Merge "Use String8/16 c_str [cmds]" into main am: 4d32277443 am: 0ef1588780
Original change: https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/frameworks/native/+/2724474
Change-Id: I57461321af5103fc110737c0c8dbdd8f09d97571
Signed-off-by: Automerger Merge Worker <android-build-automerger-merge-worker@system.gserviceaccount.com>
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index fda6ea1..9e9df52 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -711,7 +711,9 @@
SkCanvas* canvas = dstCanvas;
SkiaCapture::OffscreenState offscreenCaptureState;
const LayerSettings* blurCompositionLayer = nullptr;
- if (mBlurFilter) {
+
+ // TODO (b/270314344): Enable blurs in protected context.
+ if (mBlurFilter && !mInProtectedContext) {
bool requiresCompositionLayer = false;
for (const auto& layer : layers) {
// if the layer doesn't have blur or it is not visible then continue
@@ -805,7 +807,8 @@
const auto [bounds, roundRectClip] =
getBoundsAndClip(layer.geometry.boundaries, layer.geometry.roundedCornersCrop,
layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
- if (mBlurFilter && layerHasBlur(layer, ctModifiesAlpha)) {
+ // TODO (b/270314344): Enable blurs in protected context.
+ if (mBlurFilter && layerHasBlur(layer, ctModifiesAlpha) && !mInProtectedContext) {
std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sk_sp<SkImage>> cachedBlurs;
// if multiple layers have blur, then we need to take a snapshot now because
@@ -813,8 +816,20 @@
if (!blurInput) {
blurInput = activeSurface->makeImageSnapshot();
}
+
// rect to be blurred in the coordinate space of blurInput
- const auto blurRect = canvas->getTotalMatrix().mapRect(bounds.rect());
+ SkRect blurRect = canvas->getTotalMatrix().mapRect(bounds.rect());
+
+ // Some layers may be much bigger than the screen. If we used
+ // `blurRect` directly, this would allocate a large buffer with no
+ // benefit. Apply the clip, which already takes the display size
+ // into account. The clipped size will then be used to calculate the
+ // size of the buffer we will create for blurring.
+ if (!blurRect.intersect(SkRect::Make(canvas->getDeviceClipBounds()))) {
+ // This should not happen, but if it did, we would use the full
+ // sized layer, which should still be fine.
+ ALOGW("blur bounds does not intersect display clip!");
+ }
// if the clip needs to be applied then apply it now and make sure
// it is restored before we attempt to draw any shadows.
diff --git a/libs/ultrahdr/Android.bp b/libs/ultrahdr/Android.bp
index e3f709b..9deba01 100644
--- a/libs/ultrahdr/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ultrahdr/Android.bp
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@
package {
// See: http://go/android-license-faq
- // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
- // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_license"
- // to get the below license kinds:
- // SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
- default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
+ default_applicable_licenses: [
+ "frameworks_native_license",
+ "adobe_hdr_gain_map_license",
+ ],
}
cc_library {
diff --git a/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/Android.bp b/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e999a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+license {
+ name: "adobe_hdr_gain_map_license",
+ license_kinds: ["legacy_by_exception_only"],
+ license_text: ["NOTICE"],
+}
diff --git a/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/NOTICE b/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/NOTICE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f6c594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ultrahdr/adobe-hdr-gain-map-license/NOTICE
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+This product includes Gain Map technology under license by Adobe.
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/Android.bp b/services/gpuservice/Android.bp
index fba64c7..052efb6b 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/Android.bp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/Android.bp
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
cc_library_shared {
name: "libgpuservice",
defaults: ["libgpuservice_production_defaults"],
+ export_include_dirs: ["include"],
srcs: [
":libgpuservice_sources",
],
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp b/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
index ba957f4..48d793a 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
-#include "GpuService.h"
+#include "gpuservice/GpuService.h"
#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
#include <android-base/properties.h>
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
#include <vkjson.h>
#include <thread>
+#include <memory>
namespace android {
@@ -58,18 +59,21 @@
mGpuStats(std::make_unique<GpuStats>()),
mGpuMemTracer(std::make_unique<GpuMemTracer>()) {
- std::thread gpuMemAsyncInitThread([this]() {
+ mGpuMemAsyncInitThread = std::make_unique<std::thread>([this] (){
mGpuMem->initialize();
mGpuMemTracer->initialize(mGpuMem);
});
- gpuMemAsyncInitThread.detach();
- std::thread gpuWorkAsyncInitThread([this]() {
+ mGpuWorkAsyncInitThread = std::make_unique<std::thread>([this]() {
mGpuWork->initialize();
});
- gpuWorkAsyncInitThread.detach();
};
+GpuService::~GpuService() {
+ mGpuWorkAsyncInitThread->join();
+ mGpuMemAsyncInitThread->join();
+}
+
void GpuService::setGpuStats(const std::string& driverPackageName,
const std::string& driverVersionName, uint64_t driverVersionCode,
int64_t driverBuildTime, const std::string& appPackageName,
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.h b/services/gpuservice/include/gpuservice/GpuService.h
similarity index 95%
rename from services/gpuservice/GpuService.h
rename to services/gpuservice/include/gpuservice/GpuService.h
index 0e559f2..54f8f66 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.h
+++ b/services/gpuservice/include/gpuservice/GpuService.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
#include <serviceutils/PriorityDumper.h>
#include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
#include <vector>
namespace android {
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@
static const char* const SERVICE_NAME ANDROID_API;
GpuService() ANDROID_API;
+ ~GpuService();
protected:
status_t shellCommand(int in, int out, int err, std::vector<String16>& args) override;
@@ -90,6 +92,8 @@
std::unique_ptr<GpuMemTracer> mGpuMemTracer;
std::mutex mLock;
std::string mDeveloperDriverPath;
+ std::unique_ptr<std::thread> mGpuMemAsyncInitThread;
+ std::unique_ptr<std::thread> mGpuWorkAsyncInitThread;
};
} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/main_gpuservice.cpp b/services/gpuservice/main_gpuservice.cpp
index 64aafca..2002372 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/main_gpuservice.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/main_gpuservice.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
-#include "GpuService.h"
+#include "gpuservice/GpuService.h"
using namespace android;
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/tests/fuzzers/GpuServiceFuzzer.cpp b/services/gpuservice/tests/fuzzers/GpuServiceFuzzer.cpp
index c2574a3..241b864 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/tests/fuzzers/GpuServiceFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/tests/fuzzers/GpuServiceFuzzer.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
#include <fuzzbinder/libbinder_driver.h>
-#include "GpuService.h"
+#include "gpuservice/GpuService.h"
using ::android::fuzzService;
using ::android::GpuService;
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 51642f9..c870b17 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
"GpuMemTest.cpp",
"GpuMemTracerTest.cpp",
"GpuStatsTest.cpp",
+ "GpuServiceTest.cpp",
],
header_libs: ["bpf_headers"],
shared_libs: [
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@
"libstatslog",
"libstatspull",
"libutils",
+ "libgpuservice",
],
static_libs: [
"libgmock",
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/GpuServiceTest.cpp b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/GpuServiceTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62b3e53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/GpuServiceTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "gpuservice_unittest"
+
+#include "gpuservice/GpuService.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <log/log_main.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+class GpuServiceTest : public testing::Test {
+public:
+ GpuServiceTest() {
+ const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+ ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+ ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+ }
+
+ ~GpuServiceTest() {
+ const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+ ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+ ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+ }
+
+};
+
+
+/*
+* The behaviour before this test + fixes was UB caused by threads accessing deallocated memory.
+*
+* This test creates the service (which initializes the culprit threads),
+* deallocates it immediately and sleeps.
+*
+* GpuService's destructor gets called and joins the threads.
+* If we haven't crashed by the time the sleep time has elapsed, we're good
+* Let the test pass.
+*/
+TEST_F(GpuServiceTest, onInitializeShouldNotCauseUseAfterFree) {
+ sp<GpuService> service = new GpuService();
+ service.clear();
+ std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
+
+ // If we haven't crashed yet due to threads accessing freed up memory, let the test pass
+ EXPECT_TRUE(true);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 0fb79d5..5c524d3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -662,7 +662,15 @@
} else {
// This pointer was already sent to the window. Use ACTION_HOVER_MOVE.
if (CC_UNLIKELY(maskedAction != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE)) {
- LOG(FATAL) << "Expected ACTION_HOVER_MOVE instead of " << entry.getDescription();
+ android::base::LogSeverity severity = android::base::LogSeverity::FATAL;
+ if (entry.flags & AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT) {
+ // The Accessibility injected touch exploration event stream
+ // has known inconsistencies, so log ERROR instead of
+ // crashing the device with FATAL.
+ // TODO(b/286037469): Move a11y severity back to FATAL.
+ severity = android::base::LogSeverity::ERROR;
+ }
+ LOG(severity) << "Expected ACTION_HOVER_MOVE instead of " << entry.getDescription();
}
touchedWindow.targetFlags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 017f10b..6ff420d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -3604,6 +3604,29 @@
}
/**
+ * Test that invalid HOVER events sent by accessibility do not cause a fatal crash.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, InvalidA11yHoverStreamDoesNotCrash) {
+ std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+ sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+ sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+ window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 1200, 800));
+ mDispatcher->setFocusedApplication(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, application);
+ mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+ MotionEventBuilder hoverEnterBuilder =
+ MotionEventBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+ .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, ToolType::MOUSE).x(300).y(400))
+ .addFlag(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_ACCESSIBILITY_EVENT);
+ ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
+ injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher, hoverEnterBuilder.build()));
+ ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
+ injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher, hoverEnterBuilder.build()));
+ window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER));
+ window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER));
+}
+
+/**
* If mouse is hovering when the touch goes down, the hovering should be stopped via HOVER_EXIT.
*/
TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TouchDownAfterMouseHover) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index f7049b9..c0eb36d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
#include "AidlComposerHal.h"
+#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.h>
#include <android-base/file.h>
#include <android/binder_ibinder_platform.h>
#include <android/binder_manager.h>
@@ -249,15 +250,18 @@
ALOGE("getInterfaceVersion for AidlComposer constructor failed %s",
status.getDescription().c_str());
}
- if (version == 1) {
- mClearSlotBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(1, 1, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888,
- GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
- GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
- GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
- "AidlComposer");
- if (!mClearSlotBuffer || mClearSlotBuffer->initCheck() != ::android::OK) {
- LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Failed to allocate a buffer for clearing layer buffer slots");
- return;
+ mSupportsBufferSlotsToClear = version > 1;
+ if (!mSupportsBufferSlotsToClear) {
+ if (sysprop::clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer(false)) {
+ mClearSlotBuffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(1, 1, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888,
+ GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
+ GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
+ GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN,
+ "AidlComposer");
+ if (!mClearSlotBuffer || mClearSlotBuffer->initCheck() != ::android::OK) {
+ LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Failed to allocate a buffer for clearing layer buffer slots");
+ return;
+ }
}
}
@@ -844,12 +848,12 @@
Error error = Error::NONE;
mMutex.lock_shared();
if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
- // Backwards compatible way of clearing buffer is to set the layer buffer with a placeholder
- // buffer, using the slot that needs to cleared... tricky.
- if (mClearSlotBuffer == nullptr) {
+ if (mSupportsBufferSlotsToClear) {
writer->get().setLayerBufferSlotsToClear(translate<int64_t>(display),
translate<int64_t>(layer), slotsToClear);
- } else {
+ // Backwards compatible way of clearing buffer slots is to set the layer buffer with a
+ // placeholder buffer, using the slot that needs to cleared... tricky.
+ } else if (mClearSlotBuffer != nullptr) {
for (uint32_t slot : slotsToClear) {
// Don't clear the active buffer slot because we need to restore the active buffer
// after clearing the requested buffer slots with a placeholder buffer.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index ce05b38..b8ae26f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -284,6 +284,8 @@
// threading annotations.
ftl::SharedMutex mMutex;
+ // Whether or not explicitly clearing buffer slots is supported.
+ bool mSupportsBufferSlotsToClear;
// Buffer slots for layers are cleared by setting the slot buffer to this buffer.
sp<GraphicBuffer> mClearSlotBuffer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index e0f6c45..9b41da5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@
#include "HidlComposerHal.h"
+#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.h>
#include <android/binder_manager.h>
#include <composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
#include <hidl/HidlTransportSupport.h>
#include <hidl/HidlTransportUtils.h>
#include <log/log.h>
#include <utils/Trace.h>
+
#include "HWC2.h"
#include "Hal.h"
@@ -189,6 +191,9 @@
}
sp<GraphicBuffer> allocateClearSlotBuffer() {
+ if (!sysprop::clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer(false)) {
+ return nullptr;
+ }
sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(1, 1, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888,
GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_COMPOSER |
GraphicBuffer::USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN |
@@ -246,7 +251,7 @@
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to create composer client");
}
- if (!mClearSlotBuffer) {
+ if (!mClearSlotBuffer && sysprop::clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer(false)) {
LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Failed to allocate a buffer for clearing layer buffer slots");
return;
}
@@ -716,7 +721,11 @@
if (slotsToClear.empty()) {
return Error::NONE;
}
- // Backwards compatible way of clearing buffer is to set the layer buffer with a placeholder
+ // This can be null when the HAL hasn't explicitly enabled this feature.
+ if (mClearSlotBuffer == nullptr) {
+ return Error::NONE;
+ }
+ // Backwards compatible way of clearing buffer is to set the layer buffer with a placeholder
// buffer, using the slot that needs to cleared... tricky.
for (uint32_t slot : slotsToClear) {
// Don't clear the active buffer slot because we need to restore the active buffer after
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
index 20fa091..96c8b54 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.cpp
@@ -375,5 +375,9 @@
return SurfaceFlingerProperties::ignore_hdr_camera_layers().value_or(defaultValue);
}
+bool clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer(bool defaultValue) {
+ return SurfaceFlingerProperties::clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer().value_or(defaultValue);
+}
+
} // namespace sysprop
} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
index 080feee..951f8f8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlingerProperties.h
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@
bool ignore_hdr_camera_layers(bool defaultValue);
+bool clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer(bool defaultValue);
+
} // namespace sysprop
} // namespace android
#endif // SURFACEFLINGERPROPERTIES_H_
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
index bcbe21a..689f51a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop
@@ -470,4 +470,18 @@
scope: Public
access: Readonly
prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.ignore_hdr_camera_layers"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+# When enabled, SurfaceFlinger will attempt to clear the per-layer HAL buffer cache slots for
+# buffers when they are evicted from the app cache by using additional setLayerBuffer commands.
+# Ideally, this behavior would always be enabled to reduce graphics memory consumption. However,
+# Some HAL implementations may not support the additional setLayerBuffer commands used to clear
+# the cache slots.
+prop {
+ api_name: "clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer"
+ type: Boolean
+ scope: Public
+ access: Readonly
+ prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer"
+}
+
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
index 348a462..9660ff3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/sysprop/api/SurfaceFlingerProperties-current.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
props {
module: "android.sysprop.SurfaceFlingerProperties"
prop {
+ api_name: "clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer"
+ prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.clear_slots_with_set_layer_buffer"
+ }
+ prop {
api_name: "color_space_agnostic_dataspace"
type: Long
prop_name: "ro.surface_flinger.color_space_agnostic_dataspace"