diff --git a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
index b302f52..e2a2927 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fts.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <linux/fsverity.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/ashmem.h>
 #include <cutils/fs.h>
+#include <cutils/misc.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <cutils/sched_policy.h>
 #include <linux/quota.h>
@@ -84,6 +86,8 @@
 using android::base::ParseUint;
 using android::base::Split;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor;
 using std::endl;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -229,6 +233,14 @@
     return ok();
 }
 
+binder::Status checkUidInAppRange(int32_t appUid) {
+    if (FIRST_APPLICATION_UID <= appUid && appUid <= LAST_APPLICATION_UID) {
+        return ok();
+    }
+    return exception(binder::Status::EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT,
+                     StringPrintf("UID %d is outside of the range", appUid));
+}
+
 #define ENFORCE_UID(uid) {                                  \
     binder::Status status = checkUid((uid));                \
     if (!status.isOk()) {                                   \
@@ -283,6 +295,14 @@
         }                                                      \
     }
 
+#define CHECK_ARGUMENT_UID_IN_APP_RANGE(uid)               \
+    {                                                      \
+        binder::Status status = checkUidInAppRange((uid)); \
+        if (!status.isOk()) {                              \
+            return status;                                 \
+        }                                                  \
+    }
+
 #ifdef GRANULAR_LOCKS
 
 /**
@@ -383,6 +403,33 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
+binder::Status InstalldNativeService::FsveritySetupAuthToken::authenticate(
+        const ParcelFileDescriptor& authFd, int32_t appUid, int32_t userId) {
+    int open_flags = fcntl(authFd.get(), F_GETFL);
+    if (open_flags < 0) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, "fcntl failed");
+    }
+    if ((open_flags & O_ACCMODE) != O_WRONLY && (open_flags & O_ACCMODE) != O_RDWR) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SECURITY, "Received FD with unexpected open flag");
+    }
+    if (fstat(authFd.get(), &this->mStatFromAuthFd) < 0) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, "fstat failed");
+    }
+    if (!S_ISREG(this->mStatFromAuthFd.st_mode)) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SECURITY, "Not a regular file");
+    }
+    // Don't accept a file owned by a different app.
+    uid_t uid = multiuser_get_uid(userId, appUid);
+    if (this->mStatFromAuthFd.st_uid != uid) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, "File not owned by appUid");
+    }
+    return ok();
+}
+
+bool InstalldNativeService::FsveritySetupAuthToken::isSameStat(const struct stat& st) const {
+    return memcmp(&st, &mStatFromAuthFd, sizeof(st)) == 0;
+}
+
 status_t InstalldNativeService::start() {
     IPCThreadState::self()->disableBackgroundScheduling(true);
     status_t ret = BinderService<InstalldNativeService>::publish();
@@ -3857,5 +3904,84 @@
     return *_aidl_return == -1 ? error() : ok();
 }
 
+// Creates an auth token to be used in enableFsverity. This token is really to store a proof that
+// the caller can write to a file, represented by the authFd. Effectively, system_server as the
+// attacker-in-the-middle cannot enable fs-verity on arbitrary app files. If the FD is not writable,
+// return null.
+//
+// appUid and userId are passed for additional ownership check, such that one app can not be
+// authenticated for another app's file. These parameters are assumed trusted for this purpose of
+// consistency check.
+//
+// Notably, creating the token allows us to manage the writable FD easily during enableFsverity.
+// Since enabling fs-verity to a file requires no outstanding writable FD, passing the authFd to the
+// server allows the server to hold the only reference (as long as the client app doesn't).
+binder::Status InstalldNativeService::createFsveritySetupAuthToken(
+        const ParcelFileDescriptor& authFd, int32_t appUid, int32_t userId,
+        sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken>* _aidl_return) {
+    CHECK_ARGUMENT_UID_IN_APP_RANGE(appUid);
+    ENFORCE_VALID_USER(userId);
+
+    auto token = sp<FsveritySetupAuthToken>::make();
+    binder::Status status = token->authenticate(authFd, appUid, userId);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return status;
+    }
+    *_aidl_return = token;
+    return ok();
+}
+
+// Enables fs-verity for filePath, which must be an absolute path and the same inode as in the auth
+// token previously returned from createFsveritySetupAuthToken, and owned by the app uid. As
+// installd is more privileged than its client / system server, we attempt to limit what a
+// (compromised) client can do.
+//
+// The reason for this app request to go through installd is to avoid exposing a risky area (PKCS#7
+// signature verification) in the kernel to the app as an attack surface (it can't be system server
+// because it can't override DAC and manipulate app files). Note that we should be able to drop
+// these hops and simply the app calls the ioctl, once all upgrading devices run with a kernel
+// without fs-verity built-in signature (https://r.android.com/2650402).
+binder::Status InstalldNativeService::enableFsverity(const sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken>& authToken,
+                                                     const std::string& filePath,
+                                                     const std::string& packageName,
+                                                     int32_t* _aidl_return) {
+    ENFORCE_UID(AID_SYSTEM);
+    CHECK_ARGUMENT_PATH(filePath);
+    CHECK_ARGUMENT_PACKAGE_NAME(packageName);
+    LOCK_PACKAGE();
+    if (authToken == nullptr) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT, "Received a null auth token");
+    }
+
+    // Authenticate to check the targeting file is the same inode as the authFd.
+    sp<IBinder> authTokenBinder = IInterface::asBinder(authToken)->localBinder();
+    if (authTokenBinder == nullptr) {
+        return exception(binder::Status::EX_SECURITY, "Received a non-local auth token");
+    }
+    auto authTokenInstance = sp<FsveritySetupAuthToken>::cast(authTokenBinder);
+    unique_fd rfd(open(filePath.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_NOFOLLOW));
+    struct stat stFromPath;
+    if (fstat(rfd.get(), &stFromPath) < 0) {
+        *_aidl_return = errno;
+        return ok();
+    }
+    if (!authTokenInstance->isSameStat(stFromPath)) {
+        LOG(DEBUG) << "FD authentication failed";
+        *_aidl_return = EPERM;
+        return ok();
+    }
+
+    fsverity_enable_arg arg = {};
+    arg.version = 1;
+    arg.hash_algorithm = FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256;
+    arg.block_size = 4096;
+    if (ioctl(rfd.get(), FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY, &arg) < 0) {
+        *_aidl_return = errno;
+    } else {
+        *_aidl_return = 0;
+    }
+    return ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace installd
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
index 521afc3..0f28234 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
+++ b/cmds/installd/InstalldNativeService.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #define COMMANDS_H_
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <shared_mutex>
@@ -35,8 +36,26 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace installd {
 
+using IFsveritySetupAuthToken = android::os::IInstalld::IFsveritySetupAuthToken;
+
 class InstalldNativeService : public BinderService<InstalldNativeService>, public os::BnInstalld {
 public:
+    class FsveritySetupAuthToken : public os::IInstalld::BnFsveritySetupAuthToken {
+    public:
+        FsveritySetupAuthToken() : mStatFromAuthFd() {}
+
+        binder::Status authenticate(const android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor& authFd, int32_t appUid,
+                                    int32_t userId);
+        bool isSameStat(const struct stat& st) const;
+
+    private:
+        // Not copyable or movable
+        FsveritySetupAuthToken(const FsveritySetupAuthToken&) = delete;
+        FsveritySetupAuthToken& operator=(const FsveritySetupAuthToken&) = delete;
+
+        struct stat mStatFromAuthFd;
+    };
+
     static status_t start();
     static char const* getServiceName() { return "installd"; }
     virtual status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16> &args) override;
@@ -192,6 +211,13 @@
                                      const std::optional<std::string>& outputPath,
                                      int32_t* _aidl_return);
 
+    binder::Status createFsveritySetupAuthToken(const android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor& authFd,
+                                                int32_t appUid, int32_t userId,
+                                                android::sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken>* _aidl_return);
+    binder::Status enableFsverity(const android::sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken>& authToken,
+                                  const std::string& filePath, const std::string& packageName,
+                                  int32_t* _aidl_return);
+
 private:
     std::recursive_mutex mLock;
     std::unordered_map<userid_t, std::weak_ptr<std::shared_mutex>> mUserIdLock;
diff --git a/cmds/installd/binder/android/os/IInstalld.aidl b/cmds/installd/binder/android/os/IInstalld.aidl
index 9ad853b..8893e38 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/binder/android/os/IInstalld.aidl
+++ b/cmds/installd/binder/android/os/IInstalld.aidl
@@ -134,6 +134,22 @@
     int getOdexVisibility(@utf8InCpp String packageName, @utf8InCpp String apkPath,
             @utf8InCpp String instructionSet, @nullable @utf8InCpp String outputPath);
 
+    interface IFsveritySetupAuthToken {
+        // Using an interface here is an easy way to create and maintain an IBinder object across
+        // the processes. When installd creates this binder object, it stores the file stat
+        // privately for later authentication, and only returns the reference to the caller process.
+        // Once the binder object has no reference count, it gets destructed automatically
+        // (alternatively, installd can maintain an internal mapping, but it is more error prone
+        // because the app may crash and not finish the fs-verity setup, keeping the memory unused
+        // forever).
+        //
+        // We don't necessarily need a method here, so it's left blank intentionally.
+    }
+    IFsveritySetupAuthToken createFsveritySetupAuthToken(in ParcelFileDescriptor authFd, int appUid,
+            int userId);
+    int enableFsverity(in IFsveritySetupAuthToken authToken, @utf8InCpp String filePath,
+            @utf8InCpp String packageName);
+
     const int FLAG_STORAGE_DE = 0x1;
     const int FLAG_STORAGE_CE = 0x2;
     const int FLAG_STORAGE_EXTERNAL = 0x4;
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
index 858a92c..4bc92af 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
@@ -42,9 +42,12 @@
 #include "binder_test_utils.h"
 #include "dexopt.h"
 #include "globals.h"
+#include "unique_file.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor;
 using std::filesystem::is_empty;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -136,6 +139,16 @@
     return fd;
 }
 
+static void create_with_content(const std::string& path, uid_t owner, gid_t group, mode_t mode,
+                                const std::string& content) {
+    int fd = ::open(path.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT, mode);
+    EXPECT_NE(fd, -1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFd(content, fd));
+    EXPECT_EQ(::fchown(fd, owner, group), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(::fchmod(fd, mode), 0);
+    close(fd);
+}
+
 static void touch(const std::string& path, uid_t owner, gid_t group, mode_t mode) {
     EXPECT_EQ(::close(create(path.c_str(), owner, group, mode)), 0);
 }
@@ -527,6 +540,94 @@
                                            externalStorageAppId, ceDataInodes, codePaths,
                                            &externalStorageSize));
 }
+
+class FsverityTest : public ServiceTest {
+protected:
+    binder::Status createFsveritySetupAuthToken(const std::string& path, int open_mode,
+                                                sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken>* _aidl_return) {
+        unique_fd ufd(open(path.c_str(), open_mode));
+        EXPECT_GE(ufd.get(), 0) << "open failed: " << strerror(errno);
+        ParcelFileDescriptor rfd(std::move(ufd));
+        return service->createFsveritySetupAuthToken(std::move(rfd), kTestAppId, kTestUserId,
+                                                     _aidl_return);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(FsverityTest, enableFsverity) {
+    const std::string path = kTestPath + "/foo";
+    create_with_content(path, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0600, "content");
+    UniqueFile raii(/*fd=*/-1, path, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+
+    // Expect to fs-verity setup to succeed
+    sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken> authToken;
+    binder::Status status = createFsveritySetupAuthToken(path, O_RDWR, &authToken);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(authToken != nullptr);
+
+    // Verity auth token works to enable fs-verity
+    int32_t errno_local;
+    status = service->enableFsverity(authToken, path, "fake.package.name", &errno_local);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(errno_local, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FsverityTest, enableFsverity_nullAuthToken) {
+    const std::string path = kTestPath + "/foo";
+    create_with_content(path, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0600, "content");
+    UniqueFile raii(/*fd=*/-1, path, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+
+    // Verity null auth token fails
+    sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken> authToken;
+    int32_t errno_local;
+    binder::Status status =
+            service->enableFsverity(authToken, path, "fake.package.name", &errno_local);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(FsverityTest, enableFsverity_differentFile) {
+    const std::string path = kTestPath + "/foo";
+    create_with_content(path, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0600, "content");
+    UniqueFile raii(/*fd=*/-1, path, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+
+    // Expect to fs-verity setup to succeed
+    sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken> authToken;
+    binder::Status status = createFsveritySetupAuthToken(path, O_RDWR, &authToken);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(authToken != nullptr);
+
+    // Verity auth token does not work for a different file
+    const std::string anotherPath = kTestPath + "/bar";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile("content", anotherPath));
+    UniqueFile raii2(/*fd=*/-1, anotherPath, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+    int32_t errno_local;
+    status = service->enableFsverity(authToken, anotherPath, "fake.package.name", &errno_local);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_NE(errno_local, 0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(FsverityTest, createFsveritySetupAuthToken_ReadonlyFdDoesNotAuthenticate) {
+    const std::string path = kTestPath + "/foo";
+    create_with_content(path, kTestAppUid, kTestAppUid, 0600, "content");
+    UniqueFile raii(/*fd=*/-1, path, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+
+    // Expect the fs-verity setup to fail
+    sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken> authToken;
+    binder::Status status = createFsveritySetupAuthToken(path, O_RDONLY, &authToken);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+}
+
+TEST_F(FsverityTest, createFsveritySetupAuthToken_UnownedFile) {
+    const std::string path = kTestPath + "/foo";
+    // Simulate world-writable file owned by another app
+    create_with_content(path, kTestAppUid + 1, kTestAppUid + 1, 0666, "content");
+    UniqueFile raii(/*fd=*/-1, path, [](const std::string& path) { unlink(path.c_str()); });
+
+    // Expect the fs-verity setup to fail
+    sp<IFsveritySetupAuthToken> authToken;
+    binder::Status status = createFsveritySetupAuthToken(path, O_RDWR, &authToken);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+}
+
 static bool mkdirs(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
     struct stat sb;
     if (stat(path.c_str(), &sb) != -1 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
diff --git a/libs/binder/IActivityManager.cpp b/libs/binder/IActivityManager.cpp
index f2b4a6e..7d6ae00 100644
--- a/libs/binder/IActivityManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/IActivityManager.cpp
@@ -193,8 +193,7 @@
         status_t err = remote()->transact(LOG_FGS_API_BEGIN_TRANSACTION, data, &reply,
                                           IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY);
         if (err != NO_ERROR || ((err = reply.readExceptionCode()) != NO_ERROR)) {
-            ALOGD("FGS Logger Transaction failed");
-            ALOGD("%d", err);
+            ALOGD("%s: FGS Logger Transaction failed, %d", __func__, err);
             return err;
         }
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -209,8 +208,7 @@
         status_t err =
                 remote()->transact(LOG_FGS_API_END_TRANSACTION, data, &reply, IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY);
         if (err != NO_ERROR || ((err = reply.readExceptionCode()) != NO_ERROR)) {
-            ALOGD("FGS Logger Transaction failed");
-            ALOGD("%d", err);
+            ALOGD("%s: FGS Logger Transaction failed, %d", __func__, err);
             return err;
         }
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -224,11 +222,10 @@
         data.writeInt32(state);
         data.writeInt32(appUid);
         data.writeInt32(appPid);
-        status_t err = remote()->transact(LOG_FGS_API_BEGIN_TRANSACTION, data, &reply,
+        status_t err = remote()->transact(LOG_FGS_API_STATE_CHANGED_TRANSACTION, data, &reply,
                                           IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY);
         if (err != NO_ERROR || ((err = reply.readExceptionCode()) != NO_ERROR)) {
-            ALOGD("FGS Logger Transaction failed");
-            ALOGD("%d", err);
+            ALOGD("%s: FGS Logger Transaction failed, %d", __func__, err);
             return err;
         }
         return NO_ERROR;
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
index 672d6cf..57a38dc 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@
     name: "libbinder_rs",
     crate_name: "binder",
     srcs: ["src/lib.rs"],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libutils",
-    ],
     rustlibs: [
         "libbinder_ndk_sys",
         "libdowncast_rs",
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
index ac96823..6eb707b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/Android.bp
@@ -3,19 +3,12 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
-rust_fuzz {
-    name: "parcel_fuzzer_rs",
-    srcs: [
-        "parcel_fuzzer.rs",
-    ],
+rust_defaults {
+    name: "service_fuzzer_defaults_rs",
     rustlibs: [
-        "libarbitrary",
-        "libnum_traits",
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libbinder_random_parcel_rs",
-        "binderReadParcelIface-rust",
     ],
-
     fuzz_config: {
         cc: [
             "waghpawan@google.com",
@@ -26,3 +19,18 @@
         hotlists: ["4637097"],
     },
 }
+
+rust_fuzz {
+    name: "parcel_fuzzer_rs",
+    srcs: [
+        "parcel_fuzzer.rs",
+    ],
+    defaults: [
+        "service_fuzzer_defaults_rs",
+    ],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libarbitrary",
+        "libnum_traits",
+        "binderReadParcelIface-rust",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp
index 2537ce0..84130c1 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/tests/parcel_fuzzer/random_parcel/fuzz_service_test/Android.bp
@@ -19,18 +19,10 @@
     srcs: [
         "service_fuzzer.rs",
     ],
+    defaults: [
+        "service_fuzzer_defaults_rs",
+    ],
     rustlibs: [
-        "libbinder_rs",
-        "libbinder_random_parcel_rs",
         "testServiceInterface-rust",
     ],
-    fuzz_config: {
-        cc: [
-            "waghpawan@google.com",
-            "smoreland@google.com",
-        ],
-        triage_assignee: "waghpawan@google.com",
-        // hotlist "AIDL fuzzers bugs" on buganizer
-        hotlists: ["4637097"],
-    },
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/test_fuzzer/TestServiceFuzzer.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/test_fuzzer/TestServiceFuzzer.cpp
index ba1a6a1..d2fa581 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/test_fuzzer/TestServiceFuzzer.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/parcel_fuzzer/test_fuzzer/TestServiceFuzzer.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
     ON_ROOT_AID,
     ON_DUMP_TRANSACT,
     ON_SHELL_CMD_TRANSACT,
+    CRASH_ALWAYS,
 };
 
 // This service is to verify that fuzzService is functioning properly
@@ -112,8 +113,10 @@
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerInitialize(int* argc, char*** argv) {
     if (*argc < 2) {
-        printf("You must specify at least one argument\n");
-        exit(0); // success because this is a crash test
+        // This fuzzer is also used as test fuzzer to check infra pipeline.
+        // It should always run and find a crash in TestService.
+        gCrashType = CrashType::CRASH_ALWAYS;
+        return 0;
     }
 
     std::string arg = std::string((*argv)[1]);
@@ -146,6 +149,9 @@
 }
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    if (gCrashType == CrashType::CRASH_ALWAYS) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Expected crash, This fuzzer will always crash.");
+    }
     auto service = sp<TestService>::make(gCrashType);
     fuzzService(service, FuzzedDataProvider(data, size));
     return 0;
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp b/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
index 732ca36..4842476 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/GraphicsEnv.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,17 @@
 typedef bool (*fpANGLEFreeRulesHandle)(void* handle);
 typedef bool (*fpANGLEFreeSystemInfoHandle)(void* handle);
 
+namespace {
+static bool isVndkEnabled() {
+#ifdef __BIONIC__
+    // TODO(b/290159430) Use ro.vndk.version to check if VNDK is enabled instead
+    static bool isVndkEnabled = !android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.vndk.deprecate", false);
+    return isVndkEnabled;
+#endif
+    return false;
+}
+} // namespace
+
 namespace android {
 
 enum NativeLibrary {
@@ -71,6 +82,8 @@
         {"/apex/com.android.vndk.v{}/etc/llndk.libraries.{}.txt",
          "/apex/com.android.vndk.v{}/etc/vndksp.libraries.{}.txt"};
 
+static const char* kLlndkLibrariesTxtPath = "/system/etc/llndk.libraries.txt";
+
 static std::string vndkVersionStr() {
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
     return base::GetProperty("ro.vndk.version", "");
@@ -108,8 +121,14 @@
 }
 
 static const std::string getSystemNativeLibraries(NativeLibrary type) {
-    std::string nativeLibrariesSystemConfig = kNativeLibrariesSystemConfigPath[type];
-    insertVndkVersionStr(&nativeLibrariesSystemConfig);
+    std::string nativeLibrariesSystemConfig = "";
+
+    if (!isVndkEnabled() && type == NativeLibrary::LLNDK) {
+        nativeLibrariesSystemConfig = kLlndkLibrariesTxtPath;
+    } else {
+        nativeLibrariesSystemConfig = kNativeLibrariesSystemConfigPath[type];
+        insertVndkVersionStr(&nativeLibrariesSystemConfig);
+    }
 
     std::vector<std::string> soNames;
     if (!readConfig(nativeLibrariesSystemConfig, &soNames)) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
index f50bc20..e6331e7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
 #include <gui/BufferItem.h>
 #include <gui/BufferItemConsumer.h>
 
-#define BI_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define BI_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define BI_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define BI_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define BI_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define BI_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define BI_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define BI_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define BI_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define BI_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
index 5217209..5b34ba1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
@@ -47,23 +47,23 @@
 
 // Macros for include BufferQueueCore information in log messages
 #define BQ_LOGV(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGD(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGI(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGW(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGE(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
@@ -298,8 +298,7 @@
         // decrease.
         mCore->mDequeueCondition.notify_all();
 
-        ATRACE_INT(mCore->mConsumerName.string(),
-                static_cast<int32_t>(mCore->mQueue.size()));
+        ATRACE_INT(mCore->mConsumerName.c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(mCore->mQueue.size()));
 #ifndef NO_BINDER
         mCore->mOccupancyTracker.registerOccupancyChange(mCore->mQueue.size());
 #endif
@@ -718,7 +717,7 @@
 
 status_t BufferQueueConsumer::setConsumerName(const String8& name) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
-    BQ_LOGV("setConsumerName: '%s'", name.string());
+    BQ_LOGV("setConsumerName: '%s'", name.c_str());
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mCore->mMutex);
     mCore->mConsumerName = name;
     mConsumerName = name;
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueCore.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueCore.cpp
index 2930154..648db67 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueCore.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueCore.cpp
@@ -41,20 +41,20 @@
 namespace android {
 
 // Macros for include BufferQueueCore information in log messages
-#define BQ_LOGV(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(), mUniqueId, \
+#define BQ_LOGV(x, ...)                                                                          \
+    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(), mUniqueId, \
           mConnectedApi, mConnectedPid, mUniqueId >> 32, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define BQ_LOGD(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(), mUniqueId, \
+#define BQ_LOGD(x, ...)                                                                          \
+    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(), mUniqueId, \
           mConnectedApi, mConnectedPid, mUniqueId >> 32, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define BQ_LOGI(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(), mUniqueId, \
+#define BQ_LOGI(x, ...)                                                                          \
+    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(), mUniqueId, \
           mConnectedApi, mConnectedPid, mUniqueId >> 32, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define BQ_LOGW(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(), mUniqueId, \
+#define BQ_LOGW(x, ...)                                                                          \
+    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(), mUniqueId, \
           mConnectedApi, mConnectedPid, mUniqueId >> 32, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define BQ_LOGE(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(), mUniqueId, \
+#define BQ_LOGE(x, ...)                                                                          \
+    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(), mUniqueId, \
           mConnectedApi, mConnectedPid, mUniqueId >> 32, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 static String8 getUniqueName() {
@@ -146,23 +146,23 @@
 void BufferQueueCore::dumpState(const String8& prefix, String8* outResult) const {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
 
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s- BufferQueue ", prefix.string());
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s- BufferQueue ", prefix.c_str());
     outResult->appendFormat("mMaxAcquiredBufferCount=%d mMaxDequeuedBufferCount=%d\n",
                             mMaxAcquiredBufferCount, mMaxDequeuedBufferCount);
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mDequeueBufferCannotBlock=%d mAsyncMode=%d\n", prefix.string(),
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mDequeueBufferCannotBlock=%d mAsyncMode=%d\n", prefix.c_str(),
                             mDequeueBufferCannotBlock, mAsyncMode);
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mQueueBufferCanDrop=%d mLegacyBufferDrop=%d\n", prefix.string(),
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mQueueBufferCanDrop=%d mLegacyBufferDrop=%d\n", prefix.c_str(),
                             mQueueBufferCanDrop, mLegacyBufferDrop);
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s  default-size=[%dx%d] default-format=%d ", prefix.string(),
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s  default-size=[%dx%d] default-format=%d ", prefix.c_str(),
                             mDefaultWidth, mDefaultHeight, mDefaultBufferFormat);
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s  transform-hint=%02x frame-counter=%" PRIu64 "\n", prefix.string(),
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s  transform-hint=%02x frame-counter=%" PRIu64 "\n", prefix.c_str(),
                             mTransformHint, mFrameCounter);
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mTransformHintInUse=%02x mAutoPrerotation=%d\n", prefix.string(),
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s  mTransformHintInUse=%02x mAutoPrerotation=%d\n", prefix.c_str(),
                             mTransformHintInUse, mAutoPrerotation);
 
-    outResult->appendFormat("%sFIFO(%zu):\n", prefix.string(), mQueue.size());
+    outResult->appendFormat("%sFIFO(%zu):\n", prefix.c_str(), mQueue.size());
 
-    outResult->appendFormat("%s(mConsumerName=%s, ", prefix.string(), mConsumerName.string());
+    outResult->appendFormat("%s(mConsumerName=%s, ", prefix.c_str(), mConsumerName.c_str());
 
     outResult->appendFormat("mConnectedApi=%d, mConsumerUsageBits=%" PRIu64 ", ", mConnectedApi,
                             mConsumerUsageBits);
@@ -173,12 +173,11 @@
     getProcessName(mConnectedPid, producerProcName);
     getProcessName(pid, consumerProcName);
     outResult->appendFormat("mId=%" PRIx64 ", producer=[%d:%s], consumer=[%d:%s])\n", mUniqueId,
-                            mConnectedPid, producerProcName.string(), pid,
-                            consumerProcName.string());
+                            mConnectedPid, producerProcName.c_str(), pid, consumerProcName.c_str());
     Fifo::const_iterator current(mQueue.begin());
     while (current != mQueue.end()) {
         double timestamp = current->mTimestamp / 1e9;
-        outResult->appendFormat("%s  %02d:%p ", prefix.string(), current->mSlot,
+        outResult->appendFormat("%s  %02d:%p ", prefix.c_str(), current->mSlot,
                                 current->mGraphicBuffer.get());
         outResult->appendFormat("crop=[%d,%d,%d,%d] ", current->mCrop.left, current->mCrop.top,
                                 current->mCrop.right, current->mCrop.bottom);
@@ -187,12 +186,12 @@
         ++current;
     }
 
-    outResult->appendFormat("%sSlots:\n", prefix.string());
+    outResult->appendFormat("%sSlots:\n", prefix.c_str());
     for (int s : mActiveBuffers) {
         const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(mSlots[s].mGraphicBuffer);
         // A dequeued buffer might be null if it's still being allocated
         if (buffer.get()) {
-            outResult->appendFormat("%s %s[%02d:%p] ", prefix.string(),
+            outResult->appendFormat("%s %s[%02d:%p] ", prefix.c_str(),
                                     (mSlots[s].mBufferState.isAcquired()) ? ">" : " ", s,
                                     buffer.get());
             outResult->appendFormat("state=%-8s %p frame=%" PRIu64, mSlots[s].mBufferState.string(),
@@ -200,14 +199,14 @@
             outResult->appendFormat(" [%4ux%4u:%4u,%3X]\n", buffer->width, buffer->height,
                                     buffer->stride, buffer->format);
         } else {
-            outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] ", prefix.string(), s, buffer.get());
+            outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] ", prefix.c_str(), s, buffer.get());
             outResult->appendFormat("state=%-8s frame=%" PRIu64 "\n",
                                     mSlots[s].mBufferState.string(), mSlots[s].mFrameNumber);
         }
     }
     for (int s : mFreeBuffers) {
         const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(mSlots[s].mGraphicBuffer);
-        outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] ", prefix.string(), s, buffer.get());
+        outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] ", prefix.c_str(), s, buffer.get());
         outResult->appendFormat("state=%-8s %p frame=%" PRIu64, mSlots[s].mBufferState.string(),
                                 buffer->handle, mSlots[s].mFrameNumber);
         outResult->appendFormat(" [%4ux%4u:%4u,%3X]\n", buffer->width, buffer->height,
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@
 
     for (int s : mFreeSlots) {
         const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(mSlots[s].mGraphicBuffer);
-        outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] state=%-8s\n", prefix.string(), s, buffer.get(),
+        outResult->appendFormat("%s  [%02d:%p] state=%-8s\n", prefix.c_str(), s, buffer.get(),
                                 mSlots[s].mBufferState.string());
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
index b872541..10f5899 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
@@ -47,23 +47,23 @@
 
 // Macros for include BufferQueueCore information in log messages
 #define BQ_LOGV(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGV("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGD(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGD("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGI(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGI("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGW(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGW("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define BQ_LOGE(x, ...)                                                                           \
-    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.string(),            \
+    ALOGE("[%s](id:%" PRIx64 ",api:%d,p:%d,c:%" PRIu64 ") " x, mConsumerName.c_str(),             \
           mCore->mUniqueId, mCore->mConnectedApi, mCore->mConnectedPid, (mCore->mUniqueId) >> 32, \
           ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
@@ -573,9 +573,9 @@
 
     if (returnFlags & BUFFER_NEEDS_REALLOCATION) {
         BQ_LOGV("dequeueBuffer: allocating a new buffer for slot %d", *outSlot);
-        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer = new GraphicBuffer(
-                width, height, format, BQ_LAYER_COUNT, usage,
-                {mConsumerName.string(), mConsumerName.size()});
+        sp<GraphicBuffer> graphicBuffer =
+                new GraphicBuffer(width, height, format, BQ_LAYER_COUNT, usage,
+                                  {mConsumerName.c_str(), mConsumerName.size()});
 
         status_t error = graphicBuffer->initCheck();
 
@@ -1046,8 +1046,7 @@
         output->numPendingBuffers = static_cast<uint32_t>(mCore->mQueue.size());
         output->nextFrameNumber = mCore->mFrameCounter + 1;
 
-        ATRACE_INT(mCore->mConsumerName.string(),
-                static_cast<int32_t>(mCore->mQueue.size()));
+        ATRACE_INT(mCore->mConsumerName.c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(mCore->mQueue.size()));
 #ifndef NO_BINDER
         mCore->mOccupancyTracker.registerOccupancyChange(mCore->mQueue.size());
 #endif
@@ -1487,7 +1486,7 @@
 
             allocFormat = format != 0 ? format : mCore->mDefaultBufferFormat;
             allocUsage = usage | mCore->mConsumerUsageBits;
-            allocName.assign(mCore->mConsumerName.string(), mCore->mConsumerName.size());
+            allocName.assign(mCore->mConsumerName.c_str(), mCore->mConsumerName.size());
 
             mCore->mIsAllocating = true;
         } // Autolock scope
@@ -1589,7 +1588,7 @@
 String8 BufferQueueProducer::getConsumerName() const {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mCore->mMutex);
-    BQ_LOGV("getConsumerName: %s", mConsumerName.string());
+    BQ_LOGV("getConsumerName: %s", mConsumerName.c_str());
     return mConsumerName;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp b/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
index 9f91d9d..b625c3f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 // Macros for including the ConsumerBase name in log messages
-#define CB_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define CB_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define CB_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define CB_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define CB_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CB_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define CB_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define CB_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define CB_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CB_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -86,8 +86,10 @@
     // be done by ConsumerBase::onLastStrongRef(), but it's possible for a
     // derived class to override that method and not call
     // ConsumerBase::onLastStrongRef().
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mAbandoned, "[%s] ~ConsumerBase was called, but the "
-        "consumer is not abandoned!", mName.string());
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mAbandoned,
+                        "[%s] ~ConsumerBase was called, but the "
+                        "consumer is not abandoned!",
+                        mName.c_str());
 }
 
 void ConsumerBase::onLastStrongRef(const void* id __attribute__((unused))) {
@@ -451,7 +453,7 @@
     // them to get an accurate timestamp.
     if (currentStatus == incomingStatus) {
         char fenceName[32] = {};
-        snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s:%d", mName.string(), slot);
+        snprintf(fenceName, 32, "%.28s:%d", mName.c_str(), slot);
         sp<Fence> mergedFence = Fence::merge(
                 fenceName, mSlots[slot].mFence, fence);
         if (!mergedFence.get()) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/CpuConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/CpuConsumer.cpp
index a626970..3031fa1 100644
--- a/libs/gui/CpuConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/CpuConsumer.cpp
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@
 #include <gui/BufferItem.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
-#define CC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define CC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define CC_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define CC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define CC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define CC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define CC_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define CC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
index b3647d6..d49489c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@
 namespace android {
 
 // Macros for including the GLConsumer name in log messages
-#define GLC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define GLC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-//#define GLC_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define GLC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define GLC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define GLC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define GLC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+// #define GLC_LOGI(x, ...) ALOGI("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define GLC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define GLC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 static const struct {
     uint32_t width, height;
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 7840120..dd1fad0 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> display = nullptr;
     binder::Status status =
             ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService()->createDisplay(std::string(
-                                                                             displayName.string()),
+                                                                             displayName.c_str()),
                                                                      secure, requestedRefereshRate,
                                                                      &display);
     return status.isOk() ? display : nullptr;
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueCore.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueCore.h
index 8d0828d..22c2be7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueCore.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueCore.h
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <condition_variable>
 
-#define ATRACE_BUFFER_INDEX(index)                                                         \
-    do {                                                                                   \
-        if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {                                                            \
-            char ___traceBuf[1024];                                                        \
-            snprintf(___traceBuf, 1024, "%s: %d", mCore->mConsumerName.string(), (index)); \
-            android::ScopedTrace ___bufTracer(ATRACE_TAG, ___traceBuf);                    \
-        }                                                                                  \
+#define ATRACE_BUFFER_INDEX(index)                                                        \
+    do {                                                                                  \
+        if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {                                                           \
+            char ___traceBuf[1024];                                                       \
+            snprintf(___traceBuf, 1024, "%s: %d", mCore->mConsumerName.c_str(), (index)); \
+            android::ScopedTrace ___bufTracer(ATRACE_TAG, ___traceBuf);                   \
+        }                                                                                 \
     } while (false)
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/WGraphicBufferProducer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/WGraphicBufferProducer.h
index 004d875..32dc88b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/WGraphicBufferProducer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/WGraphicBufferProducer.h
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@
     }
 
     Return<void> getConsumerName(HGraphicBufferProducer::getConsumerName_cb _hidl_cb) override {
-        _hidl_cb(mBase->getConsumerName().string());
+        _hidl_cb(mBase->getConsumerName().c_str());
         return Void();
     }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/GLTest.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/GLTest.cpp
index afeea42..ae79e5b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/GLTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/GLTest.cpp
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
         while ((err = glGetError()) != GL_NO_ERROR) {
             msg += String8::format(", %#x", err);
         }
-        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.string()));
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.c_str()));
     }
     if (r >= 0 && abs(r - int(pixel[0])) > tolerance) {
         msg += String8::format("r(%d isn't %d)", pixel[0], r);
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
         msg += String8::format("a(%d isn't %d)", pixel[3], a);
     }
     if (!msg.isEmpty()) {
-        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.string()));
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.c_str()));
     } else {
         return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
     }
@@ -236,8 +236,8 @@
         msg += String8::format(" R1: [%d %d %d %d] R2: [%d %d %d %d]",
                                r1.left, r1.top, r1.right, r1.bottom,
                                r2.left, r2.top, r2.right, r2.bottom);
-        fprintf(stderr, "assertRectEq: %s\n", msg.string());
-        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.string()));
+        fprintf(stderr, "assertRectEq: %s\n", msg.c_str());
+        return ::testing::AssertionFailure(::testing::Message(msg.c_str()));
     } else {
         return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
     }
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
index f34561f..ccd0e59 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureFBO_test.cpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
     glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("frame %d", i).string());
+        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("frame %d", i).c_str());
 
         ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_dequeue_buffer_and_wait(mANW.get(),
                 &anb));
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
index e2b4f3d..f76c0be 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/SurfaceTextureGL_test.cpp
@@ -147,8 +147,9 @@
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
         const android_native_rect_t& crop(crops[i]);
-        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("rect{ l: %d t: %d r: %d b: %d }",
-                crop.left, crop.top, crop.right, crop.bottom).string());
+        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("rect{ l: %d t: %d r: %d b: %d }", crop.left, crop.top,
+                                     crop.right, crop.bottom)
+                             .c_str());
 
         ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, native_window_set_crop(mANW.get(), &crop));
 
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@
     mFW->waitForFrame();
 
     for (int i = 0; i < numFrames; i++) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("frame %d", i).string());
+        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("frame %d", i).c_str());
 
         // We must wait for each frame to come in because if we ever do an
         // updateTexImage call that doesn't consume a newly available buffer
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
index 30b7a9f..e89998f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Surface_test.cpp
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@
     sp<ANativeWindow> window(surface);
     native_window_api_connect(window.get(), NATIVE_WINDOW_API_CPU);
 
-    EXPECT_STREQ("TestConsumer", surface->getConsumerName().string());
+    EXPECT_STREQ("TestConsumer", surface->getConsumerName().c_str());
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceTest, GetWideColorSupport) {
diff --git a/libs/input/KeyCharacterMap.cpp b/libs/input/KeyCharacterMap.cpp
index 12c9e53..d571917 100644
--- a/libs/input/KeyCharacterMap.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/KeyCharacterMap.cpp
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
 #if DEBUG_PARSER_PERFORMANCE
     nsecs_t elapsedTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC) - startTime;
     ALOGD("Parsed key character map file '%s' %d lines in %0.3fms.",
-          tokenizer->getFilename().string(), tokenizer->getLineNumber(), elapsedTime / 1000000.0);
+          tokenizer->getFilename().c_str(), tokenizer->getLineNumber(), elapsedTime / 1000000.0);
 #endif
     if (status != OK) {
         ALOGE("Loading KeyCharacterMap failed with status %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@
         if (!findKey(ch, &keyCode, &metaState)) {
 #if DEBUG_MAPPING
             ALOGD("getEvents: deviceId=%d, chars=[%s] ~ Failed to find mapping for character %d.",
-                    deviceId, toString(chars, numChars).string(), ch);
+                  deviceId, toString(chars, numChars).c_str(), ch);
 #endif
             return false;
         }
@@ -309,8 +309,8 @@
         addMetaKeys(outEvents, deviceId, metaState, false, now, &currentMetaState);
     }
 #if DEBUG_MAPPING
-    ALOGD("getEvents: deviceId=%d, chars=[%s] ~ Generated %d events.",
-            deviceId, toString(chars, numChars).string(), int32_t(outEvents.size()));
+    ALOGD("getEvents: deviceId=%d, chars=[%s] ~ Generated %d events.", deviceId,
+          toString(chars, numChars).c_str(), int32_t(outEvents.size()));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < outEvents.size(); i++) {
         ALOGD("  Key: keyCode=%d, metaState=0x%08x, %s.",
                 outEvents[i].getKeyCode(), outEvents[i].getMetaState(),
@@ -756,8 +756,8 @@
 status_t KeyCharacterMap::Parser::parse() {
     while (!mTokenizer->isEof()) {
 #if DEBUG_PARSER
-        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
 #endif
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
@@ -779,8 +779,8 @@
                     status_t status = parseKey();
                     if (status) return status;
                 } else {
-                    ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                            keywordToken.string());
+                    ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                          keywordToken.c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 break;
@@ -795,10 +795,9 @@
 
             mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
             if (!mTokenizer->isEol() && mTokenizer->peekChar() != '#') {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line or trailing comment, got '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                        mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
-                return BAD_VALUE;
+            ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line or trailing comment, got '%s'.",
+                  mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
+            return BAD_VALUE;
             }
         }
 
@@ -807,27 +806,27 @@
 
     if (mState != STATE_TOP) {
         ALOGE("%s: Unterminated key description at end of file.",
-                mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+              mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     if (mMap->mType == KeyboardType::UNKNOWN) {
         ALOGE("%s: Keyboard layout missing required keyboard 'type' declaration.",
-                mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+              mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     if (mFormat == Format::BASE) {
         if (mMap->mType == KeyboardType::OVERLAY) {
             ALOGE("%s: Base keyboard layout must specify a keyboard 'type' other than 'OVERLAY'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                  mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
     } else if (mFormat == Format::OVERLAY) {
         if (mMap->mType != KeyboardType::OVERLAY) {
             ALOGE("%s: Overlay keyboard layout missing required keyboard "
-                    "'type OVERLAY' declaration.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                  "'type OVERLAY' declaration.",
+                  mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
     }
@@ -837,8 +836,7 @@
 
 status_t KeyCharacterMap::Parser::parseType() {
     if (mMap->mType != KeyboardType::UNKNOWN) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate keyboard 'type' declaration.",
-                mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate keyboard 'type' declaration.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -860,8 +858,8 @@
     } else if (typeToken == "OVERLAY") {
         type = KeyboardType::OVERLAY;
     } else {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected keyboard type label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                typeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected keyboard type label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              typeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -878,8 +876,8 @@
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         return parseMapKey();
     }
-    ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword after 'map', got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-            keywordToken.string());
+    ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword after 'map', got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+          keywordToken.c_str());
     return BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
@@ -893,26 +891,26 @@
     }
 
     char* end;
-    int32_t code = int32_t(strtol(codeToken.string(), &end, 0));
+    int32_t code = int32_t(strtol(codeToken.c_str(), &end, 0));
     if (*end) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected key %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected key %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     std::map<int32_t, int32_t>& map = mapUsage ? mMap->mKeysByUsageCode : mMap->mKeysByScanCode;
     const auto it = map.find(code);
     if (it != map.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
     String8 keyCodeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.c_str());
     if (!keyCode) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                keyCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              keyCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -926,23 +924,23 @@
 
 status_t KeyCharacterMap::Parser::parseKey() {
     String8 keyCodeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.c_str());
     if (!keyCode) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                keyCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              keyCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (mMap->mKeys.find(*keyCode) != mMap->mKeys.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key code '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                keyCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key code '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                keyCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
     String8 openBraceToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
     if (openBraceToken != "{") {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected '{' after key code label, got '%s'.",
-                mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), openBraceToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected '{' after key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              openBraceToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -971,10 +969,10 @@
             properties.emplace_back(PROPERTY_NUMBER);
         } else {
             int32_t metaState;
-            status_t status = parseModifier(token.string(), &metaState);
+            status_t status = parseModifier(token.c_str(), &metaState);
             if (status) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Expected a property name or modifier, got '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), token.string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), token.c_str());
                 return status;
             }
             properties.emplace_back(PROPERTY_META, metaState);
@@ -992,8 +990,7 @@
             }
         }
 
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected ',' or ':' after property name.",
-                mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected ',' or ':' after property name.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -1011,18 +1008,17 @@
             char16_t character;
             status_t status = parseCharacterLiteral(&character);
             if (status || !character) {
-                ALOGE("%s: Invalid character literal for key.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Invalid character literal for key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             if (haveCharacter) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine multiple character literals or 'none'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             if (haveReplacement) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine character literal with replace action.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             behavior.character = character;
@@ -1032,28 +1028,27 @@
             if (token == "none") {
                 if (haveCharacter) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine multiple character literals or 'none'.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 if (haveReplacement) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine 'none' with replace action.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 haveCharacter = true;
             } else if (token == "fallback") {
                 mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
                 token = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-                std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(token.string());
+                std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(token.c_str());
                 if (!keyCode) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Invalid key code label for fallback behavior, got '%s'.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                            token.string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), token.c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 if (haveFallback || haveReplacement) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine multiple fallback/replacement key codes.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 behavior.fallbackKeyCode = *keyCode;
@@ -1061,29 +1056,27 @@
             } else if (token == "replace") {
                 mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
                 token = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-                std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(token.string());
+                std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(token.c_str());
                 if (!keyCode) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Invalid key code label for replace, got '%s'.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                            token.string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), token.c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 if (haveCharacter) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine character literal with replace action.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 if (haveFallback || haveReplacement) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Cannot combine multiple fallback/replacement key codes.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 behavior.replacementKeyCode = *keyCode;
                 haveReplacement = true;
 
             } else {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected a key behavior after ':'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Expected a key behavior after ':'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
         }
@@ -1096,7 +1089,7 @@
         switch (property.property) {
         case PROPERTY_LABEL:
                 if (key.label) {
-                    ALOGE("%s: Duplicate label for key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                    ALOGE("%s: Duplicate label for key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
                 key.label = behavior.character;
@@ -1106,7 +1099,7 @@
             break;
         case PROPERTY_NUMBER:
             if (key.number) {
-                    ALOGE("%s: Duplicate number for key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                    ALOGE("%s: Duplicate number for key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             key.number = behavior.character;
@@ -1118,7 +1111,7 @@
             for (const Behavior& b : key.behaviors) {
                     if (b.metaState == property.metaState) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Duplicate key behavior for modifier.",
-                            mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                     }
             }
@@ -1185,8 +1178,8 @@
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             if (combinedMeta & metaState) {
-                ALOGE("%s: Duplicate modifier combination '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), token.c_str());
+                ALOGE("%s: Duplicate modifier combination '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                      token.c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
@@ -1259,7 +1252,7 @@
     }
 
 Error:
-    ALOGE("%s: Malformed character literal.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+    ALOGE("%s: Malformed character literal.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
     return BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/KeyLayoutMap.cpp b/libs/input/KeyLayoutMap.cpp
index a194513..ddc9ea4 100644
--- a/libs/input/KeyLayoutMap.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/KeyLayoutMap.cpp
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
 #if DEBUG_PARSER_PERFORMANCE
         nsecs_t elapsedTime = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC) - startTime;
         ALOGD("Parsed key layout map file '%s' %d lines in %0.3fms.",
-              tokenizer->getFilename().string(), tokenizer->getLineNumber(),
+              tokenizer->getFilename().c_str(), tokenizer->getLineNumber(),
               elapsedTime / 1000000.0);
 #endif
         if (!status) {
@@ -306,8 +306,8 @@
 
 status_t KeyLayoutMap::Parser::parse() {
     while (!mTokenizer->isEof()) {
-        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_PARSER, "Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                 mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_PARSER, "Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                 mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
 
@@ -334,16 +334,15 @@
                 status_t status = parseRequiredKernelConfig();
                 if (status) return status;
             } else {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                        keywordToken.string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                      keywordToken.c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
             mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
             if (!mTokenizer->isEol() && mTokenizer->peekChar() != '#') {
                 ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line or trailing comment, got '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                        mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
         }
@@ -362,26 +361,26 @@
         codeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
     }
 
-    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.c_str());
     if (!code) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected key %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected key %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, Key>& map =
             mapUsage ? mMap->mKeysByUsageCode : mMap->mKeysByScanCode;
     if (map.find(*code) != map.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for key %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
     String8 keyCodeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> keyCode = InputEventLookup::getKeyCodeByLabel(keyCodeToken.c_str());
     if (!keyCode) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                keyCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected key code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              keyCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -391,15 +390,15 @@
         if (mTokenizer->isEol() || mTokenizer->peekChar() == '#') break;
 
         String8 flagToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-        std::optional<int> flag = InputEventLookup::getKeyFlagByLabel(flagToken.string());
+        std::optional<int> flag = InputEventLookup::getKeyFlagByLabel(flagToken.c_str());
         if (!flag) {
-            ALOGE("%s: Expected key flag label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                    flagToken.string());
+            ALOGE("%s: Expected key flag label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                  flagToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         if (flags & *flag) {
-            ALOGE("%s: Duplicate key flag '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                    flagToken.string());
+            ALOGE("%s: Duplicate key flag '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                    flagToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         flags |= *flag;
@@ -417,15 +416,15 @@
 
 status_t KeyLayoutMap::Parser::parseAxis() {
     String8 scanCodeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> scanCode = parseInt(scanCodeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> scanCode = parseInt(scanCodeToken.c_str());
     if (!scanCode) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected axis scan code number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                scanCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected axis scan code number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                scanCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (mMap->mAxes.find(*scanCode) != mMap->mAxes.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for axis scan code '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                scanCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for axis scan code '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                scanCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -438,10 +437,10 @@
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         String8 axisToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(axisToken.string());
+        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(axisToken.c_str());
         if (!axis) {
             ALOGE("%s: Expected inverted axis label, got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), axisToken.string());
+                    mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), axisToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         axisInfo.axis = *axis;
@@ -450,38 +449,38 @@
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         String8 splitToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-        std::optional<int> splitValue = parseInt(splitToken.string());
+        std::optional<int> splitValue = parseInt(splitToken.c_str());
         if (!splitValue) {
             ALOGE("%s: Expected split value, got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), splitToken.string());
+                    mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), splitToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         axisInfo.splitValue = *splitValue;
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         String8 lowAxisToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(lowAxisToken.string());
+        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(lowAxisToken.c_str());
         if (!axis) {
             ALOGE("%s: Expected low axis label, got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), lowAxisToken.string());
+                    mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), lowAxisToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         axisInfo.axis = *axis;
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         String8 highAxisToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-        std::optional<int> highAxis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(highAxisToken.string());
+        std::optional<int> highAxis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(highAxisToken.c_str());
         if (!highAxis) {
             ALOGE("%s: Expected high axis label, got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), highAxisToken.string());
+                    mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), highAxisToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         axisInfo.highAxis = *highAxis;
     } else {
-        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(token.string());
+        std::optional<int> axis = InputEventLookup::getAxisByLabel(token.c_str());
         if (!axis) {
             ALOGE("%s: Expected axis label, 'split' or 'invert', got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), token.string());
+                  mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), token.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         axisInfo.axis = *axis;
@@ -496,16 +495,16 @@
         if (keywordToken == "flat") {
             mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
             String8 flatToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-            std::optional<int> flatOverride = parseInt(flatToken.string());
+            std::optional<int> flatOverride = parseInt(flatToken.c_str());
             if (!flatOverride) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Expected flat value, got '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), flatToken.string());
+                        mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), flatToken.c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             axisInfo.flatOverride = *flatOverride;
         } else {
-            ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword 'flat', got '%s'.",
-                    mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), keywordToken.string());
+            ALOGE("%s: Expected keyword 'flat', got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                  keywordToken.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
     }
@@ -527,27 +526,27 @@
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
         codeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
     }
-    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.c_str());
     if (!code) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected led %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected led %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, Led>& map =
             mapUsage ? mMap->mLedsByUsageCode : mMap->mLedsByScanCode;
     if (map.find(*code) != map.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for led %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for led %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                mapUsage ? "usage" : "scan code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
     String8 ledCodeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> ledCode = InputEventLookup::getLedByLabel(ledCodeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> ledCode = InputEventLookup::getLedByLabel(ledCodeToken.c_str());
     if (!ledCode) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected LED code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                ledCodeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected LED code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                ledCodeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -569,7 +568,7 @@
 }
 
 static std::optional<int32_t> getSensorDataIndex(String8 token) {
-    std::string tokenStr(token.string());
+    std::string tokenStr(token.c_str());
     if (tokenStr == "X") {
         return 0;
     } else if (tokenStr == "Y") {
@@ -594,26 +593,26 @@
 // sensor 0x05 GYROSCOPE Z
 status_t KeyLayoutMap::Parser::parseSensor() {
     String8 codeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.string());
+    std::optional<int> code = parseInt(codeToken.c_str());
     if (!code) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-              "abs code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor %s number, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              "abs code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     std::unordered_map<int32_t, Sensor>& map = mMap->mSensorsByAbsCode;
     if (map.find(*code) != map.end()) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for sensor %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-              "abs code", codeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for sensor %s '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              "abs code", codeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
     String8 sensorTypeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::optional<InputDeviceSensorType> typeOpt = getSensorType(sensorTypeToken.string());
+    std::optional<InputDeviceSensorType> typeOpt = getSensorType(sensorTypeToken.c_str());
     if (!typeOpt) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-              sensorTypeToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor code label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              sensorTypeToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     InputDeviceSensorType sensorType = typeOpt.value();
@@ -621,8 +620,8 @@
     String8 sensorDataIndexToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
     std::optional<int32_t> indexOpt = getSensorDataIndex(sensorDataIndexToken);
     if (!indexOpt) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor data index label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-              sensorDataIndexToken.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Expected sensor data index label, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              sensorDataIndexToken.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     int32_t sensorDataIndex = indexOpt.value();
@@ -643,12 +642,12 @@
 // requires_kernel_config CONFIG_HID_PLAYSTATION
 status_t KeyLayoutMap::Parser::parseRequiredKernelConfig() {
     String8 codeToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
-    std::string configName = codeToken.string();
+    std::string configName = codeToken.c_str();
 
     const auto result = mMap->mRequiredKernelConfigs.emplace(configName);
     if (!result.second) {
         ALOGE("%s: Duplicate entry for required kernel config %s.",
-              mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), configName.c_str());
+              mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), configName.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp b/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
index 548f894..315f5a6 100644
--- a/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@
 status_t PropertyMap::Parser::parse() {
     while (!mTokenizer->isEof()) {
 #if DEBUG_PARSER
-        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-              mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
 #endif
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
         if (!mTokenizer->isEol() && mTokenizer->peekChar() != '#') {
             String8 keyToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE_OR_PROPERTY_DELIMITER);
             if (keyToken.isEmpty()) {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected non-empty property key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Expected non-empty property key.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 
             if (mTokenizer->nextChar() != '=') {
                 ALOGE("%s: Expected '=' between property key and value.",
-                      mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
@@ -189,20 +189,20 @@
             String8 valueToken = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE);
             if (valueToken.find("\\", 0) >= 0 || valueToken.find("\"", 0) >= 0) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Found reserved character '\\' or '\"' in property value.",
-                      mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
             mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
             if (!mTokenizer->isEol()) {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                      mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                      mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
             if (mMap->hasProperty(keyToken.string())) {
                 ALOGE("%s: Duplicate property value for key '%s'.",
-                      mTokenizer->getLocation().string(), keyToken.string());
+                      mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(), keyToken.c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
 
diff --git a/libs/input/VirtualKeyMap.cpp b/libs/input/VirtualKeyMap.cpp
index 865366b..de62c87 100644
--- a/libs/input/VirtualKeyMap.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/VirtualKeyMap.cpp
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@
 status_t VirtualKeyMap::Parser::parse() {
     while (!mTokenizer->isEof()) {
 #if DEBUG_PARSER
-        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+        ALOGD("Parsing %s: '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+              mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
 #endif
 
         mTokenizer->skipDelimiters(WHITESPACE);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
                 String8 token = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE_OR_FIELD_DELIMITER);
                 if (token != "0x01") {
                     ALOGE("%s: Unknown virtual key type, expected 0x01.",
-                          mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
                         && parseNextIntField(&defn.height);
                 if (!success) {
                     ALOGE("%s: Expected 5 colon-delimited integers in virtual key definition.",
-                          mTokenizer->getLocation().string());
+                          mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str());
                     return BAD_VALUE;
                 }
 
@@ -116,9 +116,8 @@
             } while (consumeFieldDelimiterAndSkipWhitespace());
 
             if (!mTokenizer->isEol()) {
-                ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line, got '%s'.",
-                        mTokenizer->getLocation().string(),
-                        mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().string());
+                ALOGE("%s: Expected end of line, got '%s'.", mTokenizer->getLocation().c_str(),
+                      mTokenizer->peekRemainderOfLine().c_str());
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
         }
@@ -146,9 +145,9 @@
 
     String8 token = mTokenizer->nextToken(WHITESPACE_OR_FIELD_DELIMITER);
     char* end;
-    *outValue = strtol(token.string(), &end, 0);
+    *outValue = strtol(token.c_str(), &end, 0);
     if (token.isEmpty() || *end != '\0') {
-        ALOGE("Expected an integer, got '%s'.", token.string());
+        ALOGE("Expected an integer, got '%s'.", token.c_str());
         return false;
     }
     return true;
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/EGLConsumer.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/EGLConsumer.cpp
index 0128859..275b7a4 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/EGLConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/EGLConsumer.cpp
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
 namespace android {
 
 // Macros for including the SurfaceTexture name in log messages
-#define EGC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, st.mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define EGC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, st.mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define EGC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, st.mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define EGC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, st.mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define EGC_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, st.mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define EGC_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, st.mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define EGC_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, st.mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define EGC_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, st.mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 static const struct {
     uint32_t width, height;
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/ImageConsumer.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/ImageConsumer.cpp
index cf16739..32b229d 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/ImageConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/ImageConsumer.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.h>
 
 // Macro for including the SurfaceTexture name in log messages
-#define IMG_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, st.mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define IMG_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, st.mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 namespace android {
 
diff --git a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
index d3d4cba..9f610e1 100644
--- a/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativedisplay/surfacetexture/SurfaceTexture.cpp
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 namespace android {
 
 // Macros for including the SurfaceTexture name in log messages
-#define SFT_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define SFT_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define SFT_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define SFT_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define SFT_LOGV(x, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define SFT_LOGD(x, ...) ALOGD("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define SFT_LOGW(x, ...) ALOGW("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define SFT_LOGE(x, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " x, mName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 static const mat4 mtxIdentity;
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/GLExtensions.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/GLExtensions.cpp
index 32da303..1d4d35f 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/GLExtensions.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/GLExtensions.cpp
@@ -68,19 +68,19 @@
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getVendor() const {
-    return mVendor.string();
+    return mVendor.c_str();
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getRenderer() const {
-    return mRenderer.string();
+    return mRenderer.c_str();
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getVersion() const {
-    return mVersion.string();
+    return mVersion.c_str();
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getExtensions() const {
-    return mExtensions.string();
+    return mExtensions.c_str();
 }
 
 void GLExtensions::initWithEGLStrings(char const* eglVersion, char const* eglExtensions) {
@@ -127,11 +127,11 @@
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getEGLVersion() const {
-    return mEGLVersion.string();
+    return mEGLVersion.c_str();
 }
 
 char const* GLExtensions::getEGLExtensions() const {
-    return mEGLExtensions.string();
+    return mEGLExtensions.c_str();
 }
 
 } // namespace skia
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index ababa82..3d0d827 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 #include "SkiaRenderEngine.h"
 
-#include <include/gpu/ganesh/SkSurfaceGanesh.h>
 #include <GrBackendSemaphore.h>
 #include <GrContextOptions.h>
 #include <SkBlendMode.h>
@@ -55,13 +54,14 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gui/FenceMonitor.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
+#include <include/gpu/ganesh/SkSurfaceGanesh.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
 #include <src/core/SkTraceEventCommon.h>
 #include <sync/sync.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
-#include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+#include <ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include <cmath>
@@ -1024,7 +1024,10 @@
             // Most HDR standards require at least 10-bits of color depth for source content, so we
             // can just extract the transfer function rather than dig into precise gralloc layout.
             // Furthermore, we can assume that the only 8-bit target we support is RGBA8888.
-            const bool requiresDownsample = isHdrDataspace(layer.sourceDataspace) &&
+            const bool requiresDownsample =
+                    getHdrRenderType(layer.sourceDataspace,
+                                     std::optional<ui::PixelFormat>(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
+                                             buffer->getPixelFormat()))) != HdrRenderType::SDR &&
                     buffer->getPixelFormat() == PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888;
             if (layerDimmingRatio <= kDimmingThreshold || requiresDownsample) {
                 paint.setDither(true);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/debug/record.sh b/libs/renderengine/skia/debug/record.sh
index e99b7ae..c818c40 100755
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/debug/record.sh
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/debug/record.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
   # first time use requires these changes
   adb root
   adb shell setenforce 0
-  adb shell setprop debug.renderengine.backend "skiaglthreaded"
   adb shell stop
   adb shell start
   exit 1;
diff --git a/libs/ui/Fence.cpp b/libs/ui/Fence.cpp
index cc96f83..4be0a3a 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Fence.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Fence.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 
 sp<Fence> Fence::merge(const String8& name, const sp<Fence>& f1,
         const sp<Fence>& f2) {
-    return merge(name.string(), f1, f2);
+    return merge(name.c_str(), f1, f2);
 }
 
 int Fence::dup() const {
diff --git a/libs/ui/include_types/ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h b/libs/ui/include_types/ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0af878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ui/include_types/ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+enum class HdrRenderType {
+    SDR,         // just render to SDR
+    DISPLAY_HDR, // HDR by extended brightness
+    GENERIC_HDR  // tonemapped HDR
+};
+
+/***
+ * A helper function to classify how we treat the result based on params.
+ *
+ * @param dataspace the dataspace
+ * @param pixelFormat optional, in case there is no source buffer.
+ * @param hdrSdrRatio default is 1.f, render engine side doesn't take care of it.
+ * @return HdrRenderType
+ */
+inline HdrRenderType getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace dataspace,
+                                      std::optional<ui::PixelFormat> pixelFormat,
+                                      float hdrSdrRatio = 1.f) {
+    const auto transfer = dataspace & HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK;
+    const auto range = dataspace & HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_MASK;
+
+    if (transfer == HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084 || transfer == HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG) {
+        return HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR;
+    }
+
+    static const auto BT2020_LINEAR_EXT = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(HAL_DATASPACE_STANDARD_BT2020 |
+                                                                     HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_LINEAR |
+                                                                     HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED);
+
+    if ((dataspace == BT2020_LINEAR_EXT || dataspace == ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB) &&
+        pixelFormat.has_value() && pixelFormat.value() == ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16) {
+        return HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR;
+    }
+
+    // Extended range layer with an hdr/sdr ratio of > 1.01f can "self-promote" to HDR.
+    if (range == HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED && hdrSdrRatio > 1.01f) {
+        return HdrRenderType::DISPLAY_HDR;
+    }
+
+    return HdrRenderType::SDR;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/Android.bp b/libs/ui/tests/Android.bp
index 831b64d..8ce017d 100644
--- a/libs/ui/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/Android.bp
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@
 }
 
 cc_test {
-    name: "DataspaceUtils_test",
+    name: "HdrRenderTypeUtils_test",
     shared_libs: ["libui"],
-    srcs: ["DataspaceUtils_test.cpp"],
+    srcs: ["HdrRenderTypeUtils_test.cpp"],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/DataspaceUtils_test.cpp b/libs/ui/tests/DataspaceUtils_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e09671..0000000
--- a/libs/ui/tests/DataspaceUtils_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#undef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "DataspaceUtilsTest"
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-class DataspaceUtilsTest : public testing::Test {};
-
-TEST_F(DataspaceUtilsTest, isHdrDataspace) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_HLG));
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR));
-    // scRGB defines a very wide gamut but not an expanded luminance range
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB_LINEAR));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_JFIF));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT601_625));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT601_525));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT709));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DCI_P3_LINEAR));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DCI_P3));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3_LINEAR));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::ADOBE_RGB));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_LINEAR));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020));
-}
-
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/ui/tests/HdrRenderTypeUtils_test.cpp b/libs/ui/tests/HdrRenderTypeUtils_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efe819d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ui/tests/HdrRenderTypeUtils_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "HdrRenderTypeUtilsTest"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+class HdrRenderTypeUtilsTest : public testing::Test {};
+
+TEST_F(HdrRenderTypeUtilsTest, getHdrRenderType) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG, std::nullopt),
+              HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ, std::nullopt),
+              HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_PQ, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_HLG, std::nullopt),
+              HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB,
+                               std::optional<ui::PixelFormat>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_FP16)),
+              HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB,
+                               std::optional<ui::PixelFormat>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888), 2.f),
+              HdrRenderType::DISPLAY_HDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB_LINEAR,
+                               std::optional<ui::PixelFormat>(ui::PixelFormat::RGBA_8888), 2.f),
+              HdrRenderType::DISPLAY_HDR);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB_LINEAR, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    // scRGB defines a very wide gamut but not an expanded luminance range
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB_LINEAR, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SCRGB, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_JFIF, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT601_625, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT601_525, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::V0_BT709, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::DCI_P3_LINEAR, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::DCI_P3, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3_LINEAR, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::ADOBE_RGB, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_LINEAR, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::BT2020_ITU, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getHdrRenderType(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_BT2020, std::nullopt), HdrRenderType::SDR);
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/ultrahdr/fuzzer/ultrahdr_enc_fuzzer.cpp b/libs/ultrahdr/fuzzer/ultrahdr_enc_fuzzer.cpp
index bf9b031..2d59e8b 100644
--- a/libs/ultrahdr/fuzzer/ultrahdr_enc_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/libs/ultrahdr/fuzzer/ultrahdr_enc_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -161,10 +161,8 @@
                 fillP010Buffer(bufferUVHdr.get(), width, height / 2, uvStride);
             }
         } else {
-            size_t map_width = static_cast<size_t>(
-                    floor((width + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
-            size_t map_height = static_cast<size_t>(
-                    floor((height + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
+            size_t map_width = width / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
+            size_t map_height = height / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
             // init 400 image
             grayImg.width = map_width;
             grayImg.height = map_height;
@@ -207,7 +205,7 @@
                 fill420Buffer(bufferYSdr.get(), width, height, yStride);
                 size_t yuv420UVSize = uvStride * yuv420Img.height / 2 * 2;
                 bufferUVSdr = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(yuv420UVSize);
-                yuv420Img.chroma_data = bufferYSdr.get();
+                yuv420Img.chroma_data = bufferUVSdr.get();
                 yuv420Img.chroma_stride = uvStride;
                 fill420Buffer(bufferUVSdr.get(), width / 2, height / 2, uvStride);
                 fill420Buffer(bufferUVSdr.get() + uvStride * height / 2, width / 2, height / 2,
diff --git a/libs/ultrahdr/jpegr.cpp b/libs/ultrahdr/jpegr.cpp
index dc439d7..ae81845 100644
--- a/libs/ultrahdr/jpegr.cpp
+++ b/libs/ultrahdr/jpegr.cpp
@@ -801,10 +801,8 @@
 
   size_t image_width = yuv420_image_ptr->width;
   size_t image_height = yuv420_image_ptr->height;
-  size_t map_width = static_cast<size_t>(
-          floor((image_width + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
-  size_t map_height = static_cast<size_t>(
-          floor((image_height + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
+  size_t map_width = image_width / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
+  size_t map_height = image_height / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
 
   dest->data = new uint8_t[map_width * map_height];
   dest->width = map_width;
@@ -984,10 +982,8 @@
   // TODO: remove once map scaling factor is computed based on actual map dims
   size_t image_width = yuv420_image_ptr->width;
   size_t image_height = yuv420_image_ptr->height;
-  size_t map_width = static_cast<size_t>(
-          floor((image_width + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
-  size_t map_height = static_cast<size_t>(
-          floor((image_height + kMapDimensionScaleFactor - 1) / kMapDimensionScaleFactor));
+  size_t map_width = image_width / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
+  size_t map_height = image_height / kMapDimensionScaleFactor;
   if (map_width != gainmap_image_ptr->width || map_height != gainmap_image_ptr->height) {
     ALOGE("gain map dimensions and primary image dimensions are not to scale, computed gain map "
           "resolution is %dx%d, received gain map resolution is %dx%d",
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp b/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
index 4a08c11..48d793a 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/GpuService.cpp
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
 
     ALOGV("shellCommand");
     for (size_t i = 0, n = args.size(); i < n; i++)
-        ALOGV("  arg[%zu]: '%s'", i, String8(args[i]).string());
+        ALOGV("  arg[%zu]: '%s'", i, String8(args[i]).c_str());
 
     if (args.size() >= 1) {
         if (args[0] == String16("vkjson")) return cmdVkjson(out, err);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
index 18f6dbc..d551213 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/Android.bp
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
     srcs: [":libinputflinger_sources"],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.hardware.input.processor-V1-ndk",
+        "com.android.server.inputflinger-ndk",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libbinder_ndk",
@@ -107,6 +108,14 @@
         "libpalmrejection",
         "libui-types",
     ],
+    generated_headers: [
+        "cxx-bridge-header",
+        "inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_bridge_header",
+    ],
+    header_libs: ["inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_cxx_headers"],
+    generated_sources: ["inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_bridge_code"],
+    whole_static_libs: ["libinputflinger_rs"],
+    export_shared_lib_headers: ["com.android.server.inputflinger-ndk"],
     target: {
         android: {
             shared_libs: [
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
index c903564..da79ae3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.cpp
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@
 #include "InputReaderFactory.h"
 #include "UnwantedInteractionBlocker.h"
 
+#include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
+#include <android/binder_interface_utils.h>
 #include <android/sysprop/InputProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
-
+#include <inputflinger_bootstrap.rs.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
-static const bool ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS =
+namespace {
+
+const bool ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS =
         sysprop::InputProperties::enable_input_device_usage_metrics().value_or(true);
 
-using gui::FocusRequest;
-
-static int32_t exceptionCodeFromStatusT(status_t status) {
+int32_t exceptionCodeFromStatusT(status_t status) {
     switch (status) {
         case OK:
             return binder::Status::EX_NONE;
@@ -57,6 +57,58 @@
     }
 }
 
+// Convert a binder interface into a raw pointer to an AIBinder.
+using IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::
+        IInputFlingerRust::IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback;
+IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallbackAIBinder* binderToPointer(
+        IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback& interface) {
+    ndk::SpAIBinder spAIBinder = interface.asBinder();
+    auto* ptr = spAIBinder.get();
+    AIBinder_incStrong(ptr);
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+// Create the Rust component of InputFlinger that uses AIDL interfaces as a the foreign function
+// interface (FFI). The bootstraping process for IInputFlingerRust is as follows:
+//   - Create BnInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback in C++.
+//   - Use the cxxbridge ffi interface to call the Rust function `create_inputflinger_rust()`, and
+//     pass the callback binder object as a raw pointer.
+//   - The Rust implementation will create the implementation of IInputFlingerRust, and pass it
+//     to C++ through the callback.
+//   - After the Rust function returns, the binder interface provided to the callback will be the
+//     only strong reference to the IInputFlingerRust.
+std::shared_ptr<IInputFlingerRust> createInputFlingerRust() {
+    using namespace aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger;
+
+    class Callback : public IInputFlingerRust::BnInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback {
+        ndk::ScopedAStatus onProvideInputFlingerRust(
+                const std::shared_ptr<IInputFlingerRust>& inputFlingerRust) override {
+            mService = inputFlingerRust;
+            return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+        }
+
+    public:
+        std::shared_ptr<IInputFlingerRust> consumeInputFlingerRust() {
+            auto service = mService;
+            mService.reset();
+            return service;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::shared_ptr<IInputFlingerRust> mService;
+    };
+
+    auto callback = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<Callback>();
+    create_inputflinger_rust(binderToPointer(*callback));
+    auto service = callback->consumeInputFlingerRust();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!service,
+                        "create_inputflinger_rust did not provide the IInputFlingerRust "
+                        "implementation through the callback.");
+    return service;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
 /**
  * The event flow is via the "InputListener" interface, as follows:
  *   InputReader
@@ -67,6 +119,8 @@
  */
 InputManager::InputManager(const sp<InputReaderPolicyInterface>& readerPolicy,
                            InputDispatcherPolicyInterface& dispatcherPolicy) {
+    mInputFlingerRust = createInputFlingerRust();
+
     mDispatcher = createInputDispatcher(dispatcherPolicy);
 
     if (ENABLE_INPUT_DEVICE_USAGE_METRICS) {
@@ -190,7 +244,7 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-binder::Status InputManager::setFocusedWindow(const FocusRequest& request) {
+binder::Status InputManager::setFocusedWindow(const gui::FocusRequest& request) {
     mDispatcher->setFocusedWindow(request);
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
index 9dc285f..528d2aa 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputManager.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <input/Input.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 
+#include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
 #include <android/os/BnInputFlinger.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
@@ -37,6 +38,8 @@
 
 using android::os::BnInputFlinger;
 
+using aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputFlingerRust;
+
 namespace android {
 class InputChannel;
 class InputDispatcherThread;
@@ -132,6 +135,8 @@
     std::unique_ptr<InputDeviceMetricsCollectorInterface> mCollector;
 
     std::unique_ptr<InputDispatcherInterface> mDispatcher;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<IInputFlingerRust> mInputFlingerRust;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/aidl/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..314c433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "com.android.server.inputflinger",
+    srcs: ["**/*.aidl"],
+    unstable: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    backend: {
+        cpp: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        java: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        rust: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e826fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.inputflinger;
+
+/**
+ * A local AIDL interface used as a foreign function interface (ffi) to
+ * communicate with the Rust component of inputflinger.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Since we use this as a local interface, all processing happens on the
+ * calling thread.
+ */
+interface IInputFlingerRust {
+
+   /**
+    * An interface used to get a strong reference to IInputFlingerRust on boot.
+    */
+    interface IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback {
+        void onProvideInputFlingerRust(in IInputFlingerRust inputFlingerRust);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp b/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
index ec0388d..de99fc7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
@@ -256,14 +256,14 @@
 
 const char* InputDriver::inputGetPropertyKey(input_property_t* property) {
     if (property != nullptr) {
-        return property->key.string();
+        return property->key.c_str();
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 const char* InputDriver::inputGetPropertyValue(input_property_t* property) {
     if (property != nullptr) {
-        return property->value.string();
+        return property->value.c_str();
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDriver::dump(String8& result) {
-    result.appendFormat(INDENT2 "HAL Input Driver (%s)\n", mName.string());
+    result.appendFormat(INDENT2 "HAL Input Driver (%s)\n", mName.c_str());
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.cpp b/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.cpp
index 2da2a70..d974c43 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/host/InputFlinger.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     } else {
         dumpInternal(result);
     }
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
index 08600b2..7f63355 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
       : mContext(this),
         mEventHub(eventHub),
         mPolicy(policy),
-        mQueuedListener(listener),
+        mNextListener(listener),
         mGlobalMetaState(AMETA_NONE),
         mLedMetaState(AMETA_NONE),
         mGeneration(1),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
         mReaderIsAliveCondition.notify_all();
 
         if (!events.empty()) {
-            notifyArgs += processEventsLocked(events.data(), events.size());
+            mPendingArgs += processEventsLocked(events.data(), events.size());
         }
 
         if (mNextTimeout != LLONG_MAX) {
@@ -150,16 +150,18 @@
                     ALOGD("Timeout expired, latency=%0.3fms", (now - mNextTimeout) * 0.000001f);
                 }
                 mNextTimeout = LLONG_MAX;
-                notifyArgs += timeoutExpiredLocked(now);
+                mPendingArgs += timeoutExpiredLocked(now);
             }
         }
 
         if (oldGeneration != mGeneration) {
             inputDevicesChanged = true;
             inputDevices = getInputDevicesLocked();
-            notifyArgs.emplace_back(
+            mPendingArgs.emplace_back(
                     NotifyInputDevicesChangedArgs{mContext.getNextId(), inputDevices});
         }
+
+        std::swap(notifyArgs, mPendingArgs);
     } // release lock
 
     // Send out a message that the describes the changed input devices.
@@ -175,8 +177,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    notifyAll(std::move(notifyArgs));
-
     // Flush queued events out to the listener.
     // This must happen outside of the lock because the listener could potentially call
     // back into the InputReader's methods, such as getScanCodeState, or become blocked
@@ -184,7 +184,9 @@
     // resulting in a deadlock.  This situation is actually quite plausible because the
     // listener is actually the input dispatcher, which calls into the window manager,
     // which occasionally calls into the input reader.
-    mQueuedListener.flush();
+    for (const NotifyArgs& args : notifyArgs) {
+        mNextListener.notify(args);
+    }
 }
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> InputReader::processEventsLocked(const RawEvent* rawEvents, size_t count) {
@@ -236,8 +238,8 @@
     InputDeviceIdentifier identifier = mEventHub->getDeviceIdentifier(eventHubId);
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device = createDeviceLocked(eventHubId, identifier);
 
-    notifyAll(device->configure(when, mConfig, /*changes=*/{}));
-    notifyAll(device->reset(when));
+    mPendingArgs += device->configure(when, mConfig, /*changes=*/{});
+    mPendingArgs += device->reset(when);
 
     if (device->isIgnored()) {
         ALOGI("Device added: id=%d, eventHubId=%d, name='%s', descriptor='%s' "
@@ -310,12 +312,10 @@
         notifyExternalStylusPresenceChangedLocked();
     }
 
-    std::list<NotifyArgs> resetEvents;
     if (device->hasEventHubDevices()) {
-        resetEvents += device->configure(when, mConfig, /*changes=*/{});
+        mPendingArgs += device->configure(when, mConfig, /*changes=*/{});
     }
-    resetEvents += device->reset(when);
-    notifyAll(std::move(resetEvents));
+    mPendingArgs += device->reset(when);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> InputReader::createDeviceLocked(
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
     updateGlobalMetaStateLocked();
 
     // Enqueue configuration changed.
-    mQueuedListener.notifyConfigurationChanged({mContext.getNextId(), when});
+    mPendingArgs.emplace_back(NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs{mContext.getNextId(), when});
 }
 
 void InputReader::refreshConfigurationLocked(ConfigurationChanges changes) {
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
     } else {
         for (auto& devicePair : mDevices) {
             std::shared_ptr<InputDevice>& device = devicePair.second;
-            notifyAll(device->configure(now, mConfig, changes));
+            mPendingArgs += device->configure(now, mConfig, changes);
         }
     }
 
@@ -419,18 +419,13 @@
                   "There was no change in the pointer capture state.");
         } else {
             mCurrentPointerCaptureRequest = mConfig.pointerCaptureRequest;
-            mQueuedListener.notifyPointerCaptureChanged(
-                    {mContext.getNextId(), now, mCurrentPointerCaptureRequest});
+            mPendingArgs.emplace_back(
+                    NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs{mContext.getNextId(), now,
+                                                    mCurrentPointerCaptureRequest});
         }
     }
 }
 
-void InputReader::notifyAll(std::list<NotifyArgs>&& argsList) {
-    for (const NotifyArgs& args : argsList) {
-        mQueuedListener.notify(args);
-    }
-}
-
 void InputReader::updateGlobalMetaStateLocked() {
     mGlobalMetaState = 0;
 
@@ -690,7 +685,7 @@
 
     InputDevice* device = findInputDeviceLocked(deviceId);
     if (device) {
-        notifyAll(device->vibrate(sequence, repeat, token));
+        mPendingArgs += device->vibrate(sequence, repeat, token);
     }
 }
 
@@ -699,7 +694,7 @@
 
     InputDevice* device = findInputDeviceLocked(deviceId);
     if (device) {
-        notifyAll(device->cancelVibrate(token));
+        mPendingArgs += device->cancelVibrate(token);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
index 01ec7c1..e21715e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputReader.h
@@ -174,7 +174,14 @@
     // in parallel to passing it to the InputReader.
     std::shared_ptr<EventHubInterface> mEventHub;
     sp<InputReaderPolicyInterface> mPolicy;
-    QueuedInputListener mQueuedListener;
+
+    // The next stage that should receive the events generated inside InputReader.
+    InputListenerInterface& mNextListener;
+    // As various events are generated inside InputReader, they are stored inside this list. The
+    // list can only be accessed with the lock, so the events inside it are well-ordered.
+    // Once the reader is done working, these events will be swapped into a temporary storage and
+    // sent to the 'mNextListener' without holding the lock.
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> mPendingArgs GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     InputReaderConfiguration mConfig GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
@@ -242,8 +249,6 @@
     ConfigurationChanges mConfigurationChangesToRefresh GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     void refreshConfigurationLocked(ConfigurationChanges changes) REQUIRES(mLock);
 
-    void notifyAll(std::list<NotifyArgs>&& argsList);
-
     PointerCaptureRequest mCurrentPointerCaptureRequest GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     // state queries
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23c1691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.
+genrule {
+    name: "inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_bridge_code",
+    tools: ["cxxbridge"],
+    cmd: "$(location cxxbridge) $(in) >> $(out)",
+    srcs: ["lib.rs"],
+    out: ["inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_cxx_generated.cc"],
+}
+
+// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings
+// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.
+genrule {
+    name: "inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_bridge_header",
+    tools: ["cxxbridge"],
+    cmd: "$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header >> $(out)",
+    srcs: ["lib.rs"],
+    out: ["inputflinger_bootstrap.rs.h"],
+}
+
+rust_ffi_static {
+    name: "libinputflinger_rs",
+    crate_name: "inputflinger",
+    srcs: ["lib.rs"],
+    rustlibs: [
+        "libcxx",
+        "com.android.server.inputflinger-rust",
+        "libbinder_rs",
+        "liblog_rust",
+        "liblogger",
+    ],
+    host_supported: true,
+}
+
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "inputflinger_rs_bootstrap_cxx_headers",
+    host_supported: true,
+    export_include_dirs: ["ffi"],
+}
diff --git a/libs/ui/include_types/ui/DataspaceUtils.h b/services/inputflinger/rust/ffi/InputFlingerBootstrap.h
similarity index 62%
rename from libs/ui/include_types/ui/DataspaceUtils.h
rename to services/inputflinger/rust/ffi/InputFlingerBootstrap.h
index a461cb4..eb79ab5 100644
--- a/libs/ui/include_types/ui/DataspaceUtils.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/ffi/InputFlingerBootstrap.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,14 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
+#include <android/binder_parcel.h>
 
-namespace android {
-
-inline bool isHdrDataspace(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
-    const auto transfer = dataspace & HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_MASK;
-
-    return transfer == HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_ST2084 || transfer == HAL_DATASPACE_TRANSFER_HLG;
-}
-
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+using IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallbackAIBinder = AIBinder;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..501e435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! # The rust component of InputFlinger
+//!
+//! We use cxxbridge to create IInputFlingerRust - the Rust component of inputflinger - and
+//! pass it back to C++ as a local AIDL interface.
+
+use binder::{
+    unstable_api::{AIBinder, new_spibinder,},
+    BinderFeatures, Interface, StatusCode, Strong,
+};
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputFlingerRust::{
+    BnInputFlingerRust, IInputFlingerRust,
+    IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback::IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback,
+};
+use log::debug;
+
+const LOG_TAG: &str = "inputflinger_bootstrap";
+
+#[cxx::bridge]
+#[allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+mod ffi {
+    extern "C++" {
+        include!("InputFlingerBootstrap.h");
+        type IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallbackAIBinder;
+    }
+
+    extern "Rust" {
+        unsafe fn create_inputflinger_rust(
+            callback: *mut IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallbackAIBinder,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create the IInputFlingerRust implementation.
+/// This is the singular entry point from C++ into Rust.
+/// The `callback` parameter must be a valid pointer to an AIBinder implementation of
+/// the `IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback` interface. The IInputFlingerRust implementation that
+/// is created will be passed back through the callback from within this function.
+/// NOTE: This function must not hold a strong reference to the callback beyond its scope.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This function is safe iff `callback` is a valid pointer to an `AIBinder` interface of type
+/// `IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback`. The pointer must have had its reference count manually
+/// incremented using `AIBinder_incStrong`. See `binder::unstable_api::new_spibinder`.
+unsafe fn create_inputflinger_rust(callback: *mut ffi::IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallbackAIBinder) {
+    logger::init(
+        logger::Config::default().with_tag_on_device(LOG_TAG).with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),
+    );
+
+    let callback = callback as *mut AIBinder;
+    if callback.is_null() {
+        panic!("create_inputflinger_rust cannot be called with a null callback");
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: Our caller guaranteed that `callback` is a valid pointer to an `AIBinder` and its
+    // reference count has been incremented..
+    let Some(callback) = (unsafe { new_spibinder(callback) }) else {
+            panic!("Failed to get SpAIBinder from raw callback pointer");
+        };
+
+    let callback: Result<Strong<dyn IInputFlingerRustBootstrapCallback>, StatusCode> =
+        callback.into_interface();
+    match callback {
+        Ok(callback) => {
+            debug!("Creating InputFlingerRust");
+            let service =
+                BnInputFlingerRust::new_binder(InputFlingerRust {}, BinderFeatures::default());
+            callback.onProvideInputFlingerRust(&service).unwrap();
+        }
+        Err(status) => {
+            panic!("Failed to convert AIBinder into the callback interface: {}", status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct InputFlingerRust {}
+
+impl Interface for InputFlingerRust {}
+
+impl IInputFlingerRust for InputFlingerRust {}
+
+impl Drop for InputFlingerRust {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        debug!("Destroying InputFlingerRust");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.cpp
index 78420c0..41c98ef 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.cpp
@@ -158,7 +158,8 @@
     return mConfig;
 }
 
-const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& FakeInputReaderPolicy::getInputDevices() const {
+const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> FakeInputReaderPolicy::getInputDevices() const {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
     return mInputDevices;
 }
 
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@
 
 void FakeInputReaderPolicy::notifyInputDevicesChanged(
         const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& inputDevices) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
     mInputDevices = inputDevices;
     mInputDevicesChanged = true;
     mDevicesChangedCondition.notify_all();
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@
 }
 
 void FakeInputReaderPolicy::notifyStylusGestureStarted(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t eventTime) {
-    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mLock);
     mStylusGestureNotified = deviceId;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.h
index e03d28d..48912a6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeInputReaderPolicy.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
     void removeDisabledDevice(int32_t deviceId);
     void setPointerController(std::shared_ptr<FakePointerController> controller);
     const InputReaderConfiguration& getReaderConfiguration() const;
-    const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo>& getInputDevices() const;
+    const std::vector<InputDeviceInfo> getInputDevices() const;
     TouchAffineTransformation getTouchAffineTransformation(const std::string& inputDeviceDescriptor,
                                                            ui::Rotation surfaceRotation);
     void setTouchAffineTransformation(const TouchAffineTransformation t);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
     void waitForInputDevices(std::function<void(bool)> processDevicesChanged);
     void notifyStylusGestureStarted(int32_t deviceId, nsecs_t eventTime) override;
 
-    std::mutex mLock;
+    mutable std::mutex mLock;
     std::condition_variable mDevicesChangedCondition;
 
     InputReaderConfiguration mConfig;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index 1b19870..72fe2af 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -1829,6 +1829,38 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, args.action);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Some drivers historically have reported axis values outside of the range specified in the
+ * evdev axis info. Ensure we don't crash when this happens. For example, a driver may report a
+ * pressure value greater than the reported maximum, since it unclear what specific meaning the
+ * maximum value for pressure has (beyond the maximum value that can be produced by a sensor),
+ * and no units for pressure (resolution) is specified by the evdev documentation.
+ */
+TEST_P(TouchIntegrationTest, AcceptsAxisValuesOutsideReportedRange) {
+    const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
+
+    // Down with pressure outside the reported range
+    mDevice->sendSlot(FIRST_SLOT);
+    mDevice->sendTrackingId(FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    mDevice->sendDown(centerPoint);
+    mDevice->sendPressure(UinputTouchScreen::RAW_PRESSURE_MAX + 2);
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN)));
+
+    // Move to a point outside the reported range
+    mDevice->sendMove(Point(DISPLAY_WIDTH, DISPLAY_HEIGHT) + Point(1, 1));
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE)));
+
+    // Up
+    mDevice->sendUp();
+    mDevice->sendSync();
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            mTestListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP)));
+}
+
 TEST_P(TouchIntegrationTest, NotifiesPolicyWhenStylusGestureStarted) {
     const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
index 7ceaccf..19f7bb4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.cpp
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@
     ioctl(fd, UI_SET_ABSBIT, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y);
     ioctl(fd, UI_SET_ABSBIT, ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID);
     ioctl(fd, UI_SET_ABSBIT, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE);
+    ioctl(fd, UI_SET_ABSBIT, ABS_MT_PRESSURE);
     ioctl(fd, UI_SET_PROPBIT, INPUT_PROP_DIRECT);
     if (!mPhysicalPort.empty()) {
         ioctl(fd, UI_SET_PHYS, mPhysicalPort.c_str());
@@ -194,6 +195,8 @@
     device->absmax[ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID] = RAW_ID_MAX;
     device->absmin[ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE] = MT_TOOL_FINGER;
     device->absmax[ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE] = MT_TOOL_MAX;
+    device->absmin[ABS_MT_PRESSURE] = RAW_PRESSURE_MIN;
+    device->absmax[ABS_MT_PRESSURE] = RAW_PRESSURE_MAX;
 }
 
 void UinputTouchScreen::sendSlot(int32_t slot) {
@@ -206,6 +209,7 @@
 
 void UinputTouchScreen::sendDown(const Point& point) {
     injectEvent(EV_KEY, BTN_TOUCH, 1);
+    injectEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_PRESSURE, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
     injectEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, point.x);
     injectEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, point.y);
 }
@@ -215,6 +219,10 @@
     injectEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, point.y);
 }
 
+void UinputTouchScreen::sendPressure(int32_t pressure) {
+    injectEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_PRESSURE, pressure);
+}
+
 void UinputTouchScreen::sendPointerUp() {
     sendTrackingId(0xffffffff);
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
index 5b07465..e7010c3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/UinputDevice.h
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@
     void sendTrackingId(int32_t trackingId);
     void sendDown(const Point& point);
     void sendMove(const Point& point);
+    void sendPressure(int32_t pressure);
     void sendPointerUp();
     void sendUp();
     void sendToolType(int32_t toolType);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h
index 9f6141a..d607c75 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/TexturePool.h
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
     TexturePool(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine)
           : mRenderEngine(renderEngine), mEnabled(false) {}
 
-    virtual ~TexturePool();
+    virtual ~TexturePool() = default;
 
     // Sets the display size for the texture pool.
     // This will trigger a reallocation for all remaining textures in the pool.
@@ -83,10 +83,11 @@
     // be held by the pool. This is useful when the active display changes.
     void setEnabled(bool enable);
 
-    void dump(std::string& out) const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void dump(std::string& out) const;
 
 protected:
     // Proteted visibility so that they can be used for testing
+    const static constexpr size_t kMinPoolSize = 3;
     const static constexpr size_t kMaxPoolSize = 4;
 
     struct Entry {
@@ -95,20 +96,16 @@
     };
 
     std::deque<Entry> mPool;
-    std::future<std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>> mGenTextureFuture;
 
 private:
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> genTexture(ui::Size size);
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> genTexture();
     // Returns a previously borrowed texture to the pool.
     void returnTexture(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&& texture,
                        const sp<Fence>& fence);
-    void genTextureAsyncIfNeeded() REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    void resetPool() REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    renderengine::RenderEngine& mRenderEngine GUARDED_BY(mRenderEngineMutex);
-    ui::Size mSize GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    void allocatePool();
+    renderengine::RenderEngine& mRenderEngine;
+    ui::Size mSize;
     bool mEnabled;
-    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
-    mutable std::mutex mRenderEngineMutex;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index b492b6a..4fe6927 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-
 #include <DisplayHardware/Hal.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include "system/graphics-base-v1.0.h"
 
-#include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
+#include <ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h>
 
 // TODO(b/129481165): remove the #pragma below and fix conversion issues
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
@@ -312,15 +311,26 @@
         }
     }
 
+    auto pixelFormat = layerFEState->buffer ? std::make_optional(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(
+                                                      layerFEState->buffer->getPixelFormat()))
+                                            : std::nullopt;
+
+    auto hdrRenderType =
+            getHdrRenderType(outputState.dataspace, pixelFormat, layerFEState->desiredHdrSdrRatio);
+
     // Determine the output dependent dataspace for this layer. If it is
     // colorspace agnostic, it just uses the dataspace chosen for the output to
     // avoid the need for color conversion.
     // For now, also respect the colorspace agnostic flag if we're drawing to HDR, to avoid drastic
     // luminance shift. TODO(b/292162273): we should check if that's true though.
-    state.dataspace = layerFEState->isColorspaceAgnostic && !isHdrDataspace(outputState.dataspace)
+    state.dataspace = layerFEState->isColorspaceAgnostic && hdrRenderType == HdrRenderType::SDR
             ? outputState.dataspace
             : layerFEState->dataspace;
 
+    // re-get HdrRenderType after the dataspace gets changed.
+    hdrRenderType =
+            getHdrRenderType(state.dataspace, pixelFormat, layerFEState->desiredHdrSdrRatio);
+
     // Override the dataspace transfer from 170M to sRGB if the device configuration requests this.
     // We do this here instead of in buffer info so that dumpsys can still report layers that are
     // using the 170M transfer. Also we only do this if the colorspace is not agnostic for the
@@ -335,7 +345,7 @@
     // For hdr content, treat the white point as the display brightness - HDR content should not be
     // boosted or dimmed.
     // If the layer explicitly requests to disable dimming, then don't dim either.
-    if (isHdrDataspace(state.dataspace) ||
+    if (hdrRenderType == HdrRenderType::GENERIC_HDR ||
         getOutput().getState().displayBrightnessNits == getOutput().getState().sdrWhitePointNits ||
         getOutput().getState().displayBrightnessNits == 0.f || !layerFEState->dimmingEnabled) {
         state.dimmingRatio = 1.f;
@@ -344,8 +354,7 @@
         float layerBrightnessNits = getOutput().getState().sdrWhitePointNits;
         // RANGE_EXTENDED can "self-promote" to HDR, but is still rendered for a particular
         // range that we may need to re-adjust to the current display conditions
-        if ((state.dataspace & HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_MASK) == HAL_DATASPACE_RANGE_EXTENDED &&
-            layerFEState->currentHdrSdrRatio > 1.01f) {
+        if (hdrRenderType == HdrRenderType::DISPLAY_HDR) {
             layerBrightnessNits *= layerFEState->currentHdrSdrRatio;
         }
         state.dimmingRatio =
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp
index f439caf..8dab6ce 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/LayerState.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
                          [](const mat4& mat) {
                              using namespace std::string_literals;
                              std::vector<std::string> split =
-                                     base::Split(std::string(mat.asString().string()), "\n"s);
+                                     base::Split(std::string(mat.asString().c_str()), "\n"s);
                              split.pop_back(); // Strip the last (empty) line
                              return split;
                          }}) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
index 54133d9..5e6cade 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Planner.cpp
@@ -216,32 +216,32 @@
                 base::StringAppendF(&result,
                                     "Expected two layer stack hashes, e.g. '--planner %s "
                                     "<left_hash> <right_hash>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
             if (args.size() > 4) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result,
                                     "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <left_hash> "
                                     "<right_hash>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
             const String8 leftHashString(args[2]);
             size_t leftHash = 0;
-            int fieldsRead = sscanf(leftHashString.string(), "%zx", &leftHash);
+            int fieldsRead = sscanf(leftHashString.c_str(), "%zx", &leftHash);
             if (fieldsRead != 1) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
-                                    leftHashString.string());
+                                    leftHashString.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
             const String8 rightHashString(args[3]);
             size_t rightHash = 0;
-            fieldsRead = sscanf(rightHashString.string(), "%zx", &rightHash);
+            fieldsRead = sscanf(rightHashString.c_str(), "%zx", &rightHash);
             if (fieldsRead != 1) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
-                                    rightHashString.string());
+                                    rightHashString.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -252,22 +252,22 @@
             if (args.size() < 3) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result,
                                     "Expected a layer stack hash, e.g. '--planner %s <hash>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
             if (args.size() > 3) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result,
                                     "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <hash>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
             const String8 hashString(args[2]);
             size_t hash = 0;
-            const int fieldsRead = sscanf(hashString.string(), "%zx", &hash);
+            const int fieldsRead = sscanf(hashString.c_str(), "%zx", &hash);
             if (fieldsRead != 1) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a size_t\n",
-                                    hashString.string());
+                                    hashString.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -279,20 +279,20 @@
         } else if (command == "--similar" || command == "-s") {
             if (args.size() < 3) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result, "Expected a plan string, e.g. '--planner %s <plan>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
             if (args.size() > 3) {
                 base::StringAppendF(&result,
                                     "Too many arguments found, expected '--planner %s <plan>'\n",
-                                    command.string());
+                                    command.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
             const String8 planString(args[2]);
-            std::optional<Plan> plan = Plan::fromString(std::string(planString.string()));
+            std::optional<Plan> plan = Plan::fromString(std::string(planString.c_str()));
             if (!plan) {
-                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a Plan\n", planString.string());
+                base::StringAppendF(&result, "Failed to parse %s as a Plan\n", planString.c_str());
                 return;
             }
 
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@
         } else if (command == "--layers" || command == "-l") {
             mFlattener.dumpLayers(result);
         } else {
-            base::StringAppendF(&result, "Unknown command '%s'\n\n", command.string());
+            base::StringAppendF(&result, "Unknown command '%s'\n\n", command.c_str());
             dumpUsage(result);
         }
         return;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp
index 10f58ce..54ecb56 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/TexturePool.cpp
@@ -25,61 +25,31 @@
 
 namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner {
 
-TexturePool::~TexturePool() {
-    if (mGenTextureFuture.valid()) {
-        mGenTextureFuture.get();
-    }
-}
-
-void TexturePool::resetPool() {
-    if (mGenTextureFuture.valid()) {
-        mGenTextureFuture.get();
-    }
+void TexturePool::allocatePool() {
     mPool.clear();
-    genTextureAsyncIfNeeded();
-}
-
-// Generate a new texture asynchronously so it will not require allocation on the main
-// thread.
-void TexturePool::genTextureAsyncIfNeeded() {
-    if (mEnabled && mSize.isValid() && !mGenTextureFuture.valid()) {
-        mGenTextureFuture = std::async(
-                std::launch::async, [&](ui::Size size) { return genTexture(size); }, mSize);
+    if (mEnabled && mSize.isValid()) {
+        mPool.resize(kMinPoolSize);
+        std::generate_n(mPool.begin(), kMinPoolSize, [&]() {
+            return Entry{genTexture(), nullptr};
+        });
     }
 }
 
 void TexturePool::setDisplaySize(ui::Size size) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     if (mSize == size) {
         return;
     }
     mSize = size;
-    resetPool();
+    allocatePool();
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture> TexturePool::borrowTexture() {
     if (mPool.empty()) {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-        std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture> tex;
-        if (mGenTextureFuture.valid()) {
-            tex = std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, mGenTextureFuture.get(), nullptr);
-        } else {
-            tex = std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, genTexture(mSize), nullptr);
-        }
-        // Speculatively generate a new texture, so that the next call does not need
-        // to wait for allocation.
-        genTextureAsyncIfNeeded();
-        return tex;
+        return std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, genTexture(), nullptr);
     }
 
     const auto entry = mPool.front();
     mPool.pop_front();
-    if (mPool.empty()) {
-        std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-        // Similiarly generate a new texture when lending out the last entry, so that
-        // the next call does not need to wait for allocation.
-        genTextureAsyncIfNeeded();
-    }
     return std::make_shared<AutoTexture>(*this, entry.texture, entry.fence);
 }
 
@@ -90,8 +60,6 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-
     // Or the texture on the floor if the pool is no longer tracking textures of the same size.
     if (static_cast<int32_t>(texture->getBuffer()->getWidth()) != mSize.getWidth() ||
         static_cast<int32_t>(texture->getBuffer()->getHeight()) != mSize.getHeight()) {
@@ -112,14 +80,13 @@
     mPool.push_back({std::move(texture), fence});
 }
 
-std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> TexturePool::genTexture(ui::Size size) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mRenderEngineMutex);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!size.isValid(), "Attempted to generate texture with invalid size");
+std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> TexturePool::genTexture() {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mSize.isValid(), "Attempted to generate texture with invalid size");
     return std::make_shared<
             renderengine::impl::
                     ExternalTexture>(sp<GraphicBuffer>::
-                                             make(static_cast<uint32_t>(size.getWidth()),
-                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(size.getHeight()),
+                                             make(static_cast<uint32_t>(mSize.getWidth()),
+                                                  static_cast<uint32_t>(mSize.getHeight()),
                                                   HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1U,
                                                   static_cast<uint64_t>(
                                                           GraphicBuffer::USAGE_HW_RENDER |
@@ -133,16 +100,13 @@
 
 void TexturePool::setEnabled(bool enabled) {
     mEnabled = enabled;
-
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    resetPool();
+    allocatePool();
 }
 
 void TexturePool::dump(std::string& out) const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     base::StringAppendF(&out,
                         "TexturePool (%s) has %zu buffers of size [%" PRId32 ", %" PRId32 "]\n",
                         mEnabled ? "enabled" : "disabled", mPool.size(), mSize.width, mSize.height);
 }
 
-} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
+} // namespace android::compositionengine::impl::planner
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp
index 494a9f4..6fc90fe 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/TexturePoolTest.cpp
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 public:
     TestableTexturePool(renderengine::RenderEngine& renderEngine) : TexturePool(renderEngine) {}
 
+    size_t getMinPoolSize() const { return kMinPoolSize; }
     size_t getMaxPoolSize() const { return kMaxPoolSize; }
     size_t getPoolSize() const { return mPool.size(); }
-    size_t isGenTextureFutureValid() const { return mGenTextureFuture.valid(); }
 };
 
 struct TexturePoolTest : public testing::Test {
@@ -56,8 +56,16 @@
     TestableTexturePool mTexturePool = TestableTexturePool(mRenderEngine);
 };
 
-TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, preallocatesZeroSizePool) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, preallocatesMinPool) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
+}
+
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, doesNotAllocateBeyondMinPool) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize() + 1; i++) {
+        auto texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, cyclesUpToMaxPoolSize) {
@@ -111,10 +119,10 @@
               static_cast<int32_t>(texture->get()->getBuffer()->getHeight()));
     mTexturePool.setDisplaySize(kDisplaySizeTwo);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
     texture.reset();
     // When the texture is returned to the pool, the pool now destroys it.
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getPoolSize());
 
     texture = mTexturePool.borrowTexture();
     EXPECT_EQ(kDisplaySizeTwo.getWidth(),
@@ -124,11 +132,14 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, freesBuffersWhenDisabled) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize());
+
     std::deque<std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture>> textures;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize() - 1; i++) {
         textures.emplace_back(mTexturePool.borrowTexture());
     }
 
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 1u);
     mTexturePool.setEnabled(false);
     EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
 
@@ -137,11 +148,12 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, doesNotHoldBuffersWhenDisabled) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize());
     mTexturePool.setEnabled(false);
     EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
 
     std::deque<std::shared_ptr<TexturePool::AutoTexture>> textures;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize() - 1; i++) {
         textures.emplace_back(mTexturePool.borrowTexture());
     }
 
@@ -150,13 +162,12 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
 }
 
-TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, genFutureWhenReEnabled) {
+TEST_F(TexturePoolTest, reallocatesWhenReEnabled) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize());
     mTexturePool.setEnabled(false);
     EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mTexturePool.isGenTextureFutureValid());
     mTexturePool.setEnabled(true);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), 0u);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mTexturePool.isGenTextureFutureValid());
+    EXPECT_EQ(mTexturePool.getPoolSize(), mTexturePool.getMinPoolSize());
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
index 9eefbe4..2788332 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
@@ -18,14 +18,22 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "HdrLayerInfoReporter"
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "HdrLayerInfoReporter.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
+using base::StringAppendF;
+
 void HdrLayerInfoReporter::dispatchHdrLayerInfo(const HdrLayerInfo& info) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (mHdrInfoHistory.size() == 0 || mHdrInfoHistory.back().info != info) {
+        mHdrInfoHistory.next() = EventHistoryEntry{info};
+    }
+
     std::vector<sp<gui::IHdrLayerInfoListener>> toInvoke;
     {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
@@ -62,4 +70,15 @@
     mListeners.erase(wp<IBinder>(IInterface::asBinder(listener)));
 }
 
+void HdrLayerInfoReporter::dump(std::string& result) const {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mHdrInfoHistory.size(); i++) {
+        const auto& event = mHdrInfoHistory[i];
+        const auto& info = event.info;
+        StringAppendF(&result,
+                      "%" PRId64 ": numHdrLayers(%d), size(%dx%d), flags(%X), desiredRatio(%.2f)\n",
+                      event.timestamp, info.numberOfHdrLayers, info.maxW, info.maxH, info.flags,
+                      info.maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
index bf7c775..614f33f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
@@ -19,9 +19,11 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/gui/IHdrLayerInfoListener.h>
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 #include <unordered_map>
 
+#include "Utils/RingBuffer.h"
 #include "WpHash.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -79,6 +81,8 @@
         return !mListeners.empty();
     }
 
+    void dump(std::string& result) const;
+
 private:
     mutable std::mutex mMutex;
 
@@ -88,6 +92,17 @@
     };
 
     std::unordered_map<wp<IBinder>, TrackedListener, WpHash> mListeners GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+
+    struct EventHistoryEntry {
+        nsecs_t timestamp = -1;
+        HdrLayerInfo info;
+
+        EventHistoryEntry() {}
+
+        EventHistoryEntry(const HdrLayerInfo& info) : info(info) { timestamp = systemTime(); }
+    };
+
+    utils::RingBuffer<EventHistoryEntry, 32> mHdrInfoHistory;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index af4b65b..30dce11 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <system/graphics-base-v1.0.h>
-#include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
 #include <ui/FloatRect.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
+#include <ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index fb985f7..2bb8c3f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@
 } // namespace
 
 auto RefreshRateSelector::createFrameRateModes(
-        std::function<bool(const DisplayMode&)>&& filterModes, const FpsRange& renderRange) const
-        -> std::vector<FrameRateMode> {
+        const Policy& policy, std::function<bool(const DisplayMode&)>&& filterModes,
+        const FpsRange& renderRange) const -> std::vector<FrameRateMode> {
     struct Key {
         Fps fps;
         int32_t group;
@@ -202,11 +202,25 @@
                 ALOGV("%s: including %s (%s)", __func__, to_string(fps).c_str(),
                       to_string(mode->getFps()).c_str());
             } else {
-                // We might need to update the map as we found a lower refresh rate
-                if (isStrictlyLess(mode->getFps(), existingIter->second->second->getFps())) {
+                // If the primary physical range is a single rate, prefer to stay in that rate
+                // even if there is a lower physical refresh rate available. This would cause more
+                // cases to stay within the primary physical range
+                const Fps existingModeFps = existingIter->second->second->getFps();
+                const bool existingModeIsPrimaryRange = policy.primaryRangeIsSingleRate() &&
+                        policy.primaryRanges.physical.includes(existingModeFps);
+                const bool newModeIsPrimaryRange = policy.primaryRangeIsSingleRate() &&
+                        policy.primaryRanges.physical.includes(mode->getFps());
+                if (newModeIsPrimaryRange == existingModeIsPrimaryRange) {
+                    // We might need to update the map as we found a lower refresh rate
+                    if (isStrictlyLess(mode->getFps(), existingModeFps)) {
+                        existingIter->second = it;
+                        ALOGV("%s: changing %s (%s) as we found a lower physical rate", __func__,
+                              to_string(fps).c_str(), to_string(mode->getFps()).c_str());
+                    }
+                } else if (newModeIsPrimaryRange) {
                     existingIter->second = it;
-                    ALOGV("%s: changing %s (%s)", __func__, to_string(fps).c_str(),
-                          to_string(mode->getFps()).c_str());
+                    ALOGV("%s: changing %s (%s) to stay in the primary range", __func__,
+                          to_string(fps).c_str(), to_string(mode->getFps()).c_str());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -500,10 +514,8 @@
     // If the primary range consists of a single refresh rate then we can only
     // move out the of range if layers explicitly request a different refresh
     // rate.
-    const bool primaryRangeIsSingleRate =
-            isApproxEqual(policy->primaryRanges.physical.min, policy->primaryRanges.physical.max);
-
-    if (!signals.touch && signals.idle && !(primaryRangeIsSingleRate && hasExplicitVoteLayers)) {
+    if (!signals.touch && signals.idle &&
+        !(policy->primaryRangeIsSingleRate() && hasExplicitVoteLayers)) {
         ALOGV("Idle");
         const auto ranking = rankFrameRates(activeMode.getGroup(), RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
         ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("%s (Idle)", to_string(ranking.front().frameRateMode.fps).c_str());
@@ -577,8 +589,11 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            const bool inPrimaryRange = policy->primaryRanges.render.includes(fps);
-            if ((primaryRangeIsSingleRate || !inPrimaryRange) &&
+            const bool inPrimaryPhysicalRange =
+                    policy->primaryRanges.physical.includes(modePtr->getFps());
+            const bool inPrimaryRenderRange = policy->primaryRanges.render.includes(fps);
+            if (((policy->primaryRangeIsSingleRate() && !inPrimaryPhysicalRange) ||
+                 !inPrimaryRenderRange) &&
                 !(layer.focused &&
                   (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault ||
                    layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExact))) {
@@ -689,7 +704,7 @@
         return score.overallScore == 0;
     });
 
-    if (primaryRangeIsSingleRate) {
+    if (policy->primaryRangeIsSingleRate()) {
         // If we never scored any layers, then choose the rate from the primary
         // range instead of picking a random score from the app range.
         if (noLayerScore) {
@@ -1236,14 +1251,14 @@
                     (supportsFrameRateOverride() || ranges.render.includes(mode.getFps()));
         };
 
-        auto frameRateModes = createFrameRateModes(filterModes, ranges.render);
+        auto frameRateModes = createFrameRateModes(*policy, filterModes, ranges.render);
         if (frameRateModes.empty()) {
             ALOGW("No matching frame rate modes for %s range. policy: %s", rangeName,
                   policy->toString().c_str());
             // TODO(b/292105422): Ideally DisplayManager should not send render ranges smaller than
             // the min supported. See b/292047939.
             //  For not we just ignore the render ranges.
-            frameRateModes = createFrameRateModes(filterModes, {});
+            frameRateModes = createFrameRateModes(*policy, filterModes, {});
         }
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(frameRateModes.empty(),
                             "No matching frame rate modes for %s range even after ignoring the "
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
index 7af8d03..b25919e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
@@ -101,6 +101,11 @@
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const Policy& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+        bool primaryRangeIsSingleRate() const {
+            return isApproxEqual(primaryRanges.physical.min, primaryRanges.physical.max);
+        }
+
         std::string toString() const;
     };
 
@@ -468,8 +473,8 @@
     }
 
     std::vector<FrameRateMode> createFrameRateModes(
-            std::function<bool(const DisplayMode&)>&& filterModes, const FpsRange&) const
-            REQUIRES(mLock);
+            const Policy&, std::function<bool(const DisplayMode&)>&& filterModes,
+            const FpsRange&) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // The display modes of the active display. The DisplayModeIterators below are pointers into
     // this container, so must be invalidated whenever the DisplayModes change. The Policy below
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 5c000ed..1ef381c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@
 #include <scheduler/FrameTargeter.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <ui/ColorSpace.h>
-#include <ui/DataspaceUtils.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/DisplayMode.h>
@@ -89,6 +88,7 @@
 #include <ui/DisplayState.h>
 #include <ui/DynamicDisplayInfo.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBufferAllocator.h>
+#include <ui/HdrRenderTypeUtils.h>
 #include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/PixelFormat.h>
 #include <ui/StaticDisplayInfo.h>
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@
             auto writeFn = [&]() {
                 const std::string filename =
                         TransactionTracing::DIR_NAME + prefix + TransactionTracing::FILE_NAME;
-                if (overwrite && access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+                if (!overwrite && access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
                     ALOGD("TransactionTraceWriter: file=%s already exists", filename.c_str());
                     return;
                 }
@@ -2754,7 +2754,14 @@
             return false;
         }
     }
-    if (isHdrDataspace(snapshot.dataspace)) {
+    // RANGE_EXTENDED layer may identify themselves as being "HDR"
+    // via a desired hdr/sdr ratio
+    auto pixelFormat = snapshot.buffer
+            ? std::make_optional(static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(snapshot.buffer->getPixelFormat()))
+            : std::nullopt;
+
+    if (getHdrRenderType(snapshot.dataspace, pixelFormat, snapshot.desiredHdrSdrRatio) !=
+        HdrRenderType::SDR) {
         return true;
     }
     // If the layer is not allowed to be dimmed, treat it as HDR. WindowManager may disable
@@ -2764,12 +2771,6 @@
     if (!snapshot.dimmingEnabled) {
         return true;
     }
-    // RANGE_EXTENDED layers may identify themselves as being "HDR" via a desired sdr/hdr ratio
-    if ((snapshot.dataspace & (int32_t)Dataspace::RANGE_MASK) ==
-                (int32_t)Dataspace::RANGE_EXTENDED &&
-        snapshot.desiredHdrSdrRatio > 1.01f) {
-        return true;
-    }
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -5749,6 +5750,7 @@
                 {"--edid"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpRawDisplayIdentificationData)},
                 {"--events"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpEvents)},
                 {"--frametimeline"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpFrameTimeline)},
+                {"--hdrinfo"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpHdrInfo)},
                 {"--hwclayers"s, dumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpHwcLayersMinidumpLockedLegacy)},
                 {"--latency"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::dumpStatsLocked)},
                 {"--latency-clear"s, argsDumper(&SurfaceFlinger::clearStatsLocked)},
@@ -5874,7 +5876,7 @@
 
     const auto name = String8(args[1]);
     mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
-        if (layer->getName() == name.string()) {
+        if (layer->getName() == name.c_str()) {
             layer->dumpFrameStats(result);
         }
     });
@@ -5885,7 +5887,7 @@
     const auto name = clearAll ? String8() : String8(args[1]);
 
     mCurrentState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
-        if (clearAll || layer->getName() == name.string()) {
+        if (clearAll || layer->getName() == name.c_str()) {
             layer->clearFrameStats();
         }
     });
@@ -6057,6 +6059,14 @@
     result.append("\n");
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpHdrInfo(std::string& result) const {
+    for (const auto& [displayId, listener] : mHdrLayerInfoListeners) {
+        StringAppendF(&result, "HDR events for display %" PRIu64 "\n", displayId.value);
+        listener->dump(result);
+        result.append("\n");
+    }
+}
+
 LayersProto SurfaceFlinger::dumpDrawingStateProto(uint32_t traceFlags) const {
     std::unordered_set<uint64_t> stackIdsToSkip;
 
@@ -6221,6 +6231,8 @@
     result.append("\nWide-Color information:\n");
     dumpWideColorInfo(result);
 
+    dumpHdrInfo(result);
+
     colorizer.bold(result);
     result.append("Sync configuration: ");
     colorizer.reset(result);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 81c3f2f..4d17fa7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -1086,6 +1086,7 @@
     void dumpDisplayIdentificationData(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     void dumpRawDisplayIdentificationData(const DumpArgs&, std::string& result) const;
     void dumpWideColorInfo(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void dumpHdrInfo(std::string& result) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     LayersProto dumpDrawingStateProto(uint32_t traceFlags) const;
     void dumpOffscreenLayersProto(LayersProto& layersProto,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
index ecdeabe..b92d50b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "LayerTracing.h"
-#include "RingBuffer.h"
+#include "TransactionRingBuffer.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 LayerTracing::LayerTracing()
-      : mBuffer(std::make_unique<RingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>>()) {}
+      : mBuffer(std::make_unique<TransactionRingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>>()) {
+}
 
 LayerTracing::~LayerTracing() = default;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
index 40b0fbe..7c0d23d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 namespace android {
 
 template <typename FileProto, typename EntryProto>
-class RingBuffer;
+class TransactionRingBuffer;
 
 class SurfaceFlinger;
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     uint32_t mFlags = TRACE_INPUT;
     mutable std::mutex mTraceLock;
     bool mEnabled GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock) = false;
-    std::unique_ptr<RingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>> mBuffer
+    std::unique_ptr<TransactionRingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>> mBuffer
             GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     size_t mBufferSizeInBytes GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock) = 20 * 1024 * 1024;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/RingBuffer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionRingBuffer.h
similarity index 99%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/RingBuffer.h
rename to services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionRingBuffer.h
index b41c65b..e6f85ca 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/RingBuffer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionRingBuffer.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 class SurfaceFlinger;
 
 template <typename FileProto, typename EntryProto>
-class RingBuffer {
+class TransactionRingBuffer {
 public:
     size_t size() const { return mSizeInBytes; }
     size_t used() const { return mUsedInBytes; }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
index a59dc6e..31bca5f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
 #include "LocklessStack.h"
-#include "RingBuffer.h"
 #include "TransactionProtoParser.h"
+#include "TransactionRingBuffer.h"
 
 using namespace android::surfaceflinger;
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     static constexpr auto FILE_PATH = "/data/misc/wmtrace/transactions_trace.winscope";
 
     mutable std::mutex mTraceLock;
-    RingBuffer<proto::TransactionTraceFile, proto::TransactionTraceEntry> mBuffer
+    TransactionRingBuffer<proto::TransactionTraceFile, proto::TransactionTraceEntry> mBuffer
             GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     size_t mBufferSizeInBytes GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock) = CONTINUOUS_TRACING_BUFFER_SIZE;
     std::unordered_map<uint64_t, proto::TransactionState> mQueuedTransactions
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/RingBuffer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/RingBuffer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..198e7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Utils/RingBuffer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <array>
+
+namespace android::utils {
+
+template <class T, size_t SIZE>
+class RingBuffer {
+    RingBuffer(const RingBuffer&) = delete;
+    void operator=(const RingBuffer&) = delete;
+
+public:
+    RingBuffer() = default;
+    ~RingBuffer() = default;
+
+    constexpr size_t capacity() const { return SIZE; }
+
+    size_t size() const { return mCount; }
+
+    T& next() {
+        mHead = static_cast<size_t>(mHead + 1) % SIZE;
+        if (mCount < SIZE) {
+            mCount++;
+        }
+        return mBuffer[static_cast<size_t>(mHead)];
+    }
+
+    T& front() { return (*this)[0]; }
+
+    T& back() { return (*this)[size() - 1]; }
+
+    T& operator[](size_t index) {
+        return mBuffer[(static_cast<size_t>(mHead + 1) + index) % mCount];
+    }
+
+    const T& operator[](size_t index) const {
+        return mBuffer[(static_cast<size_t>(mHead + 1) + index) % mCount];
+    }
+
+    void clear() {
+        mCount = 0;
+        mHead = -1;
+    }
+
+private:
+    std::array<T, SIZE> mBuffer;
+    int mHead = -1;
+    size_t mCount = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::utils
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
index 60ad7a3..2d87ddd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayDevice_InitiateModeChange.cpp
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
               mDisplay->setDesiredActiveMode(
                       {scheduler::FrameRateMode{90_Hz, kMode90}, Event::None}));
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, *mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
     EXPECT_EQ(Event::None, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->event);
 
     // Setting another mode should be cached but return None
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
               mDisplay->setDesiredActiveMode(
                       {scheduler::FrameRateMode{120_Hz, kMode120}, Event::None}));
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 120_Hz, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 120_Hz, *mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
     EXPECT_EQ(Event::None, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->event);
 }
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
               mDisplay->setDesiredActiveMode(
                       {scheduler::FrameRateMode{90_Hz, kMode90}, Event::None}));
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, *mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
     EXPECT_EQ(Event::None, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->event);
 
     hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
               mDisplay->setDesiredActiveMode(
                       {scheduler::FrameRateMode{90_Hz, kMode90}, Event::None}));
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, *mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
     EXPECT_EQ(Event::None, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->event);
 
     hal::VsyncPeriodChangeConstraints constraints{
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
               mDisplay->setDesiredActiveMode(
                       {scheduler::FrameRateMode{120_Hz, kMode120}, Event::None}));
     ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 120_Hz, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 120_Hz, *mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt);
     EXPECT_EQ(Event::None, mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->event);
 
     EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, *mDisplay->getUpcomingActiveMode().modeOpt);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
index aaf55fb..0397b99 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
@@ -3125,5 +3125,69 @@
                       {DisplayModeId(kModeId60), kLowerThanMin, kLowerThanMin}));
 }
 
+// b/296079213
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, frameRateOverrideInBlockingZone60_120) {
+    auto selector = createSelector(kModes_60_120, kModeId120);
+
+    const FpsRange only120 = {120_Hz, 120_Hz};
+    const FpsRange allRange = {0_Hz, 120_Hz};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                      {kModeId120, {only120, allRange}, {allRange, allRange}}));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+
+    if (GetParam() != Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled) {
+        EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 120_Hz,
+                               selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode120, 30_Hz,
+                               selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, frameRateOverrideInBlockingZone60_90) {
+    auto selector = createSelector(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
+
+    const FpsRange only90 = {90_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    const FpsRange allRange = {0_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                      {kModeId90, {only90, allRange}, {allRange, allRange}}));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "30Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 30_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+
+    if (GetParam() != Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled) {
+        EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz,
+                               selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 30_Hz,
+                               selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, frameRateOverrideInBlockingZone60_90_NonDivisor) {
+    auto selector = createSelector(kModes_60_90, kModeId90);
+
+    const FpsRange only90 = {90_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    const FpsRange allRange = {0_Hz, 90_Hz};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                      {kModeId90, {only90, allRange}, {allRange, allRange}}));
+
+    std::vector<LayerRequirement> layers = {{.weight = 1.f}};
+    layers[0].name = "60Hz ExplicitExactOrMultiple";
+    layers[0].desiredRefreshRate = 60_Hz;
+    layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple;
+
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode90, 90_Hz, selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_CreateDisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_CreateDisplayTest.cpp
index 1cc9ba4..dbf0cd8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_CreateDisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_CreateDisplayTest.cpp
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
     const auto& display = getCurrentDisplayState(displayToken);
     EXPECT_TRUE(display.isVirtual());
     EXPECT_FALSE(display.isSecure);
-    EXPECT_EQ(name.string(), display.displayName);
+    EXPECT_EQ(name.c_str(), display.displayName);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Cleanup conditions
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
     const auto& display = getCurrentDisplayState(displayToken);
     EXPECT_TRUE(display.isVirtual());
     EXPECT_TRUE(display.isSecure);
-    EXPECT_EQ(name.string(), display.displayName);
+    EXPECT_EQ(name.c_str(), display.displayName);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Cleanup conditions
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
index 809966f..71a2d2b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
 #include "Tracing/LayerTracing.h"
-#include "Tracing/RingBuffer.h"
 #include "Tracing/TransactionTracing.h"
 
 using namespace android::surfaceflinger;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameRateMode.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameRateMode.h
index ef9cd9b..4cfdd58 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameRateMode.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockFrameRateMode.h
@@ -19,5 +19,7 @@
 #include <scheduler/FrameRateMode.h>
 
 // Use a C style macro to keep the line numbers printed in gtest
-#define EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(modePtr, fps, mode) \
-    EXPECT_EQ((scheduler::FrameRateMode{(fps), (modePtr)}), (mode))
+#define EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(_modePtr, _fps, _mode)                                \
+    EXPECT_EQ((scheduler::FrameRateMode{(_fps), (_modePtr)}), (_mode))               \
+            << "Expected " << (_fps) << " (" << (_modePtr)->getFps() << ") but was " \
+            << (_mode).fps << " (" << (_mode).modePtr->getFps() << ")"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/utils/ScreenshotUtils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/utils/ScreenshotUtils.h
index f297da5..1675584 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/utils/ScreenshotUtils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/utils/ScreenshotUtils.h
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
             String8 err(String8::format("pixel @ (%3d, %3d): "
                                         "expected [%3d, %3d, %3d], got [%3d, %3d, %3d]",
                                         x, y, r, g, b, pixel[0], pixel[1], pixel[2]));
-            EXPECT_EQ(String8(), err) << err.string();
+            EXPECT_EQ(String8(), err) << err.c_str();
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.cpp b/services/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.cpp
index f2870b0..7eda9ef 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,11 @@
     return mExpiration <= std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 }
 
-DelayedCallback::Timestamp DelayedCallback::getExpiration() const {
-    return mExpiration;
+std::chrono::milliseconds DelayedCallback::getWaitForExpirationDuration() const {
+    std::chrono::milliseconds delta = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
+            mExpiration - std::chrono::steady_clock::now());
+    // Return zero if this is already expired.
+    return delta > delta.zero() ? delta : delta.zero();
 }
 
 void DelayedCallback::run() const {
@@ -88,7 +91,9 @@
             mCondition.wait(mMutex);
         } else {
             // Wait until next callback expires, or a new one is scheduled.
-            mCondition.wait_until(mMutex, mQueue.top().getExpiration());
+            // Use the monotonic steady clock to wait for the measured delay interval via wait_for
+            // instead of using a wall clock via wait_until.
+            mCondition.wait_for(mMutex, mQueue.top().getWaitForExpirationDuration());
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.h b/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.h
index 2c194b5..c8ec15d 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.h
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/include/vibratorservice/VibratorCallbackScheduler.h
@@ -30,15 +30,13 @@
 // Wrapper for a callback to be executed after a delay.
 class DelayedCallback {
 public:
-    using Timestamp = std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock>;
-
     DelayedCallback(std::function<void()> callback, std::chrono::milliseconds delay)
           : mCallback(callback), mExpiration(std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + delay) {}
     ~DelayedCallback() = default;
 
     void run() const;
     bool isExpired() const;
-    Timestamp getExpiration() const;
+    std::chrono::milliseconds getWaitForExpirationDuration() const;
 
     // Compare by expiration time, where A < B when A expires first.
     bool operator<(const DelayedCallback& other) const;
@@ -46,7 +44,9 @@
 
 private:
     std::function<void()> mCallback;
-    Timestamp mExpiration;
+    // Use a steady monotonic clock to calculate the duration until expiration.
+    // This clock is not related to wall clock time and is most suitable for measuring intervals.
+    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> mExpiration;
 };
 
 // Schedules callbacks to be executed after a delay.
diff --git a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorCallbackSchedulerTest.cpp b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorCallbackSchedulerTest.cpp
index 106ab9e..426cd42 100644
--- a/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorCallbackSchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/vibratorservice/test/VibratorCallbackSchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -71,15 +71,21 @@
     }
 
     int32_t waitForCallbacks(int32_t callbackCount, milliseconds timeout) {
-        time_point<steady_clock> expiration = steady_clock::now() + timeout + TEST_TIMEOUT;
+        time_point<steady_clock> expirationTime = steady_clock::now() + timeout + TEST_TIMEOUT;
         int32_t expiredCallbackCount = 0;
-        while (steady_clock::now() < expiration) {
+        while (steady_clock::now() < expirationTime) {
             std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
             expiredCallbackCount = mExpiredCallbacks.size();
             if (callbackCount <= expiredCallbackCount) {
                 return expiredCallbackCount;
             }
-            mCondition.wait_until(mMutex, expiration);
+            auto currentTimeout = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
+                    expirationTime - steady_clock::now());
+            if (currentTimeout > currentTimeout.zero()) {
+                // Use the monotonic steady clock to wait for the requested timeout via wait_for
+                // instead of using a wall clock via wait_until.
+                mCondition.wait_for(mMutex, currentTimeout);
+            }
         }
         return expiredCallbackCount;
     }
diff --git a/services/vr/virtual_touchpad/VirtualTouchpadService.cpp b/services/vr/virtual_touchpad/VirtualTouchpadService.cpp
index 523f890..d0a9da1 100644
--- a/services/vr/virtual_touchpad/VirtualTouchpadService.cpp
+++ b/services/vr/virtual_touchpad/VirtualTouchpadService.cpp
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
                         static_cast<long>(client_pid_));
     touchpad_->dumpInternal(result);
   }
-  write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+  write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
   return OK;
 }