diff --git a/include/android/performance_hint.h b/include/android/performance_hint.h
index 5fa47f6..eed6b33 100644
--- a/include/android/performance_hint.h
+++ b/include/android/performance_hint.h
@@ -88,6 +88,36 @@
 typedef struct APerformanceHintSession APerformanceHintSession;
 
 /**
+ * Hints for the session used by {@link APerformanceHint_sendHint} to signal upcoming changes
+ * in the mode or workload.
+ */
+enum SessionHint {
+    /**
+     * This hint indicates a sudden increase in CPU workload intensity. It means
+     * that this hint session needs extra CPU resources immediately to meet the
+     * target duration for the current work cycle.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_UP = 0,
+    /**
+     * This hint indicates a decrease in CPU workload intensity. It means that
+     * this hint session can reduce CPU resources and still meet the target duration.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_DOWN = 1,
+    /*
+     * This hint indicates an upcoming CPU workload that is completely changed and
+     * unknown. It means that the hint session should reset CPU resources to a known
+     * baseline to prepare for an arbitrary load, and must wake up if inactive.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_RESET = 2,
+    /*
+     * This hint indicates that the most recent CPU workload is resuming after a
+     * period of inactivity. It means that the hint session should allocate similar
+     * CPU resources to what was used previously, and must wake up if inactive.
+     */
+    CPU_LOAD_RESUME = 3,
+};
+
+/**
   * Acquire an instance of the performance hint manager.
   *
   * @return manager instance on success, nullptr on failure.
@@ -159,6 +189,17 @@
 void APerformanceHint_closeSession(
         APerformanceHintSession* session) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_T__);
 
+/**
+ * Sends performance hints to inform the hint session of changes in the workload.
+ *
+ * @param session The performance hint session instance to update.
+ * @param hint The hint to send to the session.
+ * @return 0 on success
+ *         EPIPE if communication with the system service has failed.
+ */
+int APerformanceHint_sendHint(
+        APerformanceHintSession* session, int hint) __INTRODUCED_IN(__ANDROID_API_U__);
+
 __END_DECLS
 
 #endif // ANDROID_NATIVE_PERFORMANCE_HINT_H
diff --git a/include/ftl/flags.h b/include/ftl/flags.h
index 70aaa0e..cdb4e84 100644
--- a/include/ftl/flags.h
+++ b/include/ftl/flags.h
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
     /* Tests whether all of the given flags are set */
     bool all(Flags<F> f) const { return (mFlags & f.mFlags) == f.mFlags; }
 
-    Flags<F> operator|(Flags<F> rhs) const { return static_cast<F>(mFlags | rhs.mFlags); }
+    constexpr Flags<F> operator|(Flags<F> rhs) const { return static_cast<F>(mFlags | rhs.mFlags); }
     Flags<F>& operator|=(Flags<F> rhs) {
         mFlags = mFlags | rhs.mFlags;
         return *this;
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename F, typename = std::enable_if_t<is_scoped_enum_v<F>>>
-Flags<F> operator|(F lhs, F rhs) {
+constexpr Flags<F> operator|(F lhs, F rhs) {
     return static_cast<F>(to_underlying(lhs) | to_underlying(rhs));
 }
 
diff --git a/include/ftl/shared_mutex.h b/include/ftl/shared_mutex.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..146f5ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ftl/shared_mutex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <shared_mutex>
+
+namespace android::ftl {
+
+// Wrapper around std::shared_mutex to provide capabilities for thread-safety
+// annotations.
+// TODO(b/257958323): This class is no longer needed once b/135688034 is fixed (currently blocked on
+// b/175635923).
+class [[clang::capability("shared_mutex")]] SharedMutex final {
+ public:
+  [[clang::acquire_capability()]] void lock() {
+    mutex_.lock();
+  }
+  [[clang::release_capability()]] void unlock() {
+    mutex_.unlock();
+  }
+
+  [[clang::acquire_shared_capability()]] void lock_shared() {
+    mutex_.lock_shared();
+  }
+  [[clang::release_shared_capability()]] void unlock_shared() {
+    mutex_.unlock_shared();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::shared_mutex mutex_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace android::ftl
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index fdf4167..f17bb7d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -495,6 +495,7 @@
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
         "libbinder_ndk",
+        "libcutils_sockets",
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
index 83d0de7..399667d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcServer.cpp
@@ -564,6 +564,29 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
+status_t RpcServer::setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd socket_fd) {
+    RpcTransportFd transportFd(std::move(socket_fd));
+    if (!transportFd.fd.ok()) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not get initialized Unix socket: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
+    }
+    // Right now, we create all threads at once, making accept4 slow. To avoid hanging the client,
+    // the backlog is increased to a large number.
+    // TODO(b/189955605): Once we create threads dynamically & lazily, the backlog can be reduced
+    //  to 1.
+    if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(listen(transportFd.fd.get(), 50 /*backlog*/))) {
+        int savedErrno = errno;
+        ALOGE("Could not listen initialized Unix socket: %s", strerror(savedErrno));
+        return -savedErrno;
+    }
+    if (status_t status = setupExternalServer(std::move(transportFd.fd)); status != OK) {
+        ALOGE("Another thread has set up server while calling setupSocketServer. Race?");
+        return status;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
 void RpcServer::onSessionAllIncomingThreadsEnded(const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
     const std::vector<uint8_t>& id = session->mId;
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(id.empty(), "Server sessions must be initialized with ID");
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
index 81ae26a3..4ad0a47 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@
     [[nodiscard]] status_t setupUnixDomainServer(const char* path);
 
     /**
+     * Sets up an RPC server with a raw socket file descriptor.
+     * The socket should be created and bound to a socket address already, e.g.
+     * the socket can be created in init.rc.
+     *
+     * This method is used in the libbinder_rpc_unstable API
+     * RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer().
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] status_t setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd socket_fd);
+
+    /**
      * Creates an RPC server at the current port.
      */
     [[nodiscard]] status_t setupVsockServer(unsigned int port);
diff --git a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
index e4a9f99..dd177af 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
+++ b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
@@ -42,6 +42,20 @@
 
 AIBinder* VsockRpcClient(unsigned int cid, unsigned int port);
 
+// Starts a Unix domain RPC server with a given init-managed Unix domain `name` and
+// a given root IBinder object.
+// The socket should be created in init.rc with the same `name`.
+//
+// This function sets up the server, calls readyCallback with a given param, and
+// then joins before returning.
+bool RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(AIBinder* service, const char* name,
+                                void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param);
+
+// Gets the service via the RPC binder with Unix domain socket with the given
+// Unix socket `name`.
+// The final Unix domain socket path name is /dev/socket/`name`.
+AIBinder* UnixDomainRpcClient(const char* name);
+
 // Connect to an RPC server with preconnected file descriptors.
 //
 // requestFd should connect to the server and return a valid file descriptor, or
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
index 1f38bb9..ae07aee 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
 #include <binder/RpcServer.h>
 #include <binder/RpcSession.h>
+#include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <linux/vm_sockets.h>
 
 using android::OK;
@@ -30,6 +31,17 @@
 
 extern "C" {
 
+void RunRpcServer(android::sp<RpcServer>& server, AIBinder* service,
+                  void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param) {
+    server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
+
+    if (readyCallback) readyCallback(param);
+    server->join();
+
+    // Shutdown any open sessions since server failed.
+    (void)server->shutdown();
+}
+
 bool RunVsockRpcServerWithFactory(AIBinder* (*factory)(unsigned int cid, void* context),
                                   void* factoryContext, unsigned int port) {
     auto server = RpcServer::make();
@@ -60,13 +72,7 @@
                    << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
         return false;
     }
-    server->setRootObject(AIBinder_toPlatformBinder(service));
-
-    if (readyCallback) readyCallback(param);
-    server->join();
-
-    // Shutdown any open sessions since server failed.
-    (void)server->shutdown();
+    RunRpcServer(server, service, readyCallback, param);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -84,6 +90,31 @@
     return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
 }
 
+bool RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(AIBinder* service, const char* name,
+                                void (*readyCallback)(void* param), void* param) {
+    auto server = RpcServer::make();
+    auto fd = unique_fd(android_get_control_socket(name));
+    if (status_t status = server->setupRawSocketServer(std::move(fd)); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up Unix Domain RPC server with name " << name
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
+        return false;
+    }
+    RunRpcServer(server, service, readyCallback, param);
+    return true;
+}
+
+AIBinder* UnixDomainRpcClient(const char* name) {
+    std::string pathname(name);
+    pathname = ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR "/" + pathname;
+    auto session = RpcSession::make();
+    if (status_t status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(pathname.c_str()); status != OK) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set up Unix Domain RPC client with path: " << pathname
+                   << " error: " << statusToString(status).c_str();
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder(session->getRootObject());
+}
+
 AIBinder* RpcPreconnectedClient(int (*requestFd)(void* param), void* param) {
     auto session = RpcSession::make();
     auto request = [=] { return unique_fd{requestFd(param)}; };
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
index 347831a..f9c7bcf 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.map.txt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
     RunVsockRpcServer;
     RunVsockRpcServerCallback;
     VsockRpcClient;
+    RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer;
+    UnixDomainRpcClient;
     RpcPreconnectedClient;
   local:
     *;
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
index 5ebc27f..9771cc9 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
         "libbinder_rs",
         "libdowncast_rs",
         "liblibc",
+        "liblog_rust",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.compos",
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
index 4343ff4..48c787b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/client.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 use binder::{unstable_api::new_spibinder, FromIBinder, SpIBinder, StatusCode, Strong};
+use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::os::{
     raw::{c_int, c_void},
     unix::io::RawFd,
@@ -35,6 +36,27 @@
     interface_cast(get_vsock_rpc_service(cid, port))
 }
 
+/// Connects to an RPC Binder server over Unix domain socket.
+pub fn get_unix_domain_rpc_service(socket_name: &str) -> Option<SpIBinder> {
+    let socket_name = match CString::new(socket_name) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", socket_name, e);
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+    // SAFETY: AIBinder returned by UnixDomainRpcClient has correct reference count,
+    // and the ownership can safely be taken by new_spibinder.
+    unsafe { new_spibinder(binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::UnixDomainRpcClient(socket_name.as_ptr())) }
+}
+
+/// Connects to an RPC Binder server for a particular interface over Unix domain socket.
+pub fn get_unix_domain_rpc_interface<T: FromIBinder + ?Sized>(
+    socket_name: &str,
+) -> Result<Strong<T>, StatusCode> {
+    interface_cast(get_unix_domain_rpc_service(socket_name))
+}
+
 /// Connects to an RPC Binder server, using the given callback to get (and take ownership of)
 /// file descriptors already connected to it.
 pub fn get_preconnected_rpc_service(
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
index fb6b90c..89a49a4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 mod server;
 
 pub use client::{
-    get_preconnected_rpc_interface, get_preconnected_rpc_service, get_vsock_rpc_interface,
-    get_vsock_rpc_service,
+    get_preconnected_rpc_interface, get_preconnected_rpc_service, get_unix_domain_rpc_interface,
+    get_unix_domain_rpc_service, get_vsock_rpc_interface, get_vsock_rpc_service,
 };
-pub use server::{run_vsock_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server_with_factory};
+pub use server::{
+    run_init_unix_domain_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server, run_vsock_rpc_server_with_factory,
+};
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
index 8009297..b350a13 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/server.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     unstable_api::{AIBinder, AsNative},
     SpIBinder,
 };
-use std::{os::raw, ptr::null_mut};
+use std::{ffi::CString, os::raw, ptr::null_mut};
 
 /// Runs a binder RPC server, serving the supplied binder service implementation on the given vsock
 /// port.
@@ -35,7 +35,28 @@
     F: FnOnce(),
 {
     let mut ready_notifier = ReadyNotifier(Some(on_ready));
-    ready_notifier.run_server(service, port)
+    ready_notifier.run_vsock_server(service, port)
+}
+
+/// Runs a binder RPC server, serving the supplied binder service implementation on the given
+/// socket file name. The socket should be initialized in init.rc with the same name.
+///
+/// If and when the server is ready for connections, `on_ready` is called to allow appropriate
+/// action to be taken - e.g. to notify clients that they may now attempt to connect.
+///
+/// The current thread is joined to the binder thread pool to handle incoming messages.
+///
+/// Returns true if the server has shutdown normally, false if it failed in some way.
+pub fn run_init_unix_domain_rpc_server<F>(
+    service: SpIBinder,
+    socket_name: &str,
+    on_ready: F,
+) -> bool
+where
+    F: FnOnce(),
+{
+    let mut ready_notifier = ReadyNotifier(Some(on_ready));
+    ready_notifier.run_init_unix_domain_server(service, socket_name)
 }
 
 struct ReadyNotifier<F>(Option<F>)
@@ -46,7 +67,7 @@
 where
     F: FnOnce(),
 {
-    fn run_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, port: u32) -> bool {
+    fn run_vsock_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, port: u32) -> bool {
         let service = service.as_native_mut();
         let param = self.as_void_ptr();
 
@@ -64,6 +85,31 @@
         }
     }
 
+    fn run_init_unix_domain_server(&mut self, mut service: SpIBinder, socket_name: &str) -> bool {
+        let socket_name = match CString::new(socket_name) {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("Cannot convert {} to CString. Error: {:?}", socket_name, e);
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+        let service = service.as_native_mut();
+        let param = self.as_void_ptr();
+
+        // SAFETY: Service ownership is transferring to the server and won't be valid afterward.
+        // Plus the binder objects are threadsafe.
+        // RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer does not retain a reference to `ready_callback` or `param`;
+        // it only uses them before it returns, which is during the lifetime of `self`.
+        unsafe {
+            binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::RunInitUnixDomainRpcServer(
+                service,
+                socket_name.as_ptr(),
+                Some(Self::ready_callback),
+                param,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     fn as_void_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut raw::c_void {
         self as *mut _ as *mut raw::c_void
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl b/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
index 4cdeac4..aac4b04 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/BinderRpcTestServerConfig.aidl
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@
     int serverVersion;
     int vsockPort;
     int unixBootstrapFd; // Inherited from parent
+    int socketFd;
     @utf8InCpp String addr;
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
index 004dea3..79bd9d4 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
@@ -129,6 +129,15 @@
     return vsockPort++;
 }
 
+static base::unique_fd initUnixSocket(std::string addr) {
+    auto socket_addr = UnixSocketAddress(addr.c_str());
+    base::unique_fd fd(
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(socket_addr.addr()->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM, AF_UNIX)));
+    CHECK(fd.ok());
+    CHECK_EQ(0, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(bind(fd.get(), socket_addr.addr(), socket_addr.addrSize())));
+    return fd;
+}
+
 // Destructors need to be defined, even if pure virtual
 ProcessSession::~ProcessSession() {}
 
@@ -243,13 +252,18 @@
                                                    singleThreaded ? "_single_threaded" : "",
                                                    noKernel ? "_no_kernel" : "");
 
-    base::unique_fd bootstrapClientFd, bootstrapServerFd;
+    base::unique_fd bootstrapClientFd, bootstrapServerFd, socketFd;
     // Do not set O_CLOEXEC, bootstrapServerFd needs to survive fork/exec.
     // This is because we cannot pass ParcelFileDescriptor over a pipe.
     if (!base::Socketpair(SOCK_STREAM, &bootstrapClientFd, &bootstrapServerFd)) {
         int savedErrno = errno;
         LOG(FATAL) << "Failed socketpair(): " << strerror(savedErrno);
     }
+    auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
+    // Initializes the socket before the fork/exec.
+    if (socketType == SocketType::UNIX_RAW) {
+        socketFd = initUnixSocket(addr);
+    }
 
     auto ret = std::make_unique<LinuxProcessSession>(
             Process([=](android::base::borrowed_fd writeEnd, android::base::borrowed_fd readEnd) {
@@ -265,8 +279,9 @@
     serverConfig.rpcSecurity = static_cast<int32_t>(rpcSecurity);
     serverConfig.serverVersion = serverVersion;
     serverConfig.vsockPort = allocateVsockPort();
-    serverConfig.addr = allocateSocketAddress();
+    serverConfig.addr = addr;
     serverConfig.unixBootstrapFd = bootstrapServerFd.get();
+    serverConfig.socketFd = socketFd.get();
     for (auto mode : options.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes) {
         serverConfig.serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes.push_back(
                 static_cast<int32_t>(mode));
@@ -312,6 +327,7 @@
                     return connectTo(UnixSocketAddress(serverConfig.addr.c_str()));
                 });
                 break;
+            case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
             case SocketType::UNIX:
                 status = session->setupUnixDomainClient(serverConfig.addr.c_str());
                 break;
@@ -1042,7 +1058,8 @@
 }
 
 static std::vector<SocketType> testSocketTypes(bool hasPreconnected = true) {
-    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP, SocketType::INET};
+    std::vector<SocketType> ret = {SocketType::UNIX, SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP, SocketType::INET,
+                                   SocketType::UNIX_RAW};
 
     if (hasPreconnected) ret.push_back(SocketType::PRECONNECTED);
 
@@ -1284,6 +1301,17 @@
                     mAcceptConnection = &Server::recvmsgServerConnection;
                     mConnectToServer = [this] { return connectToUnixBootstrap(mBootstrapSocket); };
                 } break;
+                case SocketType::UNIX_RAW: {
+                    auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
+                    auto status = rpcServer->setupRawSocketServer(initUnixSocket(addr));
+                    if (status != OK) {
+                        return AssertionFailure()
+                                << "setupRawSocketServer: " << statusToString(status);
+                    }
+                    mConnectToServer = [addr] {
+                        return connectTo(UnixSocketAddress(addr.c_str()));
+                    };
+                } break;
                 case SocketType::VSOCK: {
                     auto port = allocateVsockPort();
                     auto status = rpcServer->setupVsockServer(port);
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
index dc7d264..654e16c 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
     PRECONNECTED,
     UNIX,
     UNIX_BOOTSTRAP,
+    UNIX_RAW,
     VSOCK,
     INET,
 };
@@ -81,6 +82,8 @@
             return "unix_domain_socket";
         case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
             return "unix_domain_socket_bootstrap";
+        case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
+            return "raw_uds";
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
             return "vm_socket";
         case SocketType::INET:
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
index 721fbfe..5a78782 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@
     bool supportsFdTransport() const {
         return clientVersion() >= 1 && serverVersion() >= 1 && rpcSecurity() != RpcSecurity::TLS &&
                 (socketType() == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || socketType() == SocketType::UNIX ||
-                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP);
+                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP ||
+                 socketType() == SocketType::UNIX_RAW);
     }
 
     void SetUp() override {
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
index a922b21..cc40995 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
         case SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP:
             CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainSocketBootstrapServer(std::move(unixBootstrapFd)));
             break;
+        case SocketType::UNIX_RAW:
+            CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupRawSocketServer(base::unique_fd(serverConfig.socketFd)));
+            break;
         case SocketType::VSOCK:
             CHECK_EQ(OK, server->setupVsockServer(serverConfig.vsockPort));
             break;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
index 1e8d93d..f960442 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 
     SocketType type = std::get<0>(GetParam());
     if (type == SocketType::PRECONNECTED || type == SocketType::UNIX ||
-        type == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP) {
+        type == SocketType::UNIX_BOOTSTRAP || type == SocketType::UNIX_RAW) {
         // we can't get port numbers for unix sockets
         return;
     }
diff --git a/libs/ftl/Android.bp b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
index 81113bc..df0b271 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
         "match_test.cpp",
         "non_null_test.cpp",
         "optional_test.cpp",
+        "shared_mutex_test.cpp",
         "small_map_test.cpp",
         "small_vector_test.cpp",
         "static_vector_test.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/ftl/shared_mutex_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/shared_mutex_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6da7061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ftl/shared_mutex_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <ftl/shared_mutex.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+
+namespace android::test {
+
+TEST(SharedMutex, SharedLock) {
+  ftl::SharedMutex mutex;
+  std::shared_lock shared_lock(mutex);
+
+  { std::shared_lock shared_lock2(mutex); }
+}
+
+TEST(SharedMutex, ExclusiveLock) {
+  ftl::SharedMutex mutex;
+  std::unique_lock unique_lock(mutex);
+}
+
+TEST(SharedMutex, Annotations) {
+  struct {
+    void foo() FTL_ATTRIBUTE(requires_shared_capability(mutex)) { num++; }
+    void bar() FTL_ATTRIBUTE(requires_capability(mutex)) { num++; }
+    void baz() {
+      std::shared_lock shared_lock(mutex);
+      num++;
+    }
+    ftl::SharedMutex mutex;
+    int num = 0;
+
+  } s;
+
+  {
+    // TODO(b/257958323): Use an RAII class instead of locking manually.
+    s.mutex.lock_shared();
+    s.foo();
+    s.baz();
+    s.mutex.unlock_shared();
+  }
+  s.mutex.lock();
+  s.bar();
+  s.mutex.unlock();
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::test
diff --git a/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp b/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
index 52d9540..bd640df 100644
--- a/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/DisplayInfo.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,13 @@
 #include <gui/DisplayInfo.h>
 #include <private/gui/ParcelUtils.h>
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+#define INDENT "  "
+
 namespace android::gui {
 
 // --- DisplayInfo ---
@@ -67,4 +72,17 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
+void DisplayInfo::dump(std::string& out, const char* prefix) const {
+    using android::base::StringAppendF;
+
+    out += prefix;
+    StringAppendF(&out, "DisplayViewport[id=%" PRId32 "]\n", displayId);
+    out += prefix;
+    StringAppendF(&out, INDENT "Width=%" PRId32 ", Height=%" PRId32 "\n", logicalWidth,
+                  logicalHeight);
+    std::string transformPrefix(prefix);
+    transformPrefix.append(INDENT);
+    transform.dump(out, "Transform", transformPrefix.c_str());
+}
+
 } // namespace android::gui
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
index 74f33a2..42b62c7 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/DisplayInfo.h
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
     status_t writeToParcel(android::Parcel*) const override;
 
     status_t readFromParcel(const android::Parcel*) override;
+
+    void dump(std::string& result, const char* prefix = "") const;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::gui
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/DisplaySettings.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/DisplaySettings.h
index 25fe9f2..8d7c13c 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/DisplaySettings.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/DisplaySettings.h
@@ -23,17 +23,24 @@
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <renderengine/PrintMatrix.h>
 #include <renderengine/BorderRenderInfo.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicTypes.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 #include <ui/Region.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 
+#include <optional>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace renderengine {
 
 // DisplaySettings contains the settings that are applicable when drawing all
 // layers for a given display.
 struct DisplaySettings {
+    // A string containing the name of the display, along with its id, if it has
+    // one.
+    std::string namePlusId;
+
     // Rectangle describing the physical display. We will project from the
     // logical clip onto this rectangle.
     Rect physicalDisplay = Rect::INVALID_RECT;
@@ -85,8 +92,8 @@
 };
 
 static inline bool operator==(const DisplaySettings& lhs, const DisplaySettings& rhs) {
-    return lhs.physicalDisplay == rhs.physicalDisplay && lhs.clip == rhs.clip &&
-            lhs.maxLuminance == rhs.maxLuminance &&
+    return lhs.namePlusId == rhs.namePlusId && lhs.physicalDisplay == rhs.physicalDisplay &&
+            lhs.clip == rhs.clip && lhs.maxLuminance == rhs.maxLuminance &&
             lhs.currentLuminanceNits == rhs.currentLuminanceNits &&
             lhs.outputDataspace == rhs.outputDataspace &&
             lhs.colorTransform == rhs.colorTransform &&
@@ -121,6 +128,7 @@
 
 static inline void PrintTo(const DisplaySettings& settings, ::std::ostream* os) {
     *os << "DisplaySettings {";
+    *os << "\n    .display = " << settings.namePlusId;
     *os << "\n    .physicalDisplay = ";
     PrintTo(settings.physicalDisplay, os);
     *os << "\n    .clip = ";
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index b9aa5ac..fca6c0e 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@
         const DisplaySettings& display, const std::vector<LayerSettings>& layers,
         const std::shared_ptr<ExternalTexture>& buffer, const bool /*useFramebufferCache*/,
         base::unique_fd&& bufferFence) {
-    ATRACE_NAME("SkiaGL::drawLayersInternal");
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s for %s", __func__, display.namePlusId.c_str());
 
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
index 99c4936..ab5c5ef 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
         "LatencyAggregator.cpp",
         "LatencyTracker.cpp",
         "Monitor.cpp",
+        "TouchedWindow.cpp",
         "TouchState.cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index 33e7e17..ec9701a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@
 
 volatile int32_t DispatchEntry::sNextSeqAtomic;
 
-DispatchEntry::DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry, int32_t targetFlags,
+DispatchEntry::DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+                             ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
                              const ui::Transform& transform, const ui::Transform& rawTransform,
                              float globalScaleFactor)
       : seq(nextSeq()),
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
index 60f319a..f801912 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.h
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
     const uint32_t seq; // unique sequence number, never 0
 
     std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry; // the event to dispatch
-    int32_t targetFlags;
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags;
     ui::Transform transform;
     ui::Transform rawTransform;
     float globalScaleFactor;
@@ -238,13 +238,15 @@
     int32_t resolvedAction;
     int32_t resolvedFlags;
 
-    DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry, int32_t targetFlags,
-                  const ui::Transform& transform, const ui::Transform& rawTransform,
-                  float globalScaleFactor);
+    DispatchEntry(std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+                  ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, const ui::Transform& transform,
+                  const ui::Transform& rawTransform, float globalScaleFactor);
 
-    inline bool hasForegroundTarget() const { return targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND; }
+    inline bool hasForegroundTarget() const {
+        return targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND);
+    }
 
-    inline bool isSplit() const { return targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT; }
+    inline bool isSplit() const { return targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT); }
 
 private:
     static volatile int32_t sNextSeqAtomic;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index f698217..7b7c42a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #endif
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
+#include <input/PrintTools.h>
 #include <powermanager/PowerManager.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@
 #define INDENT3 "      "
 #define INDENT4 "        "
 
+using namespace android::ftl::flag_operators;
 using android::base::HwTimeoutMultiplier;
 using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
@@ -241,9 +243,9 @@
         }
         dump.append(INDENT4);
         dump += entry.eventEntry->getDescription();
-        dump += StringPrintf(", seq=%" PRIu32
-                             ", targetFlags=0x%08x, resolvedAction=%d, age=%" PRId64 "ms",
-                             entry.seq, entry.targetFlags, entry.resolvedAction,
+        dump += StringPrintf(", seq=%" PRIu32 ", targetFlags=%s, resolvedAction=%d, age=%" PRId64
+                             "ms",
+                             entry.seq, entry.targetFlags.string().c_str(), entry.resolvedAction,
                              ns2ms(currentTime - entry.eventEntry->eventTime));
         if (entry.deliveryTime != 0) {
             // This entry was delivered, so add information on how long we've been waiting
@@ -288,9 +290,9 @@
             first->applicationInfo.token == second->applicationInfo.token;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<DispatchEntry> createDispatchEntry(const InputTarget& inputTarget,
-                                                   std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
-                                                   int32_t inputTargetFlags) {
+std::unique_ptr<DispatchEntry> createDispatchEntry(
+        const InputTarget& inputTarget, std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> inputTargetFlags) {
     if (inputTarget.useDefaultPointerTransform()) {
         const ui::Transform& transform = inputTarget.getDefaultPointerTransform();
         return std::make_unique<DispatchEntry>(eventEntry, inputTargetFlags, transform,
@@ -483,11 +485,11 @@
              entry.pointerProperties[pointerIndex].toolType == AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_ERASER);
 }
 
-// Determines if the given window can be targeted as InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND.
+// Determines if the given window can be targeted as InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND.
 // Foreground events are only sent to "foreground targetable" windows, but not all gestures sent to
 // such window are necessarily targeted with the flag. For example, an event with ACTION_OUTSIDE can
 // be sent to such a window, but it is not a foreground event and doesn't use
-// InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND.
+// InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND.
 bool canReceiveForegroundTouches(const WindowInfo& info) {
     // A non-touchable window can still receive touch events (e.g. in the case of
     // STYLUS_INTERCEPTOR), so prevent such windows from receiving foreground events for touches.
@@ -1100,7 +1102,7 @@
 
         if (addOutsideTargets &&
             info.inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::WATCH_OUTSIDE_TOUCH)) {
-            touchState->addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE,
+            touchState->addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE,
                                           BitSet32(0));
         }
     }
@@ -1371,7 +1373,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     std::string message = std::string("Focus ") + (entry->hasFocus ? "entering " : "leaving ") +
             channel->getName();
@@ -1445,7 +1447,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, {target});
 
@@ -1482,7 +1484,7 @@
         }
         InputTarget target;
         target.inputChannel = channel;
-        target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
         inputTargets.push_back(target);
     }
     return inputTargets;
@@ -1595,7 +1597,7 @@
 
     std::vector<InputTarget> inputTargets;
     addWindowTargetLocked(focusedWindow,
-                          InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                          InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND | InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
                           BitSet32(0), getDownTime(*entry), inputTargets);
 
     // Add monitor channels from event's or focused display.
@@ -1708,7 +1710,8 @@
         if (injectionResult == InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED) {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(focusedWindow == nullptr);
             addWindowTargetLocked(focusedWindow,
-                                  InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                                  InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND |
+                                          InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
                                   BitSet32(0), getDownTime(*entry), inputTargets);
         }
     }
@@ -1760,7 +1763,7 @@
     }
     InputTarget target;
     target.inputChannel = channel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
     entry->dispatchInProgress = true;
     dispatchEventLocked(currentTime, entry, {target});
 }
@@ -2195,20 +2198,20 @@
             }
 
             // Set target flags.
-            int32_t targetFlags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
             if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*windowHandle->getInfo())) {
                 // There should only be one touched window that can be "foreground" for the pointer.
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
             }
 
             if (isSplit) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT;
             }
             if (isWindowObscuredAtPointLocked(windowHandle, x, y)) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
             } else if (isWindowObscuredLocked(windowHandle)) {
-                targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
+                targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
             }
 
             // Update the temporary touch state.
@@ -2232,11 +2235,10 @@
 
         // If the pointer is not currently down, then ignore the event.
         if (!tempTouchState.isDown()) {
-            if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                ALOGD("Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
-                      "dropped the pointer down event in display %" PRId32,
-                      displayId);
-            }
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
+                     "Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
+                     "dropped the pointer down event in display %" PRId32 ": %s",
+                     displayId, entry.getDescription().c_str());
             outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
             goto Failed;
         }
@@ -2276,7 +2278,7 @@
                 }
                 // Make a slippery exit from the old window.
                 tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(oldTouchedWindowHandle,
-                                                 InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT,
+                                                 InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT,
                                                  BitSet32(0));
 
                 // Make a slippery entrance into the new window.
@@ -2284,17 +2286,18 @@
                     isSplit = !isFromMouse;
                 }
 
-                int32_t targetFlags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
+                ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags =
+                        InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
                 if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*newTouchedWindowHandle->getInfo())) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
                 }
                 if (isSplit) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT;
                 }
                 if (isWindowObscuredAtPointLocked(newTouchedWindowHandle, x, y)) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
                 } else if (isWindowObscuredLocked(newTouchedWindowHandle)) {
-                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
+                    targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
                 }
 
                 BitSet32 pointerIds;
@@ -2317,7 +2320,8 @@
                       mLastHoverWindowHandle->getName().c_str());
             }
             tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(mLastHoverWindowHandle,
-                                             InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT, BitSet32(0));
+                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT,
+                                             BitSet32(0));
         }
 
         // Let the new window know that the hover sequence is starting, unless we already did it
@@ -2330,7 +2334,7 @@
                       newHoverWindowHandle->getName().c_str());
             }
             tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(newHoverWindowHandle,
-                                             InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER,
+                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER,
                                              BitSet32(0));
         }
     }
@@ -2343,7 +2347,7 @@
                      [](const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow) {
                          return !canReceiveForegroundTouches(
                                         *touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()) ||
-                                 (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) != 0;
+                                 touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND);
                      })) {
         ALOGI("Dropping event because there is no touched window on display %d to receive it: %s",
               displayId, entry.getDescription().c_str());
@@ -2355,7 +2359,7 @@
     if (entry.injectionState != nullptr) {
         std::string errs;
         for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-            if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+            if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                 // Allow ACTION_OUTSIDE events generated by targeted injection to be
                 // dispatched to any uid, since the coords will be zeroed out later.
                 continue;
@@ -2380,11 +2384,11 @@
         if (foregroundWindowHandle) {
             const int32_t foregroundWindowUid = foregroundWindowHandle->getInfo()->ownerUid;
             for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
-                if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+                if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                     sp<WindowInfoHandle> windowInfoHandle = touchedWindow.windowHandle;
                     if (windowInfoHandle->getInfo()->ownerUid != foregroundWindowUid) {
                         tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowInfoHandle,
-                                                         InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS,
+                                                         InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS,
                                                          BitSet32(0));
                     }
                 }
@@ -2411,13 +2415,12 @@
                 if (info->displayId == displayId &&
                     windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                             WindowInfo::InputConfig::IS_WALLPAPER)) {
-                    tempTouchState
-                            .addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle,
-                                               InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
-                                                       InputTarget::
-                                                               FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED |
-                                                       InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS,
-                                               BitSet32(0), entry.eventTime);
+                    tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle,
+                                                     InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED |
+                                                             InputTarget::Flags::
+                                                                     WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED |
+                                                             InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS,
+                                                     BitSet32(0), entry.eventTime);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2443,10 +2446,8 @@
     if (isHoverAction) {
         // Started hovering, therefore no longer down.
         if (oldState && oldState->isDown()) {
-            if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Hover received while pointer was "
-                      "down.");
-            }
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
+                     "Conflicting pointer actions: Hover received while pointer was down.");
             *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
         }
         tempTouchState.reset();
@@ -2462,9 +2463,7 @@
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
         // First pointer went down.
         if (oldState && oldState->isDown()) {
-            if (DEBUG_FOCUS) {
-                ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down.");
-            }
+            ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down.");
             *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
         }
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
@@ -2612,7 +2611,8 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::addWindowTargetLocked(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                                            int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                                            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags,
+                                            BitSet32 pointerIds,
                                             std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget,
                                             std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets) const {
     std::vector<InputTarget>::iterator it =
@@ -2660,7 +2660,7 @@
     for (const Monitor& monitor : selectResponsiveMonitorsLocked(monitorsIt->second)) {
         InputTarget target;
         target.inputChannel = monitor.inputChannel;
-        target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
         // target.firstDownTimeInTarget is not set for global monitors. It is only required in split
         // touch and global monitoring works as intended even without setting firstDownTimeInTarget
         if (const auto& it = mDisplayInfos.find(displayId); it != mDisplayInfos.end()) {
@@ -2692,7 +2692,7 @@
         // We do want to potentially flag touchable windows even if they have 0
         // opacity, since they can consume touches and alter the effects of the
         // user interaction (eg. apps that rely on
-        // FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED should still be told about those
+        // Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED should still be told about those
         // windows), hence we also check for FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE.
         return false;
     } else if (info->ownerUid == otherInfo->ownerUid) {
@@ -2921,9 +2921,9 @@
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
     if (DEBUG_DISPATCH_CYCLE) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ prepareDispatchCycle - flags=0x%08x, "
+        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ prepareDispatchCycle - flags=%s, "
               "globalScaleFactor=%f, pointerIds=0x%x %s",
-              connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(), inputTarget.flags,
+              connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(), inputTarget.flags.string().c_str(),
               inputTarget.globalScaleFactor, inputTarget.pointerIds.value,
               inputTarget.getPointerInfoString().c_str());
     }
@@ -2940,9 +2940,9 @@
     }
 
     // Split a motion event if needed.
-    if (inputTarget.flags & InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT) {
+    if (inputTarget.flags.test(InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT)) {
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(eventEntry->type != EventEntry::Type::MOTION,
-                            "Entry type %s should not have FLAG_SPLIT",
+                            "Entry type %s should not have Flags::SPLIT",
                             ftl::enum_string(eventEntry->type).c_str());
 
         const MotionEntry& originalMotionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(*eventEntry);
@@ -2991,17 +2991,17 @@
 
     // Enqueue dispatch entries for the requested modes.
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT);
     enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, eventEntry, inputTarget,
-                               InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER);
+                               InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER);
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
     if (wasEmpty && !connection->outboundQueue.empty()) {
@@ -3012,18 +3012,20 @@
 void InputDispatcher::enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(const sp<Connection>& connection,
                                                  std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> eventEntry,
                                                  const InputTarget& inputTarget,
-                                                 int32_t dispatchMode) {
+                                                 ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> dispatchMode) {
     if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
         std::string message = StringPrintf("enqueueDispatchEntry(inputChannel=%s, dispatchMode=%s)",
                                            connection->getInputChannelName().c_str(),
-                                           dispatchModeToString(dispatchMode).c_str());
+                                           dispatchMode.string().c_str());
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
-    int32_t inputTargetFlags = inputTarget.flags;
-    if (!(inputTargetFlags & dispatchMode)) {
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> inputTargetFlags = inputTarget.flags;
+    if (!inputTargetFlags.any(dispatchMode)) {
         return;
     }
-    inputTargetFlags = (inputTargetFlags & ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK) | dispatchMode;
+
+    inputTargetFlags.clear(InputTarget::DISPATCH_MASK);
+    inputTargetFlags |= dispatchMode;
 
     // This is a new event.
     // Enqueue a new dispatch entry onto the outbound queue for this connection.
@@ -3060,15 +3062,15 @@
             constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_RESOLVED_EVENT_ID =
                     static_cast<int32_t>(IdGenerator::Source::OTHER);
             dispatchEntry->resolvedEventId = DEFAULT_RESOLVED_EVENT_ID;
-            if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+            if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL;
-            } else if (dispatchMode & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER) {
+            } else if (dispatchMode.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
             } else {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedAction = motionEntry.action;
@@ -3088,10 +3090,10 @@
             }
 
             dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags = motionEntry.flags;
-            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED) {
+            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
             }
-            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED) {
+            if (dispatchEntry->targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED)) {
                 dispatchEntry->resolvedFlags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
             }
 
@@ -3191,8 +3193,7 @@
     std::unordered_set<sp<IBinder>, StrongPointerHash<IBinder>> newConnectionTokens;
     std::vector<sp<Connection>> newConnections;
     for (const InputTarget& target : targets) {
-        if ((target.flags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) ==
-            InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE) {
+        if (target.flags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE)) {
             continue; // Skip windows that receive ACTION_OUTSIDE
         }
 
@@ -3251,7 +3252,7 @@
 
     // Set the X and Y offset and X and Y scale depending on the input source.
     if ((motionEntry.source & AINPUT_SOURCE_CLASS_POINTER) &&
-        !(dispatchEntry.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS)) {
+        !(dispatchEntry.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS))) {
         float globalScaleFactor = dispatchEntry.globalScaleFactor;
         if (globalScaleFactor != 1.0f) {
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < motionEntry.pointerCount; i++) {
@@ -3264,7 +3265,7 @@
             }
             usingCoords = scaledCoords;
         }
-    } else if (dispatchEntry.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_ZERO_COORDS) {
+    } else if (dispatchEntry.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::ZERO_COORDS)) {
         // We don't want the dispatch target to know the coordinates
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < motionEntry.pointerCount; i++) {
             scaledCoords[i].clear();
@@ -3666,7 +3667,7 @@
         target.globalScaleFactor = windowInfo->globalScaleFactor;
     }
     target.inputChannel = connection->inputChannel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
     const bool wasEmpty = connection->outboundQueue.empty();
 
@@ -3701,7 +3702,7 @@
         }
 
         enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, std::move(cancelationEventEntry), target,
-                                   InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     }
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
@@ -3737,7 +3738,7 @@
         target.globalScaleFactor = windowInfo->globalScaleFactor;
     }
     target.inputChannel = connection->inputChannel;
-    target.flags = InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+    target.flags = InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
 
     const bool wasEmpty = connection->outboundQueue.empty();
     for (std::unique_ptr<EventEntry>& downEventEntry : downEvents) {
@@ -3763,7 +3764,7 @@
         }
 
         enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(connection, std::move(downEventEntry), target,
-                                   InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
     }
 
     // If the outbound queue was previously empty, start the dispatch cycle going.
@@ -4826,7 +4827,7 @@
                     synthesizeCancelationEventsForInputChannelLocked(touchedInputChannel, options);
                     // Since we are about to drop the touch, cancel the events for the wallpaper as
                     // well.
-                    if (touchedWindow.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND &&
+                    if (touchedWindow.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND) &&
                         touchedWindow.windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                                 gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER)) {
                         sp<WindowInfoHandle> wallpaper = state.getWallpaperWindow();
@@ -5144,16 +5145,16 @@
         }
 
         // Erase old window.
-        int32_t oldTargetFlags = touchedWindow->targetFlags;
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> oldTargetFlags = touchedWindow->targetFlags;
         BitSet32 pointerIds = touchedWindow->pointerIds;
         state->removeWindowByToken(fromToken);
 
         // Add new window.
         nsecs_t downTimeInTarget = now();
-        int32_t newTargetFlags =
-                oldTargetFlags & (InputTarget::FLAG_SPLIT | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS);
+        ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> newTargetFlags =
+                oldTargetFlags & (InputTarget::Flags::SPLIT | InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
         if (canReceiveForegroundTouches(*toWindowHandle->getInfo())) {
-            newTargetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND;
+            newTargetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND;
         }
         state->addOrUpdateWindow(toWindowHandle, newTargetFlags, pointerIds, downTimeInTarget);
 
@@ -5207,7 +5208,7 @@
     sp<WindowInfoHandle> touchedForegroundWindow;
     // If multiple foreground windows are touched, return nullptr
     for (const TouchedWindow& window : state.windows) {
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             if (touchedForegroundWindow != nullptr) {
                 ALOGI("Two or more foreground windows: %s and %s",
                       touchedForegroundWindow->getName().c_str(),
@@ -5320,22 +5321,8 @@
     if (!mTouchStatesByDisplay.empty()) {
         dump += StringPrintf(INDENT "TouchStatesByDisplay:\n");
         for (const auto& [displayId, state] : mTouchStatesByDisplay) {
-            dump += StringPrintf(INDENT2 "%d: deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x\n", displayId,
-                                 state.deviceId, state.source);
-            if (!state.windows.empty()) {
-                dump += INDENT3 "Windows:\n";
-                for (size_t i = 0; i < state.windows.size(); i++) {
-                    const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = state.windows[i];
-                    dump += StringPrintf(INDENT4 "%zu: name='%s', pointerIds=0x%0x, "
-                                                 "targetFlags=0x%x, firstDownTimeInTarget=%" PRId64
-                                                 "ms\n",
-                                         i, touchedWindow.windowHandle->getName().c_str(),
-                                         touchedWindow.pointerIds.value, touchedWindow.targetFlags,
-                                         ns2ms(touchedWindow.firstDownTimeInTarget.value_or(0)));
-                }
-            } else {
-                dump += INDENT3 "Windows: <none>\n";
-            }
+            std::string touchStateDump = addLinePrefix(state.dump(), INDENT2);
+            dump += INDENT2 + std::to_string(displayId) + " : " + touchStateDump;
         }
     } else {
         dump += INDENT "TouchStates: <no displays touched>\n";
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index 0ddbbeb..5efb39e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
             const std::vector<Monitor>& gestureMonitors) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     void addWindowTargetLocked(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                               int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                               ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
                                std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget,
                                std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets) const REQUIRES(mLock);
     void addGlobalMonitoringTargetsLocked(std::vector<InputTarget>& inputTargets, int32_t displayId)
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@
                                       std::shared_ptr<EventEntry>, const InputTarget& inputTarget)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
     void enqueueDispatchEntryLocked(const sp<Connection>& connection, std::shared_ptr<EventEntry>,
-                                    const InputTarget& inputTarget, int32_t dispatchMode)
-            REQUIRES(mLock);
+                                    const InputTarget& inputTarget,
+                                    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> dispatchMode) REQUIRES(mLock);
     status_t publishMotionEvent(Connection& connection, DispatchEntry& dispatchEntry) const;
     void startDispatchCycleLocked(nsecs_t currentTime, const sp<Connection>& connection)
             REQUIRES(mLock);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
index 2df97d9..2f39480 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.cpp
@@ -24,24 +24,6 @@
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
 
-std::string dispatchModeToString(int32_t dispatchMode) {
-    switch (dispatchMode) {
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_IS";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT";
-        case InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER:
-            return "DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER";
-    }
-    return StringPrintf("%" PRId32, dispatchMode);
-}
-
 void InputTarget::addPointers(BitSet32 newPointerIds, const ui::Transform& transform) {
     // The pointerIds can be empty, but still a valid InputTarget. This can happen when there is no
     // valid pointer property from the input event.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
index b2966f6..61b07fe 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputTarget.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ftl/flags.h>
 #include <gui/constants.h>
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -30,70 +31,70 @@
  * window area.
  */
 struct InputTarget {
-    enum {
+    enum class Flags : uint32_t {
         /* This flag indicates that the event is being delivered to a foreground application. */
-        FLAG_FOREGROUND = 1 << 0,
+        FOREGROUND = 1 << 0,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the MotionEvent falls within the area of the target
          * obscured by another visible window above it.  The motion event should be
          * delivered with flag AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED. */
-        FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = 1 << 1,
+        WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED = 1 << 1,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a motion event is being split across multiple windows. */
-        FLAG_SPLIT = 1 << 2,
+        SPLIT = 1 << 2,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the pointer coordinates dispatched to the application
          * will be zeroed out to avoid revealing information to an application. This is
          * used in conjunction with FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE to prevent apps not sharing
          * the same UID from watching all touches. */
-        FLAG_ZERO_COORDS = 1 << 3,
+        ZERO_COORDS = 1 << 3,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be sent as is.
          * Should always be set unless the event is to be transmuted. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS = 1 << 8,
+        DISPATCH_AS_IS = 1 << 8,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a MotionEvent with AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN falls outside
          * of the area of this target and so should instead be delivered as an
          * AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE to this target. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE = 1 << 9,
+        DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE = 1 << 9,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a hover sequence is starting in the given window.
          * The event is transmuted into ACTION_HOVER_ENTER. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER = 1 << 10,
+        DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER = 1 << 10,
 
         /* This flag indicates that a hover event happened outside of a window which handled
          * previous hover events, signifying the end of the current hover sequence for that
          * window.
          * The event is transmuted into ACTION_HOVER_ENTER. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT = 1 << 11,
+        DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT = 1 << 11,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be canceled.
          * It is used to transmute ACTION_MOVE into ACTION_CANCEL when a touch slips
          * outside of a window. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT = 1 << 12,
+        DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT = 1 << 12,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the event should be dispatched as an initial down.
          * It is used to transmute ACTION_MOVE into ACTION_DOWN when a touch slips
          * into a new window. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER = 1 << 13,
-
-        /* Mask for all dispatch modes. */
-        FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK = FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE |
-                FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT |
-                FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT | FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER,
+        DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER = 1 << 13,
 
         /* This flag indicates that the target of a MotionEvent is partly or wholly
          * obscured by another visible window above it.  The motion event should be
          * delivered with flag AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED. */
-        FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = 1 << 14,
-
+        WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED = 1 << 14,
     };
 
+    /* Mask for all dispatch modes. */
+    static constexpr const ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> DISPATCH_MASK =
+            ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags>() | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE |
+            Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_ENTER | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_HOVER_EXIT |
+            Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT | Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER;
+
     // The input channel to be targeted.
     std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> inputChannel;
 
     // Flags for the input target.
-    int32_t flags = 0;
+    ftl::Flags<Flags> flags;
 
     // Scaling factor to apply to MotionEvent as it is delivered.
     // (ignored for KeyEvents)
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
index f5b7cb8..ee7da93 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
 
 #include "InputTarget.h"
-
 #include "TouchState.h"
 
+using namespace android::ftl::flag_operators;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::gui::WindowInfo;
 using android::gui::WindowInfoHandle;
 
@@ -29,14 +31,15 @@
     *this = TouchState();
 }
 
-void TouchState::addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle, int32_t targetFlags,
-                                   BitSet32 pointerIds, std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime) {
+void TouchState::addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
+                                   ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                                   std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
         TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = windows[i];
         if (touchedWindow.windowHandle == windowHandle) {
             touchedWindow.targetFlags |= targetFlags;
-            if (targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT) {
-                touchedWindow.targetFlags &= ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+            if (targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_EXIT)) {
+                touchedWindow.targetFlags.clear(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS);
             }
             // For cases like hover enter/exit or DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE a touch window might not have
             // downTime set initially. Need to update existing window when an pointer is down for
@@ -69,10 +72,10 @@
 void TouchState::filterNonAsIsTouchWindows() {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size();) {
         TouchedWindow& window = windows[i];
-        if (window.targetFlags &
-            (InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS | InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
-            window.targetFlags &= ~InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_MASK;
-            window.targetFlags |= InputTarget::FLAG_DISPATCH_AS_IS;
+        if (window.targetFlags.any(InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS |
+                                   InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_SLIPPERY_ENTER)) {
+            window.targetFlags.clear(InputTarget::DISPATCH_MASK);
+            window.targetFlags |= InputTarget::Flags::DISPATCH_AS_IS;
             i += 1;
         } else {
             windows.erase(windows.begin() + i);
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@
 sp<WindowInfoHandle> TouchState::getFirstForegroundWindowHandle() const {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
         const TouchedWindow& window = windows[i];
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             return window.windowHandle;
         }
     }
@@ -115,7 +118,7 @@
     // Must have exactly one foreground window.
     bool haveSlipperyForegroundWindow = false;
     for (const TouchedWindow& window : windows) {
-        if (window.targetFlags & InputTarget::FLAG_FOREGROUND) {
+        if (window.targetFlags.test(InputTarget::Flags::FOREGROUND)) {
             if (haveSlipperyForegroundWindow ||
                 !window.windowHandle->getInfo()->inputConfig.test(
                         WindowInfo::InputConfig::SLIPPERY)) {
@@ -143,4 +146,19 @@
                        [](const TouchedWindow& window) { return !window.pointerIds.isEmpty(); });
 }
 
+std::string TouchState::dump() const {
+    std::string out;
+    out += StringPrintf("deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x\n", deviceId, source);
+    if (!windows.empty()) {
+        out += "  Windows:\n";
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++) {
+            const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow = windows[i];
+            out += StringPrintf("    %zu : ", i) + touchedWindow.dump();
+        }
+    } else {
+        out += "  Windows: <none>\n";
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
index d1d3e9a..77c1cdf 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "Monitor.h"
 #include "TouchedWindow.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@
 
     void reset();
     void addOrUpdateWindow(const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle,
-                           int32_t targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
+                           ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags, BitSet32 pointerIds,
                            std::optional<nsecs_t> eventTime = std::nullopt);
     void removeWindowByToken(const sp<IBinder>& token);
     void filterNonAsIsTouchWindows();
@@ -57,6 +56,7 @@
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> getWallpaperWindow() const;
     // Whether any of the windows are currently being touched
     bool isDown() const;
+    std::string dump() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af74598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "TouchedWindow.h"
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <input/PrintTools.h>
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+namespace android {
+
+namespace inputdispatcher {
+
+std::string TouchedWindow::dump() const {
+    return StringPrintf("name='%s', pointerIds=0x%0x, "
+                        "targetFlags=%s, firstDownTimeInTarget=%s\n",
+                        windowHandle->getName().c_str(), pointerIds.value,
+                        targetFlags.string().c_str(), toString(firstDownTimeInTarget).c_str());
+}
+
+} // namespace inputdispatcher
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
index a6c505b..dd08323 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchedWindow.h
@@ -16,23 +16,24 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-namespace android {
+#include <gui/WindowInfo.h>
+#include <utils/BitSet.h>
+#include "InputTarget.h"
 
-namespace gui {
-class WindowInfoHandle;
-}
+namespace android {
 
 namespace inputdispatcher {
 
 // Focus tracking for touch.
 struct TouchedWindow {
     sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle> windowHandle;
-    int32_t targetFlags;
+    ftl::Flags<InputTarget::Flags> targetFlags;
     BitSet32 pointerIds;
     bool isPilferingPointers = false;
     // Time at which the first action down occurred on this window.
     // NOTE: This is not initialized in case of HOVER entry/exit and DISPATCH_AS_OUTSIDE scenario.
     std::optional<nsecs_t> firstDownTimeInTarget;
+    std::string dump() const;
 };
 
 } // namespace inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
index 647e10c..7e0c1c7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@
         POINTER,
         // Show spots and a spot anchor in place of the mouse pointer.
         SPOT,
+
+        ftl_last = SPOT,
     };
 
     /* Sets the mode of the pointer controller. */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
index c691ca9..a4f257c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 // --- CursorInputMapper ---
 
 CursorInputMapper::CursorInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext)
-      : InputMapper(deviceContext) {}
+      : InputMapper(deviceContext), mLastEventTime(std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min()) {}
 
 CursorInputMapper::~CursorInputMapper() {
     if (mPointerController != nullptr) {
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@
 std::list<NotifyArgs> CursorInputMapper::reset(nsecs_t when) {
     mButtonState = 0;
     mDownTime = 0;
+    mLastEventTime = std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min();
 
     mPointerVelocityControl.reset();
     mWheelXVelocityControl.reset();
@@ -295,7 +296,11 @@
     mCursorScrollAccumulator.process(rawEvent);
 
     if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
-        out += sync(rawEvent->when, rawEvent->readTime);
+        const nsecs_t eventTime =
+                applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier(),
+                                                   rawEvent->when, mLastEventTime);
+        out += sync(eventTime, rawEvent->readTime);
+        mLastEventTime = eventTime;
     }
     return out;
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
index 6a4275e..20746e5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.h
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@
 
     int32_t mButtonState;
     nsecs_t mDownTime;
+    nsecs_t mLastEventTime;
 
     void configureParameters();
     void dumpParameters(std::string& dump);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
index 5a7ba9a..0b7ff84 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchCursorInputMapperCommon.h
@@ -101,4 +101,30 @@
     return out;
 }
 
+// For devices connected over Bluetooth, although they may produce events at a consistent rate,
+// the events might end up reaching Android in a "batched" manner through the Bluetooth
+// stack, where a few events may be clumped together and processed around the same time.
+// In this case, if the input device or its driver does not send or process the actual event
+// generation timestamps, the event time will set to whenever the kernel received the event.
+// When the timestamp deltas are minuscule for these batched events, any changes in x or y
+// coordinates result in extremely large instantaneous velocities, which can negatively impact
+// user experience. To avoid this, we augment the timestamps so that subsequent event timestamps
+// differ by at least a minimum delta value.
+static nsecs_t applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(const InputDeviceIdentifier& identifier,
+                                                  nsecs_t currentEventTime, nsecs_t lastEventTime) {
+    if (identifier.bus != BUS_BLUETOOTH) {
+        return currentEventTime;
+    }
+
+    // Assume the fastest rate at which a Bluetooth touch device can report input events is one
+    // every 4 milliseconds, or 250 Hz. Timestamps for successive events from a Bluetooth device
+    // will be separated by at least this amount.
+    constexpr static nsecs_t MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA = ms2ns(4);
+    // We define a maximum smoothing time delta so that we don't generate events too far into the
+    // future.
+    constexpr static nsecs_t MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA = ms2ns(32);
+    return std::min(std::max(currentEventTime, lastEventTime + MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA),
+                    currentEventTime + MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
index 3947cf7..bf73ce5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -1469,6 +1469,9 @@
     const RawState& last =
             mRawStatesPending.size() == 1 ? mCurrentRawState : mRawStatesPending.rbegin()[1];
 
+    next.when = applyBluetoothTimestampSmoothening(getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier(), when,
+                                                   last.when);
+
     // Assign pointer ids.
     if (!mHavePointerIds) {
         assignPointerIds(last, next);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
index d5e4d5a..c20f28b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@
     RawPointerAxes mRawPointerAxes;
 
     struct RawState {
-        nsecs_t when{};
+        nsecs_t when{std::numeric_limits<nsecs_t>::min()};
         nsecs_t readTime{};
 
         // Raw pointer sample data.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index e4e22df..879d36e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -99,6 +99,11 @@
 // Error tolerance for floating point assertions.
 static const float EPSILON = 0.001f;
 
+// Minimum timestamp separation between subsequent input events from a Bluetooth device.
+static constexpr nsecs_t MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA = ms2ns(4);
+// Maximum smoothing time delta so that we don't generate events too far into the future.
+constexpr static nsecs_t MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA = ms2ns(32);
+
 template<typename T>
 static inline T min(T a, T b) {
     return a < b ? a : b;
@@ -530,10 +535,11 @@
 
     FakeEventHub() { }
 
-    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name,
-                   ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+    void addDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name, ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes,
+                   int bus = 0) {
         Device* device = new Device(classes);
         device->identifier.name = name;
+        device->identifier.bus = bus;
         mDevices.add(deviceId, device);
 
         enqueueEvent(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, deviceId, EventHubInterface::DEVICE_ADDED, 0, 0);
@@ -3255,13 +3261,13 @@
     std::unique_ptr<InstrumentedInputReader> mReader;
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> mDevice;
 
-    virtual void SetUp(ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+    virtual void SetUp(ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes, int bus = 0) {
         mFakeEventHub = std::make_unique<FakeEventHub>();
         mFakePolicy = sp<FakeInputReaderPolicy>::make();
         mFakeListener = std::make_unique<TestInputListener>();
         mReader = std::make_unique<InstrumentedInputReader>(mFakeEventHub, mFakePolicy,
                                                             *mFakeListener);
-        mDevice = newDevice(DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_LOCATION, EVENTHUB_ID, classes);
+        mDevice = newDevice(DEVICE_ID, DEVICE_NAME, DEVICE_LOCATION, EVENTHUB_ID, classes, bus);
         // Consume the device reset notification generated when adding a new device.
         mFakeListener->assertNotifyDeviceResetWasCalled();
     }
@@ -3299,15 +3305,16 @@
 
     std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> newDevice(int32_t deviceId, const std::string& name,
                                            const std::string& location, int32_t eventHubId,
-                                           ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes) {
+                                           ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> classes, int bus = 0) {
         InputDeviceIdentifier identifier;
         identifier.name = name;
         identifier.location = location;
+        identifier.bus = bus;
         std::shared_ptr<InputDevice> device =
                 std::make_shared<InputDevice>(mReader->getContext(), deviceId, DEVICE_GENERATION,
                                               identifier);
         mReader->pushNextDevice(device);
-        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(eventHubId, name, classes);
+        mFakeEventHub->addDevice(eventHubId, name, classes, bus);
         mReader->loopOnce();
         return device;
     }
@@ -5486,6 +5493,106 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasNotCalled());
 }
 
+// --- BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest ---
+
+class BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest : public CursorInputMapperTest {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL, BUS_BLUETOOTH);
+
+        mFakePointerController = std::make_shared<FakePointerController>();
+        mFakePolicy->setPointerController(mFakePointerController);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmoothening) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // Process several events that come in quick succession, according to their timestamps.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        constexpr static nsecs_t delta = ms2ns(1);
+        static_assert(delta < MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA);
+        kernelEventTime += delta;
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmootheningIsCapped) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // Process several events with the same timestamp from the kernel.
+    // Ensure that we do not generate events too far into the future.
+    constexpr static int32_t numEvents =
+            MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA / MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+    for (int i = 0; i < numEvents; i++) {
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+
+    // By processing more events with the same timestamp, we should not generate events with a
+    // timestamp that is more than the specified max time delta from the timestamp at its injection.
+    const nsecs_t cappedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME + MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+        process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(cappedEventTime))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothCursorInputMapperTest, TimestampSmootheningNotUsed) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("cursor.mode", "pointer");
+    CursorInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<CursorInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+
+    // If the next event has a timestamp that is sufficiently spaced out so that Bluetooth timestamp
+    // smoothening is not needed, its timestamp is not affected.
+    kernelEventTime += MAX_BLUETOOTH_SMOOTHING_DELTA + ms2ns(1);
+    expectedEventTime = kernelEventTime;
+
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_REL, REL_X, 1);
+    process(mapper, kernelEventTime, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE),
+                  WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+}
+
 // --- TouchInputMapperTest ---
 
 class TouchInputMapperTest : public InputMapperTest {
@@ -7479,7 +7586,8 @@
     void processKey(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, int32_t code, int32_t value);
     void processHidUsage(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, int32_t usageCode, int32_t value);
     void processMTSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper);
-    void processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper);
+    void processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, nsecs_t eventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME,
+                     nsecs_t readTime = READ_TIME);
 };
 
 void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::prepareAxes(int axes) {
@@ -7592,8 +7700,9 @@
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_MT_REPORT, 0);
 }
 
-void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper) {
-    process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+void MultiTouchInputMapperTest::processSync(MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper, nsecs_t eventTime,
+                                            nsecs_t readTime) {
+    process(mapper, eventTime, readTime, EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MultiTouchInputMapperTest, Process_NormalMultiTouchGesture_WithoutTrackingIds) {
@@ -10228,6 +10337,56 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHPAD, mapper.getSources());
 }
 
+// --- BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest ---
+
+class BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        InputMapperTest::SetUp(DEVICE_CLASSES | InputDeviceClass::EXTERNAL, BUS_BLUETOOTH);
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(BluetoothMultiTouchInputMapperTest, TimestampSmoothening) {
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0);
+    prepareAxes(POSITION | ID | SLOT | PRESSURE);
+    MultiTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<MultiTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    nsecs_t kernelEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    nsecs_t expectedEventTime = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    // Touch down.
+    processId(mapper, FIRST_TRACKING_ID);
+    processPosition(mapper, 100, 200);
+    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MAX);
+    processSync(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME);
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithEventTime(ARBITRARY_TIME))));
+
+    // Process several events that come in quick succession, according to their timestamps.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        constexpr static nsecs_t delta = ms2ns(1);
+        static_assert(delta < MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA);
+        kernelEventTime += delta;
+        expectedEventTime += MIN_BLUETOOTH_TIMESTAMP_DELTA;
+
+        processPosition(mapper, 101 + i, 201 + i);
+        processSync(mapper, kernelEventTime);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
+                      WithEventTime(expectedEventTime))));
+    }
+
+    // Release the touch.
+    processId(mapper, INVALID_TRACKING_ID);
+    processPressure(mapper, RAW_PRESSURE_MIN);
+    processSync(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME + ms2ns(50));
+    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                  WithEventTime(ARBITRARY_TIME + ms2ns(50)))));
+}
+
+// --- MultiTouchPointerModeTest ---
+
 class MultiTouchPointerModeTest : public MultiTouchInputMapperTest {
 protected:
     float mPointerMovementScale;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
index 5107af7..9a47e3e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
@@ -91,4 +91,9 @@
     return arg.buttonState == buttons;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P(WithEventTime, eventTime, "InputEvent with specified eventTime") {
+    *result_listener << "expected event time " << eventTime << ", but got " << arg.eventTime;
+    return arg.eventTime == eventTime;
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/powermanager/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/Android.bp
index b7de619..7fb33e5 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/Android.bp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
 
     cflags: [
diff --git a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
index 0286a81..4343aec 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libtestUtil",
diff --git a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
index eec6801..54dffcf 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/powermanager/tests/Android.bp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         "android.hardware.power@1.1",
         "android.hardware.power@1.2",
         "android.hardware.power@1.3",
-        "android.hardware.power-V3-cpp",
+        "android.hardware.power-V4-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index 999c03f..14fdd12 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@
         "Scheduler/VsyncConfiguration.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp",
         "Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp",
+        "ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp",
         "StartPropertySetThread.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlingerDefaultFactory.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index 23d5570..9ca5da9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -134,9 +134,11 @@
     void applyCompositionStrategy(const std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>&) override{};
     bool getSkipColorTransform() const override;
     compositionengine::Output::FrameFences presentAndGetFrameFences() override;
+    virtual renderengine::DisplaySettings generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const;
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
           bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
           std::vector<LayerFE*> &outLayerFEs) override;
+    virtual bool layerNeedsFiltering(const OutputLayer*) const;
     void appendRegionFlashRequests(const Region&, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>&) override;
     void setExpensiveRenderingExpected(bool enabled) override;
     void setHintSessionGpuFence(std::unique_ptr<FenceTime>&& gpuFence) override;
@@ -153,6 +155,8 @@
 
     bool mustRecompose() const;
 
+    const std::string& getNamePlusId() const { return mNamePlusId; }
+
 private:
     void dirtyEntireOutput();
     void updateCompositionStateForBorder(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&);
@@ -163,6 +167,7 @@
             const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) const;
 
     std::string mName;
+    std::string mNamePlusId;
 
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile> mDisplayColorProfile;
     std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface> mRenderSurface;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 1c5cbed..24669c2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@
 
 bool Display::chooseCompositionStrategy(
         std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>* outChanges) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s for %s", __func__, getNamePlusId().c_str());
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
     if (mIsDisconnected) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index c2b1f06..3ee8017 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/planner/Planner.h>
 #include <ftl/future.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 
 #include <thread>
 
@@ -116,6 +117,9 @@
 
 void Output::setName(const std::string& name) {
     mName = name;
+    auto displayIdOpt = getDisplayId();
+    mNamePlusId = base::StringPrintf("%s (%s)", mName.c_str(),
+                                     displayIdOpt ? to_string(*displayIdOpt).c_str() : "NA");
 }
 
 void Output::setCompositionEnabled(bool enabled) {
@@ -427,7 +431,7 @@
 }
 
 void Output::present(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s for %s", __func__, mNamePlusId.c_str());
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
     updateColorProfile(refreshArgs);
@@ -1226,40 +1230,8 @@
 
     ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
 
-    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = outputState.framebufferSpace.getContent();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = outputState.layerStackSpace.getContent();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation =
-            ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(outputState.displaySpace.getOrientation());
-    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = mDisplayColorProfile->hasWideColorGamut()
-            ? outputState.dataspace
-            : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
-
-    // If we have a valid current display brightness use that, otherwise fall back to the
-    // display's max desired
-    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = outputState.displayBrightnessNits > 0.f
-            ? outputState.displayBrightnessNits
-            : mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
-            mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
-    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits =
-            outputState.clientTargetBrightness * outputState.displayBrightnessNits;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.dimmingStage = outputState.clientTargetDimmingStage;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
-            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(
-                    outputState.renderIntent);
-
-    // Compute the global color transform matrix.
-    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = outputState.colorTransformMatrix;
-    for (auto& info : outputState.borderInfoList) {
-        renderengine::BorderRenderInfo borderInfo;
-        borderInfo.width = info.width;
-        borderInfo.color = info.color;
-        borderInfo.combinedRegion = info.combinedRegion;
-        clientCompositionDisplay.borderInfoList.emplace_back(std::move(borderInfo));
-    }
-    clientCompositionDisplay.deviceHandlesColorTransform =
-            outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay =
+            generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings();
 
     // Generate the client composition requests for the layers on this output.
     auto& renderEngine = getCompositionEngine().getRenderEngine();
@@ -1350,6 +1322,47 @@
     return base::unique_fd(fence->dup());
 }
 
+renderengine::DisplaySettings Output::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const {
+    const auto& outputState = getState();
+
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.namePlusId = mNamePlusId;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = outputState.framebufferSpace.getContent();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = outputState.layerStackSpace.getContent();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation =
+            ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(outputState.displaySpace.getOrientation());
+    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = mDisplayColorProfile->hasWideColorGamut()
+            ? outputState.dataspace
+            : ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
+
+    // If we have a valid current display brightness use that, otherwise fall back to the
+    // display's max desired
+    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = outputState.displayBrightnessNits > 0.f
+            ? outputState.displayBrightnessNits
+            : mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
+            mDisplayColorProfile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits =
+            outputState.clientTargetBrightness * outputState.displayBrightnessNits;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.dimmingStage = outputState.clientTargetDimmingStage;
+    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
+            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(
+                    outputState.renderIntent);
+
+    // Compute the global color transform matrix.
+    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = outputState.colorTransformMatrix;
+    for (auto& info : outputState.borderInfoList) {
+        renderengine::BorderRenderInfo borderInfo;
+        borderInfo.width = info.width;
+        borderInfo.color = info.color;
+        borderInfo.combinedRegion = info.combinedRegion;
+        clientCompositionDisplay.borderInfoList.emplace_back(std::move(borderInfo));
+    }
+    clientCompositionDisplay.deviceHandlesColorTransform =
+            outputState.usesDeviceComposition || getSkipColorTransform();
+    return clientCompositionDisplay;
+}
+
 std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> Output::generateClientCompositionRequests(
       bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace, std::vector<LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) {
     std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers;
@@ -1415,7 +1428,7 @@
                                              Enabled);
                 compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings
                         targetSettings{.clip = clip,
-                                       .needsFiltering = layer->needsFiltering() ||
+                                       .needsFiltering = layerNeedsFiltering(layer) ||
                                                outputState.needsFiltering,
                                        .isSecure = outputState.isSecure,
                                        .supportsProtectedContent = supportsProtectedContent,
@@ -1446,6 +1459,10 @@
     return clientCompositionLayers;
 }
 
+bool Output::layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) const {
+    return layer->needsFiltering();
+}
+
 void Output::appendRegionFlashRequests(
         const Region& flashRegion, std::vector<LayerFE::LayerSettings>& clientCompositionLayers) {
     if (flashRegion.isEmpty()) {
@@ -1476,7 +1493,7 @@
 }
 
 void Output::postFramebuffer() {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s for %s", __func__, mNamePlusId.c_str());
     ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
 
     if (!getState().isEnabled) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index 0e41962..eff5130 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -230,6 +230,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    addReader(translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey));
+
     ALOGI("Loaded AIDL composer3 HAL service");
 }
 
@@ -298,12 +300,19 @@
     }
 }
 
-void AidlComposer::resetCommands() {
-    mWriter.reset();
+void AidlComposer::resetCommands(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().reset();
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
 }
 
-Error AidlComposer::executeCommands() {
-    return execute();
+Error AidlComposer::executeCommands(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto error = execute(display);
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 uint32_t AidlComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() {
@@ -334,6 +343,7 @@
 
     *outDisplay = translate<Display>(virtualDisplay.display);
     *format = static_cast<PixelFormat>(virtualDisplay.format);
+    addDisplay(translate<Display>(virtualDisplay.display));
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
@@ -343,12 +353,20 @@
         ALOGE("destroyVirtualDisplay failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
         return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
     }
+    removeDisplay(display);
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::acceptDisplayChanges(Display display) {
-    mWriter.acceptDisplayChanges(translate<int64_t>(display));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().acceptDisplayChanges(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::createLayer(Display display, Layer* outLayer) {
@@ -388,7 +406,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::getChangedCompositionTypes(
         Display display, std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
         std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition>* outTypes) {
-    const auto changedLayers = mReader.takeChangedCompositionTypes(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    std::vector<ChangedCompositionLayer> changedLayers;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            changedLayers = reader->get().takeChangedCompositionTypes(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     outLayers->reserve(changedLayers.size());
     outTypes->reserve(changedLayers.size());
 
@@ -396,7 +424,7 @@
         outLayers->emplace_back(translate<Layer>(layer.layer));
         outTypes->emplace_back(layer.composition);
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getColorModes(Display display, std::vector<ColorMode>* outModes) {
@@ -448,7 +476,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayRequests(Display display, uint32_t* outDisplayRequestMask,
                                        std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
                                        std::vector<uint32_t>* outLayerRequestMasks) {
-    const auto displayRequests = mReader.takeDisplayRequests(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    DisplayRequest displayRequests;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            displayRequests = reader->get().takeDisplayRequests(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     *outDisplayRequestMask = translate<uint32_t>(displayRequests.mask);
     outLayers->reserve(displayRequests.layerRequests.size());
     outLayerRequestMasks->reserve(displayRequests.layerRequests.size());
@@ -457,7 +495,7 @@
         outLayers->emplace_back(translate<Layer>(layer.layer));
         outLayerRequestMasks->emplace_back(translate<uint32_t>(layer.mask));
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDozeSupport(Display display, bool* outSupport) {
@@ -511,7 +549,17 @@
 
 Error AidlComposer::getReleaseFences(Display display, std::vector<Layer>* outLayers,
                                      std::vector<int>* outReleaseFences) {
-    auto fences = mReader.takeReleaseFences(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    std::vector<ReleaseFences::Layer> fences;
+    {
+        mMutex.lock_shared();
+        if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+            fences = reader->get().takeReleaseFences(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        } else {
+            error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+        }
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    }
     outLayers->reserve(fences.size());
     outReleaseFences->reserve(fences.size());
 
@@ -522,19 +570,29 @@
         *fence.fence.getR() = -1;
         outReleaseFences->emplace_back(fenceOwner);
     }
-    return Error::NONE;
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::presentDisplay(Display display, int* outPresentFence) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcPresentDisplay");
-    mWriter.presentDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().presentDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    auto fence = mReader.takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    auto fence = reader->get().takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     // take ownership
     *outPresentFence = fence.get();
     *fence.getR() = -1;
@@ -559,11 +617,19 @@
         handle = target->getNativeBuffer()->handle;
     }
 
-    mWriter.setClientTarget(translate<int64_t>(display), slot, handle, acquireFence,
-                            translate<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace>(
-                                    dataspace),
-                            translate<AidlRect>(damage));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get()
+                .setClientTarget(translate<int64_t>(display), slot, handle, acquireFence,
+                                 translate<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Dataspace>(
+                                         dataspace),
+                                 translate<AidlRect>(damage));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setColorMode(Display display, ColorMode mode, RenderIntent renderIntent) {
@@ -579,14 +645,28 @@
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setColorTransform(Display display, const float* matrix) {
-    mWriter.setColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), matrix);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    auto error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), matrix);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setOutputBuffer(Display display, const native_handle_t* buffer,
                                     int releaseFence) {
-    mWriter.setOutputBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), 0, buffer, dup(releaseFence));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    auto error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setOutputBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), 0, buffer, dup(releaseFence));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setPowerMode(Display display, IComposerClient::PowerMode mode) {
@@ -624,16 +704,26 @@
 Error AidlComposer::validateDisplay(Display display, nsecs_t expectedPresentTime,
                                     uint32_t* outNumTypes, uint32_t* outNumRequests) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcValidateDisplay");
-    mWriter.validateDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                            ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().validateDisplay(displayId, ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    mReader.hasChanges(translate<int64_t>(display), outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
+    reader->get().hasChanges(displayId, outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
 
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
@@ -641,39 +731,59 @@
                                              uint32_t* outNumTypes, uint32_t* outNumRequests,
                                              int* outPresentFence, uint32_t* state) {
     ATRACE_NAME("HwcPresentOrValidateDisplay");
-    mWriter.presentOrvalidateDisplay(translate<int64_t>(display),
-                                     ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (writer && reader) {
+        writer->get().presentOrvalidateDisplay(displayId,
+                                               ClockMonotonicTimestamp{expectedPresentTime});
+        error = execute(display);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
 
-    Error error = execute();
     if (error != Error::NONE) {
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return error;
     }
 
-    const auto result = mReader.takePresentOrValidateStage(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    const auto result = reader->get().takePresentOrValidateStage(displayId);
     if (!result.has_value()) {
         *state = translate<uint32_t>(-1);
+        mMutex.unlock_shared();
         return Error::NO_RESOURCES;
     }
 
     *state = translate<uint32_t>(*result);
 
     if (*result == PresentOrValidate::Result::Presented) {
-        auto fence = mReader.takePresentFence(translate<int64_t>(display));
+        auto fence = reader->get().takePresentFence(displayId);
         // take ownership
         *outPresentFence = fence.get();
         *fence.getR() = -1;
     }
 
     if (*result == PresentOrValidate::Result::Validated) {
-        mReader.hasChanges(translate<int64_t>(display), outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
+        reader->get().hasChanges(displayId, outNumTypes, outNumRequests);
     }
 
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setCursorPosition(Display display, Layer layer, int32_t x, int32_t y) {
-    mWriter.setLayerCursorPosition(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), x, y);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerCursorPosition(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             x, y);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBuffer(Display display, Layer layer, uint32_t slot,
@@ -683,90 +793,190 @@
         handle = buffer->getNativeBuffer()->handle;
     }
 
-    mWriter.setLayerBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), slot, handle,
-                           acquireFence);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBuffer(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), slot,
+                                     handle, acquireFence);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSurfaceDamage(Display display, Layer layer,
                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& damage) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSurfaceDamage(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                  translate<AidlRect>(damage));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSurfaceDamage(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                            translate<AidlRect>(damage));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBlendMode(Display display, Layer layer,
                                       IComposerClient::BlendMode mode) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBlendMode(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<BlendMode>(mode));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBlendMode(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<BlendMode>(mode));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerColor(Display display, Layer layer, const Color& color) {
-    mWriter.setLayerColor(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), color);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerColor(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), color);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerCompositionType(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition type) {
-    mWriter.setLayerCompositionType(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), type);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerCompositionType(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                              translate<int64_t>(layer), type);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerDataspace(Display display, Layer layer, Dataspace dataspace) {
-    mWriter.setLayerDataspace(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<AidlDataspace>(dataspace));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerDataspace(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<AidlDataspace>(dataspace));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerDisplayFrame(Display display, Layer layer,
                                          const IComposerClient::Rect& frame) {
-    mWriter.setLayerDisplayFrame(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                 translate<AidlRect>(frame));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerDisplayFrame(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                           translate<AidlRect>(frame));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPlaneAlpha(Display display, Layer layer, float alpha) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPlaneAlpha(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), alpha);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPlaneAlpha(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         alpha);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSidebandStream(Display display, Layer layer,
                                            const native_handle_t* stream) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSidebandStream(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), stream);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSidebandStream(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             stream);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerSourceCrop(Display display, Layer layer,
                                        const IComposerClient::FRect& crop) {
-    mWriter.setLayerSourceCrop(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                               translate<AidlFRect>(crop));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerSourceCrop(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         translate<AidlFRect>(crop));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerTransform(Display display, Layer layer, Transform transform) {
-    mWriter.setLayerTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                              translate<AidlTransform>(transform));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                        translate<AidlTransform>(transform));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerVisibleRegion(Display display, Layer layer,
                                           const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& visible) {
-    mWriter.setLayerVisibleRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                  translate<AidlRect>(visible));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerVisibleRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                            translate<AidlRect>(visible));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerZOrder(Display display, Layer layer, uint32_t z) {
-    mWriter.setLayerZOrder(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), z);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerZOrder(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), z);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
-Error AidlComposer::execute() {
-    const auto& commands = mWriter.getPendingCommands();
+Error AidlComposer::execute(Display display) {
+    auto writer = getWriter(display);
+    auto reader = getReader(display);
+    if (!writer || !reader) {
+        return Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+
+    const auto& commands = writer->get().getPendingCommands();
     if (commands.empty()) {
-        mWriter.reset();
+        writer->get().reset();
         return Error::NONE;
     }
 
@@ -778,9 +988,9 @@
             return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
         }
 
-        mReader.parse(std::move(results));
+        reader->get().parse(std::move(results));
     }
-    const auto commandErrors = mReader.takeErrors();
+    const auto commandErrors = reader->get().takeErrors();
     Error error = Error::NONE;
     for (const auto& cmdErr : commandErrors) {
         const auto index = static_cast<size_t>(cmdErr.commandIndex);
@@ -798,7 +1008,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    mWriter.reset();
+    writer->get().reset();
 
     return error;
 }
@@ -806,9 +1016,17 @@
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPerFrameMetadata(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         const std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadata>& perFrameMetadatas) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPerFrameMetadata(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                     translate<AidlPerFrameMetadata>(perFrameMetadatas));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPerFrameMetadata(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                               translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                               translate<AidlPerFrameMetadata>(perFrameMetadatas));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataKey> AidlComposer::getPerFrameMetadataKeys(
@@ -868,8 +1086,16 @@
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerColorTransform(Display display, Layer layer, const float* matrix) {
-    mWriter.setLayerColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), matrix);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerColorTransform(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             matrix);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayedContentSamplingAttributes(Display display, PixelFormat* outFormat,
@@ -932,20 +1158,36 @@
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(
         Display display, Layer layer,
         const std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataBlob>& metadata) {
-    mWriter.setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                          translate<AidlPerFrameMetadataBlob>(metadata));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerPerFrameMetadataBlobs(translate<int64_t>(display),
+                                                    translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                                    translate<AidlPerFrameMetadataBlob>(metadata));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setDisplayBrightness(Display display, float brightness, float brightnessNits,
                                          const DisplayBrightnessOptions& options) {
-    mWriter.setDisplayBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), brightness, brightnessNits);
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setDisplayBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), brightness, brightnessNits);
 
-    if (options.applyImmediately) {
-        return execute();
+        if (options.applyImmediately) {
+            error = execute(display);
+            mMutex.unlock_shared();
+            return error;
+        }
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
     }
-
-    return Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayCapabilities(Display display,
@@ -1085,20 +1327,43 @@
 
 Error AidlComposer::getClientTargetProperty(
         Display display, ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness* outClientTargetProperty) {
-    *outClientTargetProperty = mReader.takeClientTargetProperty(translate<int64_t>(display));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto reader = getReader(display)) {
+        *outClientTargetProperty =
+                reader->get().takeClientTargetProperty(translate<int64_t>(display));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBrightness(Display display, Layer layer, float brightness) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer), brightness);
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBrightness(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                         brightness);
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::setLayerBlockingRegion(Display display, Layer layer,
                                            const std::vector<IComposerClient::Rect>& blocking) {
-    mWriter.setLayerBlockingRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
-                                   translate<AidlRect>(blocking));
-    return Error::NONE;
+    Error error = Error::NONE;
+    mMutex.lock_shared();
+    if (auto writer = getWriter(display)) {
+        writer->get().setLayerBlockingRegion(translate<int64_t>(display), translate<int64_t>(layer),
+                                             translate<AidlRect>(blocking));
+    } else {
+        error = Error::BAD_DISPLAY;
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock_shared();
+    return error;
 }
 
 Error AidlComposer::getDisplayDecorationSupport(Display display,
@@ -1136,5 +1401,88 @@
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
+ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientWriter>> AidlComposer::getWriter(Display display)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex) {
+    return mWriters.get(display);
+}
+
+ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientReader>> AidlComposer::getReader(Display display)
+        REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex) {
+    if (mSingleReader) {
+        display = translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey);
+    }
+    return mReaders.get(display);
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::removeDisplay(Display display) {
+    mMutex.lock();
+    bool wasErased = mWriters.erase(display);
+    ALOGW_IF(!wasErased,
+             "Attempting to remove writer for display %" PRId64 " which is not connected",
+             translate<int64_t>(display));
+    if (!mSingleReader) {
+        removeReader(display);
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::onHotplugDisconnect(Display display) {
+    removeDisplay(display);
+}
+
+bool AidlComposer::hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    std::vector<AidlDisplayCapability> capabilities;
+    const auto status = mAidlComposerClient->getDisplayCapabilities(displayId, &capabilities);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("getDisplayCapabilities failed %s", status.getDescription().c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+    return std::find(capabilities.begin(), capabilities.end(),
+                     AidlDisplayCapability::MULTI_THREADED_PRESENT) != capabilities.end();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::addReader(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    std::optional<int64_t> displayOpt;
+    if (displayId != kSingleReaderKey) {
+        displayOpt.emplace(displayId);
+    }
+    auto [it, added] = mReaders.try_emplace(display, std::move(displayOpt));
+    ALOGW_IF(!added, "Attempting to add writer for display %" PRId64 " which is already connected",
+             displayId);
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::removeReader(Display display) {
+    bool wasErased = mReaders.erase(display);
+    ALOGW_IF(!wasErased,
+             "Attempting to remove reader for display %" PRId64 " which is not connected",
+             translate<int64_t>(display));
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::addDisplay(Display display) {
+    const auto displayId = translate<int64_t>(display);
+    mMutex.lock();
+    auto [it, added] = mWriters.try_emplace(display, displayId);
+    ALOGW_IF(!added, "Attempting to add writer for display %" PRId64 " which is already connected",
+             displayId);
+    if (mSingleReader) {
+        if (hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(display)) {
+            mSingleReader = false;
+            removeReader(translate<Display>(kSingleReaderKey));
+            // Note that this includes the new display.
+            for (const auto& [existingDisplay, _] : mWriters) {
+                addReader(existingDisplay);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        addReader(display);
+    }
+    mMutex.unlock();
+}
+
+void AidlComposer::onHotplugConnect(Display display) {
+    addDisplay(display);
+}
 } // namespace Hwc2
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index f2a59a5..d84efe7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
+#include <ftl/shared_mutex.h>
+#include <ftl/small_map.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -70,10 +72,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    void resetCommands() override;
+    void resetCommands(Display) override;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    Error executeCommands() override;
+    Error executeCommands(Display) override;
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() override;
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
@@ -228,16 +230,29 @@
 
     Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                         AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) override;
+    void onHotplugConnect(Display) override;
+    void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) override;
 
 private:
     // Many public functions above simply write a command into the command
     // queue to batch the calls.  validateDisplay and presentDisplay will call
     // this function to execute the command queue.
-    Error execute();
+    Error execute(Display) REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
 
     // returns the default instance name for the given service
     static std::string instance(const std::string& serviceName);
 
+    ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientWriter>> getWriter(Display)
+            REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
+    ftl::Optional<std::reference_wrapper<ComposerClientReader>> getReader(Display)
+            REQUIRES_SHARED(mMutex);
+    void addDisplay(Display) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void removeDisplay(Display) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void addReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+    void removeReader(Display) REQUIRES(mMutex);
+
+    bool hasMultiThreadedPresentSupport(Display);
+
     // 64KiB minus a small space for metadata such as read/write pointers
     static constexpr size_t kWriterInitialSize = 64 * 1024 / sizeof(uint32_t) - 16;
     // Max number of buffers that may be cached for a given layer
@@ -245,8 +260,25 @@
     // 1. Tightly coupling this cache to the max size of BufferQueue
     // 2. Adding an additional slot for the layer caching feature in SurfaceFlinger (see: Planner.h)
     static const constexpr uint32_t kMaxLayerBufferCount = BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS + 1;
-    ComposerClientWriter mWriter;
-    ComposerClientReader mReader;
+
+    // Without DisplayCapability::MULTI_THREADED_PRESENT, we use a single reader
+    // for all displays. With the capability, we use a separate reader for each
+    // display.
+    bool mSingleReader = true;
+    // Invalid displayId used as a key to mReaders when mSingleReader is true.
+    static constexpr int64_t kSingleReaderKey = 0;
+
+    // TODO (b/256881188): Use display::PhysicalDisplayMap instead of hard-coded `3`
+    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientWriter, 3> mWriters GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    ftl::SmallMap<Display, ComposerClientReader, 3> mReaders GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    // Protect access to mWriters and mReaders with a shared_mutex. Adding and
+    // removing a display require exclusive access, since the iterator or the
+    // writer/reader may be invalidated. Other calls need shared access while
+    // using the writer/reader, so they can use their display's writer/reader
+    // without it being deleted or the iterator being invalidated.
+    // TODO (b/257958323): Use std::shared_mutex and RAII once they support
+    // threading annotations.
+    ftl::SharedMutex mMutex;
 
     // Aidl interface
     using AidlIComposer = aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::IComposer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index b02f867..a9bf282 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -110,10 +110,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    virtual void resetCommands() = 0;
+    virtual void resetCommands(Display) = 0;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    virtual Error executeCommands() = 0;
+    virtual Error executeCommands(Display) = 0;
 
     virtual uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() = 0;
     virtual Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat*,
@@ -283,6 +283,8 @@
     virtual Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                                 AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) = 0;
     virtual Error getOverlaySupport(V3_0::OverlayProperties* outProperties) = 0;
+    virtual void onHotplugConnect(Display) = 0;
+    virtual void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 168e2dd..5f11cb8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
 
     if (displayData.validateWasSkipped) {
         // explicitly flush all pending commands
-        auto error = static_cast<hal::Error>(mComposer->executeCommands());
+        auto error = static_cast<hal::Error>(mComposer->executeCommands(hwcDisplay->getId()));
         RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("executeCommands", error, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
         RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("present", displayData.presentError, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -933,6 +933,8 @@
                                                                : "Secondary display",
                                              .deviceProductInfo = std::nullopt};
         }();
+
+        mComposer->onHotplugConnect(hwcDisplayId);
     }
 
     if (!isConnected(info->id)) {
@@ -960,6 +962,7 @@
     // The display will later be destroyed by a call to HWComposer::disconnectDisplay. For now, mark
     // it as disconnected.
     mDisplayData.at(*displayId).hwcDisplay->setConnected(false);
+    mComposer->onHotplugDisconnect(hwcDisplayId);
     return DisplayIdentificationInfo{.id = *displayId};
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index a664d2c..f8522e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -273,11 +273,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-void HidlComposer::resetCommands() {
+void HidlComposer::resetCommands(Display) {
     mWriter.reset();
 }
 
-Error HidlComposer::executeCommands() {
+Error HidlComposer::executeCommands(Display) {
     return execute();
 }
 
@@ -1357,6 +1357,9 @@
     registerCallback(sp<ComposerCallbackBridge>::make(callback, vsyncSwitchingSupported));
 }
 
+void HidlComposer::onHotplugConnect(Display) {}
+void HidlComposer::onHotplugDisconnect(Display) {}
+
 CommandReader::~CommandReader() {
     resetData();
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
index b436408..48b720c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@
 
     // Reset all pending commands in the command buffer. Useful if you want to
     // skip a frame but have already queued some commands.
-    void resetCommands() override;
+    void resetCommands(Display) override;
 
     // Explicitly flush all pending commands in the command buffer.
-    Error executeCommands() override;
+    Error executeCommands(Display) override;
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() override;
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, PixelFormat* format,
@@ -339,6 +339,8 @@
 
     Error getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(Display displayId,
                                         AidlTransform* outDisplayOrientation) override;
+    void onHotplugConnect(Display) override;
+    void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) override;
 
 private:
     class CommandWriter : public CommandWriterBase {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 83a46ae..2a18521 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -3499,6 +3499,12 @@
     return mSnapshot.get();
 }
 
+sp<LayerFE> Layer::copyCompositionEngineLayerFE() const {
+    auto result = mFlinger->getFactory().createLayerFE(mLayerFE->getDebugName());
+    result->mSnapshot = std::make_unique<LayerSnapshot>(*mSnapshot);
+    return result;
+}
+
 void Layer::useSurfaceDamage() {
     if (mFlinger->mForceFullDamage) {
         surfaceDamageRegion = Region::INVALID_REGION;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index a3c4e59..9585fa9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@
     ui::Dataspace getRequestedDataSpace() const;
 
     virtual sp<LayerFE> getCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
+    virtual sp<LayerFE> copyCompositionEngineLayerFE() const;
 
     const LayerSnapshot* getLayerSnapshot() const;
     LayerSnapshot* editLayerSnapshot();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f93ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "ScreenCaptureOutput.h"
+#include "ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h"
+
+#include <compositionengine/CompositionEngine.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <ui/Rotation.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> createScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&& args) {
+    std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> output = compositionengine::impl::createOutputTemplated<
+            ScreenCaptureOutput, compositionengine::CompositionEngine,
+            ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&>(args.compositionEngine, std::move(args));
+    output->editState().isSecure = args.renderArea.isSecure();
+    output->setCompositionEnabled(true);
+    output->setLayerFilter({args.layerStack});
+    output->setRenderSurface(std::make_unique<ScreenCaptureRenderSurface>(std::move(args.buffer)));
+    output->setDisplayBrightness(args.sdrWhitePointNits, args.displayBrightnessNits);
+
+    output->setDisplayColorProfile(std::make_unique<compositionengine::impl::DisplayColorProfile>(
+            compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgsBuilder()
+                    .setHasWideColorGamut(true)
+                    .Build()));
+
+    ui::Rotation orientation = ui::Transform::toRotation(args.renderArea.getRotationFlags());
+    Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect{args.renderArea.getReqWidth(), args.renderArea.getReqHeight()};
+    output->setProjection(orientation, args.renderArea.getLayerStackSpaceRect(),
+                          orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
+
+    Rect sourceCrop = args.renderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    output->setDisplaySize({sourceCrop.getWidth(), sourceCrop.getHeight()});
+
+    return output;
+}
+
+ScreenCaptureOutput::ScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&& args)
+      : mRenderArea(args.renderArea),
+        mFilterForScreenshot(std::move(args.filterForScreenshot)),
+        mColorProfile(args.colorProfile),
+        mRegionSampling(args.regionSampling) {}
+
+void ScreenCaptureOutput::updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) {
+    auto& outputState = editState();
+    outputState.dataspace = mColorProfile.dataspace;
+    outputState.renderIntent = mColorProfile.renderIntent;
+}
+
+renderengine::DisplaySettings ScreenCaptureOutput::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings()
+        const {
+    auto clientCompositionDisplay =
+            compositionengine::impl::Output::generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = mRenderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    clientCompositionDisplay.targetLuminanceNits = -1;
+    return clientCompositionDisplay;
+}
+
+std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings>
+ScreenCaptureOutput::generateClientCompositionRequests(
+        bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
+        std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) {
+    auto clientCompositionLayers = compositionengine::impl::Output::
+            generateClientCompositionRequests(supportsProtectedContent, outputDataspace,
+                                              outLayerFEs);
+
+    if (mRegionSampling) {
+        for (auto& layer : clientCompositionLayers) {
+            layer.backgroundBlurRadius = 0;
+            layer.blurRegions.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Rect sourceCrop = mRenderArea.getSourceCrop();
+    compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings fillLayer;
+    fillLayer.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
+    fillLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    fillLayer.geometry.boundaries =
+            FloatRect(static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.left), static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.top),
+                      static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.right), static_cast<float>(sourceCrop.bottom));
+    fillLayer.alpha = half(RenderArea::getCaptureFillValue(mRenderArea.getCaptureFill()));
+    clientCompositionLayers.insert(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), fillLayer);
+
+    return clientCompositionLayers;
+}
+
+bool ScreenCaptureOutput::layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer* layer) const {
+    return mRenderArea.needsFiltering() ||
+            mFilterForScreenshot.find(&layer->getLayerFE()) != mFilterForScreenshot.end();
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61b5ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureOutput.h
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <ui/Rect.h>
+
+#include "RenderArea.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+struct ScreenCaptureOutputArgs {
+    const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine;
+    const compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile& colorProfile;
+    const RenderArea& renderArea;
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack;
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer;
+    float sdrWhitePointNits;
+    float displayBrightnessNits;
+    std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> filterForScreenshot;
+    bool regionSampling;
+};
+
+// ScreenCaptureOutput is used to compose a set of layers into a preallocated buffer.
+//
+// SurfaceFlinger passes instances of ScreenCaptureOutput to CompositionEngine in calls to
+// SurfaceFlinger::captureLayers and SurfaceFlinger::captureDisplay.
+class ScreenCaptureOutput : public compositionengine::impl::Output {
+public:
+    ScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&);
+
+    void updateColorProfile(const compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs&) override;
+
+    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> generateClientCompositionRequests(
+            bool supportsProtectedContent, ui::Dataspace outputDataspace,
+            std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE*>& outLayerFEs) override;
+
+    bool layerNeedsFiltering(const compositionengine::OutputLayer*) const override;
+
+protected:
+    bool getSkipColorTransform() const override { return false; }
+    renderengine::DisplaySettings generateClientCompositionDisplaySettings() const override;
+
+private:
+    const RenderArea& mRenderArea;
+    const std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> mFilterForScreenshot;
+    const compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile& mColorProfile;
+    const bool mRegionSampling;
+};
+
+std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> createScreenCaptureOutput(ScreenCaptureOutputArgs&&);
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2097300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ScreenCaptureRenderSurface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <renderengine/impl/ExternalTexture.h>
+#include <ui/Fence.h>
+#include <ui/Size.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// ScreenCaptureRenderSurface is a RenderSurface that returns a preallocated buffer used by
+// ScreenCaptureOutput.
+class ScreenCaptureRenderSurface : public compositionengine::RenderSurface {
+public:
+    ScreenCaptureRenderSurface(std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer)
+          : mBuffer(std::move(buffer)){};
+
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> dequeueBuffer(
+            base::unique_fd* /* bufferFence */) override {
+        return mBuffer;
+    }
+
+    void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd readyFence) override {
+        mRenderFence = sp<Fence>::make(readyFence.release());
+    }
+
+    const sp<Fence>& getClientTargetAcquireFence() const override { return mRenderFence; }
+
+    bool supportsCompositionStrategyPrediction() const override { return false; }
+
+    bool isValid() const override { return true; }
+
+    void initialize() override {}
+
+    const ui::Size& getSize() const override { return mSize; }
+
+    bool isProtected() const override { return mBuffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED; }
+
+    void setDisplaySize(const ui::Size&) override {}
+
+    void setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace) override {}
+
+    void setBufferPixelFormat(ui::PixelFormat) override {}
+
+    void setProtected(bool /* useProtected */) override {}
+
+    status_t beginFrame(bool /* mustRecompose */) override { return OK; }
+
+    void prepareFrame(bool /* usesClientComposition */, bool /* usesDeviceComposition */) override {
+    }
+
+    void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override {}
+
+    void dump(std::string& /* result */) const override {}
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> mBuffer;
+
+    sp<Fence> mRenderFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+
+    ui::Size mSize;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 59ed805..f0d6aeb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -44,10 +44,12 @@
 #include <compositionengine/CompositionRefreshArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfile.h>
+#include <compositionengine/DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/DisplayCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <configstore/Utils.h>
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@
 #include "Scheduler/LayerHistory.h"
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
 #include "Scheduler/VsyncConfiguration.h"
+#include "ScreenCaptureOutput.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlingerProperties.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
@@ -5148,7 +5151,7 @@
         Layer::miniDumpHeader(result);
 
         const DisplayDevice& ref = *display;
-        mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) { layer->miniDump(result, ref); });
+        mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) { layer->miniDump(result, ref); });
         result.append("\n");
     }
 }
@@ -6280,7 +6283,8 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    Rect layerStackSpaceRect(0, 0, reqSize.width, reqSize.height);
+    Rect layerStackSpaceRect(crop.left, crop.top, crop.left + reqSize.width,
+                             crop.top + reqSize.height);
     bool childrenOnly = args.childrenOnly;
     RenderAreaFuture renderAreaFuture = ftl::defer([=]() -> std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> {
         return std::make_unique<LayerRenderArea>(*this, parent, crop, reqSize, dataspace,
@@ -6400,7 +6404,7 @@
 
                 ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderFuture;
                 renderArea->render([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-                    renderFuture = renderScreenImpl(*renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
+                    renderFuture = renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers, buffer,
                                                     canCaptureBlackoutContent, regionSampling,
                                                     grayscale, captureResults);
                 });
@@ -6428,19 +6432,19 @@
 }
 
 ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> SurfaceFlinger::renderScreenImpl(
-        const RenderArea& renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+        std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea, TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
         const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
         bool canCaptureBlackoutContent, bool regionSampling, bool grayscale,
         ScreenCaptureResults& captureResults) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
+    size_t layerCount = 0;
     traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
+        layerCount++;
         captureResults.capturedSecureLayers =
                 captureResults.capturedSecureLayers || (layer->isVisible() && layer->isSecure());
     });
 
-    const bool useProtected = buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED;
-
     // We allow the system server to take screenshots of secure layers for
     // use in situations like the Screen-rotation animation and place
     // the impetus on WindowManager to not persist them.
@@ -6450,8 +6454,8 @@
     }
 
     captureResults.buffer = buffer->getBuffer();
-    auto dataspace = renderArea.getReqDataSpace();
-    auto parent = renderArea.getParentLayer();
+    auto dataspace = renderArea->getReqDataSpace();
+    auto parent = renderArea->getParentLayer();
     auto renderIntent = RenderIntent::TONE_MAP_COLORIMETRIC;
     auto sdrWhitePointNits = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
     auto displayBrightnessNits = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
@@ -6473,122 +6477,107 @@
     }
     captureResults.capturedDataspace = dataspace;
 
-    const auto reqWidth = renderArea.getReqWidth();
-    const auto reqHeight = renderArea.getReqHeight();
-    const auto sourceCrop = renderArea.getSourceCrop();
-    const auto transform = renderArea.getTransform();
-    const auto rotation = renderArea.getRotationFlags();
-    const auto& layerStackSpaceRect = renderArea.getLayerStackSpaceRect();
+    const auto transform = renderArea->getTransform();
+    const auto display = renderArea->getDisplayDevice();
 
-    renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
-    std::vector<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> clientCompositionLayers;
-
-    // assume that bounds are never offset, and that they are the same as the
-    // buffer bounds.
-    clientCompositionDisplay.physicalDisplay = Rect(reqWidth, reqHeight);
-    clientCompositionDisplay.clip = sourceCrop;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.orientation = rotation;
-
-    clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace = dataspace;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.currentLuminanceNits = displayBrightnessNits;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance = DisplayDevice::sDefaultMaxLumiance;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.renderIntent =
-            static_cast<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::RenderIntent>(renderIntent);
-
-    const float colorSaturation = grayscale ? 0 : 1;
-    clientCompositionDisplay.colorTransform = calculateColorMatrix(colorSaturation);
-
-    const float alpha = RenderArea::getCaptureFillValue(renderArea.getCaptureFill());
-
-    compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings fillLayer;
-    fillLayer.source.buffer.buffer = nullptr;
-    fillLayer.source.solidColor = half3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    fillLayer.geometry.boundaries =
-            FloatRect(sourceCrop.left, sourceCrop.top, sourceCrop.right, sourceCrop.bottom);
-    fillLayer.alpha = half(alpha);
-    clientCompositionLayers.push_back(fillLayer);
-
-    const auto display = renderArea.getDisplayDevice();
-    std::vector<Layer*> renderedLayers;
-    bool disableBlurs = false;
-    traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>> layers;
+    layers.reserve(layerCount);
+    std::unordered_set<compositionengine::LayerFE*> filterForScreenshot;
+    traverseLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
         auto strongLayer = sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer);
-        auto layerFE = layer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE();
-        if (!layerFE) {
-            return;
-        }
+        captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(layer);
         // Layer::prepareClientComposition uses the layer's snapshot to populate the resulting
         // LayerSettings. Calling Layer::updateSnapshot ensures that LayerSettings are
         // generated with the layer's current buffer and geometry.
         layer->updateSnapshot(true /* updateGeometry */);
 
-        disableBlurs |= layer->getDrawingState().sidebandStream != nullptr;
+        layers.emplace_back(layer, layer->copyCompositionEngineLayerFE());
 
-        Region clip(renderArea.getBounds());
-        compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings targetSettings{
-                clip,
-                layer->needsFilteringForScreenshots(display.get(), transform) ||
-                        renderArea.needsFiltering(),
-                renderArea.isSecure(),
-                useProtected,
-                layerStackSpaceRect,
-                clientCompositionDisplay.outputDataspace,
-                true,  /* realContentIsVisible */
-                false, /* clearContent */
-                disableBlurs ? compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::
-                                       BlurSetting::Disabled
-                             : compositionengine::LayerFE::ClientCompositionTargetSettings::
-                                       BlurSetting::Enabled,
-                isHdrLayer(layer) ? displayBrightnessNits : sdrWhitePointNits,
+        sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layers.back().second;
 
-        };
-        std::optional<compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings> settings;
-        {
-            LayerSnapshotGuard layerSnapshotGuard(layer);
-            settings = layerFE->prepareClientComposition(targetSettings);
+        layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform =
+                renderArea->getTransform() * layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform;
+
+        if (layer->needsFilteringForScreenshots(display.get(), transform)) {
+            filterForScreenshot.insert(layerFE.get());
         }
-
-        if (!settings) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        settings->geometry.positionTransform =
-                transform.asMatrix4() * settings->geometry.positionTransform;
-        // There's no need to process blurs when we're executing region sampling,
-        // we're just trying to understand what we're drawing, and doing so without
-        // blurs is already a pretty good approximation.
-        if (regionSampling) {
-            settings->backgroundBlurRadius = 0;
-            settings->blurRegions.clear();
-        }
-        captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(layer);
-
-        clientCompositionLayers.push_back(std::move(*settings));
-        renderedLayers.push_back(layer);
     });
 
-    std::vector<renderengine::LayerSettings> clientRenderEngineLayers;
-    clientRenderEngineLayers.reserve(clientCompositionLayers.size());
-    std::transform(clientCompositionLayers.begin(), clientCompositionLayers.end(),
-                   std::back_inserter(clientRenderEngineLayers),
-                   [](compositionengine::LayerFE::LayerSettings& settings)
-                           -> renderengine::LayerSettings { return settings; });
-
-    // Use an empty fence for the buffer fence, since we just created the buffer so
-    // there is no need for synchronization with the GPU.
-    base::unique_fd bufferFence;
-
-    constexpr bool kUseFramebufferCache = false;
-    const auto future = getRenderEngine()
-                                .drawLayers(clientCompositionDisplay, clientRenderEngineLayers,
-                                            buffer, kUseFramebufferCache, std::move(bufferFence))
-                                .share();
-
-    for (auto* layer : renderedLayers) {
-        layer->onLayerDisplayed(future);
+    ui::LayerStack layerStack{ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK};
+    if (!layers.empty()) {
+        const sp<LayerFE>& layerFE = layers.back().second;
+        layerStack = layerFE->getCompositionState()->outputFilter.layerStack;
     }
 
-    return future;
+    auto copyLayerFEs = [&layers]() {
+        std::vector<sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>> layerFEs;
+        layerFEs.reserve(layers.size());
+        for (const auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
+            layerFEs.push_back(layerFE);
+        }
+        return layerFEs;
+    };
+
+    auto present = [this, buffer = std::move(buffer), dataspace, sdrWhitePointNits,
+                    displayBrightnessNits, filterForScreenshot = std::move(filterForScreenshot),
+                    grayscale, layerFEs = copyLayerFEs(), layerStack, regionSampling,
+                    renderArea = std::move(renderArea), renderIntent]() -> FenceResult {
+        std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::CompositionEngine> compositionEngine =
+                mFactory.createCompositionEngine();
+        compositionEngine->setRenderEngine(mRenderEngine.get());
+
+        compositionengine::Output::ColorProfile colorProfile{.dataspace = dataspace,
+                                                             .renderIntent = renderIntent};
+
+        std::shared_ptr<ScreenCaptureOutput> output = createScreenCaptureOutput(
+                ScreenCaptureOutputArgs{.compositionEngine = *compositionEngine,
+                                        .colorProfile = colorProfile,
+                                        .renderArea = *renderArea,
+                                        .layerStack = layerStack,
+                                        .buffer = std::move(buffer),
+                                        .sdrWhitePointNits = sdrWhitePointNits,
+                                        .displayBrightnessNits = displayBrightnessNits,
+                                        .filterForScreenshot = std::move(filterForScreenshot),
+                                        .regionSampling = regionSampling});
+
+        const float colorSaturation = grayscale ? 0 : 1;
+        compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs{
+                .outputs = {output},
+                .layers = std::move(layerFEs),
+                .updatingOutputGeometryThisFrame = true,
+                .updatingGeometryThisFrame = true,
+                .colorTransformMatrix = calculateColorMatrix(colorSaturation),
+        };
+        compositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
+
+        return output->getRenderSurface()->getClientTargetAcquireFence();
+    };
+
+    // If RenderEngine is threaded, we can safely call CompositionEngine::present off the main
+    // thread as the RenderEngine::drawLayers call will run on RenderEngine's thread. Otherwise,
+    // we need RenderEngine to run on the main thread so we call CompositionEngine::present
+    // immediately.
+    //
+    // TODO(b/196334700) Once we use RenderEngineThreaded everywhere we can always defer the call
+    // to CompositionEngine::present.
+    const bool renderEngineIsThreaded = [&]() {
+        using Type = renderengine::RenderEngine::RenderEngineType;
+        const auto type = mRenderEngine->getRenderEngineType();
+        return type == Type::THREADED || type == Type::SKIA_GL_THREADED;
+    }();
+    auto presentFuture = renderEngineIsThreaded ? ftl::defer(std::move(present)).share()
+                                                : ftl::yield(present()).share();
+
+    for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
+        layer->onLayerDisplayed(
+                ftl::Future(presentFuture)
+                        .then([layerFE = std::move(layerFE)](FenceResult) {
+                            return layerFE->stealCompositionResult().releaseFences.back().get();
+                        })
+                        .share());
+    }
+
+    return presentFuture;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 5e2af7b..1918913 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -780,7 +780,7 @@
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool regionSampling,
             bool grayscale, const sp<IScreenCaptureListener>&);
     ftl::SharedFuture<FenceResult> renderScreenImpl(
-            const RenderArea&, TraverseLayersFunction,
+            std::unique_ptr<RenderArea>, TraverseLayersFunction,
             const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>&, bool canCaptureBlackoutContent,
             bool regionSampling, bool grayscale, ScreenCaptureResults&) EXCLUDES(mStateLock)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
index f8fc6f5..8a6af10 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_displayhardware_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@
     invokeComposerHal2_3(&composer, display, outLayer);
     invokeComposerHal2_4(&composer, display, outLayer);
 
-    composer.executeCommands();
-    composer.resetCommands();
+    composer.executeCommands(display);
+    composer.resetCommands(display);
 
     composer.destroyLayer(display, outLayer);
     composer.destroyVirtualDisplay(display);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 7148c11..06b9caa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@
                                                                       HAL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 1,
                                                                       usage);
 
-    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(*renderArea, traverseLayers, mCaptureScreenBuffer,
-                                            forSystem, regionSampling);
+    auto future = mFlinger.renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers,
+                                            mCaptureScreenBuffer, forSystem, regionSampling);
     ASSERT_TRUE(future.valid());
     const auto fenceResult = future.get();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
index 9d8e0a2..342c646 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, setClientTargetSlotCount(_));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, setVsyncEnabled(hwcDisplayId, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Vsync::DISABLE));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mHal, onHotplugConnect(hwcDisplayId));
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 46eca69..df53f15 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "NativeWindowSurface.h"
+#include "RenderArea.h"
 #include "Scheduler/MessageQueue.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
@@ -399,14 +400,14 @@
         return mFlinger->setPowerModeInternal(display, mode);
     }
 
-    auto renderScreenImpl(const RenderArea& renderArea,
-                                SurfaceFlinger::TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
-                                const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
-                                bool forSystem, bool regionSampling) {
+    auto renderScreenImpl(std::unique_ptr<RenderArea> renderArea,
+                          SurfaceFlinger::TraverseLayersFunction traverseLayers,
+                          const std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture>& buffer,
+                          bool forSystem, bool regionSampling) {
         ScreenCaptureResults captureResults;
         return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
-                              mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(renderArea, traverseLayers, buffer,
-                                                         forSystem, regionSampling,
+                              mFlinger->renderScreenImpl(std::move(renderArea), traverseLayers,
+                                                         buffer, forSystem, regionSampling,
                                                          false /* grayscale */, captureResults));
     }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index 3808487..5ee38ec 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@
                  std::vector<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>());
     MOCK_METHOD0(dumpDebugInfo, std::string());
     MOCK_METHOD1(registerCallback, void(HWC2::ComposerCallback&));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(resetCommands, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(executeCommands, Error());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(resetCommands, void(Display));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(executeCommands, Error(Display));
     MOCK_METHOD0(getMaxVirtualDisplayCount, uint32_t());
     MOCK_METHOD4(createVirtualDisplay, Error(uint32_t, uint32_t, PixelFormat*, Display*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(destroyVirtualDisplay, Error(Display));
@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(getPhysicalDisplayOrientation, Error(Display, AidlTransform*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(getOverlaySupport,
                  Error(aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::OverlayProperties*));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugConnect, void(Display));
+    MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugDisconnect, void(Display));
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2::mock
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index abcac3c..87b3a89 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -787,13 +787,14 @@
     std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> all_formats = {
         {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR},
         {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR},
-        // Also allow to use PASS_THROUGH + HAL_DATASPACE_ARBITRARY
-        {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT},
-        {VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT},
     };
 
     if (colorspace_ext) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+            VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+            VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_BT709_LINEAR_EXT});
     }
 
@@ -812,16 +813,22 @@
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
-            VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
     }
 
     desc.format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT;
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
         all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
             VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
-            VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
         if (wide_color_support) {
             all_formats.emplace_back(
                 VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SFLOAT,
@@ -837,9 +844,11 @@
         all_formats.emplace_back(
             VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
                                VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR});
-        all_formats.emplace_back(
-            VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
-                               VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(
+                VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
+                                   VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
         if (wide_color_support) {
             all_formats.emplace_back(
                 VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_A2B10G10R10_UNORM_PACK32,
@@ -849,9 +858,10 @@
 
     desc.format = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8_UNORM;
     if (AHardwareBuffer_isSupported(&desc)) {
-        all_formats.emplace_back(
-            VkSurfaceFormatKHR{VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,
-                               VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        if (colorspace_ext) {
+            all_formats.emplace_back(VkSurfaceFormatKHR{
+                VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_PASS_THROUGH_EXT});
+        }
     }
 
     // NOTE: Any new formats that are added must be coordinated across different