diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 6199a5a..933f616 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplug,
                  std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo>(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(updatesDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect, bool());
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onVsync, bool(hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t));
+    MOCK_METHOD(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>, onVsync, (hal::HWDisplayId, int64_t));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setVsyncEnabled, void(PhysicalDisplayId, hal::Vsync));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(isConnected, bool(PhysicalDisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getModes, std::vector<HWComposer::HWCDisplayMode>(PhysicalDisplayId));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 7dde6b4..8e74716 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
@@ -148,16 +149,17 @@
     return mUpdateDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect;
 }
 
-bool HWComposer::onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp) {
-    const auto displayId = toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId);
-    if (!displayId) {
+std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> HWComposer::onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId,
+                                                     nsecs_t timestamp) {
+    const auto displayIdOpt = toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId);
+    if (!displayIdOpt) {
         LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, "Invalid HWC display");
-        return false;
+        return {};
     }
 
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayId, false);
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayIdOpt, {});
 
-    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[*displayId];
+    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[*displayIdOpt];
 
     {
         // There have been reports of HWCs that signal several vsync events
@@ -166,18 +168,18 @@
         // out here so they don't cause havoc downstream.
         if (timestamp == displayData.lastPresentTimestamp) {
             ALOGW("Ignoring duplicate VSYNC event from HWC for display %s (t=%" PRId64 ")",
-                  to_string(*displayId).c_str(), timestamp);
-            return false;
+                  to_string(*displayIdOpt).c_str(), timestamp);
+            return {};
         }
 
         displayData.lastPresentTimestamp = timestamp;
     }
 
-    const auto tag = "HW_VSYNC_" + to_string(*displayId);
+    const ftl::Concat tag("HW_VSYNC_", displayIdOpt->value);
     ATRACE_INT(tag.c_str(), displayData.vsyncTraceToggle);
     displayData.vsyncTraceToggle = !displayData.vsyncTraceToggle;
 
-    return true;
+    return displayIdOpt;
 }
 
 size_t HWComposer::getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index f6155d2..acebfb2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -221,7 +221,10 @@
     // TODO(b/157555476): Remove when the framework has proper support for headless mode
     virtual bool updatesDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect() const = 0;
 
-    virtual bool onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp) = 0;
+    // Called when a vsync happens. If the vsync is valid, returns the
+    // corresponding PhysicalDisplayId. Otherwise returns nullopt.
+    virtual std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp) = 0;
+
     virtual void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, hal::Vsync enabled) = 0;
 
     virtual bool isConnected(PhysicalDisplayId) const = 0;
@@ -402,7 +405,7 @@
 
     bool updatesDeviceProductInfoOnHotplugReconnect() const override;
 
-    bool onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp) override;
+    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> onVsync(hal::HWDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp) override;
     void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, hal::Vsync enabled) override;
 
     bool isConnected(PhysicalDisplayId) const override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
index a902a8e..76e9416 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
@@ -238,29 +238,19 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 
-EventThread::EventThread(const char* name, scheduler::VsyncSchedule& vsyncSchedule,
+EventThread::EventThread(const char* name, std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> vsyncSchedule,
+                         IEventThreadCallback& eventThreadCallback,
                          android::frametimeline::TokenManager* tokenManager,
-                         ThrottleVsyncCallback throttleVsyncCallback,
-                         GetVsyncPeriodFunction getVsyncPeriodFunction,
                          std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
                          std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration)
       : mThreadName(name),
         mVsyncTracer(base::StringPrintf("VSYNC-%s", name), 0),
         mWorkDuration(base::StringPrintf("VsyncWorkDuration-%s", name), workDuration),
         mReadyDuration(readyDuration),
-        mVsyncSchedule(vsyncSchedule),
-        mVsyncRegistration(
-                vsyncSchedule.getDispatch(),
-                [this](nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t wakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime) {
-                    onVsync(vsyncTime, wakeupTime, readyTime);
-                },
-                name),
+        mVsyncSchedule(std::move(vsyncSchedule)),
+        mVsyncRegistration(mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch(), createDispatchCallback(), name),
         mTokenManager(tokenManager),
-        mThrottleVsyncCallback(std::move(throttleVsyncCallback)),
-        mGetVsyncPeriodFunction(std::move(getVsyncPeriodFunction)) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getVsyncPeriodFunction == nullptr,
-            "getVsyncPeriodFunction must not be null");
-
+        mEventThreadCallback(eventThreadCallback) {
     mThread = std::thread([this]() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
         threadMain(lock);
@@ -371,16 +361,16 @@
     }
 
     VsyncEventData vsyncEventData;
-    nsecs_t frameInterval = mGetVsyncPeriodFunction(connection->mOwnerUid);
-    vsyncEventData.frameInterval = frameInterval;
+    const Fps frameInterval = mEventThreadCallback.getLeaderRenderFrameRate(connection->mOwnerUid);
+    vsyncEventData.frameInterval = frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs();
     const auto [presentTime, deadline] = [&]() -> std::pair<nsecs_t, nsecs_t> {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-        const auto vsyncTime = mVsyncSchedule.getTracker().nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
+        const auto vsyncTime = mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
                 systemTime() + mWorkDuration.get().count() + mReadyDuration.count());
         return {vsyncTime, vsyncTime - mReadyDuration.count()};
     }();
-    generateFrameTimeline(vsyncEventData, frameInterval, systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC),
-                          presentTime, deadline);
+    generateFrameTimeline(vsyncEventData, frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs(),
+                          systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC), presentTime, deadline);
     return vsyncEventData;
 }
 
@@ -541,9 +531,11 @@
 bool EventThread::shouldConsumeEvent(const DisplayEventReceiver::Event& event,
                                      const sp<EventThreadConnection>& connection) const {
     const auto throttleVsync = [&] {
-        return mThrottleVsyncCallback &&
-                mThrottleVsyncCallback(event.vsync.vsyncData.preferredExpectedPresentationTime(),
-                                       connection->mOwnerUid);
+        const auto& vsyncData = event.vsync.vsyncData;
+        const auto expectedPresentTime =
+                TimePoint::fromNs(vsyncData.preferredExpectedPresentationTime());
+        return !mEventThreadCallback.isVsyncTargetForUid(expectedPresentTime,
+                                                         connection->mOwnerUid);
     };
 
     switch (event.header.type) {
@@ -631,9 +623,11 @@
     for (const auto& consumer : consumers) {
         DisplayEventReceiver::Event copy = event;
         if (event.header.type == DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_VSYNC) {
-            const int64_t frameInterval = mGetVsyncPeriodFunction(consumer->mOwnerUid);
-            copy.vsync.vsyncData.frameInterval = frameInterval;
-            generateFrameTimeline(copy.vsync.vsyncData, frameInterval, copy.header.timestamp,
+            const Fps frameInterval =
+                    mEventThreadCallback.getLeaderRenderFrameRate(consumer->mOwnerUid);
+            copy.vsync.vsyncData.frameInterval = frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs();
+            generateFrameTimeline(copy.vsync.vsyncData, frameInterval.getPeriodNsecs(),
+                                  copy.header.timestamp,
                                   event.vsync.vsyncData.preferredExpectedPresentationTime(),
                                   event.vsync.vsyncData.preferredDeadlineTimestamp());
         }
@@ -699,6 +693,26 @@
     }
 }
 
+void EventThread::onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> schedule) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    const bool reschedule = mVsyncRegistration.cancel() == scheduler::CancelResult::Cancelled;
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::move(schedule);
+    mVsyncRegistration =
+            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration(mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch(),
+                                                 createDispatchCallback(), mThreadName);
+    if (reschedule) {
+        mVsyncRegistration.schedule({.workDuration = mWorkDuration.get().count(),
+                                     .readyDuration = mReadyDuration.count(),
+                                     .earliestVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
+    }
+}
+
+scheduler::VSyncDispatch::Callback EventThread::createDispatchCallback() {
+    return [this](nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t wakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime) {
+        onVsync(vsyncTime, wakeupTime, readyTime);
+    };
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
index ab9085e..b86553b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
 #include <scheduler/FrameRateMode.h>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -67,6 +68,15 @@
     // Subsequent values are periods.
 };
 
+class IEventThreadCallback {
+public:
+    virtual ~IEventThreadCallback() = default;
+
+    virtual bool isVsyncTargetForUid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const = 0;
+
+    virtual Fps getLeaderRenderFrameRate(uid_t uid) const = 0;
+};
+
 class EventThreadConnection : public gui::BnDisplayEventConnection {
 public:
     EventThreadConnection(EventThread*, uid_t callingUid, ResyncCallback,
@@ -133,18 +143,17 @@
 
     // Retrieves the number of event connections tracked by this EventThread.
     virtual size_t getEventThreadConnectionCount() = 0;
+
+    virtual void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) = 0;
 };
 
 namespace impl {
 
 class EventThread : public android::EventThread {
 public:
-    using ThrottleVsyncCallback = std::function<bool(nsecs_t, uid_t)>;
-    using GetVsyncPeriodFunction = std::function<nsecs_t(uid_t)>;
-
-    EventThread(const char* name, scheduler::VsyncSchedule&, frametimeline::TokenManager*,
-                ThrottleVsyncCallback, GetVsyncPeriodFunction,
-                std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration, std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration);
+    EventThread(const char* name, std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>, IEventThreadCallback&,
+                frametimeline::TokenManager*, std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
+                std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration);
     ~EventThread();
 
     sp<EventThreadConnection> createEventConnection(
@@ -176,6 +185,8 @@
 
     size_t getEventThreadConnectionCount() override;
 
+    void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) override;
+
 private:
     friend EventThreadTest;
 
@@ -199,17 +210,19 @@
                                nsecs_t timestamp, nsecs_t preferredExpectedPresentationTime,
                                nsecs_t preferredDeadlineTimestamp) const;
 
+    scheduler::VSyncDispatch::Callback createDispatchCallback();
+
     const char* const mThreadName;
     TracedOrdinal<int> mVsyncTracer;
     TracedOrdinal<std::chrono::nanoseconds> mWorkDuration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     std::chrono::nanoseconds mReadyDuration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    scheduler::VsyncSchedule& mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
     TimePoint mLastVsyncCallbackTime GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = TimePoint::now();
     scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration mVsyncRegistration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     frametimeline::TokenManager* const mTokenManager;
 
-    const ThrottleVsyncCallback mThrottleVsyncCallback;
-    const GetVsyncPeriodFunction mGetVsyncPeriodFunction;
+    // mEventThreadCallback will outlive the EventThread.
+    IEventThreadCallback& mEventThreadCallback;
 
     std::thread mThread;
     mutable std::mutex mMutex;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92c2189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+
+#include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
+
+namespace android::scheduler {
+
+struct ISchedulerCallback {
+    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) = 0;
+    virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
+    virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
+    virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
+
+protected:
+    ~ISchedulerCallback() = default;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
index dec8f59..925f739 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
@@ -75,19 +75,37 @@
     mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
 }
 
-void MessageQueue::initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch& dispatch,
+void MessageQueue::initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
                              frametimeline::TokenManager& tokenManager,
                              std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
     mVsync.workDuration = workDuration;
     mVsync.tokenManager = &tokenManager;
+    updateVsyncRegistrationLocked(std::move(dispatch));
+}
+
+void MessageQueue::updateVsyncRegistration(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
+    updateVsyncRegistrationLocked(std::move(dispatch));
+}
+
+void MessageQueue::updateVsyncRegistrationLocked(
+        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch) {
+    const bool reschedule = mVsync.registration &&
+            mVsync.registration->cancel() == scheduler::CancelResult::Cancelled;
     mVsync.registration = std::make_unique<
-            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration>(dispatch,
+            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration>(std::move(dispatch),
                                                   std::bind(&MessageQueue::vsyncCallback, this,
                                                             std::placeholders::_1,
                                                             std::placeholders::_2,
                                                             std::placeholders::_3),
                                                   "sf");
+    if (reschedule) {
+        mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
+                mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
+                                               .readyDuration = 0,
+                                               .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
+    }
 }
 
 void MessageQueue::destroyVsync() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
index 0d59337..ecb237d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 public:
     virtual ~MessageQueue() = default;
 
-    virtual void initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch&, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+    virtual void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
                            std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
     virtual void destroyVsync() = 0;
     virtual void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@
 
     void vsyncCallback(nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t targetWakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime);
 
+    void updateVsyncRegistration(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>) EXCLUDES(mVsync.mutex);
+
 private:
     virtual void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
 
@@ -127,10 +129,13 @@
 
     Vsync mVsync;
 
+    void updateVsyncRegistrationLocked(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>)
+            REQUIRES(mVsync.mutex);
+
 public:
     explicit MessageQueue(ICompositor&);
 
-    void initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch&, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+    void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
                    std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
     void destroyVsync() override;
     void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
index f95646c..02e8719 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
     OneShotTimer(std::string name, const Interval& interval, const ResetCallback& resetCallback,
                  const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback,
-                 std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
+                 std::unique_ptr<android::Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
     ~OneShotTimer();
 
     Duration interval() const { return mInterval; }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
     std::thread mThread;
 
     // Clock object for the timer. Mocked in unit tests.
-    std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
+    std::unique_ptr<android::Clock> mClock;
 
     // Semaphore to keep mThread synchronized.
     sem_t mSemaphore;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 33c98ff..e6f4665 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -113,10 +113,18 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+    registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                            std::make_shared<VsyncSchedule>(displayId, mFeatures));
+}
+
+void Scheduler::registerDisplayInternal(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                                        std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> vsyncSchedule) {
     demoteLeaderDisplay();
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     mRefreshRateSelectors.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+    mVsyncSchedules.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(vsyncSchedule));
 
     promoteLeaderDisplay();
 }
@@ -126,6 +134,7 @@
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     mRefreshRateSelectors.erase(displayId);
+    mVsyncSchedules.erase(displayId);
 
     // Do not allow removing the final display. Code in the scheduler expects
     // there to be at least one display. (This may be relaxed in the future with
@@ -153,52 +162,49 @@
     compositor.sample();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features) {
-    mVsyncSchedule.emplace(features);
+std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    return getFrameRateOverrideLocked(uid);
 }
 
-std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
+std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverrideLocked(uid_t uid) const {
     const bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            leaderSelectorPtr()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
+            leaderSelectorPtrLocked()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
     return mFrameRateOverrideMappings
             .getFrameRateOverrideForUid(uid, supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const {
+bool Scheduler::isVsyncTargetForUid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const {
     const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
     if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp.ns(), *frameRate);
+    return isVsyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTime, *frameRate);
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint timePoint, const Fps frameRate) const {
-    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(timePoint.ns(), frameRate);
+bool Scheduler::isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, Fps frameRate) const {
+    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTime.ns(), frameRate);
 }
 
-impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback Scheduler::makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const {
-    return [this](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
-        return !isVsyncValid(TimePoint::fromNs(expectedVsyncTimestamp), uid);
-    };
-}
+Fps Scheduler::getLeaderRenderFrameRate(uid_t uid) const {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+    auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked();
 
-impl::EventThread::GetVsyncPeriodFunction Scheduler::makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction() const {
-    return [this](uid_t uid) {
-        const Fps refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps;
-        const nsecs_t currentPeriod = mVsyncSchedule->period().ns() ?: refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    const Fps refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtrLocked()->getActiveMode().fps;
+    const nsecs_t currentPeriod = vsyncSchedule->period().ns() ?: refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
 
-        const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
-        if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
-            return currentPeriod;
-        }
+    const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverrideLocked(uid);
+    if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
+        return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(currentPeriod);
+    }
 
-        const auto divisor = RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, *frameRate);
-        if (divisor <= 1) {
-            return currentPeriod;
-        }
-        return currentPeriod * divisor;
-    };
+    const auto divisor = RefreshRateSelector::getFrameRateDivisor(refreshRate, *frameRate);
+    if (divisor <= 1) {
+        return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(currentPeriod);
+    }
+    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(currentPeriod * divisor);
 }
 
 ConnectionHandle Scheduler::createEventThread(Cycle cycle,
@@ -206,9 +212,7 @@
                                               std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
                                               std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration) {
     auto eventThread = std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(cycle == Cycle::Render ? "app" : "appSf",
-                                                           *mVsyncSchedule, tokenManager,
-                                                           makeThrottleVsyncCallback(),
-                                                           makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction(),
+                                                           getVsyncSchedule(), *this, tokenManager,
                                                            workDuration, readyDuration);
 
     auto& handle = cycle == Cycle::Render ? mAppConnectionHandle : mSfConnectionHandle;
@@ -265,7 +269,6 @@
         thread = mConnections[handle].thread.get();
     }
     thread->onScreenAcquired();
-    mScreenAcquired = true;
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle handle) {
@@ -276,7 +279,6 @@
         thread = mConnections[handle].thread.get();
     }
     thread->onScreenReleased();
-    mScreenAcquired = false;
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
@@ -387,48 +389,57 @@
     setDuration(config.sfWorkDuration);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled && mHWVsyncAvailable) {
-        mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().resetModel();
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
+void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
+}
+
+void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool disallow) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
+}
+
+void Scheduler::resyncAllToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    for (const auto& [id, _] : mRefreshRateSelectors) {
+        resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(id, allowToEnable);
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    if (mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(false);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = false;
+void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool allowToEnable,
+                                            std::optional<Fps> refreshRate) {
+    if (!refreshRate) {
+        auto selectorPtr = mRefreshRateSelectors.get(id);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!selectorPtr);
+        refreshRate = selectorPtr->get()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
     }
-    if (makeUnavailable) {
-        mHWVsyncAvailable = false;
+    auto schedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(id);
+    if (allowToEnable) {
+        schedule->allowHardwareVsync();
+    } else if (!schedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed()) {
+        // Hardware vsync is not currently allowed, so abort the resync
+        // attempt for now.
+        return;
     }
+
+    setVsyncPeriod(schedule, refreshRate->getPeriodNsecs(), false /* force */);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, Fps refreshRate) {
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        if (makeAvailable) {
-            mHWVsyncAvailable = makeAvailable;
-        } else if (!mHWVsyncAvailable) {
-            // Hardware vsync is not currently available, so abort the resync
-            // attempt for now
-            return;
-        }
-    }
+void Scheduler::setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId id, Fps renderFrameRate) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    setVsyncPeriod(refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs());
-}
-
-void Scheduler::setRenderRate(Fps renderFrameRate) {
-    const auto mode = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode();
+    auto selectorPtr = mRefreshRateSelectors.get(id);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!selectorPtr);
+    const auto mode = selectorPtr->get()->getActiveMode();
 
     using fps_approx_ops::operator!=;
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(renderFrameRate != mode.fps,
-                        "Mismatch in render frame rates. Selector: %s, Scheduler: %s",
-                        to_string(mode.fps).c_str(), to_string(renderFrameRate).c_str());
+                        "Mismatch in render frame rates. Selector: %s, Scheduler: %s, Display: "
+                        "%" PRIu64,
+                        to_string(mode.fps).c_str(), to_string(renderFrameRate).c_str(), id.value);
 
     ALOGV("%s %s (%s)", __func__, to_string(mode.fps).c_str(),
           to_string(mode.modePtr->getFps()).c_str());
@@ -437,7 +448,7 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(divisor == 0, "%s <> %s -- not divisors", to_string(mode.fps).c_str(),
                         to_string(mode.fps).c_str());
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().setDivisor(static_cast<unsigned>(divisor));
+    getVsyncScheduleLocked(id)->getTracker().setDivisor(static_cast<unsigned>(divisor));
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resync() {
@@ -447,49 +458,43 @@
     const nsecs_t last = mLastResyncTime.exchange(now);
 
     if (now - last > kIgnoreDelay) {
-        const auto refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
-        resyncToHardwareVsync(false, refreshRate);
+        resyncAllToHardwareVsync(false /* allowToEnable */);
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period) {
+void Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod(const std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>& schedule, nsecs_t period,
+                               bool force) {
+    ALOGD("Scheduler::setVsyncPeriod");
     if (period <= 0) return;
 
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-    mVsyncSchedule->getController().startPeriodTransition(period);
-
-    if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-        mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().resetModel();
-        mSchedulerCallback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
-        mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
-    }
+    // TODO (b/266712910):The old code held mHWVsyncLock before calling
+    // startPeriodTransition. Move these into a new method on VsyncSchedule that
+    // encapsulates this behavior there and allows holding the lock the whole
+    // time.
+    schedule->getController().startPeriodTransition(period, force);
+    schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                                bool* periodFlushed) {
-    bool needsHwVsync = false;
-    *periodFlushed = false;
-    { // Scope for the lock
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        if (mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-            needsHwVsync =
-                    mVsyncSchedule->getController().addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp, hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                                                                        periodFlushed);
-        }
+bool Scheduler::addResyncSample(PhysicalDisplayId id, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod) {
+    bool periodFlushed = false;
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    if (schedule->getController().addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp, hwcVsyncPeriod, &periodFlushed)) {
+        schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
+    } else {
+        schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, false /* disallow */);
     }
 
-    if (needsHwVsync) {
-        enableHardwareVsync();
-    } else {
-        disableHardwareVsync(false);
-    }
+    return periodFlushed;
 }
 
-void Scheduler::addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
-    if (mVsyncSchedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence))) {
-        enableHardwareVsync();
+void Scheduler::addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId id, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence));
+    if (needMoreSignals) {
+        schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
     } else {
-        disableHardwareVsync(false);
+        schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, false /* disallow */);
     }
 }
 
@@ -541,12 +546,22 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setDisplayPowerMode(hal::PowerMode powerMode) {
-    {
+void Scheduler::setDisplayPowerMode(PhysicalDisplayId id, hal::PowerMode powerMode) {
+    const bool isLeader = [this, id]() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mDisplayLock);
+        return id == mLeaderDisplayId;
+    }();
+    if (isLeader) {
+        // TODO (b/255657128): This needs to be handled per display.
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
         mPolicy.displayPowerMode = powerMode;
     }
-    mVsyncSchedule->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(id);
+        vsyncSchedule->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
+    }
+    if (!isLeader) return;
 
     if (mDisplayPowerTimer) {
         mDisplayPowerTimer->reset();
@@ -557,6 +572,24 @@
     mLayerHistory.clear();
 }
 
+std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> Scheduler::getVsyncSchedule(
+        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt) const {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    return getVsyncScheduleLocked(idOpt);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> Scheduler::getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt) const {
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+    if (!idOpt) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mLeaderDisplayId, "Missing a leader!");
+        idOpt = mLeaderDisplayId;
+    }
+    auto scheduleOpt = mVsyncSchedules.get(*idOpt);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!scheduleOpt);
+    return std::const_pointer_cast<const VsyncSchedule>(scheduleOpt->get());
+}
+
 void Scheduler::kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState state) {
     ATRACE_INT("ExpiredKernelIdleTimer", static_cast<int>(state));
 
@@ -571,12 +604,17 @@
         // If we're not in performance mode then the kernel timer shouldn't do
         // anything, as the refresh rate during DPU power collapse will be the
         // same.
-        resyncToHardwareVsync(true /* makeAvailable */, refreshRate);
+        resyncAllToHardwareVsync(true /* allowToEnable */);
     } else if (state == TimerState::Expired && refreshRate <= FPS_THRESHOLD_FOR_KERNEL_TIMER) {
         // Disable HW VSYNC if the timer expired, as we don't need it enabled if
         // we're not pushing frames, and if we're in PERFORMANCE mode then we'll
         // need to update the VsyncController model anyway.
-        disableHardwareVsync(false /* makeUnavailable */);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        constexpr bool disallow = false;
+        for (auto& [_, schedule] : mVsyncSchedules) {
+            schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
+        }
     }
 
     mSchedulerCallback.kernelTimerChanged(state == TimerState::Expired);
@@ -630,19 +668,23 @@
 
     mFrameRateOverrideMappings.dump(dumper);
     dumper.eol();
-
-    {
-        utils::Dumper::Section section(dumper, "Hardware VSYNC"sv);
-
-        std::lock_guard lock(mHWVsyncLock);
-        dumper.dump("screenAcquired"sv, mScreenAcquired.load());
-        dumper.dump("hwVsyncAvailable"sv, mHWVsyncAvailable);
-        dumper.dump("hwVsyncEnabled"sv, mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled);
-    }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::dumpVsync(std::string& out) const {
-    mVsyncSchedule->dump(out);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+    if (mLeaderDisplayId) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&out, "VsyncSchedule for leader %s:\n",
+                            to_string(*mLeaderDisplayId).c_str());
+        getVsyncScheduleLocked()->dump(out);
+    }
+    for (auto& [id, vsyncSchedule] : mVsyncSchedules) {
+        if (id == mLeaderDisplayId) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        base::StringAppendF(&out, "VsyncSchedule for follower %s:\n", to_string(id).c_str());
+        vsyncSchedule->dump(out);
+    }
 }
 
 bool Scheduler::updateFrameRateOverrides(GlobalSignals consideredSignals, Fps displayRefreshRate) {
@@ -662,6 +704,7 @@
     mLeaderDisplayId = leaderIdOpt.value_or(mRefreshRateSelectors.begin()->first);
     ALOGI("Display %s is the leader", to_string(*mLeaderDisplayId).c_str());
 
+    auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(*mLeaderDisplayId);
     if (const auto leaderPtr = leaderSelectorPtrLocked()) {
         leaderPtr->setIdleTimerCallbacks(
                 {.platform = {.onReset = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
@@ -671,6 +714,17 @@
                                     [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }}});
 
         leaderPtr->startIdleTimer();
+
+        const Fps refreshRate = leaderPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
+        setVsyncPeriod(vsyncSchedule, refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs(), true /* force */);
+    }
+
+    updateVsyncRegistration(vsyncSchedule->getDispatch());
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
+        for (auto& [_, connection] : mConnections) {
+            connection.thread->onNewVsyncSchedule(vsyncSchedule);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index e822448..8dc2def 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "FrameRateOverrideMappings.h"
+#include "ISchedulerCallback.h"
 #include "LayerHistory.h"
 #include "MessageQueue.h"
 #include "OneShotTimer.h"
@@ -92,17 +93,7 @@
 
 using GlobalSignals = RefreshRateSelector::GlobalSignals;
 
-struct ISchedulerCallback {
-    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
-    virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
-    virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
-    virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
-
-protected:
-    ~ISchedulerCallback() = default;
-};
-
-class Scheduler : android::impl::MessageQueue {
+class Scheduler : android::impl::MessageQueue, public IEventThreadCallback {
     using Impl = android::impl::MessageQueue;
 
 public:
@@ -123,8 +114,6 @@
 
     void run();
 
-    void createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags);
-
     using Impl::initVsync;
 
     using Impl::getScheduledFrameTime;
@@ -177,9 +166,21 @@
 
     const VsyncModulator& vsyncModulator() const { return *mVsyncModulator; }
 
+    // In some cases, we should only modulate for the leader display. In those
+    // cases, the caller should pass in the relevant display, and the method
+    // will no-op if it's not the leader. Other cases are not specific to a
+    // display.
     template <typename... Args,
               typename Handler = std::optional<VsyncConfig> (VsyncModulator::*)(Args...)>
-    void modulateVsync(Handler handler, Args... args) {
+    void modulateVsync(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> id, Handler handler, Args... args) {
+        if (id) {
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+            ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+            if (id != mLeaderDisplayId) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
         if (const auto config = (*mVsyncModulator.*handler)(args...)) {
             setVsyncConfig(*config, getLeaderVsyncPeriod());
         }
@@ -188,24 +189,32 @@
     void setVsyncConfigSet(const VsyncConfigSet&, Period vsyncPeriod);
 
     // Sets the render rate for the scheduler to run at.
-    void setRenderRate(Fps);
+    void setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps);
 
-    void enableHardwareVsync();
-    void disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable);
+    void enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId);
+    void disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool makeUnavailable);
 
     // Resyncs the scheduler to hardware vsync.
-    // If makeAvailable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
+    // If allowToEnable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
     // Otherwise, if hardware vsync is not already enabled then this method will
     // no-op.
-    void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool makeAvailable, Fps refreshRate);
+    // If refreshRate is nullopt, use the existing refresh rate of the display.
+    void resyncToHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool allowToEnable,
+                               std::optional<Fps> refreshRate = std::nullopt)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(id, allowToEnable, refreshRate);
+    }
     void resync() EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
     void forceNextResync() { mLastResyncTime = 0; }
 
-    // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. periodFlushed will be true if
-    // VsyncController detected that the vsync period changed, and false otherwise.
-    void addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
-                         bool* periodFlushed);
-    void addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>);
+    // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. Returns true if
+    // VsyncController detected that the vsync period changed and false
+    // otherwise.
+    bool addResyncSample(PhysicalDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                         std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod);
+    void addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
     // Layers are registered on creation, and unregistered when the weak reference expires.
     void registerLayer(Layer*);
@@ -223,20 +232,22 @@
     // Indicates that touch interaction is taking place.
     void onTouchHint();
 
-    void setDisplayPowerMode(hal::PowerMode powerMode);
+    void setDisplayPowerMode(PhysicalDisplayId, hal::PowerMode powerMode)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    VsyncSchedule& getVsyncSchedule() { return *mVsyncSchedule; }
+    std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> getVsyncSchedule(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> getVsyncSchedule(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return std::const_pointer_cast<VsyncSchedule>(
+                static_cast<const Scheduler*>(this)->getVsyncSchedule(idOpt));
+    }
 
-    // Returns true if a given vsync timestamp is considered valid vsync
-    // for a given uid
-    bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
-
-    // Checks if a vsync timestamp is in phase for a frame rate
-    bool isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint timePoint, const Fps frameRate) const;
+    bool isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, Fps frameRate) const;
 
     void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
     void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
-    void dumpVsync(std::string&) const;
+    void dumpVsync(std::string&) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
     // Returns the preferred refresh rate and frame rate for the leader display.
     FrameRateMode getPreferredDisplayMode();
@@ -274,6 +285,10 @@
         return mLayerHistory.getLayerFramerate(now, id);
     }
 
+    // IEventThreadCallback overrides:
+    bool isVsyncTargetForUid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const override;
+    Fps getLeaderRenderFrameRate(uid_t uid) const override;
+
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
 
@@ -295,7 +310,12 @@
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
 
-    void setVsyncPeriod(nsecs_t period);
+    void resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(PhysicalDisplayId, bool allowToEnable,
+                                     std::optional<Fps> refreshRate = std::nullopt)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mDisplayLock);
+    void resyncAllToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    void setVsyncPeriod(const std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>&, nsecs_t period, bool force)
+            REQUIRES(mDisplayLock);
     void setVsyncConfig(const VsyncConfig&, Period vsyncPeriod);
 
     // Chooses a leader among the registered displays, unless `leaderIdOpt` is specified. The new
@@ -307,6 +327,12 @@
     // caller on the main thread to avoid deadlock, since the timer thread locks it before exit.
     void demoteLeaderDisplay() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock, mPolicyLock);
 
+    void registerDisplayInternal(PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr,
+                                 std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+
+    std::optional<Fps> getFrameRateOverrideLocked(uid_t) const REQUIRES(mDisplayLock);
+
     struct Policy;
 
     // Sets the S state of the policy to the T value under mPolicyLock, and chooses a display mode
@@ -344,9 +370,6 @@
 
     void dispatchCachedReportedMode() REQUIRES(mPolicyLock) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
-    android::impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const;
-    android::impl::EventThread::GetVsyncPeriodFunction makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction() const;
-
     // Stores EventThread associated with a given VSyncSource, and an initial EventThreadConnection.
     struct Connection {
         sp<EventThreadConnection> connection;
@@ -360,14 +383,9 @@
     ConnectionHandle mAppConnectionHandle;
     ConnectionHandle mSfConnectionHandle;
 
-    mutable std::mutex mHWVsyncLock;
-    bool mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
-    bool mHWVsyncAvailable GUARDED_BY(mHWVsyncLock) = false;
-
     std::atomic<nsecs_t> mLastResyncTime = 0;
 
     const FeatureFlags mFeatures;
-    std::optional<VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
 
     // Shifts the VSYNC phase during certain transactions and refresh rate changes.
     const sp<VsyncModulator> mVsyncModulator;
@@ -392,6 +410,10 @@
     display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr> mRefreshRateSelectors
             GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock) GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
+    // TODO (b/266715559): Store in the same map as mRefreshRateSelectors.
+    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>> mVsyncSchedules
+            GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock) GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
+
     ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mLeaderDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
             GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
@@ -411,6 +433,14 @@
                 .value_or(std::cref(noLeader));
     }
 
+    std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) const REQUIRES(mDisplayLock);
+    std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) REQUIRES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return std::const_pointer_cast<VsyncSchedule>(
+                static_cast<const Scheduler*>(this)->getVsyncScheduleLocked(idOpt));
+    }
+
     struct Policy {
         // Policy for choosing the display mode.
         LayerHistory::Summary contentRequirements;
@@ -437,9 +467,6 @@
     static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds MAX_VSYNC_APPLIED_TIME = 200ms;
 
     FrameRateOverrideMappings mFrameRateOverrideMappings;
-
-    // Keeps track of whether the screen is acquired for debug
-    std::atomic<bool> mScreenAcquired = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
index 9520131..77875e3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
@@ -161,7 +161,8 @@
  */
 class VSyncCallbackRegistration {
 public:
-    VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncDispatch&, VSyncDispatch::Callback, std::string callbackName);
+    VSyncCallbackRegistration(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch>, VSyncDispatch::Callback,
+                              std::string callbackName);
     ~VSyncCallbackRegistration();
 
     VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncCallbackRegistration&&);
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@
     CancelResult cancel();
 
 private:
-    std::reference_wrapper<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     bool mValidToken;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
index 73d52cf..26389eb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@
 }
 
 VSyncDispatchTimerQueue::VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper> tk,
-                                                 VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t timerSlack,
-                                                 nsecs_t minVsyncDistance)
+                                                 VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr tracker,
+                                                 nsecs_t timerSlack, nsecs_t minVsyncDistance)
       : mTimeKeeper(std::move(tk)),
-        mTracker(tracker),
+        mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mTimerSlack(timerSlack),
         mMinVsyncDistance(minVsyncDistance) {}
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
         }
 
         if (it != skipUpdateIt) {
-            callback->update(mTracker, now);
+            callback->update(*mTracker, now);
         }
         auto const wakeupTime = *callback->wakeupTime();
         if (!min || *min > wakeupTime) {
@@ -365,10 +365,10 @@
     auto const rearmImminent = now > mIntendedWakeupTime;
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(rearmImminent)) {
         callback->addPendingWorkloadUpdate(scheduleTiming);
-        return getExpectedCallbackTime(mTracker, now, scheduleTiming);
+        return getExpectedCallbackTime(*mTracker, now, scheduleTiming);
     }
 
-    const ScheduleResult result = callback->schedule(scheduleTiming, mTracker, now);
+    const ScheduleResult result = callback->schedule(scheduleTiming, *mTracker, now);
     if (!result.has_value()) {
         return {};
     }
@@ -434,15 +434,15 @@
     }
 }
 
-VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncDispatch& dispatch,
+VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
                                                      VSyncDispatch::Callback callback,
                                                      std::string callbackName)
-      : mDispatch(dispatch),
-        mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::move(callback), std::move(callbackName))),
+      : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+        mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::move(callback), std::move(callbackName))),
         mValidToken(true) {}
 
 VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncCallbackRegistration&& other)
-      : mDispatch(other.mDispatch),
+      : mDispatch(std::move(other.mDispatch)),
         mToken(std::move(other.mToken)),
         mValidToken(std::move(other.mValidToken)) {
     other.mValidToken = false;
@@ -457,28 +457,28 @@
 }
 
 VSyncCallbackRegistration::~VSyncCallbackRegistration() {
-    if (mValidToken) mDispatch.get().unregisterCallback(mToken);
+    if (mValidToken) mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken);
 }
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::schedule(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming scheduleTiming) {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().schedule(mToken, scheduleTiming);
+    return mDispatch->schedule(mToken, scheduleTiming);
 }
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::update(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming scheduleTiming) {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().update(mToken, scheduleTiming);
+    return mDispatch->update(mToken, scheduleTiming);
 }
 
 CancelResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::cancel() {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return CancelResult::Error;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().cancel(mToken);
+    return mDispatch->cancel(mToken);
 }
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
index c3af136..6499d69 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 
 #include "VSyncDispatch.h"
+#include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 class TimeKeeper;
-class VSyncTracker;
 
 // VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry is a helper class representing internal state for each entry in
 // VSyncDispatchTimerQueue hoisted to public for unit testing.
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@
     //                                  should be grouped into one wakeup.
     // \param[in] minVsyncDistance      The minimum distance between two vsync estimates before the
     //                                  vsyncs are considered the same vsync event.
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper>, VSyncTracker&, nsecs_t timerSlack,
-                            nsecs_t minVsyncDistance);
+    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper>, VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr,
+                            nsecs_t timerSlack, nsecs_t minVsyncDistance);
     ~VSyncDispatchTimerQueue();
 
     CallbackToken registerCallback(Callback, std::string callbackName) final;
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
     static constexpr nsecs_t kInvalidTime = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
     std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper> const mTimeKeeper;
-    VSyncTracker& mTracker;
+    VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr mTracker;
     nsecs_t const mTimerSlack;
     nsecs_t const mMinVsyncDistance;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index 02e12fd..a3b8a56 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
@@ -40,14 +41,16 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 using base::StringAppendF;
+using base::StringPrintf;
 
 static auto constexpr kMaxPercent = 100u;
 
 VSyncPredictor::~VSyncPredictor() = default;
 
-VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
+VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(std::string name, nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
                                size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent)
-      : mTraceOn(property_get_bool("debug.sf.vsp_trace", false)),
+      : mName(name),
+        mTraceOn(property_get_bool("debug.sf.vsp_trace", false)),
         kHistorySize(historySize),
         kMinimumSamplesForPrediction(minimumSamplesForPrediction),
         kOutlierTolerancePercent(std::min(outlierTolerancePercent, kMaxPercent)),
@@ -57,12 +60,14 @@
 
 inline void VSyncPredictor::traceInt64If(const char* name, int64_t value) const {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceOn)) {
-        ATRACE_INT64(name, value);
+        traceInt64(name, value);
     }
 }
 
 inline void VSyncPredictor::traceInt64(const char* name, int64_t value) const {
-    ATRACE_INT64(name, value);
+    // TODO (b/266817103): Pass in PhysicalDisplayId and use ftl::Concat to
+    // avoid unnecessary allocations.
+    ATRACE_INT64(StringPrintf("%s %s", name, mName.c_str()).c_str(), value);
 }
 
 inline size_t VSyncPredictor::next(size_t i) const {
@@ -214,8 +219,8 @@
 
     it->second = {anticipatedPeriod, intercept};
 
-    ALOGV("model update ts: %" PRId64 " slope: %" PRId64 " intercept: %" PRId64, timestamp,
-          anticipatedPeriod, intercept);
+    ALOGV("model update ts %s: %" PRId64 " slope: %" PRId64 " intercept: %" PRId64, mName.c_str(),
+          timestamp, anticipatedPeriod, intercept);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -327,7 +332,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::setDivisor(unsigned divisor) {
-    ALOGV("%s: %d", __func__, divisor);
+    ALOGV("%s %s: %d", __func__, mName.c_str(), divisor);
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     mDivisor = divisor;
 }
@@ -343,7 +348,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::setPeriod(nsecs_t period) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %s", __func__, mName.c_str());
     traceInt64("VSP-setPeriod", period);
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
index 305cdb0..1ded54f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
@@ -29,14 +29,15 @@
 class VSyncPredictor : public VSyncTracker {
 public:
     /*
+     * \param [in] name The name of the display this corresponds to.
      * \param [in] idealPeriod  The initial ideal period to use.
      * \param [in] historySize  The internal amount of entries to store in the model.
      * \param [in] minimumSamplesForPrediction The minimum number of samples to collect before
      * predicting. \param [in] outlierTolerancePercent a number 0 to 100 that will be used to filter
      * samples that fall outlierTolerancePercent from an anticipated vsync event.
      */
-    VSyncPredictor(nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize, size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction,
-                   uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent);
+    VSyncPredictor(std::string name, nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
+                   size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent);
     ~VSyncPredictor();
 
     bool addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
@@ -76,6 +77,8 @@
     VSyncPredictor& operator=(VSyncPredictor const&) = delete;
     void clearTimestamps() REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
+    const std::string mName;
+
     inline void traceInt64If(const char* name, int64_t value) const;
     inline void traceInt64(const char* name, int64_t value) const;
     bool const mTraceOn;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
index b5f212e..a831f66 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 using base::StringAppendF;
+using base::StringPrintf;
 
 VsyncController::~VsyncController() = default;
 
@@ -39,12 +41,12 @@
     return systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
 }
 
-VSyncReactor::VSyncReactor(std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker,
+VSyncReactor::VSyncReactor(std::string name, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker,
                            size_t pendingFenceLimit, bool supportKernelIdleTimer)
-      : mClock(std::move(clock)),
+      : mName(name),
+        mClock(std::move(clock)),
         mTracker(tracker),
         mPendingLimit(pendingFenceLimit),
-        // TODO(adyabr): change mSupportKernelIdleTimer when the active display changes
         mSupportKernelIdleTimer(supportKernelIdleTimer) {}
 
 VSyncReactor::~VSyncReactor() = default;
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransitionInternal(nsecs_t newPeriod) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %s", __func__, mName.c_str());
     mPeriodConfirmationInProgress = true;
     mPeriodTransitioningTo = newPeriod;
     mMoreSamplesNeeded = true;
@@ -122,18 +124,20 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncReactor::endPeriodTransition() {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %s", __func__, mName.c_str());
     mPeriodTransitioningTo.reset();
     mPeriodConfirmationInProgress = false;
     mLastHwVsync.reset();
 }
 
-void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) {
-    ATRACE_INT64("VSR-startPeriodTransition", period);
+void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) {
+    // TODO (b/266817103): Pass in PhysicalDisplayId and use ftl::Concat to
+    // avoid unnecessary allocations.
+    ATRACE_INT64(StringPrintf("VSR-startPeriodTransition %s", mName.c_str()).c_str(), period);
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     mLastHwVsync.reset();
 
-    if (!mSupportKernelIdleTimer && period == mTracker.currentPeriod()) {
+    if (!mSupportKernelIdleTimer && period == mTracker.currentPeriod() && !force) {
         endPeriodTransition();
         setIgnorePresentFencesInternal(false);
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = false;
@@ -181,7 +185,7 @@
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     if (periodConfirmed(timestamp, hwcVsyncPeriod)) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: period confirmed");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %s: period confirmed", mName.c_str());
         if (mPeriodTransitioningTo) {
             mTracker.setPeriod(*mPeriodTransitioningTo);
             *periodFlushed = true;
@@ -195,12 +199,12 @@
         endPeriodTransition();
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = mTracker.needsMoreSamples();
     } else if (mPeriodConfirmationInProgress) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: still confirming period");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %s: still confirming period", mName.c_str());
         mLastHwVsync = timestamp;
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = true;
         *periodFlushed = false;
     } else {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: adding sample");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %s: adding sample", mName.c_str());
         *periodFlushed = false;
         mTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(timestamp);
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = mTracker.needsMoreSamples();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
index 4501487..fd9ca42 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 
 #include <scheduler/TimeKeeper.h>
@@ -37,14 +38,14 @@
 // TODO (b/145217110): consider renaming.
 class VSyncReactor : public VsyncController {
 public:
-    VSyncReactor(std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker, size_t pendingFenceLimit,
-                 bool supportKernelIdleTimer);
+    VSyncReactor(std::string name, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker,
+                 size_t pendingFenceLimit, bool supportKernelIdleTimer);
     ~VSyncReactor();
 
     bool addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>) final;
     void setIgnorePresentFences(bool ignore) final;
 
-    void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) final;
+    void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) final;
 
     bool addHwVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
                              bool* periodFlushed) final;
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
     bool periodConfirmed(nsecs_t vsync_timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod)
             REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
+    const std::string mName;
     std::unique_ptr<Clock> const mClock;
     VSyncTracker& mTracker;
     size_t const mPendingLimit;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
index 726a420..9177899 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@
      * itself. The controller will end the period transition internally.
      *
      * \param [in] period   The period that the system is changing into.
+     * \param [in] force    True to recalibrate even if period matches the existing period.
      */
-    virtual void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) = 0;
+    virtual void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) = 0;
 
     /*
      * Tells the tracker to stop using present fences to get a vsync signal.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index 95bc31f..951c1ec 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
 
 #include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
+#include "ISchedulerCallback.h"
+#include "Scheduler.h"
+#include "Utils/Dumper.h"
 #include "VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h"
 #include "VSyncPredictor.h"
 #include "VSyncReactor.h"
@@ -39,8 +42,8 @@
     }
 
 public:
-    explicit PredictedVsyncTracer(VsyncDispatch& dispatch)
-          : mRegistration(dispatch, makeVsyncCallback(), __func__) {
+    explicit PredictedVsyncTracer(std::shared_ptr<VsyncDispatch> dispatch)
+          : mRegistration(std::move(dispatch), makeVsyncCallback(), __func__) {
         schedule();
     }
 
@@ -51,21 +54,23 @@
     VSyncCallbackRegistration mRegistration;
 };
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features)
-      : mTracker(createTracker()),
-        mDispatch(createDispatch(*mTracker)),
-        mController(createController(*mTracker, features)) {
+VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, FeatureFlags features)
+      : mId(id),
+        mTracker(createTracker(id)),
+        mDispatch(createDispatch(mTracker)),
+        mController(createController(id, *mTracker, features)) {
     if (features.test(Feature::kTracePredictedVsync)) {
-        mTracer = std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(*mDispatch);
+        mTracer = std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(mDispatch);
     }
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch, ControllerPtr controller)
-      : mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
+VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch,
+                             ControllerPtr controller)
+      : mId(id),
+        mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
         mController(std::move(controller)) {}
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(VsyncSchedule&&) = default;
 VsyncSchedule::~VsyncSchedule() = default;
 
 Period VsyncSchedule::period() const {
@@ -77,6 +82,13 @@
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::dump(std::string& out) const {
+    utils::Dumper dumper(out);
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+        dumper.dump("hwVsyncState", ftl::enum_string(mHwVsyncState));
+        dumper.dump("lastHwVsyncState", ftl::enum_string(mLastHwVsyncState));
+    }
+
     out.append("VsyncController:\n");
     mController->dump(out);
 
@@ -84,40 +96,72 @@
     mDispatch->dump(out);
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr VsyncSchedule::createTracker() {
+VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr VsyncSchedule::createTracker(PhysicalDisplayId id) {
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr nsecs_t kInitialPeriod = (60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
     constexpr size_t kHistorySize = 20;
     constexpr size_t kMinSamplesForPrediction = 6;
     constexpr uint32_t kDiscardOutlierPercent = 20;
 
-    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(kInitialPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinSamplesForPrediction,
-                                            kDiscardOutlierPercent);
+    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(to_string(id), kInitialPeriod, kHistorySize,
+                                            kMinSamplesForPrediction, kDiscardOutlierPercent);
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::DispatchPtr VsyncSchedule::createDispatch(VsyncTracker& tracker) {
+VsyncSchedule::DispatchPtr VsyncSchedule::createDispatch(TrackerPtr tracker) {
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kGroupDispatchWithin = 500us;
     constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kSnapToSameVsyncWithin = 3ms;
 
-    return std::make_unique<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+    return std::make_unique<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), std::move(tracker),
                                                      kGroupDispatchWithin.count(),
                                                      kSnapToSameVsyncWithin.count());
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::ControllerPtr VsyncSchedule::createController(VsyncTracker& tracker,
+VsyncSchedule::ControllerPtr VsyncSchedule::createController(PhysicalDisplayId id,
+                                                             VsyncTracker& tracker,
                                                              FeatureFlags features) {
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr size_t kMaxPendingFences = 20;
     const bool hasKernelIdleTimer = features.test(Feature::kKernelIdleTimer);
 
-    auto reactor = std::make_unique<VSyncReactor>(std::make_unique<SystemClock>(), tracker,
-                                                  kMaxPendingFences, hasKernelIdleTimer);
+    auto reactor = std::make_unique<VSyncReactor>(to_string(id), std::make_unique<SystemClock>(),
+                                                  tracker, kMaxPendingFences, hasKernelIdleTimer);
 
     reactor->setIgnorePresentFences(!features.test(Feature::kPresentFences));
     return reactor;
 }
 
+void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disabled) {
+        getTracker().resetModel();
+        callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, true);
+        mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Enabled;
+        mLastHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Enabled;
+    }
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback, bool disallow) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Enabled) {
+        callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, false);
+        mLastHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+    }
+    mHwVsyncState = disallow ? HwVsyncState::Disallowed : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+}
+
+bool VsyncSchedule::isHardwareVsyncAllowed() const {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    return mHwVsyncState != HwVsyncState::Disallowed;
+}
+
+void VsyncSchedule::allowHardwareVsync() {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
+    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disallowed) {
+        mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 173b1d0..ffb7ad5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <scheduler/Features.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
 namespace android {
 class EventThreadTest;
@@ -32,6 +34,8 @@
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
+struct ISchedulerCallback;
+
 // TODO(b/185535769): Rename classes, and remove aliases.
 class VSyncDispatch;
 class VSyncTracker;
@@ -43,8 +47,7 @@
 // Schedule that synchronizes to hardware VSYNC of a physical display.
 class VsyncSchedule {
 public:
-    explicit VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags);
-    VsyncSchedule(VsyncSchedule&&);
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, FeatureFlags);
     ~VsyncSchedule();
 
     Period period() const;
@@ -55,30 +58,71 @@
     VsyncTracker& getTracker() { return *mTracker; }
     VsyncController& getController() { return *mController; }
 
+    // TODO(b/185535769): Once these are hidden behind the API, they may no
+    // longer need to be shared_ptrs.
+    using DispatchPtr = std::shared_ptr<VsyncDispatch>;
+    using TrackerPtr = std::shared_ptr<VsyncTracker>;
+
     // TODO(b/185535769): Remove once VsyncSchedule owns all registrations.
-    VsyncDispatch& getDispatch() { return *mDispatch; }
+    DispatchPtr getDispatch() { return mDispatch; }
 
     void dump(std::string&) const;
 
+    // Turn on hardware vsyncs, unless mHwVsyncState is Disallowed, in which
+    // case this call is ignored.
+    void enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    // Disable hardware vsyncs. If `disallow` is true, future calls to
+    // enableHardwareVsync are ineffective until allowHardwareVsync is called.
+    void disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&, bool disallow) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    // Restore the ability to enable hardware vsync.
+    void allowHardwareVsync() EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+    // If true, enableHardwareVsync can enable hardware vsync (if not already
+    // enabled). If false, enableHardwareVsync does nothing.
+    bool isHardwareVsyncAllowed() const EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
+
+protected:
+    using ControllerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncController>;
+
+    // For tests.
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr);
+
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
     friend class android::EventThreadTest;
     friend class android::fuzz::SchedulerFuzzer;
 
-    using TrackerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncTracker>;
-    using DispatchPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncDispatch>;
-    using ControllerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncController>;
+    static TrackerPtr createTracker(PhysicalDisplayId);
+    static DispatchPtr createDispatch(TrackerPtr);
+    static ControllerPtr createController(PhysicalDisplayId, VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
 
-    // For tests.
-    VsyncSchedule(TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr);
+    mutable std::mutex mHwVsyncLock;
+    enum class HwVsyncState {
+        // Hardware vsyncs are currently enabled.
+        Enabled,
 
-    static TrackerPtr createTracker();
-    static DispatchPtr createDispatch(VsyncTracker&);
-    static ControllerPtr createController(VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
+        // Hardware vsyncs are currently disabled. They can be enabled by a call
+        // to `enableHardwareVsync`.
+        Disabled,
+
+        // Hardware vsyncs are not currently allowed (e.g. because the display
+        // is off).
+        Disallowed,
+
+        ftl_last = Disallowed,
+    };
+    HwVsyncState mHwVsyncState GUARDED_BY(mHwVsyncLock) = HwVsyncState::Disallowed;
+
+    // The last state, which may be the current state, or the state prior to setting to Disallowed.
+    HwVsyncState mLastHwVsyncState GUARDED_BY(mHwVsyncLock) = HwVsyncState::Disabled;
 
     class PredictedVsyncTracer;
     using TracerPtr = std::unique_ptr<PredictedVsyncTracer>;
 
+    const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
+
     // Effectively const except in move constructor.
     TrackerPtr mTracker;
     DispatchPtr mDispatch;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 43483e4..6020aba 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -1124,21 +1124,33 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>&, DisplayStatInfo* outStats) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                         DisplayStatInfo* outStats) {
     if (!outStats) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
-    outStats->vsyncTime = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint::now()).ns();
-    outStats->vsyncPeriod = schedule.period().ns();
+    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> displayIdOpt;
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+        displayIdOpt = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken);
+    }
+
+    if (!displayIdOpt) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Invalid physical display token %p", __func__, displayToken.get());
+        return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+    const auto schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(displayIdOpt);
+    outStats->vsyncTime = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint::now()).ns();
+    outStats->vsyncPeriod = schedule->period().ns();
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredActiveMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& request, bool force) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId());
+    const auto displayId = request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
     if (!display) {
         ALOGW("%s: display is no longer valid", __func__);
         return;
@@ -1151,23 +1163,25 @@
                                           force)) {
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredActiveModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
             // Set the render rate as setDesiredActiveMode updated it.
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId,
+                                      display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps);
 
             // Schedule a new frame to initiate the display mode switch.
             scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kNone);
 
             // Start receiving vsync samples now, so that we can detect a period
             // switch.
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, mode.modePtr->getFps());
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */,
+                                              mode.modePtr->getFps());
+
             // As we called to set period, we will call to onRefreshRateChangeCompleted once
             // VsyncController model is locked.
-            mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeInitiated);
-
+            mScheduler->modulateVsync(displayId, &VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeInitiated);
             updatePhaseConfiguration(mode.fps);
             mScheduler->setModeChangePending(true);
             break;
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredActiveModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch:
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(mode.fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, mode.fps);
             updatePhaseConfiguration(mode.fps);
             mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(mode.fps);
             if (display->getPhysicalId() == mActiveDisplayId && emitEvent) {
@@ -1283,11 +1297,14 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::desiredActiveModeChangeDone(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    const auto displayFps = display->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getFps();
-    const auto renderFps = display->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->fps;
+    const auto desiredActiveMode = display->getDesiredActiveMode();
+    const auto& modeOpt = desiredActiveMode->modeOpt;
+    const auto displayId = modeOpt->modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+    const auto displayFps = modeOpt->modePtr->getFps();
+    const auto renderFps = modeOpt->fps;
     clearDesiredActiveModeState(display);
-    mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, displayFps);
-    mScheduler->setRenderRate(renderFps);
+    mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, displayFps);
+    mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderFps);
     updatePhaseConfiguration(renderFps);
 }
 
@@ -2023,21 +2040,11 @@
     ATRACE_FORMAT("onComposerHalVsync%s", tracePeriod.c_str());
 
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-
-    if (!getHwComposer().onVsync(hwcDisplayId, timestamp)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (const auto displayId = getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(hwcDisplayId);
-        displayId != mActiveDisplayId) {
-        // For now, we don't do anything with non active display vsyncs.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    bool periodFlushed = false;
-    mScheduler->addResyncSample(timestamp, vsyncPeriod, &periodFlushed);
-    if (periodFlushed) {
-        mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeCompleted);
+    if (const auto displayIdOpt = getHwComposer().onVsync(hwcDisplayId, timestamp)) {
+        if (mScheduler->addResyncSample(*displayIdOpt, timestamp, vsyncPeriod)) {
+            // period flushed
+            mScheduler->modulateVsync(displayIdOpt, &VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeCompleted);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2078,16 +2085,15 @@
     mScheduler->forceNextResync();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(bool enabled) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+    const char* const whence = __func__;
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64, whence, enabled, id.value);
 
     // On main thread to avoid race conditions with display power state.
     static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
-        mHWCVsyncPendingState = enabled ? hal::Vsync::ENABLE : hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
-
-        if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
-            display && display->isPoweredOn()) {
-            setHWCVsyncEnabled(display->getPhysicalId(), mHWCVsyncPendingState);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64 " (main thread)", whence, enabled, id.value);
+        if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id); display && display->isPoweredOn()) {
+            setHWCVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
         }
     }));
 }
@@ -2114,13 +2120,13 @@
 TimePoint SurfaceFlinger::calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const {
     const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
 
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
     if (mScheduler->vsyncModulator().getVsyncConfig().sfOffset > 0) {
         return vsyncDeadline;
     }
 
     // Inflate the expected present time if we're targeting the next vsync.
-    return vsyncDeadline + schedule.period();
+    return vsyncDeadline + schedule->period();
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::configure() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
@@ -2147,7 +2153,7 @@
                   ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
                   mExpectedPresentTime == expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
 
-    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
     const FenceTimePtr& previousPresentFence = getPreviousPresentFence(frameTime, vsyncPeriod);
 
     // When backpressure propagation is enabled, we want to give a small grace period of 1ms
@@ -2417,7 +2423,7 @@
         refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugFlashDelay);
     }
 
-    const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
+    const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
     const auto hwcMinWorkDuration = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().hwcMinWorkDuration;
 
     refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = prevVsyncTime - hwcMinWorkDuration;
@@ -2503,7 +2509,7 @@
     // TODO(b/160583065): Enable skip validation when SF caches all client composition layers.
     const bool hasGpuUseOrReuse =
             mCompositionCoverage.any(CompositionCoverage::Gpu | CompositionCoverage::GpuReuse);
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onDisplayRefresh, hasGpuUseOrReuse);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::onDisplayRefresh, hasGpuUseOrReuse);
 
     mLayersWithQueuedFrames.clear();
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
@@ -2645,9 +2651,9 @@
             ? mPresentLatencyTracker.trackPendingFrame(compositeTime, presentFenceTime)
             : Duration::zero();
 
-    const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(presentTime);
-    const Period vsyncPeriod = schedule.period();
+    const auto schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(presentTime);
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = schedule->period();
     const nsecs_t vsyncPhase = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().late.sfOffset;
 
     const CompositorTiming compositorTiming(vsyncDeadline.ns(), vsyncPeriod.ns(), vsyncPhase,
@@ -2722,15 +2728,19 @@
     mTimeStats->incrementTotalFrames();
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(presentFenceTime);
 
-    const bool isInternalDisplay = display &&
-            FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mPhysicalDisplays)
-                    .get(display->getPhysicalId())
-                    .transform(&PhysicalDisplay::isInternal)
-                    .value_or(false);
-
-    if (isInternalDisplay && display && display->getPowerMode() == hal::PowerMode::ON &&
-        presentFenceTime->isValid()) {
-        mScheduler->addPresentFence(std::move(presentFenceTime));
+    {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
+        for (const auto& [id, physicalDisplay] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            if (auto displayDevice = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id);
+                displayDevice && displayDevice->isPoweredOn() && physicalDisplay.isInternal()) {
+                auto presentFenceTimeI = display && display->getPhysicalId() == id
+                        ? std::move(presentFenceTime)
+                        : std::make_shared<FenceTime>(getHwComposer().getPresentFence(id));
+                if (presentFenceTimeI->isValid()) {
+                    mScheduler->addPresentFence(id, std::move(presentFenceTimeI));
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     const bool isDisplayConnected =
@@ -2738,7 +2748,7 @@
 
     if (!hasSyncFramework) {
         if (isDisplayConnected && display->isPoweredOn()) {
-            mScheduler->enableHardwareVsync();
+            mScheduler->enableHardwareVsync(display->getPhysicalId());
         }
     }
 
@@ -2848,7 +2858,7 @@
     // so we can call commitTransactionsLocked unconditionally.
     // We clear the flags with mStateLock held to guarantee that
     // mCurrentState won't change until the transaction is committed.
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onTransactionCommit);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::onTransactionCommit);
     commitTransactionsLocked(clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionMask));
 
     mDebugInTransaction = 0;
@@ -3687,10 +3697,9 @@
     mScheduler = std::make_unique<Scheduler>(static_cast<ICompositor&>(*this),
                                              static_cast<ISchedulerCallback&>(*this), features,
                                              std::move(modulatorPtr));
-    mScheduler->createVsyncSchedule(features);
     mScheduler->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(), display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
 
-    setVsyncEnabled(false);
+    setVsyncEnabled(display->getPhysicalId(), false);
     mScheduler->startTimers();
 
     const auto configs = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs();
@@ -3706,7 +3715,7 @@
                                           /* workDuration */ activeRefreshRate.getPeriod(),
                                           /* readyDuration */ configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
-    mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().getDispatch(),
+    mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(),
                           *mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager(), configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
     mRegionSamplingThread =
@@ -3917,7 +3926,7 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask, TransactionSchedule schedule,
                                          const sp<IBinder>& applyToken, FrameHint frameHint) {
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, applyToken);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, applyToken);
 
     if (const bool scheduled = mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(mask) & mask; !scheduled) {
         scheduleCommit(frameHint);
@@ -3944,7 +3953,7 @@
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
-    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(mExpectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
+    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncTargetForUid(mExpectedPresentTime, transaction.originUid)) {
         ATRACE_NAME("!isVsyncValid");
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
@@ -4088,7 +4097,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    const Duration earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period() / 2;
+    const Duration earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period() / 2;
 
     return predictedPresentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
             predictedPresentTime - expectedPresentTime >= earlyLatchVsyncThreshold;
@@ -4985,10 +4994,11 @@
             ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO on display on: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (isActiveDisplay && mode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
-            setHWCVsyncEnabled(displayId, mHWCVsyncPendingState);
-            mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, refreshRate);
+        if (mode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+            if (isActiveDisplay) {
+                mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
+            }
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, refreshRate);
         }
 
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
@@ -5001,33 +5011,34 @@
         if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(false) != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGW("Couldn't set uclamp.min on display off: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
-        if (isActiveDisplay && *currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
-            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(true);
-            mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
+        if (*currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(displayId, true);
+            if (isActiveDisplay) {
+                mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
+            }
         }
 
-        // Make sure HWVsync is disabled before turning off the display
-        setHWCVsyncEnabled(displayId, hal::Vsync::DISABLE);
-
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
         // from this point on, SF will stop drawing on this display
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         // Update display while dozing
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (isActiveDisplay && *currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (*currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+            if (isActiveDisplay) {
+                mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
+            }
             ALOGI("Force repainting for DOZE_SUSPEND -> DOZE or ON.");
             mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
             scheduleRepaint();
-            mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, refreshRate);
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, refreshRate);
         }
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
         // Leave display going to doze
         if (isActiveDisplay) {
-            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(true);
             mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
         }
+        mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(displayId, true);
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
     } else {
         ALOGE("Attempting to set unknown power mode: %d\n", mode);
@@ -5037,8 +5048,8 @@
     if (isActiveDisplay) {
         mTimeStats->setPowerMode(mode);
         mRefreshRateStats->setPowerMode(mode);
-        mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(mode);
     }
+    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(displayId, mode);
 
     ALOGD("Finished setting power mode %d on display %s", mode, to_string(displayId).c_str());
 }
@@ -5216,14 +5227,6 @@
 
     mScheduler->dump(dumper);
 
-    // TODO(b/241286146): Move to Scheduler.
-    {
-        utils::Dumper::Indent indent(dumper);
-        dumper.dump("lastHwcVsyncState"sv, mLastHWCVsyncState);
-        dumper.dump("pendingHwcVsyncState"sv, mHWCVsyncPendingState);
-    }
-    dumper.eol();
-
     // TODO(b/241285876): Move to DisplayModeController.
     dumper.dump("debugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor"sv, mDebugDisplayModeSetByBackdoor);
     dumper.eol();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 5b9bfd8..1eb1fda 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/TransactionHandler.h"
 #include "LayerVector.h"
+#include "Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h"
 #include "Scheduler/RefreshRateStats.h"
 #include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
@@ -618,7 +619,7 @@
 
     // Toggles hardware VSYNC by calling into HWC.
     // TODO(b/241286146): Rename for self-explanatory API.
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override;
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override;
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override;
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) override;
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override;
@@ -953,9 +954,9 @@
      */
     nsecs_t getVsyncPeriodFromHWC() const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
-    void setHWCVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, hal::Vsync enabled) {
-        mLastHWCVsyncState = enabled;
-        getHwComposer().setVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
+    void setHWCVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+        hal::Vsync halState = enabled ? hal::Vsync::ENABLE : hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
+        getHwComposer().setVsyncEnabled(id, halState);
     }
 
     using FenceTimePtr = std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>;
@@ -1090,7 +1091,15 @@
     pid_t mPid;
     std::future<void> mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture;
 
-    // access must be protected by mStateLock
+    // mStateLock has conventions related to the current thread, because only
+    // the main thread should modify variables protected by mStateLock.
+    // - read access from a non-main thread must lock mStateLock, since the main
+    // thread may modify these variables.
+    // - write access from a non-main thread is not permitted.
+    // - read access from the main thread can use an ftl::FakeGuard, since other
+    // threads must not modify these variables.
+    // - write access from the main thread must lock mStateLock, since another
+    // thread may be reading these variables.
     mutable Mutex mStateLock;
     State mCurrentState{LayerVector::StateSet::Current};
     std::atomic<int32_t> mTransactionFlags = 0;
@@ -1281,9 +1290,6 @@
     TimePoint mScheduledPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
     TimePoint mExpectedPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    hal::Vsync mHWCVsyncPendingState = hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
-    hal::Vsync mLastHWCVsyncState = hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
-
     // below flags are set by main thread only
     bool mSetActiveModePending = false;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index cdffbb4..5303db3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -226,27 +226,27 @@
     TestableScheduler(const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>& selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<android::mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), selectorPtr,
+                              std::make_shared<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), selectorPtr,
                               std::move(modulatorPtr), callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
-                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker,
+                      VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr tracker,
                       std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection, std::move(modulatorPtr)) {
-        mVsyncSchedule.emplace(VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker), nullptr, std::move(controller)));
-
         const auto displayId = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
         registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        mVsyncSchedules.emplace_or_replace(displayId,
+                                           std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
+                                                   new VsyncSchedule(displayId, std::move(tracker),
+                                                                     nullptr,
+                                                                     std::move(controller))));
     }
 
     ConnectionHandle createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread) {
         return Scheduler::createConnection(std::move(eventThread));
     }
 
-    auto &mutablePrimaryHWVsyncEnabled() { return mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled; }
-    auto &mutableHWVsyncAvailable() { return mHWVsyncAvailable; }
-
     auto &mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
 
     auto refreshRateSelector() { return leaderSelectorPtr(); }
@@ -649,10 +649,10 @@
 
     // The ISchedulerCallback argument can be nullptr for a no-op implementation.
     void setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController> vsyncController,
-                        std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
+                        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> appEventThread,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> sfEventThread,
-                        scheduler::ISchedulerCallback *callback = nullptr,
+                        scheduler::ISchedulerCallback* callback = nullptr,
                         bool hasMultipleModes = false) {
         constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
         DisplayModes modes = makeModes(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index 44805db..b7b42ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -47,19 +47,23 @@
                                      PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::ON_SUSPEND};
 
 constexpr uint16_t kRandomStringLength = 256;
-constexpr std::chrono::duration kSyncPeriod(16ms);
-
 template <typename T>
 void dump(T* component, FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
     std::string res = fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString(kRandomStringLength);
     component->dump(res);
 }
 
-class SchedulerFuzzer {
+class SchedulerFuzzer : public IEventThreadCallback {
 public:
     SchedulerFuzzer(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) : mFdp(data, size){};
     void process();
 
+    // IEventThreadCallback overrides.
+    bool isVsyncTargetForUid(TimePoint /* expectedVsyncTime */, uid_t) const override {
+        return true;
+    }
+    Fps getLeaderRenderFrameRate(uid_t) const override { return 60_Hz; }
+
 private:
     void fuzzRefreshRateSelection();
     void fuzzRefreshRateSelector();
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@
 
     FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
 
-    std::optional<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
 };
 
 PhysicalDisplayId SchedulerFuzzer::getPhysicalDisplayId() {
@@ -90,12 +94,12 @@
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzEventThread() {
-    mVsyncSchedule.emplace(scheduler::VsyncSchedule(std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
-                                                    std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                                    nullptr));
-    const auto getVsyncPeriod = [](uid_t /* uid */) { return kSyncPeriod.count(); };
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
+            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(getPhysicalDisplayId(),
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>(), nullptr));
     std::unique_ptr<android::impl::EventThread> thread = std::make_unique<
-            android::impl::EventThread>("fuzzer", *mVsyncSchedule, nullptr, nullptr, getVsyncPeriod,
+            android::impl::EventThread>("fuzzer", mVsyncSchedule, *this, nullptr /* TokenManager */,
                                         (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>(),
                                         (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
 
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzVSyncDispatchTimerQueue() {
-    FuzzImplVSyncTracker stubTracker{mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()};
+    auto stubTracker = std::make_shared<FuzzImplVSyncTracker>(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
     scheduler::VSyncDispatchTimerQueue
             mDispatch{std::make_unique<scheduler::ControllableClock>(), stubTracker,
                       mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*dispatchGroupThreshold*/,
@@ -145,17 +149,17 @@
     scheduler::VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "fuzz", [](auto, auto, auto) {},
             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*vSyncMoveThreshold*/);
-    entry.update(stubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*stubTracker, 0);
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
-                   stubTracker, 0);
+                   *stubTracker, 0);
     entry.disarm();
     entry.ensureNotRunning();
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
-                   stubTracker, 0);
+                   *stubTracker, 0);
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     auto const ready = entry.readyTime();
     entry.callback(entry.executing(), *wakeup, *ready);
@@ -169,8 +173,8 @@
     uint16_t now = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
     uint16_t historySize = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, UINT16_MAX);
     uint16_t minimumSamplesForPrediction = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, UINT16_MAX);
-    scheduler::VSyncPredictor tracker{mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>() /*period*/, historySize,
-                                      minimumSamplesForPrediction,
+    scheduler::VSyncPredictor tracker{"predictor", mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>() /*period*/,
+                                      historySize, minimumSamplesForPrediction,
                                       mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() /*outlierTolerancePercent*/};
     uint16_t period = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
     tracker.setPeriod(period);
@@ -242,13 +246,15 @@
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzVSyncReactor() {
     std::shared_ptr<FuzzImplVSyncTracker> vSyncTracker = std::make_shared<FuzzImplVSyncTracker>();
-    scheduler::VSyncReactor reactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(
+    scheduler::VSyncReactor reactor("fuzzer_reactor",
+                                    std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(
                                             std::make_shared<FuzzImplClock>()),
                                     *vSyncTracker, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>() /*pendingLimit*/,
                                     false);
 
-    reactor.startPeriodTransition(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
-    bool periodFlushed = mFdp.ConsumeBool();
+    reactor.startPeriodTransition(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(), mFdp.ConsumeBool());
+    bool periodFlushed = false; // Value does not matter, since this is an out
+                                // param from addHwVsyncTimestamp.
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed);
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*newPeriod*/, std::nullopt,
                                 &periodFlushed);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 0416e93..419c818 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
                                                                  ResyncCallback())));
 
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index e0b508a..214b028 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@
                                                              mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController>(mVsyncController),
-                            std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker>(mVSyncTracker),
+    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
+                            std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
                             std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mEventThread),
                             std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mSFEventThread),
                             TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kMock);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index 223f4db..c9245d6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -128,8 +128,6 @@
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
     Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
 
-    mock::VsyncController* mVsyncController = new mock::VsyncController;
-    mock::VSyncTracker* mVSyncTracker = new mock::VSyncTracker;
     mock::EventThread* mEventThread = new mock::EventThread;
     mock::EventThread* mSFEventThread = new mock::EventThread;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
index b3aba37..5cecb8e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
@@ -52,11 +52,9 @@
 constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DISPLAY_ID_64BIT =
         PhysicalDisplayId::fromEdid(0xffu, 0xffffu, 0xffff'ffffu);
 
-constexpr std::chrono::duration VSYNC_PERIOD(16ms);
-
 } // namespace
 
-class EventThreadTest : public testing::Test {
+class EventThreadTest : public testing::Test, public IEventThreadCallback {
 protected:
     static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kWorkDuration = 0ms;
     static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kReadyDuration = 3ms;
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@
     void expectConfigChangedEventReceivedByConnection(PhysicalDisplayId expectedDisplayId,
                                                       int32_t expectedConfigId,
                                                       nsecs_t expectedVsyncPeriod);
-    void expectThrottleVsyncReceived(nsecs_t expectedTimestamp, uid_t);
+    void expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint expectedTimestamp, uid_t);
     void expectUidFrameRateMappingEventReceivedByConnection(PhysicalDisplayId expectedDisplayId,
                                                             std::vector<FrameRateOverride>);
 
@@ -106,6 +104,14 @@
         mThread->onVsync(expectedPresentationTime, timestamp, deadlineTimestamp);
     }
 
+    // IEventThreadCallback overrides.
+    bool isVsyncTargetForUid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, uid_t uid) const override {
+        mThrottleVsyncCallRecorder.getInvocable()(expectedVsyncTime, uid);
+        return uid != mThrottledConnectionUid;
+    }
+
+    Fps getLeaderRenderFrameRate(uid_t uid) const override { return 60_Hz; }
+
     AsyncCallRecorderWithCannedReturn<
             scheduler::ScheduleResult (*)(scheduler::VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken,
                                           scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming)>
@@ -121,11 +127,11 @@
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)(scheduler::VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken)>
             mVSyncCallbackUnregisterRecorder;
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)()> mResyncCallRecorder;
-    AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)(nsecs_t, uid_t)> mThrottleVsyncCallRecorder;
+    mutable AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)(TimePoint, uid_t)> mThrottleVsyncCallRecorder;
     ConnectionEventRecorder mConnectionEventCallRecorder{0};
     ConnectionEventRecorder mThrottledConnectionEventCallRecorder{0};
 
-    std::optional<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
     std::unique_ptr<impl::EventThread> mThread;
     sp<MockEventThreadConnection> mConnection;
     sp<MockEventThreadConnection> mThrottledConnection;
@@ -140,12 +146,12 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    mVsyncSchedule.emplace(scheduler::VsyncSchedule(std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
-                                                    std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                                    nullptr));
-
-    mock::VSyncDispatch& mockDispatch =
-            *static_cast<mock::VSyncDispatch*>(&mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch());
+    auto mockDispatchPtr = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>();
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
+            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(INTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(), mockDispatchPtr,
+                                         nullptr));
+    mock::VSyncDispatch& mockDispatch = *mockDispatchPtr;
     EXPECT_CALL(mockDispatch, registerCallback(_, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Invoke(mVSyncCallbackRegisterRecorder.getInvocable()));
     EXPECT_CALL(mockDispatch, schedule(_, _))
@@ -180,19 +186,10 @@
 }
 
 void EventThreadTest::createThread() {
-    const auto throttleVsync = [&](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
-        mThrottleVsyncCallRecorder.getInvocable()(expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid);
-        return (uid == mThrottledConnectionUid);
-    };
-    const auto getVsyncPeriod = [](uid_t uid) {
-        return VSYNC_PERIOD.count();
-    };
-
     mTokenManager = std::make_unique<frametimeline::impl::TokenManager>();
     mThread =
-            std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(/*std::move(source), */ "EventThreadTest",
-                                                *mVsyncSchedule, mTokenManager.get(), throttleVsync,
-                                                getVsyncPeriod, kWorkDuration, kReadyDuration);
+            std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>("EventThreadTest", mVsyncSchedule, *this,
+                                                mTokenManager.get(), kWorkDuration, kReadyDuration);
 
     // EventThread should register itself as VSyncSource callback.
     EXPECT_TRUE(mVSyncCallbackRegisterRecorder.waitForCall().has_value());
@@ -225,7 +222,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(expectedReadyDuration.count(), std::get<1>(args.value()).readyDuration);
 }
 
-void EventThreadTest::expectThrottleVsyncReceived(nsecs_t expectedTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
+void EventThreadTest::expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint expectedTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
     auto args = mThrottleVsyncCallRecorder.waitForCall();
     ASSERT_TRUE(args.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(expectedTimestamp, std::get<0>(args.value()));
@@ -376,7 +373,7 @@
     // Use the received callback to signal a first vsync event.
     // The throttler should receive the event, as well as the connection.
     onVSyncEvent(123, 456, 789);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(456, mConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(456), mConnectionUid);
     expectVsyncEventReceivedByConnection(123, 1u);
 
     // EventThread is requesting one more callback due to VsyncRequest::SingleSuppressCallback
@@ -494,17 +491,17 @@
     // Send a vsync event. EventThread should then make a call to the
     // throttler, and the connection.
     onVSyncEvent(123, 456, 789);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(456, mConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(456), mConnectionUid);
     expectVsyncEventReceivedByConnection(123, 1u);
 
     // A second event should go to the same places.
     onVSyncEvent(456, 123, 0);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(123, mConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(123), mConnectionUid);
     expectVsyncEventReceivedByConnection(456, 2u);
 
     // A third event should go to the same places.
     onVSyncEvent(789, 777, 111);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(777, mConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(777), mConnectionUid);
     expectVsyncEventReceivedByConnection(789, 3u);
 }
 
@@ -743,7 +740,7 @@
     // Use the received callback to signal a first vsync event.
     // The throttler should receive the event, but not the connection.
     onVSyncEvent(123, 456, 789);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(456, mThrottledConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(456), mThrottledConnectionUid);
     mThrottledConnectionEventCallRecorder.waitForUnexpectedCall();
     expectVSyncCallbackScheduleReceived(true);
 
@@ -751,7 +748,7 @@
     // The throttler should receive the event, but the connection should
     // not as it was only interested in the first.
     onVSyncEvent(456, 123, 0);
-    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(123, mThrottledConnectionUid);
+    expectThrottleVsyncReceived(TimePoint::fromNs(123), mThrottledConnectionUid);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mConnectionEventCallRecorder.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
     expectVSyncCallbackScheduleReceived(true);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
index 1cd9e49..248061c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
index ac63a0e..ff7c2c9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
index 29aa717..ddf871b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
                                                                  ResyncCallback())));
 
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
index afbc57a..9534f3b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/HWComposerTest.cpp
@@ -118,6 +118,34 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_F(HWComposerTest, onVsync) {
+    constexpr hal::HWDisplayId kHwcDisplayId = 1;
+    expectHotplugConnect(kHwcDisplayId);
+
+    const auto info = mHwc.onHotplug(kHwcDisplayId, hal::Connection::CONNECTED);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(info);
+
+    const auto physicalDisplayId = info->id;
+
+    // Deliberately chosen not to match DisplayData.lastPresentTimestamp's
+    // initial value.
+    constexpr nsecs_t kTimestamp = 1;
+    auto displayIdOpt = mHwc.onVsync(kHwcDisplayId, kTimestamp);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(displayIdOpt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(physicalDisplayId, displayIdOpt);
+
+    // Attempt to send the same time stamp again.
+    displayIdOpt = mHwc.onVsync(kHwcDisplayId, kTimestamp);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(displayIdOpt);
+}
+
+TEST_F(HWComposerTest, onVsyncInvalid) {
+    constexpr hal::HWDisplayId kInvalidHwcDisplayId = 2;
+    constexpr nsecs_t kTimestamp = 1;
+    const auto displayIdOpt = mHwc.onVsync(kInvalidHwcDisplayId, kTimestamp);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(displayIdOpt);
+}
+
 struct MockHWC2ComposerCallback final : StrictMock<HWC2::ComposerCallback> {
     MOCK_METHOD2(onComposerHalHotplug, void(hal::HWDisplayId, hal::Connection));
     MOCK_METHOD1(onComposerHalRefresh, void(hal::HWDisplayId));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
index ee42e19..23506b1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index 7aa5201..8f1b450 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@
 
 struct MessageQueueTest : testing::Test {
     void SetUp() override {
-        EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.initVsync(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, kDuration));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
     }
 
-    mock::VSyncDispatch mVSyncDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::VSyncDispatch> mVSyncDispatch = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>();
     MockTokenManager mTokenManager;
     TestableMessageQueue mEventQueue;
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
     EXPECT_FALSE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
     EXPECT_EQ(1234, mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime()->time_since_epoch().count());
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(4567));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(4567));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
                                                      .earliestVsync = kPresentTime.ns()};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 }
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
                                                      .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 4b15385..f0dd06d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
 
     constexpr hal::PowerMode kPowerModeOn = hal::PowerMode::ON;
-    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kPowerModeOn);
+    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kDisplayId1, kPowerModeOn));
 
     constexpr uint32_t kDisplayArea = 999'999;
     mScheduler->onActiveDisplayAreaChanged(kDisplayArea);
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@
     mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     constexpr hal::PowerMode kPowerModeOn = hal::PowerMode::ON;
-    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kPowerModeOn);
+    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kDisplayId1, kPowerModeOn));
 
     constexpr uint32_t kDisplayArea = 999'999;
     mScheduler->onActiveDisplayAreaChanged(kDisplayArea);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index ad3bd35..31f948f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index f553a23..98644aa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,10 @@
     // We expect a scheduled commit for the display transaction.
     EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(1);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(
+                        mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker()),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
index 622717f..2a0f2ef 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
index ab732ed..80ad22c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 struct EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
     static void setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // The callback should not be notified to toggle VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_)).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
 
         // The event thread should not be notified.
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(0);
@@ -71,24 +71,28 @@
 
 struct EventThreadNotSupportedVariant : public EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
     static void setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // These calls are only expected for the primary display.
+        // The callback should be notified to enable VSYNC.
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, true)).Times(1);
 
-        // Instead expect no calls.
-        setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        // The event thread should not be notified.
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(0);
     }
 
     static void setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // These calls are only expected for the primary display.
+        // The callback should be notified to disable VSYNC.
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, false)).Times(1);
 
-        // Instead expect no calls.
-        setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        // The event thread should not be notified.
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(0);
     }
 };
 
 struct EventThreadIsSupportedVariant : public EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
     static void setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // The callback should be notified to enable VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(true)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, true)).Times(1);
 
         // The event thread should be notified that the screen was acquired.
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(1);
@@ -96,7 +100,7 @@
 
     static void setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         // The callback should be notified to disable VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(false)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, false)).Times(1);
 
         // The event thread should not be notified that the screen was released.
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(1);
@@ -105,8 +109,12 @@
 
 struct DispSyncIsSupportedVariant {
     static void setupResetModelCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mVsyncController, startPeriodTransition(DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD)).Times(1);
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mVSyncTracker, resetModel()).Times(1);
+        auto vsyncSchedule = test->mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule();
+        EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VsyncController&>(vsyncSchedule->getController()),
+                    startPeriodTransition(DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD, false))
+                .Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(vsyncSchedule->getTracker()), resetModel())
+                .Times(1);
     }
 };
 
@@ -262,8 +270,9 @@
         return display;
     }
 
-    static void setInitialPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled(DisplayTransactionTest* test, bool enabled) {
-        test->mFlinger.scheduler()->mutablePrimaryHWVsyncEnabled() = enabled;
+    static void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(DisplayTransactionTest* test, PhysicalDisplayId id,
+                                         bool enabled) {
+        test->mFlinger.scheduler()->setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
     }
 
     static void setupRepaintEverythingCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
@@ -300,6 +309,11 @@
 // A sample configuration for the external display.
 // In addition to not having event thread support, we emulate not having doze
 // support.
+// FIXME (b/267483230): ExternalDisplay supports the features tracked in
+// DispSyncIsSupportedVariant, but is the follower, so the
+// expectations set by DispSyncIsSupportedVariant don't match (wrong schedule).
+// We need a way to retrieve the proper DisplayId from
+// setupResetModelCallExpectations (or pass it in).
 template <typename TransitionVariant>
 using ExternalDisplayPowerCase =
         DisplayPowerCase<ExternalDisplayVariant, DozeNotSupportedVariant<ExternalDisplayVariant>,
@@ -329,9 +343,12 @@
     Case::Doze::setupComposerCallExpectations(this);
     auto display =
             Case::injectDisplayWithInitialPowerMode(this, Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE);
-    Case::setInitialPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled(this,
-                                          PowerModeInitialVSyncEnabled<
-                                                  Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE>::value);
+    auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (auto physicalDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId)) {
+        Case::setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(this, *physicalDisplayId,
+                                       PowerModeInitialVSyncEnabled<
+                                               Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE>::value);
+    }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Call Expectations
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
index fed6a1a..7e14588 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
                                                                  ResyncCallback())));
 
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 6cf6141..c360f93 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -37,19 +37,16 @@
 public:
     TestableScheduler(RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(selectorPtr),
+                              std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(selectorPtr),
                               /* modulatorPtr */ nullptr, callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
-                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                      std::shared_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection, std::move(modulatorPtr)) {
-        mVsyncSchedule.emplace(VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker),
-                                             std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                             std::move(controller)));
-
         const auto displayId = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr), std::move(controller),
+                        std::move(tracker));
 
         ON_CALL(*this, postMessage).WillByDefault([](sp<MessageHandler>&& handler) {
             // Execute task to prevent broken promise exception on destruction.
@@ -66,13 +63,6 @@
         return Scheduler::createConnection(std::move(eventThread));
     }
 
-    /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-     * Read-write access to private data to set up preconditions and assert
-     * post-conditions.
-     */
-    auto& mutablePrimaryHWVsyncEnabled() { return mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled; }
-    auto& mutableHWVsyncAvailable() { return mHWVsyncAvailable; }
-
     auto refreshRateSelector() { return leaderSelectorPtr(); }
 
     const auto& refreshRateSelectors() const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
@@ -80,8 +70,21 @@
     }
 
     void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                        std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
+                        std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>());
+    }
+
+    void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                         std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
+                         std::shared_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        Scheduler::registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        Scheduler::registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                                           std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
+                                                   new VsyncSchedule(displayId, std::move(tracker),
+                                                                     std::make_shared<
+                                                                             mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
+                                                                     std::move(controller))));
     }
 
     void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
@@ -157,6 +160,13 @@
         Scheduler::onNonPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(handle, mode);
     }
 
+    void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+        auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(schedule->mHwVsyncLock);
+        schedule->mHwVsyncState = enabled ? VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Enabled
+                                          : VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+    }
+
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
     void configure() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 68c738f..63b79a4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
             std::variant<OneDisplayMode, TwoDisplayModes, RefreshRateSelectorPtr>;
 
     void setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController> vsyncController,
-                        std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
+                        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> appEventThread,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> sfEventThread,
                         SchedulerCallbackImpl callbackImpl = SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
                                                           std::move(modulatorPtr), callback);
         }
 
-        mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().getDispatch(), *mTokenManager, 0ms);
+        mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(), *mTokenManager, 0ms);
 
         mFlinger->mAppConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
         mFlinger->mSfConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(sfEventThread));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
index 859f702..a9a617b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
@@ -83,15 +83,14 @@
 
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
         mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<mock::VsyncController>(mVsyncController),
-                                std::unique_ptr<mock::VSyncTracker>(mVSyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
+                                mVSyncTracker, std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
         mFlinger.flinger()->addTransactionReadyFilters();
     }
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 
     mock::VsyncController* mVsyncController = new mock::VsyncController();
-    mock::VSyncTracker* mVSyncTracker = new mock::VSyncTracker();
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::VSyncTracker> mVSyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     struct TransactionInfo {
         Vector<ComposerState> states;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index 1173d1c..b228bcb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
                                                                  ResyncCallback())));
 
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index ae03db4..bfebecd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
                                                                  ResyncCallback())));
 
         auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
         EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
index da87f1d..aa33716 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
index 47c2dee..fcd2f56 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@
 
 class RepeatingCallbackReceiver {
 public:
-    RepeatingCallbackReceiver(VSyncDispatch& dispatch, nsecs_t workload, nsecs_t readyDuration)
+    RepeatingCallbackReceiver(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch, nsecs_t workload,
+                              nsecs_t readyDuration)
           : mWorkload(workload),
             mReadyDuration(readyDuration),
             mCallback(
@@ -166,9 +167,10 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, triple_alarm) {
-    FixedRateIdealStubTracker tracker;
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<FixedRateIdealStubTracker>();
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     static size_t constexpr num_clients = 3;
     std::array<RepeatingCallbackReceiver, num_clients>
@@ -195,14 +197,15 @@
 // starts at 333hz, slides down to 43hz
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, vascillating_vrr) {
     auto next_vsync_interval = toNs(3ms);
-    VRRStubTracker tracker(next_vsync_interval);
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<VRRStubTracker>(next_vsync_interval);
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     RepeatingCallbackReceiver cb_receiver(dispatch, toNs(1ms), toNs(5ms));
 
     auto const on_each_frame = [&](nsecs_t last_known) {
-        tracker.set_interval(next_vsync_interval += toNs(1ms), last_known);
+        tracker->set_interval(next_vsync_interval += toNs(1ms), last_known);
     };
 
     std::thread eventThread([&] { cb_receiver.repeatedly_schedule(mIterations, on_each_frame); });
@@ -213,9 +216,10 @@
 
 // starts at 333hz, jumps to 200hz at frame 10
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, fixed_jump) {
-    VRRStubTracker tracker(toNs(3ms));
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<VRRStubTracker>(toNs(3ms));
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     RepeatingCallbackReceiver cb_receiver(dispatch, toNs(1ms), toNs(5ms));
 
@@ -223,7 +227,7 @@
     auto constexpr jump_frame_at = 10u;
     auto const on_each_frame = [&](nsecs_t last_known) {
         if (jump_frame_counter++ == jump_frame_at) {
-            tracker.set_interval(toNs(5ms), last_known);
+            tracker->set_interval(toNs(5ms), last_known);
         }
     };
     std::thread eventThread([&] { cb_receiver.repeatedly_schedule(mIterations, on_each_frame); });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
index 14a2860..82daffd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
@@ -116,13 +116,14 @@
 
 class CountingCallback {
 public:
-    CountingCallback(VSyncDispatch& dispatch)
-          : mDispatch(dispatch),
-            mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::bind(&CountingCallback::counter, this,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_3),
-                                             "test")) {}
-    ~CountingCallback() { mDispatch.unregisterCallback(mToken); }
+    CountingCallback(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch)
+          : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+            mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::bind(&CountingCallback::counter, this,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_1,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_2,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_3),
+                                               "test")) {}
+    ~CountingCallback() { mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken); }
 
     operator VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken() const { return mToken; }
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@
         mReadyTime.push_back(readyTime);
     }
 
-    VSyncDispatch& mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     std::vector<nsecs_t> mCalls;
     std::vector<nsecs_t> mWakeupTime;
@@ -141,12 +142,12 @@
 
 class PausingCallback {
 public:
-    PausingCallback(VSyncDispatch& dispatch, std::chrono::milliseconds pauseAmount)
-          : mDispatch(dispatch),
-            mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::bind(&PausingCallback::pause, this,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_1,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_2),
-                                             "test")),
+    PausingCallback(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch, std::chrono::milliseconds pauseAmount)
+          : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+            mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::bind(&PausingCallback::pause, this,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_1,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_2),
+                                               "test")),
             mRegistered(true),
             mPauseAmount(pauseAmount) {}
     ~PausingCallback() { unregister(); }
@@ -181,12 +182,12 @@
 
     void unregister() {
         if (mRegistered) {
-            mDispatch.unregisterCallback(mToken);
+            mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken);
             mRegistered = false;
         }
     }
 
-    VSyncDispatch& mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     bool mRegistered = true;
 
@@ -231,22 +232,26 @@
     static nsecs_t constexpr mDispatchGroupThreshold = 5;
     nsecs_t const mPeriod = 1000;
     nsecs_t const mVsyncMoveThreshold = 300;
-    NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker> mStubTracker{mPeriod};
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue mDispatch{createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                      mVsyncMoveThreshold};
+    std::shared_ptr<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>> mStubTracker =
+            std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>(mPeriod);
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, unregistersSetAlarmOnDestruction) {
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
     {
-        VSyncDispatchTimerQueue mDispatch{createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                          mVsyncMoveThreshold};
+        std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch =
+                std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker,
+                                                          mDispatchGroupThreshold,
+                                                          mVsyncMoveThreshold);
         CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-        const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                               {.workDuration = 100,
-                                                .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                .earliestVsync = 1000});
+        const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                                {.workDuration = 100,
+                                                 .readyDuration = 0,
+                                                 .earliestVsync = 1000});
         EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     }
@@ -257,10 +262,10 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = 100,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
@@ -277,14 +282,15 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 700)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                     {.workDuration = 100,
-                                      .readyDuration = 0,
-                                      .earliestVsync = intended});
+    auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                      {.workDuration = 100,
+                                       .readyDuration = 0,
+                                       .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch.update(cb,
+    result =
+            mDispatch->update(cb,
                               {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(700, *result);
@@ -302,17 +308,17 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     const auto result =
-            mDispatch.update(cb,
-                             {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
+            mDispatch->update(cb,
+                              {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_FALSE(result.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmSettingFutureWithAdjustmentToTrueVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000)).WillOnce(Return(1150));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000)).WillOnce(Return(1150));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1050));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -323,15 +329,15 @@
     auto const now = 234;
     mMockClock.advanceBy(234);
     auto const workDuration = 10 * mPeriod;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration))
             .WillOnce(Return(mPeriod * 11));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, mPeriod));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = workDuration,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = workDuration,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod, *result);
 }
@@ -341,12 +347,13 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmCancelTooLate) {
@@ -354,13 +361,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(950);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmCancelTooLateWhenRunning) {
@@ -368,15 +376,16 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(1s));
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
     std::thread pausingThread([&] { mMockClock.advanceToNextCallback(); });
     EXPECT_TRUE(cb.waitForPause());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
     cb.unpause();
     pausingThread.join();
 }
@@ -389,9 +398,10 @@
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, 50ms);
     cb.stashResource(resource);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
@@ -408,7 +418,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicTwoAlarmSetting) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1055))
             .WillOnce(Return(1063))
@@ -423,8 +433,8 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -436,7 +446,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, noCloseCallbacksAfterPeriodChange) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(2000))
@@ -450,21 +460,21 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 0});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 0});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[0], Eq(1000));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -473,7 +483,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, rearmsFaroutTimeoutWhenCancellingCloseOne) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
@@ -488,10 +498,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                       {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod * 10});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
-    mDispatch.cancel(cb1);
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                        {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod * 10});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->cancel(cb1);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, noUnnecessaryRearmsWhenRescheduling) {
@@ -502,9 +512,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -517,9 +527,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -537,10 +547,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                       {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                        {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb0.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -548,9 +558,11 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[0], Eq(mPeriod));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                       {.workDuration = notCloseOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                        {.workDuration = notCloseOffset,
+                         .readyDuration = 0,
+                         .earliestVsync = 2000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
@@ -570,32 +582,32 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb0), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb0), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setAlarmCallsAtCorrectTimeWithChangingVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(3)
             .WillOnce(Return(950))
             .WillOnce(Return(1975))
             .WillOnce(Return(2950));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 920});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 920});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(850);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(900);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     mMockClock.advanceBy(125);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(975);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(3));
 }
@@ -606,48 +618,48 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken tmp;
-    tmp = mDispatch.registerCallback(
+    tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto, auto, auto) {
-                mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                   {.workDuration = 100,
-                                    .readyDuration = 0,
-                                    .earliestVsync = 2000});
+                mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                    {.workDuration = 100,
+                                     .readyDuration = 0,
+                                     .earliestVsync = 2000});
             },
             "o.o");
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, callbackReentrantWithPastWakeup) {
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken tmp;
     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastTarget;
-    tmp = mDispatch.registerCallback(
+    tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto timestamp, auto, auto) {
                 auto result =
-                        mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                           {.workDuration = 400,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
-                EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
-                EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
-                result = mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
+                        mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
                                             {.workDuration = 400,
                                              .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp});
+                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
-                result = mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                            {.workDuration = 400,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
+                result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                             {.workDuration = 400,
+                                              .readyDuration = 0,
+                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp});
+                EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+                EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
+                result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                             {.workDuration = 400,
+                                              .readyDuration = 0,
+                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
                 lastTarget = timestamp;
             },
             "oo");
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     EXPECT_THAT(lastTarget, Eq(1000));
 
@@ -663,16 +675,16 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(750);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(800);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, lateModifications) {
@@ -685,12 +697,12 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -702,8 +714,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 20000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 20000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setsTimerAfterCancellation) {
@@ -713,29 +725,30 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.cancel(cb0);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->cancel(cb0);
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, makingUpIdsError) {
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken token(100);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDispatch
-                         .schedule(token,
-                                   {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000})
-                         .has_value());
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDispatch.cancel(token), Eq(CancelResult::Error));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(
+            mDispatch
+                    ->schedule(token,
+                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000})
+                    .has_value());
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDispatch->cancel(token), Eq(CancelResult::Error));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canMoveCallbackBackwardsInTime) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -745,14 +758,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 500));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1200, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -760,19 +773,19 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, targetOffsetMovingBackALittleCanStillSchedule) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1002));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(602, *result);
 }
@@ -780,13 +793,13 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canScheduleNegativeOffsetAgainstDifferentPeriods) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -797,13 +810,13 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1100)).InSequence(seq);
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1100, *result);
 }
@@ -813,13 +826,13 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
@@ -865,16 +878,16 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -893,16 +906,16 @@
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1630, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -919,19 +932,19 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb2), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb2), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
 
@@ -948,19 +961,19 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb1), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb1), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(0));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb2.mCalls.size(), Eq(0));
@@ -975,21 +988,21 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 600)).InSequence(seq);
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(610, *result);
 
@@ -1011,10 +1024,10 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = 70,
-                                            .readyDuration = 30,
-                                            .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 70,
+                                             .readyDuration = 30,
+                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -1033,8 +1046,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -1052,7 +1065,8 @@
 protected:
     nsecs_t const mPeriod = 1000;
     nsecs_t const mVsyncMoveThreshold = 200;
-    NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker> mStubTracker{mPeriod};
+    std::shared_ptr<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>> mStubTracker =
+            std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>(mPeriod);
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, stateAfterInitialization) {
@@ -1070,7 +1084,7 @@
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1084,7 +1098,7 @@
     auto const duration = 500;
     auto const now = 8750;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration))
             .Times(1)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000));
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
@@ -1092,7 +1106,7 @@
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 994},
-                               mStubTracker, now)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), now)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1115,7 +1129,7 @@
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1137,7 +1151,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, updateCallback) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1020));
@@ -1146,17 +1160,17 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
     EXPECT_THAT(wakeup, Eq(900));
 
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
     EXPECT_THAT(*wakeup, Eq(920));
@@ -1166,9 +1180,9 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
 
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1179,24 +1193,24 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
     // had 1000 not been executing, this could have been scheduled for time 800.
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1950));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1001},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
@@ -1208,24 +1222,24 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
 
@@ -1233,16 +1247,16 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 1200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
 
@@ -1255,7 +1269,7 @@
     entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate(
             {.workDuration = effectualOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 400});
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(mPeriod - effectualOffset));
 }
@@ -1276,7 +1290,7 @@
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 70, .readyDuration = 30, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index 3095e8a..7947a5e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     static constexpr size_t kOutlierTolerancePercent = 25;
     static constexpr nsecs_t mMaxRoundingError = 100;
 
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{"tracker", mPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
                            kOutlierTolerancePercent};
 };
 
@@ -376,7 +376,8 @@
 
 // See b/151146131
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, hasEnoughPrecision) {
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mPeriod, 20, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{"tracker", mPeriod, 20, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
+                           kOutlierTolerancePercent};
     std::vector<nsecs_t> const simulatedVsyncs{840873348817, 840890049444, 840906762675,
                                                840923581635, 840940161584, 840956868096,
                                                840973702473, 840990256277, 841007116851,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
index 1fb2709..a2de136 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@
     VSyncReactorTest()
           : mMockTracker(std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>()),
             mMockClock(std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockClock>>()),
-            mReactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker, kPendingLimit,
-                     false /* supportKernelIdleTimer */) {
+            mReactor("reactor", std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker,
+                     kPendingLimit, false /* supportKernelIdleTimer */) {
         ON_CALL(*mMockClock, now()).WillByDefault(Return(mFakeNow));
         ON_CALL(*mMockTracker, currentPeriod()).WillByDefault(Return(period));
     }
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
     mReactor.setIgnorePresentFences(true);
 
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, setPeriodCalledOnceConfirmedChange) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, setPeriod(_)).Times(0);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(10000, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, changingPeriodBackAbortsConfirmationProcess) {
     nsecs_t sampleTime = 0;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(period);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(period, false);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
 }
@@ -242,13 +242,13 @@
     nsecs_t const secondPeriod = 5000;
     nsecs_t const thirdPeriod = 2000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(secondPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(secondPeriod, false);
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(thirdPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(thirdPeriod, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(
             mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += secondPeriod, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -289,14 +289,14 @@
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, presentFenceAdditionDoesNotInterruptConfirmationProcess) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addPresentFence(generateSignalledFenceWithTime(0)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, setPeriodCalledFirstTwoEventsNewPeriod) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, setPeriod(_)).Times(0);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(5000, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     auto time = 0;
     auto constexpr numTimestampSubmissions = 10;
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     auto time = 0;
     // If the power mode is not DOZE or DOZE_SUSPEND, it is still collecting timestamps.
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     time += period;
     mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed);
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     static auto constexpr numSamplesWithNewPeriod = 4;
     Sequence seq;
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     Sequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, needsMoreSamples())
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@
     nsecs_t const newPeriod1 = 4000;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod2 = 7000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod1);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod1, false);
 
     Sequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, needsMoreSamples())
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod2);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod2, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod2, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod2, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
     mReactor.setIgnorePresentFences(true);
 
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, 0, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -472,8 +472,9 @@
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, periodIsMeasuredIfIgnoringComposer) {
     // Create a reactor which supports the kernel idle timer
-    auto idleReactor = VSyncReactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker,
-                                    kPendingLimit, true /* supportKernelIdleTimer */);
+    auto idleReactor =
+            VSyncReactor("reactor", std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker,
+                         kPendingLimit, true /* supportKernelIdleTimer */);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, addVsyncTimestamp(_)).Times(4);
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@
 
     // First, set the same period, which should only be confirmed when we receive two
     // matching callbacks
-    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(10000);
+    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(10000, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(idleReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, 0, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
     // Correct period but incorrect timestamp delta
@@ -494,7 +495,7 @@
     // Then, set a new period, which should be confirmed as soon as we receive a callback
     // reporting the new period
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     // Incorrect timestamp delta and period
     EXPECT_TRUE(idleReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(20000, 10000, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
index f8567bd..3a6068a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
@@ -29,27 +29,29 @@
     EventThread();
     ~EventThread() override;
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(createEventConnection,
-                       sp<EventThreadConnection>(ResyncCallback, EventRegistrationFlags));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenReleased, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenAcquired, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplugReceived, void(PhysicalDisplayId, bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(onModeChanged, void(const scheduler::FrameRateMode &));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onFrameRateOverridesChanged,
-                 void(PhysicalDisplayId, std::vector<FrameRateOverride>));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setDuration,
-                 void(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
-                      std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(registerDisplayEventConnection,
-                 status_t(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setVsyncRate, void(uint32_t, const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(requestNextVsync, void(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
+    MOCK_METHOD(sp<EventThreadConnection>, createEventConnection,
+                (ResyncCallback, EventRegistrationFlags), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onScreenReleased, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onScreenAcquired, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onHotplugReceived, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onModeChanged, (const scheduler::FrameRateMode&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onFrameRateOverridesChanged,
+                (PhysicalDisplayId, std::vector<FrameRateOverride>), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, dump, (std::string&), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setDuration,
+                (std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration, std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(status_t, registerDisplayEventConnection,
+                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncRate, (uint32_t, const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, requestNextVsync, (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(VsyncEventData, getLatestVsyncEventData,
-                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &), (const));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(requestLatestConfig, void(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(pauseVsyncCallback, void(bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(getEventThreadConnectionCount, size_t());
+                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, requestLatestConfig, (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, pauseVsyncCallback, (bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD(size_t, getEventThreadConnectionCount, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onNewVsyncSchedule, (std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
index 7d4b159..a8eca21 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
-#include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
+#include "Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler::mock {
 
 struct SchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncEnabled, (bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncEnabled, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, requestDisplayModes, (std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, kernelTimerChanged, (bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged, (), (override));
 };
 
 struct NoOpSchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
index 4ef91da..69ec60a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@
     ~VsyncController() override;
 
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, addPresentFence, (std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD3(addHwVsyncTimestamp, bool(nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>, bool*));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(startPeriodTransition, void(nsecs_t));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setIgnorePresentFences, void(bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, addHwVsyncTimestamp, (nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>, bool*), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, startPeriodTransition, (nsecs_t, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setIgnorePresentFences, (bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, setDisplayPowerMode, (hal::PowerMode), (override));
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, dump, (std::string&), (const, override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock