diff --git a/cmds/cmd/fuzzer/Android.bp b/cmds/cmd/fuzzer/Android.bp
index 0c78c5a..8262bc2 100644
--- a/cmds/cmd/fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/cmd/fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    // A large-scale-change added 'default_applicable_licenses' to import
+    // all of the 'license_kinds' from "frameworks_native_cmds_cmd_license"
+    // to get the below license kinds:
+    //   SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_cmds_cmd_license"],
+}
+
 cc_fuzz {
     name: "cmd_fuzzer",
     srcs: [
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
index f8fdaa0..3d2bdf1 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <binder/BpBinder.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <binder/Stability.h>
@@ -58,27 +60,30 @@
 }
 
 static void usage() {
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "usage: dumpsys\n"
-            "         To dump all services.\n"
-            "or:\n"
-            "       dumpsys [-t TIMEOUT] [--priority LEVEL] [--dump] [--pid] [--thread] [--help | "
-            "-l | --skip SERVICES "
-            "| SERVICE [ARGS]]\n"
-            "         --help: shows this help\n"
-            "         -l: only list services, do not dump them\n"
-            "         -t TIMEOUT_SEC: TIMEOUT to use in seconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
-            "         -T TIMEOUT_MS: TIMEOUT to use in milliseconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
-            "         --dump: ask the service to dump itself (this is the default)\n"
-            "         --pid: dump PID instead of usual dump\n"
-            "         --proto: filter services that support dumping data in proto format. Dumps\n"
-            "               will be in proto format.\n"
-            "         --priority LEVEL: filter services based on specified priority\n"
-            "               LEVEL must be one of CRITICAL | HIGH | NORMAL\n"
-            "         --skip SERVICES: dumps all services but SERVICES (comma-separated list)\n"
-            "         --stability: dump binder stability information instead of usual dump\n"
-            "         --thread: dump thread usage instead of usual dump\n"
-            "         SERVICE [ARGS]: dumps only service SERVICE, optionally passing ARGS to it\n");
+    fprintf(
+        stderr,
+        "usage: dumpsys\n"
+        "         To dump all services.\n"
+        "or:\n"
+        "       dumpsys [-t TIMEOUT] [--priority LEVEL] [--clients] [--dump] [--pid] [--thread] "
+        "[--help | "
+        "-l | --skip SERVICES "
+        "| SERVICE [ARGS]]\n"
+        "         --help: shows this help\n"
+        "         -l: only list services, do not dump them\n"
+        "         -t TIMEOUT_SEC: TIMEOUT to use in seconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
+        "         -T TIMEOUT_MS: TIMEOUT to use in milliseconds instead of default 10 seconds\n"
+        "         --clients: dump client PIDs instead of usual dump\n"
+        "         --dump: ask the service to dump itself (this is the default)\n"
+        "         --pid: dump PID instead of usual dump\n"
+        "         --proto: filter services that support dumping data in proto format. Dumps\n"
+        "               will be in proto format.\n"
+        "         --priority LEVEL: filter services based on specified priority\n"
+        "               LEVEL must be one of CRITICAL | HIGH | NORMAL\n"
+        "         --skip SERVICES: dumps all services but SERVICES (comma-separated list)\n"
+        "         --stability: dump binder stability information instead of usual dump\n"
+        "         --thread: dump thread usage instead of usual dump\n"
+        "         SERVICE [ARGS]: dumps only service SERVICE, optionally passing ARGS to it\n");
 }
 
 static bool IsSkipped(const Vector<String16>& skipped, const String16& service) {
@@ -131,15 +136,12 @@
     int dumpTypeFlags = 0;
     int timeoutArgMs = 10000;
     int priorityFlags = IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_ALL;
-    static struct option longOptions[] = {{"help", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"dump", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"pid", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"priority", required_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"proto", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"skip", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"stability", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {"thread", no_argument, 0, 0},
-                                          {0, 0, 0, 0}};
+    static struct option longOptions[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 0},           {"clients", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"dump", no_argument, 0, 0},           {"pid", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"priority", required_argument, 0, 0}, {"proto", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"skip", no_argument, 0, 0},           {"stability", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"thread", no_argument, 0, 0},         {0, 0, 0, 0}};
 
     // Must reset optind, otherwise subsequent calls will fail (wouldn't happen on main.cpp, but
     // happens on test cases).
@@ -178,6 +180,8 @@
                 dumpTypeFlags |= TYPE_STABILITY;
             } else if (!strcmp(longOptions[optionIndex].name, "thread")) {
                 dumpTypeFlags |= TYPE_THREAD;
+            } else if (!strcmp(longOptions[optionIndex].name, "clients")) {
+                dumpTypeFlags |= TYPE_CLIENTS;
             }
             break;
 
@@ -373,6 +377,35 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
+static status_t dumpClientsToFd(const sp<IBinder>& service, const unique_fd& fd) {
+    std::string clientPids;
+    const auto remoteBinder = service->remoteBinder();
+    if (remoteBinder == nullptr) {
+        WriteStringToFd("Client PIDs are not available for local binders.\n", fd.get());
+        return OK;
+    }
+    const auto handle = remoteBinder->getDebugBinderHandle();
+    if (handle == std::nullopt) {
+        return OK;
+    }
+    std::vector<pid_t> pids;
+    pid_t myPid = getpid();
+    pid_t servicePid;
+    status_t status = service->getDebugPid(&servicePid);
+    if (status != OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    status =
+        getBinderClientPids(BinderDebugContext::BINDER, myPid, servicePid, handle.value(), &pids);
+    if (status != OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    pids.erase(std::remove_if(pids.begin(), pids.end(), [&](pid_t pid) { return pid == myPid; }),
+               pids.end());
+    WriteStringToFd("Client PIDs: " + ::android::base::Join(pids, ", ") + "\n", fd.get());
+    return OK;
+}
+
 static void reportDumpError(const String16& serviceName, status_t error, const char* context) {
     if (error == OK) return;
 
@@ -413,6 +446,10 @@
             status_t err = dumpThreadsToFd(service, remote_end);
             reportDumpError(serviceName, err, "dumping thread info");
         }
+        if (dumpTypeFlags & TYPE_CLIENTS) {
+            status_t err = dumpClientsToFd(service, remote_end);
+            reportDumpError(serviceName, err, "dumping clients info");
+        }
 
         // other types always act as a header, this is usually longer
         if (dumpTypeFlags & TYPE_DUMP) {
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
index 05c5d5e..6ab1a7d 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/dumpsys.h
@@ -52,10 +52,11 @@
     static void setServiceArgs(Vector<String16>& args, bool asProto, int priorityFlags);
 
     enum Type {
-        TYPE_DUMP = 0x1,      // dump using `dump` function
-        TYPE_PID = 0x2,       // dump pid of server only
-        TYPE_STABILITY = 0x4, // dump stability information of server
-        TYPE_THREAD = 0x8,    // dump thread usage of server only
+        TYPE_DUMP = 0x1,       // dump using `dump` function
+        TYPE_PID = 0x2,        // dump pid of server only
+        TYPE_STABILITY = 0x4,  // dump stability information of server
+        TYPE_THREAD = 0x8,     // dump thread usage of server only
+        TYPE_CLIENTS = 0x10,   // dump pid of clients
     };
 
     /**
diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
index 312f4d7..fa63db5 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
@@ -627,6 +627,29 @@
     AssertOutputFormat(format);
 }
 
+// Tests 'dumpsys --clients'
+TEST_F(DumpsysTest, ListAllServicesWithClients) {
+    ExpectListServices({"Locksmith", "Valet"});
+    ExpectCheckService("Locksmith");
+    ExpectCheckService("Valet");
+
+    CallMain({"--clients"});
+
+    AssertRunningServices({"Locksmith", "Valet"});
+
+    const std::string format("(.|\n)*((Client PIDs are not available for local binders.)(.|\n)*){2}");
+    AssertOutputFormat(format);
+}
+
+// Tests 'dumpsys --clients service_name'
+TEST_F(DumpsysTest, ListServiceWithClients) {
+    ExpectCheckService("Locksmith");
+
+    CallMain({"--clients", "Locksmith"});
+
+    const std::string format("Client PIDs are not available for local binders.\n");
+    AssertOutputFormat(format);
+}
 // Tests 'dumpsys --thread --stability'
 TEST_F(DumpsysTest, ListAllServicesWithMultipleOptions) {
     ExpectListServices({"Locksmith", "Valet"});
diff --git a/cmds/idlcli/Android.bp b/cmds/idlcli/Android.bp
index ec3bc61..c18d3f5 100644
--- a/cmds/idlcli/Android.bp
+++ b/cmds/idlcli/Android.bp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "idlcli-defaults",
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.vibrator-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.vibrator-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.vibrator@1.0",
         "android.hardware.vibrator@1.1",
         "android.hardware.vibrator@1.2",
diff --git a/cmds/surfacereplayer/replayer/Replayer.cpp b/cmds/surfacereplayer/replayer/Replayer.cpp
index cfd42fe..3f7c7d6 100644
--- a/cmds/surfacereplayer/replayer/Replayer.cpp
+++ b/cmds/surfacereplayer/replayer/Replayer.cpp
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
 void Replayer::setLayerStack(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& t,
         layer_id id, const LayerStackChange& lsc) {
     ALOGV("Layer %d: Setting LayerStack -- layer_stack=%d", id, lsc.layer_stack());
-    t.setLayerStack(mLayers[id], lsc.layer_stack());
+    t.setLayerStack(mLayers[id], ui::LayerStack::fromValue(lsc.layer_stack()));
 }
 
 void Replayer::setHiddenFlag(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& t,
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
 
 void Replayer::setDisplayLayerStack(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& t,
         display_id id, const LayerStackChange& lsc) {
-    t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplays[id], lsc.layer_stack());
+    t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplays[id], ui::LayerStack::fromValue(lsc.layer_stack()));
 }
 
 void Replayer::setDisplaySize(SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& t,
diff --git a/include/ftl/NamedEnum.h b/include/ftl/NamedEnum.h
index f50ff46..6e98fee 100644
--- a/include/ftl/NamedEnum.h
+++ b/include/ftl/NamedEnum.h
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@
 
     // Example (cont'd): V = android::test::TestEnums::ONE
     view = view.substr(valStart);
+    // Check invalid enum values with cast, like V = (android::test::TestEnums)8.
+    if (view.find('(') != std::string::npos) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
     size_t nameStart = view.rfind("::");
     if (nameStart == std::string::npos) {
         return std::nullopt;
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index d7112b5..20bf301 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
         "BpBinder.cpp",
         "BufferedTextOutput.cpp",
         "Debug.cpp",
+        "FdTrigger.cpp",
         "IInterface.cpp",
         "IMemory.cpp",
         "IPCThreadState.cpp",
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@
         "RpcSession.cpp",
         "RpcServer.cpp",
         "RpcState.cpp",
+        "RpcTransportRaw.cpp",
         "Static.cpp",
         "Stability.cpp",
         "Status.cpp",
@@ -144,9 +146,6 @@
             enabled: false,
         },
         host: {
-            static_libs: [
-                "libbase",
-            ],
             srcs: [
                 "ServiceManagerHost.cpp",
                 "UtilsHost.cpp",
@@ -187,6 +186,10 @@
         "libutils",
     ],
 
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+
     header_libs: [
         "libbinder_headers",
         "libandroid_runtime_vm_headers",
@@ -229,6 +232,42 @@
     },
 }
 
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libbinder_tls_shared_deps",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "liblog",
+        "libssl",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "libbinder_tls_defaults",
+    defaults: ["libbinder_tls_shared_deps"],
+    host_supported: true,
+
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbinder_headers",
+    ],
+    export_header_lib_headers: [
+        "libbinder_headers",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include_tls"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "RpcTransportTls.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "libbinder_tls",
+    defaults: ["libbinder_tls_defaults"],
+}
+
 // AIDL interface between libbinder and framework.jar
 filegroup {
     name: "libbinder_aidl",
@@ -247,6 +286,9 @@
         "aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageChangeObserver.aidl",
         "aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.aidl",
         "aidl/android/content/pm/PackageChangeEvent.aidl",
+        "aidl/android/content/pm/IStagedApexObserver.aidl",
+        "aidl/android/content/pm/ApexStagedEvent.aidl",
+        "aidl/android/content/pm/StagedApexInfo.aidl",
     ],
     path: "aidl",
 }
@@ -354,5 +396,6 @@
         "libbinder",
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
+        "android.debug_aidl-cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/Binder.cpp b/libs/binder/Binder.cpp
index 628381c..d3eef4e 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Binder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Binder.cpp
@@ -555,7 +555,9 @@
         return status;
     }
     rpcServer->setRootObjectWeak(weakThis);
-    rpcServer->setupExternalServer(std::move(socketFd));
+    if (auto status = rpcServer->setupExternalServer(std::move(socketFd)); status != OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
     rpcServer->setMaxThreads(binderThreadPoolMaxCount);
     rpcServer->start();
     e->mRpcServerLinks.emplace(link);
diff --git a/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp b/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
index 765e21c..55566e2 100644
--- a/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/BpBinder.cpp
@@ -188,6 +188,14 @@
     return std::get<BinderHandle>(mHandle).handle;
 }
 
+std::optional<int32_t> BpBinder::getDebugBinderHandle() const {
+    if (!isRpcBinder()) {
+        return binderHandle();
+    } else {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+
 bool BpBinder::isDescriptorCached() const {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
     return mDescriptorCache.size() ? true : false;
diff --git a/libs/binder/Debug.cpp b/libs/binder/Debug.cpp
index 8676955..e4ac4b4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Debug.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Debug.cpp
@@ -26,22 +26,6 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-std::string hexString(const void* bytes, size_t len) {
-    if (bytes == nullptr) return "<null>";
-
-    const uint8_t* bytes8 = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bytes);
-    const char chars[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-    std::string result;
-    result.resize(len * 2);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        result[2 * i] = chars[bytes8[i] >> 4];
-        result[2 * i + 1] = chars[bytes8[i] & 0xf];
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 static const char indentStr[] =
diff --git a/libs/binder/Debug.h b/libs/binder/Debug.h
index 7ca087e..262dfba 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Debug.h
+++ b/libs/binder/Debug.h
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 namespace android {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-std::string hexString(const void* data, size_t size);
-
 const char* stringForIndent(int32_t indentLevel);
 
 typedef void (*debugPrintFunc)(void* cookie, const char* txt);
diff --git a/libs/binder/FdTrigger.cpp b/libs/binder/FdTrigger.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b197a6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/FdTrigger.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "FdTrigger"
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include <poll.h>
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+
+#include "FdTrigger.h"
+namespace android {
+
+std::unique_ptr<FdTrigger> FdTrigger::make() {
+    auto ret = std::make_unique<FdTrigger>();
+    if (!android::base::Pipe(&ret->mRead, &ret->mWrite)) {
+        ALOGE("Could not create pipe %s", strerror(errno));
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+void FdTrigger::trigger() {
+    mWrite.reset();
+}
+
+bool FdTrigger::isTriggered() {
+    return mWrite == -1;
+}
+
+status_t FdTrigger::triggerablePoll(base::borrowed_fd fd, int16_t event) {
+    while (true) {
+        pollfd pfd[]{{.fd = fd.get(), .events = static_cast<int16_t>(event), .revents = 0},
+                     {.fd = mRead.get(), .events = 0, .revents = 0}};
+        int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(pfd, arraysize(pfd), -1));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            return -errno;
+        }
+        if (ret == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (pfd[1].revents & POLLHUP) {
+            return -ECANCELED;
+        }
+        return pfd[0].revents & event ? OK : DEAD_OBJECT;
+    }
+}
+
+android::base::Result<bool> FdTrigger::isTriggeredPolled() {
+    pollfd pfd{.fd = mRead.get(), .events = 0, .revents = 0};
+    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(&pfd, 1, 0));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        return android::base::ErrnoError() << "FdTrigger::isTriggeredPolled: Error in poll()";
+    }
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (pfd.revents & POLLHUP) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return android::base::Error() << "FdTrigger::isTriggeredPolled: poll() returns " << pfd.revents;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/FdTrigger.h b/libs/binder/FdTrigger.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a428417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/FdTrigger.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/** This is not a pipe. */
+class FdTrigger {
+public:
+    /** Returns nullptr for error case */
+    static std::unique_ptr<FdTrigger> make();
+
+    /**
+     * Close the write end of the pipe so that the read end receives POLLHUP.
+     * Not threadsafe.
+     */
+    void trigger();
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether this has been triggered by checking the write end.
+     */
+    bool isTriggered();
+
+    /**
+     * Poll for a read event.
+     *
+     * event - for pollfd
+     *
+     * Return:
+     *   true - time to read!
+     *   false - trigger happened
+     */
+    status_t triggerablePoll(base::borrowed_fd fd, int16_t event);
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether this has been triggered by poll()ing the read end.
+     *
+     * Return:
+     *   true - triggered
+     *   false - not triggered
+     *   error - error when polling
+     */
+    android::base::Result<bool> isTriggeredPolled();
+
+private:
+    base::unique_fd mWrite;
+    base::unique_fd mRead;
+};
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp b/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
index 650a108..52a6cf1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ProcessState.cpp
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
         uint32_t enable = DEFAULT_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION;
         result = ioctl(fd, BINDER_ENABLE_ONEWAY_SPAM_DETECTION, &enable);
         if (result == -1) {
-            ALOGD("Binder ioctl to enable oneway spam detection failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+            ALOGV("Binder ioctl to enable oneway spam detection failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         }
     } else {
         ALOGW("Opening '%s' failed: %s\n", driver, strerror(errno));
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcAddress.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcAddress.cpp
index 98dee9a..ffc94b9 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcAddress.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcAddress.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <binder/RpcAddress.h>
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 
 #include "Debug.h"
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@
 }
 
 std::string RpcAddress::toString() const {
-    return hexString(mRawAddr.get(), sizeof(RpcWireAddress));
+    return base::HexString(mRawAddr.get(), sizeof(RpcWireAddress));
 }
 
 status_t RpcAddress::writeToParcel(Parcel* parcel) const {
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
index 62ea187..a20445b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
@@ -26,8 +26,10 @@
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransportRaw.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+#include "FdTrigger.h"
 #include "RpcSocketAddress.h"
 #include "RpcState.h"
 #include "RpcWireFormat.h"
@@ -37,39 +39,42 @@
 using base::ScopeGuard;
 using base::unique_fd;
 
-RpcServer::RpcServer() {}
+RpcServer::RpcServer(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory)
+      : mRpcTransportCtxFactory(std::move(rpcTransportCtxFactory)) {}
 RpcServer::~RpcServer() {
     (void)shutdown();
 }
 
-sp<RpcServer> RpcServer::make() {
-    return sp<RpcServer>::make();
+sp<RpcServer> RpcServer::make(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory) {
+    // Default is without TLS.
+    if (rpcTransportCtxFactory == nullptr)
+        rpcTransportCtxFactory = RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make();
+    return sp<RpcServer>::make(std::move(rpcTransportCtxFactory));
 }
 
 void RpcServer::iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction() {
     mAgreedExperimental = true;
 }
 
-bool RpcServer::setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path) {
+status_t RpcServer::setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path) {
     return setupSocketServer(UnixSocketAddress(path));
 }
 
-bool RpcServer::setupVsockServer(unsigned int port) {
+status_t RpcServer::setupVsockServer(unsigned int port) {
     // realizing value w/ this type at compile time to avoid ubsan abort
     constexpr unsigned int kAnyCid = VMADDR_CID_ANY;
 
     return setupSocketServer(VsockSocketAddress(kAnyCid, port));
 }
 
-bool RpcServer::setupInetServer(unsigned int port, unsigned int* assignedPort) {
-    const char* kAddr = "127.0.0.1";
-
+status_t RpcServer::setupInetServer(const char* address, unsigned int port,
+                                    unsigned int* assignedPort) {
     if (assignedPort != nullptr) *assignedPort = 0;
-    auto aiStart = InetSocketAddress::getAddrInfo(kAddr, port);
-    if (aiStart == nullptr) return false;
+    auto aiStart = InetSocketAddress::getAddrInfo(address, port);
+    if (aiStart == nullptr) return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     for (auto ai = aiStart.get(); ai != nullptr; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        InetSocketAddress socketAddress(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen, kAddr, port);
-        if (!setupSocketServer(socketAddress)) {
+        InetSocketAddress socketAddress(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen, address, port);
+        if (status_t status = setupSocketServer(socketAddress); status != OK) {
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@
             int savedErrno = errno;
             ALOGE("Could not getsockname at %s: %s", socketAddress.toString().c_str(),
                   strerror(savedErrno));
-            return false;
+            return -savedErrno;
         }
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(len != sizeof(addr), "Wrong socket type: len %zu vs len %zu",
                             static_cast<size_t>(len), sizeof(addr));
@@ -93,11 +98,11 @@
             *assignedPort = realPort;
         }
 
-        return true;
+        return OK;
     }
-    ALOGE("None of the socket address resolved for %s:%u can be set up as inet server.", kAddr,
+    ALOGE("None of the socket address resolved for %s:%u can be set up as inet server.", address,
           port);
-    return false;
+    return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
 }
 
 void RpcServer::setMaxThreads(size_t threads) {
@@ -152,14 +157,18 @@
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mServer.ok(), "RpcServer must be setup to join.");
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mShutdownTrigger != nullptr, "Already joined");
         mJoinThreadRunning = true;
-        mShutdownTrigger = RpcSession::FdTrigger::make();
+        mShutdownTrigger = FdTrigger::make();
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mShutdownTrigger == nullptr, "Cannot create join signaler");
+
+        mCtx = mRpcTransportCtxFactory->newServerCtx();
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mCtx == nullptr, "Unable to create RpcTransportCtx with %s sockets",
+                            mRpcTransportCtxFactory->toCString());
     }
 
     status_t status;
     while ((status = mShutdownTrigger->triggerablePoll(mServer, POLLIN)) == OK) {
         unique_fd clientFd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-                accept4(mServer.get(), nullptr, nullptr /*length*/, SOCK_CLOEXEC)));
+                accept4(mServer.get(), nullptr, nullptr /*length*/, SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK)));
 
         if (clientFd < 0) {
             ALOGE("Could not accept4 socket: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -220,6 +229,7 @@
     LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Finished waiting on shutdown.");
 
     mShutdownTrigger = nullptr;
+    mCtx = nullptr;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -245,14 +255,29 @@
     // mShutdownTrigger can only be cleared once connection threads have joined.
     // It must be set before this thread is started
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(server->mShutdownTrigger == nullptr);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(server->mCtx == nullptr);
+
+    status_t status = OK;
+
+    int clientFdForLog = clientFd.get();
+    auto client = server->mCtx->newTransport(std::move(clientFd), server->mShutdownTrigger.get());
+    if (client == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Dropping accept4()-ed socket because sslAccept fails");
+        status = DEAD_OBJECT;
+        // still need to cleanup before we can return
+    } else {
+        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Created RpcTransport %p for client fd %d", client.get(), clientFdForLog);
+    }
 
     RpcConnectionHeader header;
-    status_t status = server->mShutdownTrigger->interruptableReadFully(clientFd.get(), &header,
-                                                                       sizeof(header));
-    if (status != OK) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to read ID for client connecting to RPC server: %s",
-              statusToString(status).c_str());
-        // still need to cleanup before we can return
+    if (status == OK) {
+        status = client->interruptableReadFully(server->mShutdownTrigger.get(), &header,
+                                                sizeof(header));
+        if (status != OK) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to read ID for client connecting to RPC server: %s",
+                  statusToString(status).c_str());
+            // still need to cleanup before we can return
+        }
     }
 
     bool incoming = false;
@@ -272,8 +297,8 @@
                     .version = protocolVersion,
             };
 
-            status = server->mShutdownTrigger->interruptableWriteFully(clientFd.get(), &response,
-                                                                       sizeof(response));
+            status = client->interruptableWriteFully(server->mShutdownTrigger.get(), &response,
+                                                     sizeof(response));
             if (status != OK) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to send new session response: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
                 // still need to cleanup before we can return
@@ -342,7 +367,7 @@
         }
 
         if (incoming) {
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!session->addOutgoingConnection(std::move(clientFd), true),
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(OK != session->addOutgoingConnection(std::move(client), true),
                                 "server state must already be initialized");
             return;
         }
@@ -351,7 +376,7 @@
         session->preJoinThreadOwnership(std::move(thisThread));
     }
 
-    auto setupResult = session->preJoinSetup(std::move(clientFd));
+    auto setupResult = session->preJoinSetup(std::move(client));
 
     // avoid strong cycle
     server = nullptr;
@@ -359,21 +384,22 @@
     RpcSession::join(std::move(session), std::move(setupResult));
 }
 
-bool RpcServer::setupSocketServer(const RpcSocketAddress& addr) {
+status_t RpcServer::setupSocketServer(const RpcSocketAddress& addr) {
     LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Setting up socket server %s", addr.toString().c_str());
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(hasServer(), "Each RpcServer can only have one server.");
 
-    unique_fd serverFd(
-            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)));
+    unique_fd serverFd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+            socket(addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0)));
     if (serverFd == -1) {
-        ALOGE("Could not create socket: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return false;
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not create socket: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
     }
 
     if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(bind(serverFd.get(), addr.addr(), addr.addrSize()))) {
         int savedErrno = errno;
         ALOGE("Could not bind socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(), strerror(savedErrno));
-        return false;
+        return -savedErrno;
     }
 
     // Right now, we create all threads at once, making accept4 slow. To avoid hanging the client,
@@ -383,16 +409,16 @@
     if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(listen(serverFd.get(), 50 /*backlog*/))) {
         int savedErrno = errno;
         ALOGE("Could not listen socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(), strerror(savedErrno));
-        return false;
+        return -savedErrno;
     }
 
     LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Successfully setup socket server %s", addr.toString().c_str());
 
-    if (!setupExternalServer(std::move(serverFd))) {
+    if (status_t status = setupExternalServer(std::move(serverFd)); status != OK) {
         ALOGE("Another thread has set up server while calling setupSocketServer. Race?");
-        return false;
+        return status;
     }
-    return true;
+    return OK;
 }
 
 void RpcServer::onSessionAllIncomingThreadsEnded(const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
@@ -425,15 +451,15 @@
     return std::move(mServer);
 }
 
-bool RpcServer::setupExternalServer(base::unique_fd serverFd) {
+status_t RpcServer::setupExternalServer(base::unique_fd serverFd) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mAgreedExperimental, "no!");
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mLock);
     if (mServer.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Each RpcServer can only have one server.");
-        return false;
+        return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
     mServer = std::move(serverFd);
-    return true;
+    return OK;
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
index 254b99c..4c47005 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,16 @@
 #include <android_runtime/vm.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransportRaw.h>
 #include <binder/Stability.h>
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
 
+#include "FdTrigger.h"
 #include "RpcSocketAddress.h"
 #include "RpcState.h"
 #include "RpcWireFormat.h"
+#include "Utils.h"
 
 #ifdef __GLIBC__
 extern "C" pid_t gettid();
@@ -46,7 +49,8 @@
 
 using base::unique_fd;
 
-RpcSession::RpcSession() {
+RpcSession::RpcSession(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory)
+      : mRpcTransportCtxFactory(std::move(rpcTransportCtxFactory)) {
     LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcSession created %p", this);
 
     mState = std::make_unique<RpcState>();
@@ -59,8 +63,11 @@
                         "Should not be able to destroy a session with servers in use.");
 }
 
-sp<RpcSession> RpcSession::make() {
-    return sp<RpcSession>::make();
+sp<RpcSession> RpcSession::make(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory) {
+    // Default is without TLS.
+    if (rpcTransportCtxFactory == nullptr)
+        rpcTransportCtxFactory = RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make();
+    return sp<RpcSession>::make(std::move(rpcTransportCtxFactory));
 }
 
 void RpcSession::setMaxThreads(size_t threads) {
@@ -102,34 +109,63 @@
     return mProtocolVersion;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::setupUnixDomainClient(const char* path) {
+status_t RpcSession::setupUnixDomainClient(const char* path) {
     return setupSocketClient(UnixSocketAddress(path));
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::setupVsockClient(unsigned int cid, unsigned int port) {
+status_t RpcSession::setupVsockClient(unsigned int cid, unsigned int port) {
     return setupSocketClient(VsockSocketAddress(cid, port));
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::setupInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port) {
+status_t RpcSession::setupInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port) {
     auto aiStart = InetSocketAddress::getAddrInfo(addr, port);
-    if (aiStart == nullptr) return false;
+    if (aiStart == nullptr) return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
     for (auto ai = aiStart.get(); ai != nullptr; ai = ai->ai_next) {
         InetSocketAddress socketAddress(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen, addr, port);
-        if (setupSocketClient(socketAddress)) return true;
+        if (status_t status = setupSocketClient(socketAddress); status == OK) return OK;
     }
     ALOGE("None of the socket address resolved for %s:%u can be added as inet client.", addr, port);
-    return false;
+    return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::addNullDebuggingClient() {
+status_t RpcSession::setupPreconnectedClient(unique_fd fd, std::function<unique_fd()>&& request) {
+    return setupClient([&](const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming) -> status_t {
+        // std::move'd from fd becomes -1 (!ok())
+        if (!fd.ok()) {
+            fd = request();
+            if (!fd.ok()) return BAD_VALUE;
+        }
+        if (auto res = setNonBlocking(fd); !res.ok()) {
+            ALOGE("setupPreconnectedClient: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
+            return res.error().code() == 0 ? UNKNOWN_ERROR : -res.error().code();
+        }
+        return initAndAddConnection(std::move(fd), sessionId, incoming);
+    });
+}
+
+status_t RpcSession::addNullDebuggingClient() {
+    // Note: only works on raw sockets.
+    if (auto status = initShutdownTrigger(); status != OK) return status;
+
     unique_fd serverFd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
 
     if (serverFd == -1) {
-        ALOGE("Could not connect to /dev/null: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return false;
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not connect to /dev/null: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
     }
 
-    return addOutgoingConnection(std::move(serverFd), false);
+    auto ctx = mRpcTransportCtxFactory->newClientCtx();
+    if (ctx == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to create RpcTransportCtx for null debugging client");
+        return NO_MEMORY;
+    }
+    auto server = ctx->newTransport(std::move(serverFd), mShutdownTrigger.get());
+    if (server == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to set up RpcTransport");
+        return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+    return addOutgoingConnection(std::move(server), false);
 }
 
 sp<IBinder> RpcSession::getRootObject() {
@@ -188,83 +224,6 @@
     return state()->sendDecStrong(connection.get(), sp<RpcSession>::fromExisting(this), address);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<RpcSession::FdTrigger> RpcSession::FdTrigger::make() {
-    auto ret = std::make_unique<RpcSession::FdTrigger>();
-    if (!android::base::Pipe(&ret->mRead, &ret->mWrite)) {
-        ALOGE("Could not create pipe %s", strerror(errno));
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-void RpcSession::FdTrigger::trigger() {
-    mWrite.reset();
-}
-
-bool RpcSession::FdTrigger::isTriggered() {
-    return mWrite == -1;
-}
-
-status_t RpcSession::FdTrigger::triggerablePoll(base::borrowed_fd fd, int16_t event) {
-    while (true) {
-        pollfd pfd[]{{.fd = fd.get(), .events = static_cast<int16_t>(event), .revents = 0},
-                     {.fd = mRead.get(), .events = POLLHUP, .revents = 0}};
-        int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(pfd, arraysize(pfd), -1));
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            return -errno;
-        }
-        if (ret == 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (pfd[1].revents & POLLHUP) {
-            return -ECANCELED;
-        }
-        return pfd[0].revents & event ? OK : DEAD_OBJECT;
-    }
-}
-
-status_t RpcSession::FdTrigger::interruptableWriteFully(base::borrowed_fd fd, const void* data,
-                                                        size_t size) {
-    const uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
-    const uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
-
-    MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
-
-    status_t status;
-    while ((status = triggerablePoll(fd, POLLOUT)) == OK) {
-        ssize_t writeSize = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(send(fd.get(), buffer, end - buffer, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
-        if (writeSize == 0) return DEAD_OBJECT;
-
-        if (writeSize < 0) {
-            return -errno;
-        }
-        buffer += writeSize;
-        if (buffer == end) return OK;
-    }
-    return status;
-}
-
-status_t RpcSession::FdTrigger::interruptableReadFully(base::borrowed_fd fd, void* data,
-                                                       size_t size) {
-    uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
-    uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
-
-    MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
-
-    status_t status;
-    while ((status = triggerablePoll(fd, POLLIN)) == OK) {
-        ssize_t readSize = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recv(fd.get(), buffer, end - buffer, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
-        if (readSize == 0) return DEAD_OBJECT; // EOF
-
-        if (readSize < 0) {
-            return -errno;
-        }
-        buffer += readSize;
-        if (buffer == end) return OK;
-    }
-    return status;
-}
-
 status_t RpcSession::readId() {
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
@@ -312,10 +271,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-RpcSession::PreJoinSetupResult RpcSession::preJoinSetup(base::unique_fd fd) {
+RpcSession::PreJoinSetupResult RpcSession::preJoinSetup(
+        std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport) {
     // must be registered to allow arbitrary client code executing commands to
     // be able to do nested calls (we can't only read from it)
-    sp<RpcConnection> connection = assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(std::move(fd));
+    sp<RpcConnection> connection = assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(std::move(rpcTransport));
 
     status_t status;
 
@@ -439,48 +399,48 @@
     return server;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::setupSocketClient(const RpcSocketAddress& addr) {
+status_t RpcSession::setupClient(
+        const std::function<status_t(const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming)>& connectAndInit) {
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mOutgoingConnections.size() != 0,
                             "Must only setup session once, but already has %zu clients",
                             mOutgoingConnections.size());
     }
+    if (auto status = initShutdownTrigger(); status != OK) return status;
 
-    if (!setupOneSocketConnection(addr, RpcAddress::zero(), false /*incoming*/)) return false;
+    if (status_t status = connectAndInit(RpcAddress::zero(), false /*incoming*/); status != OK)
+        return status;
 
     {
         ExclusiveConnection connection;
-        status_t status = ExclusiveConnection::find(sp<RpcSession>::fromExisting(this),
-                                                    ConnectionUse::CLIENT, &connection);
-        if (status != OK) return false;
+        if (status_t status = ExclusiveConnection::find(sp<RpcSession>::fromExisting(this),
+                                                        ConnectionUse::CLIENT, &connection);
+            status != OK)
+            return status;
 
         uint32_t version;
-        status = state()->readNewSessionResponse(connection.get(),
-                                                 sp<RpcSession>::fromExisting(this), &version);
-        if (!setProtocolVersion(version)) return false;
+        if (status_t status =
+                    state()->readNewSessionResponse(connection.get(),
+                                                    sp<RpcSession>::fromExisting(this), &version);
+            status != OK)
+            return status;
+        if (!setProtocolVersion(version)) return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     // TODO(b/189955605): we should add additional sessions dynamically
     // instead of all at once.
-    // TODO(b/186470974): first risk of blocking
     size_t numThreadsAvailable;
     if (status_t status = getRemoteMaxThreads(&numThreadsAvailable); status != OK) {
-        ALOGE("Could not get max threads after initial session to %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
+        ALOGE("Could not get max threads after initial session setup: %s",
               statusToString(status).c_str());
-        return false;
+        return status;
     }
 
     if (status_t status = readId(); status != OK) {
-        ALOGE("Could not get session id after initial session to %s; %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
+        ALOGE("Could not get session id after initial session setup: %s",
               statusToString(status).c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // we've already setup one client
-    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < numThreadsAvailable; i++) {
-        // TODO(b/189955605): shutdown existing connections?
-        if (!setupOneSocketConnection(addr, mId.value(), false /*incoming*/)) return false;
+        return status;
     }
 
     // TODO(b/189955605): we should add additional sessions dynamically
@@ -489,25 +449,38 @@
     // requested to be set) in order to allow the other side to reliably make
     // any requests at all.
 
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mMaxThreads; i++) {
-        if (!setupOneSocketConnection(addr, mId.value(), true /*incoming*/)) return false;
+    // we've already setup one client
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < numThreadsAvailable; i++) {
+        if (status_t status = connectAndInit(mId.value(), false /*incoming*/); status != OK)
+            return status;
     }
 
-    return true;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mMaxThreads; i++) {
+        if (status_t status = connectAndInit(mId.value(), true /*incoming*/); status != OK)
+            return status;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::setupOneSocketConnection(const RpcSocketAddress& addr, const RpcAddress& id,
-                                          bool incoming) {
+status_t RpcSession::setupSocketClient(const RpcSocketAddress& addr) {
+    return setupClient([&](const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming) {
+        return setupOneSocketConnection(addr, sessionId, incoming);
+    });
+}
+
+status_t RpcSession::setupOneSocketConnection(const RpcSocketAddress& addr,
+                                              const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming) {
     for (size_t tries = 0; tries < 5; tries++) {
         if (tries > 0) usleep(10000);
 
-        unique_fd serverFd(
-                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)));
+        unique_fd serverFd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+                socket(addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0)));
         if (serverFd == -1) {
             int savedErrno = errno;
             ALOGE("Could not create socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
                   strerror(savedErrno));
-            return false;
+            return -savedErrno;
         }
 
         if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(serverFd.get(), addr.addr(), addr.addrSize()))) {
@@ -515,41 +488,87 @@
                 ALOGW("Connection reset on %s", addr.toString().c_str());
                 continue;
             }
-            int savedErrno = errno;
-            ALOGE("Could not connect socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
-                  strerror(savedErrno));
-            return false;
+            if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINPROGRESS) {
+                int savedErrno = errno;
+                ALOGE("Could not connect socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
+                      strerror(savedErrno));
+                return -savedErrno;
+            }
+            // For non-blocking sockets, connect() may return EAGAIN (for unix domain socket) or
+            // EINPROGRESS (for others). Call poll() and getsockopt() to get the error.
+            status_t pollStatus = mShutdownTrigger->triggerablePoll(serverFd, POLLOUT);
+            if (pollStatus != OK) {
+                ALOGE("Could not POLLOUT after connect() on non-blocking socket: %s",
+                      statusToString(pollStatus).c_str());
+                return pollStatus;
+            }
+            int soError;
+            socklen_t soErrorLen = sizeof(soError);
+            int ret = getsockopt(serverFd.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &soError, &soErrorLen);
+            if (ret == -1) {
+                int savedErrno = errno;
+                ALOGE("Could not getsockopt() after connect() on non-blocking socket: %s",
+                      strerror(savedErrno));
+                return -savedErrno;
+            }
+            if (soError != 0) {
+                ALOGE("After connect(), getsockopt() returns error for socket at %s: %s",
+                      addr.toString().c_str(), strerror(soError));
+                return -soError;
+            }
         }
-
-        RpcConnectionHeader header{
-                .version = mProtocolVersion.value_or(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION),
-                .options = 0,
-        };
-        memcpy(&header.sessionId, &id.viewRawEmbedded(), sizeof(RpcWireAddress));
-
-        if (incoming) header.options |= RPC_CONNECTION_OPTION_INCOMING;
-
-        if (sizeof(header) != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(serverFd.get(), &header, sizeof(header)))) {
-            int savedErrno = errno;
-            ALOGE("Could not write connection header to socket at %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
-                  strerror(savedErrno));
-            return false;
-        }
-
         LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Socket at %s client with fd %d", addr.toString().c_str(), serverFd.get());
 
-        if (incoming) {
-            return addIncomingConnection(std::move(serverFd));
-        } else {
-            return addOutgoingConnection(std::move(serverFd), true);
-        }
+        return initAndAddConnection(std::move(serverFd), sessionId, incoming);
     }
 
     ALOGE("Ran out of retries to connect to %s", addr.toString().c_str());
-    return false;
+    return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::addIncomingConnection(unique_fd fd) {
+status_t RpcSession::initAndAddConnection(unique_fd fd, const RpcAddress& sessionId,
+                                          bool incoming) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mShutdownTrigger == nullptr);
+    auto ctx = mRpcTransportCtxFactory->newClientCtx();
+    if (ctx == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to create client RpcTransportCtx with %s sockets",
+              mRpcTransportCtxFactory->toCString());
+        return NO_MEMORY;
+    }
+    auto server = ctx->newTransport(std::move(fd), mShutdownTrigger.get());
+    if (server == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to set up RpcTransport in %s context", mRpcTransportCtxFactory->toCString());
+        return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Socket at client with RpcTransport %p", server.get());
+
+    RpcConnectionHeader header{
+            .version = mProtocolVersion.value_or(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION),
+            .options = 0,
+    };
+    memcpy(&header.sessionId, &sessionId.viewRawEmbedded(), sizeof(RpcWireAddress));
+
+    if (incoming) header.options |= RPC_CONNECTION_OPTION_INCOMING;
+
+    auto sendHeaderStatus =
+            server->interruptableWriteFully(mShutdownTrigger.get(), &header, sizeof(header));
+    if (sendHeaderStatus != OK) {
+        ALOGE("Could not write connection header to socket: %s",
+              statusToString(sendHeaderStatus).c_str());
+        return sendHeaderStatus;
+    }
+
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Socket at client: header sent");
+
+    if (incoming) {
+        return addIncomingConnection(std::move(server));
+    } else {
+        return addOutgoingConnection(std::move(server), true /*init*/);
+    }
+}
+
+status_t RpcSession::addIncomingConnection(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport) {
     std::mutex mutex;
     std::condition_variable joinCv;
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex);
@@ -558,13 +577,13 @@
     bool ownershipTransferred = false;
     thread = std::thread([&]() {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> threadLock(mutex);
-        unique_fd movedFd = std::move(fd);
+        std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> movedRpcTransport = std::move(rpcTransport);
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization)
         sp<RpcSession> session = thiz;
         session->preJoinThreadOwnership(std::move(thread));
 
         // only continue once we have a response or the connection fails
-        auto setupResult = session->preJoinSetup(std::move(movedFd));
+        auto setupResult = session->preJoinSetup(std::move(movedRpcTransport));
 
         ownershipTransferred = true;
         threadLock.unlock();
@@ -575,23 +594,25 @@
     });
     joinCv.wait(lock, [&] { return ownershipTransferred; });
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!ownershipTransferred);
-    return true;
+    return OK;
 }
 
-bool RpcSession::addOutgoingConnection(unique_fd fd, bool init) {
+status_t RpcSession::initShutdownTrigger() {
+    // first client connection added, but setForServer not called, so
+    // initializaing for a client.
+    if (mShutdownTrigger == nullptr) {
+        mShutdownTrigger = FdTrigger::make();
+        mEventListener = mShutdownListener = sp<WaitForShutdownListener>::make();
+        if (mShutdownTrigger == nullptr) return INVALID_OPERATION;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+status_t RpcSession::addOutgoingConnection(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport, bool init) {
     sp<RpcConnection> connection = sp<RpcConnection>::make();
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
-
-        // first client connection added, but setForServer not called, so
-        // initializaing for a client.
-        if (mShutdownTrigger == nullptr) {
-            mShutdownTrigger = FdTrigger::make();
-            mEventListener = mShutdownListener = sp<WaitForShutdownListener>::make();
-            if (mShutdownTrigger == nullptr) return false;
-        }
-
-        connection->fd = std::move(fd);
+        connection->rpcTransport = std::move(rpcTransport);
         connection->exclusiveTid = gettid();
         mOutgoingConnections.push_back(connection);
     }
@@ -606,7 +627,7 @@
         connection->exclusiveTid = std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    return status == OK;
+    return status;
 }
 
 bool RpcSession::setForServer(const wp<RpcServer>& server, const wp<EventListener>& eventListener,
@@ -626,9 +647,16 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection> RpcSession::assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(unique_fd fd) {
+sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection> RpcSession::assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(
+        std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mMutex);
 
+    if (mIncomingConnections.size() >= mMaxThreads) {
+        ALOGE("Cannot add thread to session with %zu threads (max is set to %zu)",
+              mIncomingConnections.size(), mMaxThreads);
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     // Don't accept any more connections, some have shutdown. Usually this
     // happens when new connections are still being established as part of a
     // very short-lived session which shuts down after it already started
@@ -638,7 +666,7 @@
     }
 
     sp<RpcConnection> session = sp<RpcConnection>::make();
-    session->fd = std::move(fd);
+    session->rpcTransport = std::move(rpcTransport);
     session->exclusiveTid = gettid();
 
     mIncomingConnections.push_back(session);
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
index f3406bb..b58f1b3 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "RpcState.h"
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <binder/BpBinder.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
@@ -272,8 +273,8 @@
 status_t RpcState::rpcSend(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                            const sp<RpcSession>& session, const char* what, const void* data,
                            size_t size) {
-    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Sending %s on fd %d: %s", what, connection->fd.get(),
-                   hexString(data, size).c_str());
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Sending %s on RpcTransport %p: %s", what, connection->rpcTransport.get(),
+                   android::base::HexString(data, size).c_str());
 
     if (size > std::numeric_limits<ssize_t>::max()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot send %s at size %zu (too big)", what, size);
@@ -281,11 +282,12 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    if (status_t status = session->mShutdownTrigger->interruptableWriteFully(connection->fd.get(),
-                                                                             data, size);
+    if (status_t status =
+                connection->rpcTransport->interruptableWriteFully(session->mShutdownTrigger.get(),
+                                                                  data, size);
         status != OK) {
-        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to write %s (%zu bytes) on fd %d, error: %s", what, size,
-                       connection->fd.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
+        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to write %s (%zu bytes) on RpcTransport %p, error: %s", what, size,
+                       connection->rpcTransport.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
         (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
         return status;
     }
@@ -303,15 +305,16 @@
     }
 
     if (status_t status =
-                session->mShutdownTrigger->interruptableReadFully(connection->fd.get(), data, size);
+                connection->rpcTransport->interruptableReadFully(session->mShutdownTrigger.get(),
+                                                                 data, size);
         status != OK) {
-        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to read %s (%zu bytes) on fd %d, error: %s", what, size,
-                       connection->fd.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
+        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to read %s (%zu bytes) on RpcTransport %p, error: %s", what, size,
+                       connection->rpcTransport.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
         return status;
     }
 
-    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Received %s on fd %d: %s", what, connection->fd.get(),
-                   hexString(data, size).c_str());
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Received %s on RpcTransport %p: %s", what, connection->rpcTransport.get(),
+                   android::base::HexString(data, size).c_str());
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -489,7 +492,8 @@
         return status;
 
     if (flags & IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY) {
-        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Oneway command, so no longer waiting on %d", connection->fd.get());
+        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Oneway command, so no longer waiting on RpcTransport %p",
+                       connection->rpcTransport.get());
 
         // Do not wait on result.
         // However, too many oneway calls may cause refcounts to build up and fill up the socket,
@@ -584,7 +588,7 @@
 
 status_t RpcState::getAndExecuteCommand(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                         const sp<RpcSession>& session, CommandType type) {
-    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("getAndExecuteCommand on fd %d", connection->fd.get());
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("getAndExecuteCommand on RpcTransport %p", connection->rpcTransport.get());
 
     RpcWireHeader command;
     if (status_t status = rpcRec(connection, session, "command header", &command, sizeof(command));
@@ -597,8 +601,7 @@
 status_t RpcState::drainCommands(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                  const sp<RpcSession>& session, CommandType type) {
     uint8_t buf;
-    while (0 < TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-                       recv(connection->fd.get(), &buf, sizeof(buf), MSG_PEEK | MSG_DONTWAIT))) {
+    while (connection->rpcTransport->peek(&buf, sizeof(buf)).value_or(0) > 0) {
         status_t status = getAndExecuteCommand(connection, session, type);
         if (status != OK) return status;
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcTransportRaw.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcTransportRaw.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d77fc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcTransportRaw.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "RpcRawTransport"
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include <poll.h>
+
+#include <binder/RpcTransportRaw.h>
+
+#include "FdTrigger.h"
+#include "RpcState.h"
+
+using android::base::ErrnoError;
+using android::base::Result;
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace {
+
+// RpcTransport with TLS disabled.
+class RpcTransportRaw : public RpcTransport {
+public:
+    explicit RpcTransportRaw(android::base::unique_fd socket) : mSocket(std::move(socket)) {}
+    Result<size_t> send(const void* buf, size_t size) {
+        ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::send(mSocket.get(), buf, size, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "send()";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    Result<size_t> recv(void* buf, size_t size) {
+        ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::recv(mSocket.get(), buf, size, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "recv()";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+    Result<size_t> peek(void *buf, size_t size) override {
+        ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::recv(mSocket.get(), buf, size, MSG_PEEK));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "recv(MSG_PEEK)";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    status_t interruptableWriteFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, const void* data, size_t size) override {
+        const uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+        const uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
+
+        MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
+
+        status_t status;
+        while ((status = fdTrigger->triggerablePoll(mSocket.get(), POLLOUT)) == OK) {
+            auto writeSize = this->send(buffer, end - buffer);
+            if (!writeSize.ok()) {
+                LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcTransport::send(): %s", writeSize.error().message().c_str());
+                return writeSize.error().code() == 0 ? UNKNOWN_ERROR : -writeSize.error().code();
+            }
+
+            if (*writeSize == 0) return DEAD_OBJECT;
+
+            buffer += *writeSize;
+            if (buffer == end) return OK;
+        }
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    status_t interruptableReadFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, void* data, size_t size) override {
+        uint8_t* buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
+        uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
+
+        MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
+
+        status_t status;
+        while ((status = fdTrigger->triggerablePoll(mSocket.get(), POLLIN)) == OK) {
+            auto readSize = this->recv(buffer, end - buffer);
+            if (!readSize.ok()) {
+                LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcTransport::recv(): %s", readSize.error().message().c_str());
+                return readSize.error().code() == 0 ? UNKNOWN_ERROR : -readSize.error().code();
+            }
+
+            if (*readSize == 0) return DEAD_OBJECT; // EOF
+
+            buffer += *readSize;
+            if (buffer == end) return OK;
+        }
+        return status;
+    }
+
+private:
+    android::base::unique_fd mSocket;
+};
+
+// RpcTransportCtx with TLS disabled.
+class RpcTransportCtxRaw : public RpcTransportCtx {
+public:
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> newTransport(android::base::unique_fd fd, FdTrigger*) const {
+        return std::make_unique<RpcTransportRaw>(std::move(fd));
+    }
+};
+} // namespace
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::newServerCtx() const {
+    return std::make_unique<RpcTransportCtxRaw>();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::newClientCtx() const {
+    return std::make_unique<RpcTransportCtxRaw>();
+}
+
+const char *RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::toCString() const {
+    return "raw";
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make() {
+    return std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw>(new RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw());
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcTransportTls.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcTransportTls.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a102913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcTransportTls.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "RpcTransportTls"
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include <poll.h>
+
+#include <openssl/bn.h>
+#include <openssl/ssl.h>
+
+#include <binder/RpcTransportTls.h>
+
+#include "FdTrigger.h"
+#include "RpcState.h"
+
+#define SHOULD_LOG_TLS_DETAIL false
+
+#if SHOULD_LOG_TLS_DETAIL
+#define LOG_TLS_DETAIL(...) ALOGI(__VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#define LOG_TLS_DETAIL(...) ALOGV(__VA_ARGS__) // for type checking
+#endif
+
+#define TEST_AND_RETURN(value, expr)            \
+    do {                                        \
+        if (!(expr)) {                          \
+            ALOGE("Failed to call: %s", #expr); \
+            return value;                       \
+        }                                       \
+    } while (0)
+
+using android::base::ErrnoError;
+using android::base::Error;
+using android::base::Result;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+constexpr const int kCertValidDays = 30;
+
+// Implement BIO for socket that ignores SIGPIPE.
+int socketNew(BIO* bio) {
+    BIO_set_data(bio, reinterpret_cast<void*>(-1));
+    BIO_set_init(bio, 0);
+    return 1;
+}
+int socketFree(BIO* bio) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(bio == nullptr);
+    return 1;
+}
+int socketRead(BIO* bio, char* buf, int size) {
+    android::base::borrowed_fd fd(static_cast<int>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(BIO_get_data(bio))));
+    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::recv(fd.get(), buf, size, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
+    BIO_clear_retry_flags(bio);
+    if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
+        BIO_set_retry_read(bio);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int socketWrite(BIO* bio, const char* buf, int size) {
+    android::base::borrowed_fd fd(static_cast<int>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(BIO_get_data(bio))));
+    int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(::send(fd.get(), buf, size, MSG_NOSIGNAL));
+    BIO_clear_retry_flags(bio);
+    if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
+        BIO_set_retry_write(bio);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+long socketCtrl(BIO* bio, int cmd, long num, void*) { // NOLINT
+    android::base::borrowed_fd fd(static_cast<int>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(BIO_get_data(bio))));
+    if (cmd == BIO_CTRL_FLUSH) return 1;
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("sockCtrl(fd=%d, %d, %ld)", fd.get(), cmd, num);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bssl::UniquePtr<BIO> newSocketBio(android::base::borrowed_fd fd) {
+    static const BIO_METHOD* gMethods = ([] {
+        auto methods = BIO_meth_new(BIO_get_new_index(), "socket_no_signal");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(0 == BIO_meth_set_write(methods, socketWrite), "BIO_meth_set_write");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(0 == BIO_meth_set_read(methods, socketRead), "BIO_meth_set_read");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(0 == BIO_meth_set_ctrl(methods, socketCtrl), "BIO_meth_set_ctrl");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(0 == BIO_meth_set_create(methods, socketNew), "BIO_meth_set_create");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(0 == BIO_meth_set_destroy(methods, socketFree), "BIO_meth_set_destroy");
+        return methods;
+    })();
+    bssl::UniquePtr<BIO> ret(BIO_new(gMethods));
+    if (ret == nullptr) return nullptr;
+    BIO_set_data(ret.get(), reinterpret_cast<void*>(fd.get()));
+    BIO_set_init(ret.get(), 1);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+bssl::UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY> makeKeyPairForSelfSignedCert() {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<EC_KEY> ec_key(EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name(NID_X9_62_prime256v1));
+    if (ec_key == nullptr || !EC_KEY_generate_key(ec_key.get())) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to generate key pair.");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    bssl::UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY> evp_pkey(EVP_PKEY_new());
+    // Use set1 instead of assign to avoid leaking ec_key when assign fails. set1 increments
+    // the refcount of the ec_key, so it is okay to release it at the end of this function.
+    if (evp_pkey == nullptr || !EVP_PKEY_set1_EC_KEY(evp_pkey.get(), ec_key.get())) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to assign key pair.");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return evp_pkey;
+}
+
+bssl::UniquePtr<X509> makeSelfSignedCert(EVP_PKEY* evp_pkey, const int valid_days) {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<X509> x509(X509_new());
+    bssl::UniquePtr<BIGNUM> serial(BN_new());
+    bssl::UniquePtr<BIGNUM> serialLimit(BN_new());
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, BN_lshift(serialLimit.get(), BN_value_one(), 128));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, BN_rand_range(serial.get(), serialLimit.get()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(serial.get(), X509_get_serialNumber(x509.get())));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, X509_gmtime_adj(X509_getm_notBefore(x509.get()), 0));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr,
+                    X509_gmtime_adj(X509_getm_notAfter(x509.get()), 60 * 60 * 24 * valid_days));
+
+    X509_NAME* subject = X509_get_subject_name(x509.get());
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr,
+                    X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(subject, "O", MBSTRING_ASC,
+                                               reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>("Android"), -1, -1,
+                                               0));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr,
+                    X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(subject, "CN", MBSTRING_ASC,
+                                               reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>("BinderRPC"), -1,
+                                               -1, 0));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, X509_set_issuer_name(x509.get(), subject));
+
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, X509_set_pubkey(x509.get(), evp_pkey));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, X509_sign(x509.get(), evp_pkey, EVP_sha256()));
+    return x509;
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused]] void sslDebugLog(const SSL* ssl, int type, int value) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_START:
+            LOG_TLS_DETAIL("Handshake started.");
+            break;
+        case SSL_CB_HANDSHAKE_DONE:
+            LOG_TLS_DETAIL("Handshake done.");
+            break;
+        case SSL_CB_ACCEPT_LOOP:
+            LOG_TLS_DETAIL("Handshake progress: %s", SSL_state_string_long(ssl));
+            break;
+        default:
+            LOG_TLS_DETAIL("SSL Debug Log: type = %d, value = %d", type, value);
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+// Handles libssl's error queue.
+//
+// Call into any of its member functions to ensure the error queue is properly handled or cleared.
+// If the error queue is not handled or cleared, the destructor will abort.
+class ErrorQueue {
+public:
+    ~ErrorQueue() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mHandled); }
+
+    // Clear the error queue.
+    void clear() {
+        ERR_clear_error();
+        mHandled = true;
+    }
+
+    // Stores the error queue in |ssl| into a string, then clears the error queue.
+    std::string toString() {
+        std::stringstream ss;
+        ERR_print_errors_cb(
+                [](const char* str, size_t len, void* ctx) {
+                    auto ss = (std::stringstream*)ctx;
+                    (*ss) << std::string_view(str, len) << "\n";
+                    return 1; // continue
+                },
+                &ss);
+        // Though ERR_print_errors_cb should have cleared it, it is okay to clear again.
+        clear();
+        return ss.str();
+    }
+
+    // |sslError| should be from Ssl::getError().
+    // If |sslError| is WANT_READ / WANT_WRITE, poll for POLLIN / POLLOUT respectively. Otherwise
+    // return error. Also return error if |fdTrigger| is triggered before or during poll().
+    status_t pollForSslError(android::base::borrowed_fd fd, int sslError, FdTrigger* fdTrigger,
+                             const char* fnString, int additionalEvent = 0) {
+        switch (sslError) {
+            case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
+                return handlePoll(POLLIN | additionalEvent, fd, fdTrigger, fnString);
+            case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
+                return handlePoll(POLLOUT | additionalEvent, fd, fdTrigger, fnString);
+            case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL: {
+                auto queue = toString();
+                LOG_TLS_DETAIL("%s(): %s. Treating as DEAD_OBJECT. Error queue: %s", fnString,
+                               SSL_error_description(sslError), queue.c_str());
+                return DEAD_OBJECT;
+            }
+            default: {
+                auto queue = toString();
+                ALOGE("%s(): %s. Error queue: %s", fnString, SSL_error_description(sslError),
+                      queue.c_str());
+                return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    bool mHandled = false;
+
+    status_t handlePoll(int event, android::base::borrowed_fd fd, FdTrigger* fdTrigger,
+                        const char* fnString) {
+        status_t ret = fdTrigger->triggerablePoll(fd, event);
+        if (ret != OK && ret != DEAD_OBJECT && ret != -ECANCELED) {
+            ALOGE("triggerablePoll error while poll()-ing after %s(): %s", fnString,
+                  statusToString(ret).c_str());
+        }
+        clear();
+        return ret;
+    }
+};
+
+// Helper to call a function, with its return value instantiable.
+template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
+struct FuncCaller {
+    struct Monostate {};
+    static constexpr bool sIsVoid = std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<Fn, Args...>>;
+    using Result = std::conditional_t<sIsVoid, Monostate, std::invoke_result_t<Fn, Args...>>;
+    static inline Result call(Fn fn, Args&&... args) {
+        if constexpr (std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<Fn, Args...>>) {
+            std::invoke(fn, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            return {};
+        } else {
+            return std::invoke(fn, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// Helper to Ssl::call(). Returns the result to the SSL_* function as well as an ErrorQueue object.
+template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
+struct SslCaller {
+    using RawCaller = FuncCaller<Fn, SSL*, Args...>;
+    struct ResultAndErrorQueue {
+        typename RawCaller::Result result;
+        ErrorQueue errorQueue;
+    };
+    static inline ResultAndErrorQueue call(Fn fn, SSL* ssl, Args&&... args) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(ssl == nullptr);
+        auto result = RawCaller::call(fn, std::forward<SSL*>(ssl), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        return ResultAndErrorQueue{std::move(result), ErrorQueue()};
+    }
+};
+
+// A wrapper over bssl::UniquePtr<SSL>. This class ensures that all SSL_* functions are called
+// through call(), which returns an ErrorQueue object that requires the caller to either handle
+// or clear it.
+// Example:
+//   auto [ret, errorQueue] = ssl.call(SSL_read, buf, size);
+//   if (ret >= 0) errorQueue.clear();
+//   else ALOGE("%s", errorQueue.toString().c_str());
+class Ssl {
+public:
+    explicit Ssl(bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> ssl) : mSsl(std::move(ssl)) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSsl == nullptr);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Fn, typename... Args>
+    inline typename SslCaller<Fn, Args...>::ResultAndErrorQueue call(Fn fn, Args&&... args) {
+        return SslCaller<Fn, Args...>::call(fn, mSsl.get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    int getError(int ret) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSsl == nullptr);
+        return SSL_get_error(mSsl.get(), ret);
+    }
+
+private:
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> mSsl;
+};
+
+class RpcTransportTls : public RpcTransport {
+public:
+    RpcTransportTls(android::base::unique_fd socket, Ssl ssl)
+          : mSocket(std::move(socket)), mSsl(std::move(ssl)) {}
+    Result<size_t> peek(void* buf, size_t size) override;
+    status_t interruptableWriteFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, const void* data, size_t size) override;
+    status_t interruptableReadFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, void* data, size_t size) override;
+
+private:
+    android::base::unique_fd mSocket;
+    Ssl mSsl;
+
+    static status_t isTriggered(FdTrigger* fdTrigger);
+};
+
+// Error code is errno.
+Result<size_t> RpcTransportTls::peek(void* buf, size_t size) {
+    size_t todo = std::min<size_t>(size, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+    auto [ret, errorQueue] = mSsl.call(SSL_peek, buf, static_cast<int>(todo));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        int err = mSsl.getError(ret);
+        if (err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE || err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
+            // Seen EAGAIN / EWOULDBLOCK on recv(2) / send(2).
+            // Like RpcTransportRaw::peek(), don't handle it here.
+            return Error(EWOULDBLOCK) << "SSL_peek(): " << errorQueue.toString();
+        }
+        return Error() << "SSL_peek(): " << errorQueue.toString();
+    }
+    errorQueue.clear();
+    LOG_TLS_DETAIL("TLS: Peeked %d bytes!", ret);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+status_t RpcTransportTls::isTriggered(FdTrigger* fdTrigger) {
+    auto ret = fdTrigger->isTriggeredPolled();
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("%s: %s", __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, ret.error().message().c_str());
+        return ret.error().code() == 0 ? UNKNOWN_ERROR : -ret.error().code();
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+status_t RpcTransportTls::interruptableWriteFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, const void* data,
+                                                  size_t size) {
+    auto buffer = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+    const uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
+
+    MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
+
+    // Before doing any I/O, check trigger once. This ensures the trigger is checked at least
+    // once. The trigger is also checked via triggerablePoll() after every SSL_write().
+    if (status_t status = isTriggered(fdTrigger); status != OK) return status;
+
+    while (buffer < end) {
+        size_t todo = std::min<size_t>(end - buffer, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+        auto [writeSize, errorQueue] = mSsl.call(SSL_write, buffer, todo);
+        if (writeSize > 0) {
+            buffer += writeSize;
+            errorQueue.clear();
+            continue;
+        }
+        // SSL_write() should never return 0 unless BIO_write were to return 0.
+        int sslError = mSsl.getError(writeSize);
+        // TODO(b/195788248): BIO should contain the FdTrigger, and send(2) / recv(2) should be
+        //   triggerablePoll()-ed. Then additionalEvent is no longer necessary.
+        status_t pollStatus =
+                errorQueue.pollForSslError(mSocket.get(), sslError, fdTrigger, "SSL_write", POLLIN);
+        if (pollStatus != OK) return pollStatus;
+        // Do not advance buffer. Try SSL_write() again.
+    }
+    LOG_TLS_DETAIL("TLS: Sent %zu bytes!", size);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+status_t RpcTransportTls::interruptableReadFully(FdTrigger* fdTrigger, void* data, size_t size) {
+    auto buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
+    uint8_t* end = buffer + size;
+
+    MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
+
+    // Before doing any I/O, check trigger once. This ensures the trigger is checked at least
+    // once. The trigger is also checked via triggerablePoll() after every SSL_write().
+    if (status_t status = isTriggered(fdTrigger); status != OK) return status;
+
+    while (buffer < end) {
+        size_t todo = std::min<size_t>(end - buffer, std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
+        auto [readSize, errorQueue] = mSsl.call(SSL_read, buffer, todo);
+        if (readSize > 0) {
+            buffer += readSize;
+            errorQueue.clear();
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (readSize == 0) {
+            // SSL_read() only returns 0 on EOF.
+            errorQueue.clear();
+            return DEAD_OBJECT;
+        }
+        int sslError = mSsl.getError(readSize);
+        status_t pollStatus =
+                errorQueue.pollForSslError(mSocket.get(), sslError, fdTrigger, "SSL_read");
+        if (pollStatus != OK) return pollStatus;
+        // Do not advance buffer. Try SSL_read() again.
+    }
+    LOG_TLS_DETAIL("TLS: Received %zu bytes!", size);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+// For |ssl|, set internal FD to |fd|, and do handshake. Handshake is triggerable by |fdTrigger|.
+bool setFdAndDoHandshake(Ssl* ssl, android::base::borrowed_fd fd, FdTrigger* fdTrigger) {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<BIO> bio = newSocketBio(fd);
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(false, bio != nullptr);
+    auto [_, errorQueue] = ssl->call(SSL_set_bio, bio.get(), bio.get());
+    (void)bio.release(); // SSL_set_bio takes ownership.
+    errorQueue.clear();
+
+    MAYBE_WAIT_IN_FLAKE_MODE;
+
+    while (true) {
+        auto [ret, errorQueue] = ssl->call(SSL_do_handshake);
+        if (ret > 0) {
+            errorQueue.clear();
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (ret == 0) {
+            // SSL_do_handshake() only returns 0 on EOF.
+            ALOGE("SSL_do_handshake(): EOF: %s", errorQueue.toString().c_str());
+            return false;
+        }
+        int sslError = ssl->getError(ret);
+        status_t pollStatus =
+                errorQueue.pollForSslError(fd, sslError, fdTrigger, "SSL_do_handshake");
+        if (pollStatus != OK) return false;
+    }
+}
+
+class RpcTransportCtxTlsServer : public RpcTransportCtx {
+public:
+    static std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxTlsServer> create();
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> newTransport(android::base::unique_fd acceptedFd,
+                                               FdTrigger* fdTrigger) const override;
+
+private:
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> mCtx;
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxTlsServer> RpcTransportCtxTlsServer::create() {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> ctx(SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, ctx != nullptr);
+
+    // Server use self-signing cert
+    auto evp_pkey = makeKeyPairForSelfSignedCert();
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, evp_pkey != nullptr);
+    auto cert = makeSelfSignedCert(evp_pkey.get(), kCertValidDays);
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, cert != nullptr);
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx.get(), evp_pkey.get()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx.get(), cert.get()));
+    // Require at least TLS 1.3
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx.get(), TLS1_3_VERSION));
+
+    if constexpr (SHOULD_LOG_TLS_DETAIL) { // NOLINT
+        SSL_CTX_set_info_callback(ctx.get(), sslDebugLog);
+    }
+
+    auto rpcTransportTlsServerCtx = std::make_unique<RpcTransportCtxTlsServer>();
+    rpcTransportTlsServerCtx->mCtx = std::move(ctx);
+    return rpcTransportTlsServerCtx;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> RpcTransportCtxTlsServer::newTransport(
+        android::base::unique_fd acceptedFd, FdTrigger* fdTrigger) const {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> ssl(SSL_new(mCtx.get()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, ssl != nullptr);
+    Ssl wrapped(std::move(ssl));
+
+    wrapped.call(SSL_set_accept_state).errorQueue.clear();
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, setFdAndDoHandshake(&wrapped, acceptedFd, fdTrigger));
+    return std::make_unique<RpcTransportTls>(std::move(acceptedFd), std::move(wrapped));
+}
+
+class RpcTransportCtxTlsClient : public RpcTransportCtx {
+public:
+    static std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxTlsClient> create();
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> newTransport(android::base::unique_fd connectedFd,
+                                               FdTrigger* fdTrigger) const override;
+
+private:
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> mCtx;
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxTlsClient> RpcTransportCtxTlsClient::create() {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> ctx(SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, ctx != nullptr);
+
+    // TODO(b/195166979): server should send certificate in a different channel, and client
+    //  should verify it here.
+    SSL_CTX_set_custom_verify(ctx.get(), SSL_VERIFY_PEER,
+                              [](SSL*, uint8_t*) -> ssl_verify_result_t { return ssl_verify_ok; });
+
+    // Require at least TLS 1.3
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx.get(), TLS1_3_VERSION));
+
+    if constexpr (SHOULD_LOG_TLS_DETAIL) { // NOLINT
+        SSL_CTX_set_info_callback(ctx.get(), sslDebugLog);
+    }
+
+    auto rpcTransportTlsClientCtx = std::make_unique<RpcTransportCtxTlsClient>();
+    rpcTransportTlsClientCtx->mCtx = std::move(ctx);
+    return rpcTransportTlsClientCtx;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> RpcTransportCtxTlsClient::newTransport(
+        android::base::unique_fd connectedFd, FdTrigger* fdTrigger) const {
+    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> ssl(SSL_new(mCtx.get()));
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, ssl != nullptr);
+    Ssl wrapped(std::move(ssl));
+
+    wrapped.call(SSL_set_connect_state).errorQueue.clear();
+    TEST_AND_RETURN(nullptr, setFdAndDoHandshake(&wrapped, connectedFd, fdTrigger));
+    return std::make_unique<RpcTransportTls>(std::move(connectedFd), std::move(wrapped));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls::newServerCtx() const {
+    return android::RpcTransportCtxTlsServer::create();
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls::newClientCtx() const {
+    return android::RpcTransportCtxTlsClient::create();
+}
+
+const char* RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls::toCString() const {
+    return "tls";
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls::make() {
+    return std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls>(new RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls());
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp b/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
index 1c2f9b4..59334b7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
@@ -158,8 +158,10 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!forwardResult->hostPort().has_value());
 
     auto rpcSession = RpcSession::make();
-    if (!rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", *forwardResult->hostPort())) {
-        ALOGE("Unable to set up inet client on host port %u", *forwardResult->hostPort());
+    if (status_t status = rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", *forwardResult->hostPort());
+        status != OK) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to set up inet client on host port %u: %s", *forwardResult->hostPort(),
+              statusToString(status).c_str());
         return nullptr;
     }
     auto binder = rpcSession->getRootObject();
diff --git a/libs/binder/Utils.cpp b/libs/binder/Utils.cpp
index 90a4502..d2a5be1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Utils.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Utils.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,24 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
+using android::base::ErrnoError;
+using android::base::Result;
+
 namespace android {
 
 void zeroMemory(uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
     memset(data, 0, size);
 }
 
-}   // namespace android
+Result<void> setNonBlocking(android::base::borrowed_fd fd) {
+    int flags = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fcntl(fd.get(), F_GETFL));
+    if (flags == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Could not get flags for fd";
+    }
+    if (int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fcntl(fd.get(), F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK)); ret == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Could not set non-blocking flag for fd";
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/Utils.h b/libs/binder/Utils.h
index f94b158..1e383da 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Utils.h
+++ b/libs/binder/Utils.h
@@ -17,9 +17,14 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
 // avoid optimizations
 void zeroMemory(uint8_t* data, size_t size);
 
+android::base::Result<void> setNonBlocking(android::base::borrowed_fd fd);
+
 }   // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/ApexStagedEvent.aidl b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/ApexStagedEvent.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75f8753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/ApexStagedEvent.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.content.pm;
+
+/**
+ * This event is designed for notification to native code listener about
+ * any changes to set of apex packages staged for installation on next boot.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+parcelable ApexStagedEvent {
+  @utf8InCpp String[] stagedApexModuleNames;
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.aidl b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.aidl
index c20d9f6..d71f496 100644
--- a/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IPackageManagerNative.aidl
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 package android.content.pm;
 
 import android.content.pm.IPackageChangeObserver;
+import android.content.pm.IStagedApexObserver;
+import android.content.pm.StagedApexInfo;
 
 /**
  * Parallel implementation of certain {@link PackageManager} APIs that need to
@@ -123,4 +125,24 @@
      * requested version.
      */
     boolean hasSystemFeature(in String featureName, in int version);
+
+    /** Register a observer for change in set of staged APEX ready for installation */
+    void registerStagedApexObserver(in IStagedApexObserver observer);
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister an existing staged apex observer.
+     * This does nothing if this observer was not already registered.
+     */
+    void unregisterStagedApexObserver(in IStagedApexObserver observer);
+
+    /**
+     * Get APEX module names of all APEX that are staged ready for installation
+     */
+    @utf8InCpp String[] getStagedApexModuleNames();
+
+    /**
+     * Get information of APEX which is staged ready for installation.
+     * Returns null if no such APEX is found.
+     */
+    StagedApexInfo getStagedApexInfo(in @utf8InCpp String moduleName);
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IStagedApexObserver.aidl b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IStagedApexObserver.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9906436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/IStagedApexObserver.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.content.pm;
+
+import android.content.pm.ApexStagedEvent;
+
+/**
+ * This is a non-blocking notification when set of staged apex has changed
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+oneway interface IStagedApexObserver {
+  void onApexStaged(in ApexStagedEvent event);
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/StagedApexInfo.aidl b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/StagedApexInfo.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ece7989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/aidl/android/content/pm/StagedApexInfo.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.content.pm;
+
+/**
+ * This object is designed for returning information regarding
+ * staged APEX that are ready to be installed on next reboot.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+parcelable StagedApexInfo {
+  @utf8InCpp String moduleName;
+  @utf8InCpp String diskImagePath;
+  long versionCode;
+  @utf8InCpp String versionName;
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/BpBinder.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/BpBinder.h
index c69bb9e..a6d35c7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/BpBinder.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/BpBinder.h
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@
     static void         setLimitCallback(binder_proxy_limit_callback cb);
     static void         setBinderProxyCountWatermarks(int high, int low);
 
+    std::optional<int32_t> getDebugBinderHandle() const;
+
     class ObjectManager {
     public:
         ObjectManager();
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/Parcel.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/Parcel.h
index 02052ad..fd8ac62 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/Parcel.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/Parcel.h
@@ -245,9 +245,10 @@
     template<typename T>
     status_t            writeNullableParcelable(const std::optional<T>& parcelable)
             { return writeData(parcelable); }
-    template<typename T>
-    status_t            writeNullableParcelable(const std::unique_ptr<T>& parcelable) __attribute__((deprecated("use std::optional version instead")))
-            { return writeData(parcelable); }
+    template <typename T>
+    status_t writeNullableParcelable(const std::unique_ptr<T>& parcelable) {
+        return writeData(parcelable);
+    }
 
     status_t            writeParcelable(const Parcelable& parcelable);
 
@@ -401,9 +402,10 @@
     template<typename T>
     status_t            readParcelable(std::optional<T>* parcelable) const
             { return readData(parcelable); }
-    template<typename T>
-    status_t            readParcelable(std::unique_ptr<T>* parcelable) const __attribute__((deprecated("use std::optional version instead")))
-            { return readData(parcelable); }
+    template <typename T>
+    status_t readParcelable(std::unique_ptr<T>* parcelable) const {
+        return readData(parcelable);
+    }
 
     // If strong binder would be nullptr, readStrongBinder() returns an error.
     // TODO: T must be derived from IInterface, fix for clarity.
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
index 40ff78c..bf3e7e0 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <binder/RpcAddress.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransport.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+class FdTrigger;
 class RpcSocketAddress;
 
 /**
@@ -47,7 +49,8 @@
  */
 class RpcServer final : public virtual RefBase, private RpcSession::EventListener {
 public:
-    static sp<RpcServer> make();
+    static sp<RpcServer> make(
+            std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory = nullptr);
 
     /**
      * This represents a session for responses, e.g.:
@@ -57,12 +60,12 @@
      *     process B makes binder b and sends it to A
      *     A uses this 'back session' to send things back to B
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path);
 
     /**
      * Creates an RPC server at the current port.
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupVsockServer(unsigned int port);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupVsockServer(unsigned int port);
 
     /**
      * Creates an RPC server at the current port using IPv4.
@@ -72,8 +75,14 @@
      * Set |port| to 0 to pick an ephemeral port; see discussion of
      * /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range in ip(7). In this case, |assignedPort|
      * will be set to the picked port number, if it is not null.
+     *
+     * Set the IPv4 address for the socket to be listening on.
+     * "127.0.0.1" allows for local connections from the same device.
+     * "0.0.0.0" allows for connections on any IP address that the device may
+     * have
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupInetServer(unsigned int port, unsigned int* assignedPort);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupInetServer(const char* address, unsigned int port,
+                                           unsigned int* assignedPort);
 
     /**
      * If setup*Server has been successful, return true. Otherwise return false.
@@ -89,7 +98,7 @@
      * Set up server using an external FD previously set up by releaseServer().
      * Return false if there's already a server.
      */
-    bool setupExternalServer(base::unique_fd serverFd);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupExternalServer(base::unique_fd serverFd);
 
     void iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
 
@@ -161,14 +170,15 @@
 
 private:
     friend sp<RpcServer>;
-    RpcServer();
+    explicit RpcServer(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory);
 
     void onSessionAllIncomingThreadsEnded(const sp<RpcSession>& session) override;
     void onSessionIncomingThreadEnded() override;
 
     static void establishConnection(sp<RpcServer>&& server, base::unique_fd clientFd);
-    bool setupSocketServer(const RpcSocketAddress& address);
+    status_t setupSocketServer(const RpcSocketAddress& address);
 
+    const std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> mRpcTransportCtxFactory;
     bool mAgreedExperimental = false;
     size_t mMaxThreads = 1;
     std::optional<uint32_t> mProtocolVersion;
@@ -181,8 +191,9 @@
     sp<IBinder> mRootObject;
     wp<IBinder> mRootObjectWeak;
     std::map<RpcAddress, sp<RpcSession>> mSessions;
-    std::unique_ptr<RpcSession::FdTrigger> mShutdownTrigger;
+    std::unique_ptr<FdTrigger> mShutdownTrigger;
     std::condition_variable mShutdownCv;
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> mCtx;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
index 1f7c029..6e6eb74 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <binder/RpcAddress.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransport.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
 
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@
 class RpcServer;
 class RpcSocketAddress;
 class RpcState;
+class RpcTransport;
+class FdTrigger;
 
 constexpr uint32_t RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT = 0;
 constexpr uint32_t RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL = 0xF0000000;
@@ -48,7 +51,8 @@
  */
 class RpcSession final : public virtual RefBase {
 public:
-    static sp<RpcSession> make();
+    static sp<RpcSession> make(
+            std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory = nullptr);
 
     /**
      * Set the maximum number of threads allowed to be made (for things like callbacks).
@@ -74,17 +78,30 @@
      * This should be called once per thread, matching 'join' in the remote
      * process.
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupUnixDomainClient(const char* path);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupUnixDomainClient(const char* path);
 
     /**
      * Connects to an RPC server at the CVD & port.
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupVsockClient(unsigned int cvd, unsigned int port);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupVsockClient(unsigned int cvd, unsigned int port);
 
     /**
      * Connects to an RPC server at the given address and port.
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupInetClient(const char* addr, unsigned int port);
+
+    /**
+     * Starts talking to an RPC server which has already been connected to. This
+     * is expected to be used when another process has permission to connect to
+     * a binder RPC service, but this process only has permission to talk to
+     * that service.
+     *
+     * For convenience, if 'fd' is -1, 'request' will be called.
+     *
+     * For future compatibility, 'request' should not reference any stack data.
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupPreconnectedClient(base::unique_fd fd,
+                                                   std::function<base::unique_fd()>&& request);
 
     /**
      * For debugging!
@@ -93,7 +110,7 @@
      * response will never be satisfied. All data sent here will be
      * unceremoniously cast down the bottomless pit, /dev/null.
      */
-    [[nodiscard]] bool addNullDebuggingClient();
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t addNullDebuggingClient();
 
     /**
      * Query the other side of the session for the root object hosted by that
@@ -142,49 +159,7 @@
     friend sp<RpcSession>;
     friend RpcServer;
     friend RpcState;
-    RpcSession();
-
-    /** This is not a pipe. */
-    struct FdTrigger {
-        /** Returns nullptr for error case */
-        static std::unique_ptr<FdTrigger> make();
-
-        /**
-         * Close the write end of the pipe so that the read end receives POLLHUP.
-         * Not threadsafe.
-         */
-        void trigger();
-
-        /**
-         * Whether this has been triggered.
-         */
-        bool isTriggered();
-
-        /**
-         * Poll for a read event.
-         *
-         * event - for pollfd
-         *
-         * Return:
-         *   true - time to read!
-         *   false - trigger happened
-         */
-        status_t triggerablePoll(base::borrowed_fd fd, int16_t event);
-
-        /**
-         * Read (or write), but allow to be interrupted by this trigger.
-         *
-         * Return:
-         *   true - succeeded in completely processing 'size'
-         *   false - interrupted (failure or trigger)
-         */
-        status_t interruptableReadFully(base::borrowed_fd fd, void* data, size_t size);
-        status_t interruptableWriteFully(base::borrowed_fd fd, const void* data, size_t size);
-
-    private:
-        base::unique_fd mWrite;
-        base::unique_fd mRead;
-    };
+    explicit RpcSession(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> rpcTransportCtxFactory);
 
     class EventListener : public virtual RefBase {
     public:
@@ -204,7 +179,7 @@
     };
 
     struct RpcConnection : public RefBase {
-        base::unique_fd fd;
+        std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport;
 
         // whether this or another thread is currently using this fd to make
         // or receive transactions.
@@ -230,21 +205,30 @@
         // Status of setup
         status_t status;
     };
-    PreJoinSetupResult preJoinSetup(base::unique_fd fd);
+    PreJoinSetupResult preJoinSetup(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport);
     // join on thread passed to preJoinThreadOwnership
     static void join(sp<RpcSession>&& session, PreJoinSetupResult&& result);
 
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupSocketClient(const RpcSocketAddress& address);
-    [[nodiscard]] bool setupOneSocketConnection(const RpcSocketAddress& address,
-                                                const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool server);
-    [[nodiscard]] bool addIncomingConnection(base::unique_fd fd);
-    [[nodiscard]] bool addOutgoingConnection(base::unique_fd fd, bool init);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupClient(
+            const std::function<status_t(const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming)>&
+                    connectAndInit);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupSocketClient(const RpcSocketAddress& address);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupOneSocketConnection(const RpcSocketAddress& address,
+                                                    const RpcAddress& sessionId, bool incoming);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t initAndAddConnection(base::unique_fd fd, const RpcAddress& sessionId,
+                                                bool incoming);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t addIncomingConnection(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport);
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t addOutgoingConnection(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport,
+                                                 bool init);
     [[nodiscard]] bool setForServer(const wp<RpcServer>& server,
                                     const wp<RpcSession::EventListener>& eventListener,
                                     const RpcAddress& sessionId);
-    sp<RpcConnection> assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(base::unique_fd fd);
+    sp<RpcConnection> assignIncomingConnectionToThisThread(
+            std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> rpcTransport);
     [[nodiscard]] bool removeIncomingConnection(const sp<RpcConnection>& connection);
 
+    status_t initShutdownTrigger();
+
     enum class ConnectionUse {
         CLIENT,
         CLIENT_ASYNC,
@@ -275,6 +259,8 @@
         bool mReentrant = false;
     };
 
+    const std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> mRpcTransportCtxFactory;
+
     // On the other side of a session, for each of mOutgoingConnections here, there should
     // be one of mIncomingConnections on the other side (and vice versa).
     //
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransport.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransport.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b69519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransport.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Wraps the transport layer of RPC. Implementation may use plain sockets or TLS.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+class FdTrigger;
+
+// Represents a socket connection.
+class RpcTransport {
+public:
+    virtual ~RpcTransport() = default;
+
+    // replacement of ::recv(MSG_PEEK). Error code may not be set if TLS is enabled.
+    virtual android::base::Result<size_t> peek(void *buf, size_t size) = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Read (or write), but allow to be interrupted by a trigger.
+     *
+     * Return:
+     *   OK - succeeded in completely processing 'size'
+     *   error - interrupted (failure or trigger)
+     */
+    virtual status_t interruptableWriteFully(FdTrigger *fdTrigger, const void *buf,
+                                             size_t size) = 0;
+    virtual status_t interruptableReadFully(FdTrigger *fdTrigger, void *buf, size_t size) = 0;
+
+protected:
+    RpcTransport() = default;
+};
+
+// Represents the context that generates the socket connection.
+class RpcTransportCtx {
+public:
+    virtual ~RpcTransportCtx() = default;
+
+    // Create a new RpcTransport object.
+    //
+    // Implemenion details: for TLS, this function may incur I/O. |fdTrigger| may be used
+    // to interrupt I/O. This function blocks until handshake is finished.
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::unique_ptr<RpcTransport> newTransport(
+            android::base::unique_fd fd, FdTrigger *fdTrigger) const = 0;
+
+protected:
+    RpcTransportCtx() = default;
+};
+
+// A factory class that generates RpcTransportCtx.
+class RpcTransportCtxFactory {
+public:
+    virtual ~RpcTransportCtxFactory() = default;
+    // Creates server context.
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newServerCtx() const = 0;
+
+    // Creates client context.
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newClientCtx() const = 0;
+
+    // Return a short description of this transport (e.g. "raw"). For logging / debugging / testing
+    // only.
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual const char *toCString() const = 0;
+
+protected:
+    RpcTransportCtxFactory() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransportRaw.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransportRaw.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fb1f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcTransportRaw.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Wraps the transport layer of RPC. Implementation uses plain sockets.
+// Note: don't use directly. You probably want newServerRpcTransportCtx / newClientRpcTransportCtx.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <binder/RpcTransport.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// RpcTransportCtxFactory with TLS disabled.
+class RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw : public RpcTransportCtxFactory {
+public:
+    static std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> make();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newServerCtx() const override;
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newClientCtx() const override;
+    const char* toCString() const override;
+
+private:
+    RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/include_tls/binder/RpcTransportTls.h b/libs/binder/include_tls/binder/RpcTransportTls.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..531aaa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/include_tls/binder/RpcTransportTls.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Wraps the transport layer of RPC. Implementation uses TLS.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <binder/RpcTransport.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// RpcTransportCtxFactory with TLS enabled with self-signed certificate.
+class RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls : public RpcTransportCtxFactory {
+public:
+    static std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> make();
+
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newServerCtx() const override;
+    std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> newClientCtx() const override;
+    const char* toCString() const override;
+
+private:
+    RpcTransportCtxFactoryTls() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
index 68ec669..bcb13ae 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
@@ -19,16 +19,20 @@
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
 
+using android::OK;
 using android::RpcServer;
 using android::RpcSession;
+using android::status_t;
+using android::statusToString;
 
 extern "C" {
 
 bool RunRpcServer(AIBinder* service, unsigned int port) {
     auto server = RpcServer::make();
     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
-    if (!server->setupVsockServer(port)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up vsock server with port " << port;
+    if (status_t status = server->setupVsockServer(port); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up vsock server with port " << port
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
         return false;
     }
     server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
@@ -41,8 +45,9 @@
 
 AIBinder* RpcClient(unsigned int cid, unsigned int port) {
     auto session = RpcSession::make();
-    if (!session->setupVsockClient(cid, port)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up vsock client with CID " << cid << " and port " << port;
+    if (status_t status = session->setupVsockClient(cid, port); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up vsock client with CID " << cid << " and port " << port
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
         return nullptr;
     }
     return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/ibinder.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/ibinder.cpp
index 785e032..717beec 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/ibinder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/ibinder.cpp
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@
         const String16& currentDescriptor = mClazz->getInterfaceDescriptor();
         if (newDescriptor == currentDescriptor) {
             LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Class descriptors '" << currentDescriptor
-                       << "' match during associateClass, but they are different class objects. "
-                          "Class descriptor collision?";
+                       << "' match during associateClass, but they are different class objects ("
+                       << clazz << " vs " << mClazz << "). Class descriptor collision?";
         } else {
             LOG(ERROR) << __func__
                        << ": Class cannot be associated on object which already has a class. "
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_interface_utils.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_interface_utils.h
index 6c44726..5de64f8 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_interface_utils.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_interface_utils.h
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@
         std::call_once(mFlagThis, [&]() {
             __assert(__FILE__, __LINE__, "SharedRefBase: no ref created during lifetime");
         });
+
+        if (ref() != nullptr) {
+            __assert(__FILE__, __LINE__,
+                     "SharedRefBase: destructed but still able to lock weak_ptr. Is this object "
+                     "double-owned?");
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcel_utils.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcel_utils.h
index 5092d87..563d011 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcel_utils.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_cpp/android/binder_parcel_utils.h
@@ -469,6 +469,22 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Convenience API for writing a nullable parcelable.
+ */
+template <typename P>
+static inline binder_status_t AParcel_writeNullableParcelable(AParcel* parcel,
+                                                              const std::unique_ptr<P>& p) {
+    if (!p) {
+        return AParcel_writeInt32(parcel, 0);  // null
+    }
+    binder_status_t status = AParcel_writeInt32(parcel, 1);  // non-null
+    if (status != STATUS_OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    return p->writeToParcel(parcel);
+}
+
+/**
  * Convenience API for reading a nullable parcelable.
  */
 template <typename P>
@@ -488,6 +504,25 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Convenience API for reading a nullable parcelable.
+ */
+template <typename P>
+static inline binder_status_t AParcel_readNullableParcelable(const AParcel* parcel,
+                                                             std::unique_ptr<P>* p) {
+    int32_t null;
+    binder_status_t status = AParcel_readInt32(parcel, &null);
+    if (status != STATUS_OK) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    if (null == 0) {
+        p->reset();
+        return STATUS_OK;
+    }
+    *p = std::make_unique<P>();
+    return (*p)->readFromParcel(parcel);
+}
+
+/**
  * Writes a parcelable object of type P inside a std::vector<P> at index 'index' to 'parcel'.
  */
 template <typename P>
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/Android.bp
index 488009f..8ee396e 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/Android.bp
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     srcs: ["libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp"],
     static_libs: [
         "IBinderNdkUnitTest-cpp",
-        "IBinderNdkUnitTest-ndk_platform",
+        "IBinderNdkUnitTest-ndk",
     ],
     test_suites: [
         "general-tests",
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "IBinderVendorDoubleLoadTest-cpp",
-        "IBinderVendorDoubleLoadTest-ndk_platform",
-        "libbinder_aidl_test_stub-ndk_platform",
+        "IBinderVendorDoubleLoadTest-ndk",
+        "libbinder_aidl_test_stub-ndk",
     ],
     // critical that libbinder/libbinder_ndk are shared for VTS
     shared_libs: [
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
index ce12ccf..4b36530 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
@@ -224,6 +224,17 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+TEST(NdkBinder, DetectDoubleOwn) {
+    auto badService = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<MyBinderNdkUnitTest>();
+    EXPECT_DEATH(std::shared_ptr<MyBinderNdkUnitTest>(badService.get()),
+                 "Is this object double-owned?");
+}
+
+TEST(NdkBinder, DetectNoSharedRefBaseCreated) {
+    EXPECT_DEATH(std::make_shared<MyBinderNdkUnitTest>(),
+                 "SharedRefBase: no ref created during lifetime");
+}
+
 TEST(NdkBinder, GetServiceThatDoesntExist) {
     sp<IFoo> foo = IFoo::getService("asdfghkl;");
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, foo.get());
diff --git a/libs/binder/run_rpc_tests.sh b/libs/binder/run_rpc_tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7ba682d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/run_rpc_tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -ex
+
+if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+  :
+elif [ $# -eq 1 ] && [[ "$1" =~ ^host|device$ ]]; then
+  :
+else
+  echo "usage: $0 [device|host]"
+  false
+fi
+
+# Script maintained for RPC development, while it is active, to quickly run
+# tests. Generally, to match VTS/presubmit behavior, 'atest' should be used.
+
+function dtest () { adb shell /data/nativetest64/$1/$@; }
+function hbench () { $AT/out/host/linux-x86/benchmarktest/$1/$@; }
+function hfuzz () { time $ANDROID_HOST_OUT/fuzz/x86_64/$1/$@; }
+function htest () { time $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/out/host/linux-x86/nativetest/$1/$@; }
+function pdtest () { adb wait-for-device && adb shell mkdir -p /data/nativetest64/$1 && adb push $OUT/data/nativetest64/$1/$1 /data/nativetest64/$1/$1 && dtest $@; }
+function dbench () { adb shell /data/benchmarktest64/$1/$@; }
+function pdbench () { adb wait-for-device && adb shell mkdir -p /data/benchmarktest64/$1 && adb push $OUT/data/benchmarktest64/$1/$1 /data/benchmarktest64/$1/$1 && dbench $@; }
+
+$ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/build/soong/soong_ui.bash --make-mode \
+  binderRpcTest \
+  binder_rpc_fuzzer \
+  binder_parcel_fuzzer \
+  binderLibTest \
+  binderRpcBenchmark
+
+if ! [ "$1" = "device" ]; then
+  htest binderRpcTest
+  hbench binderRpcBenchmark
+  hfuzz binder_rpc_fuzzer -max_total_time=30
+  hfuzz binder_parcel_fuzzer -max_total_time=30
+fi
+
+if ! [ "$1" = "host" ]; then
+  pdtest binderRpcTest
+  pdtest binderLibTest
+  pdbench binderRpcBenchmark
+fi
+
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/file_descriptor.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/file_descriptor.rs
index 20e9178..179b7c8 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/file_descriptor.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/file_descriptor.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 use crate::sys;
 
 use std::fs::File;
-use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};
+use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, RawFd};
 
 /// Rust version of the Java class android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@
     }
 }
 
+impl AsRawFd for ParcelFileDescriptor {
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+        self.0.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
 impl Serialize for ParcelFileDescriptor {
     fn serialize(&self, parcel: &mut Parcel) -> Result<()> {
         let fd = self.0.as_raw_fd();
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
index 956ecfe..56c6165 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
@@ -764,6 +764,30 @@
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: Serialize> Serialize for Box<T> {
+    fn serialize(&self, parcel: &mut Parcel) -> Result<()> {
+        Serialize::serialize(&**self, parcel)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Deserialize> Deserialize for Box<T> {
+    fn deserialize(parcel: &Parcel) -> Result<Self> {
+        Deserialize::deserialize(parcel).map(Box::new)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SerializeOption> SerializeOption for Box<T> {
+    fn serialize_option(this: Option<&Self>, parcel: &mut Parcel) -> Result<()> {
+        SerializeOption::serialize_option(this.map(|inner| &**inner), parcel)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: DeserializeOption> DeserializeOption for Box<T> {
+    fn deserialize_option(parcel: &Parcel) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
+        DeserializeOption::deserialize_option(parcel).map(|t| t.map(Box::new))
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_custom_parcelable() {
     use crate::binder::Interface;
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
index 607860f..ecc61f4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/Android.bp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         "libbinder_ndk",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "IBinderRustNdkInteropTest-ndk_platform",
+        "IBinderRustNdkInteropTest-ndk",
         "libbinder_ndk_rust_interop",
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/ndk_rust_interop.rs b/libs/binder/rust/tests/ndk_rust_interop.rs
index 4702e45..415ede1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/ndk_rust_interop.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/ndk_rust_interop.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 pub unsafe extern "C" fn rust_start_service(service_name: *const c_char) -> c_int {
     let service_name = CStr::from_ptr(service_name).to_str().unwrap();
     let service = BnBinderRustNdkInteropTest::new_binder(Service, BinderFeatures::default());
-    match binder::add_service(&service_name, service.as_binder()) {
+    match binder::add_service(service_name, service.as_binder()) {
         Ok(_) => StatusCode::OK as c_int,
         Err(e) => e as c_int,
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/servicedispatcher.cpp b/libs/binder/servicedispatcher.cpp
index 62df9b7..9811cdf 100644
--- a/libs/binder/servicedispatcher.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/servicedispatcher.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,12 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android/debug/BnAdbCallback.h>
+#include <android/debug/IAdbManager.h>
 #include <android/os/BnServiceManager.h>
 #include <android/os/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 
 using android::BBinder;
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@
 using android::OK;
 using android::RpcServer;
 using android::sp;
+using android::status_t;
 using android::statusToString;
 using android::String16;
 using android::base::Basename;
@@ -47,7 +51,9 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+const char* kLocalInetAddress = "127.0.0.1";
 using ServiceRetriever = decltype(&android::IServiceManager::checkService);
+using android::debug::IAdbManager;
 
 int Usage(const char* program) {
     auto basename = Basename(program);
@@ -86,8 +92,8 @@
     }
     rpcServer->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
     unsigned int port;
-    if (!rpcServer->setupInetServer(0, &port)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "setupInetServer failed";
+    if (status_t status = rpcServer->setupInetServer(kLocalInetAddress, 0, &port); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "setupInetServer failed: " << statusToString(status);
         return EX_SOFTWARE;
     }
     auto socket = rpcServer->releaseServer();
@@ -199,8 +205,8 @@
     rpcServer->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
     rpcServer->setRootObject(service);
     unsigned int port;
-    if (!rpcServer->setupInetServer(0, &port)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set up inet server";
+    if (status_t status = rpcServer->setupInetServer(kLocalInetAddress, 0, &port); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set up inet server: " << statusToString(status);
         return EX_SOFTWARE;
     }
     LOG(INFO) << "Finish wrapping servicemanager with RPC on port " << port;
@@ -211,6 +217,25 @@
     __builtin_unreachable();
 }
 
+class AdbCallback : public android::debug::BnAdbCallback {
+public:
+    android::binder::Status onDebuggingChanged(bool enabled,
+                                               android::debug::AdbTransportType) override {
+        if (!enabled) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "ADB debugging disabled, exiting.";
+            exit(EX_SOFTWARE);
+        }
+        return android::binder::Status::ok();
+    }
+};
+
+void exitOnAdbDebuggingDisabled() {
+    auto adb = android::waitForService<IAdbManager>(String16("adb"));
+    CHECK(adb != nullptr) << "Unable to retrieve service adb";
+    auto status = adb->registerCallback(sp<AdbCallback>::make());
+    CHECK(status.isOk()) << "Unable to call IAdbManager::registerCallback: " << status;
+}
+
 // Log to logd. For warning and more severe messages, also log to stderr.
 class ServiceDispatcherLogger {
 public:
@@ -251,6 +276,10 @@
         }
     }
 
+    android::ProcessState::self()->setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(1);
+    android::ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
+    exitOnAdbDebuggingDisabled();
+
     if (optind + 1 != argc) return Usage(argv[0]);
     auto name = argv[optind];
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index 24afcf6..b7ad199 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "binderRpcTestIface-cpp",
-        "binderRpcTestIface-ndk_platform",
+        "binderRpcTestIface-ndk",
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     require_root: true,
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "binderStabilityTestIface-cpp",
-        "binderStabilityTestIface-ndk_platform",
+        "binderStabilityTestIface-ndk",
     ],
 
     test_suites: ["device-tests", "vts"],
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcBenchmark.aidl b/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcBenchmark.aidl
index 1457422..2baf680 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcBenchmark.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcBenchmark.aidl
@@ -17,4 +17,5 @@
 interface IBinderRpcBenchmark {
     @utf8InCpp String repeatString(@utf8InCpp String str);
     IBinder repeatBinder(IBinder binder);
+    byte[] repeatBytes(in byte[] bytes);
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderClearBufTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderClearBufTest.cpp
index 2d30c8d..307151c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderClearBufTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderClearBufTest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <binder/Binder.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
@@ -30,22 +31,6 @@
 
 const String16 kServerName = String16("binderClearBuf");
 
-std::string hexString(const void* bytes, size_t len) {
-    if (bytes == nullptr) return "<null>";
-
-    const uint8_t* bytes8 = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bytes);
-    char chars[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-    std::string result;
-    result.resize(len * 2);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        result[2 * i] = chars[bytes8[i] >> 4];
-        result[2 * i + 1] = chars[bytes8[i] & 0xf];
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
 class FooBar : public BBinder {
  public:
     enum {
@@ -83,7 +68,7 @@
             lastReply = reply.data();
             lastReplySize = reply.dataSize();
         }
-        *outBuffer = hexString(lastReply, lastReplySize);
+        *outBuffer = android::base::HexString(lastReply, lastReplySize);
         return result;
     }
 };
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
index 5dd9212..3f72b8f 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@
 
     [[nodiscard]] static sp<IBinder> get(unsigned int hostPort) {
         auto rpcSession = RpcSession::make();
-        if (!rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", hostPort)) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "Failed to setupInetClient on " << hostPort;
+        if (status_t status = rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", hostPort); status != OK) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "Failed to setupInetClient on " << hostPort << ": "
+                          << statusToString(status);
             return nullptr;
         }
         return rpcSession->getRootObject();
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
index 4c3225f..eea7d8c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
@@ -1192,8 +1192,8 @@
         if (rpcServer == nullptr) return {};
         rpcServer->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
         unsigned int port;
-        if (!rpcServer->setupInetServer(0, &port)) {
-            ADD_FAILURE() << "setupInetServer failed";
+        if (status_t status = rpcServer->setupInetServer("127.0.0.1", 0, &port); status != OK) {
+            ADD_FAILURE() << "setupInetServer failed" << statusToString(status);
             return {};
         }
         return {rpcServer->releaseServer(), port};
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
index 5f4a7b5..e430c28 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
 using android::RpcServer;
 using android::RpcSession;
 using android::sp;
+using android::status_t;
+using android::statusToString;
 using android::String16;
 using android::binder::Status;
 
@@ -50,8 +52,12 @@
         *out = str;
         return Status::ok();
     }
-    Status repeatBinder(const sp<IBinder>& str, sp<IBinder>* out) override {
-        *out = str;
+    Status repeatBinder(const sp<IBinder>& binder, sp<IBinder>* out) override {
+        *out = binder;
+        return Status::ok();
+    }
+    Status repeatBytes(const std::vector<uint8_t>& bytes, std::vector<uint8_t>* out) override {
+        *out = bytes;
         return Status::ok();
     }
 };
@@ -61,12 +67,11 @@
     RPC,
 };
 
-static void EachTransport(benchmark::internal::Benchmark* b) {
+static const std::initializer_list<int64_t> kTransportList = {
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
-    b->Args({Transport::KERNEL});
+        Transport::KERNEL,
 #endif
-    b->Args({Transport::RPC});
-}
+        Transport::RPC};
 
 static sp<RpcSession> gSession = RpcSession::make();
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
@@ -96,9 +101,9 @@
         CHECK_EQ(OK, binder->pingBinder());
     }
 }
-BENCHMARK(BM_pingTransaction)->Apply(EachTransport);
+BENCHMARK(BM_pingTransaction)->ArgsProduct({kTransportList});
 
-void BM_repeatString(benchmark::State& state) {
+void BM_repeatTwoPageString(benchmark::State& state) {
     sp<IBinder> binder = getBinderForOptions(state);
 
     sp<IBinderRpcBenchmark> iface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcBenchmark>(binder);
@@ -125,10 +130,30 @@
         CHECK(ret.isOk()) << ret;
     }
 }
-BENCHMARK(BM_repeatString)->Apply(EachTransport);
+BENCHMARK(BM_repeatTwoPageString)->ArgsProduct({kTransportList});
+
+void BM_throughputForTransportAndBytes(benchmark::State& state) {
+    sp<IBinder> binder = getBinderForOptions(state);
+    sp<IBinderRpcBenchmark> iface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcBenchmark>(binder);
+    CHECK(iface != nullptr);
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bytes = std::vector<uint8_t>(state.range(1));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes.size(); i++) {
+        bytes[i] = i % 256;
+    }
+
+    while (state.KeepRunning()) {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> out;
+        Status ret = iface->repeatBytes(bytes, &out);
+        CHECK(ret.isOk()) << ret;
+    }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_throughputForTransportAndBytes)
+        ->ArgsProduct({kTransportList,
+                       {64, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8182, 16364, 32728, 65535, 65536, 65537}});
 
 void BM_repeatBinder(benchmark::State& state) {
-    sp<IBinder> binder = gSession->getRootObject();
+    sp<IBinder> binder = getBinderForOptions(state);
     CHECK(binder != nullptr);
     sp<IBinderRpcBenchmark> iface = interface_cast<IBinderRpcBenchmark>(binder);
     CHECK(iface != nullptr);
@@ -142,7 +167,7 @@
         CHECK(ret.isOk()) << ret;
     }
 }
-BENCHMARK(BM_repeatBinder)->Apply(EachTransport);
+BENCHMARK(BM_repeatBinder)->ArgsProduct({kTransportList});
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     ::benchmark::Initialize(&argc, argv);
@@ -152,15 +177,15 @@
     (void)unlink(addr.c_str());
 
     std::cerr << "Tests suffixes:" << std::endl;
-    std::cerr << "\t\\" << Transport::KERNEL << " is KERNEL" << std::endl;
-    std::cerr << "\t\\" << Transport::RPC << " is RPC" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "\t.../" << Transport::KERNEL << " is KERNEL" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "\t.../" << Transport::RPC << " is RPC" << std::endl;
 
     if (0 == fork()) {
         prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGHUP); // racey, okay
         sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make();
         server->setRootObject(sp<MyBinderRpcBenchmark>::make());
         server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
-        CHECK(server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str()));
+        CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str()));
         server->join();
         exit(1);
     }
@@ -182,11 +207,13 @@
     CHECK_NE(nullptr, gKernelBinder.get());
 #endif
 
+    status_t status;
     for (size_t tries = 0; tries < 5; tries++) {
         usleep(10000);
-        if (gSession->setupUnixDomainClient(addr.c_str())) goto success;
+        status = gSession->setupUnixDomainClient(addr.c_str());
+        if (status == OK) goto success;
     }
-    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not connect.";
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not connect: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
 success:
 
     ::benchmark::RunSpecifiedBenchmarks();
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
index d5786bc..15ccae9 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransport.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransportRaw.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "../RpcSocketAddress.h" // for testing preconnected clients
 #include "../RpcState.h"   // for debugging
 #include "../vm_sockets.h" // for VMADDR_*
 
@@ -49,6 +52,22 @@
 
 static_assert(RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION + 1 == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_NEXT ||
               RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION == RPC_WIRE_PROTOCOL_VERSION_EXPERIMENTAL);
+const char* kLocalInetAddress = "127.0.0.1";
+
+enum class RpcSecurity { RAW };
+
+static inline std::vector<RpcSecurity> RpcSecurityValues() {
+    return {RpcSecurity::RAW};
+}
+
+static inline std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> newFactory(RpcSecurity rpcSecurity) {
+    switch (rpcSecurity) {
+        case RpcSecurity::RAW:
+            return RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make();
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown RpcSecurity %d", rpcSecurity);
+    }
+}
 
 TEST(BinderRpcParcel, EntireParcelFormatted) {
     Parcel p;
@@ -57,13 +76,20 @@
     EXPECT_DEATH(p.markForBinder(sp<BBinder>::make()), "");
 }
 
-TEST(BinderRpc, SetExternalServer) {
+class BinderRpcSimple : public ::testing::TestWithParam<RpcSecurity> {
+public:
+    static std::string PrintTestParam(const ::testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
+        return newFactory(info.param)->toCString();
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_P(BinderRpcSimple, SetExternalServerTest) {
     base::unique_fd sink(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/null", O_RDWR)));
     int sinkFd = sink.get();
-    auto server = RpcServer::make();
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(GetParam()));
     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
     ASSERT_FALSE(server->hasServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(server->setupExternalServer(std::move(sink)));
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, server->setupExternalServer(std::move(sink)));
     ASSERT_TRUE(server->hasServer());
     base::unique_fd retrieved = server->releaseServer();
     ASSERT_FALSE(server->hasServer());
@@ -384,12 +410,15 @@
 };
 
 enum class SocketType {
+    PRECONNECTED,
     UNIX,
     VSOCK,
     INET,
 };
-static inline std::string PrintSocketType(const testing::TestParamInfo<SocketType>& info) {
-    switch (info.param) {
+static inline std::string PrintToString(SocketType socketType) {
+    switch (socketType) {
+        case SocketType::PRECONNECTED:
+            return "preconnected_uds";
         case SocketType::UNIX:
             return "unix_domain_socket";
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
@@ -402,7 +431,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-class BinderRpc : public ::testing::TestWithParam<SocketType> {
+static base::unique_fd connectToUds(const char* addrStr) {
+    UnixSocketAddress addr(addrStr);
+    base::unique_fd serverFd(
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)));
+    int savedErrno = errno;
+    CHECK(serverFd.ok()) << "Could not create socket " << addrStr << ": " << strerror(savedErrno);
+
+    if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(serverFd.get(), addr.addr(), addr.addrSize()))) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Could not connect to socket " << addrStr << ": " << strerror(savedErrno);
+    }
+    return serverFd;
+}
+
+class BinderRpc : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<SocketType, RpcSecurity>> {
 public:
     struct Options {
         size_t numThreads = 1;
@@ -410,13 +453,19 @@
         size_t numIncomingConnections = 0;
     };
 
+    static inline std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
+        auto [type, security] = info.param;
+        return PrintToString(type) + "_" + newFactory(security)->toCString();
+    }
+
     // This creates a new process serving an interface on a certain number of
     // threads.
     ProcessSession createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
             const Options& options, const std::function<void(const sp<RpcServer>&)>& configure) {
         CHECK_GE(options.numSessions, 1) << "Must have at least one session to a server";
 
-        SocketType socketType = GetParam();
+        SocketType socketType = std::get<0>(GetParam());
+        RpcSecurity rpcSecurity = std::get<1>(GetParam());
 
         unsigned int vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
         std::string addr = allocateSocketAddress();
@@ -424,7 +473,7 @@
 
         auto ret = ProcessSession{
                 .host = Process([&](android::base::borrowed_fd writeEnd) {
-                    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make();
+                    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
 
                     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
                     server->setMaxThreads(options.numThreads);
@@ -432,14 +481,16 @@
                     unsigned int outPort = 0;
 
                     switch (socketType) {
+                        case SocketType::PRECONNECTED:
+                            [[fallthrough]];
                         case SocketType::UNIX:
-                            CHECK(server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str())) << addr;
+                            CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str())) << addr;
                             break;
                         case SocketType::VSOCK:
-                            CHECK(server->setupVsockServer(vsockPort));
+                            CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupVsockServer(vsockPort));
                             break;
                         case SocketType::INET: {
-                            CHECK(server->setupInetServer(0, &outPort));
+                            CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupInetServer(kLocalInetAddress, 0, &outPort));
                             CHECK_NE(0, outPort);
                             break;
                         }
@@ -465,24 +516,35 @@
             CHECK_NE(0, outPort);
         }
 
+        status_t status;
+
         for (size_t i = 0; i < options.numSessions; i++) {
-            sp<RpcSession> session = RpcSession::make();
+            sp<RpcSession> session = RpcSession::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
             session->setMaxThreads(options.numIncomingConnections);
 
             switch (socketType) {
+                case SocketType::PRECONNECTED:
+                    status = session->setupPreconnectedClient({}, [=]() {
+                        return connectToUds(addr.c_str());
+                    });
+                    if (status == OK) goto success;
+                    break;
                 case SocketType::UNIX:
-                    if (session->setupUnixDomainClient(addr.c_str())) goto success;
+                    status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(addr.c_str());
+                    if (status == OK) goto success;
                     break;
                 case SocketType::VSOCK:
-                    if (session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, vsockPort)) goto success;
+                    status = session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, vsockPort);
+                    if (status == OK) goto success;
                     break;
                 case SocketType::INET:
-                    if (session->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", outPort)) goto success;
+                    status = session->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", outPort);
+                    if (status == OK) goto success;
                     break;
                 default:
                     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown socket type");
             }
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Could not connect");
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Could not connect %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
         success:
             ret.sessions.push_back({session, session->getRootObject()});
         }
@@ -1130,21 +1192,27 @@
 }
 
 static bool testSupportVsockLoopback() {
+    // We don't need to enable TLS to know if vsock is supported.
     unsigned int vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
-    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make();
+    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make(RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make());
     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
-    CHECK(server->setupVsockServer(vsockPort));
+    if (status_t status = server->setupVsockServer(vsockPort); status != OK) {
+        if (status == -EAFNOSUPPORT) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Could not setup vsock server: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
+    }
     server->start();
 
-    sp<RpcSession> session = RpcSession::make();
-    bool okay = session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, vsockPort);
+    sp<RpcSession> session = RpcSession::make(RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make());
+    status_t status = session->setupVsockClient(VMADDR_CID_LOCAL, vsockPort);
     while (!server->shutdown()) usleep(10000);
-    ALOGE("Detected vsock loopback supported: %d", okay);
-    return okay;
+    ALOGE("Detected vsock loopback supported: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
+    return status == OK;
 }
 
 static std::vector<SocketType> testSocketTypes() {
-    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::INET};
+    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::PRECONNECTED, SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::INET};
 
     static bool hasVsockLoopback = testSupportVsockLoopback();
 
@@ -1155,10 +1223,13 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerSocket, BinderRpc, ::testing::ValuesIn(testSocketTypes()),
-                        PrintSocketType);
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(PerSocket, BinderRpc,
+                        ::testing::Combine(::testing::ValuesIn(testSocketTypes()),
+                                           ::testing::ValuesIn(RpcSecurityValues())),
+                        BinderRpc::PrintParamInfo);
 
-class BinderRpcServerRootObject : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<bool, bool>> {};
+class BinderRpcServerRootObject
+      : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<bool, bool, RpcSecurity>> {};
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpcServerRootObject, WeakRootObject) {
     using SetFn = std::function<void(RpcServer*, sp<IBinder>)>;
@@ -1166,8 +1237,8 @@
         return isStrong ? SetFn(&RpcServer::setRootObject) : SetFn(&RpcServer::setRootObjectWeak);
     };
 
-    auto server = RpcServer::make();
-    auto [isStrong1, isStrong2] = GetParam();
+    auto [isStrong1, isStrong2, rpcSecurity] = GetParam();
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
     auto binder1 = sp<BBinder>::make();
     IBinder* binderRaw1 = binder1.get();
     setRootObject(isStrong1)(server.get(), binder1);
@@ -1184,7 +1255,8 @@
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(BinderRpc, BinderRpcServerRootObject,
-                        ::testing::Combine(::testing::Bool(), ::testing::Bool()));
+                        ::testing::Combine(::testing::Bool(), ::testing::Bool(),
+                                           ::testing::ValuesIn(RpcSecurityValues())));
 
 class OneOffSignal {
 public:
@@ -1207,12 +1279,12 @@
     bool mValue = false;
 };
 
-TEST(BinderRpc, Shutdown) {
+TEST_P(BinderRpcSimple, Shutdown) {
     auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
     unlink(addr.c_str());
-    auto server = RpcServer::make();
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(GetParam()));
     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str()));
     auto joinEnds = std::make_shared<OneOffSignal>();
 
     // If things are broken and the thread never stops, don't block other tests. Because the thread
@@ -1253,14 +1325,14 @@
     auto rpcServer = RpcServer::make();
     rpcServer->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
     unsigned int port;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rpcServer->setupInetServer(0, &port));
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, rpcServer->setupInetServer(kLocalInetAddress, 0, &port));
     auto socket = rpcServer->releaseServer();
 
     auto keepAlive = sp<BBinder>::make();
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, binder->setRpcClientDebug(std::move(socket), keepAlive));
 
     auto rpcSession = RpcSession::make();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", port));
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", port));
     auto rpcBinder = rpcSession->getRootObject();
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, rpcBinder);
 
@@ -1271,6 +1343,9 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, rpcBinder->pingBinder());
 }
 
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(BinderRpc, BinderRpcSimple, ::testing::ValuesIn(RpcSecurityValues()),
+                        BinderRpcSimple::PrintTestParam);
+
 } // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
index 74b8eb8..acf3f8f 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
         "main.cpp",
         "random_fd.cpp",
         "random_parcel.cpp",
-        "util.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libbase",
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/binder.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/binder.cpp
index a717ce9..f1fe164 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/binder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/binder.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 #include "binder.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <android/os/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/ParcelableHolder.h>
 #include <binder/PersistableBundle.h>
 
 using ::android::status_t;
+using ::android::base::HexString;
 
 enum ByteEnum : int8_t {};
 enum IntEnum : int32_t {};
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@
     [] (const ::android::Parcel& p, uint8_t len) {
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to readInplace";
         const void* r = p.readInplace(len);
-        FUZZ_LOG() << "readInplace done. pointer: " << r << " bytes: " << hexString(r, len);
+        FUZZ_LOG() << "readInplace done. pointer: " << r << " bytes: " << (r ? HexString(r, len) : "null");
     },
     PARCEL_READ_OPT_STATUS(int32_t, readInt32),
     PARCEL_READ_OPT_STATUS(uint32_t, readUint32),
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to readString8Inplace";
         size_t outLen = 0;
         const char* str = p.readString8Inplace(&outLen);
-        std::string bytes = hexString(str, sizeof(char) * (outLen + 1));
+        std::string bytes = str ? HexString(str, sizeof(char) * (outLen + 1)) : "null";
         FUZZ_LOG() << "readString8Inplace: " << bytes << " size: " << outLen;
     },
     PARCEL_READ_OPT_STATUS(android::String16, readString16),
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to readString16Inplace";
         size_t outLen = 0;
         const char16_t* str = p.readString16Inplace(&outLen);
-        std::string bytes = hexString(str, sizeof(char16_t) * (outLen + 1));
+        std::string bytes = str ? HexString(str, sizeof(char16_t) * (outLen + 1)) : "null";
         FUZZ_LOG() << "readString16Inplace: " << bytes << " size: " << outLen;
     },
     PARCEL_READ_WITH_STATUS(android::sp<android::IBinder>, readStrongBinder),
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/hwbinder.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/hwbinder.cpp
index 35b5ebc..ee9840f 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/hwbinder.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/hwbinder.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@
 #include "hwbinder.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <hwbinder/Parcel.h>
 
 using ::android::status_t;
+using ::android::base::HexString;
 
 // TODO: support scatter-gather types
 
@@ -70,13 +72,13 @@
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to read";
         std::vector<uint8_t> data (length);
         status_t status = p.read(data.data(), length);
-        FUZZ_LOG() << "read status: " << status << " data: " << hexString(data.data(), data.size());
+        FUZZ_LOG() << "read status: " << status << " data: " << HexString(data.data(), data.size());
     },
     [] (const ::android::hardware::Parcel& p, uint8_t length) {
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to read";
         std::vector<uint8_t> data (length);
         const void* inplace = p.readInplace(length);
-        FUZZ_LOG() << "read status: " << hexString(inplace, length);
+        FUZZ_LOG() << "read status: " << (inplace ? HexString(inplace, length) : "null");
     },
     PARCEL_READ_WITH_STATUS(int8_t, readInt8),
     PARCEL_READ_WITH_STATUS(uint8_t, readUint8),
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@
         FUZZ_LOG() << "about to readString16Inplace";
         size_t outSize = 0;
         const char16_t* str = p.readString16Inplace(&outSize);
-        FUZZ_LOG() << "readString16Inplace: " << hexString(str, sizeof(char16_t) * outSize);
+        FUZZ_LOG() << "readString16Inplace: " << HexString(str, sizeof(char16_t) * outSize);
     },
     PARCEL_READ_OPT_STATUS(::android::sp<::android::hardware::IBinder>, readStrongBinder),
     PARCEL_READ_WITH_STATUS(::android::sp<::android::hardware::IBinder>, readNullableStrongBinder),
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/main.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/main.cpp
index 2a79e85..f435dae 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/main.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/main.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <iostream>
 
+#include <android-base/hex.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
 #include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@
 
 using android::fillRandomParcel;
 using android::sp;
+using android::base::HexString;
 
 void fillRandomParcel(::android::hardware::Parcel* p, FuzzedDataProvider&& provider) {
     // TODO: functionality to create random parcels for libhwbinder parcels
@@ -78,8 +80,8 @@
     CHECK(reads.size() <= 255) << reads.size();
 
     FUZZ_LOG() << "backend: " << backend;
-    FUZZ_LOG() << "input: " << hexString(p.data(), p.dataSize());
-    FUZZ_LOG() << "instructions: " << hexString(instructions);
+    FUZZ_LOG() << "input: " << HexString(p.data(), p.dataSize());
+    FUZZ_LOG() << "instructions: " << HexString(instructions.data(), instructions.size());
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < instructions.size(); i += 2) {
         uint8_t a = instructions[i];
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel.cpp
index 92fdc72..8bf04cc 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <binder/RpcTransportRaw.h>
 #include <fuzzbinder/random_fd.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
@@ -35,8 +36,8 @@
 
 void fillRandomParcel(Parcel* p, FuzzedDataProvider&& provider) {
     if (provider.ConsumeBool()) {
-        auto session = sp<RpcSession>::make();
-        CHECK(session->addNullDebuggingClient());
+        auto session = RpcSession::make(RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make());
+        CHECK_EQ(OK, session->addNullDebuggingClient());
         p->markForRpc(session);
         fillRandomParcelData(p, std::move(provider));
         return;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 479f406..0000000
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#define FUZZ_LOG_TAG "util"
-#include "util.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include <iomanip>
-#include <sstream>
-
-std::string hexString(const void* bytes, size_t len) {
-    if (bytes == nullptr) return "<null>";
-
-    const uint8_t* bytes8 = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bytes);
-    char chars[] = "0123456789abcdef";
-    std::string result;
-    result.resize(len * 2);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        result[2 * i] = chars[bytes8[i] >> 4];
-        result[2 * i + 1] = chars[bytes8[i] & 0xf];
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-std::string hexString(const std::vector<uint8_t>& bytes) {
-    return hexString(bytes.data(), bytes.size());
-}
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.h b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.h
index 45e8c57..a5d0dae 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/util.h
@@ -49,6 +49,3 @@
     FuzzLog& log() { return *this; }
 };
 #endif
-
-std::string hexString(const void* bytes, size_t len);
-std::string hexString(const std::vector<uint8_t>& bytes);
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/rpc_fuzzer/main.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/rpc_fuzzer/main.cpp
index 9fc496f..230f5c7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/rpc_fuzzer/main.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/rpc_fuzzer/main.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make();
     server->setRootObject(sp<SomeBinder>::make());
     server->iUnderstandThisCodeIsExperimentalAndIWillNotUseItInProduction();
-    CHECK(server->setupUnixDomainServer(kSock.c_str()));
+    CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainServer(kSock.c_str()));
 
     std::thread serverThread([=] { (void)server->join(); });
 
diff --git a/libs/binderdebug/BinderDebug.cpp b/libs/binderdebug/BinderDebug.cpp
index b435dba..d086b49 100644
--- a/libs/binderdebug/BinderDebug.cpp
+++ b/libs/binderdebug/BinderDebug.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <binder/Binder.h>
@@ -116,4 +117,60 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
+status_t getBinderClientPids(BinderDebugContext context, pid_t pid, pid_t servicePid,
+                             int32_t handle, std::vector<pid_t>* pids) {
+    std::smatch match;
+    static const std::regex kNodeNumber("^\\s+ref \\d+:\\s+desc\\s+(\\d+)\\s+node\\s+(\\d+).*");
+    std::string contextStr = contextToString(context);
+    int32_t node;
+    status_t ret = scanBinderContext(pid, contextStr, [&](const std::string& line) {
+        if (std::regex_search(line, match, kNodeNumber)) {
+            const std::string& descString = match.str(1);
+            int32_t desc;
+            if (!::android::base::ParseInt(descString.c_str(), &desc)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse desc int: " << descString;
+                return;
+            }
+            if (handle != desc) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const std::string& nodeString = match.str(2);
+            if (!::android::base::ParseInt(nodeString.c_str(), &node)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse node int: " << nodeString;
+                return;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        return;
+    });
+    if (ret != OK) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    static const std::regex kClients("^\\s+node\\s+(\\d+).*proc\\s+([\\d+\\s*]*)");
+    ret = scanBinderContext(servicePid, contextStr, [&](const std::string& line) {
+        if (std::regex_search(line, match, kClients)) {
+            const std::string nodeString = match.str(1);
+            int32_t matchedNode;
+            if (!::android::base::ParseInt(nodeString.c_str(), &matchedNode)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse node int: " << nodeString;
+                return;
+            }
+            if (node != matchedNode) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const std::string clients = match.str(2);
+            for (const std::string& pidStr : base::Split(clients, " ")) {
+                int32_t pid;
+                if (!::android::base::ParseInt(pidStr, &pid)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                pids->push_back(pid);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        return;
+    });
+    return ret;
+}
+
 } // namespace  android
diff --git a/libs/binderdebug/include/binderdebug/BinderDebug.h b/libs/binderdebug/include/binderdebug/BinderDebug.h
index 14a0ef3..dfd5a7c 100644
--- a/libs/binderdebug/include/binderdebug/BinderDebug.h
+++ b/libs/binderdebug/include/binderdebug/BinderDebug.h
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@
     VNDBINDER,
 };
 
+/**
+ * pid is the pid of the service
+ */
 status_t getBinderPidInfo(BinderDebugContext context, pid_t pid, BinderPidInfo* pidInfo);
+/**
+ * pid is typically the pid of this process that is making the query
+ */
+status_t getBinderClientPids(BinderDebugContext context, pid_t pid, pid_t servicePid,
+                             int32_t handle, std::vector<pid_t>* pids);
 
 } // namespace  android
diff --git a/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp b/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
index a0032ae..cda9e19 100644
--- a/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gralloc/types/Android.bp
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
 
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libhidlbase",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/gui/Android.bp b/libs/gui/Android.bp
index 5cf7a5f..326da3a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gui/Android.bp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
         "android/gui/FocusRequest.aidl",
         "android/gui/InputApplicationInfo.aidl",
         "android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.aidl",
+        "android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.aidl",
         "android/gui/WindowInfo.aidl",
         "WindowInfo.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index d9024fa..70f2ae7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -166,9 +166,10 @@
     mTransformHint = mSurfaceControl->getTransformHint();
     mBufferItemConsumer->setTransformHint(mTransformHint);
     SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction()
-          .setFlags(surface, layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure,
-                    layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure)
-          .apply();
+            .setFlags(surface, layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure,
+                      layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure)
+            .setApplyToken(mApplyToken)
+            .apply();
     mNumAcquired = 0;
     mNumFrameAvailable = 0;
     BQA_LOGV("BLASTBufferQueue created width=%d height=%d format=%d mTransformHint=%d", width,
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@
 }
 
 void BLASTBufferQueue::update(const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface, uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
-                              int32_t format) {
+                              int32_t format, SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction* outTransaction) {
     std::unique_lock _lock{mMutex};
     if (mFormat != format) {
         mFormat = format;
@@ -227,15 +228,18 @@
             // We only need to update the scale if we've received at least one buffer. The reason
             // for this is the scale is calculated based on the requested size and buffer size.
             // If there's no buffer, the scale will always be 1.
+            SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction* destFrameTransaction =
+                    (outTransaction) ? outTransaction : &t;
             if (mSurfaceControl != nullptr && mLastBufferInfo.hasBuffer) {
-                t.setDestinationFrame(mSurfaceControl,
-                                      Rect(0, 0, newSize.getWidth(), newSize.getHeight()));
+                destFrameTransaction->setDestinationFrame(mSurfaceControl,
+                                                          Rect(0, 0, newSize.getWidth(),
+                                                               newSize.getHeight()));
             }
             applyTransaction = true;
         }
     }
     if (applyTransaction) {
-        t.apply();
+        t.setApplyToken(mApplyToken).apply();
     }
 }
 
@@ -453,6 +457,9 @@
     incStrong((void*)transactionCallbackThunk);
 
     Rect crop = computeCrop(bufferItem);
+    const bool updateDestinationFrame =
+            bufferItem.mScalingMode == NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_FREEZE ||
+            !mLastBufferInfo.hasBuffer;
     mLastBufferInfo.update(true /* hasBuffer */, bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(),
                            bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(), bufferItem.mTransform,
                            bufferItem.mScalingMode, crop);
@@ -470,7 +477,9 @@
     t->addTransactionCompletedCallback(transactionCallbackThunk, static_cast<void*>(this));
     mSurfaceControlsWithPendingCallback.push(mSurfaceControl);
 
-    t->setDestinationFrame(mSurfaceControl, Rect(0, 0, mSize.getWidth(), mSize.getHeight()));
+    if (updateDestinationFrame) {
+        t->setDestinationFrame(mSurfaceControl, Rect(0, 0, mSize.getWidth(), mSize.getHeight()));
+    }
     t->setBufferCrop(mSurfaceControl, crop);
     t->setTransform(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mTransform);
     t->setTransformToDisplayInverse(mSurfaceControl, bufferItem.mTransformToDisplayInverse);
diff --git a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
index 23895c0..1fd9d13 100644
--- a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
         z(0),
         w(0),
         h(0),
-        layerStack(0),
         alpha(0),
         flags(0),
         mask(0),
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeInt32, z);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, w);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, h);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, layerStack);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, layerStack.id);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, alpha);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, flags);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, mask);
@@ -174,6 +173,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.write, destinationFrame);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeBool, isTrustedOverlay);
 
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeStrongBinder, releaseBufferEndpoint);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readInt32, &z);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &w);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &h);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &layerStack);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &layerStack.id);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &alpha);
 
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &flags);
@@ -303,6 +303,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.read, destinationFrame);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readBool, &isTrustedOverlay);
 
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readNullableStrongBinder, &releaseBufferEndpoint);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -314,21 +315,14 @@
     return state.read(input);
 }
 
-DisplayState::DisplayState()
-      : what(0),
-        layerStack(0),
-        flags(0),
-        layerStackSpaceRect(Rect::EMPTY_RECT),
-        orientedDisplaySpaceRect(Rect::EMPTY_RECT),
-        width(0),
-        height(0) {}
+DisplayState::DisplayState() = default;
 
 status_t DisplayState::write(Parcel& output) const {
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeStrongBinder, token);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeStrongBinder, IInterface::asBinder(surface));
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, what);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, layerStack);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, flags);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, layerStack.id);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, toRotationInt(orientation));
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.write, layerStackSpaceRect);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.write, orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
@@ -344,8 +338,8 @@
     surface = interface_cast<IGraphicBufferProducer>(tmpBinder);
 
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &what);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &layerStack);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &flags);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &layerStack.id);
     uint32_t tmpUint = 0;
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &tmpUint);
     orientation = ui::toRotation(tmpUint);
@@ -461,6 +455,7 @@
     if (other.what & eBufferChanged) {
         what |= eBufferChanged;
         buffer = other.buffer;
+        releaseBufferEndpoint = other.releaseBufferEndpoint;
     }
     if (other.what & eAcquireFenceChanged) {
         what |= eAcquireFenceChanged;
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index f620f5a..05554ca 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -147,8 +147,16 @@
     return mCallbackIdCounter++;
 }
 
+sp<TransactionCompletedListener> TransactionCompletedListener::sInstance = nullptr;
+
+void TransactionCompletedListener::setInstance(const sp<TransactionCompletedListener>& listener) {
+    sInstance = listener;
+}
+
 sp<TransactionCompletedListener> TransactionCompletedListener::getInstance() {
-    static sp<TransactionCompletedListener> sInstance = new TransactionCompletedListener;
+    if (sInstance == nullptr) {
+        sInstance = new TransactionCompletedListener;
+    }
     return sInstance;
 }
 
@@ -1087,7 +1095,7 @@
 }
 
 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setLayerStack(
-        const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, uint32_t layerStack) {
+        const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
     layer_state_t* s = getLayerState(sc);
     if (!s) {
         mStatus = BAD_INDEX;
@@ -1274,6 +1282,7 @@
     removeReleaseBufferCallback(s);
     s->what |= layer_state_t::eBufferChanged;
     s->buffer = buffer;
+    s->releaseBufferEndpoint = IInterface::asBinder(TransactionCompletedListener::getIInstance());
     if (mIsAutoTimestamp) {
         mDesiredPresentTime = systemTime();
     }
@@ -1751,7 +1760,7 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setDisplayLayerStack(const sp<IBinder>& token,
-        uint32_t layerStack) {
+                                                              ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
     DisplayState& s(getDisplayState(token));
     s.layerStack = layerStack;
     s.what |= DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
diff --git a/libs/gui/WindowInfo.cpp b/libs/gui/WindowInfo.cpp
index ff0bb8a..b2ef7aa 100644
--- a/libs/gui/WindowInfo.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/WindowInfo.cpp
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
             info.frameLeft == frameLeft && info.frameTop == frameTop &&
             info.frameRight == frameRight && info.frameBottom == frameBottom &&
             info.surfaceInset == surfaceInset && info.globalScaleFactor == globalScaleFactor &&
-            info.transform == transform && info.displayWidth == displayWidth &&
-            info.displayHeight == displayHeight &&
+            info.transform == transform && info.displayOrientation == displayOrientation &&
+            info.displayWidth == displayWidth && info.displayHeight == displayHeight &&
             info.touchableRegion.hasSameRects(touchableRegion) && info.visible == visible &&
             info.trustedOverlay == trustedOverlay && info.focusable == focusable &&
             info.touchOcclusionMode == touchOcclusionMode && info.hasWallpaper == hasWallpaper &&
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
         parcel->writeFloat(transform.dtdy()) ?:
         parcel->writeFloat(transform.dsdy()) ?:
         parcel->writeFloat(transform.ty()) ?:
+        parcel->writeUint32(displayOrientation) ?:
         parcel->writeInt32(displayWidth) ?:
         parcel->writeInt32(displayHeight) ?:
         parcel->writeBool(visible) ?:
@@ -114,7 +115,8 @@
         applicationInfo.writeToParcel(parcel) ?:
         parcel->write(touchableRegion) ?:
         parcel->writeBool(replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop) ?:
-        parcel->writeStrongBinder(touchableRegionCropHandle.promote());
+        parcel->writeStrongBinder(touchableRegionCropHandle.promote()) ?:
+        parcel->writeStrongBinder(windowToken);
     // clang-format on
     return status;
 }
@@ -153,6 +155,7 @@
         parcel->readFloat(&dtdy) ?:
         parcel->readFloat(&dsdy) ?:
         parcel->readFloat(&ty) ?:
+        parcel->readUint32(&displayOrientation) ?:
         parcel->readInt32(&displayWidth) ?:
         parcel->readInt32(&displayHeight) ?:
         parcel->readBool(&visible) ?:
@@ -188,7 +191,8 @@
     touchableRegionCropHandle = parcel->readStrongBinder();
     transform.set({dsdx, dtdx, tx, dtdy, dsdy, ty, 0, 0, 1});
 
-    return OK;
+    status = parcel->readNullableStrongBinder(&windowToken);
+    return status;
 }
 
 // --- WindowInfoHandle ---
diff --git a/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp b/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
index 834e2b8..c00a438 100644
--- a/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+using gui::IWindowInfosReportedListener;
 using gui::WindowInfo;
 using gui::WindowInfosListener;
 
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status WindowInfosListenerReporter::onWindowInfosChanged(
-        const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+        const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos,
+        const sp<IWindowInfosReportedListener>& windowInfosReportedListener) {
     std::unordered_set<sp<WindowInfosListener>, ISurfaceComposer::SpHash<WindowInfosListener>>
             windowInfosListeners;
 
@@ -79,6 +81,10 @@
         listener->onWindowInfosChanged(windowInfos);
     }
 
+    if (windowInfosReportedListener) {
+        windowInfosReportedListener->onWindowInfosReported();
+    }
+
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.aidl b/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.aidl
index 500d928..d4553ca 100644
--- a/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.aidl
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 
 package android.gui;
 
+import android.gui.IWindowInfosReportedListener;
 import android.gui.WindowInfo;
 
 /** @hide */
 oneway interface IWindowInfosListener
 {
-    void onWindowInfosChanged(in WindowInfo[] windowInfos);
+    void onWindowInfosChanged(in WindowInfo[] windowInfos, in @nullable IWindowInfosReportedListener windowInfosReportedListener);
 }
diff --git a/libs/input/android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.aidl b/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.aidl
similarity index 85%
rename from libs/input/android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.aidl
rename to libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.aidl
index bb58fb6..0e4cce6 100644
--- a/libs/input/android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.aidl
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package android.os;
+package android.gui;
 
 /** @hide */
-oneway interface ISetInputWindowsListener
+oneway interface IWindowInfosReportedListener
 {
-    void onSetInputWindowsFinished();
+    void onWindowInfosReported();
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
index 0d6a673..ea9b1c6 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@
     void setTransactionCompleteCallback(uint64_t frameNumber,
                                         std::function<void(int64_t)>&& transactionCompleteCallback);
 
-    void update(const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, int32_t format);
+    void update(const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, int32_t format,
+                SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction* outTransaction = nullptr);
     void flushShadowQueue() {}
 
     status_t setFrameRate(float frameRate, int8_t compatibility, bool shouldBeSeamless);
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index b27d9cf..f14127c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <math/vec3.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Rotation.h>
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@
     int32_t z;
     uint32_t w;
     uint32_t h;
-    uint32_t layerStack;
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
     float alpha;
     uint32_t flags;
     uint32_t mask;
@@ -242,6 +243,11 @@
     // is used to remove the old callback from the client process map if it is
     // overwritten by another setBuffer call.
     ReleaseCallbackId releaseCallbackId;
+
+    // Stores which endpoint the release information should be sent to. We don't want to send the
+    // releaseCallbackId and release fence to all listeners so we store which listener the setBuffer
+    // was called with.
+    sp<IBinder> releaseBufferEndpoint;
 };
 
 struct ComposerState {
@@ -262,11 +268,12 @@
     DisplayState();
     void merge(const DisplayState& other);
 
-    uint32_t what;
+    uint32_t what = 0;
+    uint32_t flags = 0;
     sp<IBinder> token;
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
-    uint32_t layerStack;
-    uint32_t flags;
+
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
 
     // These states define how layers are projected onto the physical display.
     //
@@ -280,10 +287,11 @@
     // will be additionally rotated by 90 degrees around the origin clockwise and translated by (W,
     // 0).
     ui::Rotation orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
-    Rect layerStackSpaceRect;
-    Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect;
+    Rect layerStackSpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
+    Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
 
-    uint32_t width, height;
+    uint32_t width = 0;
+    uint32_t height = 0;
 
     status_t write(Parcel& output) const;
     status_t read(const Parcel& input);
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 869cef6..a980ce2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
                                              int backgroundBlurRadius);
         Transaction& setBlurRegions(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc,
                                     const std::vector<BlurRegion>& regions);
-        Transaction& setLayerStack(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, uint32_t layerStack);
+        Transaction& setLayerStack(const sp<SurfaceControl>&, ui::LayerStack);
         Transaction& setMetadata(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, uint32_t key, const Parcel& p);
 
         /// Reparents the current layer to the new parent handle. The new parent must not be null.
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@
         status_t setDisplaySurface(const sp<IBinder>& token,
                 const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& bufferProducer);
 
-        void setDisplayLayerStack(const sp<IBinder>& token, uint32_t layerStack);
+        void setDisplayLayerStack(const sp<IBinder>& token, ui::LayerStack);
 
         void setDisplayFlags(const sp<IBinder>& token, uint32_t flags);
 
@@ -652,8 +652,10 @@
 };
 
 class TransactionCompletedListener : public BnTransactionCompletedListener {
+public:
     TransactionCompletedListener();
 
+protected:
     int64_t getNextIdLocked() REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
     std::mutex mMutex;
@@ -731,8 +733,12 @@
     void onReleaseBuffer(ReleaseCallbackId, sp<Fence> releaseFence, uint32_t transformHint,
                          uint32_t currentMaxAcquiredBufferCount) override;
 
+    // For Testing Only
+    static void setInstance(const sp<TransactionCompletedListener>&);
+
 private:
     ReleaseBufferCallback popReleaseBufferCallbackLocked(const ReleaseCallbackId&);
+    static sp<TransactionCompletedListener> sInstance;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
index 7af1f0e..f090c63 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfo.h
@@ -132,6 +132,10 @@
     // This value should NOT be used to uniquely identify the window. There may be different
     // input windows that have the same token.
     sp<IBinder> token;
+
+    // The token that identifies which client window this WindowInfo was created for.
+    sp<IBinder> windowToken;
+
     // This uniquely identifies the input window.
     int32_t id = -1;
     std::string name;
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@
     // Transform applied to individual windows.
     ui::Transform transform;
 
-    // Display orientation. Used for compatibility raw coordinates.
+    // Display orientation as ui::Transform::RotationFlags. Used for compatibility raw coordinates.
     uint32_t displayOrientation = ui::Transform::ROT_0;
 
     // Display size in its natural rotation. Used to rotate raw coordinates for compatibility.
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.h
index 3e346de..7cb96e0 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <android/gui/BnWindowInfosListener.h>
+#include <android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfosListener.h>
@@ -29,8 +30,8 @@
 class WindowInfosListenerReporter : public gui::BnWindowInfosListener {
 public:
     static sp<WindowInfosListenerReporter> getInstance();
-
-    binder::Status onWindowInfosChanged(const std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>& windowInfos) override;
+    binder::Status onWindowInfosChanged(const std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>& windowInfos,
+                                        const sp<gui::IWindowInfosReportedListener>&) override;
 
     status_t addWindowInfosListener(const sp<gui::WindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener,
                                     const sp<ISurfaceComposer>&);
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
index 9082d27..26d902d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/BLASTBufferQueue_test.cpp
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
         mDisplayToken = mClient->getInternalDisplayToken();
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, mDisplayToken.get());
         Transaction t;
-        t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplayToken, 0);
+        t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplayToken, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
         t.apply();
         t.clear();
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
                                                  mDisplayHeight, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
                                                  ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState,
                                                  /*parent*/ nullptr);
-        t.setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl, 0)
+        t.setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setLayer(mSurfaceControl, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())
                 .show(mSurfaceControl)
                 .setDataspace(mSurfaceControl, ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
                                      ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bg.get());
     Transaction t;
-    t.setLayerStack(bg, 0)
+    t.setLayerStack(bg, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setCrop(bg, Rect(0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight))
             .setColor(bg, half3{0, 0, 0})
             .setLayer(bg, 0)
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
                                      ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bg.get());
     Transaction t;
-    t.setLayerStack(bg, 0)
+    t.setLayerStack(bg, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setCrop(bg, Rect(0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight))
             .setColor(bg, half3{0, 0, 0})
             .setLayer(bg, 0)
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
                                      ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bg.get());
     Transaction t;
-    t.setLayerStack(bg, 0)
+    t.setLayerStack(bg, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setCrop(bg, Rect(0, 0, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight))
             .setColor(bg, half3{0, 0, 0})
             .setLayer(bg, 0)
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@
                                    ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
     ASSERT_NE(nullptr, bgSurface.get());
     Transaction t;
-    t.setLayerStack(bgSurface, 0)
+    t.setLayerStack(bgSurface, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .show(bgSurface)
             .setDataspace(bgSurface, ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB)
             .setLayer(bgSurface, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() - 1)
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/WindowInfo_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/WindowInfo_test.cpp
index 58f3981..a4f436c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/WindowInfo_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/WindowInfo_test.cpp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> touchableRegionCropHandle = new BBinder();
     WindowInfo i;
     i.token = new BBinder();
+    i.windowToken = new BBinder();
     i.id = 1;
     i.name = "Foobar";
     i.flags = WindowInfo::Flag::SLIPPERY;
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@
     WindowInfo i2;
     i2.readFromParcel(&p);
     ASSERT_EQ(i.token, i2.token);
+    ASSERT_EQ(i.windowToken, i2.windowToken);
     ASSERT_EQ(i.id, i2.id);
     ASSERT_EQ(i.name, i2.name);
     ASSERT_EQ(i.flags, i2.flags);
diff --git a/libs/input/Android.bp b/libs/input/Android.bp
index 02cf9eb..e73c3b8 100644
--- a/libs/input/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/Android.bp
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
                 "android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl",
                 "android/os/InputEventInjectionResult.aidl",
                 "android/os/InputEventInjectionSync.aidl",
-                "android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.aidl",
             ],
 
             export_shared_lib_headers: ["libbinder"],
@@ -119,7 +118,6 @@
                 "InputTransport.cpp",
                 "android/os/IInputConstants.aidl",
                 "android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl",
-                "android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.aidl",
             ],
             static_libs: [
                 "libhostgraphics",
diff --git a/libs/input/android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl b/libs/input/android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl
index 43b262f..00ebd4d 100644
--- a/libs/input/android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl
+++ b/libs/input/android/os/IInputFlinger.aidl
@@ -19,17 +19,10 @@
 import android.InputChannel;
 import android.gui.FocusRequest;
 import android.gui.WindowInfo;
-import android.os.ISetInputWindowsListener;
 
 /** @hide */
 interface IInputFlinger
 {
-    // SurfaceFlinger is the caller of this method, it uses the listener callback to ensure the
-    // ordering when needed.
-    // SurfaceFlinger calls this only every VSync, so overflow of binder's oneway buffer
-    // shouldn't be a concern.
-    oneway void setInputWindows(in WindowInfo[] windowInfoHandles,
-            in @nullable ISetInputWindowsListener setInputWindowsListener);
     InputChannel createInputChannel(in @utf8InCpp String name);
     void removeInputChannel(in IBinder connectionToken);
     /**
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.h b/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.h
index 6eaa84e..bac44c9 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.h
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.h
@@ -272,10 +272,11 @@
     status_t attachToContext(uint32_t tex);
 
     sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(int* outSlotid, android_dataspace* outDataspace,
-                                    float* outTransformMatrix, bool* outQueueEmpty,
+                                    float* outTransformMatrix, uint32_t* outTransform,
+                                    bool* outQueueEmpty,
                                     SurfaceTexture_createReleaseFence createFence,
                                     SurfaceTexture_fenceWait fenceWait,
-                                    void* fencePassThroughHandle);
+                                    void* fencePassThroughHandle, ARect* currentCrop);
 
     /**
      * takeConsumerOwnership attaches a SurfaceTexture that is currently in the
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/surface_texture_platform.h b/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/surface_texture_platform.h
index 85fe42f..e85009c 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/surface_texture_platform.h
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/include/surfacetexture/surface_texture_platform.h
@@ -84,10 +84,11 @@
  */
 AHardwareBuffer* ASurfaceTexture_dequeueBuffer(ASurfaceTexture* st, int* outSlotid,
                                                android_dataspace* outDataspace,
-                                               float* outTransformMatrix, bool* outNewContent,
+                                               float* outTransformMatrix, uint32_t* outTransform,
+                                               bool* outNewContent,
                                                ASurfaceTexture_createReleaseFence createFence,
                                                ASurfaceTexture_fenceWait fenceWait,
-                                               void* fencePassThroughHandle);
+                                               void* fencePassThroughHandle, ARect* currentCrop);
 
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
index 62db6d0..3535e67 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
@@ -464,10 +464,11 @@
 }
 
 sp<GraphicBuffer> SurfaceTexture::dequeueBuffer(int* outSlotid, android_dataspace* outDataspace,
-                                                float* outTransformMatrix, bool* outQueueEmpty,
+                                                float* outTransformMatrix, uint32_t* outTransform,
+                                                bool* outQueueEmpty,
                                                 SurfaceTexture_createReleaseFence createFence,
                                                 SurfaceTexture_fenceWait fenceWait,
-                                                void* fencePassThroughHandle) {
+                                                void* fencePassThroughHandle, ARect* currentCrop) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mMutex);
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
 
@@ -484,6 +485,8 @@
     buffer = mImageConsumer.dequeueBuffer(outSlotid, outDataspace, outQueueEmpty, *this,
                                           createFence, fenceWait, fencePassThroughHandle);
     memcpy(outTransformMatrix, mCurrentTransformMatrix, sizeof(mCurrentTransformMatrix));
+    *outTransform = mCurrentTransform;
+    *currentCrop = mCurrentCrop;
     return buffer;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/surface_texture.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/surface_texture.cpp
index c214ab7..cc0a12d 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/surface_texture.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/surface_texture.cpp
@@ -194,15 +194,18 @@
 
 AHardwareBuffer* ASurfaceTexture_dequeueBuffer(ASurfaceTexture* st, int* outSlotid,
                                                android_dataspace* outDataspace,
-                                               float* outTransformMatrix, bool* outNewContent,
+                                               float* outTransformMatrix, uint32_t* outTransform,
+                                               bool* outNewContent,
                                                ASurfaceTexture_createReleaseFence createFence,
-                                               ASurfaceTexture_fenceWait fenceWait, void* handle) {
+                                               ASurfaceTexture_fenceWait fenceWait, void* handle,
+                                               ARect* currentCrop) {
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
     *outNewContent = false;
     bool queueEmpty;
     do {
         buffer = st->consumer->dequeueBuffer(outSlotid, outDataspace, outTransformMatrix,
-                                             &queueEmpty, createFence, fenceWait, handle);
+                                             outTransform, &queueEmpty, createFence, fenceWait,
+                                             handle, currentCrop);
         if (!queueEmpty) {
             *outNewContent = true;
         }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/OWNERS b/libs/renderengine/OWNERS
index c478506..5d23a5e 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/OWNERS
+++ b/libs/renderengine/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+adyabr@google.com
 alecmouri@google.com
 djsollen@google.com
 jreck@google.com
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
index 0c5a851..2174df5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/RenderEngine.cpp
@@ -95,5 +95,16 @@
                         "output buffer not gpu writeable");
 }
 
+std::future<RenderEngineResult> RenderEngine::drawLayers(
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
+    const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>();
+    std::future<RenderEngineResult> resultFuture = resultPromise->get_future();
+    drawLayersInternal(std::move(resultPromise), display, layers, buffer, useFramebufferCache,
+                       std::move(bufferFence));
+    return resultFuture;
+}
+
 } // namespace renderengine
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
index b1e1014..2375cb7 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -1078,15 +1078,16 @@
     return image;
 }
 
-status_t GLESRenderEngine::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                                      const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                      const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                      const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                                      base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
+void GLESRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
+        const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (layers.empty()) {
         ALOGV("Drawing empty layer stack");
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+        return;
     }
 
     if (bufferFence.get() >= 0) {
@@ -1100,7 +1101,8 @@
 
     if (buffer == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("No output buffer provided. Aborting GPU composition.");
-        return BAD_VALUE;
+        resultPromise->set_value({BAD_VALUE, base::unique_fd()});
+        return;
     }
 
     validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer->getBuffer());
@@ -1128,7 +1130,8 @@
             ALOGE("Failed to bind framebuffer! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                   buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
             checkErrors();
-            return fbo->getStatus();
+            resultPromise->set_value({fbo->getStatus(), base::unique_fd()});
+            return;
         }
         setViewportAndProjection(display.physicalDisplay, display.clip);
     } else {
@@ -1139,7 +1142,8 @@
             ALOGE("Failed to prepare blur filter! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                   buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
             checkErrors();
-            return status;
+            resultPromise->set_value({status, base::unique_fd()});
+            return;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1172,7 +1176,8 @@
                 ALOGE("Failed to render blur effect! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                       buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't render first blur pass");
-                return status;
+                resultPromise->set_value({status, base::unique_fd()});
+                return;
             }
 
             if (blurLayers.size() == 0) {
@@ -1194,7 +1199,8 @@
                 ALOGE("Failed to bind framebuffer! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                       buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't bind native framebuffer");
-                return status;
+                resultPromise->set_value({status, base::unique_fd()});
+                return;
             }
 
             status = mBlurFilter->render(blurLayersSize > 1);
@@ -1202,7 +1208,8 @@
                 ALOGE("Failed to render blur effect! Aborting GPU composition for buffer (%p).",
                       buffer->getBuffer()->handle);
                 checkErrors("Can't render blur filter");
-                return status;
+                resultPromise->set_value({status, base::unique_fd()});
+                return;
             }
         }
 
@@ -1289,30 +1296,31 @@
         }
     }
 
-    if (drawFence != nullptr) {
-        *drawFence = flush();
-    }
+    base::unique_fd drawFence = flush();
+
     // If flush failed or we don't support native fences, we need to force the
     // gl command stream to be executed.
-    if (drawFence == nullptr || drawFence->get() < 0) {
+    if (drawFence.get() < 0) {
         bool success = finish();
         if (!success) {
             ALOGE("Failed to flush RenderEngine commands");
             checkErrors();
             // Chances are, something illegal happened (either the caller passed
             // us bad parameters, or we messed up our shader generation).
-            return INVALID_OPERATION;
+            resultPromise->set_value({INVALID_OPERATION, std::move(drawFence)});
+            return;
         }
         mLastDrawFence = nullptr;
     } else {
         // The caller takes ownership of drawFence, so we need to duplicate the
         // fd here.
-        mLastDrawFence = new Fence(dup(drawFence->get()));
+        mLastDrawFence = new Fence(dup(drawFence.get()));
     }
     mPriorResourcesCleaned = false;
 
     checkErrors();
-    return NO_ERROR;
+    resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, std::move(drawFence)});
+    return;
 }
 
 void GLESRenderEngine::setViewportAndProjection(Rect viewport, Rect clip) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index 14627ce..c4adfdf 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -63,11 +63,6 @@
     bool isProtected() const override { return mInProtectedContext; }
     bool supportsProtectedContent() const override;
     void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) override;
-    status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                        const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
     int getContextPriority() override;
     bool supportsBackgroundBlur() override { return mBlurFilter != nullptr; }
@@ -107,6 +102,11 @@
             EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
     void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
+    void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+                            const DisplaySettings& display,
+                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                            const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
 private:
     friend class BindNativeBufferAsFramebuffer;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 967cf5d..701c1f2 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 class Mesh;
 class Texture;
 struct RenderEngineCreationArgs;
+struct RenderEngineResult;
 
 namespace threaded {
 class RenderEngineThreaded;
@@ -156,17 +157,12 @@
     // parameter does nothing.
     // @param bufferFence Fence signalling that the buffer is ready to be drawn
     // to.
-    // @param drawFence A pointer to a fence, which will fire when the buffer
-    // has been drawn to and is ready to be examined. The fence will be
-    // initialized by this method. The caller will be responsible for owning the
-    // fence.
-    // @return An error code indicating whether drawing was successful. For
-    // now, this always returns NO_ERROR.
-    virtual status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                                const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                                base::unique_fd* drawFence) = 0;
+    // @return A future object of RenderEngineResult struct indicating whether
+    // drawing was successful in async mode.
+    virtual std::future<RenderEngineResult> drawLayers(
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+            base::unique_fd&& bufferFence);
 
     // Clean-up method that should be called on the main thread after the
     // drawFence returned by drawLayers fires. This method will free up
@@ -232,6 +228,12 @@
     friend class threaded::RenderEngineThreaded;
     friend class RenderEngineTest_cleanupPostRender_cleansUpOnce_Test;
     const RenderEngineType mRenderEngineType;
+
+    virtual void drawLayersInternal(
+            const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+            base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) = 0;
 };
 
 struct RenderEngineCreationArgs {
@@ -318,6 +320,13 @@
             RenderEngine::RenderEngineType::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
 };
 
+struct RenderEngineResult {
+    // status indicates if drawing is successful
+    status_t status;
+    // drawFence will fire when the buffer has been drawn to and is ready to be examined.
+    base::unique_fd drawFence;
+};
+
 } // namespace renderengine
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
index 0be3ba6..a7e6809 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
@@ -47,10 +47,15 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(useProtectedContext, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD0(cleanupPostRender, void());
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(canSkipPostRenderCleanup, bool());
-    MOCK_METHOD6(drawLayers,
-                 status_t(const DisplaySettings&, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
-                          const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&,
-                          base::unique_fd*));
+    MOCK_METHOD5(drawLayers,
+                 std::future<RenderEngineResult>(const DisplaySettings&,
+                                                 const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
+                                                 const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&,
+                                                 const bool, base::unique_fd&&));
+    MOCK_METHOD6(drawLayersInternal,
+                 void(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&&,
+                      const DisplaySettings&, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>&,
+                      const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>&, const bool, base::unique_fd&&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(cleanFramebufferCache, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(getContextPriority, int());
     MOCK_METHOD0(supportsBackgroundBlur, bool());
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
index 01df6a6..e796f66 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/Cache.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@
             .alpha = 1,
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer, &caster};
     // Four combinations of settings are used (two transforms here, and drawShadowLayers is
     // called with two different destination data spaces) They're all rounded rect.
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@
         layer.geometry.positionTransform = transform;
         caster.geometry.positionTransform = transform;
         renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                                base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+                                 base::unique_fd());
     }
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@
                                           }},
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     for (auto dataspace : {kDestDataSpace, kOtherDataSpace}) {
         layer.sourceDataspace = dataspace;
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@
                 for (auto alpha : {half(.2f), half(1.0f)}) {
                     layer.alpha = alpha;
                     renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                                             base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+                                             base::unique_fd());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -178,14 +176,13 @@
             .alpha = 0.5,
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     for (auto transform : {mat4(), kScaleAndTranslate}) {
         layer.geometry.positionTransform = transform;
         for (float roundedCornersRadius : {0.0f, 50.f}) {
             layer.geometry.roundedCornersRadius = roundedCornersRadius;
             renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                                     base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+                                     base::unique_fd());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -204,13 +201,12 @@
             .skipContentDraw = true,
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     // Different blur code is invoked for radii less and greater than 30 pixels
     for (int radius : {9, 60}) {
         layer.backgroundBlurRadius = radius;
         renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                                 base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+                                 base::unique_fd());
     }
 }
 
@@ -246,7 +242,6 @@
                     },
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
     for (auto pixelSource : {bufferSource, bufferOpaque, colorSource}) {
         layer.source = pixelSource;
@@ -258,7 +253,7 @@
                 for (float alpha : {0.5f, 1.f}) {
                     layer.alpha = alpha,
                     renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                                             base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+                                             base::unique_fd());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -294,10 +289,8 @@
 
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
-    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                             base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd());
 }
 
 static void drawHolePunchLayer(SkiaRenderEngine* renderengine, const DisplaySettings& display,
@@ -324,10 +317,8 @@
 
     };
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
-    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                            base::unique_fd(), &drawFence);
+    renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd());
 }
 
 //
@@ -436,8 +427,10 @@
                 .source = PixelSource{.solidColor = half3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f)},
         };
         auto layers = std::vector<const LayerSettings*>{&layer};
-        renderengine->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache,
-                             base::unique_fd(), nullptr); // null drawFence makes it synchronous
+        // call get() to make it synchronous
+        renderengine
+                ->drawLayers(display, layers, dstTexture, kUseFrameBufferCache, base::unique_fd())
+                .get();
 
         const nsecs_t timeAfter = systemTime();
         const float compileTimeMs = static_cast<float>(timeAfter - timeBefore) / 1.0E6;
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
index 9fbbdc3..052c61f 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -713,17 +713,18 @@
     return roundedRect;
 }
 
-status_t SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                                        const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                        const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
-                                        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence, base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
+void SkiaGLRenderEngine::drawLayersInternal(
+        const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
+        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_NAME("SkiaGL::drawLayers");
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
     if (layers.empty()) {
         ALOGV("Drawing empty layer stack");
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+        return;
     }
 
     if (bufferFence.get() >= 0) {
@@ -736,7 +737,8 @@
     }
     if (buffer == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("No output buffer provided. Aborting GPU composition.");
-        return BAD_VALUE;
+        resultPromise->set_value({BAD_VALUE, base::unique_fd()});
+        return;
     }
 
     validateOutputBufferUsage(buffer->getBuffer());
@@ -765,7 +767,8 @@
     SkCanvas* dstCanvas = mCapture->tryCapture(dstSurface.get());
     if (dstCanvas == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("Cannot acquire canvas from Skia.");
-        return BAD_VALUE;
+        resultPromise->set_value({BAD_VALUE, base::unique_fd()});
+        return;
     }
 
     // setup color filter if necessary
@@ -1094,13 +1097,11 @@
         activeSurface->flush();
     }
 
-    if (drawFence != nullptr) {
-        *drawFence = flush();
-    }
+    base::unique_fd drawFence = flush();
 
     // If flush failed or we don't support native fences, we need to force the
     // gl command stream to be executed.
-    bool requireSync = drawFence == nullptr || drawFence->get() < 0;
+    bool requireSync = drawFence.get() < 0;
     if (requireSync) {
         ATRACE_BEGIN("Submit(sync=true)");
     } else {
@@ -1112,11 +1113,13 @@
         ALOGE("Failed to flush RenderEngine commands");
         // Chances are, something illegal happened (either the caller passed
         // us bad parameters, or we messed up our shader generation).
-        return INVALID_OPERATION;
+        resultPromise->set_value({INVALID_OPERATION, std::move(drawFence)});
+        return;
     }
 
     // checkErrors();
-    return NO_ERROR;
+    resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, std::move(drawFence)});
+    return;
 }
 
 inline SkRect SkiaGLRenderEngine::getSkRect(const FloatRect& rect) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
index cc91948..0b46705 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaGLRenderEngine.h
@@ -54,11 +54,6 @@
     ~SkiaGLRenderEngine() override EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
 
     std::future<void> primeCache() override;
-    status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                        const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
     void cleanFramebufferCache() override{};
     int getContextPriority() override;
@@ -77,6 +72,11 @@
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) override;
     void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
+    void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+                            const DisplaySettings& display,
+                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                            const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
 private:
     static EGLConfig chooseEglConfig(EGLDisplay display, int format, bool logConfig);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index 7cd9eca..f61653b 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -44,14 +44,6 @@
     virtual void deleteTextures(size_t /*count*/, uint32_t const* /*names*/) override{};
     virtual bool isProtected() const override { return false; } // mInProtectedContext; }
     virtual bool supportsProtectedContent() const override { return false; };
-    virtual status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& /*display*/,
-                                const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& /*layers*/,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& /*buffer*/,
-                                const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
-                                base::unique_fd&& /*bufferFence*/,
-                                base::unique_fd* /*drawFence*/) override {
-        return 0;
-    };
     virtual int getContextPriority() override { return 0; }
     virtual void assertShadersCompiled(int numShaders) {}
     virtual int reportShadersCompiled() { return 0; }
@@ -60,6 +52,14 @@
     virtual void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/,
                                           bool /*isRenderable*/) override = 0;
     virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /*buffer*/) override = 0;
+
+    virtual void drawLayersInternal(
+            const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+            const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+            base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override {
+        resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+    };
 };
 
 } // namespace skia
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
index 33053a0..b3b726d 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineTest.cpp
@@ -419,9 +419,10 @@
 
     void invokeDraw(renderengine::DisplaySettings settings,
                     std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers) {
-        base::unique_fd fence;
-        status_t status =
-                mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd(), &fence);
+        std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
+                mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
+        auto [status, fence] = result.get();
 
         int fd = fence.release();
         if (fd >= 0) {
@@ -1312,9 +1313,11 @@
     layer.geometry.boundaries = fullscreenRect().toFloatRect();
     BufferSourceVariant<ForceOpaqueBufferVariant>::fillColor(layer, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, this);
     layers.push_back(&layer);
-    base::unique_fd fence;
-    status_t status = mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, nullptr, true, base::unique_fd(), &fence);
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
+            mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, nullptr, true, base::unique_fd());
 
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
+    auto [status, _] = result.get();
     ASSERT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, status);
 }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1336,10 @@
     layer.alpha = 1.0;
     layers.push_back(&layer);
 
-    status_t status = mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
+            mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
+    auto [status, _] = result.get();
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
     expectBufferColor(fullscreenRect(), 255, 0, 0, 255);
 }
@@ -1360,7 +1366,10 @@
     layer.alpha = 1.0;
     layers.push_back(&layer);
 
-    status_t status = mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, false, base::unique_fd(), nullptr);
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
+            mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, false, base::unique_fd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
+    auto [status, _] = result.get();
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
     ASSERT_FALSE(mGLESRE->isFramebufferImageCachedForTesting(mBuffer->getBuffer()->getId()));
     expectBufferColor(fullscreenRect(), 255, 0, 0, 255);
@@ -1760,10 +1769,17 @@
     layer.alpha = 1.0;
     layers.push_back(&layer);
 
-    base::unique_fd fenceOne;
-    mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd(), &fenceOne);
-    base::unique_fd fenceTwo;
-    mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, std::move(fenceOne), &fenceTwo);
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultOne =
+            mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, base::unique_fd());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(resultOne.valid());
+    auto [statusOne, fenceOne] = resultOne.get();
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusOne);
+
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultTwo =
+            mRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, mBuffer, true, std::move(fenceOne));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(resultTwo.valid());
+    auto [statusTwo, fenceTwo] = resultTwo.get();
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTwo);
 
     const int fd = fenceTwo.get();
     if (fd >= 0) {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
index 830f463..99250c1 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/tests/RenderEngineThreadedTest.cpp
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@
     status_t result = mThreadedRE->supportsBackgroundBlur();
     ASSERT_EQ(true, result);
 }
+
 TEST_F(RenderEngineThreadedTest, drawLayers) {
     renderengine::DisplaySettings settings;
     std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*> layers;
@@ -177,17 +178,22 @@
                                            renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE |
                                                    renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::WRITEABLE);
     base::unique_fd bufferFence;
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-            .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                         const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                         base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t { return NO_ERROR; });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderEngine, drawLayersInternal)
+            .WillOnce([&](const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>>&&
+                                  resultPromise,
+                          const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                          const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                          base::unique_fd &&) -> void {
+                resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+            });
 
-    status_t result = mThreadedRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, buffer, false,
-                                              std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, result);
+    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> result =
+            mThreadedRE->drawLayers(settings, layers, buffer, false, std::move(bufferFence));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.valid());
+    auto [status, _] = result.get();
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, status);
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index 8e666d5..9a8201f 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -304,27 +304,33 @@
     return mRenderEngine->canSkipPostRenderCleanup();
 }
 
-status_t RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                                          const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                          const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                          const bool useFramebufferCache,
-                                          base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                                          base::unique_fd* drawFence) {
+void RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayersInternal(
+        const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
+    resultPromise->set_value({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+    return;
+}
+
+std::future<RenderEngineResult> RenderEngineThreaded::drawLayers(
+        const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool useFramebufferCache,
+        base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    std::promise<status_t> resultPromise;
-    std::future<status_t> resultFuture = resultPromise.get_future();
+    const auto resultPromise = std::make_shared<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>();
+    std::future<RenderEngineResult> resultFuture = resultPromise->get_future();
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mFunctionCalls.push([&resultPromise, &display, &layers, &buffer, useFramebufferCache,
-                             &bufferFence, &drawFence](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
+        mFunctionCalls.push([resultPromise, &display, &layers, &buffer, useFramebufferCache,
+                             &bufferFence](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
             ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::drawLayers");
-            status_t status = instance.drawLayers(display, layers, buffer, useFramebufferCache,
-                                                  std::move(bufferFence), drawFence);
-            resultPromise.set_value(status);
+            instance.drawLayersInternal(std::move(resultPromise), display, layers, buffer,
+                                        useFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence));
         });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
-    return resultFuture.get();
+    return resultFuture;
 }
 
 void RenderEngineThreaded::cleanFramebufferCache() {
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index b197df7..2303caa 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@
     void useProtectedContext(bool useProtectedContext) override;
     void cleanupPostRender() override;
 
-    status_t drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
-                        const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                        const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                        const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence,
-                        base::unique_fd* drawFence) override;
+    std::future<RenderEngineResult> drawLayers(const DisplaySettings& display,
+                                               const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                                               const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                                               const bool useFramebufferCache,
+                                               base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
     void cleanFramebufferCache() override;
     int getContextPriority() override;
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) override;
     void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
+    void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<RenderEngineResult>>&& resultPromise,
+                            const DisplaySettings& display,
+                            const std::vector<const LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                            const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                            const bool useFramebufferCache, base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) override;
 
 private:
     void threadMain(CreateInstanceFactory factory);
diff --git a/libs/ui/Android.bp b/libs/ui/Android.bp
index 5a118ec..ba5a64f 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ui/Android.bp
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@3.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@4.0",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@2.1",
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.mapper@4.0",
         "libgralloctypes",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayState.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayState.h
index 70a0d50..98ee356 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayState.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayState.h
@@ -16,21 +16,18 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rotation.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 namespace android::ui {
 
-using LayerStack = uint32_t;
-constexpr LayerStack NO_LAYER_STACK = static_cast<LayerStack>(-1);
-
 // Transactional state of physical or virtual display. Note that libgui defines
 // android::DisplayState as a superset of android::ui::DisplayState.
 struct DisplayState {
-    LayerStack layerStack = NO_LAYER_STACK;
+    LayerStack layerStack;
     Rotation orientation = ROTATION_0;
     Size layerStackSpaceRect;
 };
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/LayerStack.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/LayerStack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6ffeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/LayerStack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include <ftl/cast.h>
+#include <ftl/string.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+namespace android::ui {
+
+// A LayerStack identifies a Z-ordered group of layers. A layer can only be associated to a single
+// LayerStack, but a LayerStack can be associated to multiple displays, mirroring the same content.
+struct LayerStack {
+    uint32_t id = UINT32_MAX;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static constexpr LayerStack fromValue(T v) {
+        if (ftl::cast_safety<uint32_t>(v) == ftl::CastSafety::kSafe) {
+            return {static_cast<uint32_t>(v)};
+        }
+
+        ALOGW("Invalid layer stack %s", ftl::to_string(v).c_str());
+        return {};
+    }
+};
+
+constexpr LayerStack INVALID_LAYER_STACK;
+constexpr LayerStack DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK{0u};
+
+inline bool operator==(LayerStack lhs, LayerStack rhs) {
+    return lhs.id == rhs.id;
+}
+
+inline bool operator!=(LayerStack lhs, LayerStack rhs) {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+inline bool operator>(LayerStack lhs, LayerStack rhs) {
+    return lhs.id > rhs.id;
+}
+
+// A LayerFilter determines if a layer is included for output to a display.
+struct LayerFilter {
+    LayerStack layerStack;
+
+    // True if the layer is only output to internal displays, i.e. excluded from screenshots, screen
+    // recordings, and mirroring to virtual or external displays. Used for display cutout overlays.
+    bool toInternalDisplay = false;
+
+    // Returns true if the input filter can be output to this filter.
+    bool includes(LayerFilter other) const {
+        // The layer stacks must match.
+        if (other.layerStack == INVALID_LAYER_STACK || other.layerStack != layerStack) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // The output must be to an internal display if the input filter has that constraint.
+        return !other.toInternalDisplay || toInternalDisplay;
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
index 693b1f9..7b3658d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
@@ -114,24 +114,6 @@
     return mDispatcher;
 }
 
-binder::Status InputManager::setInputWindows(
-        const std::vector<WindowInfo>& infos,
-        const sp<ISetInputWindowsListener>& setInputWindowsListener) {
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>>> handlesPerDisplay;
-
-    std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> handles;
-    for (const auto& info : infos) {
-        handlesPerDisplay.emplace(info.displayId, std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>>());
-        handlesPerDisplay[info.displayId].push_back(new WindowInfoHandle(info));
-    }
-    mDispatcher->setInputWindows(handlesPerDisplay);
-
-    if (setInputWindowsListener) {
-        setInputWindowsListener->onSetInputWindowsFinished();
-    }
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
 // Used by tests only.
 binder::Status InputManager::createInputChannel(const std::string& name, InputChannel* outChannel) {
     IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
index 035a9a3..4c07c22 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 
 #include <InputDispatcherInterface.h>
 #include <InputDispatcherPolicyInterface.h>
-#include <android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@
 #include <utils/Vector.h>
 
 using android::os::BnInputFlinger;
-using android::os::ISetInputWindowsListener;
 
 namespace android {
 class InputChannel;
@@ -104,10 +102,6 @@
     sp<InputDispatcherInterface> getDispatcher() override;
 
     status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args) override;
-    binder::Status setInputWindows(
-            const std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>& handles,
-            const sp<ISetInputWindowsListener>& setInputWindowsListener) override;
-
     binder::Status createInputChannel(const std::string& name, InputChannel* outChannel) override;
     binder::Status removeInputChannel(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) override;
     binder::Status setFocusedWindow(const gui::FocusRequest&) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 1478a3c..59cb419 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -5047,12 +5047,13 @@
                                          windowInfo->inputFeatures.string().c_str());
                     dump += StringPrintf(", ownerPid=%d, ownerUid=%d, dispatchingTimeout=%" PRId64
                                          "ms, trustedOverlay=%s, hasToken=%s, "
-                                         "touchOcclusionMode=%s\n",
+                                         "touchOcclusionMode=%s, displayOrientation=%d\n",
                                          windowInfo->ownerPid, windowInfo->ownerUid,
                                          millis(windowInfo->dispatchingTimeout),
                                          toString(windowInfo->trustedOverlay),
                                          toString(windowInfo->token != nullptr),
-                                         toString(windowInfo->touchOcclusionMode).c_str());
+                                         toString(windowInfo->touchOcclusionMode).c_str(),
+                                         windowInfo->displayOrientation);
                     windowInfo->transform.dump(dump, "transform", INDENT4);
                 }
             } else {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
index 80db035..a7dccf0 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/include/InputDispatcherInterface.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android/gui/FocusRequest.h>
 #include <android/os/BlockUntrustedTouchesMode.h>
-#include <android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.h>
 #include <android/os/InputEventInjectionResult.h>
 #include <android/os/InputEventInjectionSync.h>
 #include <gui/InputApplication.h>
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.h b/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.h
index c05ff39..3cf1b2b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.h
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "InputHost.h"
 
 #include <android/os/BnInputFlinger.h>
-#include <android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.h>
 #include <binder/Binder.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
@@ -31,9 +30,7 @@
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 using android::gui::FocusRequest;
-using android::gui::WindowInfo;
 using android::os::BnInputFlinger;
-using android::os::ISetInputWindowsListener;
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -46,10 +43,6 @@
     InputFlinger() ANDROID_API;
 
     status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args) override;
-    binder::Status setInputWindows(const std::vector<WindowInfo>&,
-                                   const sp<ISetInputWindowsListener>&) override {
-        return binder::Status::ok();
-    }
     binder::Status createInputChannel(const std::string&, InputChannel*) override {
         return binder::Status::ok();
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
index 4c5ff63..7347b2c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@
 // projection are part of the input window's transform. This means InputReader should work in the
 // un-rotated coordinate space.
 static bool isPerWindowInputRotationEnabled() {
-    static const bool PER_WINDOW_INPUT_ROTATION =
-            sysprop::InputFlingerProperties::per_window_input_rotation().value_or(false);
-    return PER_WINDOW_INPUT_ROTATION;
+    return sysprop::InputFlingerProperties::per_window_input_rotation().value_or(false);
 }
 
 static int32_t getInverseRotation(int32_t orientation) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
index af02844..a9f0247 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -896,6 +896,13 @@
             mTiltXScale = M_PI / 180;
             mTiltYScale = M_PI / 180;
 
+            if (mRawPointerAxes.tiltX.resolution) {
+                mTiltXScale = 1.0 / mRawPointerAxes.tiltX.resolution;
+            }
+            if (mRawPointerAxes.tiltY.resolution) {
+                mTiltYScale = 1.0 / mRawPointerAxes.tiltY.resolution;
+            }
+
             mOrientedRanges.haveTilt = true;
 
             mOrientedRanges.tilt.axis = AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TILT;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/IInputFlingerQuery.aidl b/services/inputflinger/tests/IInputFlingerQuery.aidl
index aff03bf..5aeb21f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/IInputFlingerQuery.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/IInputFlingerQuery.aidl
@@ -17,14 +17,11 @@
 import android.InputChannel;
 import android.gui.FocusRequest;
 import android.gui.WindowInfo;
-import android.os.ISetInputWindowsListener;
 
 /** @hide */
 interface IInputFlingerQuery
 {
     /* Test interfaces */
-    void getInputWindows(out WindowInfo[] inputHandles);
     void getInputChannels(out InputChannel[] channels);
-    void getLastFocusRequest(out FocusRequest request);
     void resetInputManager();
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index 50e1854..0fc4708 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "../dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h"
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <binder/Binder.h>
@@ -678,7 +679,11 @@
 
 // --- InputDispatcherTest SetInputWindowTest ---
 static constexpr std::chrono::duration INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT = 500ms;
-static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT = 5s;
+// Default input dispatching timeout if there is no focused application or paused window
+// from which to determine an appropriate dispatching timeout.
+static const std::chrono::duration DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT = std::chrono::milliseconds(
+        android::os::IInputConstants::UNMULTIPLIED_DEFAULT_DISPATCHING_TIMEOUT_MILLIS *
+        android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier());
 
 class FakeApplicationHandle : public InputApplicationHandle {
 public:
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputFlingerService_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputFlingerService_test.cpp
index d2a98df..454e531 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputFlingerService_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputFlingerService_test.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@
 #include <IInputFlingerQuery.h>
 
 #include <android/os/BnInputFlinger.h>
-#include <android/os/BnSetInputWindowsListener.h>
 #include <android/os/IInputFlinger.h>
-#include <android/os/ISetInputWindowsListener.h>
 
 #include <binder/Binder.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 
-#include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 
@@ -45,57 +42,17 @@
 #define TAG "InputFlingerServiceTest"
 
 using android::gui::FocusRequest;
-using android::gui::WindowInfo;
-using android::gui::WindowInfoHandle;
 using android::os::BnInputFlinger;
-using android::os::BnSetInputWindowsListener;
 using android::os::IInputFlinger;
-using android::os::ISetInputWindowsListener;
 
 using std::chrono_literals::operator""ms;
 using std::chrono_literals::operator""s;
 
 namespace android {
 
-static const sp<IBinder> TestInfoToken = new BBinder();
-static const sp<IBinder> FocusedTestInfoToken = new BBinder();
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoId = 1;
-static const std::string TestInfoName = "InputFlingerServiceTestInputWindowInfo";
-static constexpr Flags<WindowInfo::Flag> TestInfoFlags = WindowInfo::Flag::NOT_FOCUSABLE;
-static constexpr WindowInfo::Type TestInfoType = WindowInfo::Type::INPUT_METHOD;
-static constexpr std::chrono::duration TestInfoDispatchingTimeout = 2532ms;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoFrameLeft = 93;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoFrameTop = 34;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoFrameRight = 16;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoFrameBottom = 19;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoSurfaceInset = 17;
-static constexpr float TestInfoGlobalScaleFactor = 0.3;
-static constexpr float TestInfoWindowXScale = 0.4;
-static constexpr float TestInfoWindowYScale = 0.5;
-static const Rect TestInfoTouchableRegionRect = {100 /* left */, 150 /* top */, 400 /* right */,
-                                                 450 /* bottom */};
-static const Region TestInfoTouchableRegion(TestInfoTouchableRegionRect);
-static constexpr bool TestInfoVisible = false;
-static constexpr bool TestInfoTrustedOverlay = true;
-static constexpr bool TestInfoFocusable = false;
-static constexpr bool TestInfoHasWallpaper = false;
-static constexpr bool TestInfoPaused = false;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoOwnerPid = 19;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoOwnerUid = 24;
-static constexpr WindowInfo::Feature TestInfoInputFeatures = WindowInfo::Feature::NO_INPUT_CHANNEL;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoDisplayId = 34;
-static constexpr int32_t TestInfoPortalToDisplayId = 2;
-static constexpr bool TestInfoReplaceTouchableRegionWithCrop = true;
-static const sp<IBinder> TestInfoTouchableRegionCropHandle = new BBinder();
-
-static const std::string TestAppInfoName = "InputFlingerServiceTestInputApplicationInfo";
-static const sp<IBinder> TestAppInfoToken = new BBinder();
-static constexpr std::chrono::duration TestAppInfoDispatchingTimeout = 12345678ms;
-
 static const String16 kTestServiceName = String16("InputFlingerService");
 static const String16 kQueryServiceName = String16("InputFlingerQueryService");
 
-struct SetInputWindowsListener;
 // --- InputFlingerServiceTest ---
 class InputFlingerServiceTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
@@ -104,32 +61,15 @@
 
 protected:
     void InitializeInputFlinger();
-    void setInputWindowsByInfos(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& infos);
-    void setFocusedWindow(const sp<IBinder> token, const sp<IBinder> focusedToken,
-                          nsecs_t timestampNanos);
-
-    void setInputWindowsFinished();
-    void verifyInputWindowInfo(const WindowInfo& info) const;
-    WindowInfo& getInfo() const { return const_cast<WindowInfo&>(mInfo); }
 
     sp<IInputFlinger> mService;
     sp<IInputFlingerQuery> mQuery;
 
 private:
-    sp<SetInputWindowsListener> mSetInputWindowsListener;
     std::unique_ptr<InputChannel> mServerChannel, mClientChannel;
-    WindowInfo mInfo;
     std::mutex mLock;
-    std::condition_variable mSetInputWindowsFinishedCondition;
 };
 
-struct SetInputWindowsListener : BnSetInputWindowsListener {
-    explicit SetInputWindowsListener(std::function<void()> cbFunc) : mCbFunc(cbFunc) {}
-
-    binder::Status onSetInputWindowsFinished() override;
-
-    std::function<void()> mCbFunc;
-};
 
 class TestInputManager : public BnInputFlinger {
 protected:
@@ -138,16 +78,10 @@
 public:
     TestInputManager(){};
 
-    binder::Status getInputWindows(std::vector<WindowInfo>* inputHandles);
     binder::Status getInputChannels(std::vector<::android::InputChannel>* channels);
-    binder::Status getLastFocusRequest(FocusRequest*);
 
     status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args) override;
 
-    binder::Status setInputWindows(
-            const std::vector<WindowInfo>& handles,
-            const sp<ISetInputWindowsListener>& setInputWindowsListener) override;
-
     binder::Status createInputChannel(const std::string& name, InputChannel* outChannel) override;
     binder::Status removeInputChannel(const sp<IBinder>& connectionToken) override;
     binder::Status setFocusedWindow(const FocusRequest&) override;
@@ -156,62 +90,28 @@
 
 private:
     mutable Mutex mLock;
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>>> mHandlesPerDisplay;
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<InputChannel>> mInputChannels;
-    FocusRequest mFocusRequest;
 };
 
 class TestInputQuery : public BnInputFlingerQuery {
 public:
     TestInputQuery(sp<android::TestInputManager> manager) : mManager(manager){};
-    binder::Status getInputWindows(std::vector<WindowInfo>* inputHandles) override;
     binder::Status getInputChannels(std::vector<::android::InputChannel>* channels) override;
-    binder::Status getLastFocusRequest(FocusRequest*) override;
     binder::Status resetInputManager() override;
 
 private:
     sp<android::TestInputManager> mManager;
 };
 
-binder::Status TestInputQuery::getInputWindows(std::vector<WindowInfo>* inputHandles) {
-    return mManager->getInputWindows(inputHandles);
-}
-
 binder::Status TestInputQuery::getInputChannels(std::vector<::android::InputChannel>* channels) {
     return mManager->getInputChannels(channels);
 }
 
-binder::Status TestInputQuery::getLastFocusRequest(FocusRequest* request) {
-    return mManager->getLastFocusRequest(request);
-}
-
 binder::Status TestInputQuery::resetInputManager() {
     mManager->reset();
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
-binder::Status SetInputWindowsListener::onSetInputWindowsFinished() {
-    if (mCbFunc != nullptr) {
-        mCbFunc();
-    }
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
-binder::Status TestInputManager::setInputWindows(
-        const std::vector<WindowInfo>& infos,
-        const sp<ISetInputWindowsListener>& setInputWindowsListener) {
-    AutoMutex _l(mLock);
-
-    for (const auto& info : infos) {
-        mHandlesPerDisplay.emplace(info.displayId, std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>>());
-        mHandlesPerDisplay[info.displayId].push_back(new WindowInfoHandle(info));
-    }
-    if (setInputWindowsListener) {
-        setInputWindowsListener->onSetInputWindowsFinished();
-    }
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
 binder::Status TestInputManager::createInputChannel(const std::string& name,
                                                     InputChannel* outChannel) {
     AutoMutex _l(mLock);
@@ -249,15 +149,6 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-binder::Status TestInputManager::getInputWindows(std::vector<WindowInfo>* inputInfos) {
-    for (auto& [displayId, inputHandles] : mHandlesPerDisplay) {
-        for (auto& inputHandle : inputHandles) {
-            inputInfos->push_back(*inputHandle->getInfo());
-        }
-    }
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
 binder::Status TestInputManager::getInputChannels(std::vector<::android::InputChannel>* channels) {
     channels->clear();
     for (std::shared_ptr<InputChannel>& channel : mInputChannels) {
@@ -266,64 +157,16 @@
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
-binder::Status TestInputManager::getLastFocusRequest(FocusRequest* request) {
-    *request = mFocusRequest;
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
 binder::Status TestInputManager::setFocusedWindow(const FocusRequest& request) {
-    mFocusRequest = request;
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
 void TestInputManager::reset() {
-    mHandlesPerDisplay.clear();
     mInputChannels.clear();
-    mFocusRequest = FocusRequest();
 }
 
 void InputFlingerServiceTest::SetUp() {
-    mSetInputWindowsListener = new SetInputWindowsListener([&]() {
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
-        mSetInputWindowsFinishedCondition.notify_all();
-    });
     InputChannel::openInputChannelPair("testchannels", mServerChannel, mClientChannel);
-
-    mInfo.token = TestInfoToken;
-    mInfo.id = TestInfoId;
-    mInfo.name = TestInfoName;
-    mInfo.flags = TestInfoFlags;
-    mInfo.type = TestInfoType;
-    mInfo.dispatchingTimeout = TestInfoDispatchingTimeout;
-    mInfo.frameLeft = TestInfoFrameLeft;
-    mInfo.frameTop = TestInfoFrameTop;
-    mInfo.frameRight = TestInfoFrameRight;
-    mInfo.frameBottom = TestInfoFrameBottom;
-    mInfo.surfaceInset = TestInfoSurfaceInset;
-    mInfo.globalScaleFactor = TestInfoGlobalScaleFactor;
-    mInfo.transform.set({TestInfoWindowXScale, 0, TestInfoFrameLeft, 0, TestInfoWindowYScale,
-                         TestInfoFrameTop, 0, 0, 1});
-    mInfo.touchableRegion = TestInfoTouchableRegion;
-    mInfo.visible = TestInfoVisible;
-    mInfo.trustedOverlay = TestInfoTrustedOverlay;
-    mInfo.focusable = TestInfoFocusable;
-
-    mInfo.hasWallpaper = TestInfoHasWallpaper;
-    mInfo.paused = TestInfoPaused;
-    mInfo.ownerPid = TestInfoOwnerPid;
-    mInfo.ownerUid = TestInfoOwnerUid;
-    mInfo.inputFeatures = TestInfoInputFeatures;
-    mInfo.displayId = TestInfoDisplayId;
-    mInfo.portalToDisplayId = TestInfoPortalToDisplayId;
-    mInfo.replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop = TestInfoReplaceTouchableRegionWithCrop;
-    mInfo.touchableRegionCropHandle = TestInfoTouchableRegionCropHandle;
-
-    mInfo.applicationInfo.name = TestAppInfoName;
-    mInfo.applicationInfo.token = TestAppInfoToken;
-    mInfo.applicationInfo.dispatchingTimeoutMillis =
-            std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(TestAppInfoDispatchingTimeout)
-                    .count();
-
     InitializeInputFlinger();
 }
 
@@ -331,10 +174,6 @@
     mQuery->resetInputManager();
 }
 
-void InputFlingerServiceTest::verifyInputWindowInfo(const WindowInfo& info) const {
-    EXPECT_EQ(mInfo, info);
-}
-
 void InputFlingerServiceTest::InitializeInputFlinger() {
     sp<IBinder> input(defaultServiceManager()->waitForService(kTestServiceName));
     ASSERT_TRUE(input != nullptr);
@@ -345,40 +184,6 @@
     mQuery = interface_cast<IInputFlingerQuery>(input);
 }
 
-void InputFlingerServiceTest::setInputWindowsByInfos(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& infos) {
-    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
-    mService->setInputWindows(infos, mSetInputWindowsListener);
-    // Verify listener call
-    EXPECT_NE(mSetInputWindowsFinishedCondition.wait_for(lock, 1s), std::cv_status::timeout);
-}
-
-void InputFlingerServiceTest::setFocusedWindow(const sp<IBinder> token,
-                                               const sp<IBinder> focusedToken,
-                                               nsecs_t timestampNanos) {
-    FocusRequest request;
-    request.token = TestInfoToken;
-    request.focusedToken = focusedToken;
-    request.timestamp = timestampNanos;
-    mService->setFocusedWindow(request);
-    // call set input windows and wait for the callback to drain the queue.
-    setInputWindowsByInfos(std::vector<WindowInfo>());
-}
-
-/**
- *  Test InputFlinger service interface SetInputWindows
- */
-TEST_F(InputFlingerServiceTest, InputWindow_SetInputWindows) {
-    std::vector<WindowInfo> infos = {getInfo()};
-    setInputWindowsByInfos(infos);
-
-    // Verify input windows from service
-    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos;
-    mQuery->getInputWindows(&windowInfos);
-    for (const WindowInfo& windowInfo : windowInfos) {
-        verifyInputWindowInfo(windowInfo);
-    }
-}
-
 /**
  *  Test InputFlinger service interface createInputChannel
  */
@@ -397,7 +202,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(result & O_NONBLOCK, O_NONBLOCK);
 }
 
-TEST_F(InputFlingerServiceTest, InputWindow_CreateInputChannel) {
+TEST_F(InputFlingerServiceTest, CreateInputChannel) {
     InputChannel channel;
     ASSERT_TRUE(mService->createInputChannel("testchannels", &channel).isOk());
 
@@ -411,30 +216,6 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(channels.size(), 0UL);
 }
 
-TEST_F(InputFlingerServiceTest, InputWindow_setFocusedWindow) {
-    nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-    setFocusedWindow(TestInfoToken, nullptr /* focusedToken */, now);
-
-    FocusRequest request;
-    mQuery->getLastFocusRequest(&request);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.token, TestInfoToken);
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.focusedToken, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.timestamp, now);
-}
-
-TEST_F(InputFlingerServiceTest, InputWindow_setFocusedWindowWithFocusedToken) {
-    nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
-    setFocusedWindow(TestInfoToken, FocusedTestInfoToken, now);
-
-    FocusRequest request;
-    mQuery->getLastFocusRequest(&request);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.token, TestInfoToken);
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.focusedToken, FocusedTestInfoToken);
-    EXPECT_EQ(request.timestamp, now);
-}
-
 } // namespace android
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 778f6e6..43f14bd 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <CursorInputMapper.h>
 #include <InputDevice.h>
+#include <InputFlingerProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <InputMapper.h>
 #include <InputReader.h>
 #include <InputReaderBase.h>
@@ -95,6 +96,17 @@
                                                                   {"green", LightColor::GREEN},
                                                                   {"blue", LightColor::BLUE}};
 
+static int32_t getInverseRotation(int32_t orientation) {
+    switch (orientation) {
+        case DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90:
+            return DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270;
+        case DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270:
+            return DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90;
+        default:
+            return orientation;
+    }
+}
+
 // --- FakePointerController ---
 
 class FakePointerController : public PointerControllerInterface {
@@ -2660,6 +2672,7 @@
     static const int32_t DEVICE_CONTROLLER_NUMBER;
     static const Flags<InputDeviceClass> DEVICE_CLASSES;
     static const int32_t EVENTHUB_ID;
+    static const std::optional<bool> INITIAL_PER_WINDOW_INPUT_ROTATION_FLAG_VALUE;
 
     std::shared_ptr<FakeEventHub> mFakeEventHub;
     sp<FakeInputReaderPolicy> mFakePolicy;
@@ -2676,11 +2689,19 @@
         mDevice = newDevice(DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_LOCATION, EVENTHUB_ID, classes);
     }
 
-    void SetUp() override { SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES); }
+    void SetUp() override {
+        // Ensure per_window_input_rotation is enabled.
+        sysprop::InputFlingerProperties::per_window_input_rotation(true);
+
+        SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES);
+    }
 
     void TearDown() override {
         mFakeListener.clear();
         mFakePolicy.clear();
+
+        sysprop::InputFlingerProperties::per_window_input_rotation(
+                INITIAL_PER_WINDOW_INPUT_ROTATION_FLAG_VALUE);
     }
 
     void addConfigurationProperty(const char* key, const char* value) {
@@ -2792,6 +2813,8 @@
 const Flags<InputDeviceClass> InputMapperTest::DEVICE_CLASSES =
         Flags<InputDeviceClass>(0); // not needed for current tests
 const int32_t InputMapperTest::EVENTHUB_ID = 1;
+const std::optional<bool> InputMapperTest::INITIAL_PER_WINDOW_INPUT_ROTATION_FLAG_VALUE =
+        sysprop::InputFlingerProperties::per_window_input_rotation();
 
 // --- SwitchInputMapperTest ---
 
@@ -4088,8 +4111,11 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertCursorPointerCoords(args.pointerCoords[0], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
 }
 
-TEST_F(CursorInputMapperTest, Process_WhenNotOrientationAware_ShouldNotRotateMotions) {
+TEST_F(CursorInputMapperTest, Process_WhenOrientationAware_ShouldNotRotateMotions) {
     addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "navigation");
+    // InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, so orientation-aware devices do not
+    // need to be rotated.
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.orientationAware", "1");
     CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
 
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90);
@@ -4103,9 +4129,10 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1, -1,  1));
 }
 
-TEST_F(CursorInputMapperTest, Process_WhenOrientationAware_ShouldRotateMotions) {
+TEST_F(CursorInputMapperTest, Process_WhenNotOrientationAware_ShouldRotateMotions) {
     addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "navigation");
-    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.orientationAware", "1");
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
     CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
 
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
@@ -4119,14 +4146,14 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1, -1,  1));
 
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0,  1,  1,  0));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  1,  1, -1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  0,  0, -1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1, -1, -1, -1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0, -1, -1,  0));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1, -1, -1,  1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  0,  0,  1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1,  1,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0,  1, -1,  0));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  1, -1,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  0,  0,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1, -1,  1,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0, -1,  1,  0));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1, -1,  1, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  0,  0, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1, -1, -1));
 
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_180);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0,  1,  0, -1));
@@ -4139,14 +4166,14 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1,  1, -1));
 
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270);
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0,  1, -1,  0));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  1, -1,  1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  0,  0,  1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1, -1,  1,  1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0, -1,  1,  0));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1, -1,  1, -1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  0,  0, -1));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1, -1, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0,  1,  1,  0));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  1,  1, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1,  0,  0, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  1, -1, -1, -1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper,  0, -1, -1,  0));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1, -1, -1,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  0,  0,  1));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(testMotionRotation(mapper, -1,  1,  1,  1));
 }
 
 TEST_F(CursorInputMapperTest, Process_ShouldHandleAllButtons) {
@@ -5368,11 +5395,12 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, Process_WhenNotOrientationAware_DoesNotRotateMotions) {
+TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, Process_WhenOrientationAware_DoesNotRotateMotions) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareButtons();
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
-    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
+    // InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, so orientation-aware devices do not
+    // need to be rotated. Touchscreens are orientation-aware by default.
     SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
 
     NotifyMotionArgs args;
@@ -5391,10 +5419,13 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, Process_WhenOrientationAware_RotatesMotions) {
+TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, Process_WhenNotOrientationAware_RotatesMotions) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareButtons();
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
     SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
 
     NotifyMotionArgs args;
@@ -5416,7 +5447,7 @@
     // Rotation 90.
     clearViewports();
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90);
-    processDown(mapper, RAW_X_MAX - toRawX(75) + RAW_X_MIN, toRawY(50));
+    processDown(mapper, toRawX(75), RAW_Y_MAX - toRawY(50) + RAW_Y_MIN);
     processSync(mapper);
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&args));
@@ -5444,7 +5475,7 @@
     // Rotation 270.
     clearViewports();
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270);
-    processDown(mapper, toRawX(75), RAW_Y_MAX - toRawY(50) + RAW_Y_MIN);
+    processDown(mapper, RAW_X_MAX - toRawX(75) + RAW_X_MIN, toRawY(50));
     processSync(mapper);
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&args));
@@ -7806,7 +7837,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(std::vector<TouchVideoFrame>(), motionArgs.videoFrames);
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_AreRotated) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_AreNotRotated) {
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
@@ -7816,6 +7847,32 @@
 
     // Test all 4 orientations
     for (int32_t orientation : {DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90,
+                                DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_180, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270}) {
+        SCOPED_TRACE("Orientation " + StringPrintf("%i", orientation));
+        clearViewports();
+        prepareDisplay(orientation);
+        std::vector<TouchVideoFrame> frames{frame};
+        mFakeEventHub->setVideoFrames({{EVENTHUB_ID, frames}});
+        processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&motionArgs));
+        ASSERT_EQ(frames, motionArgs.videoFrames);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_WhenNotOrientationAware_AreRotated) {
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+    // Unrotated video frame
+    TouchVideoFrame frame(3, 2, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, {1, 2});
+    NotifyMotionArgs motionArgs;
+
+    // Test all 4 orientations
+    for (int32_t orientation : {DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90,
              DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_180, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270}) {
         SCOPED_TRACE("Orientation " + StringPrintf("%i", orientation));
         clearViewports();
@@ -7825,12 +7882,16 @@
         processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
         processSync(mapper);
         ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&motionArgs));
-        frames[0].rotate(orientation);
+        // We expect the raw coordinates of the MotionEvent to be rotated in the inverse direction
+        // compared to the display. This is so that when the window transform (which contains the
+        // display rotation) is applied later by InputDispatcher, the coordinates end up in the
+        // window's coordinate space.
+        frames[0].rotate(getInverseRotation(orientation));
         ASSERT_EQ(frames, motionArgs.videoFrames);
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_MultipleFramesAreRotated) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_MultipleFramesAreNotRotated) {
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
@@ -7847,8 +7908,36 @@
     processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
     processSync(mapper);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&motionArgs));
-    std::for_each(frames.begin(), frames.end(),
-            [](TouchVideoFrame& frame) { frame.rotate(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90); });
+    ASSERT_EQ(frames, motionArgs.videoFrames);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, VideoFrames_WhenNotOrientationAware_MultipleFramesAreRotated) {
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+    // Unrotated video frames. There's no rule that they must all have the same dimensions,
+    // so mix these.
+    TouchVideoFrame frame1(3, 2, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, {1, 2});
+    TouchVideoFrame frame2(3, 3, {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, {1, 3});
+    TouchVideoFrame frame3(2, 2, {10, 20, 10, 0}, {1, 4});
+    std::vector<TouchVideoFrame> frames{frame1, frame2, frame3};
+    NotifyMotionArgs motionArgs;
+
+    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90);
+    mFakeEventHub->setVideoFrames({{EVENTHUB_ID, frames}});
+    processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
+    processSync(mapper);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(&motionArgs));
+    std::for_each(frames.begin(), frames.end(), [](TouchVideoFrame& frame) {
+        // We expect the raw coordinates of the MotionEvent to be rotated in the inverse direction
+        // compared to the display. This is so that when the window transform (which contains the
+        // display rotation) is applied later by InputDispatcher, the coordinates end up in the
+        // window's coordinate space.
+        frame.rotate(getInverseRotation(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90));
+    });
     ASSERT_EQ(frames, motionArgs.videoFrames);
 }
 
@@ -8402,18 +8491,25 @@
     // Reset.
     mapper.reset(ARBITRARY_TIME);
 
-    // Let physical display be different to device, and make surface and physical could be 1:1.
-    halfDisplayToCenterHorizontal(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
+    // Let physical display be different to device, and make surface and physical could be 1:1 in
+    // all four orientations.
+    for (int orientation : {DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90, DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_180,
+                            DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270}) {
+        halfDisplayToCenterHorizontal(orientation);
 
-    const int32_t xExpected = (x + 1) - (DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4);
-    const int32_t yExpected = y;
-    processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x + 1, y, xExpected, yExpected);
+        const int32_t xExpected = (x + 1) - (DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4);
+        const int32_t yExpected = y;
+        processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x + 1, y, xExpected, yExpected);
+    }
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_90) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_90_NotOrientationAware) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
 
     // Half display to (width/4, 0, width * 3/4, height) and rotate 90-degrees.
@@ -8422,34 +8518,40 @@
     const int32_t x = DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4;
     const int32_t y = DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 2;
 
-    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse y.
-    const int32_t xExpected = y;
-    const int32_t yExpected = (DISPLAY_WIDTH * 3 / 4) - (x + 1);
-    processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x + 1, y, xExpected, yExpected);
-}
-
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_270) {
-    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
-    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
-    prepareAxes(POSITION);
-    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
-
-    // Half display to (width/4, 0, width * 3/4, height) and rotate 270-degrees.
-    halfDisplayToCenterHorizontal(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270);
-
-    const int32_t x = DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4;
-    const int32_t y = DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 2;
-
     // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse x.
     constexpr int32_t xExpected = DISPLAY_HEIGHT - y;
     constexpr int32_t yExpected = (x + 1) - DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4;
     processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x + 1, y, xExpected, yExpected);
 }
 
-TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_Corner) {
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_270_NotOrientationAware) {
     addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
     prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    // Half display to (width/4, 0, width * 3/4, height) and rotate 270-degrees.
+    halfDisplayToCenterHorizontal(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270);
+
+    const int32_t x = DISPLAY_WIDTH / 4;
+    const int32_t y = DISPLAY_HEIGHT / 2;
+
+    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse y.
+    const int32_t xExpected = y;
+    const int32_t yExpected = (DISPLAY_WIDTH * 3 / 4) - (x + 1);
+    processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x + 1, y, xExpected, yExpected);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest_SurfaceRange, Viewports_SurfaceRange_Corner_NotOrientationAware) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    // Since InputReader works in the un-rotated coordinate space, only devices that are not
+    // orientation-aware are affected by display rotation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientationAware", "0");
     MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
 
     const int32_t x = 0;
@@ -8461,16 +8563,16 @@
 
     clearViewports();
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_90);
-    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse y.
-    const int32_t xExpected90 = y;
-    const int32_t yExpected90 = DISPLAY_WIDTH - 1;
+    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse x.
+    const int32_t xExpected90 = DISPLAY_HEIGHT - 1;
+    const int32_t yExpected90 = x;
     processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x, y, xExpected90, yExpected90);
 
     clearViewports();
     prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_270);
-    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse x.
-    const int32_t xExpected270 = DISPLAY_HEIGHT - 1;
-    const int32_t yExpected270 = x;
+    // expect x/y = swap x/y then reverse y.
+    const int32_t xExpected270 = y;
+    const int32_t yExpected270 = DISPLAY_WIDTH - 1;
     processPositionAndVerify(mapper, x - 1, y, x, y, xExpected270, yExpected270);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/memtrackproxy/Android.bp b/services/memtrackproxy/Android.bp
index 7d78f3b..3233cc9 100644
--- a/services/memtrackproxy/Android.bp
+++ b/services/memtrackproxy/Android.bp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
         "libcutils",
         "libutils",
         "android.hardware.memtrack@1.0",
-        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "MemtrackProxy.cpp",
@@ -45,6 +45,6 @@
     ],
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
         "android.hardware.memtrack@1.0",
-        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/memtrackproxy/test/Android.bp b/services/memtrackproxy/test/Android.bp
index f943761..1dc21bf 100644
--- a/services/memtrackproxy/test/Android.bp
+++ b/services/memtrackproxy/test/Android.bp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libmemtrackproxy",
-        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.memtrack-V1-ndk",
     ],
     test_suites: ["general-tests"],
     require_root: true,
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
index 5d6f8c7..c351676 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorDevice.cpp
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
                         }
                     }
 
-                    // Sanity check and clamp power if it is 0 (or close)
+                    // Check and clamp power if it is 0 (or close)
                     constexpr float MIN_POWER_MA = 0.001; // 1 microAmp
                     if (sensor.power < MIN_POWER_MA) {
                         ALOGI("%s's reported power %f invalid, clamped to %f",
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
     if (activationIndex < 0) {
         return false;
     }
-    return mActivationCount.valueAt(activationIndex).numActiveClients() > 0;
+    return mActivationCount.valueAt(activationIndex).isActive;
 }
 
 void SensorDevice::onMicSensorAccessChanged(void* ident, int handle, nsecs_t samplingPeriodNs) {
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
index 9ce8d9b..c58e992 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@
             } else if (numBytesRead == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
                 uint32_t numAcks = 0;
                 memcpy(&numAcks, buf, numBytesRead);
-                // Sanity check to ensure  there are no read errors in recv, numAcks is always
+                // Check to ensure  there are no read errors in recv, numAcks is always
                 // within the range and not zero. If any of the above don't hold reset
                 // mWakeLockRefCount to zero.
                 if (numAcks > 0 && numAcks < mWakeLockRefCount) {
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.cpp
index 560834f..c285c00 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.cpp
@@ -92,14 +92,16 @@
 }
 
 status_t ProximitySensor::activate(void* ident, bool enabled) {
-    bool wasActive = mActive;
+    bool lastState = mSensorDevice.isSensorActive(mSensor.getHandle());
+
     status_t status = HardwareSensor::activate(ident, enabled);
     if (status != NO_ERROR) {
         return status;
     }
-    mActive = enabled;
-    if (wasActive != enabled) {
-        mSensorService.onProximityActiveLocked(enabled);
+
+    bool currentState = mSensorDevice.isSensorActive(mSensor.getHandle());
+    if (currentState != lastState) {
+        mSensorService.onProximityActiveLocked(currentState);
     }
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.h b/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.h
index ea181c9..4e9f7bf 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.h
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorInterface.h
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@
     void didEnableAllSensors() override;
 private:
     SensorService& mSensorService;
-    bool mActive;
 };
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
index 726fe8e..3081b1a 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@
     // We have a dynamic sensor.
 
     if (!sHmacGlobalKeyIsValid) {
-        // Rather than risk exposing UUIDs, we cripple dynamic sensors.
+        // Rather than risk exposing UUIDs, we slow down dynamic sensors.
         ALOGW("HMAC key failure; dynamic sensor getId() will be wrong.");
         return 0;
     }
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@
              sHmacGlobalKey, sizeof(sHmacGlobalKey),
              uuidAndApp, sizeof(uuidAndApp),
              hash, &hashLen) == nullptr) {
-        // Rather than risk exposing UUIDs, we cripple dynamic sensors.
+        // Rather than risk exposing UUIDs, we slow down dynamic sensors.
         ALOGW("HMAC failure; dynamic sensor getId() will be wrong.");
         return 0;
     }
diff --git a/services/stats/Android.bp b/services/stats/Android.bp
index a472c5f..7fea616 100644
--- a/services/stats/Android.bp
+++ b/services/stats/Android.bp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
     cflags: ["-Wall", "-Werror"],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.frameworks.stats@1.0",
-        "android.frameworks.stats-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "android.frameworks.stats-V1-ndk",
         "libbinder_ndk",
         "libhidlbase",
         "liblog",
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     ],
     export_shared_lib_headers: [
         "android.frameworks.stats@1.0",
-        "android.frameworks.stats-V1-ndk_platform",
+        "android.frameworks.stats-V1-ndk",
     ],
     local_include_dirs: [
         "include/stats",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index eeb3f3a..af012cd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
         "libinput",
         "libutils",
         "libSurfaceFlingerProp",
+        "server_configurable_flags",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libcompositionengine",
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@
         "DisplayRenderArea.cpp",
         "Effects/Daltonizer.cpp",
         "EventLog/EventLog.cpp",
+        "FlagManager.cpp",
         "FpsReporter.cpp",
         "FrameTracer/FrameTracer.cpp",
         "FrameTracker.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
index e329aa0..7466c06 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "BufferStateLayer"
@@ -158,7 +153,8 @@
     // transaction doesn't need a previous release fence.
     sp<CallbackHandle> ch;
     for (auto& handle : mDrawingState.callbackHandles) {
-        if (handle->releasePreviousBuffer) {
+        if (handle->releasePreviousBuffer &&
+            mDrawingState.releaseBufferEndpoint == handle->listener) {
             ch = handle;
             break;
         }
@@ -199,14 +195,9 @@
                 mFlinger->getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(mOwnerUid);
     }
 
-    // If there are multiple transactions in this frame, set the previous id on the earliest
-    // transacton. We don't need to pass in the released buffer id to multiple transactions.
-    // The buffer id does not have to correspond to any particular transaction as long as the
-    // listening end point is the same but the client expects the first transaction callback that
-    // replaces the presented buffer to contain the release fence. This follows the same logic.
-    // see BufferStateLayer::onLayerDisplayed.
     for (auto& handle : mDrawingState.callbackHandles) {
-        if (handle->releasePreviousBuffer) {
+        if (handle->releasePreviousBuffer &&
+            mDrawingState.releaseBufferEndpoint == handle->listener) {
             handle->previousReleaseCallbackId = mPreviousReleaseCallbackId;
             break;
         }
@@ -420,12 +411,14 @@
                                  nsecs_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
                                  const client_cache_t& clientCacheId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                                  std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueTime, const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
-                                 const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& releaseBufferListener) {
+                                 const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& releaseBufferListener,
+                                 const sp<IBinder>& releaseBufferEndpoint) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     if (mDrawingState.buffer) {
         mReleasePreviousBuffer = true;
-        if (mDrawingState.buffer != mBufferInfo.mBuffer) {
+        if (mDrawingState.buffer != mBufferInfo.mBuffer ||
+            mDrawingState.frameNumber != mBufferInfo.mFrameNumber) {
             // If mDrawingState has a buffer, and we are about to update again
             // before swapping to drawing state, then the first buffer will be
             // dropped and we should decrement the pending buffer count and
@@ -484,6 +477,7 @@
 
     mDrawingState.width = mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()->getWidth();
     mDrawingState.height = mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()->getHeight();
+    mDrawingState.releaseBufferEndpoint = releaseBufferEndpoint;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -597,7 +591,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-Rect BufferStateLayer::getBufferSize(const State& s) const {
+Rect BufferStateLayer::getBufferSize(const State& /*s*/) const {
     // for buffer state layers we use the display frame size as the buffer size.
 
     if (mBufferInfo.mBuffer == nullptr) {
@@ -619,7 +613,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    return Rect(0, 0, bufWidth, bufHeight);
+    return Rect(0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(bufWidth), static_cast<int32_t>(bufHeight));
 }
 
 FloatRect BufferStateLayer::computeSourceBounds(const FloatRect& parentBounds) const {
@@ -818,7 +812,7 @@
     eraseBufferLocked(clientCacheId);
 }
 
-uint32_t BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::getHwcCacheSlot(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) {
+int BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::getHwcCacheSlot(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
     auto itr = mCachedBuffers.find(clientCacheId);
     if (itr == mCachedBuffers.end()) {
@@ -829,7 +823,7 @@
     return hwcCacheSlot;
 }
 
-uint32_t BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::addCachedBuffer(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId)
+int BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::addCachedBuffer(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId)
         REQUIRES(mMutex) {
     if (!clientCacheId.isValid()) {
         ALOGE("invalid process, returning invalid slot");
@@ -838,17 +832,17 @@
 
     ClientCache::getInstance().registerErasedRecipient(clientCacheId, wp<ErasedRecipient>(this));
 
-    uint32_t hwcCacheSlot = getFreeHwcCacheSlot();
+    int hwcCacheSlot = getFreeHwcCacheSlot();
     mCachedBuffers[clientCacheId] = {hwcCacheSlot, mCounter++};
     return hwcCacheSlot;
 }
 
-uint32_t BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::getFreeHwcCacheSlot() REQUIRES(mMutex) {
+int BufferStateLayer::HwcSlotGenerator::getFreeHwcCacheSlot() REQUIRES(mMutex) {
     if (mFreeHwcCacheSlots.empty()) {
         evictLeastRecentlyUsed();
     }
 
-    uint32_t hwcCacheSlot = mFreeHwcCacheSlots.top();
+    int hwcCacheSlot = mFreeHwcCacheSlots.top();
     mFreeHwcCacheSlots.pop();
     return hwcCacheSlot;
 }
@@ -935,8 +929,8 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    uint32_t bufferWidth = s.buffer->getBuffer()->width;
-    uint32_t bufferHeight = s.buffer->getBuffer()->height;
+    int32_t bufferWidth = s.buffer->getBuffer()->width;
+    int32_t bufferHeight = s.buffer->getBuffer()->height;
 
     // Undo any transformations on the buffer and return the result.
     if (s.bufferTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
@@ -963,22 +957,6 @@
     ATRACE_INT(mBlastTransactionName.c_str(), pendingBuffers);
 }
 
-void BufferStateLayer::bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) {
-    if (mDrawingState.buffer != nullptr &&
-        (!mBufferInfo.mBuffer ||
-         mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer() != mBufferInfo.mBuffer->getBuffer()) &&
-        newBuffer != mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer()) {
-        // If we are about to update mDrawingState.buffer but it has not yet latched
-        // then we will drop a buffer and should decrement the pending buffer count and
-        // call any release buffer callbacks if set.
-        callReleaseBufferCallback(mDrawingState.releaseBufferListener,
-                                  mDrawingState.buffer->getBuffer(), mDrawingState.frameNumber,
-                                  mDrawingState.acquireFence, mTransformHint,
-                                  mFlinger->getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(
-                                          mOwnerUid));
-        decrementPendingBufferCount();
-    }
-}
 
 /*
  * We don't want to send the layer's transform to input, but rather the
@@ -1011,6 +989,3 @@
 }
 
 } // namespace android
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
index e567478..124e91a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferStateLayer.h
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@
                    const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, nsecs_t postTime, nsecs_t desiredPresentTime,
                    bool isAutoTimestamp, const client_cache_t& clientCacheId, uint64_t frameNumber,
                    std::optional<nsecs_t> dequeueTime, const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
-                   const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& transactionListener) override;
+                   const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& transactionListener,
+                   const sp<IBinder>& releaseBufferEndpoint) override;
     bool setAcquireFence(const sp<Fence>& fence) override;
     bool setDataspace(ui::Dataspace dataspace) override;
     bool setHdrMetadata(const HdrMetadata& hdrMetadata) override;
@@ -97,7 +98,6 @@
 
     // See mPendingBufferTransactions
     void decrementPendingBufferCount();
-    void bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& newBuffer) override;
     std::atomic<int32_t>* getPendingBufferCounter() override { return &mPendingBufferTransactions; }
     std::string getPendingBufferCounterName() override { return mBlastTransactionName; }
 
@@ -178,19 +178,19 @@
     class HwcSlotGenerator : public ClientCache::ErasedRecipient {
     public:
         HwcSlotGenerator() {
-            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
                 mFreeHwcCacheSlots.push(i);
             }
         }
 
         void bufferErased(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId);
 
-        uint32_t getHwcCacheSlot(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId);
+        int getHwcCacheSlot(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId);
 
     private:
         friend class SlotGenerationTest;
-        uint32_t addCachedBuffer(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) REQUIRES(mMutex);
-        uint32_t getFreeHwcCacheSlot() REQUIRES(mMutex);
+        int addCachedBuffer(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+        int getFreeHwcCacheSlot() REQUIRES(mMutex);
         void evictLeastRecentlyUsed() REQUIRES(mMutex);
         void eraseBufferLocked(const client_cache_t& clientCacheId) REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
@@ -202,11 +202,10 @@
 
         std::mutex mMutex;
 
-        std::unordered_map<client_cache_t,
-                           std::pair<uint32_t /*HwcCacheSlot*/, uint32_t /*counter*/>,
+        std::unordered_map<client_cache_t, std::pair<int /*HwcCacheSlot*/, uint64_t /*counter*/>,
                            CachedBufferHash>
                 mCachedBuffers GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-        std::stack<uint32_t /*HwcCacheSlot*/> mFreeHwcCacheSlots GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+        std::stack<int /*HwcCacheSlot*/> mFreeHwcCacheSlots GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
         // The cache increments this counter value when a slot is updated or used.
         // Used to track the least recently-used buffer
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
index aac6c91..8da2e24 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
-
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
@@ -132,6 +128,3 @@
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 }; // namespace android
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
index 554e2f4..95d553d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h
@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@
     // All the layers that have queued updates.
     Layers layersWithQueuedFrames;
 
-    // If true, forces the entire display to be considered dirty and repainted
-    bool repaintEverything{false};
-
     // Controls how the color mode is chosen for an output
     OutputColorSetting outputColorSetting{OutputColorSetting::kEnhanced};
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
index 526e7da..98c4af4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
@@ -36,18 +36,12 @@
 struct DisplayCreationArgs {
     DisplayId id;
 
-    // Unset for virtual displays
-    std::optional<ui::DisplayConnectionType> connectionType;
-
     // Size of the display in pixels
     ui::Size pixels = ui::kInvalidSize;
 
     // True if this display should be considered secure
     bool isSecure = false;
 
-    // Gives the initial layer stack id to be used for the display
-    uint32_t layerStackId = ~0u;
-
     // Optional pointer to the power advisor interface, if one is needed for
     // this display.
     Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* powerAdvisor = nullptr;
@@ -69,11 +63,6 @@
         return *this;
     }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType connectionType) {
-        mArgs.connectionType = connectionType;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPixels(ui::Size pixels) {
         mArgs.pixels = pixels;
         return *this;
@@ -84,11 +73,6 @@
         return *this;
     }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setLayerStackId(uint32_t layerStackId) {
-        mArgs.layerStackId = layerStackId;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder& setPowerAdvisor(Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* powerAdvisor) {
         mArgs.powerAdvisor = powerAdvisor;
         return *this;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
index 2221280..a000661 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -93,11 +94,9 @@
     /*
      * Visibility state
      */
-    // the layer stack this layer belongs to
-    std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId;
 
-    // If true, this layer should be only visible on the internal display
-    bool internalOnly{false};
+    // The filter that determines which outputs include this layer
+    ui::LayerFilter outputFilter;
 
     // If false, this layer should not be considered visible
     bool isVisible{true};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index 15a86af..a33b57d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
@@ -180,9 +181,8 @@
     // output.
     virtual ui::Transform::RotationFlags getTransformHint() const = 0;
 
-    // Sets the layer stack filtering settings for this output. See
-    // belongsInOutput for full details.
-    virtual void setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) = 0;
+    // Sets the filter for this output. See Output::includesLayer.
+    virtual void setLayerFilter(ui::LayerFilter) = 0;
 
     // Sets the output color mode
     virtual void setColorProfile(const ColorProfile&) = 0;
@@ -221,20 +221,12 @@
     virtual OutputCompositionState& editState() = 0;
 
     // Gets the dirty region in layer stack space.
-    // If repaintEverything is true, this will be the full display bounds.
-    virtual Region getDirtyRegion(bool repaintEverything) const = 0;
+    virtual Region getDirtyRegion() const = 0;
 
-    // Tests whether a given layerStackId belongs in this output.
-    // A layer belongs to the output if its layerStackId matches the of the output layerStackId,
-    // unless the layer should display on the primary output only and this is not the primary output
-
-    // A layer belongs to the output if its layerStackId matches. Additionally
-    // if the layer should only show in the internal (primary) display only and
-    // this output allows that.
-    virtual bool belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const = 0;
-
-    // Determines if a layer belongs to the output.
-    virtual bool belongsInOutput(const sp<LayerFE>&) const = 0;
+    // Returns whether the output includes a layer, based on their respective filters.
+    // See Output::setLayerFilter.
+    virtual bool includesLayer(ui::LayerFilter) const = 0;
+    virtual bool includesLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const = 0;
 
     // Returns a pointer to the output layer corresponding to the given layer on
     // this output, or nullptr if the layer does not have one
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index bb540ea..b407267 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -83,9 +83,8 @@
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> createOutputLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const;
 
 private:
-    bool mIsVirtual = false;
-    bool mIsDisconnected = false;
     DisplayId mId;
+    bool mIsDisconnected = false;
     Hwc2::PowerAdvisor* mPowerAdvisor = nullptr;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h
index 6b9597b..7521324 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/StretchEffect.h>
@@ -52,13 +53,14 @@
     dumpVal(out, name, valueName, static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<EnumType>>(value));
 }
 
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const FloatRect& rect);
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const Rect& rect);
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const Region& region);
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const ui::Transform&);
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const ui::Size&);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, ui::LayerFilter);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, ui::Size);
 
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const mat4& tr);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const FloatRect&);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const Rect&);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const Region&);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const ui::Transform&);
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const mat4&);
 void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const StretchEffect&);
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index 14f2163..6d49ce6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 #include <renderengine/DisplaySettings.h>
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
+
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@
     void setProjection(ui::Rotation orientation, const Rect& layerStackSpaceRect,
                        const Rect& orientedDisplaySpaceRect) override;
     void setDisplaySize(const ui::Size&) override;
-    void setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) override;
+    void setLayerFilter(ui::LayerFilter) override;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags getTransformHint() const override;
 
     void setColorTransform(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
@@ -64,9 +65,10 @@
     compositionengine::RenderSurface* getRenderSurface() const override;
     void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>) override;
 
-    Region getDirtyRegion(bool repaintEverything) const override;
-    bool belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t>, bool) const override;
-    bool belongsInOutput(const sp<LayerFE>&) const override;
+    Region getDirtyRegion() const override;
+
+    bool includesLayer(ui::LayerFilter) const override;
+    bool includesLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const override;
 
     compositionengine::OutputLayer* getOutputLayerForLayer(const sp<LayerFE>&) const override;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index f34cb94..44f754f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
 
 #include <compositionengine/ProjectionSpace.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -59,11 +60,8 @@
     // If true, the current frame reused the buffer from a previous client composition
     bool reusedClientComposition{false};
 
-    // If true, this output displays layers that are internal-only
-    bool layerStackInternal{false};
-
-    // The layer stack to display on this display
-    uint32_t layerStackId{~0u};
+    // The conditions for including a layer on this output
+    ui::LayerFilter layerFilter;
 
     // The common space for all layers in the layer stack. layerStackSpace.content is the Rect
     // which gets projected on the display. The orientation of this space is always ROTATION_0.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
index 8ec15ed..cff6527 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Flattener.h
@@ -38,35 +38,56 @@
 
 class Flattener {
 public:
-    struct CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables {
-        // This default assumes that rendering a cached set takes about 3ms. That time is then cut
-        // in half - the next frame using the cached set would have the same workload, meaning that
-        // composition cost is the same. This is best illustrated with the following example:
-        //
-        // Suppose we're at a 120hz cadence so SurfaceFlinger is budgeted 8.3ms per-frame. If
-        // renderCachedSets costs 3ms, then two consecutive frames have timings:
-        //
-        // First frame: Start at 0ms, end at 6.8ms.
-        // renderCachedSets: Start at 6.8ms, end at 9.8ms.
-        // Second frame: Start at 9.8ms, end at 16.6ms.
-        //
-        // Now the second frame won't render a cached set afterwards, but the first frame didn't
-        // really steal time from the second frame.
-        static const constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kDefaultCachedSetRenderDuration = 1500us;
+    // Collection of tunables which are backed by sysprops
+    struct Tunables {
+        // Tunables that are specific to scheduling when a cached set should be rendered
+        struct RenderScheduling {
+            // This default assumes that rendering a cached set takes about 3ms. That time is then
+            // cut in half - the next frame using the cached set would have the same workload,
+            // meaning that composition cost is the same. This is best illustrated with the
+            // following example:
+            //
+            // Suppose we're at a 120hz cadence so SurfaceFlinger is budgeted 8.3ms per-frame. If
+            // renderCachedSets costs 3ms, then two consecutive frames have timings:
+            //
+            // First frame: Start at 0ms, end at 6.8ms.
+            // renderCachedSets: Start at 6.8ms, end at 9.8ms.
+            // Second frame: Start at 9.8ms, end at 16.6ms.
+            //
+            // Now the second frame won't render a cached set afterwards, but the first frame didn't
+            // really steal time from the second frame.
+            static const constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kDefaultCachedSetRenderDuration =
+                    1500us;
 
-        static const constexpr size_t kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts = 240;
+            static const constexpr size_t kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts = 240;
 
-        // Duration allocated for rendering a cached set. If we don't have enough time for rendering
-        // a cached set, then rendering is deferred to another frame.
-        const std::chrono::nanoseconds cachedSetRenderDuration;
-        // Maximum of times that we defer rendering a cached set. If we defer rendering a cached set
-        // too many times, then render it anyways so that future frames would benefit from the
-        // flattened cached set.
-        const size_t maxDeferRenderAttempts;
+            // Duration allocated for rendering a cached set. If we don't have enough time for
+            // rendering a cached set, then rendering is deferred to another frame.
+            const std::chrono::nanoseconds cachedSetRenderDuration;
+            // Maximum of times that we defer rendering a cached set. If we defer rendering a cached
+            // set too many times, then render it anyways so that future frames would benefit from
+            // the flattened cached set.
+            const size_t maxDeferRenderAttempts;
+        };
+
+        static const constexpr std::chrono::milliseconds kDefaultActiveLayerTimeout = 150ms;
+
+        static const constexpr bool kDefaultEnableHolePunch = true;
+
+        // Threshold for determing whether a layer is active. A layer whose properties, including
+        // the buffer, have not changed in at least this time is considered inactive and is
+        // therefore a candidate for flattening.
+        const std::chrono::milliseconds mActiveLayerTimeout;
+
+        // Toggles for scheduling when it's safe to render a cached set.
+        // See: RenderScheduling
+        const std::optional<RenderScheduling> mRenderScheduling;
+
+        // True if the hole punching feature should be enabled.
+        const bool mEnableHolePunch;
     };
-    Flattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch = false,
-              std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables =
-                      std::nullopt);
+
+    Flattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, const Tunables& tunables);
 
     void setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) {
         mDisplaySize = size;
@@ -98,8 +119,8 @@
                              std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
 
     // A Run is a sequence of CachedSets, which is a candidate for flattening into a single
-    // CachedSet. Because it is wasteful to flatten 1 CachedSet, a Run must contain more than 1
-    // CachedSet
+    // CachedSet. Because it is wasteful to flatten 1 CachedSet, a run must contain more than
+    // 1 CachedSet or be used for a hole punch.
     class Run {
     public:
         // A builder for a Run, to aid in construction
@@ -133,7 +154,13 @@
 
             // Builds a Run instance, if a valid Run may be built.
             std::optional<Run> validateAndBuild() {
-                if (mLengths.size() <= 1) {
+                if (mLengths.size() == 0) {
+                    return std::nullopt;
+                }
+                // Runs of length 1 which are hole punch candidates are allowed if the candidate is
+                // going to be used.
+                if (mLengths.size() == 1 &&
+                    (!mHolePunchCandidate || !(mHolePunchCandidate->requiresHolePunch()))) {
                     return std::nullopt;
                 }
 
@@ -177,8 +204,7 @@
     void buildCachedSets(std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point now);
 
     renderengine::RenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
-    const bool mEnableHolePunch;
-    const std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables;
+    const Tunables mTunables;
 
     TexturePool mTexturePool;
 
@@ -202,9 +228,6 @@
     size_t mCachedSetCreationCount = 0;
     size_t mCachedSetCreationCost = 0;
     std::unordered_map<size_t, size_t> mInvalidatedCachedSetAges;
-    std::chrono::nanoseconds mActiveLayerTimeout = kActiveLayerTimeout;
-
-    static constexpr auto kActiveLayerTimeout = std::chrono::nanoseconds(150ms);
 };
 
 } // namespace compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
index 76d5e81..b7ebca6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@
 // heuristically determining the composition strategy of the current layer stack,
 // and flattens inactive layers into an override buffer so it can be used
 // as a more efficient representation of parts of the layer stack.
+// Implicitly, layer caching must also be enabled for the Planner to have any effect
+// E.g., setprop debug.sf.enable_layer_caching 1, or
+// adb shell service call SurfaceFlinger 1040 i32 1 [i64 <display ID>]
 class Planner {
 public:
     Planner(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderengine);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index 216019f..344b2f9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -40,9 +40,12 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setLayerCachingTexturePoolEnabled, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setProjection, void(ui::Rotation, const Rect&, const Rect&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setDisplaySize, void(const ui::Size&));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setLayerStackFilter, void(uint32_t, bool));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getTransformHint, ui::Transform::RotationFlags());
 
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setLayerFilter, (ui::LayerFilter));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, includesLayer, (ui::LayerFilter), (const));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, includesLayer, (const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&), (const));
+
     MOCK_METHOD1(setColorTransform, void(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setColorProfile, void(const ColorProfile&));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setDisplayBrightness, void(float, float));
@@ -62,9 +65,7 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getState, const OutputCompositionState&());
     MOCK_METHOD0(editState, OutputCompositionState&());
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(belongsInOutput, bool(std::optional<uint32_t>, bool));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(belongsInOutput, bool(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(Region, getDirtyRegion, (), (const));
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerForLayer,
                        compositionengine::OutputLayer*(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 2f2c686..6b9ea87 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -51,12 +51,9 @@
 
 void Display::setConfiguration(const compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs& args) {
     mId = args.id;
-    mIsVirtual = !args.connectionType;
     mPowerAdvisor = args.powerAdvisor;
     editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     editState().displaySpace.bounds = Rect(args.pixels);
-    setLayerStackFilter(args.layerStackId,
-                        args.connectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal);
     setName(args.name);
 }
 
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@
 }
 
 bool Display::isVirtual() const {
-    return mIsVirtual;
+    return VirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mId).has_value();
 }
 
 std::optional<DisplayId> Display::getDisplayId() const {
@@ -117,8 +114,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    if (mIsVirtual) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Invalid operation on virtual display", __FUNCTION__);
+    if (isVirtual()) {
+        ALOGW("%s: Invalid operation on virtual display", __func__);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -136,7 +133,7 @@
     StringAppendF(&out, "   Composition Display State: [\"%s\"]", getName().c_str());
 
     out.append("\n   ");
-    dumpVal(out, "isVirtual", mIsVirtual);
+    dumpVal(out, "isVirtual", isVirtual());
     dumpVal(out, "DisplayId", to_string(mId));
     out.append("\n");
 
@@ -364,8 +361,7 @@
     // 1) It is being handled by hardware composer, which may need this to
     //    keep its virtual display state machine in sync, or
     // 2) There is work to be done (the dirty region isn't empty)
-    if (GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mId) &&
-        getDirtyRegion(refreshArgs.repaintEverything).isEmpty()) {
+    if (GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(mId) && getDirtyRegion().isEmpty()) {
         ALOGV("Skipping display composition");
         return;
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DumpHelpers.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DumpHelpers.cpp
index 5565396..01c368d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DumpHelpers.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/DumpHelpers.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,18 @@
     dumpVal(out, name, valueName.c_str(), value);
 }
 
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, ui::LayerFilter filter) {
+    out.append(name);
+    out.append("={");
+    dumpVal(out, "layerStack", filter.layerStack.id);
+    dumpVal(out, "toInternalDisplay", filter.toInternalDisplay);
+    out.push_back('}');
+}
+
+void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, ui::Size size) {
+    StringAppendF(&out, "%s=[%d %d] ", name, size.width, size.height);
+}
+
 void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const FloatRect& rect) {
     StringAppendF(&out, "%s=[%f %f %f %f] ", name, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom);
 }
@@ -80,10 +92,6 @@
     out.append(" ");
 }
 
-void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const ui::Size& size) {
-    StringAppendF(&out, "%s=[%d %d] ", name, size.width, size.height);
-}
-
 void dumpVal(std::string& out, const char* name, const mat4& tr) {
     StringAppendF(&out,
                   "%s=["
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 6ac488b..1747294 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -227,11 +227,8 @@
     return static_cast<ui::Transform::RotationFlags>(getState().transform.getOrientation());
 }
 
-void Output::setLayerStackFilter(uint32_t layerStackId, bool isInternal) {
-    auto& outputState = editState();
-    outputState.layerStackId = layerStackId;
-    outputState.layerStackInternal = isInternal;
-
+void Output::setLayerFilter(ui::LayerFilter filter) {
+    editState().layerFilter = filter;
     dirtyEntireOutput();
 }
 
@@ -371,26 +368,18 @@
     mRenderSurface = std::move(surface);
 }
 
-Region Output::getDirtyRegion(bool repaintEverything) const {
+Region Output::getDirtyRegion() const {
     const auto& outputState = getState();
-    Region dirty(outputState.layerStackSpace.content);
-    if (!repaintEverything) {
-        dirty.andSelf(outputState.dirtyRegion);
-    }
-    return dirty;
+    return outputState.dirtyRegion.intersect(outputState.layerStackSpace.content);
 }
 
-bool Output::belongsInOutput(std::optional<uint32_t> layerStackId, bool internalOnly) const {
-    // The layerStackId's must match, and also the layer must not be internal
-    // only when not on an internal output.
-    const auto& outputState = getState();
-    return layerStackId && (*layerStackId == outputState.layerStackId) &&
-            (!internalOnly || outputState.layerStackInternal);
+bool Output::includesLayer(ui::LayerFilter filter) const {
+    return getState().layerFilter.includes(filter);
 }
 
-bool Output::belongsInOutput(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
+bool Output::includesLayer(const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE) const {
     const auto* layerFEState = layerFE->getCompositionState();
-    return layerFEState && belongsInOutput(layerFEState->layerStackId, layerFEState->internalOnly);
+    return layerFEState && includesLayer(layerFEState->outputFilter);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::OutputLayer> Output::createOutputLayer(
@@ -496,8 +485,8 @@
         layerFE->prepareCompositionState(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset::BasicGeometry);
     }
 
-    // Only consider the layers on the given layer stack
-    if (!belongsInOutput(layerFE)) {
+    // Only consider the layers on this output
+    if (!includesLayer(layerFE)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -908,7 +897,7 @@
 
 void Output::beginFrame() {
     auto& outputState = editState();
-    const bool dirty = !getDirtyRegion(false).isEmpty();
+    const bool dirty = !getDirtyRegion().isEmpty();
     const bool empty = getOutputLayerCount() == 0;
     const bool wasEmpty = !outputState.lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers;
 
@@ -960,14 +949,9 @@
     }
 
     if (getState().isEnabled) {
-        // transform the dirty region into this screen's coordinate space
-        const Region dirtyRegion = getDirtyRegion(refreshArgs.repaintEverything);
-        if (!dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
-            base::unique_fd readyFence;
-            // redraw the whole screen
+        if (const auto dirtyRegion = getDirtyRegion(); !dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
             static_cast<void>(composeSurfaces(dirtyRegion, refreshArgs));
-
-            mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(std::move(readyFence));
+            mRenderSurface->queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
         }
     }
 
@@ -1046,10 +1030,9 @@
         }
     }
 
-    base::unique_fd readyFence;
     if (!hasClientComposition) {
         setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
-        return readyFence;
+        return base::unique_fd();
     }
 
     ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
@@ -1089,7 +1072,7 @@
                                                    clientCompositionLayers)) {
             outputCompositionState.reusedClientComposition = true;
             setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false);
-            return readyFence;
+            return base::unique_fd();
         }
         mClientCompositionRequestCache->add(tex->getBuffer()->getId(), clientCompositionDisplay,
                                             clientCompositionLayers);
@@ -1122,10 +1105,12 @@
     // bounds its framebuffer cache but Skia RenderEngine has no current policy. The best fix is
     // probably to encapsulate the output buffer into a structure that dispatches resource cleanup
     // over to RenderEngine, in which case this flag can be removed from the drawLayers interface.
-    const bool useFramebufferCache = outputState.layerStackInternal;
-    status_t status =
-            renderEngine.drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, tex,
-                                    useFramebufferCache, std::move(fd), &readyFence);
+    const bool useFramebufferCache = outputState.layerFilter.toInternalDisplay;
+    auto [status, drawFence] =
+            renderEngine
+                    .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, tex,
+                                useFramebufferCache, std::move(fd))
+                    .get();
 
     if (status != NO_ERROR && mClientCompositionRequestCache) {
         // If rendering was not successful, remove the request from the cache.
@@ -1133,15 +1118,15 @@
     }
 
     auto& timeStats = getCompositionEngine().getTimeStats();
-    if (readyFence.get() < 0) {
+    if (drawFence.get() < 0) {
         timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart, systemTime());
     } else {
         timeStats.recordRenderEngineDuration(renderEngineStart,
                                              std::make_shared<FenceTime>(
-                                                     new Fence(dup(readyFence.get()))));
+                                                     new Fence(dup(drawFence.get()))));
     }
 
-    return readyFence;
+    return std::move(drawFence);
 }
 
 std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> Output::generateClientCompositionRequests(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
index ee30ad8..acc9216 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@
     dumpVal(out, "usesDeviceComposition", usesDeviceComposition);
     dumpVal(out, "flipClientTarget", flipClientTarget);
     dumpVal(out, "reusedClientComposition", reusedClientComposition);
-
-    dumpVal(out, "layerStack", layerStackId);
-    dumpVal(out, "layerStackInternal", layerStackInternal);
+    dumpVal(out, "layerFilter", layerFilter);
 
     out.append("\n   ");
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
index ccacdfb..5bbd58e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@
         bufferFence.reset(texture->getReadyFence()->dup());
     }
 
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
-    status_t result =
-            renderEngine.drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers, texture->get(), false,
-                                    std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
+    auto [status, drawFence] = renderEngine
+                                       .drawLayers(displaySettings, layerSettingsPointers,
+                                                   texture->get(), false, std::move(bufferFence))
+                                       .get();
 
-    if (result == NO_ERROR) {
+    if (status == NO_ERROR) {
         mDrawFence = new Fence(drawFence.release());
         mOutputSpace = outputState.framebufferSpace;
         mTexture = texture;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
index 8e2c182..ad5e931 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
@@ -60,19 +60,8 @@
 
 } // namespace
 
-Flattener::Flattener(
-        renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch,
-        std::optional<CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)
-      : mRenderEngine(renderEngine),
-        mEnableHolePunch(enableHolePunch),
-        mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables(cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables),
-        mTexturePool(mRenderEngine) {
-    const int timeoutInMs =
-            base::GetIntProperty(std::string("debug.sf.layer_caching_active_layer_timeout_ms"), 0);
-    if (timeoutInMs != 0) {
-        mActiveLayerTimeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(timeoutInMs);
-    }
-}
+Flattener::Flattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, const Tunables& tunables)
+      : mRenderEngine(renderEngine), mTunables(tunables), mTexturePool(mRenderEngine) {}
 
 NonBufferHash Flattener::flattenLayers(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers,
                                        NonBufferHash hash, time_point now) {
@@ -128,14 +117,14 @@
     // If we have a render deadline, and the flattener is configured to skip rendering if we don't
     // have enough time, then we skip rendering the cached set if we think that we'll steal too much
     // time from the next frame.
-    if (renderDeadline && mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables) {
+    if (renderDeadline && mTunables.mRenderScheduling) {
         if (const auto estimatedRenderFinish =
-                    now + mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables->cachedSetRenderDuration;
+                    now + mTunables.mRenderScheduling->cachedSetRenderDuration;
             estimatedRenderFinish > *renderDeadline) {
             mNewCachedSet->incrementSkipCount();
 
             if (mNewCachedSet->getSkipCount() <=
-                mCachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables->maxDeferRenderAttempts) {
+                mTunables.mRenderScheduling->maxDeferRenderAttempts) {
                 ATRACE_FORMAT("DeadlinePassed: exceeded deadline by: %d us",
                               std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
                                       estimatedRenderFinish - *renderDeadline)
@@ -420,8 +409,10 @@
     bool runHasFirstLayer = false;
 
     for (auto currentSet = mLayers.cbegin(); currentSet != mLayers.cend(); ++currentSet) {
-        const bool layerIsInactive = now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > mActiveLayerTimeout;
+        const bool layerIsInactive =
+                now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > mTunables.mActiveLayerTimeout;
         const bool layerHasBlur = currentSet->hasBlurBehind();
+
         if (layerIsInactive && (firstLayer || runHasFirstLayer || !layerHasBlur) &&
             !currentSet->hasUnsupportedDataspace()) {
             if (isPartOfRun) {
@@ -522,7 +513,7 @@
         mNewCachedSet->addBackgroundBlurLayer(*bestRun->getBlurringLayer());
     }
 
-    if (mEnableHolePunch && bestRun->getHolePunchCandidate() &&
+    if (mTunables.mEnableHolePunch && bestRun->getHolePunchCandidate() &&
         bestRun->getHolePunchCandidate()->requiresHolePunch()) {
         // Add the pip layer to mNewCachedSet, but in a special way - it should
         // replace the buffer with a clear round rect.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
index f077470..f5b1cee 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
@@ -32,36 +32,46 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables> buildFlattenerTuneables() {
+std::optional<Flattener::Tunables::RenderScheduling> buildRenderSchedulingTunables() {
     if (!base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_cached_set_render_scheduling"), true)) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    auto renderDuration = std::chrono::nanoseconds(
+    const auto renderDuration = std::chrono::nanoseconds(
             base::GetUintProperty<uint64_t>(std::string("debug.sf.cached_set_render_duration_ns"),
-                                            Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables::
+                                            Flattener::Tunables::RenderScheduling::
                                                     kDefaultCachedSetRenderDuration.count()));
 
-    auto maxDeferRenderAttempts = base::GetUintProperty<
+    const auto maxDeferRenderAttempts = base::GetUintProperty<
             size_t>(std::string("debug.sf.cached_set_max_defer_render_attmpts"),
-                    Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables::kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts);
+                    Flattener::Tunables::RenderScheduling::kDefaultMaxDeferRenderAttempts);
 
-    return std::make_optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>(
-            Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables{
+    return std::make_optional<Flattener::Tunables::RenderScheduling>(
+            Flattener::Tunables::RenderScheduling{
                     .cachedSetRenderDuration = renderDuration,
                     .maxDeferRenderAttempts = maxDeferRenderAttempts,
             });
 }
 
+Flattener::Tunables buildFlattenerTuneables() {
+    const auto activeLayerTimeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(
+            base::GetIntProperty<int32_t>(std::string(
+                                                  "debug.sf.layer_caching_active_layer_timeout_ms"),
+                                          Flattener::Tunables::kDefaultActiveLayerTimeout.count()));
+    const auto enableHolePunch =
+            base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_hole_punch_pip"),
+                                  Flattener::Tunables::kDefaultEnableHolePunch);
+    return Flattener::Tunables{
+            .mActiveLayerTimeout = activeLayerTimeout,
+            .mRenderScheduling = buildRenderSchedulingTunables(),
+            .mEnableHolePunch = enableHolePunch,
+    };
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 Planner::Planner(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine)
-      // Implicitly, layer caching must also be enabled for the hole punch or
-      // predictor to have any effect.
-      // E.g., setprop debug.sf.enable_layer_caching 1, or
-      // adb shell service call SurfaceFlinger 1040 i32 1 [i64 <display ID>]
       : mFlattener(renderEngine,
-                   base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_hole_punch_pip"), true),
                    buildFlattenerTuneables()) {
     mPredictorEnabled =
             base::GetBoolProperty(std::string("debug.sf.enable_planner_prediction"), false);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index 72b16e0..f2978f9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
 constexpr GpuVirtualDisplayId GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID{789u};
 
 constexpr ui::Size DEFAULT_RESOLUTION{1920, 1080};
-constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 42;
 
 struct Layer {
     Layer() {
@@ -161,13 +160,11 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, isProtected()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
     }
 
-    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay() {
+    DisplayCreationArgs getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay() {
         return DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                 .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
                 .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                 .setIsSecure(true)
-                .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                 .build();
     }
@@ -177,7 +174,6 @@
                 .setId(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
                 .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                 .setIsSecure(false)
-                .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                 .build();
     }
@@ -193,14 +189,13 @@
     using Display = DisplayTestCommon::PartialMockDisplay;
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
             createPartialMockDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
-                                              getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+                                              getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
 };
 
 struct FullDisplayImplTestCommon : public DisplayTestCommon {
     using Display = DisplayTestCommon::FullImplDisplay;
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
-            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
-                                   getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
 };
 
 struct DisplayWithLayersTestCommon : public FullDisplayImplTestCommon {
@@ -218,8 +213,7 @@
     LayerNoHWC2Layer mLayer3;
     StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> hwc2LayerUnknown;
     std::shared_ptr<Display> mDisplay =
-            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine,
-                                   getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+            createDisplay<Display>(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
 };
 
 /*
@@ -232,7 +226,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(DisplayCreationTest, createPhysicalInternalDisplay) {
     auto display =
-            impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalHWCDisplay());
+            impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, getDisplayCreationArgsForPhysicalDisplay());
     EXPECT_TRUE(display->isSecure());
     EXPECT_FALSE(display->isVirtual());
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, display->getId());
@@ -252,13 +246,11 @@
 
 using DisplaySetConfigurationTest = PartialMockDisplayTestCommon;
 
-TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresInternalSecurePhysicalDisplay) {
+TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresPhysicalDisplay) {
     mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                                        .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                                       .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
                                        .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                                        .setIsSecure(true)
-                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                                        .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                                        .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
                                        .build());
@@ -266,28 +258,11 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isSecure());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
-}
 
-TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresExternalInsecurePhysicalDisplay) {
-    mDisplay->setConfiguration(DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
-                                       .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                                       .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::External)
-                                       .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
-                                       .setIsSecure(false)
-                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
-                                       .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
-                                       .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
-                                       .build());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+    const auto& filter = mDisplay->getState().layerFilter;
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, filter.layerStack);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(filter.toInternalDisplay);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresHalVirtualDisplay) {
@@ -295,7 +270,6 @@
                                        .setId(HAL_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
                                        .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                                        .setIsSecure(false)
-                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                                        .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                                        .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
                                        .build());
@@ -303,9 +277,11 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(HAL_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+
+    const auto& filter = mDisplay->getState().layerFilter;
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, filter.layerStack);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(filter.toInternalDisplay);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplaySetConfigurationTest, configuresGpuVirtualDisplay) {
@@ -313,7 +289,6 @@
                                        .setId(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID)
                                        .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                                        .setIsSecure(false)
-                                       .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                                        .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                                        .setName(getDisplayNameFromCurrentTest())
                                        .build());
@@ -321,9 +296,11 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(GPU_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID, mDisplay->getId());
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isSecure());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->isVirtual());
-    EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, mDisplay->getState().layerStackId);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->getState().layerStackInternal);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay->isValid());
+
+    const auto& filter = mDisplay->getState().layerFilter;
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, filter.layerStack);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(filter.toInternalDisplay);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -902,10 +879,7 @@
     mDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
     mDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
-    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
-
-    mDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    mDisplay->finishFrame({});
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, skipsCompositionIfNotDirty) {
@@ -923,10 +897,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
 
-    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
-    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
-
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfDirty) {
@@ -944,31 +915,7 @@
     gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
     gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region(Rect(0, 0, 1, 1));
 
-    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
-    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
-
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
-}
-
-TEST_F(DisplayFinishFrameTest, performsCompositionIfRepaintEverything) {
-    auto args = getDisplayCreationArgsForGpuVirtualDisplay();
-    std::shared_ptr<impl::Display> gpuDisplay = impl::createDisplay(mCompositionEngine, args);
-
-    mock::RenderSurface* renderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
-    gpuDisplay->setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(renderSurface));
-
-    // We expect a single call to queueBuffer when composition is not skipped.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*renderSurface, queueBuffer(_)).Times(1);
-
-    gpuDisplay->editState().isEnabled = true;
-    gpuDisplay->editState().usesClientComposition = false;
-    gpuDisplay->editState().layerStackSpace.content = Rect(0, 0, 1, 1);
-    gpuDisplay->editState().dirtyRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
-
-    CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
-    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
-
-    gpuDisplay->finishFrame(refreshArgs);
+    gpuDisplay->finishFrame({});
 }
 
 /*
@@ -998,10 +945,8 @@
             Display>(mCompositionEngine,
                      DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                              .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                             .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
                              .setPixels(DEFAULT_RESOLUTION)
                              .setIsSecure(true)
-                             .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                              .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                              .build());
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 58c6628..224dad1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -111,11 +111,15 @@
 
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getComposer, android::Hwc2::Composer*());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>(int32_t));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getInternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getExternalHwcDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>());
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(toPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>(hal::HWDisplayId));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(fromPhysicalDisplayId, std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>(PhysicalDisplayId));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(hal::HWDisplayId, getPrimaryHwcDisplayId, (), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(PhysicalDisplayId, getPrimaryDisplayId, (), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, isHeadless, (), (const, override));
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>, toPhysicalDisplayId, (hal::HWDisplayId),
+                (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId>, fromPhysicalDisplayId, (PhysicalDisplayId),
+                (const, override));
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index c3185e9..a904c7d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "CallOrderStateMachineHelper.h"
 #include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "RegionMatcher.h"
+#include "TestUtils.h"
 #include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
@@ -403,17 +404,18 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * Output::setLayerStackFilter()
+ * Output::setLayerFilter()
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, setLayerStackFilterSetsFilterAndDirtiesEntireOutput) {
-    const uint32_t layerStack = 123u;
-    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack, true);
+TEST_F(OutputTest, setLayerFilterSetsFilterAndDirtiesEntireOutput) {
+    constexpr ui::LayerFilter kFilter{ui::LayerStack{123u}, true};
+    mOutput->setLayerFilter(kFilter);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->getState().layerStackInternal);
-    EXPECT_EQ(layerStack, mOutput->getState().layerStackId);
+    const auto& state = mOutput->getState();
+    EXPECT_EQ(kFilter.layerStack, state.layerFilter.layerStack);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.layerFilter.toInternalDisplay);
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(state.dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -567,126 +569,100 @@
  * Output::getDirtyRegion()
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, getDirtyRegionWithRepaintEverythingTrue) {
+TEST_F(OutputTest, getDirtyRegion) {
     const Rect viewport{100, 200};
     mOutput->editState().layerStackSpace.content = viewport;
     mOutput->editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
 
-    {
-        Region result = mOutput->getDirtyRegion(true);
-
-        EXPECT_THAT(result, RegionEq(Region(viewport)));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(OutputTest, getDirtyRegionWithRepaintEverythingFalse) {
-    const Rect viewport{100, 200};
-    mOutput->editState().layerStackSpace.content = viewport;
-    mOutput->editState().dirtyRegion.set(50, 300);
-
-    {
-        Region result = mOutput->getDirtyRegion(false);
-
-        // The dirtyRegion should be clipped to the display bounds.
-        EXPECT_THAT(result, RegionEq(Region(Rect(50, 200))));
-    }
+    // The dirty region should be clipped to the display bounds.
+    EXPECT_THAT(mOutput->getDirtyRegion(), RegionEq(Region(Rect(50, 200))));
 }
 
 /*
- * Output::belongsInOutput()
+ * Output::includesLayer()
  */
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, belongsInOutputFiltersAsExpected) {
-    const uint32_t layerStack1 = 123u;
-    const uint32_t layerStack2 = 456u;
+TEST_F(OutputTest, layerFiltering) {
+    const ui::LayerStack layerStack1{123u};
+    const ui::LayerStack layerStack2{456u};
 
-    // If the output accepts layerStack1 and internal-only layers....
-    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, true);
+    // If the output is associated to layerStack1 and to an internal display...
+    mOutput->setLayerFilter({layerStack1, true});
 
-    // A layer with no layerStack does not belong to it, internal-only or not.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(std::nullopt, false));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(std::nullopt, true));
+    // It excludes layers with no layer stack, internal-only or not.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, false}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, true}));
 
-    // Any layer with layerStack1 belongs to it, internal-only or not.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
+    // It includes layers on layerStack1, internal-only or not.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack1, false}));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack1, true}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack2, true}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack2, false}));
 
-    // If the output accepts layerStack21 but not internal-only layers...
-    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, false);
+    // If the output is associated to layerStack1 but not to an internal display...
+    mOutput->setLayerFilter({layerStack1, false});
 
-    // Only non-internal layers with layerStack1 belong to it.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, false));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack1, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, true));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
+    // It includes layers on layerStack1, unless they are internal-only.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack1, false}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack1, true}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack2, true}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer({layerStack2, false}));
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, belongsInOutputHandlesLayerWithNoCompositionState) {
+TEST_F(OutputTest, layerFilteringWithoutCompositionState) {
     NonInjectedLayer layer;
     sp<LayerFE> layerFE(layer.layerFE);
 
-    // If the layer has no composition state, it does not belong to any output.
+    // Layers without composition state are excluded.
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer.layerFE, getCompositionState).WillOnce(Return(nullptr));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputTest, belongsInOutputFiltersLayersAsExpected) {
+TEST_F(OutputTest, layerFilteringWithCompositionState) {
     NonInjectedLayer layer;
     sp<LayerFE> layerFE(layer.layerFE);
 
-    const uint32_t layerStack1 = 123u;
-    const uint32_t layerStack2 = 456u;
+    const ui::LayerStack layerStack1{123u};
+    const ui::LayerStack layerStack2{456u};
 
-    // If the output accepts layerStack1 and internal-only layers....
-    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, true);
+    // If the output is associated to layerStack1 and to an internal display...
+    mOutput->setLayerFilter({layerStack1, true});
 
-    // A layer with no layerStack does not belong to it, internal-only or not.
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = std::nullopt;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    // It excludes layers with no layer stack, internal-only or not.
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, false};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = std::nullopt;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK, true};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    // Any layer with layerStack1 belongs to it, internal-only or not.
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    // It includes layers on layerStack1, internal-only or not.
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack1, false};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack1, true};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack2, true};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack2, false};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    // If the output accepts layerStack1 but not internal-only layers...
-    mOutput->setLayerStackFilter(layerStack1, false);
+    // If the output is associated to layerStack1 but not to an internal display...
+    mOutput->setLayerFilter({layerStack1, false});
 
-    // Only non-internal layers with layerStack1 belong to it.
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    // It includes layers on layerStack1, unless they are internal-only.
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack1, false};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack1;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack1, true};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = true;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack2, true};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 
-    layer.layerFEState.layerStackId = layerStack2;
-    layer.layerFEState.internalOnly = false;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->belongsInOutput(layerFE));
+    layer.layerFEState.outputFilter = {layerStack2, false};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput->includesLayer(layerFE));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1268,14 +1244,15 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(belongsInOutput, bool(const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&));
+        MOCK_METHOD(bool, includesLayer, (const sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>&),
+                    (const, override));
         MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex, OutputLayer*(size_t));
         MOCK_METHOD2(ensureOutputLayer,
                      compositionengine::OutputLayer*(std::optional<size_t>, const sp<LayerFE>&));
     };
 
     OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest() {
-        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE)))
+        EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, includesLayer(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE)))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
@@ -1326,8 +1303,8 @@
 const Region OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest::kFullBounds90Rotation =
         Region(Rect(0, 0, 200, 100));
 
-TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, performsGeomLatchBeforeCheckingIfLayerBelongs) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
+TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest, performsGeomLatchBeforeCheckingIfLayerIncluded) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, includesLayer(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer.layerFE,
                 prepareCompositionState(compositionengine::LayerFE::StateSubset::BasicGeometry));
 
@@ -1337,8 +1314,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(OutputEnsureOutputLayerIfVisibleTest,
-       skipsLatchIfAlreadyLatchedBeforeCheckingIfLayerBelongs) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, belongsInOutput(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
+       skipsLatchIfAlreadyLatchedBeforeCheckingIfLayerIncluded) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, includesLayer(sp<LayerFE>(mLayer.layerFE))).WillOnce(Return(false));
 
     ensureOutputLayerIfVisible();
 }
@@ -2530,7 +2507,7 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
+        MOCK_METHOD(Region, getDirtyRegion, (), (const));
     };
 
     OutputBeginFrameTest() {
@@ -2542,8 +2519,7 @@
     struct IfGetDirtyRegionExpectationState
           : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, IfGetDirtyRegionExpectationState> {
         [[nodiscard]] auto ifGetDirtyRegionReturns(Region dirtyRegion) {
-            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput, getDirtyRegion(false))
-                    .WillOnce(Return(dirtyRegion));
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mOutput, getDirtyRegion()).WillOnce(Return(dirtyRegion));
             return nextState<AndIfGetOutputLayerCountExpectationState>();
         }
     };
@@ -2683,7 +2659,7 @@
     struct OutputPartialMock : public OutputPartialMockBase {
         // Sets up the helper functions called by the function under test to use
         // mock implementations.
-        MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getDirtyRegion, Region(bool));
+        MOCK_METHOD(Region, getDirtyRegion, (), (const));
         MOCK_METHOD2(composeSurfaces,
                      std::optional<base::unique_fd>(
                              const Region&, const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&));
@@ -2711,7 +2687,6 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, doesNothingIfFlashDelayNotSet) {
     mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = {};
-    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
 
     mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
@@ -2719,7 +2694,6 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, postsAndPreparesANewFrameIfNotEnabled) {
     mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
-    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = false;
 
     InSequence seq;
@@ -2729,13 +2703,12 @@
     mOutput.devOptRepaintFlash(mRefreshArgs);
 }
 
-TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, postsAndPreparesANewFrameIfNotDirty) {
+TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, postsAndPreparesANewFrameIfEnabled) {
     mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
-    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = true;
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
 
     InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion(true)).WillOnce(Return(kEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion()).WillOnce(Return(kEmptyRegion));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, prepareFrame());
 
@@ -2744,11 +2717,10 @@
 
 TEST_F(OutputDevOptRepaintFlashTest, alsoComposesSurfacesAndQueuesABufferIfDirty) {
     mRefreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::microseconds(1);
-    mRefreshArgs.repaintEverything = false;
     mOutput.mState.isEnabled = true;
 
     InSequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion(false)).WillOnce(Return(kNotEmptyRegion));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getDirtyRegion()).WillOnce(Return(kNotEmptyRegion));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, composeSurfaces(RegionEq(kNotEmptyRegion), Ref(mRefreshArgs)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, queueBuffer(_));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, postFramebuffer());
@@ -3148,9 +3120,14 @@
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, IsEmpty(), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
-
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, IsEmpty(), _, false, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+            });
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
 }
 
@@ -3175,8 +3152,14 @@
                     }));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+            });
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
 }
@@ -3188,8 +3171,7 @@
 
     r1.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{1, 2, 3, 4};
     r2.geometry.boundaries = FloatRect{5, 6, 7, 8};
-    const constexpr uint32_t kInternalLayerStack = 1234;
-    mOutput.setLayerStackFilter(kInternalLayerStack, true);
+    mOutput.setLayerFilter({ui::LayerStack{1234u}, true});
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getSkipColorTransform()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplayColorProfile, hasWideColorGamut()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
@@ -3205,8 +3187,14 @@
                     }));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _, _))
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, true, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+            });
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
 }
@@ -3229,9 +3217,12 @@
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
             .Times(2)
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
@@ -3258,8 +3249,9 @@
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(false));
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
@@ -3293,8 +3285,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_))
             .WillOnce(Return(mOutputBuffer))
             .WillOnce(Return(otherOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                                base::unique_fd &&)
+                                    -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+            });
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
@@ -3323,10 +3321,12 @@
             .WillRepeatedly(Return());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r3)), _, false, _, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r2)), _, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, ElementsAre(Pointee(r1), Pointee(r3)), _, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     verify().execute().expectAFenceWasReturned();
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.mState.reusedClientComposition);
@@ -3375,8 +3375,9 @@
     struct ExpectDisplaySettingsState
           : public CallOrderStateMachineHelper<TestType, ExpectDisplaySettingsState> {
         auto thenExpectDisplaySettingsUsed(renderengine::DisplaySettings settings) {
-            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mRenderEngine, drawLayers(settings, _, _, false, _, _))
-                    .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            EXPECT_CALL(getInstance()->mRenderEngine, drawLayers(settings, _, _, false, _))
+                    .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                            {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
             return nextState<ExecuteState>();
         }
     };
@@ -3474,8 +3475,15 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, appendRegionFlashRequests(RegionEq(kDebugRegion), _))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return());
         EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _, _))
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(
+                        [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                            const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                            const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                            base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
+                            return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                                    {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
+                        });
     }
 
     Layer mLayer1;
@@ -3527,7 +3535,9 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, setProtected(true));
     // Must happen after setting the protected content state.
     EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, dequeueBuffer(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(mOutputBuffer));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
 }
@@ -3597,7 +3607,9 @@
     InSequence seq;
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, setExpensiveRenderingExpected(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     mOutput.composeSurfaces(kDebugRegion, kDefaultRefreshArgs);
 }
@@ -3614,7 +3626,9 @@
                                     /*zIsOverridden*/ false, /*isPeekingThrough*/ false));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, generateClientCompositionRequests(_, kDefaultOutputDataspace))
                 .WillOnce(Return(std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>{}));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, false, _))
+                .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                        {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerCount()).WillRepeatedly(Return(1u));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getOutputLayerOrderedByZByIndex(0u))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(&mLayer.outputLayer));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TestUtils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TestUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c80fde6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/TestUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include <future>
+
+namespace android::compositionengine {
+namespace {
+
+template <class T>
+std::future<T> futureOf(T obj) {
+    std::promise<T> resultPromise;
+    std::future<T> resultFuture = resultPromise.get_future();
+    resultPromise.set_value(std::move(obj));
+    return resultFuture;
+}
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
index ec81322..818334d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <memory>
 
+#include "tests/TestUtils.h"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -342,10 +344,11 @@
     clientCompList2.push_back({});
     clientCompList2[0].alpha = 0.75f;
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
@@ -353,8 +356,7 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(0.5f, layers[0]->alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
-
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1,
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2,
                 prepareClientCompositionList(ClientCompositionTargetSettingsSecureEq(false)))
             .WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     mOutputState.isSecure = false;
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
@@ -394,10 +396,11 @@
     clientCompList2.push_back({});
     clientCompList2[0].alpha = 0.75f;
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
@@ -406,7 +409,7 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
 
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1,
@@ -415,7 +418,7 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2,
                 prepareClientCompositionList(ClientCompositionTargetSettingsSecureEq(true)))
             .WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     mOutputState.isSecure = true;
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
@@ -448,10 +451,11 @@
 
     mOutputState.framebufferSpace = ProjectionSpace(ui::Size(10, 20), Rect(2, 3, 10, 5));
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.content, displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
         EXPECT_EQ(mOutputState.layerStackSpace.content, displaySettings.clip);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOutputState.framebufferSpace.orientation),
@@ -460,12 +464,12 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(0.75f, layers[1]->alpha);
         EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::SRGB, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
 
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE1, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList1));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
     expectReadyBuffer(cachedSet);
 
@@ -650,10 +654,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE3, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList3));
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 4u);
@@ -673,10 +678,10 @@
             EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings->alpha);
         }
 
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
 }
 
@@ -710,10 +715,11 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE2, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList2));
     EXPECT_CALL(*layerFE3, prepareClientCompositionList(_)).WillOnce(Return(clientCompList3));
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> size_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 4u);
@@ -734,10 +740,10 @@
             EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, holePunchBackgroundSettings->alpha);
         }
 
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
 }
 
@@ -859,10 +865,11 @@
                                 BackgroundBlurOnly)))
             .WillOnce(Return(clientCompList3));
 
-    const auto drawLayers = [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
-                                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                                base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> int32_t {
+    const auto drawLayers =
+            [&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings&,
+                const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layers,
+                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
         // If the highlight layer is enabled, it will increase the size by 1.
         // We're interested in the third layer either way.
         EXPECT_GE(layers.size(), 3u);
@@ -871,10 +878,10 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), blurSettings->source.solidColor);
         EXPECT_EQ(0.0f, blurSettings->alpha);
 
-        return NO_ERROR;
+        return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
     };
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(drawLayers));
     cachedSet.render(mRenderEngine, mTexturePool, mOutputState);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
index f5cfd2f..0d5e362 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <chrono>
 
+#include "tests/TestUtils.h"
+
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using impl::planner::CachedSet;
@@ -47,23 +49,24 @@
 
 class TestableFlattener : public Flattener {
 public:
-    TestableFlattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, bool enableHolePunch,
-                      std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>
-                              cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables = std::nullopt)
-          : Flattener(renderEngine, enableHolePunch, cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables) {}
+    TestableFlattener(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine, const Tunables& tunables)
+          : Flattener(renderEngine, tunables) {}
     const std::optional<CachedSet>& getNewCachedSetForTesting() const { return mNewCachedSet; }
 };
 
 class FlattenerTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
-    FlattenerTest() : FlattenerTest(std::nullopt) {}
+    FlattenerTest()
+          : FlattenerTest(Flattener::Tunables{
+                    .mActiveLayerTimeout = 100ms,
+                    .mRenderScheduling = std::nullopt,
+                    .mEnableHolePunch = true,
+            }) {}
     void SetUp() override;
 
 protected:
-    FlattenerTest(std::optional<Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables>
-                          cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)
-          : mFlattener(std::make_unique<TestableFlattener>(mRenderEngine, true,
-                                                           cachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables)) {}
+    FlattenerTest(const Flattener::Tunables& tunables)
+          : mFlattener(std::make_unique<TestableFlattener>(mRenderEngine, tunables)) {}
     void initializeOverrideBuffer(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
     void initializeFlattener(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
     void expectAllLayersFlattened(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers);
@@ -166,7 +169,9 @@
 
 void FlattenerTest::expectAllLayersFlattened(const std::vector<const LayerState*>& layers) {
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -400,7 +405,9 @@
     // caleed for Layer2 and Layer3
     layerState1->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -422,7 +429,9 @@
     layerState1->incrementFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
     mTime += 200ms;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -473,7 +482,9 @@
     // called for Layer1 and Layer2
     layerState3->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -486,7 +497,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer5);
 
     // Layers 1 and 2 will be flattened a new drawFrame would be called for Layer4 and Layer5
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -514,8 +527,9 @@
 
     layerState3->incrementFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
     mTime += 200ms;
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -569,7 +583,9 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
@@ -579,7 +595,7 @@
 
     // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
     // only have two sets.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -631,7 +647,9 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
@@ -641,7 +659,7 @@
 
     // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
     // only have two sets.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -659,6 +677,75 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(peekThroughLayer1, peekThroughLayer2);
 }
 
+// A test that verifies the hole puch optimization can be done on a single layer.
+TEST_F(FlattenerTest, flattenLayers_holePunchSingleLayer) {
+    mTestLayers[0]->outputLayerCompositionState.displayFrame = Rect(0, 0, 5, 5);
+
+    // An opaque static background
+    auto& layerState0 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
+    const auto& overrideBuffer0 = layerState0->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+
+    // a rounded updating layer
+    auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[1]->layerState;
+    const auto& overrideBuffer1 = layerState1->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mTestLayers[1]->layerFE, hasRoundedCorners()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
+
+    std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionList = {
+            LayerFE::LayerSettings{},
+    };
+    clientCompositionList[0].source.buffer.buffer = std::make_shared<
+            renderengine::ExternalTexture>(mTestLayers[1]->layerFECompositionState.buffer,
+                                           mRenderEngine,
+                                           renderengine::ExternalTexture::Usage::READABLE);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mTestLayers[1]->layerFE, prepareClientCompositionList(_))
+            .WillOnce(Return(clientCompositionList));
+
+    const std::vector<const LayerState*> layers = {
+            layerState0.get(),
+            layerState1.get(),
+    };
+
+    initializeFlattener(layers);
+
+    // layer 1 satisfies every condition in CachedSet::requiresHolePunch()
+    mTime += 200ms;
+    layerState1->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate(); // it is updating
+
+    initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
+    // Expect no cache invalidation the first time (there's no cache yet)
+    EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
+              mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
+
+    // This will render a CachedSet of layer 0. Though it is just one layer, it satisfies the
+    // exception that there would be a hole punch above it.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
+
+    // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer0);
+
+    // This time we merge the CachedSet in and we should still have only two sets.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
+              mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
+
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer0); // got overridden
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1); // did not
+
+    // expect 0's peek though layer to be 1's output layer
+    const auto* peekThroughLayer0 =
+            layerState0->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.peekThroughLayer;
+    const auto* peekThroughLayer1 =
+            layerState1->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.peekThroughLayer;
+    EXPECT_EQ(&mTestLayers[1]->outputLayer, peekThroughLayer0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, peekThroughLayer1);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FlattenerTest, flattenLayers_flattensBlurBehindRunIfFirstRun) {
     auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
 
@@ -684,7 +771,9 @@
     layerState3->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -728,7 +817,9 @@
     layerState1->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -780,7 +871,9 @@
     layerState1->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -827,7 +920,9 @@
     layerStateWithBlurBehind->resetFramesSinceBufferUpdate();
 
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -868,7 +963,9 @@
     // Mark the layers inactive
     mTime += 200ms;
     // layers would be flattened but the buffer would not be overridden
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
 
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
@@ -880,7 +977,7 @@
 
     // Simulate attempting to render prior to merging the new cached set with the layer stack.
     // Here we should not try to re-render.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We provide the override buffer now that it's rendered
@@ -899,11 +996,13 @@
 public:
     FlattenerRenderSchedulingTest()
           : FlattenerTest(
-                    Flattener::CachedSetRenderSchedulingTunables{.cachedSetRenderDuration =
+                    Flattener::Tunables{.mActiveLayerTimeout = 100ms,
+                                        .mRenderScheduling = Flattener::Tunables::
+                                                RenderScheduling{.cachedSetRenderDuration =
                                                                          kCachedSetRenderDuration,
                                                                  .maxDeferRenderAttempts =
-                                                                         kMaxDeferRenderAttempts}) {
-    }
+                                                                         kMaxDeferRenderAttempts},
+                                        .mEnableHolePunch = true}) {}
 };
 
 TEST_F(FlattenerRenderSchedulingTest, flattenLayers_renderCachedSets_defersUpToMaxAttempts) {
@@ -925,13 +1024,15 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < kMaxDeferRenderAttempts; i++) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
         mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState,
                                      std::chrono::steady_clock::now() -
                                              (kCachedSetRenderDuration + 10ms));
     }
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState,
                                  std::chrono::steady_clock::now() -
                                          (kCachedSetRenderDuration + 10ms));
@@ -965,7 +1066,9 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
@@ -975,7 +1078,7 @@
 
     // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
     // only have two sets.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -1014,7 +1117,9 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
@@ -1024,7 +1129,7 @@
 
     // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
     // only have two sets.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
@@ -1063,7 +1168,9 @@
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
 
     // This will render a CachedSet.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(
+                    futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>({NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()}))));
     mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt);
 
     // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
@@ -1073,7 +1180,7 @@
 
     // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
     // only have two sets.
-    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
     initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
     EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
               mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 4445eea..802a17d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack stack) {
-    mCompositionDisplay->setLayerStackFilter(stack, isInternal());
+    mCompositionDisplay->setLayerFilter({stack, isInternal()});
     if (mRefreshRateOverlay) {
         mRefreshRateOverlay->setLayerStack(stack);
     }
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@
 }
 
 ui::LayerStack DisplayDevice::getLayerStack() const {
-    return mCompositionDisplay->getState().layerStackId;
+    return mCompositionDisplay->getState().layerFilter.layerStack;
 }
 
 ui::Transform::RotationFlags DisplayDevice::getTransformHint() const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index afd12b5..43a6bd5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -86,9 +86,7 @@
 
     bool isVirtual() const { return !mConnectionType; }
     bool isPrimary() const { return mIsPrimary; }
-    bool isInternal() const {
-        return !isVirtual() && mConnectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
-    }
+    bool isInternal() const { return mConnectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal; }
 
     // isSecure indicates whether this display can be trusted to display
     // secure surfaces.
@@ -273,7 +271,7 @@
 
     std::atomic<nsecs_t> mLastHwVsync = 0;
 
-    // TODO(b/74619554): Remove special cases for primary display.
+    // TODO(b/182939859): Remove special cases for primary display.
     const bool mIsPrimary;
 
     uint32_t mFlags = 0;
@@ -311,7 +309,7 @@
     int32_t sequenceId = sNextSequenceId++;
     std::optional<Physical> physical;
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
-    ui::LayerStack layerStack = ui::NO_LAYER_STACK;
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack;
     uint32_t flags = 0;
     Rect layerStackSpaceRect;
     Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index a790b4c..256bca9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -212,8 +212,6 @@
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayId, false);
 
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[*displayId];
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(displayData.isVirtual, "%s: Invalid operation on virtual display with ID %s",
-                 __FUNCTION__, to_string(*displayId).c_str());
 
     {
         // There have been reports of HWCs that signal several vsync events
@@ -271,7 +269,6 @@
     display->setConnected(true);
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
     displayData.hwcDisplay = std::move(display);
-    displayData.isVirtual = true;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -279,10 +276,8 @@
                                          PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
     mPhysicalDisplayIdMap[hwcDisplayId] = displayId;
 
-    if (!mInternalHwcDisplayId) {
-        mInternalHwcDisplayId = hwcDisplayId;
-    } else if (mInternalHwcDisplayId != hwcDisplayId && !mExternalHwcDisplayId) {
-        mExternalHwcDisplayId = hwcDisplayId;
+    if (!mPrimaryHwcDisplayId) {
+        mPrimaryHwcDisplayId = hwcDisplayId;
     }
 
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
@@ -372,7 +367,7 @@
     ui::DisplayConnectionType type;
     const auto error = hwcDisplay->getConnectionType(&type);
 
-    const auto FALLBACK_TYPE = hwcDisplay->getId() == mInternalHwcDisplayId
+    const auto FALLBACK_TYPE = hwcDisplay->getId() == mPrimaryHwcDisplayId
             ? ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal
             : ui::DisplayConnectionType::External;
 
@@ -428,9 +423,6 @@
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId);
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
 
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(displayData.isVirtual, "%s: Invalid operation on virtual display with ID %s",
-                 __FUNCTION__, to_string(displayId).c_str());
-
     // NOTE: we use our own internal lock here because we have to call
     // into the HWC with the lock held, and we want to make sure
     // that even if HWC blocks (which it shouldn't), it won't
@@ -597,14 +589,11 @@
 status_t HWComposer::setPowerMode(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, hal::PowerMode mode) {
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
 
-    const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(displayData.isVirtual, "%s: Invalid operation on virtual display with ID %s",
-                 __FUNCTION__, to_string(displayId).c_str());
-
     if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
         setVsyncEnabled(displayId, hal::Vsync::DISABLE);
     }
 
+    const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
     auto& hwcDisplay = displayData.hwcDisplay;
     switch (mode) {
         case hal::PowerMode::OFF:
@@ -678,12 +667,6 @@
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
     const auto hwcDisplayId = displayData.hwcDisplay->getId();
 
-    // TODO(b/74619554): Select internal/external display from remaining displays.
-    if (hwcDisplayId == mInternalHwcDisplayId) {
-        mInternalHwcDisplayId.reset();
-    } else if (hwcDisplayId == mExternalHwcDisplayId) {
-        mExternalHwcDisplayId.reset();
-    }
     mPhysicalDisplayIdMap.erase(hwcDisplayId);
     mDisplayData.erase(displayId);
 }
@@ -693,9 +676,6 @@
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
     const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
 
-    LOG_FATAL_IF(!displayData.isVirtual, "%s: Invalid operation on physical display with ID %s",
-                 __FUNCTION__, to_string(displayId).c_str());
-
     auto error = displayData.hwcDisplay->setOutputBuffer(buffer, acquireFence);
     RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR(error, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -853,8 +833,7 @@
 
 std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> HWComposer::fromPhysicalDisplayId(
         PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const {
-    if (const auto it = mDisplayData.find(displayId);
-        it != mDisplayData.end() && !it->second.isVirtual) {
+    if (const auto it = mDisplayData.find(displayId); it != mDisplayData.end()) {
         return it->second.hwcDisplay->getId();
     }
     return {};
@@ -868,7 +847,8 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    if (!mHasMultiDisplaySupport && mInternalHwcDisplayId && mExternalHwcDisplayId) {
+    // Legacy mode only supports IDs LEGACY_DISPLAY_TYPE_PRIMARY and LEGACY_DISPLAY_TYPE_EXTERNAL.
+    if (!mHasMultiDisplaySupport && mPhysicalDisplayIdMap.size() == 2) {
         ALOGE("Ignoring connection of tertiary display %" PRIu64, hwcDisplayId);
         return true;
     }
@@ -909,7 +889,7 @@
         }
 
         info = [this, hwcDisplayId, &port, &data, hasDisplayIdentificationData] {
-            const bool isPrimary = !mInternalHwcDisplayId;
+            const bool isPrimary = !mPrimaryHwcDisplayId;
             if (mHasMultiDisplaySupport) {
                 if (const auto info = parseDisplayIdentificationData(port, data)) {
                     return *info;
@@ -922,8 +902,8 @@
             }
 
             return DisplayIdentificationInfo{.id = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(port),
-                                             .name = isPrimary ? "Internal display"
-                                                               : "External display",
+                                             .name = isPrimary ? "Primary display"
+                                                               : "Secondary display",
                                              .deviceProductInfo = std::nullopt};
         }();
     }
@@ -936,9 +916,12 @@
 
 std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo> HWComposer::onHotplugDisconnect(
         hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(hwcDisplayId == mPrimaryHwcDisplayId,
+                        "Primary display cannot be disconnected.");
+
     const auto displayId = toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId);
     if (!displayId) {
-        ALOGE("Ignoring disconnection of invalid HWC display %" PRIu64, hwcDisplayId);
+        LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, "Invalid HWC display");
         return {};
     }
 
@@ -947,7 +930,7 @@
     if (isConnected(*displayId)) {
         mDisplayData[*displayId].hwcDisplay->setConnected(false);
     } else {
-        ALOGW("Attempted to disconnect unknown display %" PRIu64, hwcDisplayId);
+        LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, "Already disconnected");
     }
     // The cleanup of Disconnect is handled through HWComposer::disconnectDisplay
     // via SurfaceFlinger's onHotplugReceived callback handling
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index 49f96d9..0a090da 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_H
-#define ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <future>
@@ -228,14 +227,18 @@
     virtual const std::unordered_map<std::string, bool>& getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata()
             const = 0;
 
-    // for debugging ----------------------------------------------------------
     virtual void dump(std::string& out) const = 0;
 
     virtual Hwc2::Composer* getComposer() const = 0;
 
-    // TODO(b/74619554): Remove special cases for internal/external display.
-    virtual std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> getInternalHwcDisplayId() const = 0;
-    virtual std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> getExternalHwcDisplayId() const = 0;
+    // Returns the first display connected at boot. It cannot be disconnected, which implies an
+    // internal connection type. Its connection via HWComposer::onHotplug, which in practice is
+    // immediately after HWComposer construction, must occur before any call to this function.
+    //
+    // TODO(b/182939859): Remove special cases for primary display.
+    virtual hal::HWDisplayId getPrimaryHwcDisplayId() const = 0;
+    virtual PhysicalDisplayId getPrimaryDisplayId() const = 0;
+    virtual bool isHeadless() const = 0;
 
     virtual std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> toPhysicalDisplayId(hal::HWDisplayId) const = 0;
     virtual std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> fromPhysicalDisplayId(PhysicalDisplayId) const = 0;
@@ -366,14 +369,19 @@
 
     Hwc2::Composer* getComposer() const override { return mComposer.get(); }
 
-    // TODO(b/74619554): Remove special cases for internal/external display.
-    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> getInternalHwcDisplayId() const override {
-        return mInternalHwcDisplayId;
+    hal::HWDisplayId getPrimaryHwcDisplayId() const override {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mPrimaryHwcDisplayId, "Missing HWC primary display");
+        return *mPrimaryHwcDisplayId;
     }
-    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> getExternalHwcDisplayId() const override {
-        return mExternalHwcDisplayId;
+
+    PhysicalDisplayId getPrimaryDisplayId() const override {
+        const auto id = toPhysicalDisplayId(getPrimaryHwcDisplayId());
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!id, "Missing primary display");
+        return *id;
     }
 
+    virtual bool isHeadless() const override { return !mPrimaryHwcDisplayId; }
+
     std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> toPhysicalDisplayId(hal::HWDisplayId) const override;
     std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> fromPhysicalDisplayId(PhysicalDisplayId) const override;
 
@@ -382,12 +390,9 @@
     friend TestableSurfaceFlinger;
 
     struct DisplayData {
-        bool isVirtual = false;
         std::unique_ptr<HWC2::Display> hwcDisplay;
         sp<Fence> lastPresentFence = Fence::NO_FENCE; // signals when the last set op retires
         std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, sp<Fence>> releaseFences;
-        buffer_handle_t outbufHandle = nullptr;
-        sp<Fence> outbufAcquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
 
         bool validateWasSkipped;
         hal::Error presentError;
@@ -418,8 +423,7 @@
     bool mRegisteredCallback = false;
 
     std::unordered_map<hal::HWDisplayId, PhysicalDisplayId> mPhysicalDisplayIdMap;
-    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> mInternalHwcDisplayId;
-    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> mExternalHwcDisplayId;
+    std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> mPrimaryHwcDisplayId;
     bool mHasMultiDisplaySupport = false;
 
     const size_t mMaxVirtualDisplayDimension;
@@ -428,5 +432,3 @@
 
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android
-
-#endif // ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_H
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0c5b58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "FlagManager.h"
+
+#include <SurfaceFlingerProperties.sysprop.h>
+#include <android-base/parsebool.h>
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <server_configurable_flags/get_flags.h>
+#include <cinttypes>
+
+namespace android {
+static constexpr const char* kExperimentNamespace = "surface_flinger_native_boot";
+static constexpr const int64_t kDemoFlag = -1;
+
+FlagManager::~FlagManager() = default;
+
+void FlagManager::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "FlagManager values: \n");
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "demo_flag: %" PRId64 "\n", demo_flag());
+}
+
+namespace {
+template <typename T>
+std::optional<T> doParse(const char* str);
+
+template <>
+[[maybe_unused]] std::optional<int32_t> doParse(const char* str) {
+    int32_t ret;
+    return base::ParseInt(str, &ret) ? std::make_optional(ret) : std::nullopt;
+}
+
+template <>
+[[maybe_unused]] std::optional<int64_t> doParse(const char* str) {
+    int64_t ret;
+    return base::ParseInt(str, &ret) ? std::make_optional(ret) : std::nullopt;
+}
+
+template <>
+[[maybe_unused]] std::optional<bool> doParse(const char* str) {
+    base::ParseBoolResult parseResult = base::ParseBool(str);
+    switch (parseResult) {
+        case base::ParseBoolResult::kTrue:
+            return std::make_optional(true);
+        case base::ParseBoolResult::kFalse:
+            return std::make_optional(false);
+        case base::ParseBoolResult::kError:
+            return std::nullopt;
+    }
+}
+} // namespace
+
+std::string FlagManager::getServerConfigurableFlag(const std::string& experimentFlagName) const {
+    return server_configurable_flags::GetServerConfigurableFlag(kExperimentNamespace,
+                                                                experimentFlagName, "");
+}
+
+template int32_t FlagManager::getValue<int32_t>(const std::string&, std::optional<int32_t>,
+                                                int32_t) const;
+template int64_t FlagManager::getValue<int64_t>(const std::string&, std::optional<int64_t>,
+                                                int64_t) const;
+template bool FlagManager::getValue<bool>(const std::string&, std::optional<bool>, bool) const;
+template <typename T>
+T FlagManager::getValue(const std::string& experimentFlagName, std::optional<T> systemPropertyOpt,
+                        T defaultValue) const {
+    // System property takes precedence over the experiment config server value.
+    if (systemPropertyOpt.has_value()) {
+        return *systemPropertyOpt;
+    }
+    std::string str = getServerConfigurableFlag(experimentFlagName);
+    return str.empty() ? defaultValue : doParse<T>(str.c_str()).value_or(defaultValue);
+}
+
+int64_t FlagManager::demo_flag() const {
+    std::optional<int64_t> sysPropVal = std::nullopt;
+    return getValue("DemoFeature__demo_flag", sysPropVal, kDemoFlag);
+}
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65e30a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FlagManager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace android {
+// Manages flags for SurfaceFlinger, including default values, system properties, and Mendel
+// experiment configuration values.
+class FlagManager {
+public:
+    FlagManager() = default;
+    virtual ~FlagManager();
+    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+
+    int64_t demo_flag() const;
+
+private:
+    friend class FlagManagerTest;
+
+    // Wrapper for mocking in test.
+    virtual std::string getServerConfigurableFlag(const std::string& experimentFlagName) const;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T getValue(const std::string& experimentFlagName, std::optional<T> systemPropertyOpt,
+               T defaultValue) const;
+};
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index db59007..b872c85 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
     mDrawingState.requestedCrop = mDrawingState.crop;
     mDrawingState.z = 0;
     mDrawingState.color.a = 1.0f;
-    mDrawingState.layerStack = 0;
+    mDrawingState.layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
     mDrawingState.sequence = 0;
     mDrawingState.requested_legacy = mDrawingState.active_legacy;
     mDrawingState.width = UINT32_MAX;
@@ -391,7 +391,6 @@
 
 void Layer::prepareBasicGeometryCompositionState() {
     const auto& drawingState{getDrawingState()};
-    const uint32_t layerStack = getLayerStack();
     const auto alpha = static_cast<float>(getAlpha());
     const bool opaque = isOpaque(drawingState);
     const bool usesRoundedCorners = getRoundedCornerState().radius != 0.f;
@@ -403,9 +402,7 @@
     }
 
     auto* compositionState = editCompositionState();
-    compositionState->layerStackId =
-            (layerStack != ~0u) ? std::make_optional(layerStack) : std::nullopt;
-    compositionState->internalOnly = getPrimaryDisplayOnly();
+    compositionState->outputFilter = getOutputFilter();
     compositionState->isVisible = isVisible();
     compositionState->isOpaque = opaque && !usesRoundedCorners && alpha == 1.f;
     compositionState->shadowRadius = mEffectiveShadowRadius;
@@ -728,14 +725,14 @@
     mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.clear();
 }
 
-uint32_t Layer::getTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags) {
-    auto ret = mTransactionFlags & flags;
-    mTransactionFlags &= ~flags;
-    return ret;
+uint32_t Layer::clearTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask) {
+    const auto flags = mTransactionFlags & mask;
+    mTransactionFlags &= ~mask;
+    return flags;
 }
 
-uint32_t Layer::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags) {
-    return mTransactionFlags |= flags;
+void Layer::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask) {
+    mTransactionFlags |= mask;
 }
 
 bool Layer::setPosition(float x, float y) {
@@ -1005,7 +1002,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Layer::setLayerStack(uint32_t layerStack) {
+bool Layer::setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
     if (mDrawingState.layerStack == layerStack) return false;
     mDrawingState.sequence++;
     mDrawingState.layerStack = layerStack;
@@ -1052,12 +1049,11 @@
     return priority == PRIORITY_FOCUSED_WITH_MODE || priority == PRIORITY_FOCUSED_WITHOUT_MODE;
 };
 
-uint32_t Layer::getLayerStack() const {
-    auto p = mDrawingParent.promote();
-    if (p == nullptr) {
-        return getDrawingState().layerStack;
+ui::LayerStack Layer::getLayerStack() const {
+    if (const auto parent = mDrawingParent.promote()) {
+        return parent->getLayerStack();
     }
-    return p->getLayerStack();
+    return getDrawingState().layerStack;
 }
 
 bool Layer::setShadowRadius(float shadowRadius) {
@@ -1113,46 +1109,59 @@
     return StretchEffect{};
 }
 
+bool Layer::propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate parentFrameRate, bool* transactionNeeded) {
+    // The frame rate for layer tree is this layer's frame rate if present, or the parent frame rate
+    const auto frameRate = [&] {
+        if (mDrawingState.frameRate.rate.isValid() ||
+            mDrawingState.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote) {
+            return mDrawingState.frameRate;
+        }
+
+        return parentFrameRate;
+    }();
+
+    *transactionNeeded |= setFrameRateForLayerTree(frameRate);
+
+    // The frame rate is propagated to the children
+    bool childrenHaveFrameRate = false;
+    for (const sp<Layer>& child : mCurrentChildren) {
+        childrenHaveFrameRate |=
+                child->propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(frameRate, transactionNeeded);
+    }
+
+    // If we don't have a valid frame rate, but the children do, we set this
+    // layer as NoVote to allow the children to control the refresh rate
+    if (!frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type != FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote &&
+        childrenHaveFrameRate) {
+        *transactionNeeded |=
+                setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate(Fps(0.0f), FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote));
+    }
+
+    // We return whether this layer ot its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes for
+    // the same reason we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
+    // RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate for more details.
+    const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility =
+            frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
+    const auto layerVotedWithNoVote = frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
+    const auto layerVotedWithExactCompatibility =
+            frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
+    return layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility || layerVotedWithNoVote ||
+            layerVotedWithExactCompatibility || childrenHaveFrameRate;
+}
+
 void Layer::updateTreeHasFrameRateVote() {
-    const auto traverseTree = [&](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-        auto parent = getParent();
-        while (parent) {
-            visitor(parent.get());
-            parent = parent->getParent();
+    const auto root = [&]() -> sp<Layer> {
+        sp<Layer> layer = this;
+        while (auto parent = layer->getParent()) {
+            layer = parent;
         }
+        return layer;
+    }();
 
-        traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Current, visitor);
-    };
-
-    // update parents and children about the vote
-    // First traverse the tree and count how many layers has votes.
-    int layersWithVote = 0;
-    traverseTree([&layersWithVote](Layer* layer) {
-        const auto layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility =
-                layer->mDrawingState.frameRate.rate.isValid() &&
-                layer->mDrawingState.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Default;
-        const auto layerVotedWithNoVote =
-                layer->mDrawingState.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote;
-        const auto layerVotedWithExactCompatibility =
-                layer->mDrawingState.frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::Exact;
-
-        // We do not count layers that are ExactOrMultiple for the same reason
-        // we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
-        // RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate for more details.
-        if (layerVotedWithDefaultCompatibility || layerVotedWithNoVote ||
-            layerVotedWithExactCompatibility) {
-            layersWithVote++;
-        }
-    });
-
-    // Now we can update the tree frame rate vote for each layer in the tree
-    const bool treeHasFrameRateVote = layersWithVote > 0;
     bool transactionNeeded = false;
+    root->propagateFrameRateForLayerTree({}, &transactionNeeded);
 
-    traverseTree([treeHasFrameRateVote, &transactionNeeded](Layer* layer) {
-        transactionNeeded = layer->updateFrameRateForLayerTree(treeHasFrameRateVote);
-    });
-
+    // TODO(b/195668952): we probably don't need eTraversalNeeded here
     if (transactionNeeded) {
         mFlinger->setTransactionFlags(eTraversalNeeded);
     }
@@ -1279,42 +1288,23 @@
     return surfaceFrame;
 }
 
-bool Layer::updateFrameRateForLayerTree(bool treeHasFrameRateVote) {
-    const auto updateDrawingState = [&](FrameRate frameRate) {
-        if (mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree == frameRate) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree = frameRate;
-        mDrawingState.sequence++;
-        mDrawingState.modified = true;
-        setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
-
-        mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(this, systemTime(),
-                                                 LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::SetFrameRate);
-
-        return true;
-    };
-
-    const auto frameRate = mDrawingState.frameRate;
-    if (frameRate.rate.isValid() || frameRate.type == FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote) {
-        return updateDrawingState(frameRate);
+bool Layer::setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate frameRate) {
+    if (mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree == frameRate) {
+        return false;
     }
 
-    // This layer doesn't have a frame rate. Check if its ancestors have a vote
-    for (sp<Layer> parent = getParent(); parent; parent = parent->getParent()) {
-        if (parent->mDrawingState.frameRate.rate.isValid()) {
-            return updateDrawingState(parent->mDrawingState.frameRate);
-        }
-    }
+    mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree = frameRate;
 
-    // This layer and its ancestors don't have a frame rate. If one of successors
-    // has a vote, return a NoVote for successors to set the vote
-    if (treeHasFrameRateVote) {
-        return updateDrawingState(FrameRate(Fps(0.0f), FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote));
-    }
+    // TODO(b/195668952): we probably don't need to dirty visible regions here
+    // or even store frameRateForLayerTree in mDrawingState
+    mDrawingState.sequence++;
+    mDrawingState.modified = true;
+    setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
 
-    return updateDrawingState(frameRate);
+    mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(this, systemTime(),
+                                             LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::SetFrameRate);
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 Layer::FrameRate Layer::getFrameRateForLayerTree() const {
@@ -1377,7 +1367,7 @@
 
     info.mVisibleRegion = getVisibleRegion(display);
     info.mSurfaceDamageRegion = surfaceDamageRegion;
-    info.mLayerStack = getLayerStack();
+    info.mLayerStack = getLayerStack().id;
     info.mX = ds.transform.tx();
     info.mY = ds.transform.ty();
     info.mZ = ds.z;
@@ -2037,6 +2027,7 @@
         layerInfo->set_curr_frame(mCurrentFrameNumber);
         layerInfo->set_effective_scaling_mode(getEffectiveScalingMode());
 
+        layerInfo->set_requested_corner_radius(getDrawingState().cornerRadius);
         layerInfo->set_corner_radius(getRoundedCornerState().radius);
         layerInfo->set_background_blur_radius(getBackgroundBlurRadius());
         layerInfo->set_is_trusted_overlay(isTrustedOverlay());
@@ -2093,7 +2084,7 @@
         LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(state.activeTransparentRegion_legacy,
                                        [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_transparent_region(); });
 
-        layerInfo->set_layer_stack(getLayerStack());
+        layerInfo->set_layer_stack(getLayerStack().id);
         layerInfo->set_z(state.z);
 
         LayerProtoHelper::writePositionToProto(requestedTransform.tx(), requestedTransform.ty(),
@@ -2140,7 +2131,7 @@
     if (traceFlags & SurfaceTracing::TRACE_INPUT) {
         WindowInfo info;
         if (useDrawing) {
-            info = fillInputInfo({nullptr});
+            info = fillInputInfo(nullptr);
         } else {
             info = state.inputInfo;
         }
@@ -2169,7 +2160,7 @@
     return getCroppedBufferSize(getDrawingState());
 }
 
-void Layer::fillInputFrameInfo(WindowInfo& info, const ui::Transform& toPhysicalDisplay) {
+void Layer::fillInputFrameInfo(WindowInfo& info, const ui::Transform& displayTransform) {
     // Transform layer size to screen space and inset it by surface insets.
     // If this is a portal window, set the touchableRegion to the layerBounds.
     Rect layerBounds = info.portalToDisplayId == ADISPLAY_ID_NONE
@@ -2189,13 +2180,13 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    ui::Transform layerToDisplay = getInputTransform();
-    // Transform that takes window coordinates to unrotated display coordinates
-    ui::Transform t = toPhysicalDisplay * layerToDisplay;
+    const ui::Transform layerTransform = getInputTransform();
+    // Transform that takes window coordinates to non-rotated display coordinates
+    ui::Transform t = displayTransform * layerTransform;
     int32_t xSurfaceInset = info.surfaceInset;
     int32_t ySurfaceInset = info.surfaceInset;
-    // Bring screenBounds into unrotated space
-    Rect screenBounds = toPhysicalDisplay.transform(Rect{mScreenBounds});
+    // Bring screenBounds into non-unrotated space
+    Rect screenBounds = displayTransform.transform(Rect{mScreenBounds});
 
     const float xScale = t.getScaleX();
     const float yScale = t.getScaleY();
@@ -2274,36 +2265,50 @@
     }
 }
 
-WindowInfo Layer::fillInputInfo(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
+WindowInfo Layer::fillInputInfo(const DisplayDevice* display) {
     if (!hasInputInfo()) {
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.name = getName();
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.ownerUid = mOwnerUid;
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.ownerPid = mOwnerPid;
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.inputFeatures = WindowInfo::Feature::NO_INPUT_CHANNEL;
         mDrawingState.inputInfo.flags = WindowInfo::Flag::NOT_TOUCH_MODAL;
-        mDrawingState.inputInfo.displayId = getLayerStack();
+        mDrawingState.inputInfo.displayId = getLayerStack().id;
     }
 
     WindowInfo info = mDrawingState.inputInfo;
     info.id = sequence;
+    info.displayId = getLayerStack().id;
 
-    if (info.displayId == ADISPLAY_ID_NONE) {
-        info.displayId = getLayerStack();
-    }
-
-    // Transform that goes from "logical(rotated)" display to physical/unrotated display.
-    // This is for when inputflinger operates in physical display-space.
-    ui::Transform toPhysicalDisplay;
+    // Transform that maps from LayerStack space to display space, e.g. rotated to non-rotated.
+    // Used when InputFlinger operates in display space.
+    ui::Transform displayTransform;
     if (display) {
-        toPhysicalDisplay = display->getTransform();
-        // getOrientation() without masking can contain more-significant bits (eg. ROT_INVALID).
-        static constexpr uint32_t ALL_ROTATIONS_MASK =
-                ui::Transform::ROT_90 | ui::Transform::ROT_180 | ui::Transform::ROT_270;
-        info.displayOrientation = toPhysicalDisplay.getOrientation() & ALL_ROTATIONS_MASK;
-        info.displayWidth = display->getWidth();
-        info.displayHeight = display->getHeight();
+        // The physical orientation is set when the orientation of the display panel is different
+        // than the default orientation of the device. Other services like InputFlinger do not know
+        // about this, so we do not need to expose the physical orientation of the panel outside of
+        // SurfaceFlinger.
+        const ui::Rotation inversePhysicalOrientation =
+                ui::ROTATION_0 - display->getPhysicalOrientation();
+        auto width = display->getWidth();
+        auto height = display->getHeight();
+        if (inversePhysicalOrientation == ui::ROTATION_90 ||
+            inversePhysicalOrientation == ui::ROTATION_270) {
+            std::swap(width, height);
+        }
+        const ui::Transform undoPhysicalOrientation(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(
+                                                            inversePhysicalOrientation),
+                                                    width, height);
+        displayTransform = undoPhysicalOrientation * display->getTransform();
+
+        // Send the inverse of the display orientation so that input can transform points back to
+        // the rotated display space.
+        const ui::Rotation inverseOrientation = ui::ROTATION_0 - display->getOrientation();
+        info.displayOrientation = ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(inverseOrientation);
+
+        info.displayWidth = width;
+        info.displayHeight = height;
     }
-    fillInputFrameInfo(info, toPhysicalDisplay);
+    fillInputFrameInfo(info, displayTransform);
 
     // For compatibility reasons we let layers which can receive input
     // receive input before they have actually submitted a buffer. Because
@@ -2319,15 +2324,11 @@
 
     auto cropLayer = mDrawingState.touchableRegionCrop.promote();
     if (info.replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop) {
-        if (cropLayer == nullptr) {
-            info.touchableRegion = Region(toPhysicalDisplay.transform(Rect{mScreenBounds}));
-        } else {
-            info.touchableRegion =
-                    Region(toPhysicalDisplay.transform(Rect{cropLayer->mScreenBounds}));
-        }
+        const Rect bounds(cropLayer ? cropLayer->mScreenBounds : mScreenBounds);
+        info.touchableRegion = Region(displayTransform.transform(bounds));
     } else if (cropLayer != nullptr) {
         info.touchableRegion = info.touchableRegion.intersect(
-                toPhysicalDisplay.transform(Rect{cropLayer->mScreenBounds}));
+                displayTransform.transform(Rect{cropLayer->mScreenBounds}));
     }
 
     // Inherit the trusted state from the parent hierarchy, but don't clobber the trusted state
@@ -2338,9 +2339,8 @@
     // If the layer is a clone, we need to crop the input region to cloned root to prevent
     // touches from going outside the cloned area.
     if (isClone()) {
-        sp<Layer> clonedRoot = getClonedRoot();
-        if (clonedRoot != nullptr) {
-            Rect rect = toPhysicalDisplay.transform(Rect{clonedRoot->mScreenBounds});
+        if (const sp<Layer> clonedRoot = getClonedRoot()) {
+            const Rect rect = displayTransform.transform(Rect{clonedRoot->mScreenBounds});
             info.touchableRegion = info.touchableRegion.intersect(rect);
         }
     }
@@ -2536,14 +2536,14 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool Layer::getPrimaryDisplayOnly() const {
+bool Layer::isInternalDisplayOverlay() const {
     const State& s(mDrawingState);
     if (s.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot) {
         return true;
     }
 
     sp<Layer> parent = mDrawingParent.promote();
-    return parent == nullptr ? false : parent->getPrimaryDisplayOnly();
+    return parent && parent->isInternalDisplayOverlay();
 }
 
 void Layer::setClonedChild(const sp<Layer>& clonedChild) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 3ed7ee9..4200be4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -151,12 +151,7 @@
         Geometry requested_legacy;
         int32_t z;
 
-        // The identifier of the layer stack this layer belongs to. A layer can
-        // only be associated to a single layer stack. A layer stack is a
-        // z-ordered group of layers which can be associated to one or more
-        // displays. Using the same layer stack on different displays is a way
-        // to achieve mirroring.
-        uint32_t layerStack;
+        ui::LayerStack layerStack;
 
         uint32_t flags;
         uint8_t reserved[2];
@@ -280,6 +275,8 @@
 
         Rect bufferCrop;
         Rect destinationFrame;
+
+        sp<IBinder> releaseBufferEndpoint;
     };
 
     /*
@@ -403,8 +400,8 @@
     virtual bool setTransparentRegionHint(const Region& transparent);
     virtual bool setTrustedOverlay(bool);
     virtual bool setFlags(uint32_t flags, uint32_t mask);
-    virtual bool setLayerStack(uint32_t layerStack);
-    virtual uint32_t getLayerStack() const;
+    virtual bool setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack);
+    virtual ui::LayerStack getLayerStack() const;
     virtual bool setMetadata(const LayerMetadata& data);
     virtual void setChildrenDrawingParent(const sp<Layer>&);
     virtual bool reparent(const sp<IBinder>& newParentHandle);
@@ -422,7 +419,8 @@
                            const client_cache_t& /*clientCacheId*/, uint64_t /* frameNumber */,
                            std::optional<nsecs_t> /* dequeueTime */,
                            const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/,
-                           const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& /* releaseBufferListener */) {
+                           const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& /* releaseBufferListener */,
+                           const sp<IBinder>& /* releaseBufferEndpoint */) {
         return false;
     };
     virtual bool setAcquireFence(const sp<Fence>& /*fence*/) { return false; };
@@ -642,13 +640,12 @@
     bool isLegacyDataSpace() const;
 
     uint32_t getTransactionFlags() const { return mTransactionFlags; }
-    uint32_t getTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags);
-    uint32_t setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags);
 
-    // Deprecated, please use compositionengine::Output::belongsInOutput()
-    // instead.
-    // TODO(lpique): Move the remaining callers (screencap) to the new function.
-    bool belongsToDisplay(uint32_t layerStack) const { return getLayerStack() == layerStack; }
+    // Sets the masked bits.
+    void setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask);
+
+    // Clears and returns the masked bits.
+    uint32_t clearTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask);
 
     FloatRect getBounds(const Region& activeTransparentRegion) const;
     FloatRect getBounds() const;
@@ -681,6 +678,14 @@
      */
     bool isHiddenByPolicy() const;
 
+    // True if the layer should be skipped in screenshots, screen recordings,
+    // and mirroring to external or virtual displays.
+    bool isInternalDisplayOverlay() const;
+
+    ui::LayerFilter getOutputFilter() const {
+        return {getLayerStack(), isInternalDisplayOverlay()};
+    }
+
     bool isRemovedFromCurrentState() const;
 
     LayerProto* writeToProto(LayersProto& layersProto, uint32_t traceFlags, const DisplayDevice*);
@@ -697,8 +702,6 @@
 
     gui::WindowInfo::Type getWindowType() const { return mWindowType; }
 
-    bool getPrimaryDisplayOnly() const;
-
     void updateMirrorInfo();
 
     /*
@@ -708,12 +711,6 @@
     virtual uint32_t doTransaction(uint32_t transactionFlags);
 
     /*
-     * Called before updating the drawing state buffer. Used by BufferStateLayer to release any
-     * unlatched buffers in the drawing state.
-     */
-    virtual void bufferMayChange(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /* newBuffer */){};
-
-    /*
      * Remove relative z for the layer if its relative parent is not part of the
      * provided layer tree.
      */
@@ -854,7 +851,8 @@
     bool getPremultipledAlpha() const;
     void setInputInfo(const gui::WindowInfo& info);
 
-    gui::WindowInfo fillInputInfo(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display);
+    gui::WindowInfo fillInputInfo(const DisplayDevice*);
+
     /**
      * Returns whether this layer has an explicitly set input-info.
      */
@@ -1058,6 +1056,8 @@
                                           const std::vector<Layer*>& layersInTree);
 
     void updateTreeHasFrameRateVote();
+    bool propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate parentFrameRate, bool* transactionNeeded);
+    bool setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate);
     void setZOrderRelativeOf(const wp<Layer>& relativeOf);
     bool isTrustedOverlay() const;
 
@@ -1073,10 +1073,8 @@
     // hasInputInfo() or no-op if no such parent is found.
     void fillTouchOcclusionMode(gui::WindowInfo& info);
 
-    // Fills in the frame and transform info for the gui::WindowInfo
-    void fillInputFrameInfo(gui::WindowInfo& info, const ui::Transform& toPhysicalDisplay);
-
-    bool updateFrameRateForLayerTree(bool treeHasFrameRateVote);
+    // Fills in the frame and transform info for the gui::WindowInfo.
+    void fillInputFrameInfo(gui::WindowInfo&, const ui::Transform& displayTransform);
 
     // Cached properties computed from drawing state
     // Effective transform taking into account parent transforms and any parent scaling, which is
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerVector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerVector.cpp
index aee820a..f52e60d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerVector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerVector.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
     const auto& lState = l->getDrawingState();
     const auto& rState = r->getDrawingState();
 
-    uint32_t ls = lState.layerStack;
-    uint32_t rs = rState.layerStack;
+    const auto ls = lState.layerStack;
+    const auto rs = rState.layerStack;
     if (ls != rs)
         return (ls > rs) ? 1 : -1;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
index 2adfe14..0789e8d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
     mFlinger.mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(eTransactionMask);
 }
 
-void RefreshRateOverlay::setLayerStack(uint32_t stack) {
+void RefreshRateOverlay::setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack stack) {
     mLayer->setLayerStack(stack);
     mFlinger.mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(eTransactionMask);
 }
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@
     mLayer->setBuffer(buffer, Fence::NO_FENCE, 0, 0, true, {},
                       mLayer->getHeadFrameNumber(-1 /* expectedPresentTime */),
                       std::nullopt /* dequeueTime */, FrameTimelineInfo{},
-                      nullptr /* releaseBufferListener */);
+                      nullptr /* releaseBufferListener */, nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
 
     mFlinger.mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(eTransactionMask);
 }
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@
     mLayer->setBuffer(buffer, Fence::NO_FENCE, 0, 0, true, {},
                       mLayer->getHeadFrameNumber(-1 /* expectedPresentTime */),
                       std::nullopt /* dequeueTime */, FrameTimelineInfo{},
-                      nullptr /* releaseBufferListener */);
+                      nullptr /* releaseBufferListener */, nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
 
     mFlinger.mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(eTransactionMask);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
index fd1e2df..63ae383 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <math/vec4.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
 public:
     RefreshRateOverlay(SurfaceFlinger&, uint32_t lowFps, uint32_t highFps, bool showSpinner);
 
-    void setLayerStack(uint32_t stack);
+    void setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack);
     void setViewport(ui::Size);
     void changeRefreshRate(const Fps&);
     void onInvalidate();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RenderArea.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RenderArea.cpp
index 9a6c853..5fea521 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RenderArea.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RenderArea.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
-
 #include "RenderArea.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -33,6 +29,3 @@
 }
 
 } // namespace android
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
index c38cd68..e922d46 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
@@ -140,6 +140,8 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    constexpr float kScoreForFractionalPairs = .8f;
+
     // Slightly prefer seamless switches.
     constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
     const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
@@ -156,19 +158,29 @@
     const auto layerPeriod = layer.desiredRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
         // Find the actual rate the layer will render, assuming
-        // that layerPeriod is the minimal time to render a frame
+        // that layerPeriod is the minimal period to render a frame.
+        // For example if layerPeriod is 20ms and displayPeriod is 16ms,
+        // then the actualLayerPeriod will be 32ms, because it is the
+        // smallest multiple of the display period which is >= layerPeriod.
         auto actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod;
         int multiplier = 1;
         while (layerPeriod > actualLayerPeriod + MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
             multiplier++;
             actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod * multiplier;
         }
+
+        // Because of the threshold we used above it's possible that score is slightly
+        // above 1.
         return std::min(1.0f,
                         static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) / static_cast<float>(actualLayerPeriod));
     }
 
     if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple ||
         layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
+        if (isFractionalPairOrMultiple(refreshRate.getFps(), layer.desiredRefreshRate)) {
+            return kScoreForFractionalPairs * seamlessness;
+        }
+
         // Calculate how many display vsyncs we need to present a single frame for this
         // layer
         const auto [displayFramesQuotient, displayFramesRemainder] =
@@ -421,7 +433,7 @@
 
             const auto layerScore =
                     calculateLayerScoreLocked(layer, *scores[i].refreshRate, isSeamlessSwitch);
-            ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.2f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
+            ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.4f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
                   scores[i].refreshRate->getName().c_str(), layerScore);
             scores[i].score += weight * layerScore;
         }
@@ -582,7 +594,7 @@
 
 template <typename Iter>
 const RefreshRate* RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate(Iter begin, Iter end) const {
-    constexpr auto EPSILON = 0.001f;
+    constexpr auto kEpsilon = 0.0001f;
     const RefreshRate* bestRefreshRate = begin->refreshRate;
     float max = begin->score;
     for (auto i = begin; i != end; ++i) {
@@ -591,7 +603,7 @@
 
         ATRACE_INT(refreshRate->getName().c_str(), round<int>(score * 100));
 
-        if (score > max * (1 + EPSILON)) {
+        if (score > max * (1 + kEpsilon)) {
             max = score;
             bestRefreshRate = refreshRate;
         }
@@ -910,7 +922,10 @@
 int RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps displayFrameRate, Fps layerFrameRate) {
     // This calculation needs to be in sync with the java code
     // in DisplayManagerService.getDisplayInfoForFrameRateOverride
-    constexpr float kThreshold = 0.1f;
+
+    // The threshold must be smaller than 0.001 in order to differentiate
+    // between the fractional pairs (e.g. 59.94 and 60).
+    constexpr float kThreshold = 0.0009f;
     const auto numPeriods = displayFrameRate.getValue() / layerFrameRate.getValue();
     const auto numPeriodsRounded = std::round(numPeriods);
     if (std::abs(numPeriods - numPeriodsRounded) > kThreshold) {
@@ -920,6 +935,17 @@
     return static_cast<int>(numPeriodsRounded);
 }
 
+bool RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps smaller, Fps bigger) {
+    if (smaller.getValue() > bigger.getValue()) {
+        return isFractionalPairOrMultiple(bigger, smaller);
+    }
+
+    const auto multiplier = std::round(bigger.getValue() / smaller.getValue());
+    constexpr float kCoef = 1000.f / 1001.f;
+    return bigger.equalsWithMargin(Fps(smaller.getValue() * multiplier / kCoef)) ||
+            bigger.equalsWithMargin(Fps(smaller.getValue() * multiplier * kCoef));
+}
+
 void RefreshRateConfigs::dump(std::string& result) const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
     base::StringAppendF(&result, "DesiredDisplayModeSpecs (DisplayManager): %s\n\n",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
index 4a9a1fd..0d75689 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
@@ -335,6 +335,10 @@
     // layer refresh rate.
     static int getFrameRateDivider(Fps displayFrameRate, Fps layerFrameRate);
 
+    // Returns if the provided frame rates have a ratio t*1000/1001 or t*1001/1000
+    // for an integer t.
+    static bool isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps, Fps);
+
     using UidToFrameRateOverride = std::map<uid_t, Fps>;
     // Returns the frame rate override for each uid.
     //
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index f808981..534efee 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::notifyTouchEvent() {
+void Scheduler::onTouchHint() {
     if (mTouchTimer) {
         mTouchTimer->reset();
 
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@
 
 void Scheduler::onNewVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline(const hal::VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline& timeline) {
     if (timeline.refreshRequired) {
-        mSchedulerCallback.repaintEverythingForHWC();
+        mSchedulerCallback.scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kNone);
     }
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mVsyncTimelineLock);
@@ -891,21 +891,21 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onDisplayRefreshed(nsecs_t timestamp) {
-    bool callRepaint = false;
-    {
+    const bool refresh = [=] {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mVsyncTimelineLock);
         if (mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline && mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline->refreshRequired) {
-            if (mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline->refreshTimeNanos < timestamp) {
-                mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline->refreshRequired = false;
-            } else {
-                // We need to send another refresh as refreshTimeNanos is still in the future
-                callRepaint = true;
+            if (timestamp < mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline->refreshTimeNanos) {
+                // We need to schedule another refresh as refreshTimeNanos is still in the future.
+                return true;
             }
-        }
-    }
 
-    if (callRepaint) {
-        mSchedulerCallback.repaintEverythingForHWC();
+            mLastVsyncPeriodChangeTimeline->refreshRequired = false;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }();
+
+    if (refresh) {
+        mSchedulerCallback.scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kNone);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index 4b6905b..420ba61 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -56,10 +56,13 @@
 } // namespace frametimeline
 
 struct ISchedulerCallback {
+    // Indicates frame activity, i.e. whether commit and/or composite is taking place.
+    enum class FrameHint { kNone, kActive };
+
+    virtual void scheduleRefresh(FrameHint) = 0;
     virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
     virtual void changeRefreshRate(const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRate&,
                                    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigEvent) = 0;
-    virtual void repaintEverythingForHWC() = 0;
     virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
     virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
 
@@ -136,8 +139,8 @@
     bool isIdleTimerEnabled() const { return mIdleTimer.has_value(); }
     void resetIdleTimer();
 
-    // Function that resets the touch timer.
-    void notifyTouchEvent();
+    // Indicates that touch interaction is taking place.
+    void onTouchHint();
 
     void setDisplayPowerState(bool normal);
 
@@ -194,6 +197,8 @@
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
 
+    using FrameHint = ISchedulerCallback::FrameHint;
+
     // In order to make sure that the features don't override themselves, we need a state machine
     // to keep track which feature requested the config change.
     enum class ContentDetectionState { Off, On };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 967f028..15db2ed 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 #include <android/hardware/configstore/1.1/types.h>
 #include <android/hardware/power/Boost.h>
 #include <android/native_window.h>
-#include <android/os/BnSetInputWindowsListener.h>
 #include <android/os/IInputFlinger.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
@@ -277,21 +276,6 @@
 
 }  // namespace anonymous
 
-struct SetInputWindowsListener : os::BnSetInputWindowsListener {
-    explicit SetInputWindowsListener(std::function<void()> listenerCb) : mListenerCb(listenerCb) {}
-
-    binder::Status onSetInputWindowsFinished() override;
-
-    std::function<void()> mListenerCb;
-};
-
-binder::Status SetInputWindowsListener::onSetInputWindowsFinished() {
-    if (mListenerCb != nullptr) {
-        mListenerCb();
-    }
-    return binder::Status::ok();
-}
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 const String16 sHardwareTest("android.permission.HARDWARE_TEST");
@@ -358,10 +342,8 @@
         mInternalDisplayDensity(getDensityFromProperty("ro.sf.lcd_density", true)),
         mEmulatedDisplayDensity(getDensityFromProperty("qemu.sf.lcd_density", false)),
         mPowerAdvisor(*this),
-        mWindowInfosListenerInvoker(new WindowInfosListenerInvoker()) {
+        mWindowInfosListenerInvoker(new WindowInfosListenerInvoker(this)) {
     ALOGI("Using HWComposer service: %s", mHwcServiceName.c_str());
-
-    mSetInputWindowsListener = new SetInputWindowsListener([&]() { setInputWindowsFinished(); });
 }
 
 SurfaceFlinger::SurfaceFlinger(Factory& factory) : SurfaceFlinger(factory, SkipInitialization) {
@@ -433,10 +415,7 @@
     property_get("ro.build.type", value, "user");
     mIsUserBuild = strcmp(value, "user") == 0;
 
-    property_get("debug.sf.showupdates", value, "0");
-    mDebugRegion = atoi(value);
-
-    ALOGI_IF(mDebugRegion, "showupdates enabled");
+    mDebugFlashDelay = base::GetUintProperty("debug.sf.showupdates"s, 0u);
 
     // DDMS debugging deprecated (b/120782499)
     property_get("debug.sf.ddms", value, "0");
@@ -636,17 +615,14 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<PhysicalDisplayId> SurfaceFlinger::getPhysicalDisplayIdsLocked() const {
-    const auto internalDisplayId = getInternalDisplayIdLocked();
-    if (!internalDisplayId) {
-        return {};
-    }
-
     std::vector<PhysicalDisplayId> displayIds;
     displayIds.reserve(mPhysicalDisplayTokens.size());
-    displayIds.push_back(*internalDisplayId);
+
+    const auto internalDisplayId = getInternalDisplayIdLocked();
+    displayIds.push_back(internalDisplayId);
 
     for (const auto& [id, token] : mPhysicalDisplayTokens) {
-        if (id != *internalDisplayId) {
+        if (id != internalDisplayId) {
             displayIds.push_back(id);
         }
     }
@@ -813,10 +789,10 @@
     // Process any initial hotplug and resulting display changes.
     processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked();
     const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!display, "Missing internal display after registering composer callback.");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!display, "Missing primary display after registering composer callback.");
     const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!getHwComposer().isConnected(displayId),
-                        "Internal display is disconnected.");
+                        "Primary display is disconnected.");
 
     // initialize our drawing state
     mDrawingState = mCurrentState;
@@ -985,6 +961,11 @@
         return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
+    const auto displayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(display->getId());
+    if (!displayId) {
+        return INVALID_OPERATION;
+    }
+
     info->activeDisplayModeId = static_cast<int32_t>(display->getActiveMode()->getId().value());
 
     const auto& supportedModes = display->getSupportedModes();
@@ -1044,18 +1025,18 @@
     }
 
     info->activeColorMode = display->getCompositionDisplay()->getState().colorMode;
-    const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
-    info->supportedColorModes = getDisplayColorModes(displayId);
-
+    info->supportedColorModes = getDisplayColorModes(*display);
     info->hdrCapabilities = display->getHdrCapabilities();
+
     info->autoLowLatencyModeSupported =
-            getHwComposer().hasDisplayCapability(displayId,
+            getHwComposer().hasDisplayCapability(*displayId,
                                                  hal::DisplayCapability::AUTO_LOW_LATENCY_MODE);
     std::vector<hal::ContentType> types;
-    getHwComposer().getSupportedContentTypes(displayId, &types);
+    getHwComposer().getSupportedContentTypes(*displayId, &types);
     info->gameContentTypeSupported = std::any_of(types.begin(), types.end(), [](auto type) {
         return type == hal::ContentType::GAME;
     });
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -1082,8 +1063,8 @@
     }
 
     if (display->setDesiredActiveMode(info)) {
-        // This will trigger HWC refresh without resetting the idle timer.
-        repaintEverythingForHWC();
+        scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kNone);
+
         // Start receiving vsync samples now, so that we can detect a period
         // switch.
         mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, info.mode->getVsyncPeriod());
@@ -1279,15 +1260,15 @@
     }).wait();
 }
 
-std::vector<ColorMode> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayColorModes(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
-    auto modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(displayId);
-    bool isInternalDisplay = displayId == getInternalDisplayIdLocked();
+std::vector<ColorMode> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayColorModes(const DisplayDevice& display) {
+    auto modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(display.getPhysicalId());
 
-    // If it's built-in display and the configuration claims it's not wide color capable,
+    // If the display is internal and the configuration claims it's not wide color capable,
     // filter out all wide color modes. The typical reason why this happens is that the
     // hardware is not good enough to support GPU composition of wide color, and thus the
     // OEMs choose to disable this capability.
-    if (isInternalDisplay && !hasWideColorDisplay) {
+    if (display.getConnectionType() == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal &&
+        !hasWideColorDisplay) {
         const auto newEnd = std::remove_if(modes.begin(), modes.end(), isWideColorMode);
         modes.erase(newEnd, modes.end());
     }
@@ -1311,34 +1292,41 @@
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ColorMode mode) {
-    schedule([=]() MAIN_THREAD {
-        const auto displayId = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken);
-        if (!displayId) {
-            ALOGE("Invalid display token %p", displayToken.get());
-            return;
-        }
-        const auto modes = getDisplayColorModes(*displayId);
-        bool exists = std::find(std::begin(modes), std::end(modes), mode) != std::end(modes);
-        if (mode < ColorMode::NATIVE || !exists) {
-            ALOGE("Attempt to set invalid active color mode %s (%d) for display token %p",
-                  decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, displayToken.get());
-            return;
-        }
+    if (!displayToken) {
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    auto future = schedule([=]() MAIN_THREAD -> status_t {
         const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
         if (!display) {
             ALOGE("Attempt to set active color mode %s (%d) for invalid display token %p",
                   decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, displayToken.get());
-        } else if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+        }
+
+        if (display->isVirtual()) {
             ALOGW("Attempt to set active color mode %s (%d) for virtual display",
                   decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode);
-        } else {
-            display->getCompositionDisplay()->setColorProfile(
-                    compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile{mode, Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
-                                                            RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC,
-                                                            Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
+            return INVALID_OPERATION;
         }
-    }).wait();
 
+        const auto modes = getDisplayColorModes(*display);
+        const bool exists = std::find(modes.begin(), modes.end(), mode) != modes.end();
+
+        if (mode < ColorMode::NATIVE || !exists) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set invalid active color mode %s (%d) for display token %p",
+                  decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, displayToken.get());
+            return BAD_VALUE;
+        }
+
+        display->getCompositionDisplay()->setColorProfile(
+                {mode, Dataspace::UNKNOWN, RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC, Dataspace::UNKNOWN});
+
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    });
+
+    // TODO(b/195698395): Propagate error.
+    future.wait();
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -1658,7 +1646,7 @@
     Boost powerBoost = static_cast<Boost>(boostId);
 
     if (powerBoost == Boost::INTERACTION) {
-        mScheduler->notifyTouchEvent();
+        mScheduler->onTouchHint();
     }
 
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -1675,16 +1663,26 @@
     return mScheduler->createDisplayEventConnection(handle, eventRegistration);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::signalTransaction() {
-    mScheduler->resetIdleTimer();
+void SurfaceFlinger::scheduleInvalidate(FrameHint hint) {
+    if (hint == FrameHint::kActive) {
+        mScheduler->resetIdleTimer();
+    }
     mPowerAdvisor.notifyDisplayUpdateImminent();
     mEventQueue->invalidate();
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::scheduleRefresh(FrameHint hint) {
+    mForceRefresh = true;
+    scheduleInvalidate(hint);
+}
+
+void SurfaceFlinger::scheduleRepaint() {
+    mGeometryDirty = true;
+    scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kActive);
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::signalLayerUpdate() {
-    mScheduler->resetIdleTimer();
-    mPowerAdvisor.notifyDisplayUpdateImminent();
-    mEventQueue->invalidate();
+    scheduleInvalidate(FrameHint::kActive);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::signalRefresh() {
@@ -1755,8 +1753,8 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
                                           hal::Connection connection) {
-    ALOGI("%s(%" PRIu64 ", %s)", __func__, hwcDisplayId,
-          connection == hal::Connection::CONNECTED ? "connected" : "disconnected");
+    const bool connected = connection == hal::Connection::CONNECTED;
+    ALOGI("%s HAL display %" PRIu64, connected ? "Connecting" : "Disconnecting", hwcDisplayId);
 
     // Only lock if we're not on the main thread. This function is normally
     // called on a hwbinder thread, but for the primary display it's called on
@@ -1787,7 +1785,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalRefresh(hal::HWDisplayId) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-    repaintEverythingForHWC();
+    scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kNone);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(bool enabled) {
@@ -1948,17 +1946,13 @@
     }
 
     if (mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner) {
-        if (Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-            const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
-            if (display) {
-                display->onInvalidate();
-            } else {
-                ALOGW("%s: default display is null", __func__);
-            }
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+        if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
+            display->onInvalidate();
         }
     }
 
-    bool refreshNeeded;
+    bool refreshNeeded = mForceRefresh.exchange(false);
     {
         mTracePostComposition = mTracing.flagIsSet(SurfaceTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION) ||
                 mTracing.flagIsSet(SurfaceTracing::TRACE_SYNC) ||
@@ -1968,8 +1962,9 @@
 
         mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(vsyncId, frameStart, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(stats.vsyncPeriod));
 
-        refreshNeeded = handleMessageTransaction();
+        refreshNeeded |= flushAndCommitTransactions();
         refreshNeeded |= handleMessageInvalidate();
+
         if (tracePreComposition) {
             if (mVisibleRegionsDirty) {
                 mTracing.notifyLocked("visibleRegionsDirty");
@@ -1991,7 +1986,6 @@
     updateCursorAsync();
     updateInputFlinger();
 
-    refreshNeeded |= mRepaintEverything;
     if (refreshNeeded && CC_LIKELY(mBootStage != BootStage::BOOTLOADER)) {
         // Signal a refresh if a transaction modified the window state,
         // a new buffer was latched, or if HWC has requested a full
@@ -2013,25 +2007,23 @@
     notifyRegionSamplingThread();
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::handleMessageTransaction() {
+bool SurfaceFlinger::flushAndCommitTransactions() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (getTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded)) {
+    if (clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded)) {
         flushTransactionQueues();
     }
-    uint32_t transactionFlags = peekTransactionFlags();
-    bool runHandleTransaction =
-            ((transactionFlags & (~eTransactionFlushNeeded)) != 0) || mForceTraversal;
 
-    if (runHandleTransaction) {
-        handleTransaction(eTransactionMask);
+    const bool shouldCommit = (getTransactionFlags() & ~eTransactionFlushNeeded) || mForceTraversal;
+    if (shouldCommit) {
+        commitTransactions();
     }
 
     if (transactionFlushNeeded()) {
         setTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
     }
 
-    return runHandleTransaction;
+    return shouldCommit;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onMessageRefresh() {
@@ -2055,7 +2047,6 @@
             refreshArgs.layersWithQueuedFrames.push_back(layerFE);
     }
 
-    refreshArgs.repaintEverything = mRepaintEverything.exchange(false);
     refreshArgs.outputColorSetting = useColorManagement
             ? mDisplayColorSetting
             : compositionengine::OutputColorSetting::kUnmanaged;
@@ -2063,7 +2054,7 @@
     refreshArgs.forceOutputColorMode = mForceColorMode;
 
     refreshArgs.updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = mVisibleRegionsDirty;
-    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = mGeometryInvalid || mVisibleRegionsDirty;
+    refreshArgs.updatingGeometryThisFrame = mGeometryDirty.exchange(false) || mVisibleRegionsDirty;
     refreshArgs.blursAreExpensive = mBlursAreExpensive;
     refreshArgs.internalDisplayRotationFlags = DisplayDevice::getPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags();
 
@@ -2072,11 +2063,11 @@
         mDrawingState.colorMatrixChanged = false;
     }
 
-    refreshArgs.devOptForceClientComposition = mDebugDisableHWC || mDebugRegion;
+    refreshArgs.devOptForceClientComposition = mDebugDisableHWC;
 
-    if (mDebugRegion != 0) {
-        refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay =
-                std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugRegion > 1 ? mDebugRegion : 0);
+    if (mDebugFlashDelay != 0) {
+        refreshArgs.devOptForceClientComposition = true;
+        refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugFlashDelay);
     }
 
     const auto prevVsyncTime = mScheduler->getPreviousVsyncFrom(mExpectedPresentTime);
@@ -2085,8 +2076,6 @@
     refreshArgs.previousPresentFence = mPreviousPresentFences[0].fenceTime;
     refreshArgs.nextInvalidateTime = mEventQueue->nextExpectedInvalidate();
 
-    mGeometryInvalid = false;
-
     // Store the present time just before calling to the composition engine so we could notify
     // the scheduler.
     const auto presentTime = systemTime();
@@ -2308,7 +2297,7 @@
             int32_t maxArea = 0;
             mDrawingState.traverse([&, compositionDisplay = compositionDisplay](Layer* layer) {
                 const auto layerFe = layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE();
-                if (layer->isVisible() && compositionDisplay->belongsInOutput(layerFe)) {
+                if (layer->isVisible() && compositionDisplay->includesLayer(layerFe)) {
                     const Dataspace transfer =
                         static_cast<Dataspace>(layer->getDataSpace() & Dataspace::TRANSFER_MASK);
                     const bool isHdr = (transfer == Dataspace::TRANSFER_ST2084 ||
@@ -2439,8 +2428,8 @@
         const auto& displayDevice = pair.second;
         const auto display = displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay();
         for (const auto& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
-            // only consider the layers on the given layer stack
-            if (!display->belongsInOutput(layer->getLayerStack(), layer->getPrimaryDisplayOnly())) {
+            // Only consider the layers on this display.
+            if (!display->includesLayer(layer->getOutputFilter())) {
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -2460,29 +2449,26 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::handleTransaction(uint32_t transactionFlags) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::commitTransactions() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    // here we keep a copy of the drawing state (that is the state that's
-    // going to be overwritten by handleTransactionLocked()) outside of
-    // mStateLock so that the side-effects of the State assignment
-    // don't happen with mStateLock held (which can cause deadlocks).
+    // Keep a copy of the drawing state (that is going to be overwritten
+    // by commitTransactionsLocked) outside of mStateLock so that the side
+    // effects of the State assignment don't happen with mStateLock held,
+    // which can cause deadlocks.
     State drawingState(mDrawingState);
 
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     mDebugInTransaction = systemTime();
 
     // Here we're guaranteed that some transaction flags are set
-    // so we can call handleTransactionLocked() unconditionally.
-    // We call getTransactionFlags(), which will also clear the flags,
-    // with mStateLock held to guarantee that mCurrentState won't change
-    // until the transaction is committed.
+    // so we can call commitTransactionsLocked unconditionally.
+    // We clear the flags with mStateLock held to guarantee that
+    // mCurrentState won't change until the transaction is committed.
     modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onTransactionCommit);
-    transactionFlags = getTransactionFlags(eTransactionMask);
-    handleTransactionLocked(transactionFlags);
+    commitTransactionsLocked(clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionMask));
 
     mDebugInTransaction = 0;
-    // here the transaction has been committed
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::loadDisplayModes(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, DisplayModes& outModes,
@@ -2745,14 +2731,12 @@
     compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder builder;
     if (const auto& physical = state.physical) {
         builder.setId(physical->id);
-        builder.setConnectionType(physical->type);
     } else {
         builder.setId(acquireVirtualDisplay(resolution, pixelFormat));
     }
 
     builder.setPixels(resolution);
     builder.setIsSecure(state.isSecure);
-    builder.setLayerStackId(state.layerStack);
     builder.setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor);
     builder.setName(state.displayName);
     auto compositionDisplay = getCompositionEngine().createDisplay(builder.build());
@@ -2858,7 +2842,7 @@
             setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
 
             // TODO(b/175678251) Call a listener instead.
-            if (currentState.physical->hwcDisplayId == getHwComposer().getInternalHwcDisplayId()) {
+            if (currentState.physical->hwcDisplayId == getHwComposer().getPrimaryHwcDisplayId()) {
                 updateInternalDisplayVsyncLocked(display);
             }
         }
@@ -2938,8 +2922,8 @@
     mDrawingState.displays = mCurrentState.displays;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::handleTransactionLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) {
-    // Commit display transactions
+void SurfaceFlinger::commitTransactionsLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) {
+    // Commit display transactions.
     const bool displayTransactionNeeded = transactionFlags & eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
     if (displayTransactionNeeded) {
         processDisplayChangesLocked();
@@ -2953,18 +2937,9 @@
         mSomeChildrenChanged = false;
     }
 
-    // Update transform hint
+    // Update transform hint.
     if (transactionFlags & (eTransformHintUpdateNeeded | eDisplayTransactionNeeded)) {
-        // The transform hint might have changed for some layers
-        // (either because a display has changed, or because a layer
-        // as changed).
-        //
-        // Walk through all the layers in currentLayers,
-        // and update their transform hint.
-        //
-        // If a layer is visible only on a single display, then that
-        // display is used to calculate the hint, otherwise we use the
-        // default display.
+        // Layers and/or displays have changed, so update the transform hint for each layer.
         //
         // NOTE: we do this here, rather than when presenting the display so that
         // the hint is set before we acquire a buffer from the surface texture.
@@ -2975,30 +2950,29 @@
         // (soon to become the drawing state list).
         //
         sp<const DisplayDevice> hintDisplay;
-        uint32_t currentlayerStack = 0;
-        bool first = true;
+        ui::LayerStack layerStack;
+
         mCurrentState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
             // NOTE: we rely on the fact that layers are sorted by
             // layerStack first (so we don't have to traverse the list
             // of displays for every layer).
-            uint32_t layerStack = layer->getLayerStack();
-            if (first || currentlayerStack != layerStack) {
-                currentlayerStack = layerStack;
-                // figure out if this layerstack is mirrored
-                // (more than one display) if so, pick the default display,
-                // if not, pick the only display it's on.
+            if (const auto filter = layer->getOutputFilter(); layerStack != filter.layerStack) {
+                layerStack = filter.layerStack;
                 hintDisplay = nullptr;
+
+                // Find the display that includes the layer.
                 for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
-                    if (display->getCompositionDisplay()
-                                ->belongsInOutput(layer->getLayerStack(),
-                                                  layer->getPrimaryDisplayOnly())) {
-                        if (hintDisplay) {
-                            hintDisplay = nullptr;
-                            break;
-                        } else {
-                            hintDisplay = display;
-                        }
+                    if (!display->getCompositionDisplay()->includesLayer(filter)) {
+                        continue;
                     }
+
+                    // Pick the primary display if another display mirrors the layer.
+                    if (hintDisplay) {
+                        hintDisplay = nullptr;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    hintDisplay = display;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -3012,20 +2986,10 @@
                 hintDisplay = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
             }
 
-            // could be null if there is no display available at all to get
-            // the transform hint from.
-            if (hintDisplay) {
-                layer->updateTransformHint(hintDisplay->getTransformHint());
-            }
-
-            first = false;
+            layer->updateTransformHint(hintDisplay->getTransformHint());
         });
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Perform our own transaction if needed
-     */
-
     if (mLayersAdded) {
         mLayersAdded = false;
         // Layers have been added.
@@ -3047,7 +3011,9 @@
         });
     }
 
-    commitTransaction();
+    doCommitTransactions();
+    signalSynchronousTransactions(CountDownLatch::eSyncTransaction);
+    mAnimTransactionPending = false;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::updateInputFlinger() {
@@ -3058,11 +3024,11 @@
 
     if (mVisibleRegionsDirty || mInputInfoChanged) {
         mInputInfoChanged = false;
-        updateInputWindowInfo();
+        notifyWindowInfos();
     } else if (mInputWindowCommands.syncInputWindows) {
         // If the caller requested to sync input windows, but there are no
         // changes to input windows, notify immediately.
-        setInputWindowsFinished();
+        windowInfosReported();
     }
 
     for (const auto& focusRequest : mInputWindowCommands.focusRequests) {
@@ -3077,22 +3043,23 @@
     return value;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::updateInputWindowInfo() {
-    std::vector<WindowInfo> inputInfos;
+void SurfaceFlinger::notifyWindowInfos() {
+    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos;
 
     mDrawingState.traverseInReverseZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
         if (!layer->needsInputInfo()) return;
-        sp<DisplayDevice> display = enablePerWindowInputRotation()
-                ? ON_MAIN_THREAD(getDisplayWithInputByLayer(layer))
-                : nullptr;
+
+        const DisplayDevice* display = nullptr;
+        if (enablePerWindowInputRotation()) {
+            display = ON_MAIN_THREAD(getDisplayWithInputByLayer(layer)).get();
+        }
+
         // When calculating the screen bounds we ignore the transparent region since it may
         // result in an unwanted offset.
-        inputInfos.push_back(layer->fillInputInfo(display));
+        windowInfos.push_back(layer->fillInputInfo(display));
     });
-
-    mInputFlinger->setInputWindows(inputInfos,
-                               mInputWindowCommands.syncInputWindows ? mSetInputWindowsListener
-                                                                     : nullptr);
+    mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->windowInfosChanged(windowInfos,
+                                                    mInputWindowCommands.syncInputWindows);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::updateCursorAsync() {
@@ -3195,14 +3162,9 @@
     mEventQueue->setDuration(config.sfWorkDuration);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::commitTransaction() {
+void SurfaceFlinger::doCommitTransactions() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    commitTransactionLocked();
-    signalSynchronousTransactions(CountDownLatch::eSyncTransaction);
-    mAnimTransactionPending = false;
-}
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::commitTransactionLocked() {
     if (!mLayersPendingRemoval.isEmpty()) {
         // Notify removed layers now that they can't be drawn from
         for (const auto& l : mLayersPendingRemoval) {
@@ -3246,11 +3208,10 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::commitOffscreenLayers() {
     for (Layer* offscreenLayer : mOffscreenLayers) {
         offscreenLayer->traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, [](Layer* layer) {
-            uint32_t trFlags = layer->getTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
-            if (!trFlags) return;
-
-            layer->doTransaction(0);
-            layer->commitChildList();
+            if (layer->clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded)) {
+                layer->doTransaction(0);
+                layer->commitChildList();
+            }
         });
     }
 }
@@ -3258,7 +3219,7 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::invalidateLayerStack(const sp<const Layer>& layer, const Region& dirty) {
     for (const auto& [token, displayDevice] : ON_MAIN_THREAD(mDisplays)) {
         auto display = displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay();
-        if (display->belongsInOutput(layer->getLayerStack(), layer->getPrimaryDisplayOnly())) {
+        if (display->includesLayer(layer->getOutputFilter())) {
             display->editState().dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirty);
         }
     }
@@ -3286,14 +3247,14 @@
     // Display is now waiting on Layer 1's frame, which is behind layer 0's
     // second frame. But layer 0's second frame could be waiting on display.
     mDrawingState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
-         uint32_t trFlags = layer->getTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
-         if (trFlags || mForceTransactionDisplayChange) {
-             const uint32_t flags = layer->doTransaction(0);
-             if (flags & Layer::eVisibleRegion)
-                 mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
-         }
+        if (layer->clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded) || mForceTransactionDisplayChange) {
+            const uint32_t flags = layer->doTransaction(0);
+            if (flags & Layer::eVisibleRegion) {
+                mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
+            }
+        }
 
-         if (layer->hasReadyFrame()) {
+        if (layer->hasReadyFrame()) {
             frameQueued = true;
             if (layer->shouldPresentNow(expectedPresentTime)) {
                 mLayersWithQueuedFrames.emplace(layer);
@@ -3301,7 +3262,7 @@
                 ATRACE_NAME("!layer->shouldPresentNow()");
                 layer->useEmptyDamage();
             }
-         } else {
+        } else {
             layer->useEmptyDamage();
         }
     });
@@ -3354,10 +3315,6 @@
     return !mLayersWithQueuedFrames.empty() && newDataLatched;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::invalidateHwcGeometry() {
-    mGeometryInvalid = true;
-}
-
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::addClientLayer(const sp<Client>& client, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
                                         const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& gbc, const sp<Layer>& lbc,
                                         const sp<IBinder>& parentHandle,
@@ -3404,23 +3361,23 @@
     }));
 }
 
-uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::peekTransactionFlags() {
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::getTransactionFlags() const {
     return mTransactionFlags;
 }
 
-uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::getTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags) {
-    return mTransactionFlags.fetch_and(~flags) & flags;
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::clearTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask) {
+    return mTransactionFlags.fetch_and(~mask) & mask;
 }
 
-uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags) {
-    return setTransactionFlags(flags, TransactionSchedule::Late);
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask) {
+    return setTransactionFlags(mask, TransactionSchedule::Late);
 }
 
-uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags, TransactionSchedule schedule,
-                                             const sp<IBinder>& token) {
-    uint32_t old = mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(flags);
-    modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, token);
-    if ((old & flags) == 0) signalTransaction();
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask, TransactionSchedule schedule,
+                                             const sp<IBinder>& applyToken) {
+    const uint32_t old = mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(mask);
+    modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, applyToken);
+    if ((old & mask) == 0) scheduleInvalidate(FrameHint::kActive);
     return old;
 }
 
@@ -4220,7 +4177,7 @@
 
         if (layer->setBuffer(buffer, s.acquireFence, postTime, desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp,
                              s.cachedBuffer, frameNumber, dequeueBufferTimestamp, frameTimelineInfo,
-                             s.releaseBufferListener)) {
+                             s.releaseBufferListener, s.releaseBufferEndpoint)) {
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     } else if (frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId != FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
@@ -4479,7 +4436,7 @@
     d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
              DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
     d.token = token;
-    d.layerStack = 0;
+    d.layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
     d.orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
     d.orientedDisplaySpaceRect.makeInvalid();
     d.layerStackSpaceRect.makeInvalid();
@@ -4510,23 +4467,22 @@
 }
 
 sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayWithInputByLayer(Layer* layer) const {
-    sp<DisplayDevice> display;
-    for (const auto& pair : mDisplays) {
-        const auto& displayDevice = pair.second;
-        if (!displayDevice->receivesInput() ||
-            !displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()
-                     ->belongsInOutput(layer->getLayerStack(), layer->getPrimaryDisplayOnly())) {
+    const auto filter = layer->getOutputFilter();
+    sp<DisplayDevice> inputDisplay;
+
+    for (const auto& [_, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (!display->receivesInput() || !display->getCompositionDisplay()->includesLayer(filter)) {
             continue;
         }
         // Don't return immediately so that we can log duplicates.
-        if (display) {
-            ALOGE("Multiple display devices claim to accept input for the same layerstack: %d",
-                  layer->getLayerStack());
+        if (inputDisplay) {
+            ALOGE("Multiple displays claim to accept input for the same layer stack: %u",
+                  filter.layerStack.id);
             continue;
         }
-        display = displayDevice;
+        inputDisplay = display;
     }
-    return display;
+    return inputDisplay;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode) {
@@ -4571,7 +4527,7 @@
 
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
         mHasPoweredOff = true;
-        repaintEverything();
+        scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kActive);
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
         // Turn off the display
         if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedFifo(false) != NO_ERROR) {
@@ -5163,7 +5119,7 @@
     colorizer.bold(result);
     result.append("h/w composer state:\n");
     colorizer.reset(result);
-    bool hwcDisabled = mDebugDisableHWC || mDebugRegion;
+    const bool hwcDisabled = mDebugDisableHWC || mDebugFlashDelay;
     StringAppendF(&result, "  h/w composer %s\n", hwcDisabled ? "disabled" : "enabled");
     getHwComposer().dump(result);
 
@@ -5372,9 +5328,8 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply,
                                     uint32_t flags) {
-    status_t credentialCheck = CheckTransactCodeCredentials(code);
-    if (credentialCheck != OK) {
-        return credentialCheck;
+    if (const status_t error = CheckTransactCodeCredentials(code); error != OK) {
+        return error;
     }
 
     status_t err = BnSurfaceComposer::onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
@@ -5391,47 +5346,43 @@
         }
         int n;
         switch (code) {
-            case 1000: // SHOW_CPU, NOT SUPPORTED ANYMORE
-            case 1001: // SHOW_FPS, NOT SUPPORTED ANYMORE
+            case 1000: // Unused.
+            case 1001:
+                return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+            case 1002: // Toggle flashing on surface damage.
+                if (const int delay = data.readInt32(); delay > 0) {
+                    mDebugFlashDelay = delay;
+                } else {
+                    mDebugFlashDelay = mDebugFlashDelay ? 0 : 1;
+                }
+                scheduleRepaint();
                 return NO_ERROR;
-            case 1002:  // SHOW_UPDATES
-                n = data.readInt32();
-                mDebugRegion = n ? n : (mDebugRegion ? 0 : 1);
-                invalidateHwcGeometry();
-                repaintEverything();
+            case 1004: // Force refresh ahead of next VSYNC.
+                scheduleRefresh(FrameHint::kActive);
                 return NO_ERROR;
-            case 1004:{ // repaint everything
-                repaintEverything();
+            case 1005: { // Force commit ahead of next VSYNC.
+                Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+                setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded | eDisplayTransactionNeeded |
+                                    eTraversalNeeded);
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
-            case 1005:{ // force transaction
-                Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-                setTransactionFlags(
-                        eTransactionNeeded|
-                        eDisplayTransactionNeeded|
-                        eTraversalNeeded);
-                return NO_ERROR;
-            }
-            case 1006:{ // send empty update
+            case 1006: // Force refresh immediately.
                 signalRefresh();
                 return NO_ERROR;
-            }
-            case 1008:  // toggle use of hw composer
-                n = data.readInt32();
-                mDebugDisableHWC = n != 0;
-                invalidateHwcGeometry();
-                repaintEverything();
+            case 1007: // Unused.
+                return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+            case 1008: // Toggle forced GPU composition.
+                mDebugDisableHWC = data.readInt32() != 0;
+                scheduleRepaint();
                 return NO_ERROR;
-            case 1009:  // toggle use of transform hint
-                n = data.readInt32();
-                mDebugDisableTransformHint = n != 0;
-                invalidateHwcGeometry();
-                repaintEverything();
+            case 1009: // Toggle use of transform hint.
+                mDebugDisableTransformHint = data.readInt32() != 0;
+                scheduleRepaint();
                 return NO_ERROR;
-            case 1010:  // interrogate.
+            case 1010: // Interrogate.
                 reply->writeInt32(0);
                 reply->writeInt32(0);
-                reply->writeInt32(mDebugRegion);
+                reply->writeInt32(mDebugFlashDelay);
                 reply->writeInt32(0);
                 reply->writeInt32(mDebugDisableHWC);
                 return NO_ERROR;
@@ -5486,12 +5437,15 @@
                     mClientColorMatrix = mat4();
                 }
 
+                // TODO(b/193487656): Restore once HWASan bug is fixed.
+#if 0
                 // Check that supplied matrix's last row is {0,0,0,1} so we can avoid
                 // the division by w in the fragment shader
                 float4 lastRow(transpose(mClientColorMatrix)[3]);
                 if (any(greaterThan(abs(lastRow - float4{0, 0, 0, 1}), float4{1e-4f}))) {
                     ALOGE("The color transform's last row must be (0, 0, 0, 1)");
                 }
+#endif
 
                 updateColorMatrixLocked();
                 return NO_ERROR;
@@ -5545,8 +5499,7 @@
                 if (data.readInt32(&colorMode) == NO_ERROR) {
                     mForceColorMode = static_cast<ColorMode>(colorMode);
                 }
-                invalidateHwcGeometry();
-                repaintEverything();
+                scheduleRepaint();
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             // Deprecate, use 1030 to check whether the device is color managed.
@@ -5711,12 +5664,10 @@
             // Inject a hotplug connected event for the primary display. This will deallocate and
             // reallocate the display state including framebuffers.
             case 1037: {
-                std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> hwcId;
-                {
-                    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-                    hwcId = getHwComposer().getInternalHwcDisplayId();
-                }
-                onComposerHalHotplug(*hwcId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
+                const hal::HWDisplayId hwcId =
+                        (Mutex::Autolock(mStateLock), getHwComposer().getPrimaryHwcDisplayId());
+
+                onComposerHalHotplug(hwcId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             // Modify the max number of display frames stored within FrameTimeline
@@ -5778,8 +5729,7 @@
                 if (error != OK) {
                     return error;
                 }
-                invalidateHwcGeometry();
-                repaintEverything();
+                scheduleRepaint();
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
         }
@@ -5787,17 +5737,6 @@
     return err;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::repaintEverything() {
-    mRepaintEverything = true;
-    signalTransaction();
-}
-
-void SurfaceFlinger::repaintEverythingForHWC() {
-    mRepaintEverything = true;
-    mPowerAdvisor.notifyDisplayUpdateImminent();
-    mEventQueue->invalidate();
-}
-
 void SurfaceFlinger::kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) {
     static bool updateOverlay =
             property_get_bool("debug.sf.kernel_idle_timer_update_overlay", true);
@@ -6389,12 +6328,14 @@
     // Use an empty fence for the buffer fence, since we just created the buffer so
     // there is no need for synchronization with the GPU.
     base::unique_fd bufferFence;
-    base::unique_fd drawFence;
     getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(useProtected);
 
     const constexpr bool kUseFramebufferCache = false;
-    getRenderEngine().drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, buffer,
-                                 kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence), &drawFence);
+    auto [status, drawFence] =
+            getRenderEngine()
+                    .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientCompositionLayerPointers, buffer,
+                                kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence))
+                    .get();
 
     if (drawFence >= 0) {
         sp<Fence> releaseFence = new Fence(dup(drawFence));
@@ -6407,10 +6348,10 @@
     // Always switch back to unprotected context.
     getRenderEngine().useProtectedContext(false);
 
-    return NO_ERROR;
+    return status;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setInputWindowsFinished() {
+void SurfaceFlinger::windowInfosReported() {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
     signalSynchronousTransactions(CountDownLatch::eSyncInputWindows);
 }
@@ -6434,12 +6375,12 @@
     // We loop through the first level of layers without traversing,
     // as we need to determine which layers belong to the requested display.
     for (const auto& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
-        if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(layerStack)) {
+        if (layer->getLayerStack() != layerStack) {
             continue;
         }
         // relative layers are traversed in Layer::traverseInZOrder
         layer->traverseInZOrder(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, [&](Layer* layer) {
-            if (layer->getPrimaryDisplayOnly()) {
+            if (layer->isInternalDisplayOverlay()) {
                 return;
             }
             if (!layer->isVisible()) {
@@ -6798,33 +6739,29 @@
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::getMaxAcquiredBufferCount(int* buffers) const {
-    const auto maxSupportedRefreshRate = [&] {
-        const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDevice();
-        if (display) {
-            return display->refreshRateConfigs().getSupportedRefreshRateRange().max;
+    Fps maxRefreshRate(60.f);
+
+    if (!getHwComposer().isHeadless()) {
+        if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDevice()) {
+            maxRefreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getSupportedRefreshRateRange().max;
         }
-        ALOGW("%s: default display is null", __func__);
-        return Fps(60);
-    }();
-    *buffers = getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForRefreshRate(maxSupportedRefreshRate);
+    }
+
+    *buffers = getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForRefreshRate(maxRefreshRate);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-int SurfaceFlinger::getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(uid_t uid) const {
-    const auto refreshRate = [&] {
-        const auto frameRateOverride = mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(uid);
-        if (frameRateOverride.has_value()) {
-            return frameRateOverride.value();
-        }
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(uid_t uid) const {
+    Fps refreshRate(60.f);
 
-        const auto display = ON_MAIN_THREAD(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
-        if (display) {
-            return display->refreshRateConfigs().getCurrentRefreshRate().getFps();
+    if (const auto frameRateOverride = mScheduler->getFrameRateOverride(uid)) {
+        refreshRate = *frameRateOverride;
+    } else if (!getHwComposer().isHeadless()) {
+        if (const auto display = ON_MAIN_THREAD(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked())) {
+            refreshRate = display->refreshRateConfigs().getCurrentRefreshRate().getFps();
         }
+    }
 
-        ALOGW("%s: default display is null", __func__);
-        return Fps(60);
-    }();
     return getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForRefreshRate(refreshRate);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 00590dd..33bc17b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@
 class TunnelModeEnabledReporter;
 class HdrLayerInfoReporter;
 class HWComposer;
-struct SetInputWindowsListener;
 class IGraphicBufferProducer;
 class Layer;
 class MessageBase;
@@ -286,8 +285,12 @@
     template <typename F, typename T = std::invoke_result_t<F>>
     [[nodiscard]] std::future<T> schedule(F&&);
 
-    // force full composition on all displays
-    void repaintEverything();
+    // Schedule commit of transactions on the main thread ahead of the next VSYNC.
+    void scheduleInvalidate(FrameHint);
+    // As above, but also force refresh regardless if transactions were committed.
+    void scheduleRefresh(FrameHint) override;
+    // As above, but also force dirty geometry to repaint.
+    void scheduleRepaint();
 
     surfaceflinger::Factory& getFactory() { return mFactory; }
 
@@ -333,7 +336,7 @@
     // If set, disables reusing client composition buffers. This can be set by
     // debug.sf.disable_client_composition_cache
     bool mDisableClientCompositionCache = false;
-    void setInputWindowsFinished();
+    void windowInfosReported();
 
     // Disables expensive rendering for all displays
     // This is scheduled on the main thread
@@ -349,7 +352,6 @@
             uint32_t permissions,
             std::unordered_set<ListenerCallbacks, ListenerCallbacksHash>& listenerCallbacks)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    virtual void commitTransactionLocked();
 
     // Used internally by computeLayerBounds() to gets the clip rectangle to use for the
     // root layers on a particular display in layer-coordinate space. The
@@ -752,8 +754,6 @@
     void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override;
     // Initiates a refresh rate change to be applied on invalidate.
     void changeRefreshRate(const Scheduler::RefreshRate&, Scheduler::ModeEvent) override;
-    // Forces full composition on all displays without resetting the scheduler idle timer.
-    void repaintEverythingForHWC() override;
     // Called when kernel idle timer has expired. Used to update the refresh rate overlay.
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) override;
     // Called when the frame rate override list changed to trigger an event.
@@ -772,8 +772,6 @@
      * Message handling
      */
     // Can only be called from the main thread or with mStateLock held
-    void signalTransaction();
-    // Can only be called from the main thread or with mStateLock held
     void signalLayerUpdate();
     void signalRefresh();
 
@@ -805,8 +803,12 @@
     // incoming transactions
     void onMessageInvalidate(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVSyncTime);
 
-    // Returns whether the transaction actually modified any state
-    bool handleMessageTransaction();
+    // Returns whether transactions were committed.
+    bool flushAndCommitTransactions() EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
+
+    void commitTransactions() EXCLUDES(mStateLock);
+    void commitTransactionsLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void doCommitTransactions() REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     // Handle the REFRESH message queue event, sending the current frame down to RenderEngine and
     // the Composer HAL for presentation
@@ -815,11 +817,8 @@
     // Returns whether a new buffer has been latched (see handlePageFlip())
     bool handleMessageInvalidate();
 
-    void handleTransaction(uint32_t transactionFlags);
-    void handleTransactionLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-
     void updateInputFlinger();
-    void updateInputWindowInfo();
+    void notifyWindowInfos();
     void commitInputWindowCommands() REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     void updateCursorAsync();
 
@@ -849,18 +848,23 @@
     void flushTransactionQueues();
     // Returns true if there is at least one transaction that needs to be flushed
     bool transactionFlushNeeded();
-    uint32_t getTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags);
-    uint32_t peekTransactionFlags();
-    // Can only be called from the main thread or with mStateLock held
-    uint32_t setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags);
+
+    uint32_t getTransactionFlags() const;
+
+    // Sets the masked bits, and returns the old flags.
+    uint32_t setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask);
+
+    // Clears and returns the masked bits.
+    uint32_t clearTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask);
+
     // Indicate SF should call doTraversal on layers, but don't trigger a wakeup! We use this cases
     // where there are still pending transactions but we know they won't be ready until a frame
     // arrives from a different layer. So we need to ensure we performTransaction from invalidate
     // but there is no need to try and wake up immediately to do it. Rather we rely on
     // onFrameAvailable or another layer update to wake us up.
     void setTraversalNeeded();
-    uint32_t setTransactionFlags(uint32_t flags, TransactionSchedule, const sp<IBinder>& = {});
-    void commitTransaction() REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    uint32_t setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask, TransactionSchedule,
+                                 const sp<IBinder>& applyToken = {});
     void commitOffscreenLayers();
     bool transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& info, bool isAutoTimestamp, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
@@ -943,7 +947,7 @@
         return width > mMaxRenderTargetSize || height > mMaxRenderTargetSize;
     }
 
-    int getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(uid_t uid) const;
+    uint32_t getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(uid_t uid) const;
 
     /*
      * Display and layer stack management
@@ -1034,8 +1038,6 @@
     /*
      * Compositing
      */
-    void invalidateHwcGeometry();
-
     void postComposition();
     void getCompositorTiming(CompositorTiming* compositorTiming);
     void updateCompositorTiming(const DisplayStatInfo& stats, nsecs_t compositeTime,
@@ -1119,15 +1121,19 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    // TODO(b/74619554): Remove special cases for primary display.
+    // TODO(b/182939859): SF conflates the primary (a.k.a. default) display with the first display
+    // connected at boot, which is typically internal. (Theoretically, it must be internal because
+    // SF does not support disconnecting it, though in practice HWC may circumvent this limitation.)
+    //
+    // SF inherits getInternalDisplayToken and getInternalDisplayId from ISurfaceComposer, so these
+    // locked counterparts are named consistently. Once SF supports headless mode and can designate
+    // any display as primary, the "internal" misnomer will be phased out.
     sp<IBinder> getInternalDisplayTokenLocked() const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
-        const auto displayId = getInternalDisplayIdLocked();
-        return displayId ? getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(*displayId) : nullptr;
+        return getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(getInternalDisplayIdLocked());
     }
 
-    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> getInternalDisplayIdLocked() const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
-        const auto hwcDisplayId = getHwComposer().getInternalHwcDisplayId();
-        return hwcDisplayId ? getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(*hwcDisplayId) : std::nullopt;
+    PhysicalDisplayId getInternalDisplayIdLocked() const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        return getHwComposer().getPrimaryDisplayId();
     }
 
     // Toggles use of HAL/GPU virtual displays.
@@ -1206,8 +1212,7 @@
     /*
      * Misc
      */
-    std::vector<ui::ColorMode> getDisplayColorModes(PhysicalDisplayId displayId)
-            REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    std::vector<ui::ColorMode> getDisplayColorModes(const DisplayDevice&) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     static int calculateMaxAcquiredBufferCount(Fps refreshRate,
                                                std::chrono::nanoseconds presentLatency);
@@ -1249,7 +1254,8 @@
     bool mLayersRemoved = false;
     bool mLayersAdded = false;
 
-    std::atomic<bool> mRepaintEverything = false;
+    std::atomic_bool mForceRefresh = false;
+    std::atomic_bool mGeometryDirty = false;
 
     // constant members (no synchronization needed for access)
     const nsecs_t mBootTime = systemTime();
@@ -1276,7 +1282,6 @@
     bool mSomeDataspaceChanged = false;
     bool mForceTransactionDisplayChange = false;
 
-    bool mGeometryInvalid = false;
     bool mAnimCompositionPending = false;
 
     // Tracks layers that have pending frames which are candidates for being
@@ -1311,13 +1316,13 @@
         std::optional<DisplayIdGenerator<HalVirtualDisplayId>> hal;
     } mVirtualDisplayIdGenerators;
 
-    // don't use a lock for these, we don't care
-    int mDebugRegion = 0;
-    bool mDebugDisableHWC = false;
-    bool mDebugDisableTransformHint = false;
+    std::atomic_uint mDebugFlashDelay = 0;
+    std::atomic_bool mDebugDisableHWC = false;
+    std::atomic_bool mDebugDisableTransformHint = false;
+    std::atomic<nsecs_t> mDebugInTransaction = 0;
+    std::atomic_bool mForceFullDamage = false;
+
     bool mLayerCachingEnabled = false;
-    volatile nsecs_t mDebugInTransaction = 0;
-    bool mForceFullDamage = false;
     bool mPropagateBackpressureClientComposition = false;
     sp<SurfaceInterceptor> mInterceptor;
 
@@ -1443,8 +1448,6 @@
     // Should only be accessed by the main thread.
     InputWindowCommands mInputWindowCommands;
 
-    sp<SetInputWindowsListener> mSetInputWindowsListener;
-
     Hwc2::impl::PowerAdvisor mPowerAdvisor;
 
     // This should only be accessed on the main thread.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
index 9be3abe..0782fef 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
@@ -323,11 +323,10 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId,
-        uint32_t layerStack)
-{
+                                             ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
     SurfaceChange* change(createSurfaceChangeLocked(transaction, layerId));
     LayerStackChange* layerStackChange(change->mutable_layer_stack());
-    layerStackChange->set_layer_stack(layerStack);
+    layerStackChange->set_layer_stack(layerStack.id);
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addCropLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId,
@@ -568,12 +567,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-        int32_t sequenceId, uint32_t layerStack)
-{
+void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
+                                                    ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
     DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, sequenceId));
     LayerStackChange* layerStackChange(dispChange->mutable_layer_stack());
-    layerStackChange->set_layer_stack(layerStack);
+    layerStackChange->set_layer_stack(layerStack.id);
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayFlagsLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
index 7b331b9..970c3e5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
     void addTransparentRegionLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId,
             const Region& transRegion);
     void addFlagsLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId, uint8_t flags, uint8_t mask);
-    void addLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId, uint32_t layerStack);
+    void addLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId, ui::LayerStack);
     void addCropLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId, const Rect& rect);
     void addCornerRadiusLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId, float cornerRadius);
     void addBackgroundBlurRadiusLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId,
@@ -183,8 +183,7 @@
     DisplayChange* createDisplayChangeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId);
     void addDisplaySurfaceLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
             const sp<const IGraphicBufferProducer>& surface);
-    void addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
-            uint32_t layerStack);
+    void addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId, ui::LayerStack);
     void addDisplayFlagsLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId, uint32_t flags);
     void addDisplaySizeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId, uint32_t w,
             uint32_t h);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/OWNERS b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/OWNERS
index ded3ebb..d78f5e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/OWNERS
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/OWNERS
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+adyabr@google.com
 alecmouri@google.com
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
index 55136fb..dc2aa58 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
@@ -17,12 +17,32 @@
 #include "WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h"
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 #include <unordered_set>
+#include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using gui::IWindowInfosListener;
 using gui::WindowInfo;
 
+struct WindowInfosReportedListener : gui::BnWindowInfosReportedListener {
+    explicit WindowInfosReportedListener(std::function<void()> listenerCb)
+          : mListenerCb(listenerCb) {}
+
+    binder::Status onWindowInfosReported() override {
+        if (mListenerCb != nullptr) {
+            mListenerCb();
+        }
+        return binder::Status::ok();
+    }
+
+    std::function<void()> mListenerCb;
+};
+
+WindowInfosListenerInvoker::WindowInfosListenerInvoker(const sp<SurfaceFlinger>& sf) : mSf(sf) {
+    mWindowInfosReportedListener =
+            new WindowInfosReportedListener([&]() { windowInfosReported(); });
+}
+
 void WindowInfosListenerInvoker::addWindowInfosListener(
         const sp<IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) {
     sp<IBinder> asBinder = IInterface::asBinder(windowInfosListener);
@@ -46,7 +66,8 @@
     mWindowInfosListeners.erase(who);
 }
 
-void WindowInfosListenerInvoker::windowInfosChanged(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+void WindowInfosListenerInvoker::windowInfosChanged(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos,
+                                                    bool shouldSync) {
     std::unordered_set<sp<IWindowInfosListener>, ISurfaceComposer::SpHash<IWindowInfosListener>>
             windowInfosListeners;
 
@@ -57,8 +78,18 @@
         }
     }
 
+    mCallbacksPending = windowInfosListeners.size();
+
     for (const auto& listener : windowInfosListeners) {
-        listener->onWindowInfosChanged(windowInfos);
+        listener->onWindowInfosChanged(windowInfos,
+                                       shouldSync ? mWindowInfosReportedListener : nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+void WindowInfosListenerInvoker::windowInfosReported() {
+    mCallbacksPending--;
+    if (mCallbacksPending == 0) {
+        mSf->windowInfosReported();
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
index b979de1..5e5796f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
@@ -16,32 +16,42 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android/gui/BnWindowInfosReportedListener.h>
 #include <android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.h>
+#include <android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace android {
 
+class SurfaceFlinger;
+
 class WindowInfosListenerInvoker : public IBinder::DeathRecipient {
 public:
+    WindowInfosListenerInvoker(const sp<SurfaceFlinger>& sf);
     void addWindowInfosListener(const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener);
     void removeWindowInfosListener(const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener);
 
-    void windowInfosChanged(const std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>& windowInfos);
+    void windowInfosChanged(const std::vector<gui::WindowInfo>& windowInfos, bool shouldSync);
 
 protected:
     void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& who) override;
 
 private:
+    void windowInfosReported();
+
     struct WpHash {
         size_t operator()(const wp<IBinder>& p) const {
             return std::hash<IBinder*>()(p.unsafe_get());
         }
     };
 
+    const sp<SurfaceFlinger> mSf;
     std::mutex mListenersMutex;
     std::unordered_map<wp<IBinder>, const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>, WpHash>
             mWindowInfosListeners GUARDED_BY(mListenersMutex);
+    sp<gui::IWindowInfosReportedListener> mWindowInfosReportedListener;
+    std::atomic<size_t> mCallbacksPending{0};
 };
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
index dddc677..9f4e7d2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
@@ -130,6 +130,9 @@
   repeated BlurRegion blur_regions = 54;
 
   bool is_trusted_overlay = 55;
+
+  // Corner radius explicitly set on layer rather than inherited
+  float requested_corner_radius = 56;
 }
 
 message PositionProto {
@@ -228,4 +231,4 @@
     int32 top = 8;
     int32 right = 9;
     int32 bottom = 10;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Android.bp
index b96725f..32ad873 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
         "Stress_test.cpp",
         "SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp",
         "VirtualDisplay_test.cpp",
+        "WindowInfosListener_test.cpp",
     ],
     data: ["SurfaceFlinger_test.filter"],
     static_libs: [
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
-        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk_platform",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.common-V2-ndk",
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.2",
         "libandroid",
         "libbase",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
index fa3f0e7..d33bc10 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/Credentials_test.cpp
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
         ASSERT_TRUE(mBGSurfaceControl->isValid());
 
         Transaction t;
-        t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplay, 0);
+        t.setDisplayLayerStack(mDisplay, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
         ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
                   t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT_MAX - 3).show(mBGSurfaceControl).apply());
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/EffectLayer_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/EffectLayer_test.cpp
index af00ec7..1361ded 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/EffectLayer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/EffectLayer_test.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
         mParentLayer = createColorLayer("Parent layer", Color::RED);
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
             t.setLayer(mParentLayer, INT32_MAX - 2).show(mParentLayer);
             t.setFlags(mParentLayer, layer_state_t::eLayerOpaque, layer_state_t::eLayerOpaque);
         });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/IPC_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/IPC_test.cpp
index 9fa3d4c..8d7e175 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/IPC_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/IPC_test.cpp
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
                                                  {0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(width),
                                                   static_cast<int32_t>(height)},
                                                  Color::RED);
-        transaction->setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl, 0)
+        transaction->setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                 .setLayer(mSurfaceControl, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max())
                 .setBuffer(mSurfaceControl, gb)
                 .setAcquireFence(mSurfaceControl, fence)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
         mDisplayHeight = mode.resolution.getHeight();
 
         Transaction setupTransaction;
-        setupTransaction.setDisplayLayerStack(mPrimaryDisplay, 0);
+        setupTransaction.setDisplayLayerStack(mPrimaryDisplay, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
         setupTransaction.apply();
     }
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
                                              Color::RED);
 
     Transaction transaction;
-    transaction.setLayerStack(sc, 0)
+    transaction.setLayerStack(sc, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setLayer(sc, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() - 1)
             .setBuffer(sc, gb)
             .setAcquireFence(sc, fence)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTransactionTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTransactionTest.h
index 0bc8fe7..6bd7920 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTransactionTest.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTransactionTest.h
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> mDisplay;
     uint32_t mDisplayWidth;
     uint32_t mDisplayHeight;
-    uint32_t mDisplayLayerStack;
+    ui::LayerStack mDisplayLayerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
     Rect mDisplayRect = Rect::INVALID_RECT;
 
     // leave room for ~256 layers
@@ -294,8 +294,6 @@
         // vsyncs.
         mBufferPostDelay = static_cast<int32_t>(1e6 / mode.refreshRate) * 3;
 
-        mDisplayLayerStack = 0;
-
         mBlackBgSurface =
                 createSurface(mClient, "BaseSurface", 0 /* buffer width */, 0 /* buffer height */,
                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
index 43d957c..4076253 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerTypeAndRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
@@ -643,7 +643,8 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(layer = createLayer("test", 32, 32));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fillLayerColor(layer, Color::RED, 32, 32));
 
-    Transaction().setLayerStack(layer, mDisplayLayerStack + 1).apply();
+    const auto layerStack = ui::LayerStack::fromValue(mDisplayLayerStack.id + 1);
+    Transaction().setLayerStack(layer, layerStack).apply();
     {
         SCOPED_TRACE("non-existing layer stack");
         getScreenCapture()->expectColor(mDisplayRect, Color::BLACK);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
index ee4d367..e1a7ecc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerUpdate_test.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mSyncSurfaceControl, 31, 31, 31);
 
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
             t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(mBGSurfaceControl);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
index d027865..3ec6da9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
         mParentLayer = createColorLayer("Parent layer", Color::RED);
         mChildLayer = createColorLayer("Child layer", Color::GREEN, mParentLayer.get());
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
             t.setLayer(mParentLayer, INT32_MAX - 2).show(mParentLayer);
             t.setCrop(mChildLayer, Rect(0, 0, 400, 400)).show(mChildLayer);
             t.setPosition(mChildLayer, 50, 50);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MultiDisplayLayerBounds_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MultiDisplayLayerBounds_test.cpp
index 08de01c..1ed6c65 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MultiDisplayLayerBounds_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MultiDisplayLayerBounds_test.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         mColorLayer = 0;
     }
 
-    void createDisplay(const ui::Size& layerStackSize, uint32_t layerStack) {
+    void createDisplay(const ui::Size& layerStackSize, ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
         mVirtualDisplay =
                 SurfaceComposerClient::createDisplay(String8("VirtualDisplay"), false /*secure*/);
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         });
     }
 
-    void createColorLayer(uint32_t layerStack) {
+    void createColorLayer(ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
         mColorLayer =
                 createSurface(mClient, "ColorLayer", 0 /* buffer width */, 0 /* buffer height */,
                               PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect);
@@ -90,8 +90,9 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(MultiDisplayLayerBoundsTest, RenderLayerInVirtualDisplay) {
-    createDisplay(mMainDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect, 1 /* layerStack */);
-    createColorLayer(1 /* layerStack */);
+    constexpr ui::LayerStack kLayerStack{1u};
+    createDisplay(mMainDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect, kLayerStack);
+    createColorLayer(kLayerStack);
 
     asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) { t.setPosition(mColorLayer, 10, 10); });
 
@@ -113,8 +114,8 @@
 
     // Assumption here is that the new mirrored display has the same layer stack rect as the
     // primary display that it is mirroring.
-    createDisplay(mMainDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect, 0 /* layerStack */);
-    createColorLayer(0 /* layerStack */);
+    createDisplay(mMainDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
+    createColorLayer(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
     asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) { t.setPosition(mColorLayer, 10, 10); });
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/RelativeZ_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/RelativeZ_test.cpp
index fde6e6e..50a4092 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/RelativeZ_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/RelativeZ_test.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
         mForegroundLayer = createColorLayer("Foreground layer", Color::GREEN);
 
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
             t.setLayer(mBackgroundLayer, INT32_MAX - 2).show(mBackgroundLayer);
             t.setLayer(mForegroundLayer, INT32_MAX - 1).show(mForegroundLayer);
         });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ReleaseBufferCallback_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ReleaseBufferCallback_test.cpp
index 579a26e..c4d42fa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ReleaseBufferCallback_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ReleaseBufferCallback_test.cpp
@@ -99,10 +99,10 @@
     }
 
     static void waitForReleaseBufferCallback(ReleaseBufferCallbackHelper& releaseCallback,
-                                             const ReleaseCallbackId& expectedCallbackId) {
+                                             const ReleaseCallbackId& expectedReleaseBufferId) {
         ReleaseCallbackId actualReleaseBufferId;
         releaseCallback.getCallbackData(&actualReleaseBufferId);
-        EXPECT_EQ(expectedCallbackId, actualReleaseBufferId);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedReleaseBufferId, actualReleaseBufferId);
         releaseCallback.verifyNoCallbacks();
     }
     static ReleaseBufferCallbackHelper* getReleaseBufferCallbackHelper() {
@@ -333,4 +333,60 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForReleaseBufferCallback(*releaseCallback, firstBufferCallbackId));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ReleaseBufferCallbackTest, DISABLED_Merge_Different_Processes) {
+    sp<TransactionCompletedListener> firstCompletedListener = new TransactionCompletedListener();
+    sp<TransactionCompletedListener> secondCompletedListener = new TransactionCompletedListener();
+
+    CallbackHelper callback1, callback2;
+
+    TransactionCompletedListener::setInstance(firstCompletedListener);
+
+    sp<SurfaceControl> layer = createBufferStateLayer();
+    ReleaseBufferCallbackHelper* releaseCallback = getReleaseBufferCallbackHelper();
+
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> firstBuffer = getBuffer();
+    ReleaseCallbackId firstBufferCallbackId(firstBuffer->getId(), generateFrameNumber());
+
+    // Send initial buffer for the layer
+    submitBuffer(layer, firstBuffer, Fence::NO_FENCE, callback1, firstBufferCallbackId,
+                 *releaseCallback);
+
+    ExpectedResult expected;
+    expected.addSurface(ExpectedResult::Transaction::PRESENTED, layer,
+                        ExpectedResult::Buffer::NOT_ACQUIRED);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForCallback(callback1, expected));
+
+    // Sent a second buffer to allow the first buffer to get released.
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> secondBuffer = getBuffer();
+    ReleaseCallbackId secondBufferCallbackId(secondBuffer->getId(), generateFrameNumber());
+
+    Transaction transaction1;
+    transaction1.setFrameNumber(layer, secondBufferCallbackId.framenumber);
+    transaction1.setBuffer(layer, secondBuffer, secondBufferCallbackId,
+                           releaseCallback->getCallback());
+    transaction1.setAcquireFence(layer, Fence::NO_FENCE);
+    transaction1.addTransactionCompletedCallback(callback1.function, callback1.getContext());
+
+    // Set a different TransactionCompletedListener to mimic a second process
+    TransactionCompletedListener::setInstance(secondCompletedListener);
+
+    // Make sure the second "process" has a callback set up.
+    Transaction transaction2;
+    transaction2.addTransactionCompletedCallback(callback2.function, callback2.getContext());
+
+    // This merging order, merge transaction1 first then transaction2, seems to ensure the listener
+    // for transaction2 is ordered first. This makes sure the wrong process is added first to the
+    // layer's vector of listeners. With the bug, only the secondCompletedListener will get the
+    // release callback id, since it's ordered first. Then firstCompletedListener would fail to get
+    // the release callback id and not invoke the release callback.
+    Transaction().merge(std::move(transaction1)).merge(std::move(transaction2)).apply();
+
+    expected = ExpectedResult();
+    expected.addSurface(ExpectedResult::Transaction::PRESENTED, layer,
+                        ExpectedResult::Buffer::NOT_ACQUIRED,
+                        ExpectedResult::PreviousBuffer::RELEASED);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForCallback(callback1, expected));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(waitForReleaseBufferCallback(*releaseCallback, firstBufferCallbackId));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
index ab2064e..95301b3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/ScreenCapture_test.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
         TransactionUtils::fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, 195, 63, 63);
 
         asTransaction([&](Transaction& t) {
-            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+            t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
             t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(mBGSurfaceControl);
 
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
     Transaction()
             .show(redLayer)
             .show(secureLayer)
-            .setLayerStack(redLayer, 0)
+            .setLayerStack(redLayer, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setLayer(redLayer, INT32_MAX)
             .apply();
 
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@
     Transaction()
             .show(layer)
             .hide(mFGSurfaceControl)
-            .setLayerStack(layer, 0)
+            .setLayerStack(layer, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setLayer(layer, INT32_MAX)
             .setColor(layer, {layerColor.r / 255, layerColor.g / 255, layerColor.b / 255})
             .setCrop(layer, bounds)
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@
             .show(layer)
             .show(childLayer)
             .hide(mFGSurfaceControl)
-            .setLayerStack(layer, 0)
+            .setLayerStack(layer, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
             .setLayer(layer, INT32_MAX)
             .setColor(layer, {layerColor.r / 255, layerColor.g / 255, layerColor.b / 255})
             .setColor(childLayer, {childColor.r / 255, childColor.g / 255, childColor.b / 255})
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
index a424059..ee16f40 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(mFGSurfaceControl->isValid());
 
     Transaction t;
-    t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+    t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT_MAX - 3)
                       .show(mBGSurfaceControl)
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptorTest::layerStackUpdate(Transaction& t) {
-    t.setLayerStack(mBGSurfaceControl, STACK_UPDATE);
+    t.setLayerStack(mBGSurfaceControl, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(STACK_UPDATE));
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptorTest::hiddenFlagUpdate(Transaction& t) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TransactionTestHarnesses.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TransactionTestHarnesses.h
index 89f6086..60cffb1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TransactionTestHarnesses.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TransactionTestHarnesses.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 
                 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction t;
                 t.setDisplaySurface(vDisplay, producer);
-                t.setDisplayLayerStack(vDisplay, 0);
+                t.setDisplayLayerStack(vDisplay, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
                 t.setDisplayProjection(vDisplay, displayState.orientation,
                                        Rect(displayState.layerStackSpaceRect), Rect(resolution));
                 t.apply();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de116f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
+#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <future>
+#include "utils/TransactionUtils.h"
+
+namespace android {
+using Transaction = SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction;
+using gui::WindowInfo;
+
+class WindowInfosListenerTest : public ::testing::Test {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        seteuid(AID_SYSTEM);
+        mClient = new SurfaceComposerClient;
+        mWindowInfosListener = new SyncWindowInfosListener();
+        mClient->addWindowInfosListener(mWindowInfosListener);
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() override {
+        mClient->removeWindowInfosListener(mWindowInfosListener);
+        seteuid(AID_ROOT);
+    }
+
+    struct SyncWindowInfosListener : public gui::WindowInfosListener {
+    public:
+        void onWindowInfosChanged(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) override {
+            windowInfosPromise.set_value(windowInfos);
+        }
+
+        std::vector<WindowInfo> waitForWindowInfos() {
+            std::future<std::vector<WindowInfo>> windowInfosFuture =
+                    windowInfosPromise.get_future();
+            std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = windowInfosFuture.get();
+            windowInfosPromise = std::promise<std::vector<WindowInfo>>();
+            return windowInfos;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::promise<std::vector<WindowInfo>> windowInfosPromise;
+    };
+
+    sp<SurfaceComposerClient> mClient;
+    sp<SyncWindowInfosListener> mWindowInfosListener;
+};
+
+std::optional<WindowInfo> findMatchingWindowInfo(WindowInfo targetWindowInfo,
+                                                 std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos) {
+    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = std::nullopt;
+    for (WindowInfo windowInfo : windowInfos) {
+        if (windowInfo.token == targetWindowInfo.token) {
+            foundWindowInfo = std::make_optional<>(windowInfo);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return foundWindowInfo;
+}
+
+TEST_F(WindowInfosListenerTest, WindowInfoAddedAndRemoved) {
+    std::string name = "Test Layer";
+    sp<IBinder> token = new BBinder();
+    WindowInfo windowInfo;
+    windowInfo.name = name;
+    windowInfo.token = token;
+    sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl =
+            mClient->createSurface(String8(name.c_str()), 100, 100, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                   ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
+
+    Transaction()
+            .setLayerStack(surfaceControl, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+            .show(surfaceControl)
+            .setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 1)
+            .setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo)
+            .apply();
+
+    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
+    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+
+    Transaction().reparent(surfaceControl, nullptr).apply();
+
+    windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
+    foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+    ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+}
+
+TEST_F(WindowInfosListenerTest, WindowInfoChanged) {
+    std::string name = "Test Layer";
+    sp<IBinder> token = new BBinder();
+    WindowInfo windowInfo;
+    windowInfo.name = name;
+    windowInfo.token = token;
+    sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl =
+            mClient->createSurface(String8(name.c_str()), 100, 100, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                   ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceBufferState);
+
+    Transaction()
+            .setLayerStack(surfaceControl, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
+            .show(surfaceControl)
+            .setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 1)
+            .setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo)
+            .apply();
+
+    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
+    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.isEmpty());
+
+    Rect touchableRegions(0, 0, 50, 50);
+    windowInfo.addTouchableRegion(Rect(0, 0, 50, 50));
+    Transaction().setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo).apply();
+
+    windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
+    foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.hasSameRects(windowInfo.touchableRegion));
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
index a9e935d..b3b4ec1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@
 
             {
                 TransactionScope ts(*mFakeComposerClient);
-                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+                ts.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
                 ts.setLayer(surfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2).show(surfaceControl);
             }
@@ -1195,7 +1195,7 @@
         fillSurfaceRGBA8(mFGSurfaceControl, RED);
 
         Transaction t;
-        t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+        t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
 
         t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT32_MAX - 2);
         t.show(mBGSurfaceControl);
@@ -1342,7 +1342,7 @@
         ALOGD("TransactionTest::SetLayerStack");
         {
             TransactionScope ts(*sFakeComposer);
-            ts.setLayerStack(mFGSurfaceControl, 1);
+            ts.setLayerStack(mFGSurfaceControl, ui::LayerStack{1});
         }
 
         // Foreground layer should have disappeared.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 8bd6e62..078b0d4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
         "DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice_SetProjectionTest.cpp",
         "EventThreadTest.cpp",
+        "FlagManagerTest.cpp",
         "FpsReporterTest.cpp",
         "FpsTest.cpp",
         "FramebufferSurfaceTest.cpp",
@@ -70,10 +71,10 @@
         "MessageQueueTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_CreateDisplayTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_DestroyDisplayTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_GetDisplayNativePrimariesTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_HandleTransactionLockedTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp",
@@ -164,6 +165,7 @@
         "libsync",
         "libui",
         "libutils",
+        "server_configurable_flags",
     ],
     header_libs: [
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1-command-buffer",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CachingTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CachingTest.cpp
index 6a7ec9b..6f85498 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CachingTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CachingTest.cpp
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "CachingTest"
 
@@ -42,7 +37,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> binder = new BBinder();
     // test getting invalid client_cache_id
     client_cache_t id;
-    uint32_t slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
+    int slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
     EXPECT_EQ(BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT, slot);
 }
 
@@ -51,7 +46,7 @@
     client_cache_t id;
     id.token = binder;
     id.id = 0;
-    uint32_t slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
+    int slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
     EXPECT_EQ(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS - 1, slot);
 
     client_cache_t idB;
@@ -72,31 +67,28 @@
     std::vector<client_cache_t> ids;
     uint32_t cacheId = 0;
     // fill up cache
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
         client_cache_t id;
         id.token = binder;
         id.id = cacheId;
         ids.push_back(id);
 
-        uint32_t slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
+        int slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
         EXPECT_EQ(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS - (i + 1), slot);
         cacheId++;
     }
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
-        uint32_t slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(ids[i]);
+    for (int i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
+        int slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(ids[static_cast<uint32_t>(i)]);
         EXPECT_EQ(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS - (i + 1), slot);
     }
 
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
         client_cache_t id;
         id.token = binder;
         id.id = cacheId;
-        uint32_t slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
+        int slot = mHwcSlotGenerator->getHwcCacheSlot(id);
         EXPECT_EQ(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS - (i + 1), slot);
         cacheId++;
     }
 }
 } // namespace android
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wconversion -Wextra"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 98c1889..5135ff9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1024;
 
 constexpr int DEFAULT_TEXTURE_ID = 6000;
-constexpr int DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 7000;
+constexpr ui::LayerStack LAYER_STACK{7000u};
 
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE = 500;
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
         // pain)
         // mFlinger.mutableVisibleRegionsDirty() = true;
 
-        mFlinger.mutableGeometryInvalid() = true;
+        mFlinger.mutableGeometryDirty() = true;
     }
 
     template <typename Case>
@@ -255,6 +255,14 @@
     LayerCase::cleanup(this);
 }
 
+template <class T>
+std::future<T> futureOf(T obj) {
+    std::promise<T> resultPromise;
+    std::future<T> resultFuture = resultPromise.get_future();
+    resultPromise.set_value(std::move(obj));
+    return resultFuture;
+}
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Variants for each display configuration which can be tested
  */
@@ -287,10 +295,8 @@
 
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                                      .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                                     .setConnectionType(ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal)
                                      .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
                                      .setIsSecure(Derived::IS_SECURE)
-                                     .setLayerStackId(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK)
                                      .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
                                      .setName(std::string("Injected display for ") +
                                               test_info->test_case_name() + "." + test_info->name())
@@ -309,7 +315,7 @@
                                  .setPowerMode(Derived::INIT_POWER_MODE)
                                  .inject();
         Mock::VerifyAndClear(test->mNativeWindow);
-        test->mDisplay->setLayerStack(DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK);
+        test->mDisplay->setLayerStack(LAYER_STACK);
     }
 
     template <typename Case>
@@ -339,16 +345,18 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCommonScreensCaptureCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-                .WillRepeatedly([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                   const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                                   const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                   const bool, base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
+                                    const bool, base::unique_fd &&)
+                                        -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.clip);
-                    return NO_ERROR;
+                    return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                            {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                 });
     }
 
@@ -388,17 +396,19 @@
                 .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(test->mNativeWindowBuffer), SetArgPointee<1>(-1),
                                 Return(0)));
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-                .WillRepeatedly([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                                   const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
-                                   const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
-                                   const bool, base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                .WillRepeatedly([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                                    const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>&,
+                                    const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&,
+                                    const bool, base::unique_fd &&)
+                                        -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.clip);
                     EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, displaySettings.outputDataspace);
-                    return NO_ERROR;
+                    return futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                            {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                 });
     }
 
@@ -622,10 +632,10 @@
 
     static void setupREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-                .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                             const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -633,11 +643,14 @@
                               displaySettings.clip);
                     // screen capture adds an additional color layer as an alpha
                     // prefill, so gtet the back layer.
+                    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultFuture =
+                            futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                                    {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                     if (layerSettings.empty()) {
                         ADD_FAILURE() << "layerSettings was not expected to be empty in "
                                          "setupREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations "
                                          "verification lambda";
-                        return NO_ERROR;
+                        return resultFuture;
                     }
                     const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
                     EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, Not(IsNull()));
@@ -649,7 +662,7 @@
                     EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
                     EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
                     EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer->alpha);
-                    return NO_ERROR;
+                    return resultFuture;
                 });
     }
 
@@ -671,10 +684,10 @@
 
     static void setupREColorCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-                .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                             const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -682,11 +695,14 @@
                               displaySettings.clip);
                     // screen capture adds an additional color layer as an alpha
                     // prefill, so get the back layer.
+                    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultFuture =
+                            futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                                    {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                     if (layerSettings.empty()) {
                         ADD_FAILURE()
                                 << "layerSettings was not expected to be empty in "
                                    "setupREColorCompositionCallExpectations verification lambda";
-                        return NO_ERROR;
+                        return resultFuture;
                     }
                     const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
                     EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
@@ -696,7 +712,7 @@
                     EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
                     EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
                     EXPECT_EQ(LayerProperties::COLOR[3], layer->alpha);
-                    return NO_ERROR;
+                    return resultFuture;
                 });
     }
 
@@ -748,10 +764,10 @@
 
     static void setupInsecureREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, drawLayers)
-                .WillOnce([](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
-                             const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
-                             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
-                             base::unique_fd&&, base::unique_fd*) -> status_t {
+                .WillOnce([&](const renderengine::DisplaySettings& displaySettings,
+                              const std::vector<const renderengine::LayerSettings*>& layerSettings,
+                              const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, const bool,
+                              base::unique_fd &&) -> std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> {
                     EXPECT_EQ(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_MAX_LUMINANCE, displaySettings.maxLuminance);
                     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH, DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT),
                               displaySettings.physicalDisplay);
@@ -759,11 +775,14 @@
                               displaySettings.clip);
                     // screen capture adds an additional color layer as an alpha
                     // prefill, so get the back layer.
+                    std::future<renderengine::RenderEngineResult> resultFuture =
+                            futureOf<renderengine::RenderEngineResult>(
+                                    {NO_ERROR, base::unique_fd()});
                     if (layerSettings.empty()) {
                         ADD_FAILURE() << "layerSettings was not expected to be empty in "
                                          "setupInsecureREBufferCompositionCommonCallExpectations "
                                          "verification lambda";
-                        return NO_ERROR;
+                        return resultFuture;
                     }
                     const renderengine::LayerSettings* layer = layerSettings.back();
                     EXPECT_THAT(layer->source.buffer.buffer, IsNull());
@@ -771,7 +790,7 @@
                     EXPECT_EQ(0.0, layer->geometry.roundedCornersRadius);
                     EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, layer->sourceDataspace);
                     EXPECT_EQ(1.0f, layer->alpha);
-                    return NO_ERROR;
+                    return resultFuture;
                 });
     }
 
@@ -834,7 +853,7 @@
     template <typename L>
     static void initLayerDrawingStateAndComputeBounds(CompositionTest* test, sp<L> layer) {
         auto& layerDrawingState = test->mFlinger.mutableLayerDrawingState(layer);
-        layerDrawingState.layerStack = DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
+        layerDrawingState.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
         layerDrawingState.width = 100;
         layerDrawingState.height = 100;
         layerDrawingState.color = half4(LayerProperties::COLOR[0], LayerProperties::COLOR[1],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index 60b0f53..5a21e7b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -139,20 +139,18 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, perform(NATIVE_WINDOW_SET_USAGE64));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, perform(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_DISCONNECT)).Times(AnyNumber());
 
-    constexpr auto kConnectionType = ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
-    constexpr bool kIsPrimary = true;
-
     auto compositionDisplay =
             compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
                                                    compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                                                            .setId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)
-                                                           .setConnectionType(kConnectionType)
                                                            .setPixels({DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
                                                                        DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT})
                                                            .setPowerAdvisor(&mPowerAdvisor)
                                                            .build());
 
-    auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(mFlinger, compositionDisplay, kConnectionType,
+    constexpr bool kIsPrimary = true;
+    auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(mFlinger, compositionDisplay,
+                                              ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal,
                                               DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kIsPrimary);
 
     injector.setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index de058a4..0f1cc67 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -267,11 +267,6 @@
                 .setPixels({WIDTH, HEIGHT})
                 .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor);
 
-        const auto connectionType = CONNECTION_TYPE::value;
-        if (connectionType) {
-            ceDisplayArgs.setConnectionType(*connectionType);
-        }
-
         auto compositionDisplay =
                 compositionengine::impl::createDisplay(test->mFlinger.getCompositionEngine(),
                                                        ceDisplayArgs.build());
@@ -279,7 +274,7 @@
         auto injector =
                 TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger,
                                                                   compositionDisplay,
-                                                                  connectionType,
+                                                                  CONNECTION_TYPE::value,
                                                                   HWC_DISPLAY_ID_OPT::value,
                                                                   static_cast<bool>(PRIMARY));
 
@@ -388,7 +383,6 @@
 
         auto ceDisplayArgs = compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgsBuilder()
                                      .setId(DisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get())
-                                     .setConnectionType(PhysicalDisplay::CONNECTION_TYPE)
                                      .setPixels({DisplayVariant::WIDTH, DisplayVariant::HEIGHT})
                                      .setIsSecure(static_cast<bool>(DisplayVariant::SECURE))
                                      .setPowerAdvisor(&test->mPowerAdvisor)
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FlagManagerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FlagManagerTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0905cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FlagManagerTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "FlagManagerTest"
+
+#include "FlagManager.h"
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <server_configurable_flags/get_flags.h>
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace android {
+
+using testing::Return;
+
+class MockFlagManager : public FlagManager {
+public:
+    MockFlagManager() = default;
+    ~MockFlagManager() = default;
+
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::string, getServerConfigurableFlag, (const std::string& experimentFlagName),
+                (const, override));
+};
+
+class FlagManagerTest : public testing::Test {
+public:
+    FlagManagerTest();
+    ~FlagManagerTest() override;
+    std::unique_ptr<MockFlagManager> mFlagManager;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    T getValue(const std::string& experimentFlagName, std::optional<T> systemPropertyOpt,
+               T defaultValue);
+};
+
+FlagManagerTest::FlagManagerTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+    mFlagManager = std::make_unique<MockFlagManager>();
+}
+
+FlagManagerTest::~FlagManagerTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T FlagManagerTest::getValue(const std::string& experimentFlagName,
+                            std::optional<T> systemPropertyOpt, T defaultValue) {
+    return mFlagManager->getValue(experimentFlagName, systemPropertyOpt, defaultValue);
+}
+
+namespace {
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_bool_default) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(""));
+    const bool defaultValue = false;
+    std::optional<bool> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    const bool result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, defaultValue);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_bool_sysprop) {
+    const bool defaultValue = false;
+    std::optional<bool> systemPropertyValue = std::make_optional(true);
+    const bool result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_bool_experiment) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return("1"));
+    const bool defaultValue = false;
+    std::optional<bool> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    const bool result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int32_default) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(""));
+    int32_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<int32_t> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    int32_t result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, defaultValue);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int32_sysprop) {
+    int32_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<int32_t> systemPropertyValue = std::make_optional(10);
+    int32_t result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, 10);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int32_experiment) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return("50"));
+    std::int32_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<std::int32_t> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    std::int32_t result = FlagManagerTest::getValue("test_flag", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, 50);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int64_default) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return(""));
+    int64_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<int64_t> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    int64_t result = getValue("flag_name", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, defaultValue);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int64_sysprop) {
+    int64_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<int64_t> systemPropertyValue = std::make_optional(10);
+    int64_t result = getValue("flag_name", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, 10);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FlagManagerTest, getValue_int64_experiment) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlagManager, getServerConfigurableFlag).Times(1).WillOnce(Return("50"));
+    int64_t defaultValue = 30;
+    std::optional<int64_t> systemPropertyValue = std::nullopt;
+    int64_t result = getValue("flag_name", systemPropertyValue, defaultValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ(result, 50);
+}
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
index c04919f..a6bfde7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateConfigsTest.cpp
@@ -98,9 +98,15 @@
     static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_30 = DisplayModeId(4);
     static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_25 = DisplayModeId(5);
     static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_50 = DisplayModeId(6);
+    static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_24 = DisplayModeId(7);
+    static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_24_FRAC = DisplayModeId(8);
+    static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_30_FRAC = DisplayModeId(9);
+    static inline const DisplayModeId HWC_CONFIG_ID_60_FRAC = DisplayModeId(10);
 
     // Test configs
     DisplayModePtr mConfig60 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_60, 0, Fps(60.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
+    DisplayModePtr mConfig60Frac =
+            createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_60_FRAC, 0, Fps(59.94f).getPeriodNsecs());
     DisplayModePtr mConfig90 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_90, 0, Fps(90.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
     DisplayModePtr mConfig90DifferentGroup =
             createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_90, 1, Fps(90.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
@@ -116,9 +122,15 @@
     DisplayModePtr mConfig30 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_30, 0, Fps(30.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
     DisplayModePtr mConfig30DifferentGroup =
             createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_30, 1, Fps(30.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
+    DisplayModePtr mConfig30Frac =
+            createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_30_FRAC, 0, Fps(29.97f).getPeriodNsecs());
+    DisplayModePtr mConfig25 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_25, 0, Fps(25.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
     DisplayModePtr mConfig25DifferentGroup =
             createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_25, 1, Fps(25.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
     DisplayModePtr mConfig50 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_50, 0, Fps(50.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
+    DisplayModePtr mConfig24 = createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24, 0, Fps(24.0f).getPeriodNsecs());
+    DisplayModePtr mConfig24Frac =
+            createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24_FRAC, 0, Fps(23.976f).getPeriodNsecs());
 
     // Test device configurations
     // The positions of the configs in the arrays below MUST match their IDs. For example,
@@ -145,6 +157,11 @@
                                        mConfig50};
     DisplayModes m60_120Device = {mConfig60, mConfig120};
 
+    // This is a typical TV configuration.
+    DisplayModes m24_25_30_50_60WithFracDevice = {mConfig24, mConfig24Frac, mConfig25,
+                                                  mConfig30, mConfig30Frac, mConfig50,
+                                                  mConfig60, mConfig60Frac};
+
     // Expected RefreshRate objects
     RefreshRate mExpected60Config = {mConfig60, RefreshRate::ConstructorTag(0)};
     RefreshRate mExpectedAlmost60Config = {createDisplayMode(HWC_CONFIG_ID_60, 0, 16666665),
@@ -1230,7 +1247,109 @@
         const auto& refreshRate =
                 refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false});
         EXPECT_TRUE(refreshRate.getFps().equalsWithMargin(Fps(test.second)))
-                << "Expecting " << test.first << "fps => " << test.second << "Hz";
+                << "Expecting " << test.first << "fps => " << test.second << "Hz"
+                << " but it was " << refreshRate.getFps();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest,
+       getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExactOrMultiple_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerRequirement>{LayerRequirement{.weight = 1.0f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    // Test that 23.976 will choose 24 if 23.976 is not supported
+    {
+        android::DisplayModes modes = {mConfig24,     mConfig25, mConfig30,
+                                       mConfig30Frac, mConfig60, mConfig60Frac};
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+
+        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(23.976f);
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 23.976 fps";
+        EXPECT_EQ(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24,
+                  refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false})
+                          .getModeId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 24 will choose 23.976 if 24 is not supported
+    {
+        android::DisplayModes modes = {mConfig24Frac, mConfig25, mConfig30,
+                                       mConfig30Frac, mConfig60, mConfig60Frac};
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(24.f);
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 24 fps";
+        EXPECT_EQ(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24_FRAC,
+                  refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false})
+                          .getModeId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 29.97 will prefer 59.94 over 60 and 30
+    {
+        android::DisplayModes modes = {mConfig24, mConfig24Frac, mConfig25,
+                                       mConfig30, mConfig60,     mConfig60Frac};
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(29.97f);
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 29.97f fps";
+        EXPECT_EQ(HWC_CONFIG_ID_60_FRAC,
+                  refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false})
+                          .getModeId());
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_ExplicitExact_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerRequirement>{LayerRequirement{.weight = 1.0f}};
+    auto& lr = layers[0];
+
+    // Test that voting for supported refresh rate will select this refresh rate
+    {
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(m24_25_30_50_60WithFracDevice,
+                                                     /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+
+        for (auto desiredRefreshRate : {23.976f, 24.f, 25.f, 29.97f, 30.f, 50.f, 59.94f, 60.f}) {
+            lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+            lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(desiredRefreshRate);
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << "ExplicitExact " << desiredRefreshRate << " fps";
+            lr.name = ss.str();
+
+            auto selecteRefreshRate =
+                    refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false});
+
+            EXPECT_TRUE(selecteRefreshRate.getFps().equalsWithMargin(lr.desiredRefreshRate))
+                    << "Expecting " << lr.desiredRefreshRate << " but it was "
+                    << selecteRefreshRate.getFps();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Test that 23.976 will choose 24 if 23.976 is not supported
+    {
+        android::DisplayModes modes = {mConfig24,     mConfig25, mConfig30,
+                                       mConfig30Frac, mConfig60, mConfig60Frac};
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+        lr.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact;
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(23.976f);
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExact 23.976 fps";
+        EXPECT_EQ(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24,
+                  refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false})
+                          .getModeId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 24 will choose 23.976 if 24 is not supported
+    {
+        android::DisplayModes modes = {mConfig24Frac, mConfig25, mConfig30,
+                                       mConfig30Frac, mConfig60, mConfig60Frac};
+        auto refreshRateConfigs =
+                std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(modes, /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60);
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(24.f);
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExact 24 fps";
+        EXPECT_EQ(HWC_CONFIG_ID_24_FRAC,
+                  refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false})
+                          .getModeId());
     }
 }
 
@@ -2028,6 +2147,29 @@
               refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = true, .idle = false}));
 }
 
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getBestRefreshRate_FractionalRefreshRates_ExactAndDefault) {
+    RefreshRateConfigs::Config config = {.enableFrameRateOverride = true};
+    auto refreshRateConfigs =
+            std::make_unique<RefreshRateConfigs>(m24_25_30_50_60WithFracDevice,
+                                                 /*currentConfigId=*/HWC_CONFIG_ID_60, config);
+
+    auto layers = std::vector<LayerRequirement>{LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.5f},
+                                                LayerRequirement{.weight = 0.5f}};
+    auto& explicitDefaultLayer = layers[0];
+    auto& explicitExactOrMultipleLayer = layers[1];
+
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    explicitExactOrMultipleLayer.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(60);
+
+    explicitDefaultLayer.vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault;
+    explicitDefaultLayer.name = "ExplicitDefault";
+    explicitDefaultLayer.desiredRefreshRate = Fps(59.94f);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mExpected60Config,
+              refreshRateConfigs->getBestRefreshRate(layers, {.touch = false, .idle = false}));
+}
+
 TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, testComparisonOperator) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(mExpected60Config < mExpected90Config);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mExpected60Config < mExpected60Config);
@@ -2116,7 +2258,38 @@
     refreshRateConfigs->setCurrentModeId(HWC_CONFIG_ID_90);
     displayRefreshRate = refreshRateConfigs->getCurrentRefreshRate().getFps();
     EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(displayRefreshRate, Fps(22.5f)));
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(displayRefreshRate, Fps(22.6f)));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps(24.f), Fps(25.f)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps(24.f), Fps(23.976f)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps(30.f), Fps(29.97f)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps(60.f), Fps(59.94f)));
+}
+
+TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, isFractionalPairOrMultiple) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(23.976f), Fps(24.f)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(24.f), Fps(23.976f)));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(29.97f), Fps(30.f)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(30.f), Fps(29.97f)));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(59.94f), Fps(60.f)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(60.f), Fps(59.94f)));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(29.97f), Fps(60.f)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(60.f), Fps(29.97f)));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(59.94f), Fps(30.f)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(30.f), Fps(59.94f)));
+
+    const std::vector<float> refreshRates = {23.976f, 24.f, 25.f, 29.97f, 30.f, 50.f, 59.94f, 60.f};
+    for (auto refreshRate : refreshRates) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(
+                RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(refreshRate), Fps(refreshRate)));
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(24.f), Fps(25.f)));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(23.978f), Fps(25.f)));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(RefreshRateConfigs::isFractionalPairOrMultiple(Fps(29.97f), Fps(59.94f)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(RefreshRateConfigsTest, getFrameRateOverrides_noLayers) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
index 8e7554b..a4e9d20 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
@@ -487,5 +487,40 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1.rate.equalsWithMargin(layerHistorySummary[1].desiredRefreshRate));
 }
 
+TEST_P(SetFrameRateTest, addChildForParentWithTreeVote) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mMessageQueue, invalidate()).Times(1);
+
+    const auto& layerFactory = GetParam();
+
+    const auto parent = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
+    const auto child1 = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
+    const auto child2 = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
+    const auto childOfChild1 = mLayers.emplace_back(layerFactory->createLayer(mFlinger));
+
+    addChild(parent, child1);
+    addChild(child1, childOfChild1);
+
+    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1);
+    commitTransaction();
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, childOfChild1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+
+    addChild(parent, child2);
+    commitTransaction();
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_TREE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_VOTE1, childOfChild1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+
+    childOfChild1->setFrameRate(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE);
+    commitTransaction();
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, parent->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, childOfChild1->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+    EXPECT_EQ(FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE, child2->getFrameRateForLayerTree());
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HandleTransactionLockedTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp
similarity index 74%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HandleTransactionLockedTest.cpp
rename to services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp
index b713334..6959ee3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HandleTransactionLockedTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-class HandleTransactionLockedTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {
-public:
+struct DisplayTransactionCommitTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
     template <typename Case>
     void setupCommonPreconditions();
 
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@
 };
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::setupCommonPreconditions() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::setupCommonPreconditions() {
     // Wide color displays support is configured appropriately
     Case::WideColorSupport::injectConfigChange(this);
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case, bool connected>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::expectHotplugReceived(mock::EventThread* eventThread) {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::expectHotplugReceived(mock::EventThread* eventThread) {
     const auto convert = [](auto physicalDisplayId) {
         return std::make_optional(DisplayId{physicalDisplayId});
     };
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing() {
     Case::Display::setupHwcHotplugCallExpectations(this);
 
     Case::Display::setupFramebufferConsumerBufferQueueCallExpectations(this);
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing() {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mSurfaceInterceptor, saveDisplayDeletion(_)).Times(1);
 
     expectHotplugReceived<Case, false>(mEventThread);
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::verifyDisplayIsConnected(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::verifyDisplayIsConnected(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
     // The display device should have been set up in the list of displays.
     ASSERT_TRUE(hasDisplayDevice(displayToken));
     const auto& device = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::verifyPhysicalDisplayIsConnected() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::verifyPhysicalDisplayIsConnected() {
     // HWComposer should have an entry for the display
     EXPECT_TRUE(hasPhysicalHwcDisplay(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID));
 
@@ -150,14 +149,14 @@
     verifyDisplayIsConnected<Case>(displayToken);
 }
 
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
     EXPECT_FALSE(hasDisplayDevice(displayToken));
     EXPECT_FALSE(hasCurrentDisplayState(displayToken));
     EXPECT_FALSE(hasDrawingDisplayState(displayToken));
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::processesHotplugConnectCommon() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::processesHotplugConnectCommon() {
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
 
@@ -174,7 +173,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::ignoresHotplugConnectCommon() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::ignoresHotplugConnectCommon() {
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
 
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -213,7 +212,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
-void HandleTransactionLockedTest::processesHotplugDisconnectCommon() {
+void DisplayTransactionCommitTest::processesHotplugDisconnectCommon() {
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
 
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -255,18 +254,18 @@
     verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(existing.token());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugConnectPrimaryDisplay) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugConnectPrimaryDisplay) {
     processesHotplugConnectCommon<SimplePrimaryDisplayCase>();
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugConnectExternalDisplay) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugConnectExternalDisplay) {
     // Inject a primary display.
     PrimaryDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay(this);
 
     processesHotplugConnectCommon<SimpleExternalDisplayCase>();
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, ignoresHotplugConnectIfPrimaryAndExternalAlreadyConnected) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, ignoresHotplugConnectIfPrimaryAndExternalAlreadyConnected) {
     // Inject both a primary and external display.
     PrimaryDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay(this);
     ExternalDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay(this);
@@ -281,108 +280,119 @@
     ignoresHotplugConnectCommon<SimpleTertiaryDisplayCase>();
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugDisconnectPrimaryDisplay) {
-    processesHotplugDisconnectCommon<SimplePrimaryDisplayCase>();
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugDisconnectPrimaryDisplay) {
+    EXPECT_EXIT(processesHotplugDisconnectCommon<SimplePrimaryDisplayCase>(),
+                testing::KilledBySignal(SIGABRT), "Primary display cannot be disconnected.");
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugDisconnectExternalDisplay) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugDisconnectExternalDisplay) {
     processesHotplugDisconnectCommon<SimpleExternalDisplayCase>();
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugConnectThenDisconnectPrimary) {
-    using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugConnectThenDisconnectPrimary) {
+    EXPECT_EXIT(
+            [this] {
+                using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Preconditions
 
-    setupCommonPreconditions<Case>();
+                setupCommonPreconditions<Case>();
 
-    // A hotplug connect event is enqueued for a display
-    Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::CONNECTED);
-    // A hotplug disconnect event is also enqueued for the same display
-    Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
+                // A hotplug connect event is enqueued for a display
+                Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::CONNECTED);
+                // A hotplug disconnect event is also enqueued for the same display
+                Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Call Expectations
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Call Expectations
 
-    setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing<Case>();
-    setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing<Case>();
+                setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing<Case>();
+                setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing<Case>();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
-                setVsyncEnabled(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE))
-            .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mConsumer, consumerDisconnect()).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                            setVsyncEnabled(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                            IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE))
+                        .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mConsumer, consumerDisconnect()).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+                mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Postconditions
 
-    // HWComposer should not have an entry for the display
-    EXPECT_FALSE(hasPhysicalHwcDisplay(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID));
+                // HWComposer should not have an entry for the display
+                EXPECT_FALSE(hasPhysicalHwcDisplay(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID));
 
-    // SF should not have a display token.
-    const auto displayId = Case::Display::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens().count(displayId) == 0);
+                // SF should not have a display token.
+                const auto displayId = Case::Display::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+                ASSERT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
+                ASSERT_TRUE(mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens().count(displayId) == 0);
+            }(),
+            testing::KilledBySignal(SIGABRT), "Primary display cannot be disconnected.");
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesHotplugDisconnectThenConnectPrimary) {
-    using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesHotplugDisconnectThenConnectPrimary) {
+    EXPECT_EXIT(
+            [this] {
+                using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Preconditions
 
-    setupCommonPreconditions<Case>();
+                setupCommonPreconditions<Case>();
 
-    // The display is already completely set up.
-    Case::Display::injectHwcDisplay(this);
-    auto existing = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-    existing.inject();
+                // The display is already completely set up.
+                Case::Display::injectHwcDisplay(this);
+                auto existing = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+                existing.inject();
 
-    // A hotplug disconnect event is enqueued for a display
-    Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
-    // A hotplug connect event is also enqueued for the same display
-    Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::CONNECTED);
+                // A hotplug disconnect event is enqueued for a display
+                Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::DISCONNECTED);
+                // A hotplug connect event is also enqueued for the same display
+                Case::Display::injectPendingHotplugEvent(this, Connection::CONNECTED);
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Call Expectations
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Call Expectations
 
-    setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing<Case>();
-    setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing<Case>();
+                setupCommonCallExpectationsForConnectProcessing<Case>();
+                setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing<Case>();
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+                mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Postconditions
 
-    // The existing token should have been removed
-    verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(existing.token());
-    const auto displayId = Case::Display::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens().count(displayId) == 1);
-    EXPECT_NE(existing.token(), mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens()[displayId]);
+                // The existing token should have been removed
+                verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(existing.token());
+                const auto displayId = Case::Display::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+                ASSERT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
+                ASSERT_TRUE(mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens().count(displayId) == 1);
+                EXPECT_NE(existing.token(), mFlinger.mutablePhysicalDisplayTokens()[displayId]);
 
-    // A new display should be connected in its place
+                // A new display should be connected in its place
 
-    verifyPhysicalDisplayIsConnected<Case>();
+                verifyPhysicalDisplayIsConnected<Case>();
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Cleanup conditions
+                // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                // Cleanup conditions
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
-                setVsyncEnabled(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE))
-            .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mConsumer, consumerDisconnect()).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
+                            setVsyncEnabled(Case::Display::HWC_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                            IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE))
+                        .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+                EXPECT_CALL(*mConsumer, consumerDisconnect()).WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+            }(),
+            testing::KilledBySignal(SIGABRT), "Primary display cannot be disconnected.");
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesVirtualDisplayAdded) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesVirtualDisplayAdded) {
     using Case = HwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -433,7 +443,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -453,7 +463,7 @@
     mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().displays.removeItem(displayToken);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesVirtualDisplayAddedWithNoSurface) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesVirtualDisplayAddedWithNoSurface) {
     using Case = HwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -479,7 +489,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -493,7 +503,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::VIRTUAL), draw.isVirtual());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesVirtualDisplayRemoval) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesVirtualDisplayRemoval) {
     using Case = HwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -511,7 +521,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -520,11 +530,11 @@
     verifyDisplayIsNotConnected(existing.token());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayLayerStackChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayLayerStackChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
-    constexpr uint32_t oldLayerStack = 0u;
-    constexpr uint32_t newLayerStack = 123u;
+    constexpr ui::LayerStack oldLayerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
+    constexpr ui::LayerStack newLayerStack{123u};
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
@@ -540,7 +550,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -548,7 +558,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(newLayerStack, display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getLayerStack());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayTransformChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayTransformChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     constexpr ui::Rotation oldTransform = ui::ROTATION_0;
@@ -568,7 +578,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -576,7 +586,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(newTransform, display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getOrientation());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayLayerStackRectChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayLayerStackRectChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     const Rect oldLayerStackRect(0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -596,7 +606,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -604,7 +614,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(newLayerStackRect, display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getLayerStackSpaceRect());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayRectChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayRectChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     const Rect oldDisplayRect(0, 0);
@@ -624,7 +634,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -632,7 +642,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(newDisplayRect, display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getOrientedDisplaySpaceRect());
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayWidthChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayWidthChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     constexpr int oldWidth = 0;
@@ -674,10 +684,10 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplayHeightChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplayHeightChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     constexpr int oldWidth = 0;
@@ -719,10 +729,10 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
 
-TEST_F(HandleTransactionLockedTest, processesDisplaySizeDisplayRectAndLayerStackRectChanges) {
+TEST_F(DisplayTransactionCommitTest, processesDisplaySizeDisplayRectAndLayerStackRectChanges) {
     using Case = NonHwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     constexpr uint32_t kOldWidth = 567;
@@ -769,7 +779,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.handleTransactionLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
+    mFlinger.commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getBounds(), kNewSize);
     EXPECT_EQ(display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getWidth(), kNewWidth);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index ef8b149..bafa910 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -63,15 +63,11 @@
     // The primary display should have a current state
     ASSERT_TRUE(hasCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token()));
     const auto& primaryDisplayState = getCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token());
-    // The layer stack state should be set to zero
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, primaryDisplayState.layerStack);
-    // The orientation state should be set to zero
+
+    // The primary display state should be reset
+    EXPECT_EQ(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, primaryDisplayState.layerStack);
     EXPECT_EQ(ui::ROTATION_0, primaryDisplayState.orientation);
-
-    // The orientedDisplaySpaceRect state should be set to INVALID
     EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
-
-    // The layerStackSpaceRect state should be set to INVALID
     EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect);
 
     // The width and height should both be zero
@@ -99,4 +95,4 @@
 }
 
 } // namespace
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp
index fc40818..7d9e22b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
+constexpr ui::LayerStack LAYER_STACK{456u};
+
 class SetDisplayStateLockedTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
 
 TEST_F(SetDisplayStateLockedTest, setDisplayStateLockedDoesNothingWithUnknownDisplay) {
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@
     DisplayState state;
     state.what = DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
     state.token = displayToken;
-    state.layerStack = 456;
+    state.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
@@ -167,13 +169,13 @@
     display.inject();
 
     // The display has a layer stack set
-    display.mutableCurrentDisplayState().layerStack = 456u;
+    display.mutableCurrentDisplayState().layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
 
     // The incoming request sets the same layer stack
     DisplayState state;
     state.what = DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
     state.token = display.token();
-    state.layerStack = 456u;
+    state.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0u, flags);
 
     // The current display state is unchanged
-    EXPECT_EQ(456u, display.getCurrentDisplayState().layerStack);
+    EXPECT_EQ(LAYER_STACK, display.getCurrentDisplayState().layerStack);
 }
 
 TEST_F(SetDisplayStateLockedTest, setDisplayStateLockedRequestsUpdateIfLayerStackChanged) {
@@ -201,13 +203,13 @@
     display.inject();
 
     // The display has a layer stack set
-    display.mutableCurrentDisplayState().layerStack = 654u;
+    display.mutableCurrentDisplayState().layerStack = ui::LayerStack{LAYER_STACK.id + 1};
 
     // The incoming request sets a different layer stack
     DisplayState state;
     state.what = DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
     state.token = display.token();
-    state.layerStack = 456u;
+    state.layerStack = LAYER_STACK;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
@@ -221,7 +223,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(eDisplayTransactionNeeded, flags);
 
     // The desired display state has been set to the new value.
-    EXPECT_EQ(456u, display.getCurrentDisplayState().layerStack);
+    EXPECT_EQ(LAYER_STACK, display.getCurrentDisplayState().layerStack);
 }
 
 TEST_F(SetDisplayStateLockedTest, setDisplayStateLockedDoesNothingIfFlagsNotChanged) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
index e32c4bf..7ead0af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp
@@ -292,7 +292,9 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest, createSimpleExternalDisplay) {
-    setupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest<SimpleExternalDisplayCase>();
+    // External displays must be secondary, as the primary display cannot be disconnected.
+    EXPECT_EXIT(setupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest<SimpleExternalDisplayCase>(),
+                testing::KilledBySignal(SIGABRT), "Missing primary display");
 }
 
 TEST_F(SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest, createNonHwcVirtualDisplay) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 56ae414..d8352ed 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@
                                                        dispSurface, producer);
     }
 
-    auto handleTransactionLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) {
-        Mutex::Autolock _l(mFlinger->mStateLock);
-        return mFlinger->handleTransactionLocked(transactionFlags);
+    auto commitTransactionsLocked(uint32_t transactionFlags) {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mFlinger->mStateLock);
+        return mFlinger->commitTransactionsLocked(transactionFlags);
     }
 
     void onComposerHalHotplug(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, hal::Connection connection) {
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
     }
 
     auto setDisplayStateLocked(const DisplayState& s) {
-        Mutex::Autolock _l(mFlinger->mStateLock);
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mFlinger->mStateLock);
         return mFlinger->setDisplayStateLocked(s);
     }
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
     auto& mutableDisplays() { return mFlinger->mDisplays; }
     auto& mutableDrawingState() { return mFlinger->mDrawingState; }
     auto& mutableEventQueue() { return mFlinger->mEventQueue; }
-    auto& mutableGeometryInvalid() { return mFlinger->mGeometryInvalid; }
+    auto& mutableGeometryDirty() { return mFlinger->mGeometryDirty; }
     auto& mutableInterceptor() { return mFlinger->mInterceptor; }
     auto& mutableMainThreadId() { return mFlinger->mMainThreadId; }
     auto& mutablePendingHotplugEvents() { return mFlinger->mPendingHotplugEvents; }
@@ -439,8 +439,7 @@
 
     auto& mutableHwcDisplayData() { return getHwComposer().mDisplayData; }
     auto& mutableHwcPhysicalDisplayIdMap() { return getHwComposer().mPhysicalDisplayIdMap; }
-    auto& mutableInternalHwcDisplayId() { return getHwComposer().mInternalHwcDisplayId; }
-    auto& mutableExternalHwcDisplayId() { return getHwComposer().mExternalHwcDisplayId; }
+    auto& mutablePrimaryHwcDisplayId() { return getHwComposer().mPrimaryHwcDisplayId; }
     auto& mutableUseFrameRateApi() { return mFlinger->useFrameRateApi; }
 
     auto fromHandle(const sp<IBinder>& handle) {
@@ -600,13 +599,12 @@
                 LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!physicalId);
                 flinger->mutableHwcPhysicalDisplayIdMap().emplace(mHwcDisplayId, *physicalId);
                 if (mIsPrimary) {
-                    flinger->mutableInternalHwcDisplayId() = mHwcDisplayId;
+                    flinger->mutablePrimaryHwcDisplayId() = mHwcDisplayId;
                 } else {
-                    // If there is an external HWC display there should always be an internal ID
+                    // If there is an external HWC display, there should always be a primary ID
                     // as well. Set it to some arbitrary value.
-                    auto& internalId = flinger->mutableInternalHwcDisplayId();
-                    if (!internalId) internalId = mHwcDisplayId - 1;
-                    flinger->mutableExternalHwcDisplayId() = mHwcDisplayId;
+                    auto& primaryId = flinger->mutablePrimaryHwcDisplayId();
+                    if (!primaryId) primaryId = mHwcDisplayId - 1;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -764,9 +762,9 @@
     };
 
 private:
+    void scheduleRefresh(FrameHint) override {}
     void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
     void changeRefreshRate(const Scheduler::RefreshRate&, Scheduler::ModeEvent) override {}
-    void repaintEverythingForHWC() override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() {}
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index 2845d0a..a749ece 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
                                    FrameTracer::FrameEvent::QUEUE, /*duration*/ 0));
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, postTime, /*desiredPresentTime*/ 30, false, mClientCache,
                          frameNumber, dequeueTime, FrameTimelineInfo{},
-                         nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */, nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint*/);
 
         commitTransaction(layer.get());
         bool computeVisisbleRegions;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index 7bf224d..2a7921f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
 
         commitTransaction(layer.get());
@@ -147,7 +148,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -160,7 +162,8 @@
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         nsecs_t start = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         nsecs_t end = systemTime();
         acquireFence2->signalForTest(12);
 
@@ -200,7 +203,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         acquireFence->signalForTest(12);
 
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
@@ -228,7 +232,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
 
@@ -260,7 +265,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer, fence, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 3, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 3, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         EXPECT_EQ(2u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto bufferSurfaceFrameTX = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -298,7 +304,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
 
@@ -309,7 +316,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         acquireFence2->signalForTest(12);
 
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -339,7 +347,8 @@
                                                                  1, 0),
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
         const auto droppedSurfaceFrame1 = layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX;
@@ -353,7 +362,7 @@
         auto dropStartTime1 = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer2, fence2, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                          {/*vsyncId*/ FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
-                         nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */, nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         auto dropEndTime1 = systemTime();
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, layer->mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.size());
         ASSERT_NE(nullptr, layer->mDrawingState.bufferSurfaceFrameTX);
@@ -367,7 +376,8 @@
                                                mRenderEngine, false);
         auto dropStartTime2 = systemTime();
         layer->setBuffer(buffer3, fence3, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
-                         {/*vsyncId*/ 2, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                         {/*vsyncId*/ 2, /*inputEventId*/ 0}, nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                         nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
         auto dropEndTime2 = systemTime();
         acquireFence3->signalForTest(12);
 
@@ -411,7 +421,8 @@
                                                    mRenderEngine, false);
             layer->setBuffer(buffer1, fence1, 10, 20, false, mClientCache, 1, std::nullopt,
                              {/*vsyncId*/ 1, /*inputEventId*/ 0},
-                             nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */);
+                             nullptr /* releaseBufferCallback */,
+                             nullptr /* releaseBufferEndpoint */);
             layer->setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferlessTransaction({/*vsyncId*/ 2,
                                                                   /*inputEventId*/ 0},
                                                                  10);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
index ab19886..291559f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@
 namespace android::mock {
 
 struct SchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, scheduleRefresh, (FrameHint), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setVsyncEnabled, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD2(changeRefreshRate,
                  void(const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRate&,
                       scheduler::RefreshRateConfigEvent));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(repaintEverythingForHWC, void());
     MOCK_METHOD1(kernelTimerChanged, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD0(triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged, void());
 };
 
 struct NoOpSchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
+    void scheduleRefresh(FrameHint) override {}
     void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
     void changeRefreshRate(const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::RefreshRate&,
                            scheduler::RefreshRateConfigEvent) override {}
-    void repaintEverythingForHWC() override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() {}
 };