diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
similarity index 94%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h
rename to libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
index 0d59706..7eacb0a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/DisplayMap.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayMap.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <ftl/small_map.h>
 #include <ftl/small_vector.h>
 
-namespace android::display {
+namespace android::ui {
 
 // The static capacities were chosen to exceed a typical number of physical and/or virtual displays.
 
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@
 template <typename T>
 using PhysicalDisplayVector = ftl::SmallVector<T, 3>;
 
-} // namespace android::display
+} // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/FenceTime.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/FenceTime.h
index ac75f43..334106f 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/FenceTime.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/FenceTime.h
@@ -142,6 +142,8 @@
     std::atomic<nsecs_t> mSignalTime{Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID};
 };
 
+using FenceTimePtr = std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>;
+
 // A queue of FenceTimes that are expected to signal in FIFO order.
 // Only maintains a queue of weak pointers so it doesn't keep references
 // to Fences on its own.
@@ -190,8 +192,15 @@
 // before the new one is added.
 class FenceToFenceTimeMap {
 public:
-    // Create a new FenceTime with that wraps the provided Fence.
-    std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> createFenceTimeForTest(const sp<Fence>& fence);
+    using FencePair = std::pair<sp<Fence>, FenceTimePtr>;
+
+    FencePair makePendingFenceForTest() {
+        const auto fence = sp<Fence>::make();
+        return {fence, createFenceTimeForTest(fence)};
+    }
+
+    // Create a new FenceTime that wraps the provided Fence.
+    FenceTimePtr createFenceTimeForTest(const sp<Fence>&);
 
     // Signals all FenceTimes created through this class that are wrappers
     // around |fence|.
@@ -205,7 +214,6 @@
     std::unordered_map<Fence*, std::vector<std::weak_ptr<FenceTime>>> mMap;
 };
 
-
-}; // namespace android
+} // namespace android
 
 #endif // ANDROID_FENCE_TIME_H
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
index cba1014..ef36234 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Display/PhysicalDisplay.h
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
-#include "DisplayMap.h"
 #include "DisplaySnapshot.h"
 
 namespace android::display {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     DisplaySnapshot mSnapshot;
 };
 
-using PhysicalDisplays = PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, PhysicalDisplay>;
+using PhysicalDisplays = ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, PhysicalDisplay>;
 
 // Combinator for ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId>::and_then.
 constexpr auto getPhysicalDisplay(const PhysicalDisplays& displays) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index ce05b38..ded91be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
+
 #include <ftl/shared_mutex.h>
-#include <ftl/small_map.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <optional>
@@ -272,9 +273,9 @@
     // Invalid displayId used as a key to mReaders when mSingleReader is true.
     static constexpr int64_t kSingleReaderKey = 0;
 
-    // TODO (b/256881188): Use display::PhysicalDisplayMap instead of hard-coded `3`
-    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter, 3> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientReader, 3> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<Display, ComposerClientReader> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
     // Protect access to mWriters and mReaders with a shared_mutex. Adding and
     // removing a display require exclusive access, since the iterator or the
     // writer/reader may be invalidated. Other calls need shared access while
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
index 76b36fe..527f618 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <sstream>
 
 #include <gui/DisplayInfo.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
+#include <ui/LayerStack.h>
+#include <ui/Transform.h>
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
@@ -44,4 +47,6 @@
     }
 };
 
+using DisplayInfos = ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, DisplayInfo>;
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index ce7d37e..7df3645 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -19,28 +19,26 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerSnapshotBuilder"
 
-#include "LayerSnapshotBuilder.h"
-#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
-#include <ui/FloatRect.h>
-
 #include <numeric>
 #include <optional>
 
+#include <ftl/small_map.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
+#include <ui/FloatRect.h>
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/Hal.h"
 #include "LayerLog.h"
 #include "LayerSnapshotBuilder.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
-#include "ftl/small_map.h"
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
 using namespace ftl::flag_operators;
 
 namespace {
-FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays) {
+
+FloatRect getMaxDisplayBounds(const DisplayInfos& displays) {
     const ui::Size maxSize = [&displays] {
         if (displays.empty()) return ui::Size{5000, 5000};
 
@@ -667,8 +665,7 @@
     snapshot.relativeLayerMetadata.mMap.clear();
 }
 
-uint32_t getPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays) {
+uint32_t getPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags(const DisplayInfos& displays) {
     for (auto& [_, display] : displays) {
         if (display.isPrimary) {
             return display.rotationFlags;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
index 148c98e..3f33ab8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "LayerHierarchy.h"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
         const LayerLifecycleManager& layerLifecycleManager;
         ForceUpdateFlags forceUpdate = ForceUpdateFlags::NONE;
         bool includeMetadata = false;
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays;
+        const DisplayInfos& displays;
         // Set to true if there were display changes since last update.
         bool displayChanges = false;
         const renderengine::ShadowSettings& globalShadowSettings;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
index 3472d20..e61916c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@
 }
 
 google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> LayerProtoHelper::writeDisplayInfoToProto(
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos) {
+        const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos) {
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> displays;
     displays.Reserve(displayInfos.size());
     for (const auto& [layerStack, displayInfo] : displayInfos) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
index b84a49b..346685f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <cstdint>
+
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h"
 
@@ -65,15 +67,15 @@
                                      const frontend::RequestedLayerState& requestedState,
                                      const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot, uint32_t traceFlags);
     static google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> writeDisplayInfoToProto(
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos);
+            const frontend::DisplayInfos&);
 };
 
 class LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator {
 public:
-    LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator(
-            const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-            const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& legacyLayers, uint32_t traceFlags)
+    LayerProtoFromSnapshotGenerator(const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
+                                    const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos,
+                                    const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& legacyLayers,
+                                    uint32_t traceFlags)
           : mSnapshotBuilder(snapshotBuilder),
             mLegacyLayers(legacyLayers),
             mDisplayInfos(displayInfos),
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@
 
     const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& mSnapshotBuilder;
     const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& mLegacyLayers;
-    const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& mDisplayInfos;
+    const frontend::DisplayInfos& mDisplayInfos;
     uint32_t mTraceFlags;
     LayersProto mLayersProto;
     // winscope expects all the layers, so provide a snapshot even if it not currently drawing
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Android.bp
index d5d8688..6d2586a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     name: "libscheduler",
     defaults: ["libscheduler_defaults"],
     srcs: [
+        "src/FrameTargeter.cpp",
         "src/PresentLatencyTracker.cpp",
         "src/Timer.cpp",
     ],
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     defaults: ["libscheduler_defaults"],
     srcs: [
+        "tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp",
         "tests/PresentLatencyTrackerTest.cpp",
         "tests/TimerTest.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 9319543..6d40893 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 #include <FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h>
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@
 #include <numeric>
 
 #include "../Layer.h"
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
@@ -159,14 +159,21 @@
 
 void Scheduler::onFrameSignal(ICompositor& compositor, VsyncId vsyncId,
                               TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
-    const TimePoint frameTime = SchedulerClock::now();
+    mPacesetterFrameTargeter.beginFrame({.frameBeginTime = SchedulerClock::now(),
+                                         .vsyncId = vsyncId,
+                                         .expectedVsyncTime = expectedVsyncTime,
+                                         .sfWorkDuration =
+                                                 mVsyncModulator->getVsyncConfig().sfWorkDuration},
+                                        *getVsyncSchedule());
 
-    if (!compositor.commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime)) {
+    if (!compositor.commit(mPacesetterFrameTargeter.target())) {
         return;
     }
 
-    compositor.composite(frameTime, vsyncId);
+    const auto compositeResult = compositor.composite(mPacesetterFrameTargeter);
     compositor.sample();
+
+    mPacesetterFrameTargeter.endFrame(compositeResult);
 }
 
 std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
@@ -176,23 +183,23 @@
             .getFrameRateOverrideForUid(uid, supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const {
+bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const {
     const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
     if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
         return true;
     }
 
     ATRACE_FORMAT("%s uid: %d frameRate: %s", __func__, uid, to_string(*frameRate).c_str());
-    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp.ns(), *frameRate);
+    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTime.ns(), *frameRate);
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint timePoint, const Fps frameRate) const {
-    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(timePoint.ns(), frameRate);
+bool Scheduler::isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, Fps frameRate) const {
+    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTime.ns(), frameRate);
 }
 
 impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback Scheduler::makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const {
-    return [this](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
-        return !isVsyncValid(TimePoint::fromNs(expectedVsyncTimestamp), uid);
+    return [this](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) {
+        return !isVsyncValid(TimePoint::fromNs(expectedVsyncTime), uid);
     };
 }
 
@@ -681,6 +688,8 @@
 
     mFrameRateOverrideMappings.dump(dumper);
     dumper.eol();
+
+    mPacesetterFrameTargeter.dump(dumper);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::dumpVsync(std::string& out) const {
@@ -846,7 +855,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     using RankedRefreshRates = RefreshRateSelector::RankedFrameRates;
-    display::PhysicalDisplayVector<RankedRefreshRates> perDisplayRanking;
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayVector<RankedRefreshRates> perDisplayRanking;
     const auto globalSignals = makeGlobalSignals();
     Fps pacesetterFps;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index f13c878..d628ac3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -35,11 +35,12 @@
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <scheduler/Features.h>
+#include <scheduler/FrameTargeter.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 #include <scheduler/VsyncConfig.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
@@ -249,9 +250,11 @@
         return std::const_pointer_cast<VsyncSchedule>(std::as_const(*this).getVsyncSchedule(idOpt));
     }
 
+    const FrameTarget& pacesetterFrameTarget() { return mPacesetterFrameTargeter.target(); }
+
     // Returns true if a given vsync timestamp is considered valid vsync
     // for a given uid
-    bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
+    bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const;
 
     bool isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, Fps frameRate) const;
 
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@
         }
     };
 
-    using DisplayModeChoiceMap = display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeChoice>;
+    using DisplayModeChoiceMap = ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, DisplayModeChoice>;
 
     // See mDisplayLock for thread safety.
     DisplayModeChoiceMap chooseDisplayModes() const
@@ -435,12 +438,14 @@
     using DisplayRef = std::reference_wrapper<Display>;
     using ConstDisplayRef = std::reference_wrapper<const Display>;
 
-    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, Display> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
+    ui::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, Display> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
             GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
     ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mPacesetterDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
             GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
+    FrameTargeter mPacesetterFrameTargeter{mFeatures.test(Feature::kBackpressureGpuComposition)};
+
     ftl::Optional<DisplayRef> pacesetterDisplayLocked() REQUIRES(mDisplayLock) {
         return static_cast<const Scheduler*>(this)->pacesetterDisplayLocked().transform(
                 [](const Display& display) { return std::ref(const_cast<Display&>(display)); });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 763d058..9867b41 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -19,14 +19,17 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <ThreadContext.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <ftl/optional.h>
-#include <scheduler/Features.h>
-#include <scheduler/Time.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Features.h>
+#include <scheduler/IVsyncSource.h>
+#include <scheduler/Time.h>
+
+#include "ThreadContext.h"
+
 namespace android {
 class EventThreadTest;
 class VsyncScheduleTest;
@@ -49,13 +52,14 @@
 using VsyncTracker = VSyncTracker;
 
 // Schedule that synchronizes to hardware VSYNC of a physical display.
-class VsyncSchedule {
+class VsyncSchedule final : public IVsyncSource {
 public:
     VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, FeatureFlags);
     ~VsyncSchedule();
 
-    Period period() const;
-    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const;
+    // IVsyncSource overrides:
+    Period period() const override;
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override;
 
     // Inform the schedule that the period is changing and the schedule needs to recalibrate
     // itself. The schedule will end the period transition internally. This will
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Features.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Features.h
index b3a6a60..200407d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Features.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Features.h
@@ -23,10 +23,11 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 enum class Feature : std::uint8_t {
-    kPresentFences = 0b1,
-    kKernelIdleTimer = 0b10,
-    kContentDetection = 0b100,
-    kTracePredictedVsync = 0b1000,
+    kPresentFences = 1 << 0,
+    kKernelIdleTimer = 1 << 1,
+    kContentDetection = 1 << 2,
+    kTracePredictedVsync = 1 << 3,
+    kBackpressureGpuComposition = 1 << 4,
 };
 
 using FeatureFlags = ftl::Flags<Feature>;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/FrameTargeter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/FrameTargeter.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6878370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/FrameTargeter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <ui/Fence.h>
+#include <ui/FenceTime.h>
+
+#include <scheduler/Time.h>
+#include <scheduler/VsyncId.h>
+#include <scheduler/interface/CompositeResult.h>
+
+// TODO(b/185536303): Pull to FTL.
+#include "../../../TracedOrdinal.h"
+#include "../../../Utils/Dumper.h"
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+struct IVsyncSource;
+
+// Read-only interface to the metrics computed by FrameTargeter for the latest frame.
+class FrameTarget {
+public:
+    VsyncId vsyncId() const { return mVsyncId; }
+
+    // The time when the frame actually began, as opposed to when it had been scheduled to begin.
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime() const { return mFrameBeginTime; }
+
+    // Relative to when the frame actually began, as opposed to when it had been scheduled to begin.
+    Duration expectedFrameDuration() const { return mExpectedPresentTime - mFrameBeginTime; }
+
+    TimePoint expectedPresentTime() const { return mExpectedPresentTime; }
+
+    // The time of the VSYNC that preceded this frame. See `presentFenceForPastVsync` for details.
+    TimePoint pastVsyncTime(Period vsyncPeriod) const;
+
+    // The present fence for the frame that had targeted the most recent VSYNC before this frame.
+    // If the target VSYNC for any given frame is more than `vsyncPeriod` in the future, then the
+    // VSYNC of at least one previous frame has not yet passed. In other words, this is NOT the
+    // fence of the previous frame if running N VSYNCs ahead, but the one that should have been
+    // signaled by now (unless that frame missed).
+    const FenceTimePtr& presentFenceForPastVsync(Period vsyncPeriod) const;
+
+    bool wouldPresentEarly(Period vsyncPeriod) const;
+
+    bool isFramePending() const { return mFramePending; }
+    bool didMissFrame() const { return mFrameMissed; }
+    bool didMissHwcFrame() const { return mHwcFrameMissed && !mGpuFrameMissed; }
+
+protected:
+    ~FrameTarget() = default;
+
+    VsyncId mVsyncId;
+    TimePoint mFrameBeginTime;
+    TimePoint mExpectedPresentTime;
+
+    TracedOrdinal<bool> mFramePending{"PrevFramePending", false};
+    TracedOrdinal<bool> mFrameMissed{"PrevFrameMissed", false};
+    TracedOrdinal<bool> mHwcFrameMissed{"PrevHwcFrameMissed", false};
+    TracedOrdinal<bool> mGpuFrameMissed{"PrevGpuFrameMissed", false};
+
+    struct FenceWithFenceTime {
+        sp<Fence> fence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+        FenceTimePtr fenceTime = FenceTime::NO_FENCE;
+    };
+    std::array<FenceWithFenceTime, 2> mPresentFences;
+
+private:
+    template <int N>
+    inline bool targetsVsyncsAhead(Period vsyncPeriod) const {
+        static_assert(N > 1);
+        return expectedFrameDuration() > (N - 1) * vsyncPeriod;
+    }
+};
+
+// Computes a display's per-frame metrics about past/upcoming targeting of present deadlines.
+class FrameTargeter final : private FrameTarget {
+public:
+    explicit FrameTargeter(bool backpressureGpuComposition)
+          : mBackpressureGpuComposition(backpressureGpuComposition) {}
+
+    const FrameTarget& target() const { return *this; }
+
+    struct BeginFrameArgs {
+        TimePoint frameBeginTime;
+        VsyncId vsyncId;
+        TimePoint expectedVsyncTime;
+        Duration sfWorkDuration;
+    };
+
+    void beginFrame(const BeginFrameArgs&, const IVsyncSource&);
+
+    // TODO(b/241285191): Merge with FrameTargeter::endFrame.
+    FenceTimePtr setPresentFence(sp<Fence>);
+
+    void endFrame(const CompositeResult&);
+
+    void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
+
+private:
+    friend class FrameTargeterTest;
+
+    // For tests.
+    using IsFencePendingFuncPtr = bool (*)(const FenceTimePtr&, int graceTimeMs);
+    void beginFrame(const BeginFrameArgs&, const IVsyncSource&, IsFencePendingFuncPtr);
+    FenceTimePtr setPresentFence(sp<Fence>, FenceTimePtr);
+
+    static bool isFencePending(const FenceTimePtr&, int graceTimeMs);
+
+    const bool mBackpressureGpuComposition;
+
+    TimePoint mScheduledPresentTime;
+    CompositionCoverageFlags mCompositionCoverage;
+
+    std::atomic_uint mFrameMissedCount = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint mHwcFrameMissedCount = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint mGpuFrameMissedCount = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb2de75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scheduler/Time.h>
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+struct IVsyncSource {
+    virtual Period period() const = 0;
+    virtual TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const = 0;
+
+protected:
+    ~IVsyncSource() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
index c64a3cd..6ca4e85 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
@@ -18,17 +18,17 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include <ftl/mixins.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
-// TODO(b/185536303): Import StrongTyping.h into FTL so it can be used here.
-
 // Sequential frame identifier, also known as FrameTimeline token.
-struct VsyncId {
-    int64_t value = -1;
+//
+// TODO(b/241285191): Pull to <gui/FrameTimelineInfo.h> and use VsyncId over int64_t everywhere.
+struct VsyncId : ftl::DefaultConstructible<VsyncId, int64_t, -1>,
+                 ftl::Incrementable<VsyncId>,
+                 ftl::Equatable<VsyncId> {
+    using DefaultConstructible::DefaultConstructible;
 };
 
-inline bool operator==(VsyncId lhs, VsyncId rhs) {
-    return lhs.value == rhs.value;
-}
-
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/CompositeResult.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/CompositeResult.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f795f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/CompositeResult.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <scheduler/interface/CompositionCoverage.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+struct CompositeResult {
+    CompositionCoverageFlags compositionCoverage;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h
index cc41925..2696076 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h
@@ -18,8 +18,15 @@
 
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 #include <scheduler/VsyncId.h>
+#include <scheduler/interface/CompositeResult.h>
 
 namespace android {
+namespace scheduler {
+
+class FrameTarget;
+class FrameTargeter;
+
+} // namespace scheduler
 
 struct ICompositor {
     // Configures physical displays, processing hotplug and/or mode setting via the Composer HAL.
@@ -27,11 +34,11 @@
 
     // Commits transactions for layers and displays. Returns whether any state has been invalidated,
     // i.e. whether a frame should be composited for each display.
-    virtual bool commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
+    virtual bool commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget&) = 0;
 
     // Composites a frame for each display. CompositionEngine performs GPU and/or HAL composition
     // via RenderEngine and the Composer HAL, respectively.
-    virtual void composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId) = 0;
+    virtual CompositeResult composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter&) = 0;
 
     // Samples the composited frame via RegionSamplingThread.
     virtual void sample() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/src/FrameTargeter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/src/FrameTargeter.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf4c0a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/src/FrameTargeter.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
+
+#include <scheduler/FrameTargeter.h>
+#include <scheduler/IVsyncSource.h>
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+TimePoint FrameTarget::pastVsyncTime(Period vsyncPeriod) const {
+    // TODO(b/267315508): Generalize to N VSYNCs.
+    const int shift = static_cast<int>(targetsVsyncsAhead<2>(vsyncPeriod));
+    return mExpectedPresentTime - Period::fromNs(vsyncPeriod.ns() << shift);
+}
+
+const FenceTimePtr& FrameTarget::presentFenceForPastVsync(Period vsyncPeriod) const {
+    // TODO(b/267315508): Generalize to N VSYNCs.
+    const size_t i = static_cast<size_t>(targetsVsyncsAhead<2>(vsyncPeriod));
+    return mPresentFences[i].fenceTime;
+}
+
+bool FrameTarget::wouldPresentEarly(Period vsyncPeriod) const {
+    // TODO(b/267315508): Generalize to N VSYNCs.
+    if (targetsVsyncsAhead<3>(vsyncPeriod)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const auto fence = presentFenceForPastVsync(vsyncPeriod);
+    return fence->isValid() && fence->getSignalTime() != Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_PENDING;
+}
+
+void FrameTargeter::beginFrame(const BeginFrameArgs& args, const IVsyncSource& vsyncSource) {
+    return beginFrame(args, vsyncSource, &FrameTargeter::isFencePending);
+}
+
+void FrameTargeter::beginFrame(const BeginFrameArgs& args, const IVsyncSource& vsyncSource,
+                               IsFencePendingFuncPtr isFencePendingFuncPtr) {
+    mVsyncId = args.vsyncId;
+    mFrameBeginTime = args.frameBeginTime;
+
+    // The `expectedVsyncTime`, which was predicted when this frame was scheduled, is normally in
+    // the future relative to `frameBeginTime`, but may not be for delayed frames. Adjust
+    // `mExpectedPresentTime` accordingly, but not `mScheduledPresentTime`.
+    const TimePoint lastScheduledPresentTime = mScheduledPresentTime;
+    mScheduledPresentTime = args.expectedVsyncTime;
+
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = vsyncSource.period();
+
+    // Calculate the expected present time once and use the cached value throughout this frame to
+    // make sure all layers are seeing this same value.
+    if (args.expectedVsyncTime >= args.frameBeginTime) {
+        mExpectedPresentTime = args.expectedVsyncTime;
+    } else {
+        mExpectedPresentTime = vsyncSource.vsyncDeadlineAfter(args.frameBeginTime);
+        if (args.sfWorkDuration > vsyncPeriod) {
+            // Inflate the expected present time if we're targeting the next VSYNC.
+            mExpectedPresentTime += vsyncPeriod;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, ftl::to_underlying(args.vsyncId),
+                  ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
+                  mExpectedPresentTime == args.expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
+
+    const FenceTimePtr& pastPresentFence = presentFenceForPastVsync(vsyncPeriod);
+
+    // In cases where the present fence is about to fire, give it a small grace period instead of
+    // giving up on the frame.
+    //
+    // TODO(b/280667110): The grace period should depend on `sfWorkDuration` and `vsyncPeriod` being
+    // approximately equal, not whether backpressure propagation is enabled.
+    const int graceTimeForPresentFenceMs = static_cast<int>(
+            mBackpressureGpuComposition || !mCompositionCoverage.test(CompositionCoverage::Gpu));
+
+    // Pending frames may trigger backpressure propagation.
+    const auto& isFencePending = *isFencePendingFuncPtr;
+    mFramePending = pastPresentFence != FenceTime::NO_FENCE &&
+            isFencePending(pastPresentFence, graceTimeForPresentFenceMs);
+
+    // A frame is missed if the prior frame is still pending. If no longer pending, then we still
+    // count the frame as missed if the predicted present time was further in the past than when the
+    // fence actually fired. Add some slop to correct for drift. This should generally be smaller
+    // than a typical frame duration, but should not be so small that it reports reasonable drift as
+    // a missed frame.
+    mFrameMissed = mFramePending || [&] {
+        const nsecs_t pastPresentTime = pastPresentFence->getSignalTime();
+        if (pastPresentTime < 0) return false;
+        const nsecs_t frameMissedSlop = vsyncPeriod.ns() / 2;
+        return lastScheduledPresentTime.ns() < pastPresentTime - frameMissedSlop;
+    }();
+
+    mHwcFrameMissed = mFrameMissed && mCompositionCoverage.test(CompositionCoverage::Hwc);
+    mGpuFrameMissed = mFrameMissed && mCompositionCoverage.test(CompositionCoverage::Gpu);
+
+    if (mFrameMissed) mFrameMissedCount++;
+    if (mHwcFrameMissed) mHwcFrameMissedCount++;
+    if (mGpuFrameMissed) mGpuFrameMissedCount++;
+}
+
+void FrameTargeter::endFrame(const CompositeResult& result) {
+    mCompositionCoverage = result.compositionCoverage;
+}
+
+FenceTimePtr FrameTargeter::setPresentFence(sp<Fence> presentFence) {
+    auto presentFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(presentFence);
+    return setPresentFence(std::move(presentFence), std::move(presentFenceTime));
+}
+
+FenceTimePtr FrameTargeter::setPresentFence(sp<Fence> presentFence, FenceTimePtr presentFenceTime) {
+    mPresentFences[1] = mPresentFences[0];
+    mPresentFences[0] = {std::move(presentFence), presentFenceTime};
+    return presentFenceTime;
+}
+
+void FrameTargeter::dump(utils::Dumper& dumper) const {
+    using namespace std::string_view_literals;
+
+    utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Frame Targeting"sv);
+
+    dumper.dump("frameMissedCount"sv, mFrameMissedCount);
+    dumper.dump("hwcFrameMissedCount"sv, mHwcFrameMissedCount);
+    dumper.dump("gpuFrameMissedCount"sv, mGpuFrameMissedCount);
+}
+
+bool FrameTargeter::isFencePending(const FenceTimePtr& fence, int graceTimeMs) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    const status_t status = fence->wait(graceTimeMs);
+
+    // This is the same as Fence::Status::Unsignaled, but it saves a call to getStatus,
+    // which calls wait(0) again internally.
+    return status == -ETIME;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..908f214
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
+#include <scheduler/FrameTargeter.h>
+#include <scheduler/IVsyncSource.h>
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+namespace {
+
+struct VsyncSource final : IVsyncSource {
+    VsyncSource(Period period, TimePoint deadline) : vsyncPeriod(period), vsyncDeadline(deadline) {}
+
+    const Period vsyncPeriod;
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline;
+
+    Period period() const override { return vsyncPeriod; }
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override { return vsyncDeadline; }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+class FrameTargeterTest : public testing::Test {
+public:
+    const auto& target() const { return mTargeter.target(); }
+
+    struct Frame {
+        Frame(FrameTargeterTest* testPtr, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint& frameBeginTime,
+              Duration frameDuration, Fps refreshRate,
+              FrameTargeter::IsFencePendingFuncPtr isFencePendingFuncPtr = Frame::fenceSignaled,
+              const ftl::Optional<VsyncSource>& vsyncSourceOpt = std::nullopt)
+              : testPtr(testPtr), frameBeginTime(frameBeginTime), period(refreshRate.getPeriod()) {
+            const FrameTargeter::BeginFrameArgs args{.frameBeginTime = frameBeginTime,
+                                                     .vsyncId = vsyncId,
+                                                     .expectedVsyncTime =
+                                                             frameBeginTime + frameDuration,
+                                                     .sfWorkDuration = 10ms};
+
+            testPtr->mTargeter.beginFrame(args,
+                                          vsyncSourceOpt
+                                                  .or_else([&] {
+                                                      return std::make_optional(
+                                                              VsyncSource(period,
+                                                                          args.expectedVsyncTime));
+                                                  })
+                                                  .value(),
+                                          isFencePendingFuncPtr);
+        }
+
+        FenceTimePtr end(CompositionCoverage coverage = CompositionCoverage::Hwc) {
+            if (ended) return nullptr;
+            ended = true;
+
+            auto [fence, fenceTime] = testPtr->mFenceMap.makePendingFenceForTest();
+            testPtr->mTargeter.setPresentFence(std::move(fence), fenceTime);
+
+            testPtr->mTargeter.endFrame({.compositionCoverage = coverage});
+            return fenceTime;
+        }
+
+        ~Frame() {
+            end();
+            frameBeginTime += period;
+        }
+
+        static bool fencePending(const FenceTimePtr&, int) { return true; }
+        static bool fenceSignaled(const FenceTimePtr&, int) { return false; }
+
+        FrameTargeterTest* const testPtr;
+
+        TimePoint& frameBeginTime;
+        const Period period;
+
+        bool ended = false;
+    };
+
+private:
+    FenceToFenceTimeMap mFenceMap;
+
+    static constexpr bool kBackpressureGpuComposition = true;
+    FrameTargeter mTargeter{kBackpressureGpuComposition};
+};
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, targetsFrames) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{42};
+    {
+        TimePoint frameBeginTime(989ms);
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, 60_Hz);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().vsyncId(), VsyncId{42});
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().frameBeginTime(), TimePoint(989ms));
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().expectedPresentTime(), TimePoint(999ms));
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().expectedFrameDuration(), 10ms);
+    }
+    {
+        TimePoint frameBeginTime(1100ms);
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 11ms, 60_Hz);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().vsyncId(), VsyncId{43});
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().frameBeginTime(), TimePoint(1100ms));
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().expectedPresentTime(), TimePoint(1111ms));
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().expectedFrameDuration(), 11ms);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, inflatesExpectedPresentTime) {
+    // Negative such that `expectedVsyncTime` is in the past.
+    constexpr Duration kFrameDuration = -3ms;
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(777ms);
+
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    const VsyncSource vsyncSource(kRefreshRate.getPeriod(), frameBeginTime + 5ms);
+    const Frame frame(this, VsyncId{123}, frameBeginTime, kFrameDuration, kRefreshRate,
+                      Frame::fenceSignaled, vsyncSource);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(target().expectedPresentTime(), vsyncSource.vsyncDeadline + vsyncSource.vsyncPeriod);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, recallsPastVsync) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{111};
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(1000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+    constexpr Duration kFrameDuration = 13ms;
+
+    for (int n = 5; n-- > 0;) {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, kFrameDuration, kRefreshRate);
+        const auto fence = frame.end();
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().pastVsyncTime(kPeriod), frameBeginTime + kFrameDuration - kPeriod);
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().presentFenceForPastVsync(kPeriod), fence);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, recallsPastVsyncTwoVsyncsAhead) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{222};
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(2000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+    constexpr Duration kFrameDuration = 10ms;
+
+    FenceTimePtr previousFence = FenceTime::NO_FENCE;
+
+    for (int n = 5; n-- > 0;) {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, kFrameDuration, kRefreshRate);
+        const auto fence = frame.end();
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().pastVsyncTime(kPeriod), frameBeginTime + kFrameDuration - 2 * kPeriod);
+        EXPECT_EQ(target().presentFenceForPastVsync(kPeriod), previousFence);
+
+        previousFence = fence;
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, doesNotDetectEarlyPresentIfNoFence) {
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+    EXPECT_EQ(target().presentFenceForPastVsync(kPeriod), FenceTime::NO_FENCE);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, detectsEarlyPresent) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{333};
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(3000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+
+    // The target is not early while past present fences are pending.
+    for (int n = 3; n-- > 0;) {
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+    }
+
+    // The target is early if the past present fence was signaled.
+    Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+    const auto fence = frame.end();
+    fence->signalForTest(frameBeginTime.ns());
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, detectsEarlyPresentTwoVsyncsAhead) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{444};
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(4000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 120_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+
+    // The target is not early while past present fences are pending.
+    for (int n = 3; n-- > 0;) {
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+    }
+
+    Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+    const auto fence = frame.end();
+    fence->signalForTest(frameBeginTime.ns());
+
+    // The target is two VSYNCs ahead, so the past present fence is still pending.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+
+    { const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate); }
+
+    // The target is early if the past present fence was signaled.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, detectsEarlyPresentThreeVsyncsAhead) {
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(5000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 144_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+
+    const Frame frame(this, VsyncId{555}, frameBeginTime, 16ms, kRefreshRate);
+
+    // The target is more than two VSYNCs ahead, but present fences are not tracked that far back.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(target().wouldPresentEarly(kPeriod));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FrameTargeterTest, detectsMissedFrames) {
+    VsyncId vsyncId{555};
+    TimePoint frameBeginTime(5000ms);
+    constexpr Fps kRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    constexpr Period kPeriod = kRefreshRate.getPeriod();
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(target().isFramePending());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissFrame());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+
+    {
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        // The frame did not miss if the past present fence is invalid.
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissFrame());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+    }
+    {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate, Frame::fencePending);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        // The frame missed if the past present fence is pending.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().didMissFrame());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+
+        frame.end(CompositionCoverage::Gpu);
+    }
+    {
+        const Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate, Frame::fencePending);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        // The GPU frame missed if the past present fence is pending.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().didMissFrame());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+    }
+    {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        const auto fence = frame.end();
+        const auto expectedPresentTime = target().expectedPresentTime();
+        fence->signalForTest(expectedPresentTime.ns() + kPeriod.ns() / 2 + 1);
+    }
+    {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        const auto fence = frame.end();
+        const auto expectedPresentTime = target().expectedPresentTime();
+        fence->signalForTest(expectedPresentTime.ns() + kPeriod.ns() / 2);
+
+        // The frame missed if the past present fence was signaled but not within slop.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().didMissFrame());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+    }
+    {
+        Frame frame(this, vsyncId++, frameBeginTime, 10ms, kRefreshRate);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().isFramePending());
+
+        // The frame did not miss if the past present fence was signaled within slop.
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissFrame());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(target().didMissHwcFrame());
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/PresentLatencyTrackerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/PresentLatencyTrackerTest.cpp
index 8952ca9..df2ea83 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/PresentLatencyTrackerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/PresentLatencyTrackerTest.cpp
@@ -23,16 +23,6 @@
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
-namespace {
-
-using FencePair = std::pair<sp<Fence>, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>>;
-
-FencePair makePendingFence(FenceToFenceTimeMap& fenceMap) {
-    const auto fence = sp<Fence>::make();
-    return {fence, fenceMap.createFenceTimeForTest(fence)};
-}
-
-} // namespace
 
 TEST(PresentLatencyTrackerTest, skipsInvalidFences) {
     PresentLatencyTracker tracker;
@@ -43,7 +33,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(tracker.trackPendingFrame(kCompositeTime, FenceTime::NO_FENCE), Duration::zero());
 
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceMap;
-    const auto [fence, fenceTime] = makePendingFence(fenceMap);
+    const auto [fence, fenceTime] = fenceMap.makePendingFenceForTest();
     EXPECT_EQ(tracker.trackPendingFrame(kCompositeTime, fenceTime), Duration::zero());
 
     fenceTime->signalForTest(9999);
@@ -56,8 +46,9 @@
     PresentLatencyTracker tracker;
 
     FenceToFenceTimeMap fenceMap;
-    std::array<FencePair, PresentLatencyTracker::kMaxPendingFrames> fences;
-    std::generate(fences.begin(), fences.end(), [&fenceMap] { return makePendingFence(fenceMap); });
+    std::array<FenceToFenceTimeMap::FencePair, PresentLatencyTracker::kMaxPendingFrames> fences;
+    std::generate(fences.begin(), fences.end(),
+                  [&fenceMap] { return fenceMap.makePendingFenceForTest(); });
 
     // The present latency is 0 if all fences are pending.
     const TimePoint kCompositeTime = TimePoint::fromNs(1234);
@@ -71,7 +62,7 @@
         fences[i].second->signalForTest(kCompositeTime.ns() + static_cast<nsecs_t>(i));
     }
 
-    const auto fence = makePendingFence(fenceMap);
+    const auto fence = fenceMap.makePendingFenceForTest();
 
     // ...then the present latency is measured using the latest frame.
     constexpr Duration kPresentLatency = Duration::fromNs(static_cast<nsecs_t>(kPresentCount) - 1);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 06ac8cb..de0280c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <scheduler/FrameTargeter.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/ColorSpace.h>
 #include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
@@ -116,7 +117,6 @@
 #include "Client.h"
 #include "ClientCache.h"
 #include "Colorizer.h"
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/FramebufferSurface.h"
@@ -2158,44 +2158,6 @@
     }));
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::wouldPresentEarly(TimePoint frameTime, Period vsyncPeriod) const {
-    const bool isThreeVsyncsAhead = mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime > 2 * vsyncPeriod;
-    return isThreeVsyncsAhead ||
-            getPreviousPresentFence(frameTime, vsyncPeriod)->getSignalTime() !=
-            Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_PENDING;
-}
-
-auto SurfaceFlinger::getPreviousPresentFence(TimePoint frameTime, Period vsyncPeriod) const
-        -> const FenceTimePtr& {
-    const bool isTwoVsyncsAhead = mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime > vsyncPeriod;
-    const size_t i = static_cast<size_t>(isTwoVsyncsAhead);
-    return mPreviousPresentFences[i].fenceTime;
-}
-
-bool SurfaceFlinger::isFencePending(const FenceTimePtr& fence, int graceTimeMs) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
-    if (fence == FenceTime::NO_FENCE) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const status_t status = fence->wait(graceTimeMs);
-    // This is the same as Fence::Status::Unsignaled, but it saves a getStatus() call,
-    // which calls wait(0) again internally
-    return status == -ETIME;
-}
-
-TimePoint SurfaceFlinger::calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const {
-    const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
-
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
-    if (mScheduler->vsyncModulator().getVsyncConfig().sfOffset > 0) {
-        return vsyncDeadline;
-    }
-
-    // Inflate the expected present time if we're targeting the next vsync.
-    return vsyncDeadline + schedule->period();
-}
-
 void SurfaceFlinger::configure() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     if (configureLocked()) {
@@ -2369,75 +2331,15 @@
     return mustComposite;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime)
+bool SurfaceFlinger::commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget& pacesetterFrameTarget)
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-    // The expectedVsyncTime, which was predicted when this frame was scheduled, is normally in the
-    // future relative to frameTime, but may not be for delayed frames. Adjust mExpectedPresentTime
-    // accordingly, but not mScheduledPresentTime.
-    const TimePoint lastScheduledPresentTime = mScheduledPresentTime;
-    mScheduledPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime;
+    const VsyncId vsyncId = pacesetterFrameTarget.vsyncId();
+    ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId)).c_str());
 
-    // Calculate the expected present time once and use the cached value throughout this frame to
-    // make sure all layers are seeing this same value.
-    mExpectedPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime >= frameTime ? expectedVsyncTime
-                                                          : calculateExpectedPresentTime(frameTime);
-
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, vsyncId.value,
-                  ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
-                  mExpectedPresentTime == expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
-
-    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
-    const FenceTimePtr& previousPresentFence = getPreviousPresentFence(frameTime, vsyncPeriod);
-
-    // When backpressure propagation is enabled, we want to give a small grace period of 1ms
-    // for the present fence to fire instead of just giving up on this frame to handle cases
-    // where present fence is just about to get signaled.
-    const int graceTimeForPresentFenceMs = static_cast<int>(
-            mBackpressureGpuComposition || !mCompositionCoverage.test(CompositionCoverage::Gpu));
-
-    // Pending frames may trigger backpressure propagation.
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> framePending = {"PrevFramePending",
-                                              isFencePending(previousPresentFence,
-                                                             graceTimeForPresentFenceMs)};
-
-    // Frame missed counts for metrics tracking.
-    // A frame is missed if the prior frame is still pending. If no longer pending,
-    // then we still count the frame as missed if the predicted present time
-    // was further in the past than when the fence actually fired.
-
-    // Add some slop to correct for drift. This should generally be
-    // smaller than a typical frame duration, but should not be so small
-    // that it reports reasonable drift as a missed frame.
-    const nsecs_t frameMissedSlop = vsyncPeriod.ns() / 2;
-    const nsecs_t previousPresentTime = previousPresentFence->getSignalTime();
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> frameMissed = {"PrevFrameMissed",
-                                             framePending ||
-                                                     (previousPresentTime >= 0 &&
-                                                      (lastScheduledPresentTime.ns() <
-                                                       previousPresentTime - frameMissedSlop))};
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> hwcFrameMissed = {"PrevHwcFrameMissed",
-                                                frameMissed &&
-                                                        mCompositionCoverage.test(
-                                                                CompositionCoverage::Hwc)};
-
-    const TracedOrdinal<bool> gpuFrameMissed = {"PrevGpuFrameMissed",
-                                                frameMissed &&
-                                                        mCompositionCoverage.test(
-                                                                CompositionCoverage::Gpu)};
-
-    if (frameMissed) {
-        mFrameMissedCount++;
+    if (pacesetterFrameTarget.didMissFrame()) {
         mTimeStats->incrementMissedFrames();
     }
 
-    if (hwcFrameMissed) {
-        mHwcFrameMissedCount++;
-    }
-
-    if (gpuFrameMissed) {
-        mGpuFrameMissedCount++;
-    }
-
     if (mTracingEnabledChanged) {
         mLayerTracingEnabled = mLayerTracing.isEnabled();
         mTracingEnabledChanged = false;
@@ -2446,7 +2348,7 @@
     // If we are in the middle of a mode change and the fence hasn't
     // fired yet just wait for the next commit.
     if (mSetActiveModePending) {
-        if (framePending) {
+        if (pacesetterFrameTarget.isFramePending()) {
             mScheduler->scheduleFrame();
             return false;
         }
@@ -2460,26 +2362,29 @@
         }
     }
 
-    if (framePending) {
-        if (mBackpressureGpuComposition || (hwcFrameMissed && !gpuFrameMissed)) {
+    if (pacesetterFrameTarget.isFramePending()) {
+        if (mBackpressureGpuComposition || pacesetterFrameTarget.didMissHwcFrame()) {
             scheduleCommit(FrameHint::kNone);
             return false;
         }
     }
 
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
+
     // Save this once per commit + composite to ensure consistency
     // TODO (b/240619471): consider removing active display check once AOD is fixed
     const auto activeDisplay = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDisplayDeviceLocked(mActiveDisplayId));
     mPowerHintSessionEnabled = mPowerAdvisor->usePowerHintSession() && activeDisplay &&
             activeDisplay->getPowerMode() == hal::PowerMode::ON;
     if (mPowerHintSessionEnabled) {
-        mPowerAdvisor->setCommitStart(frameTime);
-        mPowerAdvisor->setExpectedPresentTime(mExpectedPresentTime);
+        mPowerAdvisor->setCommitStart(pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime());
+        mPowerAdvisor->setExpectedPresentTime(pacesetterFrameTarget.expectedPresentTime());
 
         // Frame delay is how long we should have minus how long we actually have.
         const Duration idealSfWorkDuration =
                 mScheduler->vsyncModulator().getVsyncConfig().sfWorkDuration;
-        const Duration frameDelay = idealSfWorkDuration - (mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime);
+        const Duration frameDelay =
+                idealSfWorkDuration - pacesetterFrameTarget.expectedFrameDuration();
 
         mPowerAdvisor->setFrameDelay(frameDelay);
         mPowerAdvisor->setTotalFrameTargetWorkDuration(idealSfWorkDuration);
@@ -2496,7 +2401,8 @@
     // Composite if transactions were committed, or if requested by HWC.
     bool mustComposite = mMustComposite.exchange(false);
     {
-        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
+        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId),
+                                    pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime().ns(),
                                     Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(vsyncPeriod.ns()));
 
         const bool flushTransactions = clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
@@ -2504,9 +2410,11 @@
         if (flushTransactions) {
             updates = flushLifecycleUpdates();
             if (mTransactionTracing) {
-                mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
-                                                              updates, mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
-                                                              mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged);
+                mTransactionTracing
+                        ->addCommittedTransactions(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId),
+                                                   pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime().ns(),
+                                                   updates, mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                                   mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged);
             }
         }
         bool transactionsAreEmpty;
@@ -2549,7 +2457,7 @@
 
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && !mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and tracing should only be enabled for debugging.
-        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime(), vsyncId);
     }
     mLastCommittedVsyncId = vsyncId;
 
@@ -2558,26 +2466,30 @@
     return mustComposite && CC_LIKELY(mBootStage != BootStage::BOOTLOADER);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId)
+CompositeResult SurfaceFlinger::composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter& pacesetterFrameTargeter)
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64, __func__, vsyncId.value);
+    const scheduler::FrameTarget& pacesetterFrameTarget = pacesetterFrameTargeter.target();
+
+    const VsyncId vsyncId = pacesetterFrameTarget.vsyncId();
+    ATRACE_NAME(ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId)).c_str());
 
     compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     const auto& displays = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mDisplays);
     refreshArgs.outputs.reserve(displays.size());
     std::vector<DisplayId> displayIds;
     for (const auto& [_, display] : displays) {
-        bool dropFrame = false;
-        if (display->isVirtual()) {
-            Fps refreshRate = display->getAdjustedRefreshRate();
-            using fps_approx_ops::operator>;
-            dropFrame = (refreshRate > 0_Hz) && !mScheduler->isVsyncInPhase(frameTime, refreshRate);
-        }
-        if (!dropFrame) {
-            refreshArgs.outputs.push_back(display->getCompositionDisplay());
-        }
-        display->tracePowerMode();
         displayIds.push_back(display->getId());
+        display->tracePowerMode();
+
+        if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            const Fps refreshRate = display->getAdjustedRefreshRate();
+            if (refreshRate.isValid() &&
+                !mScheduler->isVsyncInPhase(pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime(), refreshRate)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        refreshArgs.outputs.push_back(display->getCompositionDisplay());
     }
     mPowerAdvisor->setDisplays(displayIds);
 
@@ -2637,23 +2549,24 @@
 
     if (!getHwComposer().getComposer()->isSupported(
                 Hwc2::Composer::OptionalFeature::ExpectedPresentTime) &&
-        wouldPresentEarly(frameTime, vsyncPeriod)) {
-        const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - vsyncPeriod;
+        pacesetterFrameTarget.wouldPresentEarly(vsyncPeriod)) {
         const auto hwcMinWorkDuration = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().hwcMinWorkDuration;
 
-        refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = prevVsyncTime - hwcMinWorkDuration;
+        refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime =
+                pacesetterFrameTarget.pastVsyncTime(vsyncPeriod) - hwcMinWorkDuration;
     }
 
     refreshArgs.scheduledFrameTime = mScheduler->getScheduledFrameTime();
-    refreshArgs.expectedPresentTime = mExpectedPresentTime.ns();
+    refreshArgs.expectedPresentTime = pacesetterFrameTarget.expectedPresentTime().ns();
     refreshArgs.hasTrustedPresentationListener = mNumTrustedPresentationListeners > 0;
 
     // Store the present time just before calling to the composition engine so we could notify
     // the scheduler.
     const auto presentTime = systemTime();
 
-    std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> layers =
-            moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, /*cursorOnly=*/false, vsyncId.value);
+    constexpr bool kCursorOnly = false;
+    const auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, kCursorOnly);
+
     mCompositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
     moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, layers);
 
@@ -2670,13 +2583,12 @@
         }
     }
 
-    mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(frameTime.ns(), systemTime());
+    mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime().ns(), systemTime());
 
     // Send a power hint hint after presentation is finished
     if (mPowerHintSessionEnabled) {
         const nsecs_t pastPresentTime =
-                getPreviousPresentFence(frameTime, vsyncPeriod)->getSignalTime();
-
+                pacesetterFrameTarget.presentFenceForPastVsync(vsyncPeriod)->getSignalTime();
         mPowerAdvisor->setSfPresentTiming(TimePoint::fromNs(pastPresentTime), TimePoint::now());
         mPowerAdvisor->reportActualWorkDuration();
     }
@@ -2685,7 +2597,7 @@
         scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kNone);
     }
 
-    postComposition(presentTime);
+    postComposition(pacesetterFrameTargeter, presentTime);
 
     const bool hadGpuComposited = mCompositionCoverage.test(CompositionCoverage::Gpu);
     mCompositionCoverage.clear();
@@ -2728,7 +2640,7 @@
     mLayersWithQueuedFrames.clear();
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and should only be used for debugging.
-        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, pacesetterFrameTarget.frameBeginTime(), vsyncId);
     }
 
     if (mVisibleRegionsDirty) mHdrLayerInfoChanged = true;
@@ -2741,6 +2653,8 @@
     if (mPowerHintSessionEnabled) {
         mPowerAdvisor->setCompositeEnd(TimePoint::now());
     }
+
+    return {mCompositionCoverage};
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerGeometry() {
@@ -2824,7 +2738,8 @@
     return ui::ROTATION_0;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::postComposition(nsecs_t callTime) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::postComposition(scheduler::FrameTargeter& pacesetterFrameTargeter,
+                                     nsecs_t presentStartTime) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV(__func__);
 
@@ -2841,15 +2756,11 @@
         glCompositionDoneFenceTime = FenceTime::NO_FENCE;
     }
 
-    mPreviousPresentFences[1] = mPreviousPresentFences[0];
-
     auto presentFence = defaultDisplay
             ? getHwComposer().getPresentFence(defaultDisplay->getPhysicalId())
             : Fence::NO_FENCE;
 
-    auto presentFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(presentFence);
-    mPreviousPresentFences[0] = {presentFence, presentFenceTime};
-
+    auto presentFenceTime = pacesetterFrameTargeter.setPresentFence(presentFence);
     const TimePoint presentTime = TimePoint::now();
 
     // Set presentation information before calling Layer::releasePendingBuffer, such that jank
@@ -2875,7 +2786,7 @@
     const CompositorTiming compositorTiming(vsyncDeadline.ns(), vsyncPeriod.ns(), vsyncPhase,
                                             presentLatency.ns());
 
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, const DisplayDevice*> layerStackToDisplay;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, const DisplayDevice*> layerStackToDisplay;
     {
         if (!mLayersWithBuffersRemoved.empty() || mNumTrustedPresentationListeners > 0) {
             Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
@@ -3032,7 +2943,7 @@
             if (!layer->hasTrustedPresentationListener()) {
                 return;
             }
-            const frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled)
+            const frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled
                     ? mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layer->sequence)
                     : layer->getLayerSnapshot();
             std::optional<const DisplayDevice*> displayOpt = std::nullopt;
@@ -3041,7 +2952,8 @@
             }
             const DisplayDevice* display = displayOpt.value_or(nullptr);
             layer->updateTrustedPresentationState(display, snapshot,
-                                                  nanoseconds_to_milliseconds(callTime), false);
+                                                  nanoseconds_to_milliseconds(presentStartTime),
+                                                  false);
         });
     }
 
@@ -3864,7 +3776,9 @@
             refreshArgs.outputs.push_back(display->getCompositionDisplay());
         }
     }
-    auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, /*cursorOnly=*/true, 0);
+
+    constexpr bool kCursorOnly = true;
+    const auto layers = moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, kCursorOnly);
     mCompositionEngine->updateCursorAsync(refreshArgs);
     moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(refreshArgs, layers);
 }
@@ -3945,6 +3859,9 @@
     if (display->refreshRateSelector().kernelIdleTimerController()) {
         features |= Feature::kKernelIdleTimer;
     }
+    if (mBackpressureGpuComposition) {
+        features |= Feature::kBackpressureGpuComposition;
+    }
 
     auto modulatorPtr = sp<VsyncModulator>::make(mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs());
 
@@ -4241,33 +4158,38 @@
 
 TransactionHandler::TransactionReadiness SurfaceFlinger::transactionReadyTimelineCheck(
         const TransactionHandler::TransactionFlushState& flushState) {
-    using TransactionReadiness = TransactionHandler::TransactionReadiness;
     const auto& transaction = *flushState.transaction;
-    TimePoint desiredPresentTime = TimePoint::fromNs(transaction.desiredPresentTime);
+
+    const TimePoint desiredPresentTime = TimePoint::fromNs(transaction.desiredPresentTime);
+    const TimePoint expectedPresentTime = mScheduler->pacesetterFrameTarget().expectedPresentTime();
+
+    using TransactionReadiness = TransactionHandler::TransactionReadiness;
+
     // Do not present if the desiredPresentTime has not passed unless it is more than
     // one second in the future. We ignore timestamps more than 1 second in the future
     // for stability reasons.
-    if (!transaction.isAutoTimestamp && desiredPresentTime >= mExpectedPresentTime &&
-        desiredPresentTime < mExpectedPresentTime + 1s) {
+    if (!transaction.isAutoTimestamp && desiredPresentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
+        desiredPresentTime < expectedPresentTime + 1s) {
         ATRACE_FORMAT("not current desiredPresentTime: %" PRId64 " expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64,
-                      desiredPresentTime, mExpectedPresentTime);
+                      desiredPresentTime, expectedPresentTime);
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
-    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(mExpectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
-        ATRACE_FORMAT("!isVsyncValid expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64 " uid: %d",
-                      mExpectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid);
+    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(expectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("!isVsyncValid expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64 " uid: %d", expectedPresentTime,
+                      transaction.originUid);
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
     // If the client didn't specify desiredPresentTime, use the vsyncId to determine the
     // expected present time of this transaction.
     if (transaction.isAutoTimestamp &&
-        frameIsEarly(mExpectedPresentTime, VsyncId{transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId})) {
+        frameIsEarly(expectedPresentTime, VsyncId{transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId})) {
         ATRACE_FORMAT("frameIsEarly vsyncId: %" PRId64 " expectedPresentTime: %" PRId64,
-                      transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId, mExpectedPresentTime);
+                      transaction.frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId, expectedPresentTime);
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
+
     return TransactionReadiness::Ready;
 }
 
@@ -4406,7 +4328,7 @@
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::frameIsEarly(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, VsyncId vsyncId) const {
     const auto prediction =
-            mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(vsyncId.value);
+            mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId));
     if (!prediction) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -6005,10 +5927,6 @@
     dumpVsync(result);
     result.append("\n");
 
-    StringAppendF(&result, "Total missed frame count: %u\n", mFrameMissedCount.load());
-    StringAppendF(&result, "HWC missed frame count: %u\n", mHwcFrameMissedCount.load());
-    StringAppendF(&result, "GPU missed frame count: %u\n\n", mGpuFrameMissedCount.load());
-
     /*
      * Dump the visible layer list
      */
@@ -6121,15 +6039,15 @@
 
     result.append("Window Infos:\n");
     StringAppendF(&result, "  input flinger update vsync id: %" PRId64 "\n",
-                  mLastInputFlingerUpdateVsyncId.value);
+                  ftl::to_underlying(mLastInputFlingerUpdateVsyncId));
     StringAppendF(&result, "  input flinger update timestamp (ns): %" PRId64 "\n",
                   mLastInputFlingerUpdateTimestamp);
     result.append("\n");
 
-    if (int64_t unsentVsyncId = mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->getUnsentMessageVsyncId().value;
-        unsentVsyncId != -1) {
+    if (VsyncId unsentVsyncId = mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->getUnsentMessageVsyncId();
+        unsentVsyncId != VsyncId()) {
         StringAppendF(&result, "  unsent input flinger update vsync id: %" PRId64 "\n",
-                      unsentVsyncId);
+                      ftl::to_underlying(unsentVsyncId));
         StringAppendF(&result, "  unsent input flinger update timestamp (ns): %" PRId64 "\n",
                       mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->getUnsentMessageTimestamp());
         result.append("\n");
@@ -6455,13 +6373,16 @@
                     ALOGD("LayerTracing enabled");
                     tracingEnabledChanged = mLayerTracing.enable();
                     if (tracingEnabledChanged) {
-                        int64_t startingTime =
-                                (fixedStartingTime) ? fixedStartingTime : systemTime();
+                        const TimePoint startingTime = fixedStartingTime
+                                ? TimePoint::fromNs(fixedStartingTime)
+                                : TimePoint::now();
+
                         mScheduler
-                                ->schedule([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
-                                                   kMainThreadContext) {
-                                    addToLayerTracing(true /* visibleRegionDirty */, startingTime,
-                                                      mLastCommittedVsyncId.value);
+                                ->schedule([this, startingTime]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
+                                                   mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+                                    constexpr bool kVisibleRegionDirty = true;
+                                    addToLayerTracing(kVisibleRegionDirty, startingTime,
+                                                      mLastCommittedVsyncId);
                                 })
                                 .wait();
                     }
@@ -8109,7 +8030,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(
         compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
-        std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers) {
+        const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers) {
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::LayerSnapshot>>& snapshots =
                 mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots();
@@ -8126,7 +8047,7 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> SurfaceFlinger::moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(
-        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly, int64_t vsyncId) {
+        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly) {
     std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> layers;
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
         nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime();
@@ -8311,7 +8232,7 @@
     return update;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, TimePoint time, VsyncId vsyncId) {
     const uint32_t tracingFlags = mLayerTracing.getFlags();
     LayersProto layers(dumpDrawingStateProto(tracingFlags));
     if (tracingFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_EXTRA) {
@@ -8322,7 +8243,8 @@
         dumpHwc(hwcDump);
     }
     auto displays = dumpDisplayProto();
-    mLayerTracing.notify(visibleRegionDirty, time, vsyncId, &layers, std::move(hwcDump), &displays);
+    mLayerTracing.notify(visibleRegionDirty, time.ns(), ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId), &layers,
+                         std::move(hwcDump), &displays);
 }
 
 // gui::ISurfaceComposer
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index d92ec7a..1db2ab6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include <renderengine/LayerSettings.h>
 #include <serviceutils/PriorityDumper.h>
 #include <system/graphics.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayMap.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
@@ -62,7 +63,6 @@
 #include <scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h>
 #include <ui/FenceResult.h>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "Display/PhysicalDisplay.h"
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
@@ -627,8 +627,8 @@
 
     // ICompositor overrides:
     void configure() override;
-    bool commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) override;
-    void composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId) override;
+    bool commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget&) override;
+    CompositeResult composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter&) override;
     void sample() override;
 
     // ISchedulerCallback overrides:
@@ -705,10 +705,9 @@
     void updateLayerGeometry();
     void updateLayerMetadataSnapshot();
     std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> moveSnapshotsToCompositionArgs(
-            compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly,
-            int64_t vsyncId);
+            compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly);
     void moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
-                                          std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers);
+                                          const std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers);
     bool updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update,
                                     bool transactionsFlushed, bool& out)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -951,7 +950,8 @@
     /*
      * Compositing
      */
-    void postComposition(nsecs_t callTime) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    void postComposition(scheduler::FrameTargeter&, nsecs_t presentStartTime)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     /*
      * Display management
@@ -997,20 +997,6 @@
         getHwComposer().setVsyncEnabled(id, halState);
     }
 
-    using FenceTimePtr = std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>;
-
-    bool wouldPresentEarly(TimePoint frameTime, Period) const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
-    const FenceTimePtr& getPreviousPresentFence(TimePoint frameTime, Period) const
-            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-
-    // Blocks the thread waiting for up to graceTimeMs in case the fence is about to signal.
-    static bool isFencePending(const FenceTimePtr&, int graceTimeMs);
-
-    // Calculates the expected present time for this frame. For negative offsets, performs a
-    // correction using the predicted vsync for the next frame instead.
-    TimePoint calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const;
-
     /*
      * Display identification
      */
@@ -1081,7 +1067,7 @@
     void dumpOffscreenLayersProto(LayersProto& layersProto,
                                   uint32_t traceFlags = LayerTracing::TRACE_ALL) const;
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> dumpDisplayProto() const;
-    void addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId)
+    void addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, TimePoint, VsyncId)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     // Dumps state from HW Composer
@@ -1214,7 +1200,7 @@
     // never removed, so take precedence over external and virtual displays.
     //
     // May be read from any thread, but must only be written from the main thread.
-    display::DisplayMap<wp<IBinder>, const sp<DisplayDevice>> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
+    ui::DisplayMap<wp<IBinder>, const sp<DisplayDevice>> mDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
     display::PhysicalDisplays mPhysicalDisplays GUARDED_BY(mStateLock);
 
@@ -1254,9 +1240,6 @@
 
     // If blurs should be enabled on this device.
     bool mSupportsBlur = false;
-    std::atomic<uint32_t> mFrameMissedCount = 0;
-    std::atomic<uint32_t> mHwcFrameMissedCount = 0;
-    std::atomic<uint32_t> mGpuFrameMissedCount = 0;
 
     TransactionCallbackInvoker mTransactionCallbackInvoker;
 
@@ -1324,15 +1307,6 @@
     std::unique_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateStats> mRefreshRateStats;
     scheduler::PresentLatencyTracker mPresentLatencyTracker GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    struct FenceWithFenceTime {
-        sp<Fence> fence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
-        FenceTimePtr fenceTime = FenceTime::NO_FENCE;
-    };
-    std::array<FenceWithFenceTime, 2> mPreviousPresentFences;
-
-    TimePoint mScheduledPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
-    TimePoint mExpectedPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
-
     // below flags are set by main thread only
     bool mSetActiveModePending = false;
 
@@ -1431,7 +1405,7 @@
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>> mLegacyLayers;
 
     TransactionHandler mTransactionHandler;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
     bool mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged = false;
 
     // WindowInfo ids visible during the last commit.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
index 57d927b..19334e3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@
 
 void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(
         const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>& proto,
-        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& outDisplayInfos) {
+        frontend::DisplayInfos& outDisplayInfos) {
     outDisplayInfos.clear();
     for (const proto::DisplayInfo& displayInfo : proto) {
         outDisplayInfos.emplace_or_replace(ui::LayerStack::fromValue(displayInfo.layer_stack()),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
index d6c98e1..457c3be 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
 #include <gui/fake/BufferData.h>
 #include <layerproto/TransactionProto.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
-#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "TransactionState.h"
 
@@ -56,9 +55,8 @@
     void fromProto(const proto::LayerCreationArgs&, LayerCreationArgs& outArgs);
     std::unique_ptr<FlingerDataMapper> mMapper;
     static frontend::DisplayInfo fromProto(const proto::DisplayInfo&);
-    static void fromProto(
-            const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>&,
-            display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& outDisplayInfos);
+    static void fromProto(const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>&,
+                          frontend::DisplayInfos& outDisplayInfos);
 
 private:
     proto::DisplayState toProto(const DisplayState&);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
index 87a633f..632de01 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@
     mTransactionQueue.push(state);
 }
 
-void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(
-        int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& newUpdate,
-        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-        bool displayInfoChanged) {
+void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime,
+                                                  frontend::Update& newUpdate,
+                                                  const frontend::DisplayInfos& displayInfos,
+                                                  bool displayInfoChanged) {
     CommittedUpdates update;
     update.vsyncId = vsyncId;
     update.timestamp = commitTime;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
index f27e7a9..0e56627 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
@@ -59,10 +58,8 @@
     ~TransactionTracing();
 
     void addQueuedTransaction(const TransactionState&);
-    void addCommittedTransactions(
-            int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& update,
-            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
-            bool displayInfoChanged);
+    void addCommittedTransactions(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& update,
+                                  const frontend::DisplayInfos&, bool displayInfoChanged);
     status_t writeToFile(std::string filename = FILE_NAME);
     void setBufferSize(size_t bufferSizeInBytes);
     void onLayerRemoved(int layerId);
@@ -88,8 +85,7 @@
     nsecs_t mStartingTimestamp GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     std::unordered_map<int, proto::LayerCreationArgs> mCreatedLayers GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     std::map<uint32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState> mStartingStates GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mStartingDisplayInfos
-            GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
+    frontend::DisplayInfos mStartingDisplayInfos GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
 
     std::set<uint32_t /* layerId */> mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     TransactionProtoParser mProtoParser;
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@
         std::vector<LayerCreationArgs> createdLayers;
         std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedLayerHandles;
         bool displayInfoChanged;
-        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+        frontend::DisplayInfos displayInfos;
         int64_t vsyncId;
         int64_t timestamp;
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index 55004c5..72a11c6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     frontend::LayerLifecycleManager lifecycleManager;
     frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder{{}};
     frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder snapshotBuilder;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+    ui::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
 
     renderengine::ShadowSettings globalShadowSettings{.ambientColor = {1, 1, 1, 1}};
     char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
index 2b62638..b2885fb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
                                                              std::move(reportedListeners));
 
         gui::WindowInfosUpdate update(std::move(windowInfos), std::move(displayInfos),
-                                      vsyncId.value, timestamp);
+                                      ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId), timestamp);
 
         for (const auto& listener : windowInfosListeners) {
             sp<IBinder> asBinder = IInterface::asBinder(listener);
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         }
 
         mWindowInfosChangedDelayed = nullptr;
-        mUnsentVsyncId = {-1};
+        mUnsentVsyncId = VsyncId();
         mUnsentTimestamp = -1;
         reportedListeners.merge(mReportedListenersDelayed);
         mActiveMessageCount++;
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
         mActiveMessageCount++;
         callListeners = std::move(mWindowInfosChangedDelayed);
         mWindowInfosChangedDelayed = nullptr;
-        mUnsentVsyncId = {-1};
+        mUnsentVsyncId = VsyncId();
         mUnsentTimestamp = -1;
         reportedListeners = std::move(mReportedListenersDelayed);
         mReportedListenersDelayed.clear();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
index e35d056..ade607f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
     uint32_t mActiveMessageCount GUARDED_BY(mMessagesMutex) = 0;
     std::function<void(WindowInfosReportedListenerSet)> mWindowInfosChangedDelayed
             GUARDED_BY(mMessagesMutex);
-    VsyncId mUnsentVsyncId GUARDED_BY(mMessagesMutex) = {-1};
+    VsyncId mUnsentVsyncId GUARDED_BY(mMessagesMutex);
     nsecs_t mUnsentTimestamp GUARDED_BY(mMessagesMutex) = -1;
     WindowInfosReportedListenerSet mReportedListenersDelayed;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index 4d13aca..acd301e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
     void configure() override {}
-    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
-    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
+    bool commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget&) override { return false; }
+    CompositeResult composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter&) override { return {}; }
     void sample() override {}
 
     // MessageQueue overrides:
@@ -604,7 +604,9 @@
 
             mFlinger->commitTransactions();
             mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(getFuzzedVsyncId(mFdp));
-            mFlinger->postComposition(systemTime());
+
+            scheduler::FrameTargeter frameTargeter(mFdp.ConsumeBool());
+            mFlinger->postComposition(frameTargeter, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
         }
 
         mFlinger->setTransactionFlags(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>());
@@ -622,8 +624,6 @@
 
         mFlinger->getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForCurrentRefreshRate(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uid_t>());
 
-        mFlinger->calculateExpectedPresentTime({});
-
         mFlinger->enableHalVirtualDisplays(mFdp.ConsumeBool());
 
         fuzzDumpsysAndDebug(&mFdp);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index f17d2e1..b1fd06f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 #include <processgroup/sched_policy.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/IVsyncSource.h>
 #include <scheduler/PresentLatencyTracker.h>
 
 #include "Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
                                      (120_Hz).getPeriodNsecs()};
 
 constexpr auto kLayerVoteTypes = ftl::enum_range<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector::LayerVoteType>();
+constexpr auto kCompositionCoverage = ftl::enum_range<CompositionCoverage>();
 
 constexpr PowerMode kPowerModes[] = {PowerMode::ON, PowerMode::DOZE, PowerMode::OFF,
                                      PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::ON_SUSPEND};
@@ -56,6 +58,10 @@
     component->dump(res);
 }
 
+inline sp<Fence> makeFakeFence() {
+    return sp<Fence>::make(memfd_create("fd", MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
+}
+
 class SchedulerFuzzer {
 public:
     SchedulerFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : mFdp(data, size){};
@@ -65,6 +71,7 @@
     void fuzzRefreshRateSelection();
     void fuzzRefreshRateSelector();
     void fuzzPresentLatencyTracker();
+    void fuzzFrameTargeter();
     void fuzzVSyncModulator();
     void fuzzVSyncPredictor();
     void fuzzVSyncReactor();
@@ -256,13 +263,13 @@
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed);
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*newPeriod*/, std::nullopt,
                                 &periodFlushed);
-    sp<Fence> fence = sp<Fence>::make(memfd_create("fd", MFD_ALLOW_SEALING));
-    std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> ft = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(fence);
+
+    const auto fence = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(makeFakeFence());
     vSyncTracker->addVsyncTimestamp(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
     FenceTime::Snapshot snap(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
-    ft->applyTrustedSnapshot(snap);
+    fence->applyTrustedSnapshot(snap);
     reactor.setIgnorePresentFences(mFdp.ConsumeBool());
-    reactor.addPresentFence(ft);
+    reactor.addPresentFence(fence);
     dump<scheduler::VSyncReactor>(&reactor, &mFdp);
 }
 
@@ -392,14 +399,45 @@
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzPresentLatencyTracker() {
     scheduler::PresentLatencyTracker tracker;
-    tracker.trackPendingFrame(TimePoint::fromNs(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()),
-                              FenceTime::NO_FENCE);
+
+    int i = 5;
+    while (i-- > 0) {
+        tracker.trackPendingFrame(getFuzzedTimePoint(mFdp),
+                                  std::make_shared<FenceTime>(makeFakeFence()));
+    }
+}
+
+void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzFrameTargeter() {
+    scheduler::FrameTargeter frameTargeter(mFdp.ConsumeBool());
+
+    const struct VsyncSource final : scheduler::IVsyncSource {
+        explicit VsyncSource(FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzer) : fuzzer(fuzzer) {}
+        FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzer;
+
+        Period period() const { return getFuzzedDuration(fuzzer); }
+        TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const { return getFuzzedTimePoint(fuzzer); }
+    } vsyncSource{mFdp};
+
+    int i = 10;
+    while (i-- > 0) {
+        frameTargeter.beginFrame({.frameBeginTime = getFuzzedTimePoint(mFdp),
+                                  .vsyncId = getFuzzedVsyncId(mFdp),
+                                  .expectedVsyncTime = getFuzzedTimePoint(mFdp),
+                                  .sfWorkDuration = getFuzzedDuration(mFdp)},
+                                 vsyncSource);
+
+        frameTargeter.setPresentFence(makeFakeFence());
+
+        frameTargeter.endFrame(
+                {.compositionCoverage = mFdp.PickValueInArray(kCompositionCoverage.values)});
+    }
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::process() {
     fuzzRefreshRateSelection();
     fuzzRefreshRateSelector();
     fuzzPresentLatencyTracker();
+    fuzzFrameTargeter();
     fuzzVSyncModulator();
     fuzzVSyncPredictor();
     fuzzVSyncReactor();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index b8a7446..12cf070 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 
     LayerHierarchyBuilder mHierarchyBuilder{{}};
     LayerSnapshotBuilder mSnapshotBuilder;
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
+    DisplayInfos mFrontEndDisplayInfos;
     renderengine::ShadowSettings globalShadowSettings;
     static const std::vector<uint32_t> STARTING_ZORDER;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index 8f1b450..359e2ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/interface/ICompositor.h>
+
 #include "FrameTimeline.h"
 #include "Scheduler/MessageQueue.h"
-#include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/MockVSyncDispatch.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@
 
 struct NoOpCompositor final : ICompositor {
     void configure() override {}
-    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
-    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
+    bool commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget&) override { return false; }
+    CompositeResult composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter&) override { return {}; }
     void sample() override {}
 } gNoOpCompositor;
 
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@
                 generateTokenForPredictions(frametimeline::TimelineItem(kStartTime.ns(),
                                                                         kEndTime.ns(),
                                                                         kPresentTime.ns())))
-            .WillOnce(Return(vsyncId.value));
+            .WillOnce(Return(ftl::to_underlying(vsyncId)));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventQueue.mHandler, dispatchFrame(vsyncId, kPresentTime)).Times(1);
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
             mEventQueue.vsyncCallback(kPresentTime.ns(), kStartTime.ns(), kEndTime.ns()));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 3b6a987..5d2dfe4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
     void configure() override {}
-    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
-    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
+    bool commit(const scheduler::FrameTarget&) override { return false; }
+    CompositeResult composite(scheduler::FrameTargeter&) override { return {}; }
     void sample() override {}
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index a189c00..780bbc4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <variant>
 
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <ftl/match.h>
+#include <gui/ScreenCaptureResults.h>
+#include <ui/DynamicDisplayInfo.h>
+
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
@@ -27,11 +32,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplaySurface.h>
-#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
-#include <ftl/match.h>
-#include <gui/ScreenCaptureResults.h>
 
-#include <ui/DynamicDisplayInfo.h>
 #include "DisplayDevice.h"
 #include "FakeVsyncConfiguration.h"
 #include "FrameTracer/FrameTracer.h"
@@ -44,7 +45,6 @@
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
-#include "SurfaceFlingerDefaultFactory.h"
 #include "TestableScheduler.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
@@ -360,25 +360,42 @@
         commitTransactionsLocked(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
     }
 
-    TimePoint commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
-        mFlinger->commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
-        return frameTime;
+    void commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime,
+                bool composite = false) {
+        constexpr bool kBackpressureGpuComposition = true;
+        scheduler::FrameTargeter frameTargeter(kBackpressureGpuComposition);
+
+        frameTargeter.beginFrame({.frameBeginTime = frameTime,
+                                  .vsyncId = vsyncId,
+                                  .expectedVsyncTime = expectedVsyncTime,
+                                  .sfWorkDuration = 10ms},
+                                 *mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule());
+
+        mFlinger->commit(frameTargeter.target());
+
+        if (composite) {
+            mFlinger->composite(frameTargeter);
+        }
     }
 
-    TimePoint commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId) {
-        return commit(frameTime, vsyncId, frameTime + Period(10ms));
+    void commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, bool composite = false) {
+        return commit(frameTime, vsyncId, frameTime + Period(10ms), composite);
     }
 
-    TimePoint commit() {
+    void commit(bool composite = false) {
         const TimePoint frameTime = scheduler::SchedulerClock::now();
-        return commit(frameTime, kVsyncId);
+        commit(frameTime, kVsyncId, composite);
     }
 
     void commitAndComposite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
-        mFlinger->composite(commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime), vsyncId);
+        constexpr bool kComposite = true;
+        commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime, kComposite);
     }
 
-    void commitAndComposite() { mFlinger->composite(commit(), kVsyncId); }
+    void commitAndComposite() {
+        constexpr bool kComposite = true;
+        commit(kComposite);
+    }
 
     auto createDisplay(const String8& displayName, bool secure, float requestedRefreshRate = 0.0f) {
         return mFlinger->createDisplay(displayName, secure, requestedRefreshRate);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
index dd72174..a95a645 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
     google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo> displayProtos;
     auto displayInfoProto = displayProtos.Add();
     *displayInfoProto = TransactionProtoParser::toProto(d1, layerStack);
-    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
+    frontend::DisplayInfos displayInfos;
     TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(displayProtos, displayInfos);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(displayInfos.contains(ui::LayerStack::fromValue(layerStack)));