diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index 499daad..82a2ead 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@
 
         const float layerArea = transformed.getWidth() * transformed.getHeight();
         float weight = mDisplayArea ? layerArea / mDisplayArea : 0.0f;
-        summary.push_back(
-                {strong->getName(), vote.type, vote.fps, vote.seamlessness, weight, layerFocused});
+        summary.push_back({strong->getName(), strong->getOwnerUid(), vote.type, vote.fps,
+                           vote.seamlessness, weight, layerFocused});
 
         if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceEnabled)) {
             trace(layer, *info, vote.type, vote.fps.getIntValue());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
index 4b7251b..cd03c18 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.cpp
@@ -71,16 +71,84 @@
 
 std::pair<nsecs_t, nsecs_t> RefreshRateConfigs::getDisplayFrames(nsecs_t layerPeriod,
                                                                  nsecs_t displayPeriod) const {
-    auto [displayFramesQuot, displayFramesRem] = std::div(layerPeriod, displayPeriod);
-    if (displayFramesRem <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION ||
-        std::abs(displayFramesRem - displayPeriod) <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
-        displayFramesQuot++;
-        displayFramesRem = 0;
+    auto [quotient, remainder] = std::div(layerPeriod, displayPeriod);
+    if (remainder <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION ||
+        std::abs(remainder - displayPeriod) <= MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
+        quotient++;
+        remainder = 0;
     }
 
-    return {displayFramesQuot, displayFramesRem};
+    return {quotient, remainder};
 }
 
+float RefreshRateConfigs::calculateLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement& layer,
+                                                    const RefreshRate& refreshRate,
+                                                    bool isSeamlessSwitch) const {
+    // Slightly prefer seamless switches.
+    constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
+    const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
+
+    // If the layer wants Max, give higher score to the higher refresh rate
+    if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Max) {
+        const auto ratio =
+                refreshRate.fps.getValue() / mAppRequestRefreshRates.back()->fps.getValue();
+        // use ratio^2 to get a lower score the more we get further from peak
+        return ratio * ratio;
+    }
+
+    const auto displayPeriod = refreshRate.getVsyncPeriod();
+    const auto layerPeriod = layer.desiredRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+    if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
+        // Find the actual rate the layer will render, assuming
+        // that layerPeriod is the minimal time to render a frame
+        auto actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod;
+        int multiplier = 1;
+        while (layerPeriod > actualLayerPeriod + MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
+            multiplier++;
+            actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod * multiplier;
+        }
+        return std::min(1.0f,
+                        static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) / static_cast<float>(actualLayerPeriod));
+    }
+
+    if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple ||
+        layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
+        // Calculate how many display vsyncs we need to present a single frame for this
+        // layer
+        const auto [displayFramesQuotient, displayFramesRemainder] =
+                getDisplayFrames(layerPeriod, displayPeriod);
+        static constexpr size_t MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT = 10; // Stop calculating when score < 0.1
+        if (displayFramesRemainder == 0) {
+            // Layer desired refresh rate matches the display rate.
+            return 1.0f * seamlessness;
+        }
+
+        if (displayFramesQuotient == 0) {
+            // Layer desired refresh rate is higher than the display rate.
+            return (static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) / static_cast<float>(displayPeriod)) *
+                    (1.0f / (MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT + 1));
+        }
+
+        // Layer desired refresh rate is lower than the display rate. Check how well it fits
+        // the cadence.
+        auto diff = std::abs(displayFramesRemainder - (displayPeriod - displayFramesRemainder));
+        int iter = 2;
+        while (diff > MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION && iter < MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT) {
+            diff = diff - (displayPeriod - diff);
+            iter++;
+        }
+
+        return (1.0f / iter) * seamlessness;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+struct RefreshRateScore {
+    const RefreshRate* refreshRate;
+    float score;
+};
+
 const RefreshRate& RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate(
         const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers, const GlobalSignals& globalSignals,
         GlobalSignals* outSignalsConsidered) const {
@@ -165,11 +233,11 @@
     }
 
     // Find the best refresh rate based on score
-    std::vector<std::pair<const RefreshRate*, float>> scores;
+    std::vector<RefreshRateScore> scores;
     scores.reserve(mAppRequestRefreshRates.size());
 
     for (const auto refreshRate : mAppRequestRefreshRates) {
-        scores.emplace_back(refreshRate, 0.0f);
+        scores.emplace_back(RefreshRateScore{refreshRate, 0.0f});
     }
 
     const auto& defaultConfig = mRefreshRates.at(policy->defaultConfig);
@@ -184,12 +252,13 @@
         auto weight = layer.weight;
 
         for (auto i = 0u; i < scores.size(); i++) {
-            const bool isSeamlessSwitch =
-                    scores[i].first->getConfigGroup() == mCurrentRefreshRate->getConfigGroup();
+            const bool isSeamlessSwitch = scores[i].refreshRate->getConfigGroup() ==
+                    mCurrentRefreshRate->getConfigGroup();
 
             if (layer.seamlessness == Seamlessness::OnlySeamless && !isSeamlessSwitch) {
                 ALOGV("%s ignores %s to avoid non-seamless switch. Current config = %s",
-                      formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(), scores[i].first->toString().c_str(),
+                      formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
+                      scores[i].refreshRate->toString().c_str(),
                       mCurrentRefreshRate->toString().c_str());
                 continue;
             }
@@ -198,7 +267,8 @@
                 !layer.focused) {
                 ALOGV("%s ignores %s because it's not focused and the switch is going to be seamed."
                       " Current config = %s",
-                      formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(), scores[i].first->toString().c_str(),
+                      formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
+                      scores[i].refreshRate->toString().c_str(),
                       mCurrentRefreshRate->toString().c_str());
                 continue;
             }
@@ -209,18 +279,20 @@
             // from the default, this means a layer with seamlessness=SeamedAndSeamless has just
             // disappeared.
             const bool isInPolicyForDefault = seamedLayers > 0
-                    ? scores[i].first->getConfigGroup() == mCurrentRefreshRate->getConfigGroup()
-                    : scores[i].first->getConfigGroup() == defaultConfig->getConfigGroup();
+                    ? scores[i].refreshRate->getConfigGroup() ==
+                            mCurrentRefreshRate->getConfigGroup()
+                    : scores[i].refreshRate->getConfigGroup() == defaultConfig->getConfigGroup();
 
             if (layer.seamlessness == Seamlessness::Default && !isInPolicyForDefault &&
                 !layer.focused) {
                 ALOGV("%s ignores %s. Current config = %s", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
-                      scores[i].first->toString().c_str(), mCurrentRefreshRate->toString().c_str());
+                      scores[i].refreshRate->toString().c_str(),
+                      mCurrentRefreshRate->toString().c_str());
                 continue;
             }
 
-            bool inPrimaryRange =
-                    scores[i].first->inPolicy(policy->primaryRange.min, policy->primaryRange.max);
+            bool inPrimaryRange = scores[i].refreshRate->inPolicy(policy->primaryRange.min,
+                                                                  policy->primaryRange.max);
             if ((primaryRangeIsSingleRate || !inPrimaryRange) &&
                 !(layer.focused && layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault)) {
                 // Only focused layers with ExplicitDefault frame rate settings are allowed to score
@@ -228,81 +300,11 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            // If the layer wants Max, give higher score to the higher refresh rate
-            if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Max) {
-                const auto ratio =
-                        scores[i].first->fps.getValue() / scores.back().first->fps.getValue();
-                // use ratio^2 to get a lower score the more we get further from peak
-                const auto layerScore = ratio * ratio;
-                ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.2f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
-                      scores[i].first->getName().c_str(), layerScore);
-                scores[i].second += weight * layerScore;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            const auto displayPeriod = scores[i].first->hwcConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
-            const auto layerPeriod = layer.desiredRefreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
-            if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault) {
-                const auto layerScore = [&]() {
-                    // Find the actual rate the layer will render, assuming
-                    // that layerPeriod is the minimal time to render a frame
-                    auto actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod;
-                    int multiplier = 1;
-                    while (layerPeriod > actualLayerPeriod + MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION) {
-                        multiplier++;
-                        actualLayerPeriod = displayPeriod * multiplier;
-                    }
-                    return std::min(1.0f,
-                                    static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) /
-                                            static_cast<float>(actualLayerPeriod));
-                }();
-
-                ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.2f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
-                      scores[i].first->getName().c_str(), layerScore);
-                scores[i].second += weight * layerScore;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (layer.vote == LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple ||
-                layer.vote == LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
-                const auto layerScore = [&] {
-                    // Calculate how many display vsyncs we need to present a single frame for this
-                    // layer
-                    const auto [displayFramesQuot, displayFramesRem] =
-                            getDisplayFrames(layerPeriod, displayPeriod);
-                    static constexpr size_t MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT =
-                            10; // Stop calculating when score < 0.1
-                    if (displayFramesRem == 0) {
-                        // Layer desired refresh rate matches the display rate.
-                        return 1.0f;
-                    }
-
-                    if (displayFramesQuot == 0) {
-                        // Layer desired refresh rate is higher the display rate.
-                        return (static_cast<float>(layerPeriod) /
-                                static_cast<float>(displayPeriod)) *
-                                (1.0f / (MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT + 1));
-                    }
-
-                    // Layer desired refresh rate is lower the display rate. Check how well it fits
-                    // the cadence
-                    auto diff = std::abs(displayFramesRem - (displayPeriod - displayFramesRem));
-                    int iter = 2;
-                    while (diff > MARGIN_FOR_PERIOD_CALCULATION && iter < MAX_FRAMES_TO_FIT) {
-                        diff = diff - (displayPeriod - diff);
-                        iter++;
-                    }
-
-                    return 1.0f / iter;
-                }();
-                // Slightly prefer seamless switches.
-                constexpr float kSeamedSwitchPenalty = 0.95f;
-                const float seamlessness = isSeamlessSwitch ? 1.0f : kSeamedSwitchPenalty;
-                ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.2f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
-                      scores[i].first->getName().c_str(), layerScore);
-                scores[i].second += weight * layerScore * seamlessness;
-                continue;
-            }
+            const auto layerScore =
+                    calculateLayerScoreLocked(layer, *scores[i].refreshRate, isSeamlessSwitch);
+            ALOGV("%s gives %s score of %.2f", formatLayerInfo(layer, weight).c_str(),
+                  scores[i].refreshRate->getName().c_str(), layerScore);
+            scores[i].score += weight * layerScore;
         }
     }
 
@@ -317,7 +319,7 @@
         // If we never scored any layers, then choose the rate from the primary
         // range instead of picking a random score from the app range.
         if (std::all_of(scores.begin(), scores.end(),
-                        [](std::pair<const RefreshRate*, float> p) { return p.second == 0; })) {
+                        [](RefreshRateScore score) { return score.score == 0; })) {
             ALOGV("layers not scored - choose %s",
                   getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked().getName().c_str());
             return getMaxRefreshRateByPolicyLocked();
@@ -342,11 +344,110 @@
     return *bestRefreshRate;
 }
 
+std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>>
+groupLayersByUid(const std::vector<RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement>& layers) {
+    std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>> layersByUid;
+    for (const auto& layer : layers) {
+        auto iter = layersByUid.emplace(layer.ownerUid,
+                                        std::vector<const RefreshRateConfigs::LayerRequirement*>());
+        auto& layersWithSameUid = iter.first->second;
+        layersWithSameUid.push_back(&layer);
+    }
+
+    // Remove uids that can't have a frame rate override
+    for (auto iter = layersByUid.begin(); iter != layersByUid.end();) {
+        const auto& layersWithSameUid = iter->second;
+        bool skipUid = false;
+        for (const auto& layer : layersWithSameUid) {
+            if (layer->vote == RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType::Max ||
+                layer->vote == RefreshRateConfigs::LayerVoteType::Heuristic) {
+                skipUid = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (skipUid) {
+            iter = layersByUid.erase(iter);
+        } else {
+            ++iter;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return layersByUid;
+}
+
+std::vector<RefreshRateScore> initializeScoresForAllRefreshRates(
+        const AllRefreshRatesMapType& refreshRates) {
+    std::vector<RefreshRateScore> scores;
+    scores.reserve(refreshRates.size());
+    for (const auto& [ignored, refreshRate] : refreshRates) {
+        scores.emplace_back(RefreshRateScore{refreshRate.get(), 0.0f});
+    }
+    std::sort(scores.begin(), scores.end(),
+              [](const auto& a, const auto& b) { return *a.refreshRate < *b.refreshRate; });
+    return scores;
+}
+
+RefreshRateConfigs::UidToFrameRateOverride RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateOverrides(
+        const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers, Fps displayFrameRate) const {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV("getFrameRateOverrides %zu layers", layers.size());
+
+    std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
+    std::vector<RefreshRateScore> scores = initializeScoresForAllRefreshRates(mRefreshRates);
+    std::unordered_map<uid_t, std::vector<const LayerRequirement*>> layersByUid =
+            groupLayersByUid(layers);
+    UidToFrameRateOverride frameRateOverrides;
+    for (const auto& [uid, layersWithSameUid] : layersByUid) {
+        for (auto& score : scores) {
+            score.score = 0;
+        }
+
+        for (const auto& layer : layersWithSameUid) {
+            if (layer->vote == LayerVoteType::NoVote || layer->vote == LayerVoteType::Min) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitDefault &&
+                                layer->vote != LayerVoteType::ExplicitExactOrMultiple);
+            for (RefreshRateScore& score : scores) {
+                const auto layerScore = calculateLayerScoreLocked(*layer, *score.refreshRate,
+                                                                  /*isSeamlessSwitch*/ true);
+                score.score += layer->weight * layerScore;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // We just care about the refresh rates which are a divider of the
+        // display refresh rate
+        auto iter =
+                std::remove_if(scores.begin(), scores.end(), [&](const RefreshRateScore& score) {
+                    return getFrameRateDivider(displayFrameRate, score.refreshRate->getFps()) == 0;
+                });
+        scores.erase(iter, scores.end());
+
+        // If we never scored any layers, we don't have a preferred frame rate
+        if (std::all_of(scores.begin(), scores.end(),
+                        [](const RefreshRateScore& score) { return score.score == 0; })) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Now that we scored all the refresh rates we need to pick the one that got the highest
+        // score.
+        const RefreshRate* bestRefreshRate = getBestRefreshRate(scores.begin(), scores.end());
+
+        // If the nest refresh rate is the current one, we don't have an override
+        if (!bestRefreshRate->getFps().equalsWithMargin(displayFrameRate)) {
+            frameRateOverrides.emplace(uid, bestRefreshRate->getFps());
+        }
+    }
+
+    return frameRateOverrides;
+}
+
 template <typename Iter>
 const RefreshRate* RefreshRateConfigs::getBestRefreshRate(Iter begin, Iter end) const {
     constexpr auto EPSILON = 0.001f;
-    const RefreshRate* bestRefreshRate = begin->first;
-    float max = begin->second;
+    const RefreshRate* bestRefreshRate = begin->refreshRate;
+    float max = begin->score;
     for (auto i = begin; i != end; ++i) {
         const auto [refreshRate, score] = *i;
         ALOGV("%s scores %.2f", refreshRate->getName().c_str(), score);
@@ -649,50 +750,22 @@
     return RefreshRateConfigs::KernelIdleTimerAction::TurnOn;
 }
 
-void RefreshRateConfigs::setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride) {
-    if (frameRateOverride.frameRateHz > 0 && frameRateOverride.frameRateHz < 1) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-    if (frameRateOverride.frameRateHz != 0) {
-        mPreferredRefreshRateForUid[frameRateOverride.uid] = Fps(frameRateOverride.frameRateHz);
-    } else {
-        mPreferredRefreshRateForUid.erase(frameRateOverride.uid);
-    }
-}
-
-int RefreshRateConfigs::getRefreshRateDividerForUid(uid_t uid) const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-
-    const auto iter = mPreferredRefreshRateForUid.find(uid);
-    if (iter == mPreferredRefreshRateForUid.end()) {
-        return 1;
-    }
-
+int RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateDivider(Fps displayFrameRate, Fps layerFrameRate) {
     // This calculation needs to be in sync with the java code
     // in DisplayManagerService.getDisplayInfoForFrameRateOverride
     constexpr float kThreshold = 0.1f;
-    const auto refreshRateHz = iter->second;
-    const auto numPeriods = mCurrentRefreshRate->getFps().getValue() / refreshRateHz.getValue();
+    const auto numPeriods = displayFrameRate.getValue() / layerFrameRate.getValue();
     const auto numPeriodsRounded = std::round(numPeriods);
     if (std::abs(numPeriods - numPeriodsRounded) > kThreshold) {
-        return 1;
+        return 0;
     }
 
     return static_cast<int>(numPeriodsRounded);
 }
 
-std::vector<FrameRateOverride> RefreshRateConfigs::getFrameRateOverrides() {
+int RefreshRateConfigs::getRefreshRateDivider(Fps frameRate) const {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-    std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides;
-    overrides.reserve(mPreferredRefreshRateForUid.size());
-
-    for (const auto [uid, frameRate] : mPreferredRefreshRateForUid) {
-        overrides.emplace_back(FrameRateOverride{uid, frameRate.getValue()});
-    }
-
-    return overrides;
+    return getFrameRateDivider(mCurrentRefreshRate->getFps(), frameRate);
 }
 
 void RefreshRateConfigs::dump(std::string& result) const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
index ec7ffe5..837a35d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateConfigs.h
@@ -221,6 +221,8 @@
     struct LayerRequirement {
         // Layer's name. Used for debugging purposes.
         std::string name;
+        // Layer's owner uid
+        uid_t ownerUid = static_cast<uid_t>(-1);
         // Layer vote type.
         LayerVoteType vote = LayerVoteType::NoVote;
         // Layer's desired refresh rate, if applicable.
@@ -319,18 +321,16 @@
     // refresh rates.
     KernelIdleTimerAction getIdleTimerAction() const;
 
-    // Stores the preferred refresh rate that an app should run at.
-    // FrameRateOverride.refreshRateHz == 0 means no preference.
-    void setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride) EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
     // Returns a divider for the current refresh rate
-    int getRefreshRateDividerForUid(uid_t) const EXCLUDES(mLock);
+    int getRefreshRateDivider(Fps frameRate) const EXCLUDES(mLock);
+
+    // Returns the frame rate override for each uid
+    using UidToFrameRateOverride = std::map<uid_t, Fps>;
+    UidToFrameRateOverride getFrameRateOverrides(const std::vector<LayerRequirement>& layers,
+                                                 Fps displayFrameRate) const EXCLUDES(mLock);
 
     void dump(std::string& result) const EXCLUDES(mLock);
 
-    // Returns the current frame rate overrides
-    std::vector<FrameRateOverride> getFrameRateOverrides() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
 private:
     friend class RefreshRateConfigsTest;
 
@@ -367,6 +367,16 @@
     const Policy* getCurrentPolicyLocked() const REQUIRES(mLock);
     bool isPolicyValid(const Policy& policy);
 
+    // Return the display refresh rate divider to match the layer
+    // frame rate, or 0 if the display refresh rate is not a multiple of the
+    // layer refresh rate.
+    static int getFrameRateDivider(Fps displayFrameRate, Fps layerFrameRate);
+
+    // calculates a score for a layer. Used to determine the display refresh rate
+    // and the frame rate override for certains applications.
+    float calculateLayerScoreLocked(const LayerRequirement&, const RefreshRate&,
+                                    bool isSeamlessSwitch) const REQUIRES(mLock);
+
     // The list of refresh rates, indexed by display config ID. This must not change after this
     // object is initialized.
     AllRefreshRatesMapType mRefreshRates;
@@ -388,10 +398,6 @@
     Policy mDisplayManagerPolicy GUARDED_BY(mLock);
     std::optional<Policy> mOverridePolicy GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
-    // A mapping between a UID and a preferred refresh rate that this app would
-    // run at.
-    std::unordered_map<uid_t, Fps> mPreferredRefreshRateForUid GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
     // The min and max refresh rates supported by the device.
     // This will not change at runtime.
     const RefreshRate* mMinSupportedRefreshRate;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index 07411b0..d2eb725 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -206,8 +206,32 @@
                                                        readyDuration, traceVsync, name);
 }
 
+std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mFeatureStateLock);
+    {
+        const auto iter = mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.find(uid);
+        if (iter != mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.end()) {
+            return std::make_optional<Fps>(iter->second);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        const auto iter = mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.find(uid);
+        if (iter != mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.end()) {
+            return std::make_optional<Fps>(iter->second);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
 bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const {
-    const auto divider = mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateDividerForUid(uid);
+    const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
+    if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    const auto divider = mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateDivider(*frameRate);
     if (divider <= 1) {
         return true;
     }
@@ -290,8 +314,19 @@
     thread->onScreenReleased();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
-                                            std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides) {
+void Scheduler::onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides;
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
+        for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor) {
+            overrides.emplace_back(FrameRateOverride{uid, frameRate.getValue()});
+        }
+        for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFeatures.frameRateOverrides) {
+            if (mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.count(uid) == 0) {
+                overrides.emplace_back(FrameRateOverride{uid, frameRate.getValue()});
+            }
+        }
+    }
     android::EventThread* thread;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
@@ -303,9 +338,11 @@
 
 void Scheduler::onPrimaryDisplayConfigChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
                                               HwcConfigIndexType configId, nsecs_t vsyncPeriod) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
-    // Cache the last reported config for primary display.
-    mFeatures.cachedConfigChangedParams = {handle, displayId, configId, vsyncPeriod};
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
+        // Cache the last reported config for primary display.
+        mFeatures.cachedConfigChangedParams = {handle, displayId, configId, vsyncPeriod};
+    }
     onNonPrimaryDisplayConfigChanged(handle, displayId, configId, vsyncPeriod);
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +587,10 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     scheduler::LayerHistory::Summary summary = mLayerHistory->summarize(systemTime());
+    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals consideredSignals;
     HwcConfigIndexType newConfigId;
+    bool frameRateChanged;
+    bool frameRateOverridesChanged;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
         if (mFeatures.contentRequirements == summary) {
@@ -558,22 +598,32 @@
         }
         mFeatures.contentRequirements = summary;
 
-        scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals consideredSignals;
         newConfigId = calculateRefreshRateConfigIndexType(&consideredSignals);
+        auto& newRefreshRate = mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateFromConfigId(newConfigId);
+        frameRateOverridesChanged =
+                updateFrameRateOverrides(consideredSignals, newRefreshRate.getFps());
+
         if (mFeatures.configId == newConfigId) {
             // We don't need to change the config, but we might need to send an event
             // about a config change, since it was suppressed due to a previous idleConsidered
             if (!consideredSignals.idle) {
                 dispatchCachedReportedConfig();
             }
-            return;
+            frameRateChanged = false;
+        } else {
+            mFeatures.configId = newConfigId;
+            frameRateChanged = true;
         }
-        mFeatures.configId = newConfigId;
+    }
+    if (frameRateChanged) {
         auto& newRefreshRate = mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateFromConfigId(newConfigId);
         mSchedulerCallback.changeRefreshRate(newRefreshRate,
                                              consideredSignals.idle ? ConfigEvent::None
                                                                     : ConfigEvent::Changed);
     }
+    if (frameRateOverridesChanged) {
+        mSchedulerCallback.triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged();
+    }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resetIdleTimer() {
@@ -666,6 +716,21 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "+  Content detection: %s %s\n\n",
                   toContentDetectionString(mOptions.useContentDetection),
                   mLayerHistory ? mLayerHistory->dump().c_str() : "(no layer history)");
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mFeatureStateLock);
+        StringAppendF(&result, "Frame Rate Overrides (backdoor): {");
+        for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor) {
+            StringAppendF(&result, "[uid: %d frameRate: %s], ", uid, to_string(frameRate).c_str());
+        }
+        StringAppendF(&result, "}\n");
+
+        StringAppendF(&result, "Frame Rate Overrides (setFrameRate): {");
+        for (const auto& [uid, frameRate] : mFeatures.frameRateOverrides) {
+            StringAppendF(&result, "[uid: %d frameRate: %s], ", uid, to_string(frameRate).c_str());
+        }
+        StringAppendF(&result, "}\n");
+    }
 }
 
 void Scheduler::dumpVsync(std::string& s) const {
@@ -677,9 +742,35 @@
     mVsyncSchedule.dispatch->dump(s);
 }
 
+bool Scheduler::updateFrameRateOverrides(
+        scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals consideredSignals, Fps displayRefreshRate) {
+    if (consideredSignals.touch) {
+        const bool changed = !mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.empty();
+        mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.clear();
+        return changed;
+    }
+
+    if (!consideredSignals.idle) {
+        const auto frameRateOverrides =
+                mRefreshRateConfigs.getFrameRateOverrides(mFeatures.contentRequirements,
+                                                          displayRefreshRate);
+        if (!std::equal(mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.begin(), mFeatures.frameRateOverrides.end(),
+                        frameRateOverrides.begin(), frameRateOverrides.end(),
+                        [](const std::pair<uid_t, Fps>& a, const std::pair<uid_t, Fps>& b) {
+                            return a.first == b.first && a.second.equalsWithMargin(b.second);
+                        })) {
+            mFeatures.frameRateOverrides = frameRateOverrides;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 template <class T>
 bool Scheduler::handleTimerStateChanged(T* currentState, T newState) {
     HwcConfigIndexType newConfigId;
+    bool refreshRateChanged = false;
+    bool frameRateOverridesChanged;
     scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals consideredSignals;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mFeatureStateLock);
@@ -688,20 +779,32 @@
         }
         *currentState = newState;
         newConfigId = calculateRefreshRateConfigIndexType(&consideredSignals);
+        const RefreshRate& newRefreshRate =
+                mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateFromConfigId(newConfigId);
+        frameRateOverridesChanged =
+                updateFrameRateOverrides(consideredSignals, newRefreshRate.getFps());
         if (mFeatures.configId == newConfigId) {
             // We don't need to change the config, but we might need to send an event
             // about a config change, since it was suppressed due to a previous idleConsidered
             if (!consideredSignals.idle) {
                 dispatchCachedReportedConfig();
             }
-            return consideredSignals.touch;
+        } else {
+            mFeatures.configId = newConfigId;
+            refreshRateChanged = true;
         }
-        mFeatures.configId = newConfigId;
     }
-    const RefreshRate& newRefreshRate = mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateFromConfigId(newConfigId);
-    mSchedulerCallback.changeRefreshRate(newRefreshRate,
-                                         consideredSignals.idle ? ConfigEvent::None
-                                                                : ConfigEvent::Changed);
+    if (refreshRateChanged) {
+        const RefreshRate& newRefreshRate =
+                mRefreshRateConfigs.getRefreshRateFromConfigId(newConfigId);
+
+        mSchedulerCallback.changeRefreshRate(newRefreshRate,
+                                             consideredSignals.idle ? ConfigEvent::None
+                                                                    : ConfigEvent::Changed);
+    }
+    if (frameRateOverridesChanged) {
+        mSchedulerCallback.triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged();
+    }
     return consideredSignals.touch;
 }
 
@@ -775,4 +878,17 @@
     }
 }
 
+void Scheduler::setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride frameRateOverride) {
+    if (frameRateOverride.frameRateHz > 0.f && frameRateOverride.frameRateHz < 1.f) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::lock_guard lock(mFeatureStateLock);
+    if (frameRateOverride.frameRateHz != 0.f) {
+        mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor[frameRateOverride.uid] = Fps(frameRateOverride.frameRateHz);
+    } else {
+        mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor.erase(frameRateOverride.uid);
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index f16e1f9..052c425 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
                                    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigEvent) = 0;
     virtual void repaintEverythingForHWC() = 0;
     virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
+    virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~ISchedulerCallback() = default;
@@ -93,8 +94,7 @@
     void onScreenAcquired(ConnectionHandle);
     void onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle);
 
-    void onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId,
-                                     std::vector<FrameRateOverride>);
+    void onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId);
 
     // Modifies work duration in the event thread.
     void setDuration(ConnectionHandle, std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
@@ -169,6 +169,10 @@
                                                            std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration,
                                                            bool traceVsync = true);
 
+    // Stores the preferred refresh rate that an app should run at.
+    // FrameRateOverride.refreshRateHz == 0 means no preference.
+    void setPreferredRefreshRateForUid(FrameRateOverride) EXCLUDES(mFeatureStateLock);
+
 private:
     friend class TestableScheduler;
 
@@ -226,6 +230,10 @@
             REQUIRES(mFeatureStateLock);
 
     void dispatchCachedReportedConfig() REQUIRES(mFeatureStateLock);
+    bool updateFrameRateOverrides(scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::GlobalSignals consideredSignals,
+                                  Fps displayRefreshRate) REQUIRES(mFeatureStateLock);
+
+    std::optional<Fps> getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const EXCLUDES(mFeatureStateLock);
 
     // Stores EventThread associated with a given VSyncSource, and an initial EventThreadConnection.
     struct Connection {
@@ -264,7 +272,7 @@
 
     // In order to make sure that the features don't override themselves, we need a state machine
     // to keep track which feature requested the config change.
-    std::mutex mFeatureStateLock;
+    mutable std::mutex mFeatureStateLock;
 
     struct {
         TimerState idleTimer = TimerState::Reset;
@@ -285,6 +293,7 @@
         };
 
         std::optional<ConfigChangedParams> cachedConfigChangedParams;
+        scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::UidToFrameRateOverride frameRateOverrides;
     } mFeatures GUARDED_BY(mFeatureStateLock);
 
     const scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs& mRefreshRateConfigs;
@@ -295,6 +304,11 @@
     static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds MAX_VSYNC_APPLIED_TIME = 200ms;
 
     const std::unique_ptr<PredictedVsyncTracer> mPredictedVsyncTracer;
+
+    // mappings between a UID and a preferred refresh rate that this app would
+    // run at.
+    scheduler::RefreshRateConfigs::UidToFrameRateOverride mFrameRateOverridesFromBackdoor
+            GUARDED_BY(mFeatureStateLock);
 };
 
 } // namespace android