diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
index d85182d..c44e540 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 #if !defined(VENDORSERVICEMANAGER) && !defined(__ANDROID_RECOVERY__)
+#include "perfetto/public/protos/trace/android/android_track_event.pzc.h"
 #include "perfetto/public/te_category_macros.h"
 #include "perfetto/public/te_macros.h"
 #endif // !defined(VENDORSERVICEMANAGER) && !defined(__ANDROID_RECOVERY__)
@@ -57,6 +58,12 @@
 #define SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(...) \
     PERFETTO_TE_SCOPED(servicemanager, PERFETTO_TE_SLICE_BEGIN(__func__) __VA_OPT__(, ) __VA_ARGS__)
 
+constexpr uint32_t kProtoServiceName =
+        perfetto_protos_AndroidTrackEvent_binder_service_name_field_number;
+constexpr uint32_t kProtoInterfaceName =
+        perfetto_protos_AndroidTrackEvent_binder_interface_name_field_number;
+constexpr uint32_t kProtoApexName = perfetto_protos_AndroidTrackEvent_apex_name_field_number;
+
 #endif // !(defined(VENDORSERVICEMANAGER) || defined(__ANDROID_RECOVERY__))
 
 bool is_multiuser_uid_isolated(uid_t uid) {
@@ -386,7 +393,8 @@
 }
 
 Status ServiceManager::getService(const std::string& name, os::Service* outService) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     *outService = tryGetService(name, true);
     // returns ok regardless of result for legacy reasons
@@ -394,7 +402,8 @@
 }
 
 Status ServiceManager::checkService(const std::string& name, os::Service* outService) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     *outService = tryGetService(name, false);
     // returns ok regardless of result for legacy reasons
@@ -419,7 +428,8 @@
 }
 
 sp<IBinder> ServiceManager::tryGetBinder(const std::string& name, bool startIfNotFound) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -459,7 +469,8 @@
 }
 
 bool isValidServiceName(const std::string& name) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     if (name.size() == 0) return false;
     if (name.size() > 127) return false;
@@ -476,7 +487,8 @@
 }
 
 Status ServiceManager::addService(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& binder, bool allowIsolated, int32_t dumpPriority) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -599,7 +611,8 @@
 
 Status ServiceManager::registerForNotifications(
         const std::string& name, const sp<IServiceCallback>& callback) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -650,7 +663,8 @@
 }
 Status ServiceManager::unregisterForNotifications(
         const std::string& name, const sp<IServiceCallback>& callback) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -676,7 +690,8 @@
 }
 
 Status ServiceManager::isDeclared(const std::string& name, bool* outReturn) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -694,7 +709,8 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status ServiceManager::getDeclaredInstances(const std::string& interface, std::vector<std::string>* outReturn) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("interface", interface.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoInterfaceName, interface.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -722,7 +738,8 @@
 
 Status ServiceManager::updatableViaApex(const std::string& name,
                                         std::optional<std::string>* outReturn) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -741,7 +758,8 @@
 
 Status ServiceManager::getUpdatableNames([[maybe_unused]] const std::string& apexName,
                                          std::vector<std::string>* outReturn) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("apexName", apexName.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoApexName, apexName.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -767,7 +785,8 @@
 
 Status ServiceManager::getConnectionInfo(const std::string& name,
                                          std::optional<ConnectionInfo>* outReturn) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     auto ctx = mAccess->getCallingContext();
 
@@ -852,7 +871,8 @@
 
 Status ServiceManager::registerClientCallback(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& service,
                                               const sp<IClientCallback>& cb) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     if (cb == nullptr) {
         return Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::EX_NULL_POINTER, "Callback null.");
@@ -1014,7 +1034,8 @@
 }
 
 Status ServiceManager::tryUnregisterService(const std::string& name, const sp<IBinder>& binder) {
-    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_ARG_STRING("name", name.c_str()));
+    SM_PERFETTO_TRACE_FUNC(PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELDS(
+            PERFETTO_TE_PROTO_FIELD_CSTR(kProtoServiceName, name.c_str())));
 
     if (binder == nullptr) {
         return Status::fromExceptionCode(Status::EX_NULL_POINTER, "Null service.");
diff --git a/libs/cputimeinstate/testtimeinstate.cpp b/libs/cputimeinstate/testtimeinstate.cpp
index 81f6a58..44cdc02 100644
--- a/libs/cputimeinstate/testtimeinstate.cpp
+++ b/libs/cputimeinstate/testtimeinstate.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 static constexpr uint64_t NSEC_PER_YEAR = NSEC_PER_SEC * 60 * 60 * 24 * 365;
 
 // Declare busy loop variable globally to prevent removal during optimization
-static long sum __attribute__((used)) = 0;
+static volatile long sum __attribute__((used)) = 1;
 
 using std::vector;
 
@@ -579,8 +579,8 @@
 
 // Keeps CPU busy with some number crunching
 void useCpu() {
-    sum = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
+    sum = 1;
+    for (int i = 1; i < 100000; i++) {
         sum *= i;
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
index 6051e89..e8153f5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
@@ -304,7 +304,10 @@
     RefreshRateSelector(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
     RefreshRateSelector& operator=(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
 
-    const DisplayModes& displayModes() const { return mDisplayModes; }
+    DisplayModes displayModes() const {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+        return mDisplayModes;
+    }
 
     // Returns whether switching modes (refresh rate or resolution) is possible.
     // TODO(b/158780872): Consider HAL support, and skip frame rate detection if the modes only