diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index cfebec7..849fd9c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include <ui/DisplayIdentification.h>
 #include "BackgroundExecutor.h"
@@ -3878,7 +3879,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionState(
-        const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, const Vector<ComposerState>& states,
+        const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, Vector<ComposerState>& states,
         const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder>& applyToken,
         const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
         bool isAutoTimestamp, const client_cache_t& uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
@@ -3910,7 +3911,24 @@
     IPCThreadState* ipc = IPCThreadState::self();
     const int originPid = ipc->getCallingPid();
     const int originUid = ipc->getCallingUid();
-    TransactionState state{frameTimelineInfo,  states,
+
+    std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> resolvedStates;
+    resolvedStates.reserve(states.size());
+    for (auto& state : states) {
+        resolvedStates.emplace_back(std::move(state));
+        auto& resolvedState = resolvedStates.back();
+        if (resolvedState.state.hasBufferChanges() && resolvedState.state.hasValidBuffer() &&
+            resolvedState.state.surface) {
+            resolvedState.externalTexture =
+                    getExternalTextureFromBufferData(*resolvedState.state.bufferData,
+                                                     std::to_string(resolvedState.state.layerId)
+                                                             .c_str(),
+                                                     transactionId);
+            mBufferCountTracker.increment(resolvedState.state.surface->localBinder());
+        }
+    }
+
+    TransactionState state{frameTimelineInfo,  resolvedStates,
                            displays,           flags,
                            applyToken,         inputWindowCommands,
                            desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp,
@@ -3919,11 +3937,6 @@
                            listenerCallbacks,  originPid,
                            originUid,          transactionId};
 
-    // Check for incoming buffer updates and increment the pending buffer count.
-    state.traverseStatesWithBuffers([&](const layer_state_t& state) {
-        mBufferCountTracker.increment(state.surface->localBinder());
-    });
-
     if (mTransactionTracing) {
         mTransactionTracing->addQueuedTransaction(state);
     }
@@ -3942,7 +3955,7 @@
 }
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::applyTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo,
-                                           Vector<ComposerState>& states,
+                                           std::vector<ResolvedComposerState>& states,
                                            const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags,
                                            const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands,
                                            const int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
@@ -3964,13 +3977,12 @@
     }
 
     uint32_t clientStateFlags = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < states.size(); i++) {
-        ComposerState& state = states.editItemAt(i);
+    for (auto& resolvedState : states) {
         clientStateFlags |=
-                setClientStateLocked(frameTimelineInfo, state, desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp,
-                                     postTime, permissions, transactionId);
-        if ((flags & eAnimation) && state.state.surface) {
-            if (const auto layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(state.state.surface)) {
+                setClientStateLocked(frameTimelineInfo, resolvedState, desiredPresentTime,
+                                     isAutoTimestamp, postTime, permissions, transactionId);
+        if ((flags & eAnimation) && resolvedState.state.surface) {
+            if (const auto layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(resolvedState.state.surface)) {
                 using LayerUpdateType = scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType;
                 mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(),
                                                isAutoTimestamp ? 0 : desiredPresentTime,
@@ -4082,7 +4094,7 @@
 }
 
 uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setClientStateLocked(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo,
-                                              ComposerState& composerState,
+                                              ResolvedComposerState& composerState,
                                               int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
                                               int64_t postTime, uint32_t permissions,
                                               uint64_t transactionId) {
@@ -4377,11 +4389,9 @@
     }
 
     if (what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
-        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer =
-                getExternalTextureFromBufferData(*s.bufferData, layer->getDebugName(),
-                                                 transactionId);
-        if (layer->setBuffer(buffer, *s.bufferData, postTime, desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp,
-                             dequeueBufferTimestamp, frameTimelineInfo)) {
+        if (layer->setBuffer(composerState.externalTexture, *s.bufferData, postTime,
+                             desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, dequeueBufferTimestamp,
+                             frameTimelineInfo)) {
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     } else if (frameTimelineInfo.vsyncId != FrameTimelineInfo::INVALID_VSYNC_ID) {
@@ -4589,7 +4599,7 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(token == nullptr);
 
     // reset screen orientation and use primary layer stack
-    Vector<ComposerState> state;
+    std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> state;
     Vector<DisplayState> displays;
     DisplayState d;
     d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
@@ -6974,9 +6984,12 @@
         }
 
         if (result.error() == ClientCache::AddError::CacheFull) {
-            mTransactionHandler
-                    .onTransactionQueueStalled(transactionId, bufferData.releaseBufferListener,
-                                               "Buffer processing hung due to full buffer cache");
+            ALOGE("Attempted to create an ExternalTexture for layer %s but CacheFull", layerName);
+
+            if (bufferData.releaseBufferListener) {
+                bufferData.releaseBufferListener->onTransactionQueueStalled(
+                        String8("Buffer processing hung due to full buffer cache"));
+            }
         }
 
         return nullptr;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 85c194b..e09d2b5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -490,9 +490,8 @@
 
     sp<IBinder> getPhysicalDisplayToken(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) const;
     status_t setTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo,
-                                 const Vector<ComposerState>& state,
-                                 const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags,
-                                 const sp<IBinder>& applyToken,
+                                 Vector<ComposerState>& state, const Vector<DisplayState>& displays,
+                                 uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder>& applyToken,
                                  const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands,
                                  int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
                                  const client_cache_t& uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
@@ -702,7 +701,8 @@
     /*
      * Transactions
      */
-    bool applyTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& info, Vector<ComposerState>& state,
+    bool applyTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& info,
+                               std::vector<ResolvedComposerState>& state,
                                const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags,
                                const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands,
                                const int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@
             const TransactionHandler::TransactionFlushState& flushState)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    uint32_t setClientStateLocked(const FrameTimelineInfo&, ComposerState&,
+    uint32_t setClientStateLocked(const FrameTimelineInfo&, ResolvedComposerState&,
                                   int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
                                   int64_t postTime, uint32_t permissions, uint64_t transactionId)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
index 3418c82..2f46487 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
@@ -310,10 +310,10 @@
     int32_t layerCount = proto.layer_changes_size();
     t.states.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(layerCount));
     for (int i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
-        ComposerState s;
+        ResolvedComposerState s;
         s.state.what = 0;
         fromProto(proto.layer_changes(i), s.state);
-        t.states.add(s);
+        t.states.emplace_back(s);
     }
 
     int32_t displayCount = proto.display_changes_size();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index 25fdd26..f1a6c0e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -240,13 +240,7 @@
         for (int j = 0; j < entry.transactions_size(); j++) {
             // apply transactions
             TransactionState transaction = parser.fromProto(entry.transactions(j));
-            mFlinger.setTransactionState(transaction.frameTimelineInfo, transaction.states,
-                                         transaction.displays, transaction.flags,
-                                         transaction.applyToken, transaction.inputWindowCommands,
-                                         transaction.desiredPresentTime,
-                                         transaction.isAutoTimestamp, {},
-                                         transaction.hasListenerCallbacks,
-                                         transaction.listenerCallbacks, transaction.id);
+            mFlinger.setTransactionStateInternal(transaction);
         }
 
         const auto frameTime = TimePoint::fromNs(entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
index 3cbfe81..f1ef31d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
@@ -20,17 +20,26 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
+#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
+// Extends the client side composer state by resolving buffer cache ids.
+class ResolvedComposerState : public ComposerState {
+public:
+    ResolvedComposerState() = default;
+    ResolvedComposerState(ComposerState&& source) { state = std::move(source.state); }
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> externalTexture;
+};
+
 struct TransactionState {
     TransactionState() = default;
 
     TransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo,
-                     const Vector<ComposerState>& composerStates,
+                     std::vector<ResolvedComposerState>& composerStates,
                      const Vector<DisplayState>& displayStates, uint32_t transactionFlags,
                      const sp<IBinder>& applyToken, const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands,
                      int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
@@ -38,7 +47,7 @@
                      bool hasListenerCallbacks, std::vector<ListenerCallbacks> listenerCallbacks,
                      int originPid, int originUid, uint64_t transactionId)
           : frameTimelineInfo(frameTimelineInfo),
-            states(composerStates),
+            states(std::move(composerStates)),
             displays(displayStates),
             flags(transactionFlags),
             applyToken(applyToken),
@@ -57,18 +66,20 @@
     // Invokes `void(const layer_state_t&)` visitor for matching layers.
     template <typename Visitor>
     void traverseStatesWithBuffers(Visitor&& visitor) const {
-        for (const auto& [state] : states) {
-            if (state.hasBufferChanges() && state.hasValidBuffer() && state.surface) {
-                visitor(state);
+        for (const auto& state : states) {
+            if (state.state.hasBufferChanges() && state.state.hasValidBuffer() &&
+                state.state.surface) {
+                visitor(state.state);
             }
         }
     }
 
     template <typename Visitor>
     void traverseStatesWithBuffersWhileTrue(Visitor&& visitor) const {
-        for (const auto& [state] : states) {
-            if (state.hasBufferChanges() && state.hasValidBuffer() && state.surface) {
-                if (!visitor(state)) return;
+        for (const auto& state : states) {
+            if (state.state.hasBufferChanges() && state.state.hasValidBuffer() &&
+                state.state.surface) {
+                if (!visitor(state.state)) return;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -79,8 +90,8 @@
     bool isFrameActive() const {
         if (!displays.empty()) return true;
 
-        for (const auto& [state] : states) {
-            if (state.frameRateCompatibility != ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE) {
+        for (const auto& state : states) {
+            if (state.state.frameRateCompatibility != ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
@@ -89,7 +100,7 @@
     }
 
     FrameTimelineInfo frameTimelineInfo;
-    Vector<ComposerState> states;
+    std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> states;
     Vector<DisplayState> displays;
     uint32_t flags;
     sp<IBinder> applyToken;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index e555867..cc0b012 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -736,12 +736,14 @@
         return mFlinger->mTransactionHandler.mPendingTransactionQueues;
     }
 
-    auto setTransactionState(
-            const FrameTimelineInfo &frameTimelineInfo, const Vector<ComposerState> &states,
-            const Vector<DisplayState> &displays, uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder> &applyToken,
-            const InputWindowCommands &inputWindowCommands, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
-            bool isAutoTimestamp, const client_cache_t &uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
-            std::vector<ListenerCallbacks> &listenerCallbacks, uint64_t transactionId) {
+    auto setTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo &frameTimelineInfo,
+                             Vector<ComposerState> &states, const Vector<DisplayState> &displays,
+                             uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder> &applyToken,
+                             const InputWindowCommands &inputWindowCommands,
+                             int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
+                             const client_cache_t &uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
+                             std::vector<ListenerCallbacks> &listenerCallbacks,
+                             uint64_t transactionId) {
         return mFlinger->setTransactionState(frameTimelineInfo, states, displays, flags, applyToken,
                                              inputWindowCommands, desiredPresentTime,
                                              isAutoTimestamp, uncacheBuffer, hasListenerCallbacks,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 7f471bc..935d953 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -427,18 +427,24 @@
         return mFlinger->mTransactionHandler.mPendingTransactionCount.load();
     }
 
-    auto setTransactionState(
-            const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo, const Vector<ComposerState>& states,
-            const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder>& applyToken,
-            const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
-            bool isAutoTimestamp, const client_cache_t& uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
-            std::vector<ListenerCallbacks>& listenerCallbacks, uint64_t transactionId) {
+    auto setTransactionState(const FrameTimelineInfo& frameTimelineInfo,
+                             Vector<ComposerState>& states, const Vector<DisplayState>& displays,
+                             uint32_t flags, const sp<IBinder>& applyToken,
+                             const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands,
+                             int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
+                             const client_cache_t& uncacheBuffer, bool hasListenerCallbacks,
+                             std::vector<ListenerCallbacks>& listenerCallbacks,
+                             uint64_t transactionId) {
         return mFlinger->setTransactionState(frameTimelineInfo, states, displays, flags, applyToken,
                                              inputWindowCommands, desiredPresentTime,
                                              isAutoTimestamp, uncacheBuffer, hasListenerCallbacks,
                                              listenerCallbacks, transactionId);
     }
 
+    auto setTransactionStateInternal(TransactionState& transaction) {
+        return mFlinger->mTransactionHandler.queueTransaction(std::move(transaction));
+    }
+
     auto flushTransactionQueues() {
         return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(kVsyncId));
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
index 9888f00..488d4a9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include "FrontEnd/TransactionHandler.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
+#include "TransactionState.h"
 #include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 #include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
@@ -359,13 +360,23 @@
         EXPECT_TRUE(mFlinger.getTransactionQueue().isEmpty());
         EXPECT_EQ(0u, mFlinger.getPendingTransactionQueue().size());
 
-        for (const auto& transaction : transactions) {
-            mFlinger.setTransactionState(transaction.frameTimelineInfo, transaction.states,
-                                         transaction.displays, transaction.flags,
-                                         transaction.applyToken, transaction.inputWindowCommands,
-                                         transaction.desiredPresentTime,
-                                         transaction.isAutoTimestamp, transaction.uncacheBuffer,
-                                         mHasListenerCallbacks, mCallbacks, transaction.id);
+        for (auto transaction : transactions) {
+            std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> resolvedStates;
+            resolvedStates.reserve(transaction.states.size());
+            for (auto& state : transaction.states) {
+                resolvedStates.emplace_back(std::move(state));
+            }
+
+            TransactionState transactionState(transaction.frameTimelineInfo, resolvedStates,
+                                              transaction.displays, transaction.flags,
+                                              transaction.applyToken,
+                                              transaction.inputWindowCommands,
+                                              transaction.desiredPresentTime,
+                                              transaction.isAutoTimestamp,
+                                              transaction.uncacheBuffer, systemTime(), 0,
+                                              mHasListenerCallbacks, mCallbacks, getpid(),
+                                              static_cast<int>(getuid()), transaction.id);
+            mFlinger.setTransactionStateInternal(transactionState);
         }
         mFlinger.flushTransactionQueues();
         EXPECT_TRUE(mFlinger.getTransactionQueue().isEmpty());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
index 14e1aac..b6427c0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@
     size_t layerCount = 2;
     t1.states.reserve(layerCount);
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
-        ComposerState s;
+        ResolvedComposerState s;
         if (i == 1) {
             layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild =
                     sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(), layerHandle, 42,
                                              "#42");
         }
         s.state = layer;
-        t1.states.add(s);
+        t1.states.emplace_back(s);
     }
 
     size_t displayCount = 2;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
index 2dbcfbd..482c3a8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@
         {
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 50;
-            ComposerState layerState;
+            ResolvedComposerState layerState;
             layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 42;
-            transaction.states.add(layerState);
-            ComposerState childState;
+            transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
+            ResolvedComposerState childState;
             childState.state.surface = fakeChildLayerHandle;
             childState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             childState.state.z = 43;
-            transaction.states.add(childState);
+            transaction.states.emplace_back(childState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
             std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
@@ -138,12 +138,12 @@
         {
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 51;
-            ComposerState layerState;
+            ResolvedComposerState layerState;
             layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged | layer_state_t::ePositionChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 41;
             layerState.state.x = 22;
-            transaction.states.add(layerState);
+            transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
             std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
@@ -247,16 +247,16 @@
         {
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 50;
-            ComposerState layerState;
+            ResolvedComposerState layerState;
             layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 42;
-            transaction.states.add(layerState);
-            ComposerState mirrorState;
+            transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
+            ResolvedComposerState mirrorState;
             mirrorState.state.surface = fakeMirrorLayerHandle;
             mirrorState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             mirrorState.state.z = 43;
-            transaction.states.add(mirrorState);
+            transaction.states.emplace_back(mirrorState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
             std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;