diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index d4defa8..389b1bd 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -356,8 +356,6 @@
     float getAxisValue(int32_t axis) const;
     status_t setAxisValue(int32_t axis, float value);
 
-    void scale(float globalScale);
-
     // Scale the pointer coordinates according to a global scale and a
     // window scale. The global scale will be applied to TOUCH/TOOL_MAJOR/MINOR
     // axes, however the window scaling will not.
diff --git a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
index 53721cf..0436758 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ISurfaceComposer.cpp
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@
         return remote()->transact(BnSurfaceComposer::CAPTURE_DISPLAY, data, &reply);
     }
 
-    status_t captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
+    status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId displayId,
                             const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) override {
         Parcel data, reply;
         data.writeInterfaceToken(ISurfaceComposer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
-        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeUint64, displayOrLayerStack);
+        SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeUint64, displayId.value);
         SAFE_PARCEL(data.writeStrongBinder, IInterface::asBinder(captureListener));
 
         return remote()->transact(BnSurfaceComposer::CAPTURE_DISPLAY_BY_ID, data, &reply);
@@ -281,9 +281,14 @@
             NO_ERROR) {
             std::vector<uint64_t> rawIds;
             if (reply.readUint64Vector(&rawIds) == NO_ERROR) {
-                std::vector<PhysicalDisplayId> displayIds(rawIds.size());
-                std::transform(rawIds.begin(), rawIds.end(), displayIds.begin(),
-                               [](uint64_t rawId) { return PhysicalDisplayId(rawId); });
+                std::vector<PhysicalDisplayId> displayIds;
+                displayIds.reserve(rawIds.size());
+
+                for (const uint64_t rawId : rawIds) {
+                    if (const auto id = DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(rawId)) {
+                        displayIds.push_back(*id);
+                    }
+                }
                 return displayIds;
             }
         }
@@ -1296,12 +1301,15 @@
         }
         case CAPTURE_DISPLAY_BY_ID: {
             CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
-            uint64_t displayOrLayerStack = 0;
+            uint64_t value;
+            SAFE_PARCEL(data.readUint64, &value);
+            const auto id = DisplayId::fromValue(value);
+            if (!id) return BAD_VALUE;
+
             sp<IScreenCaptureListener> captureListener;
-            SAFE_PARCEL(data.readUint64, &displayOrLayerStack);
             SAFE_PARCEL(data.readStrongBinder, &captureListener);
 
-            return captureDisplay(displayOrLayerStack, captureListener);
+            return captureDisplay(*id, captureListener);
         }
         case CAPTURE_LAYERS: {
             CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
@@ -1368,9 +1376,9 @@
         }
         case GET_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_TOKEN: {
             CHECK_INTERFACE(ISurfaceComposer, data, reply);
-            PhysicalDisplayId displayId(data.readUint64());
-            sp<IBinder> display = getPhysicalDisplayToken(displayId);
-            reply->writeStrongBinder(display);
+            const auto id = DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(data.readUint64());
+            if (!id) return BAD_VALUE;
+            reply->writeStrongBinder(getPhysicalDisplayToken(*id));
             return NO_ERROR;
         }
         case GET_DISPLAY_STATE: {
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 11b8eba..99535fe 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -2110,12 +2110,12 @@
     return s->captureDisplay(captureArgs, captureListener);
 }
 
-status_t ScreenshotClient::captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
+status_t ScreenshotClient::captureDisplay(DisplayId displayId,
                                           const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> s(ComposerService::getComposerService());
     if (s == nullptr) return NO_INIT;
 
-    return s->captureDisplay(displayOrLayerStack, captureListener);
+    return s->captureDisplay(displayId, captureListener);
 }
 
 status_t ScreenshotClient::captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& captureArgs,
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
index cb04689..c420e4a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
@@ -114,6 +114,11 @@
 
     using EventRegistrationFlags = Flags<EventRegistration>;
 
+    template <typename T>
+    struct SpHash {
+        size_t operator()(const sp<T>& k) const { return std::hash<T*>()(k.get()); }
+    };
+
     /*
      * Create a connection with SurfaceFlinger.
      */
@@ -237,24 +242,17 @@
      * The subregion can be optionally rotated.  It will also be scaled to
      * match the size of the output buffer.
      */
-    virtual status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& args,
-                                    const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) = 0;
+    virtual status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&,
+                                    const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) = 0;
 
-    virtual status_t captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
-                                    const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) = 0;
-
-    template <class AA>
-    struct SpHash {
-        size_t operator()(const sp<AA>& k) const { return std::hash<AA*>()(k.get()); }
-    };
+    virtual status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) = 0;
 
     /**
      * Capture a subtree of the layer hierarchy, potentially ignoring the root node.
      * This requires READ_FRAME_BUFFER permission. This function will fail if there
      * is a secure window on screen
      */
-    virtual status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
-                                   const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) = 0;
+    virtual status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) = 0;
 
     /* Clears the frame statistics for animations.
      *
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 35757be..ff7b1ec 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -621,12 +621,9 @@
 
 class ScreenshotClient {
 public:
-    static status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& captureArgs,
-                                   const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener);
-    static status_t captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
-                                   const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener);
-    static status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& captureArgs,
-                                  const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener);
+    static status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    static status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
+    static status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
 };
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index ea8c295..7002adf 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -752,21 +752,19 @@
     }
     status_t setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& /*display*/,
         ColorMode /*colorMode*/) override { return NO_ERROR; }
-    status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& /* captureArgs */,
-                            const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& /* captureListener */) override {
-        return NO_ERROR;
-    }
     void setAutoLowLatencyMode(const sp<IBinder>& /*display*/, bool /*on*/) override {}
     void setGameContentType(const sp<IBinder>& /*display*/, bool /*on*/) override {}
-    status_t captureDisplay(uint64_t /*displayOrLayerStack*/,
-                            const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& /* captureListener */) override {
+
+    status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
-    virtual status_t captureLayers(
-            const LayerCaptureArgs& /* captureArgs */,
-            const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& /* captureListener */) override {
+    status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
+    status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override {
+        return NO_ERROR;
+    }
+
     status_t clearAnimationFrameStats() override { return NO_ERROR; }
     status_t getAnimationFrameStats(FrameStats* /*outStats*/) const override {
         return NO_ERROR;
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index 649a140..e8c05e5 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -253,10 +253,6 @@
     scaleAxisValue(*this, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, globalScaleFactor);
 }
 
-void PointerCoords::scale(float globalScaleFactor) {
-    scale(globalScaleFactor, globalScaleFactor, globalScaleFactor);
-}
-
 void PointerCoords::applyOffset(float xOffset, float yOffset) {
     setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, getX() + xOffset);
     setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, getY() + yOffset);
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/AChoreographer.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/AChoreographer.cpp
index 0edb213..e7bd977 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/AChoreographer.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/AChoreographer.cpp
@@ -306,8 +306,9 @@
         // Fortunately, these events are small so sending packets across the
         // socket should be atomic across processes.
         DisplayEventReceiver::Event event;
-        event.header = DisplayEventReceiver::Event::Header{DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_NULL,
-                                                           PhysicalDisplayId(0), systemTime()};
+        event.header =
+                DisplayEventReceiver::Event::Header{DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_NULL,
+                                                    PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(0), systemTime()};
         injectEvent(event);
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
index d93a84c..d5e7cb2 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/include/android/hardware_buffer.h
@@ -556,6 +556,7 @@
                                    int32_t* _Nonnull outBytesPerPixel,
                                    int32_t* _Nonnull outBytesPerStride) __INTRODUCED_IN(29);
 
+
 /**
  * Get the system wide unique id for an AHardwareBuffer.
  *
diff --git a/libs/ui/Android.bp b/libs/ui/Android.bp
index 74d17ce..5a118ec 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ui/Android.bp
@@ -137,7 +137,6 @@
         "HdrCapabilities.cpp",
         "PixelFormat.cpp",
         "PublicFormat.cpp",
-        "Size.cpp",
         "StaticDisplayInfo.cpp",
     ],
 
diff --git a/libs/ui/Size.cpp b/libs/ui/Size.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d2996d1..0000000
--- a/libs/ui/Size.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <ui/Size.h>
-
-namespace android::ui {
-
-const Size Size::INVALID{-1, -1};
-const Size Size::EMPTY{0, 0};
-
-} // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayId.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayId.h
index f196ab9..9120972 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayId.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/DisplayId.h
@@ -38,12 +38,22 @@
 
     uint64_t value;
 
+    // For deserialization.
+    static constexpr std::optional<DisplayId> fromValue(uint64_t);
+
+    // As above, but also upcast to Id.
+    template <typename Id>
+    static constexpr std::optional<Id> fromValue(uint64_t value) {
+        if (const auto id = Id::tryCast(DisplayId(value))) {
+            return id;
+        }
+        return {};
+    }
+
 protected:
     explicit constexpr DisplayId(uint64_t id) : value(id) {}
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(DisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
-
 inline bool operator==(DisplayId lhs, DisplayId rhs) {
     return lhs.value == rhs.value;
 }
@@ -80,11 +90,8 @@
 
     // TODO(b/162612135) Remove default constructor
     PhysicalDisplayId() = default;
-    // TODO(b/162612135) Remove constructor
-    explicit constexpr PhysicalDisplayId(uint64_t id) : DisplayId(id) {}
 
     constexpr uint16_t getManufacturerId() const { return static_cast<uint16_t>(value >> 40); }
-
     constexpr uint8_t getPort() const { return static_cast<uint8_t>(value); }
 
 private:
@@ -96,10 +103,9 @@
     explicit constexpr PhysicalDisplayId(DisplayId other) : DisplayId(other) {}
 };
 
-static_assert(sizeof(PhysicalDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
-
 struct VirtualDisplayId : DisplayId {
     using BaseId = uint32_t;
+
     // Flag indicating that this virtual display is backed by the GPU.
     static constexpr uint64_t FLAG_GPU = 1ULL << 61;
 
@@ -163,10 +169,23 @@
     explicit constexpr HalDisplayId(DisplayId other) : DisplayId(other) {}
 };
 
+constexpr std::optional<DisplayId> DisplayId::fromValue(uint64_t value) {
+    if (const auto id = fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(value)) {
+        return id;
+    }
+    if (const auto id = fromValue<VirtualDisplayId>(value)) {
+        return id;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+static_assert(sizeof(DisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+static_assert(sizeof(HalDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 static_assert(sizeof(VirtualDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+static_assert(sizeof(PhysicalDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 static_assert(sizeof(HalVirtualDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 static_assert(sizeof(GpuVirtualDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
-static_assert(sizeof(HalDisplayId) == sizeof(uint64_t));
 
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/libs/ui/include/ui/Size.h b/libs/ui/include/ui/Size.h
index f1e8252..ecc192d 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include/ui/Size.h
+++ b/libs/ui/include/ui/Size.h
@@ -23,103 +23,70 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace ui {
+namespace android::ui {
 
-// Forward declare a few things.
-struct Size;
-bool operator==(const Size& lhs, const Size& rhs);
-
-/**
- * A simple value type representing a two-dimensional size
- */
+// A simple value type representing a two-dimensional size.
 struct Size {
-    int32_t width;
-    int32_t height;
+    int32_t width = -1;
+    int32_t height = -1;
 
-    // Special values
-    static const Size INVALID;
-    static const Size EMPTY;
+    constexpr Size() = default;
 
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Construction
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    Size() : Size(INVALID) {}
     template <typename T>
-    Size(T&& w, T&& h)
-          : width(Size::clamp<int32_t, T>(std::forward<T>(w))),
-            height(Size::clamp<int32_t, T>(std::forward<T>(h))) {}
-
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Accessors
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    constexpr Size(T w, T h) : width(clamp<int32_t>(w)), height(clamp<int32_t>(h)) {}
 
     int32_t getWidth() const { return width; }
     int32_t getHeight() const { return height; }
 
-    template <typename T>
-    void setWidth(T&& v) {
-        width = Size::clamp<int32_t, T>(std::forward<T>(v));
-    }
-    template <typename T>
-    void setHeight(T&& v) {
-        height = Size::clamp<int32_t, T>(std::forward<T>(v));
-    }
-
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Assignment
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    void set(const Size& size) { *this = size; }
-    template <typename T>
-    void set(T&& w, T&& h) {
-        set(Size(std::forward<T>(w), std::forward<T>(h)));
-    }
-
-    // Sets the value to INVALID
-    void makeInvalid() { set(INVALID); }
-
-    // Sets the value to EMPTY
-    void clear() { set(EMPTY); }
-
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Semantic checks
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
     // Valid means non-negative width and height
     bool isValid() const { return width >= 0 && height >= 0; }
 
     // Empty means zero width and height
-    bool isEmpty() const { return *this == EMPTY; }
+    bool isEmpty() const;
 
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Clamp Helpers
-    // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    // Note: We use only features available in C++11 here for compatibility with
-    // external targets which include this file directly or indirectly and which
-    // themselves use C++11.
-
-    // C++11 compatible replacement for std::remove_cv_reference_t [C++20]
     template <typename T>
-    using remove_cv_reference_t =
-            typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;
+    void setWidth(T v) {
+        width = clamp<int32_t>(v);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void setHeight(T v) {
+        height = clamp<int32_t>(v);
+    }
+
+    void set(Size size) { *this = size; }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void set(T w, T h) {
+        set(Size(w, h));
+    }
+
+    // Sets the value to kInvalidSize
+    void makeInvalid();
+
+    // Sets the value to kEmptySize
+    void clear();
+
+    // TODO: Replace with std::remove_cvref_t in C++20.
+    template <typename T>
+    using remove_cvref_t = std::remove_cv_t<std::remove_reference_t<T>>;
 
     // Takes a value of type FromType, and ensures it can be represented as a value of type ToType,
     // clamping the input value to the output range if necessary.
     template <typename ToType, typename FromType>
-    static Size::remove_cv_reference_t<ToType>
-    clamp(typename std::enable_if<
-            std::numeric_limits<Size::remove_cv_reference_t<ToType>>::is_specialized &&
-                    std::numeric_limits<Size::remove_cv_reference_t<FromType>>::is_specialized,
-            FromType>::type v) {
-        using BareToType = remove_cv_reference_t<ToType>;
-        using BareFromType = remove_cv_reference_t<FromType>;
-        static constexpr auto toHighest = std::numeric_limits<BareToType>::max();
-        static constexpr auto toLowest = std::numeric_limits<BareToType>::lowest();
-        static constexpr auto fromHighest = std::numeric_limits<BareFromType>::max();
-        static constexpr auto fromLowest = std::numeric_limits<BareFromType>::lowest();
+    static constexpr remove_cvref_t<ToType> clamp(FromType v) {
+        using BareToType = remove_cvref_t<ToType>;
+        using ToLimits = std::numeric_limits<BareToType>;
+
+        using BareFromType = remove_cvref_t<FromType>;
+        using FromLimits = std::numeric_limits<BareFromType>;
+
+        static_assert(ToLimits::is_specialized && FromLimits::is_specialized);
+
+        constexpr auto toHighest = ToLimits::max();
+        constexpr auto toLowest = ToLimits::lowest();
+        constexpr auto fromHighest = FromLimits::max();
+        constexpr auto fromLowest = FromLimits::lowest();
 
         // Get the closest representation of [toLowest, toHighest] in type
         // FromType to use to clamp the input value before conversion.
@@ -127,37 +94,35 @@
         // std::common_type<...> is used to get a value-preserving type for the
         // top end of the range.
         using CommonHighestType = std::common_type_t<BareToType, BareFromType>;
+        using CommonLimits = std::numeric_limits<CommonHighestType>;
 
         // std::make_signed<std::common_type<...>> is used to get a
         // value-preserving type for the bottom end of the range, except this is
         // a bit trickier for non-integer types like float.
-        using CommonLowestType =
-                std::conditional_t<std::numeric_limits<CommonHighestType>::is_integer,
-                                   std::make_signed_t<std::conditional_t<
-                                           std::numeric_limits<CommonHighestType>::is_integer,
-                                           CommonHighestType, int /* not used */>>,
-                                   CommonHighestType>;
+        using CommonLowestType = std::conditional_t<
+                CommonLimits::is_integer,
+                std::make_signed_t<std::conditional_t<CommonLimits::is_integer, CommonHighestType,
+                                                      int /* not used */>>,
+                CommonHighestType>;
 
         // We can then compute the clamp range in a way that can be later
         // trivially converted to either the 'from' or 'to' types, and be
-        // representabile in either.
-        static constexpr auto commonClampHighest =
-                std::min(static_cast<CommonHighestType>(fromHighest),
-                         static_cast<CommonHighestType>(toHighest));
-        static constexpr auto commonClampLowest =
-                std::max(static_cast<CommonLowestType>(fromLowest),
-                         static_cast<CommonLowestType>(toLowest));
+        // representable in either.
+        constexpr auto commonClampHighest = std::min(static_cast<CommonHighestType>(fromHighest),
+                                                     static_cast<CommonHighestType>(toHighest));
+        constexpr auto commonClampLowest = std::max(static_cast<CommonLowestType>(fromLowest),
+                                                    static_cast<CommonLowestType>(toLowest));
 
-        static constexpr auto fromClampHighest = static_cast<BareFromType>(commonClampHighest);
-        static constexpr auto fromClampLowest = static_cast<BareFromType>(commonClampLowest);
+        constexpr auto fromClampHighest = static_cast<BareFromType>(commonClampHighest);
+        constexpr auto fromClampLowest = static_cast<BareFromType>(commonClampLowest);
 
         // A clamp is needed only if the range we are clamping to is not the
         // same as the range of the input.
-        static constexpr bool isClampNeeded =
+        constexpr bool isClampNeeded =
                 (fromLowest != fromClampLowest) || (fromHighest != fromClampHighest);
 
         // If a clamp is not needed, the conversion is just a trivial cast.
-        if (!isClampNeeded) {
+        if constexpr (!isClampNeeded) {
             return static_cast<BareToType>(v);
         }
 
@@ -170,34 +135,46 @@
 
         // Otherwise clamping is done by using the already computed endpoints
         // for each type.
-        return (v <= fromClampLowest)
-                ? toClampLowest
-                : ((v >= fromClampHighest) ? toClampHighest : static_cast<BareToType>(v));
+        if (v <= fromClampLowest) {
+            return toClampLowest;
+        }
+
+        return v >= fromClampHighest ? toClampHighest : static_cast<BareToType>(v);
     }
 };
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Comparisons
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+constexpr Size kInvalidSize;
+constexpr Size kEmptySize{0, 0};
 
-inline bool operator==(const Size& lhs, const Size& rhs) {
+inline void Size::makeInvalid() {
+    set(kInvalidSize);
+}
+
+inline void Size::clear() {
+    set(kEmptySize);
+}
+
+inline bool operator==(Size lhs, Size rhs) {
     return lhs.width == rhs.width && lhs.height == rhs.height;
 }
 
-inline bool operator!=(const Size& lhs, const Size& rhs) {
-    return !operator==(lhs, rhs);
+inline bool Size::isEmpty() const {
+    return *this == kEmptySize;
 }
 
-inline bool operator<(const Size& lhs, const Size& rhs) {
+inline bool operator!=(Size lhs, Size rhs) {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+inline bool operator<(Size lhs, Size rhs) {
     // Orders by increasing width, then height.
     if (lhs.width != rhs.width) return lhs.width < rhs.width;
     return lhs.height < rhs.height;
 }
 
 // Defining PrintTo helps with Google Tests.
-static inline void PrintTo(const Size& size, ::std::ostream* os) {
-    *os << "Size(" << size.width << ", " << size.height << ")";
+inline void PrintTo(Size size, std::ostream* stream) {
+    *stream << "Size(" << size.width << ", " << size.height << ')';
 }
 
-} // namespace ui
-} // namespace android
+} // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/DisplayId_test.cpp b/libs/ui/tests/DisplayId_test.cpp
index 1d908b8..8ddee7e 100644
--- a/libs/ui/tests/DisplayId_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/DisplayId_test.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_TRUE(HalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue(id.value));
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(id.value));
 }
 
 TEST(DisplayIdTest, createPhysicalIdFromPort) {
@@ -43,6 +46,9 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_TRUE(HalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue(id.value));
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(id.value));
 }
 
 TEST(DisplayIdTest, createGpuVirtualId) {
@@ -52,6 +58,9 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(HalVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_FALSE(HalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue(id.value));
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue<GpuVirtualDisplayId>(id.value));
 }
 
 TEST(DisplayIdTest, createHalVirtualId) {
@@ -61,6 +70,9 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
     EXPECT_TRUE(HalDisplayId::tryCast(id));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue(id.value));
+    EXPECT_EQ(id, DisplayId::fromValue<HalVirtualDisplayId>(id.value));
 }
 
 } // namespace android::ui
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/Size_test.cpp b/libs/ui/tests/Size_test.cpp
index 5f75aea..acef47f 100644
--- a/libs/ui/tests/Size_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/Size_test.cpp
@@ -93,9 +93,8 @@
     }
 
     {
-        const auto& s = Size::INVALID;
-        EXPECT_FALSE(s.isValid());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(s.isEmpty());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(kInvalidSize.isValid());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(kInvalidSize.isEmpty());
     }
 
     {
@@ -112,9 +111,8 @@
     }
 
     {
-        const auto& s = Size::EMPTY;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(s.isValid());
-        EXPECT_TRUE(s.isEmpty());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(kEmptySize.isValid());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(kEmptySize.isEmpty());
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/services/automotive/display/AutomotiveDisplayProxyService.cpp b/services/automotive/display/AutomotiveDisplayProxyService.cpp
index d6fc695..d205231 100644
--- a/services/automotive/display/AutomotiveDisplayProxyService.cpp
+++ b/services/automotive/display/AutomotiveDisplayProxyService.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@
     sp<IBinder> displayToken = nullptr;
     sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl = nullptr;
     if (it == mDisplays.end()) {
-        displayToken = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayToken(PhysicalDisplayId(id));
+        if (const auto displayId = DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(id)) {
+            displayToken = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayToken(*displayId);
+        }
+
         if (displayToken == nullptr) {
             ALOGE("Given display id, 0x%lX, is invalid.", (unsigned long)id);
             return nullptr;
@@ -157,7 +160,11 @@
     HwDisplayConfig activeConfig;
     HwDisplayState  activeState;
 
-    auto displayToken = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayToken(PhysicalDisplayId(id));
+    sp<IBinder> displayToken;
+    if (const auto displayId = DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(id)) {
+        displayToken = SurfaceComposerClient::getPhysicalDisplayToken(*displayId);
+    }
+
     if (displayToken == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("Given display id, 0x%lX, is invalid.", (unsigned long)id);
     } else {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index 6ed9593..0539e4f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -176,10 +176,11 @@
     }
     return StringPrintf("KeyEvent(deviceId=%d, eventTime=%" PRIu64
                         ", source=0x%08x, displayId=%" PRId32 ", action=%s, "
-                        "flags=0x%08x, keyCode=%d, scanCode=%d, metaState=0x%08x, "
+                        "flags=0x%08x, keyCode=%s(%d), scanCode=%d, metaState=0x%08x, "
                         "repeatCount=%d), policyFlags=0x%08x",
                         deviceId, eventTime, source, displayId, KeyEvent::actionToString(action),
-                        flags, keyCode, scanCode, metaState, repeatCount, policyFlags);
+                        flags, KeyEvent::getLabel(keyCode), keyCode, scanCode, metaState,
+                        repeatCount, policyFlags);
 }
 
 void KeyEntry::recycle() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
index 633668e..317d333 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
     std::optional<Physical> physical;
 
     // Size of the display in pixels
-    ui::Size pixels = ui::Size::INVALID;
+    ui::Size pixels = ui::kInvalidSize;
 
     // Pixel format of the display
     ui::PixelFormat pixelFormat = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(PIXEL_FORMAT_UNKNOWN);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
index a8d372c..4110346 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h
@@ -24,21 +24,17 @@
 
 struct ANativeWindow;
 
-namespace android {
-
-namespace compositionengine {
-
-class Display;
+namespace android::compositionengine {
 
 /**
  * A parameter object for creating RenderSurface instances
  */
 struct RenderSurfaceCreationArgs {
     // The initial width of the surface
-    int32_t displayWidth;
+    int32_t displayWidth = -1;
 
     // The initial height of the surface
-    int32_t displayHeight;
+    int32_t displayHeight = -1;
 
     // The ANativeWindow for the buffer queue for this surface
     sp<ANativeWindow> nativeWindow;
@@ -46,22 +42,16 @@
     // The DisplaySurface for this surface
     sp<DisplaySurface> displaySurface;
 
-    size_t maxTextureCacheSize;
+    // The maximum size of the renderengine::ExternalTexture cache
+    size_t maxTextureCacheSize = 0;
+
+private:
+    friend class RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder;
+
+    // Not defaulted to disable aggregate initialization.
+    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs() {}
 };
 
-/**
- * A helper for setting up a RenderSurfaceCreationArgs value in-line.
- * Prefer this builder over raw structure initialization.
- *
- * Instead of:
- *
- *   RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{1000, 1000, nativeWindow, displaySurface}
- *
- * Prefer:
- *
- *  RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayWidth(1000).setDisplayHeight(1000)
- *      .setNativeWindow(nativeWindow).setDisplaySurface(displaySurface).Build();
- */
 class RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder {
 public:
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgs build() { return std::move(mArgs); }
@@ -75,11 +65,11 @@
         return *this;
     }
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder& setNativeWindow(sp<ANativeWindow> nativeWindow) {
-        mArgs.nativeWindow = nativeWindow;
+        mArgs.nativeWindow = std::move(nativeWindow);
         return *this;
     }
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder& setDisplaySurface(sp<DisplaySurface> displaySurface) {
-        mArgs.displaySurface = displaySurface;
+        mArgs.displaySurface = std::move(displaySurface);
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -92,5 +82,4 @@
     RenderSurfaceCreationArgs mArgs;
 };
 
-} // namespace compositionengine
-} // namespace android
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index 8a83639..492db43 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -60,9 +60,10 @@
 using testing::SetArgPointee;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId{42};
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
 // TODO(b/160679868) Use VirtualDisplayId
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId{43};
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(43u);
+
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK = 123;
@@ -521,7 +522,11 @@
 TEST_F(DisplayCreateRenderSurfaceTest, setsRenderSurface) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, disconnect(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL)).WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() == nullptr);
-    mDisplay->createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{640, 480, mNativeWindow, nullptr});
+    mDisplay->createRenderSurface(RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                          .setDisplayWidth(640)
+                                          .setDisplayHeight(480)
+                                          .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                          .build());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay->getRenderSurface() != nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -1029,9 +1034,12 @@
     );
     impl::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface =
             new impl::RenderSurface{mCompositionEngine, *mDisplay,
-                                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                                              DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, mNativeWindow,
-                                                              mDisplaySurface}};
+                                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                            .setDisplayWidth(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH)
+                                            .setDisplayHeight(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT)
+                                            .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                            .setDisplaySurface(mDisplaySurface)
+                                            .build()};
 };
 
 TEST_F(DisplayFunctionalTest, postFramebufferCriticalCallsAreOrdered) {
@@ -1049,4 +1057,4 @@
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
\ No newline at end of file
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
index 9aeb290..431cc93 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
-#include "ui/GraphicBuffer.h"
-#pragma clang diagnostic push
-#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
-
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -32,14 +26,16 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/NativeWindow.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
+#include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
-constexpr DisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId(123u);
+constexpr DisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(123u);
 const std::string DEFAULT_DISPLAY_NAME = "Mock Display";
 
 using testing::_;
@@ -67,9 +63,12 @@
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
     sp<mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface = new StrictMock<mock::DisplaySurface>();
     impl::RenderSurface mSurface{mCompositionEngine, mDisplay,
-                                 RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH,
-                                                           DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT, mNativeWindow,
-                                                           mDisplaySurface}};
+                                 RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                                         .setDisplayWidth(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH)
+                                         .setDisplayHeight(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT)
+                                         .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
+                                         .setDisplaySurface(mDisplaySurface)
+                                         .build()};
 };
 
 /*
@@ -367,11 +366,8 @@
 
     mSurface.flip();
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(501, mSurface.getPageFlipCount());
+    EXPECT_EQ(501u, mSurface.getPageFlipCount());
 }
 
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
-
-// TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
-#pragma clang diagnostic pop // ignored "-Wextra"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 8692ee6..d8a7514 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -70,13 +70,14 @@
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary) {
     mCompositionDisplay->editState().isSecure = args.isSecure;
     mCompositionDisplay->createRenderSurface(
-            compositionengine::
-                    RenderSurfaceCreationArgs{ANativeWindow_getWidth(args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                              ANativeWindow_getHeight(args.nativeWindow.get()),
-                                              args.nativeWindow, args.displaySurface,
-                                              static_cast<size_t>(
-                                                      SurfaceFlinger::
-                                                              maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers)});
+            compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setDisplayWidth(ANativeWindow_getWidth(args.nativeWindow.get()))
+                    .setDisplayHeight(ANativeWindow_getHeight(args.nativeWindow.get()))
+                    .setNativeWindow(std::move(args.nativeWindow))
+                    .setDisplaySurface(std::move(args.displaySurface))
+                    .setMaxTextureCacheSize(
+                            static_cast<size_t>(SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers))
+                    .build());
 
     if (!mFlinger->mDisableClientCompositionCache &&
         SurfaceFlinger::maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers > 0) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index beda834..5bd43e1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -2174,11 +2174,10 @@
             mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
         }
         hdrInfoListeners.reserve(mHdrLayerInfoListeners.size());
-        for (auto& [key, value] : mHdrLayerInfoListeners) {
-            if (value && value->hasListeners()) {
-                auto listenersDisplay = getDisplayById(key);
-                if (listenersDisplay) {
-                    hdrInfoListeners.emplace_back(listenersDisplay->getCompositionDisplay(), value);
+        for (const auto& [displayId, reporter] : mHdrLayerInfoListeners) {
+            if (reporter && reporter->hasListeners()) {
+                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId)) {
+                    hdrInfoListeners.emplace_back(display->getCompositionDisplay(), reporter);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -5504,37 +5503,24 @@
             }
             case 1035: {
                 const int modeId = data.readInt32();
-                mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor = false;
 
-                const auto displayId = [&]() -> std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> {
-                    uint64_t inputDisplayId = 0;
-                    if (data.readUint64(&inputDisplayId) == NO_ERROR) {
-                        const auto token = getPhysicalDisplayToken(
-                                static_cast<PhysicalDisplayId>(inputDisplayId));
-                        if (!token) {
-                            ALOGE("No display with id: %" PRIu64, inputDisplayId);
-                            return std::nullopt;
-                        }
-
-                        return std::make_optional<PhysicalDisplayId>(inputDisplayId);
+                const auto display = [&]() -> sp<IBinder> {
+                    uint64_t value;
+                    if (data.readUint64(&value) != NO_ERROR) {
+                        return getInternalDisplayToken();
                     }
 
-                    return getInternalDisplayId();
+                    if (const auto id = DisplayId::fromValue<PhysicalDisplayId>(value)) {
+                        return getPhysicalDisplayToken(*id);
+                    }
+
+                    ALOGE("Invalid physical display ID");
+                    return nullptr;
                 }();
 
-                if (!displayId) {
-                    ALOGE("No display found");
-                    return NO_ERROR;
-                }
-
-                status_t result = setActiveMode(getPhysicalDisplayToken(*displayId), modeId);
-                if (result != NO_ERROR) {
-                    return result;
-                }
-
-                mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor = true;
-
-                return NO_ERROR;
+                const status_t result = setActiveMode(display, modeId);
+                mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor = result == NO_ERROR;
+                return result;
             }
             case 1036: {
                 if (data.readInt32() > 0) {
@@ -5719,34 +5705,6 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack) {
-    if (const sp<IBinder> displayToken =
-                getPhysicalDisplayTokenLocked(PhysicalDisplayId{displayOrLayerStack})) {
-        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
-    }
-    // Couldn't find display by displayId. Try to get display by layerStack since virtual displays
-    // may not have a displayId.
-    return getDisplayByLayerStack(displayOrLayerStack);
-}
-
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayById(DisplayId displayId) const {
-    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
-        if (display->getId() == displayId) {
-            return display;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayByLayerStack(uint64_t layerStack) {
-    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
-        if (display->getLayerStack() == layerStack) {
-            return display;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& args,
                                         const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -5758,7 +5716,7 @@
 
     if (!args.displayToken) return BAD_VALUE;
 
-    wp<DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
+    wp<const DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
     ui::LayerStack layerStack;
     ui::Size reqSize(args.width, args.height);
     ui::Dataspace dataspace;
@@ -5799,21 +5757,22 @@
                                captureListener);
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay(DisplayId displayId,
                                         const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) {
     ui::LayerStack layerStack;
-    wp<DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
+    wp<const DisplayDevice> displayWeak;
     ui::Size size;
     ui::Dataspace dataspace;
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-        sp<DisplayDevice> display = getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(displayOrLayerStack);
+
+        const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
         if (!display) {
             return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
         }
-        layerStack = display->getLayerStack();
-        displayWeak = display;
 
+        displayWeak = display;
+        layerStack = display->getLayerStack();
         size = display->getLayerStackSpaceRect().getSize();
 
         dataspace =
@@ -5895,7 +5854,11 @@
             }
         }
 
-        const auto display = getDisplayByLayerStack(parent->getLayerStack());
+        const auto display =
+                findDisplay([layerStack = parent->getLayerStack()](const auto& display) {
+                    return display.getLayerStack() == layerStack;
+                });
+
         if (!display) {
             return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 4bbdd48..0a6a8e7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -620,12 +620,10 @@
     sp<IDisplayEventConnection> createDisplayEventConnection(
             ISurfaceComposer::VsyncSource vsyncSource = eVsyncSourceApp,
             ISurfaceComposer::EventRegistrationFlags eventRegistration = {}) override;
-    status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs& args,
-                            const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) override;
-    status_t captureDisplay(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack,
-                            const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) override;
-    status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs& args,
-                           const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>& captureListener) override;
+
+    status_t captureDisplay(const DisplayCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override;
+    status_t captureDisplay(DisplayId, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override;
+    status_t captureLayers(const LayerCaptureArgs&, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&) override;
 
     status_t getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, DisplayStatInfo* stats) override;
     status_t getDisplayState(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::DisplayState*)
@@ -914,10 +912,6 @@
                                     bool forSystem, bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
                                     ScreenCaptureResults&);
 
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayByIdOrLayerStack(uint64_t displayOrLayerStack) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayById(DisplayId displayId) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayByLayerStack(uint64_t layerStack) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-
     // If the uid provided is not UNSET_UID, the traverse will skip any layers that don't have a
     // matching ownerUid
     void traverseLayersInLayerStack(ui::LayerStack, const int32_t uid, const LayerVector::Visitor&);
@@ -959,6 +953,20 @@
         return getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     }
 
+    // Returns the first display that matches a `bool(const DisplayDevice&)` predicate.
+    template <typename Predicate>
+    sp<DisplayDevice> findDisplay(Predicate p) const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        const auto it = std::find_if(mDisplays.begin(), mDisplays.end(),
+                                     [&](const auto& pair) { return p(*pair.second); });
+
+        return it == mDisplays.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
+    }
+
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(DisplayId id) const REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
+        // TODO(b/182939859): Replace tokens with IDs for display lookup.
+        return findDisplay([id](const auto& display) { return display.getId() == id; });
+    }
+
     // mark a region of a layer stack dirty. this updates the dirty
     // region of all screens presenting this layer stack.
     void invalidateLayerStack(const sp<const Layer>& layer, const Region& dirty);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
index 162711d..a9e935d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/fakehwc/SFFakeHwc_test.cpp
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
     }
 
     bool waitForHotplugEvent(Display displayId, bool connected) {
-        return waitForHotplugEvent(PhysicalDisplayId(displayId), connected);
+        return waitForHotplugEvent(physicalIdFromHwcDisplayId(displayId), connected);
     }
 
     bool waitForHotplugEvent(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, bool connected) {
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
     }
 
     bool waitForModeChangedEvent(Display display, int32_t modeId) {
-        PhysicalDisplayId displayId(display);
+        PhysicalDisplayId displayId = physicalIdFromHwcDisplayId(display);
         int waitCount = 20;
         while (waitCount--) {
             while (!mReceivedDisplayEvents.empty()) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 3042450..e42cf47 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 constexpr hal::HWLayerId HWC_LAYER = 5000;
 constexpr Transform DEFAULT_TRANSFORM = static_cast<Transform>(0);
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID(42);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
 constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1024;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index a3e8108..359e555 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 
 sp<DisplayDevice> DisplayTransactionTest::injectDefaultInternalDisplay(
         std::function<void(FakeDisplayDeviceInjector&)> injectExtra) {
-    constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID(777);
+    constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(255u);
     constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1080;
     constexpr int DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1920;
     constexpr HWDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
index b4a1481..62acc6b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
@@ -41,10 +41,13 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId INTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID(111);
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId EXTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID(222);
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DISPLAY_ID_64BIT(0xabcd12349876fedcULL);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId INTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(111u);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId EXTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(222u);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DISPLAY_ID_64BIT =
+        PhysicalDisplayId::fromEdid(0xffu, 0xffffu, 0xffff'ffffu);
+
 constexpr std::chrono::duration VSYNC_PERIOD(16ms);
+
 class MockVSyncSource : public VSyncSource {
 public:
     const char* getName() const override { return "test"; }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
index 6916764..597e5e7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@
     mIdleTimer->stop();
 }
 
-TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, resetTest) {
+// TODO(b/186417847) This test is flaky. Reenable once fixed.
+TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, DISABLED_resetTest) {
     fake::FakeClock* clock = new fake::FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
@@ -94,7 +95,8 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
-TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, resetBackToBackTest) {
+// TODO(b/186417847) This test is flaky. Reenable once fixed.
+TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, DISABLED_resetBackToBackTest) {
     fake::FakeClock* clock = new fake::FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
@@ -144,7 +146,8 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
-TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, idleTimerIdlesTest) {
+// TODO(b/186417847) This test is flaky. Reenable once fixed.
+TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, DISABLED_idleTimerIdlesTest) {
     fake::FakeClock* clock = new fake::FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
@@ -169,7 +172,8 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
-TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, timeoutCallbackExecutionTest) {
+// TODO(b/186417847) This test is flaky. Reenable once fixed.
+TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, DISABLED_timeoutCallbackExecutionTest) {
     fake::FakeClock* clock = new fake::FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 38e503f..7a6ae5b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-constexpr PhysicalDisplayId PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_ID(999);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(255u);
 
 class SchedulerTest : public testing::Test {
 protected: