -1747,7 +1791,7 @@
                                                           bool enable, uint8_t componentMask,
                                                           uint64_t maxFrames) {
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) -> status_t {
         if (const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken)) {
             return getHwComposer().setDisplayContentSamplingEnabled(*displayId, enable,
                                                                     componentMask, maxFrames);
@@ -1800,7 +1844,7 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::getLayerDebugInfo(std::vector<gui::LayerDebugInfo>* outLayers) {
     outLayers->clear();
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=] {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this] {
         const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
         mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
             outLayers->push_back(layer->getLayerDebugInfo(display.get()));
@@ -1906,7 +1950,7 @@
     }
 
     const char* const whence = __func__;
-    return ftl::Future(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+    return ftl::Future(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
                    const bool supportsDisplayBrightnessCommand =
                            getHwComposer().getComposer()->isSupported(
@@ -2083,15 +2127,28 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalVsync(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
                                         std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos> vsyncPeriod) {
-    if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display() && timestamp < 0 &&
+        vsyncPeriod.has_value()) {
         // use ~0 instead of -1 as AidlComposerHal.cpp passes the param as unsigned int32
-        if (mIsHotplugErrViaNegVsync && timestamp < 0 && vsyncPeriod.has_value() &&
-            vsyncPeriod.value() == ~0) {
-            int hotplugErrorCode = static_cast<int32_t>(-timestamp);
-            ALOGD("SurfaceFlinger got hotplugErrorCode=%d", hotplugErrorCode);
+        if (mIsHotplugErrViaNegVsync && vsyncPeriod.value() == ~0) {
+            const int32_t hotplugErrorCode = static_cast<int32_t>(-timestamp);
+            ALOGD("SurfaceFlinger got hotplugErrorCode=%d for display %" PRIu64, hotplugErrorCode,
+                  hwcDisplayId);
             mScheduler->onHotplugConnectionError(mAppConnectionHandle, hotplugErrorCode);
             return;
         }
+
+        if (mIsHdcpViaNegVsync && vsyncPeriod.value() == ~1) {
+            const int32_t value = static_cast<int32_t>(-timestamp);
+            // one byte is good enough to encode android.hardware.drm.HdcpLevel
+            const int32_t maxLevel = (value >> 8) & 0xFF;
+            const int32_t connectedLevel = value & 0xFF;
+            ALOGD("SurfaceFlinger got HDCP level changed: connected=%d, max=%d for "
+                  "display=%" PRIu64,
+                  connectedLevel, maxLevel, hwcDisplayId);
+            updateHdcpLevels(hwcDisplayId, connectedLevel, maxLevel);
+            return;
+        }
     }
 
     ATRACE_NAME(vsyncPeriod
@@ -2160,19 +2217,16 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshRateChangedDebug(const RefreshRateChangedDebugData& data) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (const auto displayId = getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(data.display); displayId) {
-        const Fps fps = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(data.vsyncPeriodNanos);
-        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s Fps %d", __func__, fps.getIntValue());
-        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
-            {
-                {
-                    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(*displayId);
-                    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
-                                   display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(fps,
-                                                                         display->getActiveMode()
-                                                                                 .fps,
-                                                                         /* setByHwc */ true));
-                }
-            }
+        const char* const whence = __func__;
+        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+            const Fps fps = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(getHwComposer().getComposer()->isVrrSupported()
+                                                         ? data.refreshPeriodNanos
+                                                         : data.vsyncPeriodNanos);
+            ATRACE_FORMAT("%s Fps %d", whence, fps.getIntValue());
+            const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(*displayId);
+            FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
+                           display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(fps, display->getActiveMode().fps,
+                                                                 /* setByHwc */ true));
         }));
     }
 }
@@ -2328,11 +2382,7 @@
                 mLegacyLayers[layer->sequence] = layer;
             }
         }
-        if (mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-            ATRACE_NAME("LayerHierarchyBuilder:update");
-            mLayerHierarchyBuilder.update(mLayerLifecycleManager.getLayers(),
-                                          mLayerLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-        }
+        mLayerHierarchyBuilder.update(mLayerLifecycleManager);
     }
 
     bool mustComposite = false;
@@ -2710,7 +2760,18 @@
     refreshArgs.scheduledFrameTime = mScheduler->getScheduledFrameTime();
     refreshArgs.expectedPresentTime = expectedPresentTime.ns();
     refreshArgs.hasTrustedPresentationListener = mNumTrustedPresentationListeners > 0;
-
+    {
+        auto& notifyExpectedPresentData = mNotifyExpectedPresentMap[pacesetterId];
+        auto lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = TimePoint::fromNs(
+                notifyExpectedPresentData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.load().ns());
+        if (expectedPresentTime > lastExpectedPresentTimestamp) {
+            // If the values are not same, then hint is sent with newer value.
+            // And because composition always follows the notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired, we can
+            // skip updating the lastExpectedPresentTimestamp in this case.
+            notifyExpectedPresentData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp
+                    .compare_exchange_weak(lastExpectedPresentTimestamp, expectedPresentTime);
+        }
+    }
     // Store the present time just before calling to the composition engine so we could notify
     // the scheduler.
     const auto presentTime = systemTime();
@@ -3377,9 +3438,10 @@
     }
 
     const sp<IBinder> token = sp<BBinder>::make();
+    const ui::DisplayConnectionType connectionType =
+            getHwComposer().getDisplayConnectionType(displayId);
 
-    mPhysicalDisplays.try_emplace(displayId, token, displayId,
-                                  getHwComposer().getDisplayConnectionType(displayId),
+    mPhysicalDisplays.try_emplace(displayId, token, displayId, connectionType,
                                   std::move(displayModes), std::move(colorModes),
                                   std::move(info.deviceProductInfo));
 
@@ -3387,7 +3449,7 @@
     state.physical = {.id = displayId,
                       .hwcDisplayId = hwcDisplayId,
                       .activeMode = std::move(activeMode)};
-    state.isSecure = true; // All physical displays are currently considered secure.
+    state.isSecure = connectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
     state.isProtected = true;
     state.displayName = std::move(info.name);
 
@@ -4064,24 +4126,64 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::onVsyncGenerated(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
                                       ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr, Fps renderRate) {
     const auto vsyncPeriod = modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriod();
-    const auto timeout = [&]() -> std::optional<Period> {
+    const auto timeoutOpt = [&]() -> std::optional<Period> {
         const auto vrrConfig = modePtr->getVrrConfig();
         if (!vrrConfig) return std::nullopt;
 
         const auto notifyExpectedPresentConfig =
                 modePtr->getVrrConfig()->notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
         if (!notifyExpectedPresentConfig) return std::nullopt;
-        return Period::fromNs(notifyExpectedPresentConfig->notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs);
+        return Period::fromNs(notifyExpectedPresentConfig->timeoutNs);
     }();
 
-    const auto displayId = modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-    const auto status = getHwComposer().notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(displayId, vsyncPeriod,
-                                                                        expectedPresentTime,
-                                                                        renderRate, timeout);
-    if (status != NO_ERROR) {
-        ALOGE("%s failed to notifyExpectedPresentHint for display %" PRId64, __func__,
-              displayId.value);
+    notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId(), vsyncPeriod,
+                                    expectedPresentTime, renderRate, timeoutOpt);
+}
+
+void SurfaceFlinger::notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                                     Period vsyncPeriod,
+                                                     TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
+                                                     Fps frameInterval,
+                                                     std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt) {
+    {
+        auto& data = mNotifyExpectedPresentMap[displayId];
+        const auto lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = data.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp.load();
+        const auto lastFrameInterval = data.lastFrameInterval;
+        data.lastFrameInterval = frameInterval;
+        const auto threshold = Duration::fromNs(vsyncPeriod.ns() / 2);
+
+        const constexpr nsecs_t kOneSecondNs =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(1s).count();
+        const auto timeout = Period::fromNs(timeoutOpt && timeoutOpt->ns() > 0 ? timeoutOpt->ns()
+                                                                               : kOneSecondNs);
+        const bool frameIntervalIsOnCadence =
+                isFrameIntervalOnCadence(expectedPresentTime, lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                         lastFrameInterval, timeout, threshold);
+
+        const bool expectedPresentWithinTimeout =
+                isExpectedPresentWithinTimeout(expectedPresentTime, lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                               timeoutOpt, threshold);
+
+        using fps_approx_ops::operator!=;
+        if (frameIntervalIsOnCadence && frameInterval != lastFrameInterval) {
+            data.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = expectedPresentTime;
+        }
+
+        if (expectedPresentWithinTimeout && frameIntervalIsOnCadence) {
+            return;
+        }
+        data.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = expectedPresentTime;
     }
+
+    const char* const whence = __func__;
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+        const auto status = getHwComposer().notifyExpectedPresent(displayId, expectedPresentTime,
+                                                                  frameInterval);
+        if (status != NO_ERROR) {
+            ALOGE("%s failed to notifyExpectedPresentHint for display %" PRId64, whence,
+                  displayId.value);
+        }
+    }));
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::initScheduler(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
@@ -4153,9 +4255,6 @@
             sp<RegionSamplingThread>::make(*this,
                                            RegionSamplingThread::EnvironmentTimingTunables());
     mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(*mFrameTimeline, *this);
-
-    mIsHotplugErrViaNegVsync =
-            base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.hwc_hotplug_error_via_neg_vsync"s, false);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::updatePhaseConfiguration(Fps refreshRate) {
@@ -4343,7 +4442,7 @@
     if (mNumLayers >= MAX_LAYERS) {
         ALOGE("AddClientLayer failed, mNumLayers (%zu) >= MAX_LAYERS (%zu)", mNumLayers.load(),
               MAX_LAYERS);
-        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=] {
+        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this] {
             ALOGE("Dumping layer keeping > 20 children alive:");
             bool leakingParentLayerFound = false;
             mDrawingState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
@@ -5927,7 +6026,7 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int mode) {
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
                                                kMainThreadContext) {
         const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
         if (!display) {
@@ -6376,7 +6475,7 @@
 }
 
 perfetto::protos::LayersProto SurfaceFlinger::dumpProtoFromMainThread(uint32_t traceFlags) {
-    return mScheduler->schedule([=] { return dumpDrawingStateProto(traceFlags); }).get();
+    return mScheduler->schedule([=, this] { return dumpDrawingStateProto(traceFlags); }).get();
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::dumpOffscreenLayers(std::string& result) {
@@ -7296,8 +7395,8 @@
     if (!updateOverlay) return;
 
     // Update the overlay on the main thread to avoid race conditions with
-    // RefreshRateSelector::getActiveMode
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=] {
+    // RefreshRateSelector::getActiveMode.
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=, this] {
         const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
         if (!display) {
             ALOGW("%s: default display is null", __func__);
@@ -7738,7 +7837,7 @@
     }
 
     bool childrenOnly = args.childrenOnly;
-    RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture = ftl::defer([=]() -> std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> {
+    RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture = ftl::defer([=, this]() -> std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> {
         ui::Transform layerTransform;
         Rect layerBufferSize;
         if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
@@ -7877,7 +7976,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     auto future = mScheduler->schedule(
-            [=, renderAreaFuture = std::move(renderAreaFuture)]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
+            [=, this, renderAreaFuture = std::move(renderAreaFuture)]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
                     kMainThreadContext) mutable -> ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> {
                 ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
                 std::shared_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea = renderAreaFuture.get();
@@ -8302,7 +8401,7 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) -> status_t {
+    auto future = mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) -> status_t {
         const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken));
         if (!display) {
             ALOGE("Attempt to set desired display modes for invalid display token %p",
@@ -8657,6 +8756,40 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::updateHdcpLevels(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int32_t connectedLevel,
+                                      int32_t maxLevel) {
+    if (!FlagManager::getInstance().connected_display()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+
+    const auto idOpt = getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId);
+    if (!idOpt) {
+        ALOGE("No display found for HDCP level changed event: connected=%d, max=%d for "
+              "display=%" PRIu64,
+              connectedLevel, maxLevel, hwcDisplayId);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const bool isInternalDisplay =
+            mPhysicalDisplays.get(*idOpt).transform(&PhysicalDisplay::isInternal).value_or(false);
+    if (isInternalDisplay) {
+        ALOGW("Unexpected HDCP level changed for internal display: connected=%d, max=%d for "
+              "display=%" PRIu64,
+              connectedLevel, maxLevel, hwcDisplayId);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([this, displayId = *idOpt, connectedLevel, maxLevel]() {
+        if (const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId))) {
+            Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+            display->setSecure(connectedLevel >= 2 /* HDCP_V1 */);
+        }
+        mScheduler->onHdcpLevelsChanged(mAppConnectionHandle, displayId, connectedLevel, maxLevel);
+    }));
+}
+
 std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> SurfaceFlinger::getExternalTextureFromBufferData(
         BufferData& bufferData, const char* layerName, uint64_t transactionId) {
     if (bufferData.buffer &&
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 6a7b322..4440c7b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -654,6 +654,8 @@
     status_t getStalledTransactionInfo(
             int pid, std::optional<TransactionHandler::StalledTransactionInfo>& result);
 
+    void updateHdcpLevels(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int32_t connectedLevel, int32_t maxLevel);
+
     // Implements IBinder::DeathRecipient.
     void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& who) override;
 
@@ -725,9 +727,9 @@
     void initiateDisplayModeChanges() REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
     void finalizeDisplayModeChange(DisplayDevice&) REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
 
-    // TODO(b/241285191): Replace DisplayDevice with DisplayModeRequest, and move to Scheduler.
-    void dropModeRequest(const sp<DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    void applyActiveMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    // TODO(b/241285191): Move to Scheduler.
+    void dropModeRequest(display::DisplayModeRequest&&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void applyActiveMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     // Called on the main thread in response to setPowerMode()
     void setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode)
@@ -1276,6 +1278,7 @@
         hal::Connection connection = hal::Connection::INVALID;
     };
 
+    bool mIsHdcpViaNegVsync = false;
     bool mIsHotplugErrViaNegVsync = false;
 
     std::mutex mHotplugMutex;
@@ -1469,7 +1472,7 @@
     bool mLegacyFrontEndEnabled = true;
 
     frontend::LayerLifecycleManager mLayerLifecycleManager;
-    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder mLayerHierarchyBuilder{{}};
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder mLayerHierarchyBuilder;
     frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder mLayerSnapshotBuilder;
 
     std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, std::string>> mDestroyedHandles;
@@ -1490,6 +1493,19 @@
     // Map of displayid to mirrorRoot
     ftl::SmallMap<int64_t, sp<SurfaceControl>, 3> mMirrorMapForDebug;
 
+    // NotifyExpectedPresentHint
+    struct NotifyExpectedPresentData {
+        // lastExpectedPresentTimestamp is read and write from multiple threads such as
+        // main thread, EventThread, MessageQueue. And is atomic for that reason.
+        std::atomic<TimePoint> lastExpectedPresentTimestamp{};
+        Fps lastFrameInterval{};
+    };
+    std::unordered_map<PhysicalDisplayId, NotifyExpectedPresentData> mNotifyExpectedPresentMap;
+
+    void notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId, Period vsyncPeriod,
+                                         TimePoint expectedPresentTime, Fps frameInterval,
+                                         std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt);
+
     void sfdo_enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool active);
     void sfdo_setDebugFlash(int delay);
     void sfdo_scheduleComposite();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
index ddbf3e4..6a66fff 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
@@ -218,6 +218,13 @@
     friend class Singleton<TransactionTracing>;
     std::function<void(const std::string& prefix, bool overwrite)> mWriterFunction =
             [](const std::string&, bool) {};
+    std::atomic<bool> mEnabled{true};
+
+    void doInvoke(const std::string& filename, bool overwrite) {
+        if (mEnabled) {
+            mWriterFunction(filename, overwrite);
+        }
+    };
 
 public:
     void setWriterFunction(
@@ -225,12 +232,15 @@
         mWriterFunction = std::move(function);
     }
     void invoke(const std::string& prefix, bool overwrite) {
-        mWriterFunction(TransactionTracing::getFilePath(prefix), overwrite);
+        doInvoke(TransactionTracing::getFilePath(prefix), overwrite);
     }
     /* pass in a complete file path for testing */
     void invokeForTest(const std::string& filename, bool overwrite) {
-        mWriterFunction(filename, overwrite);
+        doInvoke(filename, overwrite);
     }
+    /* hacky way to avoid generating traces when converting transaction trace to layers trace. */
+    void disable() { mEnabled.store(false); }
+    void enable() { mEnabled.store(true); }
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index c2d1954..617ea2c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -40,9 +40,24 @@
 namespace android {
 using namespace ftl::flag_operators;
 
+namespace {
+class ScopedTraceDisabler {
+public:
+    ScopedTraceDisabler() { TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().disable(); }
+    ~ScopedTraceDisabler() { TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().enable(); }
+};
+} // namespace
+
 bool LayerTraceGenerator::generate(const perfetto::protos::TransactionTraceFile& traceFile,
                                    std::uint32_t traceFlags, LayerTracing& layerTracing,
                                    bool onlyLastEntry) {
+    // We are generating the layers trace by replaying back a set of transactions. If the
+    // transactions have unexpected states, we may generate a transaction trace to debug
+    // the unexpected state. This is silly. So we disable it by poking the
+    // TransactionTraceWriter. This is really a hack since we should manage our depenecies a
+    // little better.
+    ScopedTraceDisabler fatalErrorTraceDisabler;
+
     if (traceFile.entry_size() == 0) {
         ALOGD("Trace file is empty");
         return false;
@@ -52,7 +67,7 @@
 
     // frontend
     frontend::LayerLifecycleManager lifecycleManager;
-    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder{{}};
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
     frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder snapshotBuilder;
     ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
 
@@ -119,12 +134,10 @@
         lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions, /*ignoreUnknownHandles=*/true);
         lifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed(destroyedHandles, /*ignoreUnknownHandles=*/true);
 
-        if (lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(
-                    frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-            hierarchyBuilder.update(lifecycleManager.getLayers(),
-                                    lifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-        }
+        // update hierarchy
+        hierarchyBuilder.update(lifecycleManager);
 
+        // update snapshots
         frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
                                                   .layerLifecycleManager = lifecycleManager,
                                                   .displays = displayInfos,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
index 9b77751..a27e100 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/FlagManager.cpp
@@ -122,12 +122,12 @@
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(multithreaded_present);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(add_sf_skipped_frames_to_trace);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(use_known_refresh_rate_for_fps_consistency);
-    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved);
+    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_fro_dependent_features);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(display_protected);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(fp16_client_target);
     DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(game_default_frame_rate);
-
+    DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_layer_command_batching);
 #undef DUMP_READ_ONLY_FLAG
 #undef DUMP_SERVER_FLAG
 #undef DUMP_FLAG_INTERVAL
@@ -195,12 +195,13 @@
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(multithreaded_present, "debug.sf.multithreaded_present")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(add_sf_skipped_frames_to_trace, "")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(use_known_refresh_rate_for_fps_consistency, "")
-FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved,
+FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved,
                             "debug.sf.cache_source_crop_only_moved")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_fro_dependent_features, "")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(display_protected, "")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(fp16_client_target, "debug.sf.fp16_client_target")
 FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(game_default_frame_rate, "")
+FLAG_MANAGER_READ_ONLY_FLAG(enable_layer_command_batching, "")
 
 /// Trunk stable server flags ///
 FLAG_MANAGER_SERVER_FLAG(late_boot_misc2, "")
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
index 3a509f6..2f2895c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/common/include/common/FlagManager.h
@@ -61,11 +61,12 @@
     bool multithreaded_present() const;
     bool add_sf_skipped_frames_to_trace() const;
     bool use_known_refresh_rate_for_fps_consistency() const;
-    bool cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved() const;
+    bool cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved() const;
     bool enable_fro_dependent_features() const;
     bool display_protected() const;
     bool fp16_client_target() const;
     bool game_default_frame_rate() const;
+    bool enable_layer_command_batching() const;
 
 protected:
     // overridden for unit tests
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index b690d8d..649ad25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -134,13 +134,13 @@
                 dispatch->schedule(tmp,
                                    {.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
-                                    .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
+                                    .lastVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
             },
             "o.o");
     dispatch->schedule(tmp,
                        {.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                         .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
-                        .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
+                        .lastVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
     dispatch->unregisterCallback(tmp);
     dispatch->cancel(tmp);
 }
@@ -162,20 +162,20 @@
     entry.update(*stubTracker, 0);
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
-                    .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
+                    .lastVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
                    *stubTracker, 0);
     entry.disarm();
     entry.ensureNotRunning();
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
-                    .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
+                    .lastVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
                    *stubTracker, 0);
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     auto const ready = entry.readyTime();
     entry.callback(entry.executing(), *wakeup, *ready);
     entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
-                                    .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
+                                    .lastVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()});
     dump<scheduler::VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry>(&entry, &mFdp);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
index fa307e9..114f3b0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.h
@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@
 
     bool addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t /* timestamp */) override { return true; }
 
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t /* timePoint */) const override { return 1; }
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t /* timePoint */,
+                                         std::optional<nsecs_t>) const override {
+        return 1;
+    }
 
     nsecs_t currentPeriod() const override { return 1; }
     Period minFramePeriod() const override { return Period::fromNs(currentPeriod()); }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
index 3f26448..b65a2b3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/surfaceflinger_flags.aconfig
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@
 }
 
 flag {
+  name: "enable_layer_command_batching"
+  namespace: "core_graphics"
+  description: "This flag controls batching on createLayer/destroyLayer command with executeCommand."
+  bug: "290685621"
+  is_fixed_read_only: true
+}
+
+flag {
   name: "dont_skip_on_early"
   namespace: "core_graphics"
   description: "This flag is guarding the behaviour where SurfaceFlinger is trying to opportunistically present a frame when the configuration change from late to early"
@@ -92,8 +100,18 @@
   bug: "299201319"
 }
 
+# This flag is broken.
+# See alternative one: cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved
+# flag {
+#   name: "cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved"
+#   namespace: "core_graphics"
+#   description: "do not flatten layers if source crop is only moved"
+#   bug: "305718400"
+#   is_fixed_read_only: true
+# }
+
 flag {
-  name: "cache_if_source_crop_layer_only_moved"
+  name: "cache_when_source_crop_layer_only_moved"
   namespace: "core_graphics"
   description: "do not flatten layers if source crop is only moved"
   bug: "305718400"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index dea0194..c75f902 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@
         "SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyExpectedPresentTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
index c463a92..220001b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#define EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(expected, requestOpt)                               \
-    ASSERT_TRUE(requestOpt);                                                            \
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(expected.mode.modePtr, expected.mode.fps, requestOpt->mode); \
-    EXPECT_EQ(expected.emitEvent, requestOpt->emitEvent)
+#define EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(expected, request)                              \
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(expected.mode.modePtr, expected.mode.fps, request.mode); \
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected.emitEvent, request.emitEvent)
+
+#define EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(expected, requestOpt) \
+    ASSERT_TRUE(requestOpt);                                  \
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(expected, (*requestOpt))
 
 namespace android {
 namespace {
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@
 class InitiateModeChangeTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {
 public:
     using Action = DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction;
+
     void SetUp() override {
         injectFakeBufferQueueFactory();
         injectFakeNativeWindowSurfaceFactory();
@@ -84,36 +88,43 @@
 TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, setDesiredMode) {
     EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
               mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 }
 
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, clearDesiredMode) {
+TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, takeDesiredMode) {
     EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
               mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
+    EXPECT_EQ(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->takeDesiredMode());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 }
 
-TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateModeChange) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateModeChange) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
     EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
               mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 
     const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
             .desiredTimeNanos = systemTime(),
             .seamlessRequired = false,
     };
     hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
 
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
+    auto desiredModeOpt = mDisplay->takeDesiredMode();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(desiredModeOpt);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(std::move(*desiredModeOpt), constraints, timeline));
+
+    auto modeChange = mDisplay->finalizeModeChange();
+
+    auto* changePtr = std::get_if<DisplayDevice::RefreshRateChange>(&modeChange);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(changePtr);
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, changePtr->activeMode);
 }
 
 TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateRenderRateSwitch) {
@@ -125,27 +136,47 @@
 TEST_F(InitiateModeChangeTest, initiateDisplayModeSwitch) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
     EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
               mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode90)));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
 
     const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
             .desiredTimeNanos = systemTime(),
             .seamlessRequired = false,
     };
     hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(*mDisplay->getDesiredMode(), constraints, timeline));
-    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getPendingMode());
-
-    mDisplay->clearDesiredMode();
+    auto desiredModeOpt = mDisplay->takeDesiredMode();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(desiredModeOpt);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(std::move(*desiredModeOpt), constraints, timeline));
+
+    auto modeChange = mDisplay->finalizeModeChange();
+    auto* changePtr = std::get_if<DisplayDevice::RefreshRateChange>(&modeChange);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(changePtr);
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode90, changePtr->activeMode);
+
+    // The latest request should override the desired mode.
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch,
+              mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode60)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Action::None, mDisplay->setDesiredMode(DisplayModeRequest(kDesiredMode120)));
+
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST_OPT(kDesiredMode120, mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+
+    // No pending mode change.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(
+            std::holds_alternative<DisplayDevice::NoModeChange>(mDisplay->finalizeModeChange()));
+
+    desiredModeOpt = mDisplay->takeDesiredMode();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(desiredModeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->initiateModeChange(std::move(*desiredModeOpt), constraints, timeline));
+
+    modeChange = mDisplay->finalizeModeChange();
+
+    changePtr = std::get_if<DisplayDevice::RefreshRateChange>(&modeChange);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(changePtr);
+    EXPECT_DISPLAY_MODE_REQUEST(kDesiredMode120, changePtr->activeMode);
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index ee12276..6671414 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -481,14 +481,17 @@
 
 constexpr int PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS = 0x1;
 
-template <typename PhysicalDisplay, int width, int height>
+template <typename PhysicalDisplay, int width, int height,
+          Secure secure = (PhysicalDisplay::CONNECTION_TYPE == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
+                  ? Secure::TRUE
+                  : Secure::FALSE>
 struct PhysicalDisplayVariant
-      : DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height, Async::FALSE,
-                       Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY, GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY,
+      : DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height, Async::FALSE, secure,
+                       PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY, GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY,
                        PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
         HwcDisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplay::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayType::PHYSICAL,
                           DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height,
-                                         Async::FALSE, Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY,
+                                         Async::FALSE, secure, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY,
                                          GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY, PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
                           PhysicalDisplay> {};
 
@@ -515,6 +518,7 @@
 };
 
 struct TertiaryDisplay {
+    static constexpr auto CONNECTION_TYPE = ui::DisplayConnectionType::External;
     static constexpr Primary PRIMARY = Primary::FALSE;
     static constexpr uint8_t PORT = 253;
     static constexpr HWDisplayId HWC_DISPLAY_ID = 1003;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
index 8891c06..4e8a609 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@
 
     mock::VSyncTracker& mockTracker =
             *static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker*>(&mVsyncSchedule->getTracker());
-    EXPECT_CALL(mockTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mockTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(preferredExpectedPresentationTime));
 
     VsyncEventData vsyncEventData = mThread->getLatestVsyncEventData(mConnection);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
index d3ce4f2..a5c0657 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
+#include <optional>
 #include <vector>
 
 // StrictMock<T> derives from T and is not marked final, so the destructor of T is expected to be
@@ -83,14 +84,7 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, onHotplugConnect(hwcDisplayId));
     }
 
-    void setDisplayData(HalDisplayId displayId, TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
-                        Fps lastFrameInterval) {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mHwc.mDisplayData.find(displayId) != mHwc.mDisplayData.end());
-        auto& displayData = mHwc.mDisplayData.at(displayId);
-        std::scoped_lock lock{displayData.expectedPresentLock};
-        displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = lastExpectedPresentTimestamp;
-        displayData.lastFrameInterval = lastFrameInterval;
-    }
+    void setVrrTimeoutHint(bool status) { mHwc.mEnableVrrTimeout = status; }
 };
 
 TEST_F(HWComposerTest, isHeadless) {
@@ -143,7 +137,7 @@
     const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
     ASSERT_TRUE(info);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigurationsSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, isVrrSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
 
     {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigs(kHwcDisplayId, _))
@@ -235,7 +229,7 @@
     const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
     ASSERT_TRUE(info);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigurationsSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, isVrrSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
 
     {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigs(kHwcDisplayId, _))
@@ -324,7 +318,7 @@
     const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
     ASSERT_TRUE(info);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigurationsSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, isVrrSupported()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
 
     {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigurations(kHwcDisplayId, _, _))
@@ -332,6 +326,7 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(mHwc.getModes(info->id, kMaxFrameIntervalNs).empty());
     }
     {
+        setVrrTimeoutHint(true);
         constexpr int32_t kWidth = 480;
         constexpr int32_t kHeight = 720;
         constexpr int32_t kConfigGroup = 1;
@@ -339,10 +334,8 @@
         const hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig =
                 hal::VrrConfig{.minFrameIntervalNs = static_cast<Fps>(120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs(),
                                .notifyExpectedPresentConfig = hal::VrrConfig::
-                                       NotifyExpectedPresentConfig{.notifyExpectedPresentHeadsUpNs =
-                                                                           ms2ns(30),
-                                                                   .notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs =
-                                                                           ms2ns(30)}};
+                                       NotifyExpectedPresentConfig{.headsUpNs = ms2ns(30),
+                                                                   .timeoutNs = ms2ns(30)}};
         hal::DisplayConfiguration displayConfiguration{.configId = kConfigId,
                                                        .width = kWidth,
                                                        .height = kHeight,
@@ -372,9 +365,9 @@
         displayConfiguration.dpi = {kDpi, kDpi};
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, getDisplayConfigurations(kHwcDisplayId, _, _))
-                .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(std::vector<hal::DisplayConfiguration>{
-                                        displayConfiguration}),
-                                Return(HalError::NONE)));
+                .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(std::vector<hal::DisplayConfiguration>{
+                                              displayConfiguration}),
+                                      Return(HalError::NONE)));
 
         modes = mHwc.getModes(info->id, kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
         EXPECT_EQ(modes.size(), size_t{1});
@@ -386,6 +379,10 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(modes.front().vrrConfig, vrrConfig);
         EXPECT_EQ(modes.front().dpiX, kDpi);
         EXPECT_EQ(modes.front().dpiY, kDpi);
+
+        setVrrTimeoutHint(false);
+        modes = mHwc.getModes(info->id, kMaxFrameIntervalNs);
+        EXPECT_EQ(modes.front().vrrConfig->notifyExpectedPresentConfig, std::nullopt);
     }
 }
 
@@ -417,144 +414,6 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(displayIdOpt);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HWComposerTest, notifyExpectedPresentTimeout) {
-    constexpr hal::HWDisplayId kHwcDisplayId = 2;
-    expectHotplugConnect(kHwcDisplayId);
-    const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(info);
-
-    auto expectedPresentTime = systemTime() + ms2ns(10);
-    static constexpr Fps Fps60Hz = 60_Hz;
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval5HzNs = static_cast<Fps>(5_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval60HzNs = Fps60Hz.getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval120HzNs = static_cast<Fps>(120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr Period kVsyncPeriod =
-            Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(240_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
-    static constexpr Period kTimeoutNs = Period::fromNs(kFrameInterval5HzNs);
-    static constexpr auto kLastExpectedPresentTimestamp = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setDisplayData(info->id, kLastExpectedPresentTimestamp, Fps60Hz));
-
-    {
-        // Very first ExpectedPresent after idle, no previous timestamp
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal,
-                    notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, expectedPresentTime, kFrameInterval60HzNs))
-                .WillOnce(Return(HalError::NONE));
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             kTimeoutNs);
-    }
-    {
-        // Absent timeoutNs
-        expectedPresentTime += 2 * kFrameInterval5HzNs;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, _, _)).Times(0);
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             /*timeoutOpt*/ std::nullopt);
-    }
-    {
-        // Timeout is 0
-        expectedPresentTime += kFrameInterval60HzNs;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal,
-                    notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, expectedPresentTime, kFrameInterval60HzNs))
-                .WillOnce(Return(HalError::NONE));
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             Period::fromNs(0));
-    }
-    {
-        // ExpectedPresent is after the timeoutNs
-        expectedPresentTime += 2 * kFrameInterval5HzNs;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal,
-                    notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, expectedPresentTime, kFrameInterval60HzNs))
-                .WillOnce(Return(HalError::NONE));
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             kTimeoutNs);
-    }
-    {
-        // ExpectedPresent has not changed
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, _, _)).Times(0);
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             kTimeoutNs);
-    }
-    {
-        // ExpectedPresent is after the last reported ExpectedPresent.
-        expectedPresentTime += kFrameInterval60HzNs;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, _, _)).Times(0);
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             kTimeoutNs);
-    }
-    {
-        // ExpectedPresent is before the last reported ExpectedPresent but after the timeoutNs,
-        // representing we changed our decision and want to present earlier than previously
-        // reported.
-        expectedPresentTime -= kFrameInterval120HzNs;
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal,
-                    notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, expectedPresentTime, kFrameInterval60HzNs))
-                .WillOnce(Return(HalError::NONE));
-        mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), Fps60Hz,
-                                             kTimeoutNs);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(HWComposerTest, notifyExpectedPresentRenderRateChanged) {
-    constexpr hal::HWDisplayId kHwcDisplayId = 2;
-    expectHotplugConnect(kHwcDisplayId);
-    const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(info);
-
-    const auto now = systemTime();
-    auto expectedPresentTime = now;
-    static constexpr Period kTimeoutNs = Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(1_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
-
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setDisplayData(info->id, TimePoint::fromNs(now), Fps::fromValue(0)));
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs120Hz = static_cast<Fps>(120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs96Hz = static_cast<Fps>(96_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs80Hz = static_cast<Fps>(80_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs60Hz = static_cast<Fps>(60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs40Hz = static_cast<Fps>(40_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs30Hz = static_cast<Fps>(30_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs24Hz = static_cast<Fps>(24_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs20Hz = static_cast<Fps>(20_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    static constexpr Period kVsyncPeriod =
-            Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(240_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
-
-    struct FrameRateIntervalTestData {
-        int32_t frameIntervalNs;
-        bool callExpectedPresent;
-    };
-    const std::vector<FrameRateIntervalTestData> frameIntervals = {
-            {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs96Hz, true},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs80Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs120Hz, true},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs80Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs30Hz, false},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs24Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs40Hz, true},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs20Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},
-            {kFrameIntervalNs20Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs120Hz, true},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& [frameIntervalNs, callExpectedPresent] : frameIntervals) {
-        {
-            expectedPresentTime += frameIntervalNs;
-            if (callExpectedPresent) {
-                EXPECT_CALL(*mHal,
-                            notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, expectedPresentTime,
-                                                  frameIntervalNs))
-                        .WillOnce(Return(HalError::NONE));
-            } else {
-                EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, notifyExpectedPresent(kHwcDisplayId, _, _)).Times(0);
-            }
-            mHwc.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(info->id, kVsyncPeriod,
-                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime),
-                                                 Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(frameIntervalNs), kTimeoutNs);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 struct MockHWC2ComposerCallback final : StrictMock<HWC2::ComposerCallback> {
     MOCK_METHOD(void, onComposerHalHotplugEvent, (hal::HWDisplayId, DisplayHotplugEvent),
                 (override));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
index 95f1940..2b333f4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@
 
 // reparenting tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, addLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(2, 11);
     reparentLayer(111, 12);
     reparentLayer(1221, 1);
@@ -79,7 +81,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentLayerToNull) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     reparentLayer(2, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
@@ -96,7 +99,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentLayerToNullAndDestroyHandles) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(2, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     reparentLayer(1221, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
@@ -115,7 +119,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, destroyHandleThenDestroyParentLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     destroyLayerHandle(111);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -139,7 +144,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, layerSurvivesTemporaryReparentToNull) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     reparentLayer(11, 1);
 
@@ -154,7 +160,8 @@
 
 // offscreen tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, layerMovesOnscreen) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
@@ -170,7 +177,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, addLayerToOffscreenParent) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
@@ -187,7 +195,8 @@
 
 // rel-z tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, setRelativeParent) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -200,7 +209,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentFromRelativeParentWithSetLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -216,7 +226,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentToRelativeParent) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -231,7 +242,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, setParentAsRelativeParent) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -246,7 +258,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, relativeChildMovesOffscreenIsNotTraversable) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -262,7 +275,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentRelativeLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -294,7 +308,8 @@
 
 // mirror tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, canTraverseMirrorLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 11);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
@@ -308,7 +323,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, canMirrorOffscreenLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     reparentLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 11);
@@ -324,7 +340,8 @@
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, newChildLayerIsUpdatedInMirrorHierarchy) {
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 11);
     mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     createLayer(1111, 111);
     createLayer(112, 11);
@@ -340,7 +357,8 @@
 
 // mirror & relatives tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, mirrorWithRelativeOutsideMirrorHierarchy) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(111, 12);
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 11);
 
@@ -371,7 +389,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, mirrorWithRelativeInsideMirrorHierarchy) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(1221, 12);
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 12);
 
@@ -401,7 +420,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, childMovesOffscreenWhenRelativeParentDies) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     reparentLayer(2, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
@@ -427,7 +447,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, offscreenLayerCannotBeRelativeToOnscreenLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentRelativeLayer(1221, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -462,7 +483,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, backgroundLayersAreBehindParentLayer) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     updateBackgroundColor(1, 0.5);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
@@ -485,7 +507,8 @@
     createLayer(11, 1);
     reparentLayer(1, 11);
     mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -502,17 +525,11 @@
     createLayer(11, 1);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     reparentRelativeLayer(2, 11);
-    mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
-
-    // fix loop
-    uint32_t invalidRelativeRoot;
-    bool hasRelZLoop = hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(hasRelZLoop);
-    mLifecycleManager.fixRelativeZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
-    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(), mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-    EXPECT_EQ(invalidRelativeRoot, 11u);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot));
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    // this call is expected to fix the loop!
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
+    uint32_t unused;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(unused));
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 2, 2};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -534,16 +551,11 @@
     createLayer(221, 22);
     reparentRelativeLayer(22, 111);
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 221);
-    mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
-
-    // fix loop
-    uint32_t invalidRelativeRoot;
-    bool hasRelZLoop = hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(hasRelZLoop);
-    mLifecycleManager.fixRelativeZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot);
-    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(), mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(invalidRelativeRoot));
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    // this call is expected to fix the loop!
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
+    uint32_t unused;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy().hasRelZLoop(unused));
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 22, 221, 2, 21, 22, 221};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -554,7 +566,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, ReparentRootLayerToNull) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(1, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
@@ -568,7 +581,8 @@
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, AddRemoveLayerInSameTransaction) {
     // remove default hierarchy
     mLifecycleManager = LayerLifecycleManager();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     createRootLayer(1);
     destroyLayerHandle(1);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
@@ -582,7 +596,8 @@
 // traversal path test
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, traversalPathId) {
     setZ(122, -1);
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     auto checkTraversalPathIdVisitor =
             [](const LayerHierarchy& hierarchy,
                const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath) -> bool {
@@ -605,7 +620,8 @@
     createLayer(53, 5);
 
     mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 2, 4, 5, 51, 53};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -639,7 +655,8 @@
     setZ(13, 1);
 
     mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 13, 12};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -661,7 +678,8 @@
     setLayerStack(2, 10);
 
     mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {2, 21, 1, 11};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
@@ -672,7 +690,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, canMirrorDisplay) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
     createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
     setLayerStack(3, 1);
@@ -687,7 +706,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, mirrorNonExistingDisplay) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
     createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(5));
     setLayerStack(3, 1);
@@ -701,7 +721,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, newRootLayerIsMirrored) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
     createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
     setLayerStack(3, 1);
@@ -719,7 +740,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, removedRootLayerIsNoLongerMirrored) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
     createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
     setLayerStack(3, 1);
@@ -737,7 +759,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, canMirrorDisplayWithMirrors) {
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
     reparentLayer(12, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
     mirrorLayer(/*layer*/ 14, /*parent*/ 1, /*layerToMirror*/ 11);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
index 7e9abce..67e6249 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
@@ -176,14 +176,12 @@
     void destroyLayerHandle(uint32_t id) { mLifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed({{id, "test"}}); }
 
     void updateAndVerify(LayerHierarchyBuilder& hierarchyBuilder) {
-        if (mLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-            hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(),
-                                    mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-        }
+        hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
         mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
 
         // rebuild layer hierarchy from scratch and verify that it matches the updated state.
-        LayerHierarchyBuilder newBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+        LayerHierarchyBuilder newBuilder;
+        newBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
         EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()),
                   getTraversalPath(newBuilder.getHierarchy()));
         EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()),
@@ -512,10 +510,7 @@
     }
 
     void update(LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder) {
-        if (mLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-            mHierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(),
-                                     mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
-        }
+        mHierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
         LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
                                         .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
                                         .includeMetadata = false,
@@ -530,7 +525,7 @@
         mLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
     }
 
-    LayerHierarchyBuilder mHierarchyBuilder{{}};
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder mHierarchyBuilder;
 
     DisplayInfos mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
     bool mHasDisplayChanges = false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
index 787fa1c..e9d2319 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryIntegrationTest.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
     LayerHistoryIntegrationTest() : LayerSnapshotTestBase() {
         mFlinger.resetScheduler(mScheduler);
         mLifecycleManager = {};
-        mHierarchyBuilder = {{}};
+        mHierarchyBuilder = {};
     }
 
     void updateLayerSnapshotsAndLayerHistory(nsecs_t now) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index 50cd784..ba32c68 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
 
     void update(LayerSnapshotBuilder& actualBuilder, LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args& args) {
         if (mLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
-            mHierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(),
-                                     mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
+            mHierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
         }
         args.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy();
         actualBuilder.update(args);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index 9aa089f..e9c4d80 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
 TEST_F(MessageQueueTest, commit) {
     const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                                 .earliestVsync = 0};
+                                                                 .lastVsync = 0};
     EXPECT_FALSE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
     InSequence s;
     const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                                 .earliestVsync = 0};
+                                                                 .lastVsync = 0};
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
     InSequence s;
     const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                                 .earliestVsync = 0};
+                                                                 .lastVsync = 0};
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
     const auto timingAfterCallback =
             scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                     .earliestVsync = kPresentTime.ns()};
+                                                     .lastVsync = kPresentTime.ns()};
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
     const auto timing =
             scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDifferentDuration.ns(),
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                     .earliestVsync = 0};
+                                                     .lastVsync = 0};
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index e515895..7fdca71 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
     mock::VsyncTrackerCallback mVsyncTrackerCallback;
     TestableScheduler* mScheduler =
             new TestableScheduler{mSelector, mSchedulerCallback, mVsyncTrackerCallback};
-    surfaceflinger::frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder mLayerHierarchyBuilder{{}};
+    surfaceflinger::frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder mLayerHierarchyBuilder;
 
     ConnectionHandle mConnectionHandle;
     MockEventThread* mEventThread;
@@ -584,17 +584,17 @@
     scheduler.setRenderRate(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), frameRate);
     vrrTracker->addVsyncTimestamp(0);
 
-    // Next frame at refresh rate as no previous frame
-    EXPECT_EQ(refreshRate,
-              scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), TimePoint::fromNs(0)));
-
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(500)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(1000)));
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(1500)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(2000)));
 
+    // Not crossing the min frame period
+    EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1500),
+              scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(2500)));
     // Change render rate
     frameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000);
     vrrSelectorPtr->setActiveMode(kMode->getId(), frameRate);
@@ -602,10 +602,10 @@
 
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(2500)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(2000)));
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(4500)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(4000)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, resyncAllToHardwareVsync) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index 7ad97a2..3291dc3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
         auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(
                         TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
     auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
             .WillRepeatedly(
                     Return(TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, minFramePeriod())
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(Period::fromNs(
                     TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD)));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
                             std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
                             std::move(selectorPtr),
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
 
     Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(mComposer);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
     EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
     // Verify that the next commit will complete the mode change and send
@@ -263,11 +263,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getDesiredMode()->mode.modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    // The 120 Hz mode should be pending.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
+    // The 120 Hz mode should be active.
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredMode());
     EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
 }
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
 }
 
-MATCHER_P2(ModeSwitchingTo, flinger, modeId, "") {
+MATCHER_P2(HasDesiredMode, flinger, modeId, "") {
     if (!arg->getDesiredMode()) {
         *result_listener << "No desired mode";
         return false;
@@ -343,12 +345,33 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-MATCHER_P(ModeSettledTo, modeId, "") {
+MATCHER_P(HasPendingMode, modeId, "") {
+    const auto pendingOpt = TestableSurfaceFlinger::getPendingMode(arg);
+
+    if (!pendingOpt) {
+        *result_listener << "No pending mode";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (pendingOpt->mode.modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
+        *result_listener << "Unexpected pending mode " << modeId;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+MATCHER_P(HasActiveMode, modeId, "") {
     if (const auto desiredOpt = arg->getDesiredMode()) {
         *result_listener << "Unsettled desired mode " << desiredOpt->mode.modePtr->getId();
         return false;
     }
 
+    if (const auto pendingOpt = TestableSurfaceFlinger::getPendingMode(arg)) {
+        *result_listener << "Unsettled pending mode " << pendingOpt->mode.modePtr->getId();
+        return false;
+    }
+
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
     if (arg->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
@@ -365,14 +388,14 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     // Only the inner display is powered on.
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *innerDisplay);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -384,8 +407,8 @@
                                                   mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId60.value(),
                                                                                false, 0.f, 120.f)));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = true};
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
@@ -395,13 +418,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     innerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::OFF);
     outerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON);
@@ -409,8 +432,8 @@
     // Only the outer display is powered on.
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(innerDisplay.get(), *outerDisplay);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
                 setActiveConfigWithConstraints(kOuterDisplayHwcId,
@@ -419,13 +442,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, innerAndOuterDisplay) {
@@ -434,16 +457,16 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     outerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
     // Both displays are powered on.
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *innerDisplay);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -455,8 +478,8 @@
                                                   mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId60.value(),
                                                                                false, 0.f, 120.f)));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
 
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = true};
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
@@ -471,25 +494,25 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, powerOffDuringModeSet) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isPoweredOn());
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                                   mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(),
                                                                                false, 0.f, 120.f)));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
 
     // Power off the display before the mode has been set.
     mDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::OFF);
@@ -504,11 +527,11 @@
 
     // Powering off should not abort the mode set.
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isPoweredOn());
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId90));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, powerOffDuringConcurrentModeSet) {
@@ -517,16 +540,16 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(innerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
     EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->isPoweredOn());
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     outerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
     // Both displays are powered on.
     mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *innerDisplay);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -538,8 +561,8 @@
                                                   mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId60.value(),
                                                                                false, 0.f, 120.f)));
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasDesiredMode(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
 
     // Power off the outer display before the mode has been set.
     outerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::OFF);
@@ -553,13 +576,13 @@
     mFlinger.commit();
 
     // Powering off the inactive display should abort the mode set.
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId120));
 
     innerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::OFF);
     outerDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON);
@@ -575,13 +598,13 @@
     mFlinger.commit();
 
     // The mode set should resume once the display becomes active.
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasPendingMode(kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
-    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, HasActiveMode(kModeId60));
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index fc5f2b0..1583f64 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
     EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(
                         mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker()),
-                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_NotifyExpectedPresentTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_NotifyExpectedPresentTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7206e29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_NotifyExpectedPresentTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
+
+class NotifyExpectedPresentTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {
+public:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        mDisplay = PrimaryDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this).inject();
+        FakeHwcDisplayInjector(mDisplay->getPhysicalId(), hal::DisplayType::PHYSICAL, kIsPrimary)
+                .setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON)
+                .inject(&mFlinger, mComposer);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    sp<DisplayDevice> mDisplay;
+    static constexpr bool kIsPrimary = true;
+    static constexpr hal::HWDisplayId HWC_DISPLAY_ID =
+            FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_HWC_DISPLAY_ID;
+};
+
+TEST_F(NotifyExpectedPresentTest, notifyExpectedPresentTimeout) {
+    const auto physicDisplayId = mDisplay->getPhysicalId();
+    auto expectedPresentTime = systemTime() + ms2ns(10);
+    static constexpr Fps kFps60Hz = 60_Hz;
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval5HzNs = static_cast<Fps>(5_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval60HzNs = kFps60Hz.getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameInterval120HzNs = static_cast<Fps>(120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr Period kVsyncPeriod =
+            Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(240_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
+    static constexpr Period kTimeoutNs = Period::fromNs(kFrameInterval5HzNs);
+    static constexpr auto kLastExpectedPresentTimestamp = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFlinger.setNotifyExpectedPresentData(physicDisplayId,
+                                                                  kLastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                                                  kFps60Hz));
+
+    {
+        // Very first ExpectedPresent after idle, no previous timestamp
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                    notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, expectedPresentTime,
+                                          kFrameInterval60HzNs))
+                .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 kTimeoutNs);
+    }
+    {
+        // Absent timeoutNs
+        expectedPresentTime += 2 * kFrameInterval5HzNs;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _, _)).Times(0);
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 /*timeoutOpt*/ std::nullopt);
+    }
+    {
+        // Timeout is 0
+        expectedPresentTime += kFrameInterval60HzNs;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                    notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, expectedPresentTime,
+                                          kFrameInterval60HzNs))
+                .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 Period::fromNs(0));
+    }
+    {
+        // ExpectedPresent is after the timeoutNs
+        expectedPresentTime += 2 * kFrameInterval5HzNs;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                    notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, expectedPresentTime,
+                                          kFrameInterval60HzNs))
+                .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 kTimeoutNs);
+    }
+    {
+        // ExpectedPresent has not changed
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _, _)).Times(0);
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 kTimeoutNs);
+    }
+    {
+        // ExpectedPresent is after the last reported ExpectedPresent.
+        expectedPresentTime += kFrameInterval60HzNs;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _, _)).Times(0);
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 kTimeoutNs);
+    }
+    {
+        // ExpectedPresent is before the last reported ExpectedPresent but after the timeoutNs,
+        // representing we changed our decision and want to present earlier than previously
+        // reported.
+        expectedPresentTime -= kFrameInterval120HzNs;
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                    notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, expectedPresentTime,
+                                          kFrameInterval60HzNs))
+                .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                 TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime), kFps60Hz,
+                                                 kTimeoutNs);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(NotifyExpectedPresentTest, notifyExpectedPresentRenderRateChanged) {
+    const auto physicDisplayId = mDisplay->getPhysicalId();
+    const auto now = systemTime();
+    auto expectedPresentTime = now;
+    static constexpr Period kTimeoutNs = Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(1_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
+
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFlinger.setNotifyExpectedPresentData(physicDisplayId,
+                                                                  TimePoint::fromNs(now),
+                                                                  Fps::fromValue(0)));
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs120Hz = static_cast<Fps>(120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs96Hz = static_cast<Fps>(96_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs80Hz = static_cast<Fps>(80_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs60Hz = static_cast<Fps>(60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs40Hz = static_cast<Fps>(40_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs30Hz = static_cast<Fps>(30_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs24Hz = static_cast<Fps>(24_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr int32_t kFrameIntervalNs20Hz = static_cast<Fps>(20_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
+    static constexpr Period kVsyncPeriod =
+            Period::fromNs(static_cast<Fps>(240_Hz).getPeriodNsecs());
+
+    struct FrameRateIntervalTestData {
+        int32_t frameIntervalNs;
+        bool callExpectedPresent;
+    };
+    const std::vector<FrameRateIntervalTestData> frameIntervals = {
+            {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs96Hz, true},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs80Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs120Hz, true},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs80Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs30Hz, false},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs24Hz, true},  {kFrameIntervalNs40Hz, true},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs20Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs60Hz, true},
+            {kFrameIntervalNs20Hz, false}, {kFrameIntervalNs120Hz, true},
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& [frameIntervalNs, callExpectedPresent] : frameIntervals) {
+        {
+            expectedPresentTime += frameIntervalNs;
+            if (callExpectedPresent) {
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                            notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, expectedPresentTime,
+                                                  frameIntervalNs))
+                        .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+            } else {
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, notifyExpectedPresent(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _, _)).Times(0);
+            }
+            mFlinger.notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(physicDisplayId, kVsyncPeriod,
+                                                     TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime),
+                                                     Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(frameIntervalNs),
+                                                     kTimeoutNs);
+        }
+    }
+}
+} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 8ba6bf8..16815be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -303,13 +303,13 @@
         auto vsyncController = makeMock<mock::VsyncController>(options.useNiceMock);
         auto vsyncTracker = makeSharedMock<mock::VSyncTracker>(options.useNiceMock);
 
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, minFramePeriod())
                 .WillRepeatedly(
                         Return(Period::fromNs(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD)));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker), std::move(eventThread),
                        std::move(sfEventThread), DefaultDisplayMode{options.displayId},
                        SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp, VsyncTrackerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
@@ -484,6 +484,10 @@
         return mFlinger->setDisplayBrightness(display, brightness);
     }
 
+    static const auto& getPendingMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
+        return display->mPendingModeOpt;
+    }
+
     // Allow reading display state without locking, as if called on the SF main thread.
     auto setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display,
                               hal::PowerMode mode) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
@@ -695,6 +699,21 @@
         mFlinger->mLegacyFrontEndEnabled = false;
     }
 
+    void notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, Period vsyncPeriod,
+                                         TimePoint expectedPresentTime, Fps frameInterval,
+                                         std::optional<Period> timeoutOpt) {
+        mFlinger->notifyExpectedPresentIfRequired(displayId, vsyncPeriod, expectedPresentTime,
+                                                  frameInterval, timeoutOpt);
+    }
+
+    void setNotifyExpectedPresentData(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                      TimePoint lastExpectedPresentTimestamp,
+                                      Fps lastFrameInterval) {
+        auto& displayData = mFlinger->mNotifyExpectedPresentMap[displayId];
+        displayData.lastExpectedPresentTimestamp = lastExpectedPresentTimestamp;
+        displayData.lastFrameInterval = lastFrameInterval;
+    }
+
     ~TestableSurfaceFlinger() {
         // All these pointer and container clears help ensure that GMock does
         // not report a leaked object, since the SurfaceFlinger instance may
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
index 4a83d44..d071ce9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTraceWriterTest.cpp
@@ -105,4 +105,16 @@
     verifyTraceFile();
 }
 
+// Check we cannot write to file if the trace write is disabled.
+TEST_F(TransactionTraceWriterTest, canDisableTraceWriter) {
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().disable();
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invokeForTest(mFilename, /* overwrite */ true);
+    EXPECT_NE(access(mFilename.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
+
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().enable();
+    TransactionTraceWriter::getInstance().invokeForTest(mFilename, /* overwrite */ true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(access(mFilename.c_str(), F_OK), 0);
+    verifyTraceFile();
+}
+
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
index 6a56353..d891008 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 public:
     FixedRateIdealStubTracker() : StubTracker{toNs(3ms)} {}
 
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint) const final {
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t>) const final {
         auto const floor = timePoint % mPeriod;
         if (floor == 0) {
             return timePoint;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 public:
     VRRStubTracker(nsecs_t period) : StubTracker(period) {}
 
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t time_point) const final {
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t time_point, std::optional<nsecs_t>) const final {
         std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
         auto const normalized_to_base = time_point - mBase;
         auto const floor = (normalized_to_base) % mPeriod;
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
         mCallback.schedule(
                 {.workDuration = mWorkload,
                  .readyDuration = mReadyDuration,
-                 .earliestVsync = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC) + mWorkload + mReadyDuration});
+                 .lastVsync = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC) + mWorkload + mReadyDuration});
 
         for (auto i = 0u; i < iterations - 1; i++) {
             std::unique_lock lock(mMutex);
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 
             mCallback.schedule({.workDuration = mWorkload,
                                 .readyDuration = mReadyDuration,
-                                .earliestVsync = last + mWorkload + mReadyDuration});
+                                .lastVsync = last + mWorkload + mReadyDuration});
         }
 
         // wait for the last callback.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
index 2047018..4bf58de 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
 class MockVSyncTracker : public mock::VSyncTracker {
 public:
     MockVSyncTracker(nsecs_t period) : mPeriod{period} {
-        ON_CALL(*this, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+        ON_CALL(*this, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
                 .WillByDefault(Invoke(this, &MockVSyncTracker::nextVSyncTime));
         ON_CALL(*this, addVsyncTimestamp(_)).WillByDefault(Return(true));
         ON_CALL(*this, currentPeriod())
                 .WillByDefault(Invoke(this, &MockVSyncTracker::getCurrentPeriod));
     }
 
-    nsecs_t nextVSyncTime(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
+    nsecs_t nextVSyncTime(nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t>) const {
         if (timePoint % mPeriod == 0) {
             return timePoint;
         }
@@ -243,10 +243,9 @@
                                                           mDispatchGroupThreshold,
                                                           mVsyncMoveThreshold);
         CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-        const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                                {.workDuration = 100,
-                                                 .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                 .earliestVsync = 1000});
+        const auto result =
+                mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                    {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
         EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     }
@@ -257,10 +256,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 100,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
@@ -277,16 +275,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 700)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                      {.workDuration = 100,
-                                       .readyDuration = 0,
-                                       .earliestVsync = intended});
+    auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
     result =
-            mDispatch->update(cb,
-                              {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
+            mDispatch->update(cb, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(700, *result);
 
@@ -303,17 +299,18 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     const auto result =
-            mDispatch->update(cb,
-                              {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
+            mDispatch->update(cb, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_FALSE(result.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmSettingFutureWithAdjustmentToTrueVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000)).WillOnce(Return(1150));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, std::optional<nsecs_t>(mPeriod)))
+            .WillOnce(Return(1150));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1050));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -324,7 +321,8 @@
     auto const now = 234;
     mMockClock.advanceBy(234);
     auto const workDuration = 10 * mPeriod;
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration, std::optional<nsecs_t>(mPeriod)))
             .WillOnce(Return(mPeriod * 11));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, mPeriod));
 
@@ -332,7 +330,7 @@
     const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
                                             {.workDuration = workDuration,
                                              .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+                                             .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod, *result);
 }
@@ -342,10 +340,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 100,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
     EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::Cancelled);
@@ -356,10 +353,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 100,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(950);
@@ -371,10 +367,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(1s));
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 100,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
@@ -393,10 +388,9 @@
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, 50ms);
     cb.stashResource(resource);
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 100,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
@@ -413,7 +407,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicTwoAlarmSetting) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, std::optional<nsecs_t>(1000)))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1055))
             .WillOnce(Return(1063))
@@ -428,8 +423,8 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -441,7 +436,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, noCloseCallbacksAfterPeriodChange) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(2000))
@@ -455,21 +450,21 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 0});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 0});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[0], Eq(1000));
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -478,7 +473,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, rearmsFaroutTimeoutWhenCancellingCloseOne) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
@@ -493,9 +488,8 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                        {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod * 10});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod * 10});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = mPeriod});
     mDispatch->cancel(cb1);
 }
 
@@ -507,9 +501,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -522,9 +516,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -542,10 +536,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                        {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb0.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -553,11 +546,9 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[0], Eq(mPeriod));
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                        {.workDuration = notCloseOffset,
-                         .readyDuration = 0,
-                         .earliestVsync = 2000});
+                        {.workDuration = notCloseOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
@@ -577,32 +568,32 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb0), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setAlarmCallsAtCorrectTimeWithChangingVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .Times(3)
             .WillOnce(Return(950))
             .WillOnce(Return(1975))
             .WillOnce(Return(2950));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 920});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 920});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(850);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(900);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     mMockClock.advanceBy(125);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(975);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(3));
 }
@@ -616,13 +607,11 @@
     tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto, auto, auto) {
                 mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
-                                    {.workDuration = 100,
-                                     .readyDuration = 0,
-                                     .earliestVsync = 2000});
+                                    {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
             },
             "o.o");
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -631,30 +620,29 @@
     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastTarget;
     tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto timestamp, auto, auto) {
-                auto result =
-                        mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
-                                            {.workDuration = 400,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
+                auto result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                                  {.workDuration = 400,
+                                                   .readyDuration = 0,
+                                                   .lastVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
                 result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
                                              {.workDuration = 400,
                                               .readyDuration = 0,
-                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp});
+                                              .lastVsync = timestamp});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
                 result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
                                              {.workDuration = 400,
                                               .readyDuration = 0,
-                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
+                                              .lastVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
                 lastTarget = timestamp;
             },
             "oo");
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     EXPECT_THAT(lastTarget, Eq(1000));
 
@@ -670,16 +658,16 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(750);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(800);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, lateModifications) {
@@ -692,12 +680,12 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -709,8 +697,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 20000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 20000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setsTimerAfterCancellation) {
@@ -720,17 +708,15 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     mDispatch->cancel(cb0);
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, makingUpIdsError) {
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken token(100);
     EXPECT_FALSE(
-            mDispatch
-                    ->schedule(token,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000})
+            mDispatch->schedule(token, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000})
                     .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(mDispatch->cancel(token), Eq(CancelResult::Error));
 }
@@ -738,12 +724,10 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canMoveCallbackBackwardsInTime) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -755,14 +739,12 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 500));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1200, *result);
 
@@ -779,14 +761,12 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 400)).InSequence(seq);
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(400, *result);
 
@@ -795,19 +775,18 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, targetOffsetMovingBackALittleCanStillSchedule) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, std::optional<nsecs_t>(1000)))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1002));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(602, *result);
 }
@@ -815,13 +794,12 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canScheduleNegativeOffsetAgainstDifferentPeriods) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                 {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -832,13 +810,12 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1100)).InSequence(seq);
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
-                                 {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1100, *result);
 }
@@ -850,13 +827,11 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
@@ -872,13 +847,11 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, *result);
 
@@ -892,10 +865,10 @@
     VSyncCallbackRegistration cb(
             mDispatch, [](auto, auto, auto) {}, "");
     VSyncCallbackRegistration cb1(std::move(cb));
-    cb.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    cb.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     cb.cancel();
 
-    cb1.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    cb1.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     cb1.cancel();
 }
 
@@ -908,10 +881,10 @@
     VSyncCallbackRegistration cb1(
             mDispatch, [](auto, auto, auto) {}, "");
     cb1 = std::move(cb);
-    cb.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    cb.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     cb.cancel();
 
-    cb1.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    cb1.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     cb1.cancel();
 }
 
@@ -924,16 +897,14 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
-                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -952,16 +923,14 @@
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1630, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -978,12 +947,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
-                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
@@ -1007,12 +974,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
-                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
@@ -1034,21 +999,21 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, std::optional<nsecs_t>(1000)))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 600)).InSequence(seq);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, std::optional<nsecs_t>(1000)))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
-                                 {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2, {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(610, *result);
 
@@ -1070,10 +1035,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                            {.workDuration = 70,
-                                             .readyDuration = 30,
-                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result =
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 70, .readyDuration = 30, .lastVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -1094,8 +1058,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -1118,8 +1082,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -1139,14 +1103,12 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 500));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(300);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1200, *result);
 
@@ -1162,14 +1124,12 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 300)).InSequence(seq);
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(300);
 
-    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
-                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(300, *result);
 
@@ -1204,7 +1164,7 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
@@ -1219,14 +1179,15 @@
     auto const duration = 500;
     auto const now = 8750;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration, std::optional<nsecs_t>(994)))
             .Times(1)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000));
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 994},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 994},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), now)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
@@ -1249,7 +1210,7 @@
             },
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
@@ -1272,7 +1233,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, updateCallback) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1020));
@@ -1284,7 +1245,7 @@
     entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
@@ -1300,7 +1261,7 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, skipsUpdateIfJustScheduled) {
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
@@ -1313,24 +1274,24 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, willSnapToNextTargettableVSync) {
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
     // had 1000 not been executing, this could have been scheduled for time 800.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1950));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1001},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 1001},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
@@ -1343,23 +1304,25 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500, std::optional<nsecs_t>(500)))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500, std::optional<nsecs_t>(500)))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold,
+                                             std::optional<nsecs_t>(1000)))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(2000));
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
@@ -1367,16 +1330,16 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, reportsScheduledIfStillTime) {
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 1200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 1200, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
@@ -1386,9 +1349,9 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
-    entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 400});
+    entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 400});
     entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate(
-            {.workDuration = effectualOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 400});
+            {.workDuration = effectualOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .lastVsync = 400});
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
     entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
@@ -1410,7 +1373,7 @@
             },
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 70, .readyDuration = 30, .earliestVsync = 500},
+    EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 70, .readyDuration = 30, .lastVsync = 500},
                                *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index 7a498c9..961ba57 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
 
     const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mPeriod);
     NotifyExpectedPresentConfig notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
-    notifyExpectedPresentConfig.notifyExpectedPresentTimeoutNs = Period::fromNs(30).ns();
+    notifyExpectedPresentConfig.timeoutNs = Period::fromNs(30).ns();
 
     hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
     vrrConfig.notifyExpectedPresentConfig = notifyExpectedPresentConfig;
@@ -720,15 +720,17 @@
     vrrTracker.setRenderRate(minFrameRate);
     vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
     EXPECT_EQ(1000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700));
-    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1300));
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000));
 
     vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(2000), TimePoint::fromNs(1500));
-    EXPECT_EQ(1500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1300));
-    EXPECT_EQ(2500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(2300));
+    EXPECT_EQ(3500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(2000, 2000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(4500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(3500, 3500));
 
-    vrrTracker.onFrameMissed(TimePoint::fromNs(2500));
-    EXPECT_EQ(3000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(2300));
-    EXPECT_EQ(4000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(3300));
+    // Miss when starting 4500 and expect the next vsync will be at 5000 (next one)
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(3500), TimePoint::fromNs(2500));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameMissed(TimePoint::fromNs(4500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4500, 4500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
 }
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index d649679..184dada 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     ~Composer() override;
 
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, isSupported, (OptionalFeature), (const, override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, getDisplayConfigurationsSupported, (), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isVrrSupported, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD0(getCapabilities,
                  std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>());
     MOCK_METHOD0(dumpDebugInfo, std::string());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPower.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPower.h
index a088aab..ed1405b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPower.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPower.h
@@ -18,12 +18,21 @@
 
 #include "binder/Status.h"
 
+// FMQ library in IPower does questionable conversions
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPower.h>
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::ChannelConfig;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::IPower;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionTag;
+
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::Mode;
 using android::binder::Status;
 
@@ -42,6 +51,14 @@
                  int64_t durationNanos, std::shared_ptr<IPowerHintSession>* session),
                 (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getHintSessionPreferredRate, (int64_t * rate), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, createHintSessionWithConfig,
+                (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, const std::vector<int32_t>& threadIds,
+                 int64_t durationNanos, SessionTag tag, SessionConfig* config,
+                 std::shared_ptr<IPowerHintSession>* _aidl_return),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getSessionChannel,
+                (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid, ChannelConfig* _aidl_return), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, closeSessionChannel, (int32_t tgid, int32_t uid), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getInterfaceVersion, (int32_t * version), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getInterfaceHash, (std::string * hash), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::SpAIBinder, asBinder, (), (override));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
index 364618d..27564b2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockIPowerHintSession.h
@@ -18,10 +18,15 @@
 
 #include "binder/Status.h"
 
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #include <aidl/android/hardware/power/IPower.h>
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::IPowerHintSession;
+using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionConfig;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionHint;
 using aidl::android::hardware::power::SessionMode;
 using android::binder::Status;
@@ -47,6 +52,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, sendHint, (SessionHint), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, setThreads, (const ::std::vector<int32_t>&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, setMode, (SessionMode, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(ndk::ScopedAStatus, getSessionConfig, (SessionConfig * _aidl_return), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::Hwc2::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
index 68fe3c5..b17c8ad 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerHalController.h
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 #include <powermanager/PowerHalController.h>
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
index 866af3b..e2b0ed1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(void, requestLatestConfig, (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, pauseVsyncCallback, (bool));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, onNewVsyncSchedule, (std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onHdcpLevelsChanged,
+                (PhysicalDisplayId displayId, int32_t connectedLevel, int32_t maxLevel),
+                (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
index e588bb9..3870983 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@
     ~VSyncTracker() override;
 
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, addVsyncTimestamp, (nsecs_t), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom, (nsecs_t), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom, (nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>),
+                (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, currentPeriod, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(Period, minFramePeriod, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, resetModel, (), (override));
diff --git a/vulkan/include/vulkan/vk_android_native_buffer.h b/vulkan/include/vulkan/vk_android_native_buffer.h
index 7c8e695..159b2d5 100644
--- a/vulkan/include/vulkan/vk_android_native_buffer.h
+++ b/vulkan/include/vulkan/vk_android_native_buffer.h
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
 /*
  * NOTE ON VK_ANDROID_NATIVE_BUFFER_SPEC_VERSION 11
  *
- * This version of the extension deprecates the last of grallocusage
+ * This version of the extension deprecates the last of grallocusage and
+ * extends VkNativeBufferANDROID to support passing AHardwareBuffer*
  */
 #define VK_ANDROID_NATIVE_BUFFER_SPEC_VERSION 11
 #define VK_ANDROID_NATIVE_BUFFER_EXTENSION_NAME "VK_ANDROID_native_buffer"
@@ -111,6 +112,9 @@
  * usage: gralloc usage requested when the buffer was allocated
  * usage2: gralloc usage requested when the buffer was allocated
  * usage3: gralloc usage requested when the buffer was allocated
+ * ahb: The AHardwareBuffer* from the actual ANativeWindowBuffer. Caller
+ *      maintains ownership of resource. AHardwareBuffer pointer is only valid
+ *      for the duration of the function call
  */
 typedef struct {
     VkStructureType                   sType;
@@ -121,6 +125,7 @@
     int                               usage; /* DEPRECATED in SPEC_VERSION 6 */
     VkNativeBufferUsage2ANDROID       usage2; /* DEPRECATED in SPEC_VERSION 9 */
     uint64_t                          usage3; /* ADDED in SPEC_VERSION 9 */
+    struct AHardwareBuffer*           ahb; /* ADDED in SPEC_VERSION 11 */
 } VkNativeBufferANDROID;
 
 /*
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index 4f7b0f4..0df5e77 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -1970,6 +1970,8 @@
                 &image_native_buffer.usage2.producer,
                 &image_native_buffer.usage2.consumer);
             image_native_buffer.usage3 = img.buffer->usage;
+            image_native_buffer.ahb =
+                ANativeWindowBuffer_getHardwareBuffer(img.buffer.get());
             image_create.pNext = &image_native_buffer;
 
             ATRACE_BEGIN("CreateImage");
@@ -2146,7 +2148,12 @@
                     .stride = buffer->stride,
                     .format = buffer->format,
                     .usage = int(buffer->usage),
+                    .usage3 = buffer->usage,
+                    .ahb = ANativeWindowBuffer_getHardwareBuffer(buffer),
                 };
+                android_convertGralloc0To1Usage(int(buffer->usage),
+                                                &nb.usage2.producer,
+                                                &nb.usage2.consumer);
                 VkBindImageMemoryInfo bimi = {
                     .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_MEMORY_INFO,
                     .pNext = &nb,
@@ -2692,7 +2699,12 @@
             .stride = buffer->stride,
             .format = buffer->format,
             .usage = int(buffer->usage),
+            .usage3 = buffer->usage,
+            .ahb = ANativeWindowBuffer_getHardwareBuffer(buffer),
         };
+        android_convertGralloc0To1Usage(int(buffer->usage),
+                                        &native_buffer.usage2.producer,
+                                        &native_buffer.usage2.consumer);
         // Reserve enough space to avoid letting re-allocation invalidate the
         // addresses of the elements inside.
         out_native_buffers->reserve(bind_info_count);
diff --git a/vulkan/nulldrv/Android.bp b/vulkan/nulldrv/Android.bp
index a6d540b..5112e14 100644
--- a/vulkan/nulldrv/Android.bp
+++ b/vulkan/nulldrv/Android.bp
@@ -46,5 +46,8 @@
         "hwvulkan_headers",
         "vulkan_headers",
     ],
-    shared_libs: ["liblog"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativewindow",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver.cpp b/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver.cpp
index 2e87f17..973e71c 100644
--- a/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
 #include <hardware/hwvulkan.h>
 
 #include <errno.h>
diff --git a/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver_gen.cpp b/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver_gen.cpp
index 935535f..d34851e 100644
--- a/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver_gen.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/nulldrv/null_driver_gen.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 // WARNING: This file is generated. See ../README.md for instructions.
 
+#include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
+
 #include <algorithm>
 
 #include "null_driver_gen.h"