diff --git a/data/etc/Android.bp b/data/etc/Android.bp
index 3f4ee13..da232a5 100644
--- a/data/etc/Android.bp
+++ b/data/etc/Android.bp
@@ -335,12 +335,24 @@
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.vulkan.level-1.prebuilt.xml",
+    src: "android.hardware.vulkan.level-1.xml",
+    defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
     name: "android.hardware.vulkan.version-1_0_3.prebuilt.xml",
     src: "android.hardware.vulkan.version-1_0_3.xml",
     defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
+    name: "android.hardware.vulkan.version-1_3.prebuilt.xml",
+    src: "android.hardware.vulkan.version-1_3.xml",
+    defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
+}
+
+prebuilt_etc {
     name: "android.hardware.wifi.prebuilt.xml",
     src: "android.hardware.wifi.xml",
     defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
diff --git a/include/android/surface_control.h b/include/android/surface_control.h
index 321737e..bf1f2e9 100644
--- a/include/android/surface_control.h
+++ b/include/android/surface_control.h
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@
  * using this API for formats that encode an HDR/SDR ratio as part of generating the buffer.
  *
  * @param surface_control The layer whose extended range brightness is being specified
- * @param currentBufferRatio The current hdr/sdr ratio of the current buffer as represented as
+ * @param currentBufferRatio The current HDR/SDR ratio of the current buffer as represented as
  *                           peakHdrBrightnessInNits / targetSdrWhitePointInNits. For example if the
  *                           buffer was rendered with a target SDR whitepoint of 100nits and a max
  *                           display brightness of 200nits, this should be set to 2.0f.
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@
  *
  *                           Must be finite && >= 1.0f
  *
- * @param desiredRatio The desired hdr/sdr ratio as represented as peakHdrBrightnessInNits /
+ * @param desiredRatio The desired HDR/SDR ratio as represented as peakHdrBrightnessInNits /
  *                     targetSdrWhitePointInNits. This can be used to communicate the max desired
  *                     brightness range. This is similar to the "max luminance" value in other
  *                     HDR metadata formats, but represented as a ratio of the target SDR whitepoint
@@ -579,13 +579,13 @@
                                             float desiredRatio) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
 
 /**
- * Sets the desired hdr headroom for the layer. See: ASurfaceTransaction_setExtendedRangeBrightness,
+ * Sets the desired HDR headroom for the layer. See: ASurfaceTransaction_setExtendedRangeBrightness,
  * prefer using this API for formats that conform to HDR standards like HLG or HDR10, that do not
  * communicate a HDR/SDR ratio as part of generating the buffer.
  *
- * @param surface_control The layer whose desired hdr headroom is being specified
+ * @param surface_control The layer whose desired HDR headroom is being specified
  *
- * @param desiredHeadroom The desired hdr/sdr ratio as represented as peakHdrBrightnessInNits /
+ * @param desiredHeadroom The desired HDR/SDR ratio as represented as peakHdrBrightnessInNits /
  *                        targetSdrWhitePointInNits. This can be used to communicate the max
  *                        desired brightness range of the panel. The system may not be able to, or
  *                        may choose not to, deliver the requested range.
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
index b501d40..09d7cb5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/Android.bp
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
         "skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp",
         "skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp",
         "skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp",
+        "skia/VulkanInterface.cpp",
         "skia/debug/CaptureTimer.cpp",
         "skia/debug/CommonPool.cpp",
         "skia/debug/SkiaCapture.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
index feb76a1..f2f1b5d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -33,11 +33,8 @@
 #include <sync/sync.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
-#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
 #include "log/log_main.h"
@@ -45,619 +42,19 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
 
-struct VulkanFuncs {
-    PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vkCreateSemaphore = nullptr;
-    PFN_vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR = nullptr;
-    PFN_vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR = nullptr;
-    PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vkDestroySemaphore = nullptr;
-
-    PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vkDeviceWaitIdle = nullptr;
-    PFN_vkDestroyDevice vkDestroyDevice = nullptr;
-    PFN_vkDestroyInstance vkDestroyInstance = nullptr;
-};
-
-// Ref-Count a semaphore
-struct DestroySemaphoreInfo {
-    VkSemaphore mSemaphore;
-    // We need to make sure we don't delete the VkSemaphore until it is done being used by both Skia
-    // (including by the GPU) and inside SkiaVkRenderEngine. So we always start with two refs, one
-    // owned by Skia and one owned by the SkiaVkRenderEngine. The refs are decremented each time
-    // delete_semaphore* is called with this object. Skia will call destroy_semaphore* once it is
-    // done with the semaphore and the GPU has finished work on the semaphore. SkiaVkRenderEngine
-    // calls delete_semaphore* after sending the semaphore to Skia and exporting it if need be.
-    int mRefs = 2;
-
-    DestroySemaphoreInfo(VkSemaphore semaphore) : mSemaphore(semaphore) {}
-};
-
-namespace {
-void onVkDeviceFault(void* callbackContext, const std::string& description,
-                     const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT>& addressInfos,
-                     const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT>& vendorInfos,
-                     const std::vector<std::byte>& vendorBinaryData);
-} // anonymous namespace
-
-struct VulkanInterface {
-    bool initialized = false;
-    VkInstance instance;
-    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
-    VkDevice device;
-    VkQueue queue;
-    int queueIndex;
-    uint32_t apiVersion;
-    GrVkExtensions grExtensions;
-    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2* physicalDeviceFeatures2 = nullptr;
-    VkPhysicalDeviceSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures* samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = nullptr;
-    VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryFeatures* protectedMemoryFeatures = nullptr;
-    VkPhysicalDeviceFaultFeaturesEXT* deviceFaultFeatures = nullptr;
-    GrVkGetProc grGetProc;
-    bool isProtected;
-    bool isRealtimePriority;
-
-    VulkanFuncs funcs;
-
-    std::vector<std::string> instanceExtensionNames;
-    std::vector<std::string> deviceExtensionNames;
-
-    GrVkBackendContext getBackendContext() {
-        GrVkBackendContext backendContext;
-        backendContext.fInstance = instance;
-        backendContext.fPhysicalDevice = physicalDevice;
-        backendContext.fDevice = device;
-        backendContext.fQueue = queue;
-        backendContext.fGraphicsQueueIndex = queueIndex;
-        backendContext.fMaxAPIVersion = apiVersion;
-        backendContext.fVkExtensions = &grExtensions;
-        backendContext.fDeviceFeatures2 = physicalDeviceFeatures2;
-        backendContext.fGetProc = grGetProc;
-        backendContext.fProtectedContext = isProtected ? GrProtected::kYes : GrProtected::kNo;
-        backendContext.fDeviceLostContext = this; // VulkanInterface is long-lived
-        backendContext.fDeviceLostProc = onVkDeviceFault;
-        return backendContext;
-    };
-
-    VkSemaphore createExportableSemaphore() {
-        VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfo exportInfo;
-        exportInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
-        exportInfo.pNext = nullptr;
-        exportInfo.handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
-
-        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo;
-        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
-        semaphoreInfo.pNext = &exportInfo;
-        semaphoreInfo.flags = 0;
-
-        VkSemaphore semaphore;
-        VkResult err = funcs.vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &semaphore);
-        if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
-            ALOGE("%s: failed to create semaphore. err %d\n", __func__, err);
-            return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        }
-
-        return semaphore;
-    }
-
-    // syncFd cannot be <= 0
-    VkSemaphore importSemaphoreFromSyncFd(int syncFd) {
-        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo;
-        semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
-        semaphoreInfo.pNext = nullptr;
-        semaphoreInfo.flags = 0;
-
-        VkSemaphore semaphore;
-        VkResult err = funcs.vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &semaphore);
-        if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
-            ALOGE("%s: failed to create import semaphore", __func__);
-            return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        }
-
-        VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHR importInfo;
-        importInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_SEMAPHORE_FD_INFO_KHR;
-        importInfo.pNext = nullptr;
-        importInfo.semaphore = semaphore;
-        importInfo.flags = VK_SEMAPHORE_IMPORT_TEMPORARY_BIT;
-        importInfo.handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
-        importInfo.fd = syncFd;
-
-        err = funcs.vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR(device, &importInfo);
-        if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
-            funcs.vkDestroySemaphore(device, semaphore, nullptr);
-            ALOGE("%s: failed to import semaphore", __func__);
-            return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        }
-
-        return semaphore;
-    }
-
-    int exportSemaphoreSyncFd(VkSemaphore semaphore) {
-        int res;
-
-        VkSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR getFdInfo;
-        getFdInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_GET_FD_INFO_KHR;
-        getFdInfo.pNext = nullptr;
-        getFdInfo.semaphore = semaphore;
-        getFdInfo.handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
-
-        VkResult err = funcs.vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR(device, &getFdInfo, &res);
-        if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
-            ALOGE("%s: failed to export semaphore, err: %d", __func__, err);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return res;
-    }
-
-    void destroySemaphore(VkSemaphore semaphore) {
-        funcs.vkDestroySemaphore(device, semaphore, nullptr);
-    }
-};
-
-namespace {
-void onVkDeviceFault(void* callbackContext, const std::string& description,
-                     const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT>& addressInfos,
-                     const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT>& vendorInfos,
-                     const std::vector<std::byte>& vendorBinaryData) {
-    VulkanInterface* interface = static_cast<VulkanInterface*>(callbackContext);
-    const std::string protectedStr = interface->isProtected ? "protected" : "non-protected";
-    // The final crash string should contain as much differentiating info as possible, up to 1024
-    // bytes. As this final message is constructed, the same information is also dumped to the logs
-    // but in a more verbose format. Building the crash string is unsightly, so the clearer logging
-    // statement is always placed first to give context.
-    ALOGE("VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST (%s context): %s", protectedStr.c_str(), description.c_str());
-    std::stringstream crashMsg;
-    crashMsg << "VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST (" << protectedStr;
-
-    if (!addressInfos.empty()) {
-        ALOGE("%zu VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT:", addressInfos.size());
-        crashMsg << ", " << addressInfos.size() << " address info (";
-        for (VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT addressInfo : addressInfos) {
-            ALOGE(" addressType:       %d", (int)addressInfo.addressType);
-            ALOGE("  reportedAddress:  %" PRIu64, addressInfo.reportedAddress);
-            ALOGE("  addressPrecision: %" PRIu64, addressInfo.addressPrecision);
-            crashMsg << addressInfo.addressType << ":"
-                     << addressInfo.reportedAddress << ":"
-                     << addressInfo.addressPrecision << ", ";
-        }
-        crashMsg.seekp(-2, crashMsg.cur); // Move back to overwrite trailing ", "
-        crashMsg << ")";
-    }
-
-    if (!vendorInfos.empty()) {
-        ALOGE("%zu VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT:", vendorInfos.size());
-        crashMsg << ", " << vendorInfos.size() << " vendor info (";
-        for (VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT vendorInfo : vendorInfos) {
-            ALOGE(" description:      %s", vendorInfo.description);
-            ALOGE("  vendorFaultCode: %" PRIu64, vendorInfo.vendorFaultCode);
-            ALOGE("  vendorFaultData: %" PRIu64, vendorInfo.vendorFaultData);
-            // Omit descriptions for individual vendor info structs in the crash string, as the
-            // fault code and fault data fields should be enough for clustering, and the verbosity
-            // isn't worth it. Additionally, vendors may just set the general description field of
-            // the overall fault to the description of the first element in this list, and that
-            // overall description will be placed at the end of the crash string.
-            crashMsg << vendorInfo.vendorFaultCode << ":"
-                     << vendorInfo.vendorFaultData << ", ";
-        }
-        crashMsg.seekp(-2, crashMsg.cur); // Move back to overwrite trailing ", "
-        crashMsg << ")";
-    }
-
-    if (!vendorBinaryData.empty()) {
-        // TODO: b/322830575 - Log in base64, or dump directly to a file that gets put in bugreports
-        ALOGE("%zu bytes of vendor-specific binary data (please notify Android's Core Graphics"
-              " Stack team if you observe this message).",
-              vendorBinaryData.size());
-        crashMsg << ", " << vendorBinaryData.size() << " bytes binary";
-    }
-
-    crashMsg << "): " << description;
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s", crashMsg.str().c_str());
-};
-} // anonymous namespace
-
-static GrVkGetProc sGetProc = [](const char* proc_name, VkInstance instance, VkDevice device) {
-    if (device != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        return vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, proc_name);
-    }
-    return vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, proc_name);
-};
-
-#define BAIL(fmt, ...)                                          \
-    {                                                           \
-        ALOGE("%s: " fmt ", bailing", __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
-        return interface;                                       \
-    }
-
-#define CHECK_NONNULL(expr)       \
-    if ((expr) == nullptr) {      \
-        BAIL("[%s] null", #expr); \
-    }
-
-#define VK_CHECK(expr)                              \
-    if ((expr) != VK_SUCCESS) {                     \
-        BAIL("[%s] failed. err = %d", #expr, expr); \
-        return interface;                           \
-    }
-
-#define VK_GET_PROC(F)                                                           \
-    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(VK_NULL_HANDLE, "vk" #F); \
-    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
-#define VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, F)                                      \
-    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vk" #F); \
-    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
-#define VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, F)                                     \
-    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vk" #F); \
-    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
-
-VulkanInterface initVulkanInterface(bool protectedContent = false) {
-    const nsecs_t timeBefore = systemTime();
-    VulkanInterface interface;
-
-    VK_GET_PROC(EnumerateInstanceVersion);
-    uint32_t instanceVersion;
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceVersion(&instanceVersion));
-
-    if (instanceVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
-        return interface;
-    }
-
-    const VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO, nullptr, "surfaceflinger", 0, "android platform", 0,
-            VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0),
-    };
-
-    VK_GET_PROC(EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties);
-
-    uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr));
-    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> instanceExtensions(extensionCount);
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount,
-                                                    instanceExtensions.data()));
-    std::vector<const char*> enabledInstanceExtensionNames;
-    enabledInstanceExtensionNames.reserve(instanceExtensions.size());
-    interface.instanceExtensionNames.reserve(instanceExtensions.size());
-    for (const auto& instExt : instanceExtensions) {
-        enabledInstanceExtensionNames.push_back(instExt.extensionName);
-        interface.instanceExtensionNames.push_back(instExt.extensionName);
-    }
-
-    const VkInstanceCreateInfo instanceCreateInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
-            nullptr,
-            0,
-            &appInfo,
-            0,
-            nullptr,
-            (uint32_t)enabledInstanceExtensionNames.size(),
-            enabledInstanceExtensionNames.data(),
-    };
-
-    VK_GET_PROC(CreateInstance);
-    VkInstance instance;
-    VK_CHECK(vkCreateInstance(&instanceCreateInfo, nullptr, &instance));
-
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, DestroyInstance);
-    interface.funcs.vkDestroyInstance = vkDestroyInstance;
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, EnumeratePhysicalDevices);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceProperties2);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreProperties);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2);
-    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, CreateDevice);
-
-    uint32_t physdevCount;
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physdevCount, nullptr));
-    if (physdevCount == 0) {
-        BAIL("Could not find any physical devices");
-    }
-
-    physdevCount = 1;
-    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
-    VkResult enumeratePhysDevsErr =
-            vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physdevCount, &physicalDevice);
-    if (enumeratePhysDevsErr != VK_SUCCESS && VK_INCOMPLETE != enumeratePhysDevsErr) {
-        BAIL("vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices failed with non-VK_INCOMPLETE error: %d",
-             enumeratePhysDevsErr);
-    }
-
-    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 physDevProps = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2,
-            0,
-            {},
-    };
-    VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryProperties protMemProps = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROTECTED_MEMORY_PROPERTIES,
-            0,
-            {},
-    };
-
-    if (protectedContent) {
-        physDevProps.pNext = &protMemProps;
-    }
-
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physicalDevice, &physDevProps);
-    if (physDevProps.properties.apiVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
-        BAIL("Could not find a Vulkan 1.1+ physical device");
-    }
-
-    if (physDevProps.properties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
-        // TODO: b/326633110 - SkiaVK is not working correctly on swiftshader path.
-        BAIL("CPU implementations of Vulkan is not supported");
-    }
-
-    // Check for syncfd support. Bail if we cannot both import and export them.
-    VkPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreInfo semInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_INFO,
-            nullptr,
-            VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
-    };
-    VkExternalSemaphoreProperties semProps = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_PROPERTIES, nullptr, 0, 0, 0,
-    };
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreProperties(physicalDevice, &semInfo, &semProps);
-
-    bool sufficientSemaphoreSyncFdSupport = (semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes &
-                                             VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT) &&
-            (semProps.compatibleHandleTypes & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT) &&
-            (semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT) &&
-            (semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
-
-    if (!sufficientSemaphoreSyncFdSupport) {
-        BAIL("Vulkan device does not support sufficient external semaphore sync fd features. "
-             "exportFromImportedHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
-             "compatibleHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
-             "externalSemaphoreFeatures 0x%x (needed 0x%x) ",
-             semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
-             semProps.compatibleHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
-             semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures,
-             VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT |
-                     VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
-    } else {
-        ALOGD("Vulkan device supports sufficient external semaphore sync fd features. "
-              "exportFromImportedHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
-              "compatibleHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
-              "externalSemaphoreFeatures 0x%x (needed 0x%x) ",
-              semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
-              semProps.compatibleHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
-              semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures,
-              VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT |
-                      VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
-    }
-
-    uint32_t queueCount;
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2(physicalDevice, &queueCount, nullptr);
-    if (queueCount == 0) {
-        BAIL("Could not find queues for physical device");
-    }
-
-    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties2> queueProps(queueCount);
-    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyGlobalPriorityPropertiesEXT> queuePriorityProps(queueCount);
-    VkQueueGlobalPriorityKHR queuePriority = VK_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_MEDIUM_KHR;
-    // Even though we don't yet know if the VK_EXT_global_priority extension is available,
-    // we can safely add the request to the pNext chain, and if the extension is not
-    // available, it will be ignored.
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queueCount; ++i) {
-        queuePriorityProps[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_QUEUE_FAMILY_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_PROPERTIES_EXT;
-        queuePriorityProps[i].pNext = nullptr;
-        queueProps[i].pNext = &queuePriorityProps[i];
-    }
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2(physicalDevice, &queueCount, queueProps.data());
-
-    int graphicsQueueIndex = -1;
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queueCount; ++i) {
-        // Look at potential answers to the VK_EXT_global_priority query.  If answers were
-        // provided, we may adjust the queuePriority.
-        if (queueProps[i].queueFamilyProperties.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
-            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < queuePriorityProps[i].priorityCount; j++) {
-                if (queuePriorityProps[i].priorities[j] > queuePriority) {
-                    queuePriority = queuePriorityProps[i].priorities[j];
-                }
-            }
-            if (queuePriority == VK_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_REALTIME_KHR) {
-                interface.isRealtimePriority = true;
-            }
-            graphicsQueueIndex = i;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (graphicsQueueIndex == -1) {
-        BAIL("Could not find a graphics queue family");
-    }
-
-    uint32_t deviceExtensionCount;
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &deviceExtensionCount,
-                                                  nullptr));
-    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> deviceExtensions(deviceExtensionCount);
-    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &deviceExtensionCount,
-                                                  deviceExtensions.data()));
-
-    std::vector<const char*> enabledDeviceExtensionNames;
-    enabledDeviceExtensionNames.reserve(deviceExtensions.size());
-    interface.deviceExtensionNames.reserve(deviceExtensions.size());
-    for (const auto& devExt : deviceExtensions) {
-        enabledDeviceExtensionNames.push_back(devExt.extensionName);
-        interface.deviceExtensionNames.push_back(devExt.extensionName);
-    }
-
-    interface.grExtensions.init(sGetProc, instance, physicalDevice,
-                                enabledInstanceExtensionNames.size(),
-                                enabledInstanceExtensionNames.data(),
-                                enabledDeviceExtensionNames.size(),
-                                enabledDeviceExtensionNames.data());
-
-    if (!interface.grExtensions.hasExtension(VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FD_EXTENSION_NAME, 1)) {
-        BAIL("Vulkan driver doesn't support external semaphore fd");
-    }
-
-    interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2 = new VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2;
-    interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2;
-    interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2->pNext = nullptr;
-
-    interface.samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
-    interface.samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->sType =
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_FEATURES;
-    interface.samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
-
-    interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2->pNext = interface.samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
-    void** tailPnext = &interface.samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->pNext;
-
-    if (protectedContent) {
-        interface.protectedMemoryFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryFeatures;
-        interface.protectedMemoryFeatures->sType =
-                VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROTECTED_MEMORY_FEATURES;
-        interface.protectedMemoryFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
-        *tailPnext = interface.protectedMemoryFeatures;
-        tailPnext = &interface.protectedMemoryFeatures->pNext;
-    }
-
-    if (interface.grExtensions.hasExtension(VK_EXT_DEVICE_FAULT_EXTENSION_NAME, 1)) {
-        interface.deviceFaultFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceFaultFeaturesEXT;
-        interface.deviceFaultFeatures->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FAULT_FEATURES_EXT;
-        interface.deviceFaultFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
-        *tailPnext = interface.deviceFaultFeatures;
-        tailPnext = &interface.deviceFaultFeatures->pNext;
-    }
-
-    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2(physicalDevice, interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2);
-    // Looks like this would slow things down and we can't depend on it on all platforms
-    interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2->features.robustBufferAccess = VK_FALSE;
-
-    if (protectedContent && !interface.protectedMemoryFeatures->protectedMemory) {
-        BAIL("Protected memory not supported");
-    }
-
-    float queuePriorities[1] = {0.0f};
-    void* queueNextPtr = nullptr;
-
-    VkDeviceQueueGlobalPriorityCreateInfoEXT queuePriorityCreateInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
-            nullptr,
-            // If queue priority is supported, RE should always have realtime priority.
-            queuePriority,
-    };
-
-    if (interface.grExtensions.hasExtension(VK_EXT_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_EXTENSION_NAME, 2)) {
-        queueNextPtr = &queuePriorityCreateInfo;
-    }
-
-    VkDeviceQueueCreateFlags deviceQueueCreateFlags =
-            (VkDeviceQueueCreateFlags)(protectedContent ? VK_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_PROTECTED_BIT : 0);
-
-    const VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO,
-            queueNextPtr,
-            deviceQueueCreateFlags,
-            (uint32_t)graphicsQueueIndex,
-            1,
-            queuePriorities,
-    };
-
-    const VkDeviceCreateInfo deviceInfo = {
-            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
-            interface.physicalDeviceFeatures2,
-            0,
-            1,
-            &queueInfo,
-            0,
-            nullptr,
-            (uint32_t)enabledDeviceExtensionNames.size(),
-            enabledDeviceExtensionNames.data(),
-            nullptr,
-    };
-
-    ALOGD("Trying to create Vk device with protectedContent=%d", protectedContent);
-    VkDevice device;
-    VK_CHECK(vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &deviceInfo, nullptr, &device));
-    ALOGD("Trying to create Vk device with protectedContent=%d (success)", protectedContent);
-
-    VkQueue graphicsQueue;
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetDeviceQueue2);
-    const VkDeviceQueueInfo2 deviceQueueInfo2 = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_INFO_2, nullptr,
-                                                 deviceQueueCreateFlags,
-                                                 (uint32_t)graphicsQueueIndex, 0};
-    vkGetDeviceQueue2(device, &deviceQueueInfo2, &graphicsQueue);
-
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DeviceWaitIdle);
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DestroyDevice);
-    interface.funcs.vkDeviceWaitIdle = vkDeviceWaitIdle;
-    interface.funcs.vkDestroyDevice = vkDestroyDevice;
-
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, CreateSemaphore);
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, ImportSemaphoreFdKHR);
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetSemaphoreFdKHR);
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DestroySemaphore);
-    interface.funcs.vkCreateSemaphore = vkCreateSemaphore;
-    interface.funcs.vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR = vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR;
-    interface.funcs.vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR = vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR;
-    interface.funcs.vkDestroySemaphore = vkDestroySemaphore;
-
-    // At this point, everything's succeeded and we can continue
-    interface.initialized = true;
-    interface.instance = instance;
-    interface.physicalDevice = physicalDevice;
-    interface.device = device;
-    interface.queue = graphicsQueue;
-    interface.queueIndex = graphicsQueueIndex;
-    interface.apiVersion = physDevProps.properties.apiVersion;
-    // grExtensions already constructed
-    // feature pointers already constructed
-    interface.grGetProc = sGetProc;
-    interface.isProtected = protectedContent;
-    // funcs already initialized
-
-    const nsecs_t timeAfter = systemTime();
-    const float initTimeMs = static_cast<float>(timeAfter - timeBefore) / 1.0E6;
-    ALOGD("%s: Success init Vulkan interface in %f ms", __func__, initTimeMs);
-    return interface;
-}
-
-void teardownVulkanInterface(VulkanInterface* interface) {
-    interface->initialized = false;
-
-    if (interface->device != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        interface->funcs.vkDeviceWaitIdle(interface->device);
-        interface->funcs.vkDestroyDevice(interface->device, nullptr);
-        interface->device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-    if (interface->instance != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        interface->funcs.vkDestroyInstance(interface->instance, nullptr);
-        interface->instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-
-    if (interface->protectedMemoryFeatures) {
-        delete interface->protectedMemoryFeatures;
-    }
-
-    if (interface->samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures) {
-        delete interface->samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
-    }
-
-    if (interface->physicalDeviceFeatures2) {
-        delete interface->physicalDeviceFeatures2;
-    }
-
-    if (interface->deviceFaultFeatures) {
-        delete interface->deviceFaultFeatures;
-    }
-
-    interface->samplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = nullptr;
-    interface->physicalDeviceFeatures2 = nullptr;
-    interface->protectedMemoryFeatures = nullptr;
-}
-
-static VulkanInterface sVulkanInterface;
-static VulkanInterface sProtectedContentVulkanInterface;
+static skia::VulkanInterface sVulkanInterface;
+static skia::VulkanInterface sProtectedContentVulkanInterface;
 
 static void sSetupVulkanInterface() {
-    if (!sVulkanInterface.initialized) {
-        sVulkanInterface = initVulkanInterface(false /* no protected content */);
+    if (!sVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
+        sVulkanInterface.init(false /* no protected content */);
         // We will have to abort if non-protected VkDevice creation fails (then nothing works).
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!sVulkanInterface.initialized,
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!sVulkanInterface.isInitialized(),
                             "Could not initialize Vulkan RenderEngine!");
     }
-    if (!sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.initialized) {
-        sProtectedContentVulkanInterface = initVulkanInterface(true /* protected content */);
-        if (!sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.initialized) {
+    if (!sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
+        sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.init(true /* protected content */);
+        if (!sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
             ALOGE("Could not initialize protected content Vulkan RenderEngine.");
         }
     }
@@ -668,12 +65,12 @@
         case GraphicsApi::GL:
             return true;
         case GraphicsApi::VK: {
-            if (!sVulkanInterface.initialized) {
-                sVulkanInterface = initVulkanInterface(false /* no protected content */);
+            if (!sVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
+                sVulkanInterface.init(false /* no protected content */);
                 ALOGD("%s: initialized == %s.", __func__,
-                      sVulkanInterface.initialized ? "true" : "false");
+                      sVulkanInterface.isInitialized() ? "true" : "false");
             }
-            return sVulkanInterface.initialized;
+            return sVulkanInterface.isInitialized();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -687,7 +84,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<SkiaVkRenderEngine> engine(new SkiaVkRenderEngine(args));
     engine->ensureGrContextsCreated();
 
-    if (sVulkanInterface.initialized) {
+    if (sVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
         ALOGD("SkiaVkRenderEngine::%s: successfully initialized SkiaVkRenderEngine", __func__);
         return engine;
     } else {
@@ -722,29 +119,17 @@
 }
 
 bool SkiaVkRenderEngine::supportsProtectedContentImpl() const {
-    return sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.initialized;
+    return sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.isInitialized();
 }
 
 bool SkiaVkRenderEngine::useProtectedContextImpl(GrProtected) {
     return true;
 }
 
-static void delete_semaphore(void* semaphore) {
-    DestroySemaphoreInfo* info = reinterpret_cast<DestroySemaphoreInfo*>(semaphore);
-    --info->mRefs;
-    if (!info->mRefs) {
-        sVulkanInterface.destroySemaphore(info->mSemaphore);
-        delete info;
-    }
-}
-
-static void delete_semaphore_protected(void* semaphore) {
-    DestroySemaphoreInfo* info = reinterpret_cast<DestroySemaphoreInfo*>(semaphore);
-    --info->mRefs;
-    if (!info->mRefs) {
-        sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.destroySemaphore(info->mSemaphore);
-        delete info;
-    }
+static void unref_semaphore(void* semaphore) {
+    SkiaVkRenderEngine::DestroySemaphoreInfo* info =
+            reinterpret_cast<SkiaVkRenderEngine::DestroySemaphoreInfo*>(semaphore);
+    info->unref();
 }
 
 static VulkanInterface& getVulkanInterface(bool protectedContext) {
@@ -780,10 +165,10 @@
     GrFlushInfo flushInfo;
     DestroySemaphoreInfo* destroySemaphoreInfo = nullptr;
     if (semaphore != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        destroySemaphoreInfo = new DestroySemaphoreInfo(semaphore);
+        destroySemaphoreInfo = new DestroySemaphoreInfo(vi, semaphore);
         flushInfo.fNumSemaphores = 1;
         flushInfo.fSignalSemaphores = &backendSemaphore;
-        flushInfo.fFinishedProc = isProtected() ? delete_semaphore_protected : delete_semaphore;
+        flushInfo.fFinishedProc = unref_semaphore;
         flushInfo.fFinishedContext = destroySemaphoreInfo;
     }
     GrSemaphoresSubmitted submitted = grContext->flush(flushInfo);
@@ -803,7 +188,7 @@
 int SkiaVkRenderEngine::getContextPriority() {
     // EGL_CONTEXT_PRIORITY_REALTIME_NV
     constexpr int kRealtimePriority = 0x3357;
-    if (getVulkanInterface(isProtected()).isRealtimePriority) {
+    if (getVulkanInterface(isProtected()).isRealtimePriority()) {
         return kRealtimePriority;
     } else {
         return 0;
@@ -812,21 +197,21 @@
 
 void SkiaVkRenderEngine::appendBackendSpecificInfoToDump(std::string& result) {
     StringAppendF(&result, "\n ------------RE Vulkan----------\n");
-    StringAppendF(&result, "\n Vulkan device initialized: %d\n", sVulkanInterface.initialized);
+    StringAppendF(&result, "\n Vulkan device initialized: %d\n", sVulkanInterface.isInitialized());
     StringAppendF(&result, "\n Vulkan protected device initialized: %d\n",
-                  sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.initialized);
+                  sProtectedContentVulkanInterface.isInitialized());
 
-    if (!sVulkanInterface.initialized) {
+    if (!sVulkanInterface.isInitialized()) {
         return;
     }
 
     StringAppendF(&result, "\n Instance extensions:\n");
-    for (const auto& name : sVulkanInterface.instanceExtensionNames) {
+    for (const auto& name : sVulkanInterface.getInstanceExtensionNames()) {
         StringAppendF(&result, "\n %s\n", name.c_str());
     }
 
     StringAppendF(&result, "\n Device extensions:\n");
-    for (const auto& name : sVulkanInterface.deviceExtensionNames) {
+    for (const auto& name : sVulkanInterface.getDeviceExtensionNames()) {
         StringAppendF(&result, "\n %s\n", name.c_str());
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.h
index 52bc500..ca0dcbf 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <vk/GrVkBackendContext.h>
 
 #include "SkiaRenderEngine.h"
+#include "VulkanInterface.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
@@ -32,6 +33,42 @@
 
     int getContextPriority() override;
 
+    class DestroySemaphoreInfo {
+    public:
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo() = delete;
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo(const DestroySemaphoreInfo&) = delete;
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo& operator=(const DestroySemaphoreInfo&) = delete;
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo& operator=(DestroySemaphoreInfo&&) = delete;
+
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo(VulkanInterface& vulkanInterface, std::vector<VkSemaphore> semaphores)
+              : mVulkanInterface(vulkanInterface), mSemaphores(std::move(semaphores)) {}
+        DestroySemaphoreInfo(VulkanInterface& vulkanInterface, VkSemaphore semaphore)
+              : DestroySemaphoreInfo(vulkanInterface, std::vector<VkSemaphore>(1, semaphore)) {}
+
+        void unref() {
+            --mRefs;
+            if (!mRefs) {
+                for (VkSemaphore semaphore : mSemaphores) {
+                    mVulkanInterface.destroySemaphore(semaphore);
+                }
+                delete this;
+            }
+        }
+
+    private:
+        ~DestroySemaphoreInfo() = default;
+
+        VulkanInterface& mVulkanInterface;
+        std::vector<VkSemaphore> mSemaphores;
+        // We need to make sure we don't delete the VkSemaphore until it is done being used by both
+        // Skia (including by the GPU) and inside SkiaVkRenderEngine. So we always start with two
+        // refs, one owned by Skia and one owned by the SkiaVkRenderEngine. The refs are decremented
+        // each time unref() is called on this object. Skia will call unref() once it is done with
+        // the semaphore and the GPU has finished work on the semaphore. SkiaVkRenderEngine calls
+        // unref() after sending the semaphore to Skia and exporting it if need be.
+        int mRefs = 2;
+    };
+
 protected:
     // Implementations of abstract SkiaRenderEngine functions specific to
     // rendering backend
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..453cdc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "RenderEngine"
+
+#include "VulkanInterface.h"
+
+#include <include/gpu/GpuTypes.h>
+#include <log/log_main.h>
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
+
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace renderengine {
+namespace skia {
+
+GrVkBackendContext VulkanInterface::getBackendContext() {
+    GrVkBackendContext backendContext;
+    backendContext.fInstance = mInstance;
+    backendContext.fPhysicalDevice = mPhysicalDevice;
+    backendContext.fDevice = mDevice;
+    backendContext.fQueue = mQueue;
+    backendContext.fGraphicsQueueIndex = mQueueIndex;
+    backendContext.fMaxAPIVersion = mApiVersion;
+    backendContext.fVkExtensions = &mGrExtensions;
+    backendContext.fDeviceFeatures2 = mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2;
+    backendContext.fGetProc = mGrGetProc;
+    backendContext.fProtectedContext = mIsProtected ? Protected::kYes : Protected::kNo;
+    backendContext.fDeviceLostContext = this; // VulkanInterface is long-lived
+    backendContext.fDeviceLostProc = onVkDeviceFault;
+    return backendContext;
+};
+
+VkSemaphore VulkanInterface::createExportableSemaphore() {
+    VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfo exportInfo;
+    exportInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
+    exportInfo.pNext = nullptr;
+    exportInfo.handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
+
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo;
+    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
+    semaphoreInfo.pNext = &exportInfo;
+    semaphoreInfo.flags = 0;
+
+    VkSemaphore semaphore;
+    VkResult err = mFuncs.vkCreateSemaphore(mDevice, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &semaphore);
+    if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to create semaphore. err %d\n", __func__, err);
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    return semaphore;
+}
+
+// syncFd cannot be <= 0
+VkSemaphore VulkanInterface::importSemaphoreFromSyncFd(int syncFd) {
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo;
+    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
+    semaphoreInfo.pNext = nullptr;
+    semaphoreInfo.flags = 0;
+
+    VkSemaphore semaphore;
+    VkResult err = mFuncs.vkCreateSemaphore(mDevice, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &semaphore);
+    if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to create import semaphore", __func__);
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    VkImportSemaphoreFdInfoKHR importInfo;
+    importInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_SEMAPHORE_FD_INFO_KHR;
+    importInfo.pNext = nullptr;
+    importInfo.semaphore = semaphore;
+    importInfo.flags = VK_SEMAPHORE_IMPORT_TEMPORARY_BIT;
+    importInfo.handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
+    importInfo.fd = syncFd;
+
+    err = mFuncs.vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR(mDevice, &importInfo);
+    if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
+        mFuncs.vkDestroySemaphore(mDevice, semaphore, nullptr);
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to import semaphore", __func__);
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    return semaphore;
+}
+
+int VulkanInterface::exportSemaphoreSyncFd(VkSemaphore semaphore) {
+    int res;
+
+    VkSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR getFdInfo;
+    getFdInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_GET_FD_INFO_KHR;
+    getFdInfo.pNext = nullptr;
+    getFdInfo.semaphore = semaphore;
+    getFdInfo.handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT;
+    VkResult err = mFuncs.vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR(mDevice, &getFdInfo, &res);
+    if (VK_SUCCESS != err) {
+        ALOGE("%s: failed to export semaphore, err: %d", __func__, err);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+void VulkanInterface::destroySemaphore(VkSemaphore semaphore) {
+    mFuncs.vkDestroySemaphore(mDevice, semaphore, nullptr);
+}
+
+void VulkanInterface::onVkDeviceFault(void* callbackContext, const std::string& description,
+                                      const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT>& addressInfos,
+                                      const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT>& vendorInfos,
+                                      const std::vector<std::byte>& vendorBinaryData) {
+    VulkanInterface* interface = static_cast<VulkanInterface*>(callbackContext);
+    const std::string protectedStr = interface->mIsProtected ? "protected" : "non-protected";
+    // The final crash string should contain as much differentiating info as possible, up to 1024
+    // bytes. As this final message is constructed, the same information is also dumped to the logs
+    // but in a more verbose format. Building the crash string is unsightly, so the clearer logging
+    // statement is always placed first to give context.
+    ALOGE("VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST (%s context): %s", protectedStr.c_str(), description.c_str());
+    std::stringstream crashMsg;
+    crashMsg << "VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST (" << protectedStr;
+
+    if (!addressInfos.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("%zu VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT:", addressInfos.size());
+        crashMsg << ", " << addressInfos.size() << " address info (";
+        for (VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT addressInfo : addressInfos) {
+            ALOGE(" addressType:       %d", (int)addressInfo.addressType);
+            ALOGE("  reportedAddress:  %" PRIu64, addressInfo.reportedAddress);
+            ALOGE("  addressPrecision: %" PRIu64, addressInfo.addressPrecision);
+            crashMsg << addressInfo.addressType << ":" << addressInfo.reportedAddress << ":"
+                     << addressInfo.addressPrecision << ", ";
+        }
+        crashMsg.seekp(-2, crashMsg.cur); // Move back to overwrite trailing ", "
+        crashMsg << ")";
+    }
+
+    if (!vendorInfos.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("%zu VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT:", vendorInfos.size());
+        crashMsg << ", " << vendorInfos.size() << " vendor info (";
+        for (VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT vendorInfo : vendorInfos) {
+            ALOGE(" description:      %s", vendorInfo.description);
+            ALOGE("  vendorFaultCode: %" PRIu64, vendorInfo.vendorFaultCode);
+            ALOGE("  vendorFaultData: %" PRIu64, vendorInfo.vendorFaultData);
+            // Omit descriptions for individual vendor info structs in the crash string, as the
+            // fault code and fault data fields should be enough for clustering, and the verbosity
+            // isn't worth it. Additionally, vendors may just set the general description field of
+            // the overall fault to the description of the first element in this list, and that
+            // overall description will be placed at the end of the crash string.
+            crashMsg << vendorInfo.vendorFaultCode << ":" << vendorInfo.vendorFaultData << ", ";
+        }
+        crashMsg.seekp(-2, crashMsg.cur); // Move back to overwrite trailing ", "
+        crashMsg << ")";
+    }
+
+    if (!vendorBinaryData.empty()) {
+        // TODO: b/322830575 - Log in base64, or dump directly to a file that gets put in bugreports
+        ALOGE("%zu bytes of vendor-specific binary data (please notify Android's Core Graphics"
+              " Stack team if you observe this message).",
+              vendorBinaryData.size());
+        crashMsg << ", " << vendorBinaryData.size() << " bytes binary";
+    }
+
+    crashMsg << "): " << description;
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s", crashMsg.str().c_str());
+};
+
+static GrVkGetProc sGetProc = [](const char* proc_name, VkInstance instance, VkDevice device) {
+    if (device != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        return vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, proc_name);
+    }
+    return vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, proc_name);
+};
+
+#define BAIL(fmt, ...)                                          \
+    {                                                           \
+        ALOGE("%s: " fmt ", bailing", __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__); \
+        return;                                                 \
+    }
+
+#define CHECK_NONNULL(expr)       \
+    if ((expr) == nullptr) {      \
+        BAIL("[%s] null", #expr); \
+    }
+
+#define VK_CHECK(expr)                              \
+    if ((expr) != VK_SUCCESS) {                     \
+        BAIL("[%s] failed. err = %d", #expr, expr); \
+        return;                                     \
+    }
+
+#define VK_GET_PROC(F)                                                           \
+    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(VK_NULL_HANDLE, "vk" #F); \
+    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
+#define VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, F)                                      \
+    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vk" #F); \
+    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
+#define VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, F)                                     \
+    PFN_vk##F vk##F = (PFN_vk##F)vkGetDeviceProcAddr(device, "vk" #F); \
+    CHECK_NONNULL(vk##F)
+
+void VulkanInterface::init(bool protectedContent) {
+    if (isInitialized()) {
+        ALOGW("Called init on already initialized VulkanInterface");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const nsecs_t timeBefore = systemTime();
+
+    VK_GET_PROC(EnumerateInstanceVersion);
+    uint32_t instanceVersion;
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceVersion(&instanceVersion));
+
+    if (instanceVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO, nullptr, "surfaceflinger", 0, "android platform", 0,
+            VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0),
+    };
+
+    VK_GET_PROC(EnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties);
+
+    uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> instanceExtensions(extensionCount);
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount,
+                                                    instanceExtensions.data()));
+    std::vector<const char*> enabledInstanceExtensionNames;
+    enabledInstanceExtensionNames.reserve(instanceExtensions.size());
+    mInstanceExtensionNames.reserve(instanceExtensions.size());
+    for (const auto& instExt : instanceExtensions) {
+        enabledInstanceExtensionNames.push_back(instExt.extensionName);
+        mInstanceExtensionNames.push_back(instExt.extensionName);
+    }
+
+    const VkInstanceCreateInfo instanceCreateInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+            nullptr,
+            0,
+            &appInfo,
+            0,
+            nullptr,
+            (uint32_t)enabledInstanceExtensionNames.size(),
+            enabledInstanceExtensionNames.data(),
+    };
+
+    VK_GET_PROC(CreateInstance);
+    VkInstance instance;
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreateInstance(&instanceCreateInfo, nullptr, &instance));
+
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, DestroyInstance);
+    mFuncs.vkDestroyInstance = vkDestroyInstance;
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, EnumeratePhysicalDevices);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, EnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceProperties2);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreProperties);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, GetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2);
+    VK_GET_INST_PROC(instance, CreateDevice);
+
+    uint32_t physdevCount;
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physdevCount, nullptr));
+    if (physdevCount == 0) {
+        BAIL("Could not find any physical devices");
+    }
+
+    physdevCount = 1;
+    VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
+    VkResult enumeratePhysDevsErr =
+            vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &physdevCount, &physicalDevice);
+    if (enumeratePhysDevsErr != VK_SUCCESS && VK_INCOMPLETE != enumeratePhysDevsErr) {
+        BAIL("vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices failed with non-VK_INCOMPLETE error: %d",
+             enumeratePhysDevsErr);
+    }
+
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 physDevProps = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2,
+            0,
+            {},
+    };
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryProperties protMemProps = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROTECTED_MEMORY_PROPERTIES,
+            0,
+            {},
+    };
+
+    if (protectedContent) {
+        physDevProps.pNext = &protMemProps;
+    }
+
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(physicalDevice, &physDevProps);
+    if (physDevProps.properties.apiVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
+        BAIL("Could not find a Vulkan 1.1+ physical device");
+    }
+
+    if (physDevProps.properties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) {
+        // TODO: b/326633110 - SkiaVK is not working correctly on swiftshader path.
+        BAIL("CPU implementations of Vulkan is not supported");
+    }
+
+    // Check for syncfd support. Bail if we cannot both import and export them.
+    VkPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreInfo semInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_INFO,
+            nullptr,
+            VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
+    };
+    VkExternalSemaphoreProperties semProps = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_PROPERTIES, nullptr, 0, 0, 0,
+    };
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceExternalSemaphoreProperties(physicalDevice, &semInfo, &semProps);
+
+    bool sufficientSemaphoreSyncFdSupport = (semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes &
+                                             VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT) &&
+            (semProps.compatibleHandleTypes & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT) &&
+            (semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT) &&
+            (semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures & VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
+
+    if (!sufficientSemaphoreSyncFdSupport) {
+        BAIL("Vulkan device does not support sufficient external semaphore sync fd features. "
+             "exportFromImportedHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
+             "compatibleHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
+             "externalSemaphoreFeatures 0x%x (needed 0x%x) ",
+             semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
+             semProps.compatibleHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
+             semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures,
+             VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT |
+                     VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
+    } else {
+        ALOGD("Vulkan device supports sufficient external semaphore sync fd features. "
+              "exportFromImportedHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
+              "compatibleHandleTypes 0x%x (needed 0x%x) "
+              "externalSemaphoreFeatures 0x%x (needed 0x%x) ",
+              semProps.exportFromImportedHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
+              semProps.compatibleHandleTypes, VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_SYNC_FD_BIT,
+              semProps.externalSemaphoreFeatures,
+              VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT |
+                      VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t queueCount;
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2(physicalDevice, &queueCount, nullptr);
+    if (queueCount == 0) {
+        BAIL("Could not find queues for physical device");
+    }
+
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties2> queueProps(queueCount);
+    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyGlobalPriorityPropertiesEXT> queuePriorityProps(queueCount);
+    VkQueueGlobalPriorityKHR queuePriority = VK_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_MEDIUM_KHR;
+    // Even though we don't yet know if the VK_EXT_global_priority extension is available,
+    // we can safely add the request to the pNext chain, and if the extension is not
+    // available, it will be ignored.
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queueCount; ++i) {
+        queuePriorityProps[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_QUEUE_FAMILY_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_PROPERTIES_EXT;
+        queuePriorityProps[i].pNext = nullptr;
+        queueProps[i].pNext = &queuePriorityProps[i];
+    }
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties2(physicalDevice, &queueCount, queueProps.data());
+
+    int graphicsQueueIndex = -1;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queueCount; ++i) {
+        // Look at potential answers to the VK_EXT_global_priority query.  If answers were
+        // provided, we may adjust the queuePriority.
+        if (queueProps[i].queueFamilyProperties.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
+            for (uint32_t j = 0; j < queuePriorityProps[i].priorityCount; j++) {
+                if (queuePriorityProps[i].priorities[j] > queuePriority) {
+                    queuePriority = queuePriorityProps[i].priorities[j];
+                }
+            }
+            if (queuePriority == VK_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_REALTIME_KHR) {
+                mIsRealtimePriority = true;
+            }
+            graphicsQueueIndex = i;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (graphicsQueueIndex == -1) {
+        BAIL("Could not find a graphics queue family");
+    }
+
+    uint32_t deviceExtensionCount;
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &deviceExtensionCount,
+                                                  nullptr));
+    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> deviceExtensions(deviceExtensionCount);
+    VK_CHECK(vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(physicalDevice, nullptr, &deviceExtensionCount,
+                                                  deviceExtensions.data()));
+
+    std::vector<const char*> enabledDeviceExtensionNames;
+    enabledDeviceExtensionNames.reserve(deviceExtensions.size());
+    mDeviceExtensionNames.reserve(deviceExtensions.size());
+    for (const auto& devExt : deviceExtensions) {
+        enabledDeviceExtensionNames.push_back(devExt.extensionName);
+        mDeviceExtensionNames.push_back(devExt.extensionName);
+    }
+
+    mGrExtensions.init(sGetProc, instance, physicalDevice, enabledInstanceExtensionNames.size(),
+                       enabledInstanceExtensionNames.data(), enabledDeviceExtensionNames.size(),
+                       enabledDeviceExtensionNames.data());
+
+    if (!mGrExtensions.hasExtension(VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FD_EXTENSION_NAME, 1)) {
+        BAIL("Vulkan driver doesn't support external semaphore fd");
+    }
+
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 = new VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2;
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2;
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2->pNext = nullptr;
+
+    mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
+    mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->sType =
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_SAMPLER_YCBCR_CONVERSION_FEATURES;
+    mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
+
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2->pNext = mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
+    void** tailPnext = &mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures->pNext;
+
+    if (protectedContent) {
+        mProtectedMemoryFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryFeatures;
+        mProtectedMemoryFeatures->sType =
+                VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROTECTED_MEMORY_FEATURES;
+        mProtectedMemoryFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
+        *tailPnext = mProtectedMemoryFeatures;
+        tailPnext = &mProtectedMemoryFeatures->pNext;
+    }
+
+    if (mGrExtensions.hasExtension(VK_EXT_DEVICE_FAULT_EXTENSION_NAME, 1)) {
+        mDeviceFaultFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceFaultFeaturesEXT;
+        mDeviceFaultFeatures->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FAULT_FEATURES_EXT;
+        mDeviceFaultFeatures->pNext = nullptr;
+        *tailPnext = mDeviceFaultFeatures;
+        tailPnext = &mDeviceFaultFeatures->pNext;
+    }
+
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures2(physicalDevice, mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2);
+    // Looks like this would slow things down and we can't depend on it on all platforms
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2->features.robustBufferAccess = VK_FALSE;
+
+    if (protectedContent && !mProtectedMemoryFeatures->protectedMemory) {
+        BAIL("Protected memory not supported");
+    }
+
+    float queuePriorities[1] = {0.0f};
+    void* queueNextPtr = nullptr;
+
+    VkDeviceQueueGlobalPriorityCreateInfoEXT queuePriorityCreateInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+            nullptr,
+            // If queue priority is supported, RE should always have realtime priority.
+            queuePriority,
+    };
+
+    if (mGrExtensions.hasExtension(VK_EXT_GLOBAL_PRIORITY_EXTENSION_NAME, 2)) {
+        queueNextPtr = &queuePriorityCreateInfo;
+    }
+
+    VkDeviceQueueCreateFlags deviceQueueCreateFlags =
+            (VkDeviceQueueCreateFlags)(protectedContent ? VK_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_PROTECTED_BIT : 0);
+
+    const VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO,
+            queueNextPtr,
+            deviceQueueCreateFlags,
+            (uint32_t)graphicsQueueIndex,
+            1,
+            queuePriorities,
+    };
+
+    const VkDeviceCreateInfo deviceInfo = {
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
+            mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2,
+            0,
+            1,
+            &queueInfo,
+            0,
+            nullptr,
+            (uint32_t)enabledDeviceExtensionNames.size(),
+            enabledDeviceExtensionNames.data(),
+            nullptr,
+    };
+
+    ALOGD("Trying to create Vk device with protectedContent=%d", protectedContent);
+    VkDevice device;
+    VK_CHECK(vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &deviceInfo, nullptr, &device));
+    ALOGD("Trying to create Vk device with protectedContent=%d (success)", protectedContent);
+
+    VkQueue graphicsQueue;
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetDeviceQueue2);
+    const VkDeviceQueueInfo2 deviceQueueInfo2 = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_INFO_2, nullptr,
+                                                 deviceQueueCreateFlags,
+                                                 (uint32_t)graphicsQueueIndex, 0};
+    vkGetDeviceQueue2(device, &deviceQueueInfo2, &graphicsQueue);
+
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DeviceWaitIdle);
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DestroyDevice);
+    mFuncs.vkDeviceWaitIdle = vkDeviceWaitIdle;
+    mFuncs.vkDestroyDevice = vkDestroyDevice;
+
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, CreateSemaphore);
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, ImportSemaphoreFdKHR);
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetSemaphoreFdKHR);
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DestroySemaphore);
+    mFuncs.vkCreateSemaphore = vkCreateSemaphore;
+    mFuncs.vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR = vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR;
+    mFuncs.vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR = vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR;
+    mFuncs.vkDestroySemaphore = vkDestroySemaphore;
+
+    // At this point, everything's succeeded and we can continue
+    mInitialized = true;
+    mInstance = instance;
+    mPhysicalDevice = physicalDevice;
+    mDevice = device;
+    mQueue = graphicsQueue;
+    mQueueIndex = graphicsQueueIndex;
+    mApiVersion = physDevProps.properties.apiVersion;
+    // grExtensions already constructed
+    // feature pointers already constructed
+    mGrGetProc = sGetProc;
+    mIsProtected = protectedContent;
+    // mIsRealtimePriority already initialized by constructor
+    // funcs already initialized
+
+    const nsecs_t timeAfter = systemTime();
+    const float initTimeMs = static_cast<float>(timeAfter - timeBefore) / 1.0E6;
+    ALOGD("%s: Success init Vulkan interface in %f ms", __func__, initTimeMs);
+}
+
+// TODO: b/293371537 - Iterate on this.
+// Currently unused, but copied over from its original location for potential future use. This
+// should likely be improved to walk the pNext chain of mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 and free everything
+// like HWUI's VulkanManager. Also, not all fields are being reset.
+void VulkanInterface::teardown() {
+    mInitialized = false;
+
+    if (mDevice != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        mFuncs.vkDeviceWaitIdle(mDevice);
+        mFuncs.vkDestroyDevice(mDevice, nullptr);
+        mDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+    if (mInstance != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        mFuncs.vkDestroyInstance(mInstance, nullptr);
+        mInstance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    if (mProtectedMemoryFeatures) {
+        delete mProtectedMemoryFeatures;
+    }
+
+    if (mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures) {
+        delete mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures;
+    }
+
+    if (mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2) {
+        delete mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2;
+    }
+
+    if (mDeviceFaultFeatures) {
+        delete mDeviceFaultFeatures;
+    }
+
+    mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = nullptr;
+    mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 = nullptr;
+    mProtectedMemoryFeatures = nullptr;
+    mDeviceFaultFeatures = nullptr;
+}
+
+} // namespace skia
+} // namespace renderengine
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3936d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/VulkanInterface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <include/gpu/vk/GrVkBackendContext.h>
+#include <include/gpu/vk/GrVkExtensions.h>
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+
+using namespace skgpu;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace renderengine {
+namespace skia {
+
+class VulkanInterface {
+public:
+    // Create an uninitialized interface. Initialize with `init`.
+    VulkanInterface() = default;
+    ~VulkanInterface() = default;
+    VulkanInterface(const VulkanInterface&) = delete;
+    VulkanInterface& operator=(const VulkanInterface&) = delete;
+    VulkanInterface& operator=(VulkanInterface&&) = delete;
+
+    void init(bool protectedContent = false);
+    void teardown();
+
+    // TODO: b/293371537 - Graphite variant (external/skia/include/gpu/vk/VulkanBackendContext.h)
+    GrVkBackendContext getBackendContext();
+    VkSemaphore createExportableSemaphore();
+    VkSemaphore importSemaphoreFromSyncFd(int syncFd);
+    int exportSemaphoreSyncFd(VkSemaphore semaphore);
+    void destroySemaphore(VkSemaphore semaphore);
+
+    bool isInitialized() const { return mInitialized; }
+    bool isRealtimePriority() const { return mIsRealtimePriority; }
+    const std::vector<std::string>& getInstanceExtensionNames() { return mInstanceExtensionNames; }
+    const std::vector<std::string>& getDeviceExtensionNames() { return mDeviceExtensionNames; }
+
+private:
+    struct VulkanFuncs {
+        PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vkCreateSemaphore = nullptr;
+        PFN_vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR = nullptr;
+        PFN_vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR = nullptr;
+        PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vkDestroySemaphore = nullptr;
+
+        PFN_vkDeviceWaitIdle vkDeviceWaitIdle = nullptr;
+        PFN_vkDestroyDevice vkDestroyDevice = nullptr;
+        PFN_vkDestroyInstance vkDestroyInstance = nullptr;
+    };
+
+    static void onVkDeviceFault(void* callbackContext, const std::string& description,
+                                const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultAddressInfoEXT>& addressInfos,
+                                const std::vector<VkDeviceFaultVendorInfoEXT>& vendorInfos,
+                                const std::vector<std::byte>& vendorBinaryData);
+
+    bool mInitialized = false;
+    VkInstance mInstance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkPhysicalDevice mPhysicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkDevice mDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    VkQueue mQueue = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    int mQueueIndex = 0;
+    uint32_t mApiVersion = 0;
+    GrVkExtensions mGrExtensions;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures2* mPhysicalDeviceFeatures2 = nullptr;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures* mSamplerYcbcrConversionFeatures = nullptr;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryFeatures* mProtectedMemoryFeatures = nullptr;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFaultFeaturesEXT* mDeviceFaultFeatures = nullptr;
+    GrVkGetProc mGrGetProc = nullptr;
+    bool mIsProtected = false;
+    bool mIsRealtimePriority = false;
+
+    VulkanFuncs mFuncs;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> mInstanceExtensionNames;
+    std::vector<std::string> mDeviceExtensionNames;
+};
+
+} // namespace skia
+} // namespace renderengine
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
index 2ff9c3c..cb8c3cb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FocusResolver_test.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #define ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(_changes, _oldFocus, _newFocus) \
     {                                                       \
+        ASSERT_TRUE(_changes.has_value());                  \
         ASSERT_EQ(_oldFocus, _changes->oldFocus);           \
         ASSERT_EQ(_newFocus, _changes->newFocus);           \
     }
@@ -152,6 +153,38 @@
     ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ invisibleWindowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
 }
 
+TEST(FocusResolverTest, FocusTransferToMirror) {
+    sp<IBinder> focusableWindowToken = sp<BBinder>::make();
+    auto window = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make("Window", focusableWindowToken,
+                                             /*focusable=*/true, /*visible=*/true);
+    auto mirror = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make("Mirror", focusableWindowToken,
+                                             /*focusable=*/true, /*visible=*/true);
+
+    FocusRequest request;
+    request.displayId = 42;
+    request.token = focusableWindowToken;
+    FocusResolver focusResolver;
+    std::optional<FocusResolver::FocusChanges> changes =
+            focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, {window, mirror});
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ focusableWindowToken);
+
+    // The mirror window now comes on top, and the focus does not change
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {mirror, window});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes.has_value());
+
+    // The window now comes on top while the mirror is removed, and the focus does not change
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {window});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes.has_value());
+
+    // The window is removed but the mirror is on top, and focus does not change
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {mirror});
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes.has_value());
+
+    // All windows removed
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {});
+    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ focusableWindowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
+}
+
 TEST(FocusResolverTest, SetInputWindows) {
     sp<IBinder> focusableWindowToken = sp<BBinder>::make();
     std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> windows;
@@ -169,6 +202,10 @@
             focusResolver.setFocusedWindow(request, windows);
     ASSERT_EQ(focusableWindowToken, changes->newFocus);
 
+    // When there are no changes to the window, focus does not change
+    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(changes.has_value());
+
     // Window visibility changes and the window loses focus
     window->setVisible(false);
     changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
@@ -380,18 +417,13 @@
     ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ windowToken);
     ASSERT_EQ(request.displayId, changes->displayId);
 
-    // Start with a focused window
-    window->setFocusable(true);
-    changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
-    ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ nullptr, /*to*/ windowToken);
-
     // When a display is removed, all windows are removed from the display
     // and our focused window loses focus
     changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, {});
     ASSERT_FOCUS_CHANGE(changes, /*from*/ windowToken, /*to*/ nullptr);
     focusResolver.displayRemoved(request.displayId);
 
-    // When a display is readded, the window does not get focus since the request was cleared.
+    // When a display is re-added, the window does not get focus since the request was cleared.
     changes = focusResolver.setInputWindows(request.displayId, windows);
     ASSERT_FALSE(changes);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 3f91682..d92edb8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@
             }));
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId id, Fps renderFrameRate) {
+void Scheduler::setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId id, Fps renderFrameRate, bool applyImmediately) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
     ALOGV("%s %s (%s)", __func__, to_string(mode.fps).c_str(),
           to_string(mode.modePtr->getVsyncRate()).c_str());
 
-    display.schedulePtr->getTracker().setRenderRate(renderFrameRate);
+    display.schedulePtr->getTracker().setRenderRate(renderFrameRate, applyImmediately);
 }
 
 Fps Scheduler::getNextFrameInterval(PhysicalDisplayId id,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 09f75fd..494a91b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
     const VsyncConfiguration& getVsyncConfiguration() const { return *mVsyncConfiguration; }
 
     // Sets the render rate for the scheduler to run at.
-    void setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps);
+    void setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps, bool applyImmediately);
 
     void enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
     void disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool disallow) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
index 84ccf8e..6d6b70d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <ftl/concat.h>
-#include <utils/Trace.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <log/log_main.h>
 
 #include <scheduler/TimeKeeper.h>
@@ -44,6 +44,17 @@
             TimePoint::fromNs(nextVsyncTime)};
 }
 
+void traceEntry(const VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry& entry, nsecs_t now) {
+    if (!ATRACE_ENABLED() || !entry.wakeupTime().has_value() || !entry.targetVsync().has_value()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ftl::Concat trace(ftl::truncated<5>(entry.name()), " alarm in ",
+                      ns2us(*entry.wakeupTime() - now), "us; VSYNC in ",
+                      ns2us(*entry.targetVsync() - now), "us");
+    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT(trace.c_str());
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 VSyncDispatch::~VSyncDispatch() = default;
@@ -87,6 +98,7 @@
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::schedule(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming timing,
                                                       VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now) {
+    ATRACE_NAME("VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::schedule");
     auto nextVsyncTime =
             tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(std::max(timing.lastVsync,
                                                           now + timing.workDuration +
@@ -98,6 +110,8 @@
             mArmedInfo && (nextVsyncTime > (mArmedInfo->mActualVsyncTime + mMinVsyncDistance));
     bool const wouldSkipAWakeup =
             mArmedInfo && ((nextWakeupTime > (mArmedInfo->mActualWakeupTime + mMinVsyncDistance)));
+    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: wouldSkipAVsyncTarget=%d wouldSkipAWakeup=%d", mName.c_str(),
+                          wouldSkipAVsyncTarget, wouldSkipAWakeup);
     if (FlagManager::getInstance().dont_skip_on_early_ro()) {
         if (wouldSkipAVsyncTarget || wouldSkipAWakeup) {
             nextVsyncTime = mArmedInfo->mActualVsyncTime;
@@ -122,7 +136,7 @@
 ScheduleResult VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::addPendingWorkloadUpdate(
         VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now, VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming timing) {
     mWorkloadUpdateInfo = timing;
-    const auto armedInfo = update(tracker, now, timing, mArmedInfo);
+    const auto armedInfo = getArmedInfo(tracker, now, timing, mArmedInfo);
     return {TimePoint::fromNs(armedInfo.mActualWakeupTime),
             TimePoint::fromNs(armedInfo.mActualVsyncTime)};
 }
@@ -140,11 +154,13 @@
     bool const nextVsyncTooClose = mLastDispatchTime &&
             (nextVsyncTime - *mLastDispatchTime + mMinVsyncDistance) <= currentPeriod;
     if (alreadyDispatchedForVsync) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("alreadyDispatchedForVsync");
         return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + mMinVsyncDistance,
                                                     *mLastDispatchTime);
     }
 
     if (nextVsyncTooClose) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("nextVsyncTooClose");
         return tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(*mLastDispatchTime + currentPeriod,
                                                     *mLastDispatchTime + currentPeriod);
     }
@@ -152,9 +168,11 @@
     return nextVsyncTime;
 }
 
-auto VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::update(VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now,
-                                          VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming timing,
-                                          std::optional<ArmingInfo> armedInfo) const -> ArmingInfo {
+auto VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::getArmedInfo(VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now,
+                                                VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming timing,
+                                                std::optional<ArmingInfo> armedInfo) const
+        -> ArmingInfo {
+    ATRACE_NAME("VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::getArmedInfo");
     const auto earliestReadyBy = now + timing.workDuration + timing.readyDuration;
     const auto earliestVsync = std::max(earliestReadyBy, timing.lastVsync);
 
@@ -165,29 +183,39 @@
     const auto nextReadyTime = nextVsyncTime - timing.readyDuration;
     const auto nextWakeupTime = nextReadyTime - timing.workDuration;
 
-    bool const wouldSkipAVsyncTarget =
-            armedInfo && (nextVsyncTime > (armedInfo->mActualVsyncTime + mMinVsyncDistance));
-    bool const wouldSkipAWakeup =
-            armedInfo && (nextWakeupTime > (armedInfo->mActualWakeupTime + mMinVsyncDistance));
-    if (FlagManager::getInstance().dont_skip_on_early_ro() &&
-        (wouldSkipAVsyncTarget || wouldSkipAWakeup)) {
-        return *armedInfo;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().dont_skip_on_early_ro()) {
+        bool const wouldSkipAVsyncTarget =
+                armedInfo && (nextVsyncTime > (armedInfo->mActualVsyncTime + mMinVsyncDistance));
+        bool const wouldSkipAWakeup =
+                armedInfo && (nextWakeupTime > (armedInfo->mActualWakeupTime + mMinVsyncDistance));
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s: wouldSkipAVsyncTarget=%d wouldSkipAWakeup=%d", mName.c_str(),
+                              wouldSkipAVsyncTarget, wouldSkipAWakeup);
+        if (wouldSkipAVsyncTarget || wouldSkipAWakeup) {
+            return *armedInfo;
+        }
     }
 
     return ArmingInfo{nextWakeupTime, nextVsyncTime, nextReadyTime};
 }
 
 void VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::update(VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t now) {
+    ATRACE_NAME("VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::update");
     if (!mArmedInfo && !mWorkloadUpdateInfo) {
         return;
     }
 
     if (mWorkloadUpdateInfo) {
+        const auto workDelta = mWorkloadUpdateInfo->workDuration - mScheduleTiming.workDuration;
+        const auto readyDelta = mWorkloadUpdateInfo->readyDuration - mScheduleTiming.readyDuration;
+        const auto lastVsyncDelta = mWorkloadUpdateInfo->lastVsync - mScheduleTiming.lastVsync;
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("Workload updated workDelta=%" PRId64 " readyDelta=%" PRId64
+                              " lastVsyncDelta=%" PRId64,
+                              workDelta, readyDelta, lastVsyncDelta);
         mScheduleTiming = *mWorkloadUpdateInfo;
         mWorkloadUpdateInfo.reset();
     }
 
-    mArmedInfo = update(tracker, now, mScheduleTiming, mArmedInfo);
+    mArmedInfo = getArmedInfo(tracker, now, mScheduleTiming, mArmedInfo);
 }
 
 void VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry::disarm() {
@@ -282,6 +310,7 @@
 
 void VSyncDispatchTimerQueue::rearmTimerSkippingUpdateFor(
         nsecs_t now, CallbackMap::const_iterator skipUpdateIt) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
     std::optional<nsecs_t> min;
     std::optional<nsecs_t> targetVsync;
     std::optional<std::string_view> nextWakeupName;
@@ -294,7 +323,10 @@
         if (it != skipUpdateIt) {
             callback->update(*mTracker, now);
         }
-        auto const wakeupTime = *callback->wakeupTime();
+
+        traceEntry(*callback, now);
+
+        const auto wakeupTime = *callback->wakeupTime();
         if (!min || *min > wakeupTime) {
             nextWakeupName = callback->name();
             min = wakeupTime;
@@ -303,11 +335,6 @@
     }
 
     if (min && min < mIntendedWakeupTime) {
-        if (ATRACE_ENABLED() && nextWakeupName && targetVsync) {
-            ftl::Concat trace(ftl::truncated<5>(*nextWakeupName), " alarm in ", ns2us(*min - now),
-                              "us; VSYNC in ", ns2us(*targetVsync - now), "us");
-            ATRACE_NAME(trace.c_str());
-        }
         setTimer(*min, now);
     } else {
         ATRACE_NAME("cancel timer");
@@ -316,6 +343,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncDispatchTimerQueue::timerCallback() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
     struct Invocation {
         std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry> callback;
         nsecs_t vsyncTimestamp;
@@ -338,8 +366,9 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            auto const readyTime = callback->readyTime();
+            traceEntry(*callback, now);
 
+            auto const readyTime = callback->readyTime();
             auto const lagAllowance = std::max(now - mIntendedWakeupTime, static_cast<nsecs_t>(0));
             if (*wakeupTime < mIntendedWakeupTime + mTimerSlack + lagAllowance) {
                 callback->executing();
@@ -353,6 +382,8 @@
     }
 
     for (auto const& invocation : invocations) {
+        ftl::Concat trace(ftl::truncated<5>(invocation.callback->name()));
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s: %s", __func__, trace.c_str());
         invocation.callback->callback(invocation.vsyncTimestamp, invocation.wakeupTimestamp,
                                       invocation.deadlineTimestamp);
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
index 252c09c..e4ddc03 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@
     };
 
     nsecs_t adjustVsyncIfNeeded(VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t nextVsyncTime) const;
-    ArmingInfo update(VSyncTracker&, nsecs_t now, VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming,
-                      std::optional<ArmingInfo>) const;
+    ArmingInfo getArmedInfo(VSyncTracker&, nsecs_t now, VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming,
+                            std::optional<ArmingInfo>) const;
 
     const std::string mName;
     const VSyncDispatch::Callback mCallback;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 8697696..db1930d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -45,16 +45,28 @@
 
 static auto constexpr kMaxPercent = 100u;
 
+namespace {
+int numVsyncsPerFrame(const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr>& displayModePtr) {
+    const auto idealPeakRefreshPeriod = displayModePtr->getPeakFps().getPeriodNsecs();
+    const auto idealRefreshPeriod = displayModePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriodNsecs();
+    return static_cast<int>(std::round(static_cast<float>(idealPeakRefreshPeriod) /
+                                       static_cast<float>(idealRefreshPeriod)));
+}
+} // namespace
+
 VSyncPredictor::~VSyncPredictor() = default;
 
-VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr, size_t historySize,
-                               size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent)
-      : mId(modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId()),
+VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr,
+                               size_t historySize, size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction,
+                               uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent)
+      : mClock(std::move(clock)),
+        mId(modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId()),
         mTraceOn(property_get_bool("debug.sf.vsp_trace", false)),
         kHistorySize(historySize),
         kMinimumSamplesForPrediction(minimumSamplesForPrediction),
         kOutlierTolerancePercent(std::min(outlierTolerancePercent, kMaxPercent)),
-        mDisplayModePtr(modePtr) {
+        mDisplayModePtr(modePtr),
+        mNumVsyncsForFrame(numVsyncsPerFrame(mDisplayModePtr)) {
     resetModel();
 }
 
@@ -118,11 +130,8 @@
 }
 
 Period VSyncPredictor::minFramePeriodLocked() const {
-    const auto idealPeakRefreshPeriod = mDisplayModePtr->getPeakFps().getPeriodNsecs();
-    const auto numPeriods = static_cast<int>(std::round(static_cast<float>(idealPeakRefreshPeriod) /
-                                                        static_cast<float>(idealPeriod())));
     const auto slope = mRateMap.find(idealPeriod())->second.slope;
-    return Period::fromNs(slope * numPeriods);
+    return Period::fromNs(slope * mNumVsyncsForFrame);
 }
 
 bool VSyncPredictor::addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) {
@@ -147,7 +156,7 @@
             mKnownTimestamp = timestamp;
         }
         ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("timestamp rejected. mKnownTimestamp was %.2fms ago",
-            (systemTime() - *mKnownTimestamp) / 1e6f);
+                              (mClock->now() - *mKnownTimestamp) / 1e6f);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -250,17 +259,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-auto VSyncPredictor::getVsyncSequenceLocked(nsecs_t timestamp) const -> VsyncSequence {
-    const auto vsync = snapToVsync(timestamp);
-    if (!mLastVsyncSequence) return {vsync, 0};
-
-    const auto [slope, _] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
-    const auto [lastVsyncTime, lastVsyncSequence] = *mLastVsyncSequence;
-    const auto vsyncSequence = lastVsyncSequence +
-            static_cast<int64_t>(std::round((vsync - lastVsyncTime) / static_cast<float>(slope)));
-    return {vsync, vsyncSequence};
-}
-
 nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::snapToVsync(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
     auto const [slope, intercept] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
 
@@ -298,51 +296,45 @@
 }
 
 nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint,
-                                                     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt) const {
+                                                     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    const auto currentPeriod = mRateMap.find(idealPeriod())->second.slope;
-    const auto threshold = currentPeriod / 2;
-    const auto minFramePeriod = minFramePeriodLocked().ns();
-    const auto lastFrameMissed =
-            lastVsyncOpt && std::abs(*lastVsyncOpt - mLastMissedVsync.ns()) < threshold;
-    const nsecs_t baseTime =
-            FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && !lastFrameMissed && lastVsyncOpt
-            ? std::max(timePoint, *lastVsyncOpt + minFramePeriod - threshold)
-            : timePoint;
-    return snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(baseTime);
-}
 
-nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(nsecs_t timePoint) const {
-    // update the mLastVsyncSequence for reference point
-    mLastVsyncSequence = getVsyncSequenceLocked(timePoint);
+    const auto now = TimePoint::fromNs(mClock->now());
+    purgeTimelines(now);
 
-    const auto renderRatePhase = [&]() REQUIRES(mMutex) -> int {
-        if (!mRenderRateOpt) return 0;
-        const auto divisor =
-                RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(idealPeriod()),
-                                                         *mRenderRateOpt);
-        if (divisor <= 1) return 0;
-
-        int mod = mLastVsyncSequence->seq % divisor;
-        if (mod == 0) return 0;
-
-        // This is actually a bug fix, but guarded with vrr_config since we found it with this
-        // config
-        if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
-            if (mod < 0) mod += divisor;
-        }
-
-        return divisor - mod;
-    }();
-
-    if (renderRatePhase == 0) {
-        return mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime;
+    if (lastVsyncOpt && *lastVsyncOpt > timePoint) {
+        timePoint = *lastVsyncOpt;
     }
 
-    auto const [slope, intercept] = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
-    const auto approximateNextVsync = mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime + slope * renderRatePhase;
-    return snapToVsync(approximateNextVsync - slope / 2);
+    const auto model = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
+    const auto threshold = model.slope / 2;
+    std::optional<Period> minFramePeriodOpt;
+
+    if (mNumVsyncsForFrame > 1) {
+        minFramePeriodOpt = minFramePeriodLocked();
+    }
+
+    std::optional<TimePoint> vsyncOpt;
+    for (auto& timeline : mTimelines) {
+        vsyncOpt = timeline.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(model, minFramePeriodOpt,
+                                                         snapToVsync(timePoint), mMissedVsync,
+                                                         lastVsyncOpt ? snapToVsync(*lastVsyncOpt -
+                                                                                    threshold)
+                                                                      : lastVsyncOpt);
+        if (vsyncOpt) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!vsyncOpt);
+
+    if (*vsyncOpt > mLastCommittedVsync) {
+        mLastCommittedVsync = *vsyncOpt;
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("mLastCommittedVsync in %.2fms",
+                              float(mLastCommittedVsync.ns() - mClock->now()) / 1e6f);
+    }
+
+    return vsyncOpt->ns();
 }
 
 /*
@@ -353,39 +345,56 @@
  * isVSyncInPhase(33.3, 30) = false
  * isVSyncInPhase(50.0, 30) = true
  */
-bool VSyncPredictor::isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    const auto divisor =
-            RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(idealPeriod()),
-                                                     frameRate);
-    return isVSyncInPhaseLocked(timePoint, static_cast<unsigned>(divisor));
-}
-
-bool VSyncPredictor::isVSyncInPhaseLocked(nsecs_t timePoint, unsigned divisor) const {
-    const TimePoint now = TimePoint::now();
-    const auto getTimePointIn = [](TimePoint now, nsecs_t timePoint) -> float {
-        return ticks<std::milli, float>(TimePoint::fromNs(timePoint) - now);
-    };
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s timePoint in: %.2f divisor: %zu", __func__, getTimePointIn(now, timePoint),
-                  divisor);
-
-    if (divisor <= 1 || timePoint == 0) {
+bool VSyncPredictor::isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) {
+    if (timePoint == 0) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    const nsecs_t period = mRateMap[idealPeriod()].slope;
+    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    const auto model = getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
+    const nsecs_t period = model.slope;
     const nsecs_t justBeforeTimePoint = timePoint - period / 2;
-    const auto vsyncSequence = getVsyncSequenceLocked(justBeforeTimePoint);
-    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("vsync in: %.2f sequence: %" PRId64,
-                          getTimePointIn(now, vsyncSequence.vsyncTime), vsyncSequence.seq);
-    return vsyncSequence.seq % divisor == 0;
+    const auto now = TimePoint::fromNs(mClock->now());
+    const auto vsync = snapToVsync(justBeforeTimePoint);
+
+    purgeTimelines(now);
+
+    for (auto& timeline : mTimelines) {
+        if (timeline.validUntil() && timeline.validUntil()->ns() > vsync) {
+            return timeline.isVSyncInPhase(model, vsync, frameRate);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The last timeline should always be valid
+    return mTimelines.back().isVSyncInPhase(model, vsync, frameRate);
 }
 
-void VSyncPredictor::setRenderRate(Fps renderRate) {
+void VSyncPredictor::setRenderRate(Fps renderRate, bool applyImmediately) {
     ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %s", __func__, to_string(renderRate).c_str());
     ALOGV("%s %s: RenderRate %s ", __func__, to_string(mId).c_str(), to_string(renderRate).c_str());
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
+    const auto prevRenderRate = mRenderRateOpt;
     mRenderRateOpt = renderRate;
+    const auto renderPeriodDelta =
+            prevRenderRate ? prevRenderRate->getPeriodNsecs() - renderRate.getPeriodNsecs() : 0;
+    const bool newRenderRateIsHigher = renderPeriodDelta > renderRate.getPeriodNsecs() &&
+            mLastCommittedVsync.ns() - mClock->now() > 2 * renderRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    if (applyImmediately) {
+        while (mTimelines.size() > 1) {
+            mTimelines.pop_front();
+        }
+
+        mTimelines.front().setRenderRate(renderRate);
+    } else if (newRenderRateIsHigher) {
+        mTimelines.clear();
+        mLastCommittedVsync = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
+
+    } else {
+        mTimelines.back().freeze(
+                TimePoint::fromNs(mLastCommittedVsync.ns() + mIdealPeriod.ns() / 2));
+    }
+    mTimelines.emplace_back(mLastCommittedVsync, mIdealPeriod, renderRate);
+    purgeTimelines(TimePoint::fromNs(mClock->now()));
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::setDisplayModePtr(ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr) {
@@ -401,6 +410,7 @@
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
 
     mDisplayModePtr = modePtr;
+    mNumVsyncsForFrame = numVsyncsPerFrame(mDisplayModePtr);
     traceInt64("VSP-setPeriod", modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriodNsecs());
 
     static constexpr size_t kSizeLimit = 30;
@@ -415,8 +425,14 @@
     clearTimestamps();
 }
 
-void VSyncPredictor::ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
-                                                  TimePoint lastConfirmedPresentTime) {
+Duration VSyncPredictor::ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
+                                                      TimePoint lastConfirmedPresentTime) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+
+    if (mNumVsyncsForFrame <= 1) {
+        return 0ns;
+    }
+
     const auto currentPeriod = mRateMap.find(idealPeriod())->second.slope;
     const auto threshold = currentPeriod / 2;
     const auto minFramePeriod = minFramePeriodLocked().ns();
@@ -442,17 +458,20 @@
     if (!mPastExpectedPresentTimes.empty()) {
         const auto phase = Duration(mPastExpectedPresentTimes.back() - expectedPresentTime);
         if (phase > 0ns) {
-            if (mLastVsyncSequence) {
-                mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime += phase.ns();
+            for (auto& timeline : mTimelines) {
+                timeline.shiftVsyncSequence(phase);
             }
             mPastExpectedPresentTimes.clear();
+            return phase;
         }
     }
+
+    return 0ns;
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::onFrameBegin(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
                                   TimePoint lastConfirmedPresentTime) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_NAME("VSyncPredictor::onFrameBegin");
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
 
     if (!mDisplayModePtr->getVrrConfig()) return;
@@ -482,11 +501,14 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(expectedPresentTime, lastConfirmedPresentTime);
+    const auto phase = ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(expectedPresentTime, lastConfirmedPresentTime);
+    if (phase > 0ns) {
+        mMissedVsync = {expectedPresentTime, minFramePeriodLocked()};
+    }
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::onFrameMissed(TimePoint expectedPresentTime) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_NAME("VSyncPredictor::onFrameMissed");
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     if (!mDisplayModePtr->getVrrConfig()) return;
@@ -496,14 +518,15 @@
     const auto lastConfirmedPresentTime =
             TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime.ns() + currentPeriod);
 
-    ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(expectedPresentTime, lastConfirmedPresentTime);
-    mLastMissedVsync = expectedPresentTime;
+    const auto phase = ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(expectedPresentTime, lastConfirmedPresentTime);
+    if (phase > 0ns) {
+        mMissedVsync = {expectedPresentTime, Duration::fromNs(0)};
+    }
 }
 
 VSyncPredictor::Model VSyncPredictor::getVSyncPredictionModel() const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    const auto model = VSyncPredictor::getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
-    return {model.slope, model.intercept};
+    return VSyncPredictor::getVSyncPredictionModelLocked();
 }
 
 VSyncPredictor::Model VSyncPredictor::getVSyncPredictionModelLocked() const {
@@ -524,6 +547,11 @@
         mTimestamps.clear();
         mLastTimestampIndex = 0;
     }
+
+    mTimelines.clear();
+    mLastCommittedVsync = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
+    mIdealPeriod = Period::fromNs(idealPeriod());
+    mTimelines.emplace_back(mLastCommittedVsync, mIdealPeriod, mRenderRateOpt);
 }
 
 bool VSyncPredictor::needsMoreSamples() const {
@@ -547,6 +575,171 @@
                       period / 1e6f, periodInterceptTuple.slope / 1e6f,
                       periodInterceptTuple.intercept);
     }
+    StringAppendF(&result, "\tmTimelines.size()=%zu\n", mTimelines.size());
+}
+
+void VSyncPredictor::purgeTimelines(android::TimePoint now) {
+    const auto kEnoughFramesToBreakPhase = 5;
+    if (mRenderRateOpt &&
+        mLastCommittedVsync.ns() + mRenderRateOpt->getPeriodNsecs() * kEnoughFramesToBreakPhase <
+                mClock->now()) {
+        mTimelines.clear();
+        mLastCommittedVsync = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
+        mTimelines.emplace_back(mLastCommittedVsync, mIdealPeriod, mRenderRateOpt);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (mTimelines.size() > 1) {
+        const auto validUntilOpt = mTimelines.front().validUntil();
+        if (validUntilOpt && *validUntilOpt < now) {
+            mTimelines.pop_front();
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mTimelines.empty());
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mTimelines.back().validUntil().has_value());
+}
+
+auto VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::makeVsyncSequence(TimePoint knownVsync)
+        -> std::optional<VsyncSequence> {
+    if (knownVsync.ns() == 0) return std::nullopt;
+    return std::make_optional<VsyncSequence>({knownVsync.ns(), 0});
+}
+
+VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::VsyncTimeline(TimePoint knownVsync, Period idealPeriod,
+                                             std::optional<Fps> renderRateOpt)
+      : mIdealPeriod(idealPeriod),
+        mRenderRateOpt(renderRateOpt),
+        mLastVsyncSequence(makeVsyncSequence(knownVsync)) {}
+
+void VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::freeze(TimePoint lastVsync) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mValidUntil.has_value());
+    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("renderRate %s valid for %.2f",
+                          mRenderRateOpt ? to_string(*mRenderRateOpt).c_str() : "NA",
+                          float(lastVsync.ns() - TimePoint::now().ns()) / 1e6f);
+    mValidUntil = lastVsync;
+}
+
+std::optional<TimePoint> VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
+        Model model, std::optional<Period> minFramePeriodOpt, nsecs_t vsync,
+        MissedVsync missedVsync, std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt) {
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("renderRate %s", mRenderRateOpt ? to_string(*mRenderRateOpt).c_str() : "NA");
+
+    nsecs_t vsyncTime = snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(model, vsync);
+    const auto threshold = model.slope / 2;
+    const auto lastFrameMissed =
+            lastVsyncOpt && std::abs(*lastVsyncOpt - missedVsync.vsync.ns()) < threshold;
+    nsecs_t vsyncFixupTime = 0;
+    if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && lastFrameMissed) {
+        // If the last frame missed is the last vsync, we already shifted the timeline. Depends on
+        // whether we skipped the frame (onFrameMissed) or not (onFrameBegin) we apply a different
+        // fixup. There is no need to to shift the vsync timeline again.
+        vsyncTime += missedVsync.fixup.ns();
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("lastFrameMissed");
+    } else if (minFramePeriodOpt) {
+        if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config() && lastVsyncOpt) {
+            // lastVsyncOpt is based on the old timeline before we shifted it. we should correct it
+            // first before trying to use it.
+            if (mLastVsyncSequence->seq > 0) {
+                lastVsyncOpt = snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(model, *lastVsyncOpt);
+            }
+            const auto vsyncDiff = vsyncTime - *lastVsyncOpt;
+            if (vsyncDiff <= minFramePeriodOpt->ns() - threshold) {
+                vsyncFixupTime = *lastVsyncOpt + minFramePeriodOpt->ns() - vsyncTime;
+                ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("minFramePeriod violation. next in %.2f which is %.2f "
+                                      "from "
+                                      "prev. "
+                                      "adjust by %.2f",
+                                      static_cast<float>(vsyncTime - TimePoint::now().ns()) / 1e6f,
+                                      static_cast<float>(vsyncTime - *lastVsyncOpt) / 1e6f,
+                                      static_cast<float>(vsyncFixupTime) / 1e6f);
+            }
+        }
+        vsyncTime += vsyncFixupTime;
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("vsync in %.2fms", float(vsyncTime - TimePoint::now().ns()) / 1e6f);
+    if (mValidUntil && vsyncTime > mValidUntil->ns()) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("no longer valid for vsync in %.2f",
+                              static_cast<float>(vsyncTime - TimePoint::now().ns()) / 1e6f);
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    // If we needed a fixup, it means that we changed the render rate and the chosen vsync would
+    // cross minFramePeriod. In that case we need to shift the entire vsync timeline.
+    if (vsyncFixupTime > 0) {
+        shiftVsyncSequence(Duration::fromNs(vsyncFixupTime));
+    }
+
+    return TimePoint::fromNs(vsyncTime);
+}
+
+auto VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::getVsyncSequenceLocked(Model model, nsecs_t vsync)
+        -> VsyncSequence {
+    if (!mLastVsyncSequence) return {vsync, 0};
+
+    const auto [lastVsyncTime, lastVsyncSequence] = *mLastVsyncSequence;
+    const auto vsyncSequence = lastVsyncSequence +
+            static_cast<int64_t>(std::round((vsync - lastVsyncTime) /
+                                            static_cast<float>(model.slope)));
+    return {vsync, vsyncSequence};
+}
+
+nsecs_t VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(Model model,
+                                                                        nsecs_t vsync) {
+    // update the mLastVsyncSequence for reference point
+    mLastVsyncSequence = getVsyncSequenceLocked(model, vsync);
+
+    const auto renderRatePhase = [&]() -> int {
+        if (!mRenderRateOpt) return 0;
+        const auto divisor =
+                RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod.ns()),
+                                                         *mRenderRateOpt);
+        if (divisor <= 1) return 0;
+
+        int mod = mLastVsyncSequence->seq % divisor;
+        if (mod == 0) return 0;
+
+        // This is actually a bug fix, but guarded with vrr_config since we found it with this
+        // config
+        if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
+            if (mod < 0) mod += divisor;
+        }
+
+        return divisor - mod;
+    }();
+
+    if (renderRatePhase == 0) {
+        return mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime;
+    }
+
+    return mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime + model.slope * renderRatePhase;
+}
+
+bool VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::isVSyncInPhase(Model model, nsecs_t vsync, Fps frameRate) {
+    const auto getVsyncIn = [](TimePoint now, nsecs_t timePoint) -> float {
+        return ticks<std::milli, float>(TimePoint::fromNs(timePoint) - now);
+    };
+
+    Fps displayFps = mRenderRateOpt ? *mRenderRateOpt : Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mIdealPeriod.ns());
+    const auto divisor = RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(displayFps, frameRate);
+    const auto now = TimePoint::now();
+
+    if (divisor <= 1) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    const auto vsyncSequence = getVsyncSequenceLocked(model, vsync);
+    ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("vsync in: %.2f sequence: %" PRId64 " divisor: %zu",
+                          getVsyncIn(now, vsyncSequence.vsyncTime), vsyncSequence.seq, divisor);
+    return vsyncSequence.seq % divisor == 0;
+}
+
+void VSyncPredictor::VsyncTimeline::shiftVsyncSequence(Duration phase) {
+    if (mLastVsyncSequence) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("adjusting vsync by %.2f", static_cast<float>(phase.ns()) / 1e6f);
+        mLastVsyncSequence->vsyncTime += phase.ns();
+    }
 }
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
index 8fd7e60..3ed1d41 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <scheduler/TimeKeeper.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
 #include "VSyncTracker.h"
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@
 class VSyncPredictor : public VSyncTracker {
 public:
     /*
+     * \param [in] Clock The clock abstraction. Useful for unit tests.
      * \param [in] PhysicalDisplayid The display this corresponds to.
      * \param [in] modePtr  The initial display mode
      * \param [in] historySize  The internal amount of entries to store in the model.
@@ -38,13 +40,13 @@
      * predicting. \param [in] outlierTolerancePercent a number 0 to 100 that will be used to filter
      * samples that fall outlierTolerancePercent from an anticipated vsync event.
      */
-    VSyncPredictor(ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr, size_t historySize,
+    VSyncPredictor(std::unique_ptr<Clock>, ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> modePtr, size_t historySize,
                    size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent);
     ~VSyncPredictor();
 
     bool addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint,
-                                         std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const final
+                                         std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) final
             EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     nsecs_t currentPeriod() const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     Period minFramePeriod() const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
@@ -62,11 +64,11 @@
 
     VSyncPredictor::Model getVSyncPredictionModel() const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
-    bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
     void setDisplayModePtr(ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr>) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
-    void setRenderRate(Fps) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void setRenderRate(Fps, bool applyImmediately) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
     void onFrameBegin(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, TimePoint lastConfirmedPresentTime) final
             EXCLUDES(mMutex);
@@ -75,10 +77,44 @@
     void dump(std::string& result) const final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
 private:
+    struct VsyncSequence {
+        nsecs_t vsyncTime;
+        int64_t seq;
+    };
+
+    struct MissedVsync {
+        TimePoint vsync;
+        Duration fixup = Duration::fromNs(0);
+    };
+
+    class VsyncTimeline {
+    public:
+        VsyncTimeline(TimePoint knownVsync, Period idealPeriod, std::optional<Fps> renderRateOpt);
+        std::optional<TimePoint> nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
+                Model model, std::optional<Period> minFramePeriodOpt, nsecs_t vsyncTime,
+                MissedVsync lastMissedVsync, std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {});
+        void freeze(TimePoint lastVsync);
+        std::optional<TimePoint> validUntil() const { return mValidUntil; }
+        bool isVSyncInPhase(Model, nsecs_t vsync, Fps frameRate);
+        void shiftVsyncSequence(Duration phase);
+        void setRenderRate(Fps renderRate) { mRenderRateOpt = renderRate; }
+
+    private:
+        nsecs_t snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(Model model, nsecs_t vsync);
+        VsyncSequence getVsyncSequenceLocked(Model, nsecs_t vsync);
+        std::optional<VsyncSequence> makeVsyncSequence(TimePoint knownVsync);
+
+        const Period mIdealPeriod = Duration::fromNs(0);
+        std::optional<Fps> mRenderRateOpt;
+        std::optional<TimePoint> mValidUntil;
+        std::optional<VsyncSequence> mLastVsyncSequence;
+    };
+
     VSyncPredictor(VSyncPredictor const&) = delete;
     VSyncPredictor& operator=(VSyncPredictor const&) = delete;
     void clearTimestamps() REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
+    const std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
     const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
 
     inline void traceInt64If(const char* name, int64_t value) const;
@@ -88,16 +124,10 @@
     bool validate(nsecs_t timestamp) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     Model getVSyncPredictionModelLocked() const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     nsecs_t snapToVsync(nsecs_t timePoint) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    nsecs_t snapToVsyncAlignedWithRenderRate(nsecs_t timePoint) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    bool isVSyncInPhaseLocked(nsecs_t timePoint, unsigned divisor) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     Period minFramePeriodLocked() const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    void ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(TimePoint, TimePoint) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    Duration ensureMinFrameDurationIsKept(TimePoint, TimePoint) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    void purgeTimelines(android::TimePoint now) REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
-    struct VsyncSequence {
-        nsecs_t vsyncTime;
-        int64_t seq;
-    };
-    VsyncSequence getVsyncSequenceLocked(nsecs_t timestamp) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
     nsecs_t idealPeriod() const REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
     bool const mTraceOn;
@@ -115,13 +145,16 @@
     std::vector<nsecs_t> mTimestamps GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
     ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> mDisplayModePtr GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    std::optional<Fps> mRenderRateOpt GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-
-    mutable std::optional<VsyncSequence> mLastVsyncSequence GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    int mNumVsyncsForFrame GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
     std::deque<TimePoint> mPastExpectedPresentTimes GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
-    TimePoint mLastMissedVsync GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    MissedVsync mMissedVsync GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+    std::deque<VsyncTimeline> mTimelines GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    TimePoint mLastCommittedVsync GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = TimePoint::fromNs(0);
+    Period mIdealPeriod GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = Duration::fromNs(0);
+    std::optional<Fps> mRenderRateOpt GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 };
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
index 37bd4b4..8787cdb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncTracker.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
      *                          and avoid crossing the minimal frame period of a VRR display.
      * \return                  A prediction of the timestamp of a vsync event.
      */
-    virtual nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
-            nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const = 0;
+    virtual nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint,
+                                                 std::optional<nsecs_t> lastVsyncOpt = {}) = 0;
 
     /*
      * The current period of the vsync signal.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
      * \param [in] timePoint  A vsync timestamp
      * \param [in] frameRate  The frame rate to check for
      */
-    virtual bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) const = 0;
+    virtual bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t timePoint, Fps frameRate) = 0;
 
     /*
      * Sets the active mode of the display which includes the vsync period and other VRR attributes.
@@ -102,8 +102,10 @@
      * when a display is running at 120Hz but the render frame rate is 60Hz.
      *
      * \param [in] Fps   The render rate the tracker should operate at.
+     * \param [in] applyImmediately Whether to apply the new render rate immediately regardless of
+     *                              already committed vsyncs.
      */
-    virtual void setRenderRate(Fps) = 0;
+    virtual void setRenderRate(Fps, bool applyImmediately) = 0;
 
     virtual void onFrameBegin(TimePoint expectedPresentTime,
                               TimePoint lastConfirmedPresentTime) = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index 001938c..2fa3318 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@
     constexpr size_t kMinSamplesForPrediction = 6;
     constexpr uint32_t kDiscardOutlierPercent = 20;
 
-    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(modePtr, kHistorySize, kMinSamplesForPrediction,
-                                            kDiscardOutlierPercent);
+    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(std::make_unique<SystemClock>(), modePtr, kHistorySize,
+                                            kMinSamplesForPrediction, kDiscardOutlierPercent);
 }
 
 VsyncSchedule::DispatchPtr VsyncSchedule::createDispatch(TrackerPtr tracker) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 85cd3e7..881d678 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     bool addResyncSample(TimePoint timestamp, ftl::Optional<Period> hwcVsyncPeriod);
 
     // TODO(b/185535769): Hide behind API.
-    const VsyncTracker& getTracker() const { return *mTracker; }
+    VsyncTracker& getTracker() const { return *mTracker; }
     VsyncTracker& getTracker() { return *mTracker; }
     VsyncController& getController() { return *mController; }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 2501f4b..b3adedd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -1239,8 +1239,8 @@
     switch (display->setDesiredMode(std::move(desiredMode))) {
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
             // DisplayDevice::setDesiredMode updated the render rate, so inform Scheduler.
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId,
-                                      display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps,
+                                      /*applyImmediately*/ true);
 
             // Schedule a new frame to initiate the display mode switch.
             scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kNone);
@@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@
             mScheduler->setModeChangePending(true);
             break;
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch:
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, mode.fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, mode.fps, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
 
             if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
                 mScheduler->updatePhaseConfiguration(mode.fps);
@@ -1382,7 +1382,7 @@
 
     constexpr bool kAllowToEnable = true;
     mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, kAllowToEnable, std::move(activeModePtr).take());
-    mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderFps);
+    mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderFps, /*applyImmediately*/ true);
 
     if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         mScheduler->updatePhaseConfiguration(renderFps);
@@ -2730,7 +2730,8 @@
     refreshArgs.forceOutputColorMode = mForceColorMode;
 
     refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = mVisibleRegionsDirty;
-    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = mGeometryDirty.exchange(false) || mVisibleRegionsDirty;
+    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = mGeometryDirty.exchange(false) ||
+            mVisibleRegionsDirty || mDrawingState.colorMatrixChanged;
     refreshArgs.internalDisplayRotationFlags = getActiveDisplayRotationFlags();
 
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(mDrawingState.colorMatrixChanged)) {
@@ -4376,7 +4377,8 @@
     // The pacesetter must be registered before EventThread creation below.
     mScheduler->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(), display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
     if (FlagManager::getInstance().vrr_config()) {
-        mScheduler->setRenderRate(display->getPhysicalId(), activeMode.fps);
+        mScheduler->setRenderRate(display->getPhysicalId(), activeMode.fps,
+                                  /*applyImmediately*/ true);
     }
 
     const auto configs = mScheduler->getVsyncConfiguration().getCurrentConfigs();
@@ -4700,7 +4702,14 @@
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
-    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(expectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
+    const auto vsyncId = VsyncId{transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId};
+
+    // Transactions with VsyncId are already throttled by the vsyncId (i.e. Choreographer issued
+    // the vsyncId according to the frame rate override cadence) so we shouldn't throttle again
+    // when applying the transaction. Otherwise we might throttle older transactions
+    // incorrectly as the frame rate of SF changed before it drained the older transactions.
+    if (ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId) == FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID &&
+        !mScheduler->isVsyncValid(expectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
         ATRACE_FORMAT("!isVsyncValid expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64 " uid: %d", expectedPresentTime,
                       transaction.originUid);
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
@@ -4708,8 +4717,7 @@
 
     // If the client didn't specify desiredPresentTime, use the vsyncId to determine the
     // expected present time of this transaction.
-    if (transaction.isAutoTimestamp &&
-        frameIsEarly(expectedPresentTime, VsyncId{transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId})) {
+    if (transaction.isAutoTimestamp && frameIsEarly(expectedPresentTime, vsyncId)) {
         ATRACE_FORMAT("frameIsEarly vsyncId: %" PRId64 " expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64,
                       transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId, expectedPresentTime);
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 10e2220..d4735c7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "Scheduler/EventThread.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h"
+#include "Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h"
 #include "TestableScheduler.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
@@ -56,6 +57,11 @@
 using LayerHierarchyBuilder = surfaceflinger::frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder;
 using RequestedLayerState = surfaceflinger::frontend::RequestedLayerState;
 
+class ZeroClock : public Clock {
+public:
+    nsecs_t now() const override { return 0; }
+};
+
 class SchedulerTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     class MockEventThreadConnection : public android::EventThreadConnection {
@@ -563,7 +569,8 @@
                                  hal::VrrConfig{.minFrameIntervalNs = static_cast<int32_t>(
                                                         frameRate.getPeriodNsecs())}));
     std::shared_ptr<VSyncPredictor> vrrTracker =
-            std::make_shared<VSyncPredictor>(kMode, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
+            std::make_shared<VSyncPredictor>(std::make_unique<ZeroClock>(), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                                             kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
                                              kOutlierTolerancePercent);
     std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> vrrSelectorPtr =
             std::make_shared<RefreshRateSelector>(makeModes(kMode), kMode->getId());
@@ -576,8 +583,10 @@
 
     scheduler.registerDisplay(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), vrrSelectorPtr, vrrTracker);
     vrrSelectorPtr->setActiveMode(kMode->getId(), frameRate);
-    scheduler.setRenderRate(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), frameRate);
+    scheduler.setRenderRate(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), frameRate, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
     vrrTracker->addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    // Set 1000 as vsync seq #0
+    vrrTracker->nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
@@ -587,20 +596,21 @@
                                              TimePoint::fromNs(2000)));
 
     // Not crossing the min frame period
-    EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1500),
+    vrrTracker->onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(2000), TimePoint::fromNs(1500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
                                              TimePoint::fromNs(2500)));
     // Change render rate
     frameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000);
     vrrSelectorPtr->setActiveMode(kMode->getId(), frameRate);
-    scheduler.setRenderRate(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), frameRate);
+    scheduler.setRenderRate(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(), frameRate, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(2000)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(4500)));
     EXPECT_EQ(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000),
               scheduler.getNextFrameInterval(kMode->getPhysicalDisplayId(),
-                                             TimePoint::fromNs(4000)));
+                                             TimePoint::fromNs(6500)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(SchedulerTest, resyncAllToHardwareVsync) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
index d891008..d701a97 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@
     Period minFramePeriod() const final { return Period::fromNs(currentPeriod()); }
     void resetModel() final {}
     bool needsMoreSamples() const final { return false; }
-    bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t, Fps) const final { return false; }
+    bool isVSyncInPhase(nsecs_t, Fps) final { return false; }
     void setDisplayModePtr(ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr>) final {}
-    void setRenderRate(Fps) final {}
+    void setRenderRate(Fps, bool) final {}
     void onFrameBegin(TimePoint, TimePoint) final {}
     void onFrameMissed(TimePoint) final {}
     void dump(std::string&) const final {}
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 public:
     FixedRateIdealStubTracker() : StubTracker{toNs(3ms)} {}
 
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t>) const final {
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t timePoint, std::optional<nsecs_t>) final {
         auto const floor = timePoint % mPeriod;
         if (floor == 0) {
             return timePoint;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 public:
     VRRStubTracker(nsecs_t period) : StubTracker(period) {}
 
-    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t time_point, std::optional<nsecs_t>) const final {
+    nsecs_t nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(nsecs_t time_point, std::optional<nsecs_t>) final {
         std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
         auto const normalized_to_base = time_point - mBase;
         auto const floor = (normalized_to_base) % mPeriod;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index b9f3d70..48707cb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -75,6 +75,28 @@
     return ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayMode(DisplayModeId(0), refreshRate, kGroup, kResolution,
                                               DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID));
 }
+
+class TestClock : public Clock {
+public:
+    TestClock() = default;
+
+    nsecs_t now() const override { return mNow; }
+    void setNow(nsecs_t now) { mNow = now; }
+
+private:
+    nsecs_t mNow = 0;
+};
+
+class ClockWrapper : public Clock {
+public:
+    ClockWrapper(std::shared_ptr<Clock> const& clock) : mClock(clock) {}
+
+    nsecs_t now() const { return mClock->now(); }
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<Clock> const mClock;
+};
+
 } // namespace
 
 struct VSyncPredictorTest : testing::Test {
@@ -86,8 +108,10 @@
     static constexpr size_t kOutlierTolerancePercent = 25;
     static constexpr nsecs_t mMaxRoundingError = 100;
 
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mMode, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
-                           kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+    std::shared_ptr<TestClock> mClock{std::make_shared<TestClock>()};
+
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), mMode, kHistorySize,
+                           kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, reportsAnticipatedPeriod) {
@@ -408,7 +432,8 @@
 // See b/151146131
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, hasEnoughPrecision) {
     const auto mode = displayMode(mPeriod);
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mode, 20, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), mode, 20,
+                           kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
     std::vector<nsecs_t> const simulatedVsyncs{840873348817, 840890049444, 840906762675,
                                                840923581635, 840940161584, 840956868096,
                                                840973702473, 840990256277, 841007116851,
@@ -595,44 +620,15 @@
         tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow);
     }
 
-    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3 * mPeriod));
+    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3 * mPeriod), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 100), Eq(mNow + mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 1100), Eq(mNow + 4 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 2100), Eq(mNow + 4 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 3100), Eq(mNow + 4 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 4100), Eq(mNow + 7 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 5100), Eq(mNow + 7 * mPeriod));
-}
-
-TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, setRenderRateOfDivisorIsInPhase) {
-    auto last = mNow;
-    for (auto i = 0u; i < kMinimumSamplesForPrediction; i++) {
-        EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(last + mPeriod));
-        mNow += mPeriod;
-        last = mNow;
-        tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow);
-    }
-
-    const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(mPeriod);
-
-    tracker.setRenderRate(refreshRate / 4);
     EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + 3 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 3 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 7 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 7 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 11 * mPeriod));
-
-    tracker.setRenderRate(refreshRate / 2);
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + 1 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 1 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 3 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 3 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 5 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 5 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 7 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 7 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 9 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 9 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 11 * mPeriod));
-
-    tracker.setRenderRate(refreshRate / 6);
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + 1 * mPeriod));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 1 * mPeriod), Eq(mNow + 7 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 100), Eq(mNow + 3 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 1100), Eq(mNow + 3 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 2100), Eq(mNow + 3 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 3100), Eq(mNow + 6 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 4100), Eq(mNow + 6 * mPeriod));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 5100), Eq(mNow + 6 * mPeriod));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, setRenderRateIsIgnoredIfNotDivisor) {
@@ -644,7 +640,7 @@
         tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(mNow);
     }
 
-    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3.5f * mPeriod));
+    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3.5f * mPeriod), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
 
     EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow), Eq(mNow + mPeriod));
     EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 100), Eq(mNow + mPeriod));
@@ -655,6 +651,178 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(mNow + 5100), Eq(mNow + 6 * mPeriod));
 }
 
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, setRenderRateHighIsAppliedImmediately) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto vsyncRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(500);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), vsyncRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700));
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, 1000));
+
+    // commit to a vsync in the future
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(8000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6000, 6000));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(12000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10000, 10000));
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3500), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(8000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6000, 6000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(8000, 8000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(12000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10000, 10000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(15500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(12000, 12000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(19000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(15500, 15500));
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2500), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(8000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6000, 6000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(8000, 8000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(12000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10000, 10000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(15500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(12000, 12000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(19000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(15500, 15500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(21500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(19000, 19000));
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(7000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6000, 6000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(9000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(8000, 8000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(11000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10000, 10000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(13000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(12000, 12000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(17000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(15500, 15500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(20000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(19000, 19000));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, minFramePeriodDoesntApplyWhenSameWithRefreshRate) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto vsyncRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), vsyncRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700));
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, 1000));
+
+    // Assume that the last vsync is wrong due to a vsync drift. It shouldn't matter.
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, 1700));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, setRenderRateExplicitAppliedImmediately) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto vsyncRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(500);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), vsyncRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700));
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000, 1000));
+
+    // commit to a vsync in the future
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 2000));
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000), /*applyImmediately*/ true);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(7000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(9000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(7000, 7000));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, selectsClosestVsyncAfterInactivity) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto vsyncRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(500);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), vsyncRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(5000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4700));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+
+    mClock->setNow(50000);
+    EXPECT_EQ(50500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(50000, 10000));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, returnsCorrectVsyncWhenLastIsNot) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto vsyncRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(500);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), vsyncRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1234, 1234));
+}
+
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, adjustsVrrTimeline) {
     SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
 
@@ -670,10 +838,10 @@
                                      .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
                                      .build());
 
-    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{kMode, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
-                              kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
 
-    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(minFrameRate);
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(minFrameRate, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
     vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
     EXPECT_EQ(1000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(700));
     EXPECT_EQ(2000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000));
@@ -687,7 +855,95 @@
     vrrTracker.onFrameMissed(TimePoint::fromNs(4500));
     EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4500, 4500));
     EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(7000), TimePoint::fromNs(6500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(9000, 7000));
 }
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, adjustsVrrTimelineTwoClients) {
+    SET_FLAG_FOR_TEST(flags::vrr_config, true);
+
+    const int32_t kGroup = 0;
+    const auto kResolution = ui::Size(1920, 1080);
+    const auto refreshRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(500);
+    const auto minFrameRate = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(1000);
+    hal::VrrConfig vrrConfig;
+    vrrConfig.minFrameIntervalNs = minFrameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr> kMode =
+            ftl::as_non_null(createDisplayModeBuilder(DisplayModeId(0), refreshRate, kGroup,
+                                                      kResolution, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
+                                     .setVrrConfig(std::move(vrrConfig))
+                                     .build());
+
+    VSyncPredictor vrrTracker{std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mClock), kMode, kHistorySize,
+                              kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+
+    vrrTracker.setRenderRate(minFrameRate, /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    vrrTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(0);
+
+    // App runs ahead
+    EXPECT_EQ(3000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(2700));
+    EXPECT_EQ(4000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(3000, 3000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(5000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+
+    // SF starts to catch up
+    EXPECT_EQ(3000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(2700));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(3000), TimePoint::fromNs(0));
+
+    // SF misses last frame (3000) and observes that when committing (4000)
+    EXPECT_EQ(6000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5000, 5000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(4000, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(3700));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameMissed(TimePoint::fromNs(4000));
+
+    // SF wakes up again instead of the (4000) missed frame
+    EXPECT_EQ(4500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4000, 4000));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(4500), TimePoint::fromNs(4500));
+
+    // Timeline shifted. The app needs to get the next frame at (7500) as its last frame (6500) will
+    // be presented at (7500)
+    EXPECT_EQ(7500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6000, 6000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(5500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(4500, 4500));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(5500), TimePoint::fromNs(4500));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(8500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(7500, 7500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(6500, vrrTracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5500, 5500));
+    vrrTracker.onFrameBegin(TimePoint::fromNs(6500), TimePoint::fromNs(5500));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, renderRateIsPreservedForCommittedVsyncs) {
+    tracker.addVsyncTimestamp(1000);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1), Eq(1000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5001), Eq(6000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6001), Eq(7000));
+
+    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(2000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1), Eq(1000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5001), Eq(6000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6001), Eq(7000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(7001), Eq(9000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(8001), Eq(9000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(9001), Eq(11000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10001), Eq(11000));
+
+    tracker.setRenderRate(Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(3000), /*applyImmediately*/ false);
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1), Eq(1000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5001), Eq(6000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6001), Eq(7000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(7001), Eq(9000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(8001), Eq(9000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(9001), Eq(11000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(10001), Eq(11000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(11001), Eq(14000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(12001), Eq(14000));
+
+    // Check the purge logic works
+    mClock->setNow(20000);
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1), Eq(2000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(5001), Eq(8000));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tracker.nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(6001), Eq(8000));
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
index 3870983..c311901 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVSyncTracker.h
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@
 
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, addVsyncTimestamp, (nsecs_t), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom, (nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>),
-                (const, override));
+                (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(nsecs_t, currentPeriod, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(Period, minFramePeriod, (), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, resetModel, (), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, needsMoreSamples, (), (const, override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isVSyncInPhase, (nsecs_t, Fps), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isVSyncInPhase, (nsecs_t, Fps), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, setDisplayModePtr, (ftl::NonNull<DisplayModePtr>), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD(void, setRenderRate, (Fps), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setRenderRate, (Fps, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, onFrameBegin, (TimePoint, TimePoint), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, onFrameMissed, (TimePoint), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, dump, (std::string&), (const, override));