diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/CpuConsumer_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/CpuConsumer_test.cpp
index d559e54..289cc74 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/CpuConsumer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/CpuConsumer_test.cpp
@@ -449,6 +449,9 @@
         const CpuConsumerTestParams& params,
         int maxBufferSlack) {
     status_t err;
+    err = native_window_api_connect(anw.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU);
+    ASSERT_NO_ERROR(err, "connect error: ");
+
     err = native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(anw.get(),
             params.width, params.height);
     ASSERT_NO_ERROR(err, "set_buffers_dimensions error: ");
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
index d6bd8a8..34fb998 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
@@ -208,6 +208,27 @@
         return mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&result->slot, &result->fence, async, w, h, format, usage);
     }
 
+    void setupDequeueRequestBuffer(int *slot, sp<Fence> *fence,
+            sp<GraphicBuffer> *buffer)
+    {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(slot != NULL);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(fence != NULL);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(buffer != NULL);
+
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
+
+        ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(slot, fence,
+                QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC, DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
+                DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)));
+
+        EXPECT_LE(0, *slot);
+        EXPECT_GT(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS, *slot);
+
+        // Request the buffer (pre-requisite for queueing)
+        ASSERT_OK(mProducer->requestBuffer(*slot, buffer));
+    }
+
 private: // hide from test body
     sp<DummyConsumer> mDC;
 
@@ -334,12 +355,11 @@
     int dequeuedSlot = -1;
     sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-    // XX: OK to assume first call returns this flag or not? Not really documented.
-    ASSERT_EQ(OK | IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION,
-            mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+            (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                                      QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                                      DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT, DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS));
+                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)));
 
     EXPECT_LE(0, dequeuedSlot);
     EXPECT_GT(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS, dequeuedSlot);
@@ -400,11 +420,11 @@
     int dequeuedSlot = -1;
     sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(OK | IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION,
-            mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+            (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                                      QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                                      DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT, DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS));
+                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)));
 
     // Slot was enqueued without requesting a buffer
     {
@@ -470,11 +490,11 @@
     int dequeuedSlot = -1;
     sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(OK | IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION,
-            mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+            (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                                      QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                                      DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT, DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS));
+                                     TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)));
 
     // No return code, but at least test that it doesn't blow up...
     // TODO: add a return code
@@ -482,6 +502,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest, SetMaxDequeuedBufferCount_Succeeds) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
     int minUndequeuedBuffers;
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->query(NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS,
             &minUndequeuedBuffers));
@@ -499,10 +520,10 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < minBuffers; ++i) {
         DequeueBufferResult result;
 
-        EXPECT_LE(OK,
-                dequeueBuffer(QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (dequeueBuffer(QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                               DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT, DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                              TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS, &result))
+                              TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS, &result)))
                 << "iteration: " << i << ", slot: " << result.slot;
 
         dequeueList.push_back(result);
@@ -520,17 +541,18 @@
         int dequeuedSlot = -1;
         sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-        EXPECT_LE(OK,
-                mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                                          QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                                          DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
                                          DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                                         TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS))
+                                         TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)))
                 << "iteration: " << i << ", slot: " << dequeuedSlot;
     }
 }
 
 TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest, SetMaxDequeuedBufferCount_Fails) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
     int minUndequeuedBuffers;
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->query(NATIVE_WINDOW_MIN_UNDEQUEUED_BUFFERS,
                                &minUndequeuedBuffers));
@@ -550,12 +572,12 @@
         int dequeuedSlot = -1;
         sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-        ASSERT_LE(OK,
-                mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+        ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                                          QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC,
                                          DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
                                          DEFAULT_FORMAT,
-                                         TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS))
+                                         TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)))
                 << "slot: " << dequeuedSlot;
     }
 
@@ -574,6 +596,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest, SetAsyncMode_Succeeds) {
     ASSERT_OK(mConsumer->setMaxAcquiredBufferCount(1)) << "maxAcquire: " << 1;
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->setAsyncMode(true)) << "async mode: " << true;
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(1)) << "maxDequeue: " << 1;
 
@@ -589,9 +612,10 @@
     // Should now be able to queue/dequeue as many buffers as we want without
     // blocking
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
-        ASSERT_LE(OK, mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+        ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                 true, DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
-                DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)) << "slot : "
+                DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS))) << "slot : "
                 << dequeuedSlot;
         ASSERT_OK(mProducer->requestBuffer(dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedBuffer));
         ASSERT_OK(mProducer->queueBuffer(dequeuedSlot, input, &output));
@@ -599,14 +623,16 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest, SetAsyncMode_Fails) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
     // Prerequisite to fail out a valid setBufferCount call
     {
         int dequeuedSlot = -1;
         sp<Fence> dequeuedFence;
 
-        ASSERT_LE(OK, mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
+        ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+                (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&dequeuedSlot, &dequeuedFence,
                 QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC, DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
-                DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)) << "slot: "
+                DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS))) << "slot: "
                         << dequeuedSlot;
     }
 
@@ -622,4 +648,103 @@
             << false;
 }
 
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_dequeueBuffer) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&slot, &fence,
+            QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC, DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
+            DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS));
+}
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_detachNextBuffer) {
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachNextBuffer(&buffer, &fence));
+}
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_requestBuffer) {
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(ConnectProducer());
+
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, ~IGraphicBufferProducer::BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION &
+            (mProducer->dequeueBuffer(&slot, &fence,
+            QUEUE_BUFFER_INPUT_ASYNC, DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
+            DEFAULT_FORMAT, TEST_PRODUCER_USAGE_BITS)));
+
+    EXPECT_LE(0, slot);
+    EXPECT_GT(BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS, slot);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
+
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->requestBuffer(slot, &buffer));
+}
+
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_detachBuffer) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
+}
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_queueBuffer) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
+
+    // A generic "valid" input
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferInput input = CreateBufferInput();
+    IGraphicBufferProducer::QueueBufferOutput output;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->queueBuffer(slot, input, &output));
+}
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_cancelBuffer) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->cancelBuffer(slot, fence));
+}
+
+TEST_F(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
+        DisconnectedProducerReturnsError_attachBuffer) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->attachBuffer(&slot, buffer));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureClient_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureClient_test.cpp
index c61eb1a..2356f54 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureClient_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureClient_test.cpp
@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, DefaultGeometryValues) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf));
     EXPECT_EQ(1, buf->width);
@@ -225,6 +226,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, BufferGeometryCanBeSet) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 16, 8));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565));
@@ -236,6 +238,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, BufferGeometryDefaultSizeSetFormat) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 0, 0));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565));
@@ -247,6 +250,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, BufferGeometrySetSizeDefaultFormat) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 16, 8));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), 0));
@@ -258,6 +262,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, BufferGeometrySizeCanBeUnset) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 16, 8));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), 0));
@@ -276,6 +281,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, BufferGeometrySizeCanBeChangedWithoutFormat) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 0, 0));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565));
@@ -293,6 +299,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSetDefaultSize) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     sp<GLConsumer> st(mST);
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf;
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, st->setDefaultBufferSize(16, 8));
@@ -305,6 +312,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSetDefaultSizeAfterDequeue) {
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf[2];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[1]));
@@ -325,6 +333,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSetDefaultSizeVsGeometry) {
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buf[2];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, mST->setDefaultBufferSize(16, 8));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
@@ -351,6 +360,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureTooManyUpdateTexImage) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, mANW->setSwapInterval(mANW.get(), 0));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
 
@@ -374,6 +384,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSyncModeSlowRetire) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[1]));
@@ -394,6 +405,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSyncModeFastRetire) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[1]));
@@ -414,8 +426,8 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSyncModeDQQR) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 3));
-
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, mANW->queueBuffer(mANW.get(), buf[0], -1));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, mST->updateTexImage());
@@ -439,6 +451,7 @@
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, DISABLED_SurfaceTextureSyncModeDequeueCurrent) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
     android_native_buffer_t* firstBuf;
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 3));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &firstBuf));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, mANW->queueBuffer(mANW.get(), firstBuf, -1));
@@ -458,6 +471,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SurfaceTextureSyncModeMinUndequeued) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 3));
 
     // We should be able to dequeue all the buffers before we've queued mANWy.
@@ -483,6 +497,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, SetCropCropsCrop) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     android_native_rect_t rect = {-2, -13, 40, 18};
     native_window_set_crop(mANW.get(), &rect);
 
@@ -537,6 +552,7 @@
     };
 
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 3));
     // dequeue/queue/update so we have a current buffer
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
@@ -560,6 +576,7 @@
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, GetTransformMatrixReturnsVerticalFlip) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
     float mtx[16] = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, mANW->queueBuffer(mANW.get(), buf[0], -1));
@@ -590,6 +607,7 @@
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureClientTest, GetTransformMatrixSucceedsAfterFreeingBuffers) {
     android_native_buffer_t* buf[3];
     float mtx[16] = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &buf[0]));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, mANW->queueBuffer(mANW.get(), buf[0], -1));
@@ -639,6 +657,7 @@
     crop.right = 5;
     crop.bottom = 5;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffer_count(mANW.get(), 4));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(), 8, 8));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(), 0));
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
index c243fc0..0606839 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 64;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
index 0e85b90..1a904b5 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 66;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 64;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -124,6 +128,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 66;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -190,6 +196,8 @@
     enum { texHeight = 16 };
     enum { numFrames = 1024 };
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -333,6 +341,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 66;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -377,6 +387,8 @@
     const int texWidth = 64;
     const int texHeight = 64;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_dimensions(mANW.get(),
             texWidth, texHeight));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_buffers_format(mANW.get(),
@@ -435,7 +447,10 @@
         virtual bool threadLoop() {
             ANativeWindowBuffer* anb;
 
-            native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL);
+            if (native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU) !=
+                    NO_ERROR) {
+                return false;
+            }
 
             for (int numFrames =0 ; numFrames < 2; numFrames ++) {
 
@@ -452,7 +467,10 @@
                 }
             }
 
-            native_window_api_disconnect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL);
+            if (native_window_api_disconnect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU)
+                    != NO_ERROR) {
+                return false;
+            }
 
             return false;
         }
@@ -486,7 +504,7 @@
 // attempt to release a buffer that it does not owned
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureGLTest, DisconnectClearsCurrentTexture) {
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL));
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
 
     ANativeWindowBuffer *anb;
 
@@ -500,9 +518,9 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(OK,mST->updateTexImage());
 
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_disconnect(mANW.get(),
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL));
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL));
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(), &anb));
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, mANW->queueBuffer(mANW.get(), anb, -1));
@@ -512,7 +530,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(OK,mST->updateTexImage());
 
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_disconnect(mANW.get(),
-            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL));
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureGLTest, ScaleToWindowMode) {
@@ -614,6 +632,11 @@
             Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
             ANativeWindowBuffer* anb;
 
+            if (native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU) !=
+                    NO_ERROR) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
             // Frame 1
             if (native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(),
                     &anb) != NO_ERROR) {
@@ -678,6 +701,9 @@
     int texHeight = 16;
     ANativeWindowBuffer* anb;
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
+
     GLint maxTextureSize;
     glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &maxTextureSize);
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureMultiContextGL_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureMultiContextGL_test.cpp
index f74ac3d..5b02dcf 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureMultiContextGL_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureMultiContextGL_test.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, UpdateFromMultipleContextsFails) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, DetachFromContextSucceeds) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         DetachFromContextSucceedsAfterProducerDisconnect) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, DetachFromContextFailsWhenAbandoned) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -82,6 +86,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, DetachFromContextFailsWhenDetached) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -96,6 +101,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, DetachFromContextFailsWithNoDisplay) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -112,6 +118,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, DetachFromContextFailsWithNoContext) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -128,6 +135,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, UpdateTexImageFailsWhenDetached) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Detach from the primary context.
@@ -139,6 +147,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, AttachToContextSucceeds) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -169,6 +178,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         AttachToContextSucceedsAfterProducerDisconnect) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -200,6 +210,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         AttachToContextSucceedsBeforeUpdateTexImage) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Detach from the primary context.
@@ -230,6 +241,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, AttachToContextFailsWhenAbandoned) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -247,6 +259,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, AttachToContextFailsWhenAttached) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -259,6 +272,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         AttachToContextFailsWhenAttachedBeforeUpdateTexImage) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Attempt to attach to the primary context.
@@ -266,6 +280,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, AttachToContextFailsWithNoDisplay) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -285,6 +300,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest, AttachToContextSucceedsTwice) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Latch the texture contents on the primary context.
@@ -323,6 +339,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         AttachToContextSucceedsTwiceBeforeUpdateTexImage) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
 
     // Detach from the primary context.
@@ -361,6 +378,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
         UpdateTexImageSucceedsForBufferConsumedBeforeDetach) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
 
     // produce two frames and consume them both on the primary context
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
@@ -387,6 +405,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTextureMultiContextGLTest,
        AttachAfterDisplayTerminatedSucceeds) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, native_window_api_connect(mANW.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
 
     // produce two frames and consume them both on the primary context
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(produceOneRGBA8Frame(mANW));
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index 3f495f8..6f0104a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, sf->captureScreen(display, producer, Rect(),
             64, 64, 0, 0x7fffffff, false));
 
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(anw.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     // Set the PROTECTED usage bit and verify that the screenshot fails.  Note
     // that we need to dequeue a buffer in order for it to actually get
     // allocated in SurfaceFlinger.
@@ -190,6 +192,8 @@
     // Allocate a buffer with a generation number of 0
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer;
     int fenceFd;
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_api_connect(window.get(),
+            NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, window->dequeueBuffer(window.get(), &buffer, &fenceFd));
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, window->cancelBuffer(window.get(), buffer, fenceFd));