diff --git a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
index 5029352..6337611 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpsys/tests/dumpsys_test.cpp
@@ -371,8 +371,8 @@
                                    IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
     ExpectCheckService("Locksmith");
     ExpectCheckService("Valet");
-    ExpectDumpWithArgs("Locksmith", {"-a", "--dump-priority", "NORMAL"}, "dump1");
-    ExpectDumpWithArgs("Valet", {"-a", "--dump-priority", "NORMAL"}, "dump2");
+    ExpectDumpWithArgs("Locksmith", {"--dump-priority", "NORMAL", "-a"}, "dump1");
+    ExpectDumpWithArgs("Valet", {"--dump-priority", "NORMAL", "-a"}, "dump2");
 
     CallMain({"--priority", "NORMAL"});
 
diff --git a/data/etc/android.hardware.face.xml b/data/etc/android.hardware.face.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abd23fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/etc/android.hardware.face.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+
+<!-- This is the standard set of features for a biometric face authentication sensor. -->
+<permissions>
+    <feature name="android.hardware.face" />
+</permissions>
diff --git a/headers/media_plugin/media/arcvideobridge/IArcVideoBridge.h b/headers/media_plugin/media/arcvideobridge/IArcVideoBridge.h
index b32c92e..67abc68 100644
--- a/headers/media_plugin/media/arcvideobridge/IArcVideoBridge.h
+++ b/headers/media_plugin/media/arcvideobridge/IArcVideoBridge.h
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_IARC_VIDEO_BRIDGE_H
 #define ANDROID_IARC_VIDEO_BRIDGE_H
 
-#include <arc/IArcBridgeService.h>
+#include <arc/MojoBootstrapResult.h>
 #include <binder/IInterface.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 
diff --git a/include/android/choreographer.h b/include/android/choreographer.h
index 43346fe..11f8f6b 100644
--- a/include/android/choreographer.h
+++ b/include/android/choreographer.h
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 24
-
 struct AChoreographer;
 typedef struct AChoreographer AChoreographer;
 
@@ -49,23 +47,23 @@
  * Get the AChoreographer instance for the current thread. This must be called
  * on an ALooper thread.
  */
-AChoreographer* AChoreographer_getInstance();
+AChoreographer* AChoreographer_getInstance() __INTRODUCED_IN(24);
 
 /**
  * Post a callback to be run on the next frame. The data pointer provided will
  * be passed to the callback function when it's called.
  */
 void AChoreographer_postFrameCallback(AChoreographer* choreographer,
-                AChoreographer_frameCallback callback, void* data);
+                AChoreographer_frameCallback callback, void* data) __INTRODUCED_IN(24);
+
 /**
  * Post a callback to be run on the frame following the specified delay. The
  * data pointer provided will be passed to the callback function when it's
  * called.
  */
 void AChoreographer_postFrameCallbackDelayed(AChoreographer* choreographer,
-                AChoreographer_frameCallback callback, void* data, long delayMillis);
-
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 24 */
+                AChoreographer_frameCallback callback, void* data,
+                long delayMillis) __INTRODUCED_IN(24);
 
 __END_DECLS
 
diff --git a/include/android/configuration.h b/include/android/configuration.h
index 6287332..81aedca 100644
--- a/include/android/configuration.h
+++ b/include/android/configuration.h
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@
 
 #include <android/asset_manager.h>
 
+#if !defined(__INTRODUCED_IN)
+#define __INTRODUCED_IN(__api_level) /* nothing */
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -671,53 +675,49 @@
  */
 void AConfiguration_setUiModeNight(AConfiguration* config, int32_t uiModeNight);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 13
 /**
  * Return the current configuration screen width in dp units, or
  * ACONFIGURATION_SCREEN_WIDTH_DP_ANY if not set.
  */
-int32_t AConfiguration_getScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config);
+int32_t AConfiguration_getScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Set the configuration's current screen width in dp units.
  */
-void AConfiguration_setScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value);
+void AConfiguration_setScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Return the current configuration screen height in dp units, or
  * ACONFIGURATION_SCREEN_HEIGHT_DP_ANY if not set.
  */
-int32_t AConfiguration_getScreenHeightDp(AConfiguration* config);
+int32_t AConfiguration_getScreenHeightDp(AConfiguration* config) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Set the configuration's current screen width in dp units.
  */
-void AConfiguration_setScreenHeightDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value);
+void AConfiguration_setScreenHeightDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Return the configuration's smallest screen width in dp units, or
  * ACONFIGURATION_SMALLEST_SCREEN_WIDTH_DP_ANY if not set.
  */
-int32_t AConfiguration_getSmallestScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config);
+int32_t AConfiguration_getSmallestScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Set the configuration's smallest screen width in dp units.
  */
-void AConfiguration_setSmallestScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value);
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 13 */
+void AConfiguration_setSmallestScreenWidthDp(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 17
 /**
  * Return the configuration's layout direction, or
  * ACONFIGURATION_LAYOUTDIR_ANY if not set.
  */
-int32_t AConfiguration_getLayoutDirection(AConfiguration* config);
+int32_t AConfiguration_getLayoutDirection(AConfiguration* config) __INTRODUCED_IN(17);
 
 /**
  * Set the configuration's layout direction.
  */
-void AConfiguration_setLayoutDirection(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value);
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 17 */
+void AConfiguration_setLayoutDirection(AConfiguration* config, int32_t value) __INTRODUCED_IN(17);
 
 /**
  * Perform a diff between two configurations.  Returns a bit mask of
diff --git a/include/android/input.h b/include/android/input.h
index 0829989..3b36d2e 100644
--- a/include/android/input.h
+++ b/include/android/input.h
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@
 #include <android/keycodes.h>
 #include <android/looper.h>
 
+#if !defined(__INTRODUCED_IN)
+#define __INTRODUCED_IN(__api_level) /* nothing */
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
@@ -79,7 +83,7 @@
 };
 
 /**
- * Meta key / modifer state.
+ * Meta key / modifier state.
  */
 enum {
     /** No meta keys are pressed. */
@@ -982,10 +986,8 @@
  */
 int32_t AMotionEvent_getMetaState(const AInputEvent* motion_event);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 14
 /** Get the button state of all buttons that are pressed. */
-int32_t AMotionEvent_getButtonState(const AInputEvent* motion_event);
-#endif
+int32_t AMotionEvent_getButtonState(const AInputEvent* motion_event) __INTRODUCED_IN(14);
 
 /**
  * Get a bitfield indicating which edges, if any, were touched by this motion event.
@@ -1050,14 +1052,12 @@
  */
 int32_t AMotionEvent_getPointerId(const AInputEvent* motion_event, size_t pointer_index);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 14
 /**
  * Get the tool type of a pointer for the given pointer index.
  * The tool type indicates the type of tool used to make contact such as a
  * finger or stylus, if known.
  */
-int32_t AMotionEvent_getToolType(const AInputEvent* motion_event, size_t pointer_index);
-#endif
+int32_t AMotionEvent_getToolType(const AInputEvent* motion_event, size_t pointer_index) __INTRODUCED_IN(14);
 
 /**
  * Get the original raw X coordinate of this event.
@@ -1147,11 +1147,9 @@
  */
 float AMotionEvent_getOrientation(const AInputEvent* motion_event, size_t pointer_index);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 13
 /** Get the value of the request axis for the given pointer index. */
 float AMotionEvent_getAxisValue(const AInputEvent* motion_event,
-        int32_t axis, size_t pointer_index);
-#endif
+        int32_t axis, size_t pointer_index) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 /**
  * Get the number of historical points in this event.  These are movements that
@@ -1282,14 +1280,12 @@
 float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalOrientation(const AInputEvent* motion_event, size_t pointer_index,
         size_t history_index);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 13
 /**
  * Get the historical value of the request axis for the given pointer index
  * that occurred between this event and the previous motion event.
  */
 float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalAxisValue(const AInputEvent* motion_event,
-        int32_t axis, size_t pointer_index, size_t history_index);
-#endif
+        int32_t axis, size_t pointer_index, size_t history_index) __INTRODUCED_IN(13);
 
 
 struct AInputQueue;
diff --git a/include/android/multinetwork.h b/include/android/multinetwork.h
index 5f2a57f..55df9f8 100644
--- a/include/android/multinetwork.h
+++ b/include/android/multinetwork.h
@@ -60,8 +60,6 @@
  * on failure with an appropriate errno value set.
  */
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 24
-
 /**
  * Set the network to be used by the given socket file descriptor.
  *
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@
  * This is the equivalent of: [android.net.Network#bindSocket()](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/Network.html#bindSocket(java.net.Socket))
  *
  */
-int android_setsocknetwork(net_handle_t network, int fd);
+int android_setsocknetwork(net_handle_t network, int fd) __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 
 /**
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@
  * This is the equivalent of: [android.net.ConnectivityManager#setProcessDefaultNetwork()](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/net/ConnectivityManager.html#setProcessDefaultNetwork(android.net.Network))
  *
  */
-int android_setprocnetwork(net_handle_t network);
+int android_setprocnetwork(net_handle_t network) __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 
 /**
@@ -106,9 +104,7 @@
  */
 int android_getaddrinfofornetwork(net_handle_t network,
         const char *node, const char *service,
-        const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);
-
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 24 */
+        const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res) __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 __END_DECLS
 
diff --git a/include/android/native_window_jni.h b/include/android/native_window_jni.h
index 082fab2..74e43c7 100644
--- a/include/android/native_window_jni.h
+++ b/include/android/native_window_jni.h
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@
  */
 ANativeWindow* ANativeWindow_fromSurface(JNIEnv* env, jobject surface);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 26
 /**
  * Return a Java Surface object derived from the ANativeWindow, for interacting
  * with it through Java code. The returned Java object acquires a reference on
@@ -52,8 +51,7 @@
  * and will automatically release the reference when the Java object gets garbage
  * collected.
  */
-jobject ANativeWindow_toSurface(JNIEnv* env, ANativeWindow* window);
-#endif
+jobject ANativeWindow_toSurface(JNIEnv* env, ANativeWindow* window) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 };
diff --git a/include/android/sensor.h b/include/android/sensor.h
index 191777c..59229c1 100644
--- a/include/android/sensor.h
+++ b/include/android/sensor.h
@@ -478,7 +478,6 @@
 ASensorManager* ASensorManager_getInstance();
 #endif
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_O__
 /**
  * Get a reference to the sensor manager. ASensorManager is a singleton
  * per package as different packages may have access to different sensors.
@@ -488,8 +487,7 @@
  *     ASensorManager* sensorManager = ASensorManager_getInstanceForPackage("foo.bar.baz");
  *
  */
-ASensorManager* ASensorManager_getInstanceForPackage(const char* packageName);
-#endif
+ASensorManager* ASensorManager_getInstanceForPackage(const char* packageName) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Returns the list of available sensors.
@@ -502,13 +500,11 @@
  */
 ASensor const* ASensorManager_getDefaultSensor(ASensorManager* manager, int type);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
 /**
  * Returns the default sensor with the given type and wakeUp properties or NULL if no sensor
  * of this type and wakeUp properties exists.
  */
-ASensor const* ASensorManager_getDefaultSensorEx(ASensorManager* manager, int type, bool wakeUp);
-#endif
+ASensor const* ASensorManager_getDefaultSensorEx(ASensorManager* manager, int type, bool wakeUp) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
 /**
  * Creates a new sensor event queue and associate it with a looper.
@@ -525,7 +521,6 @@
  */
 int ASensorManager_destroyEventQueue(ASensorManager* manager, ASensorEventQueue* queue);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_O__
 /**
  * Create direct channel based on shared memory
  *
@@ -542,7 +537,7 @@
  *         {@link ASensorManager_destroyDirectChannel} and
  *         {@link ASensorManager_configureDirectReport}, or value less or equal to 0 for failures.
  */
-int ASensorManager_createSharedMemoryDirectChannel(ASensorManager* manager, int fd, size_t size);
+int ASensorManager_createSharedMemoryDirectChannel(ASensorManager* manager, int fd, size_t size) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Create direct channel based on AHardwareBuffer
@@ -560,7 +555,7 @@
  *         {@link ASensorManager_configureDirectReport}, or value less or equal to 0 for failures.
  */
 int ASensorManager_createHardwareBufferDirectChannel(
-        ASensorManager* manager, AHardwareBuffer const * buffer, size_t size);
+        ASensorManager* manager, AHardwareBuffer const * buffer, size_t size) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Destroy a direct channel
@@ -575,7 +570,7 @@
  *                  {@link ASensorManager_createSharedMemoryDirectChannel} or
  *                  {@link ASensorManager_createHardwareBufferDirectChannel}.
  */
-void ASensorManager_destroyDirectChannel(ASensorManager* manager, int channelId);
+void ASensorManager_destroyDirectChannel(ASensorManager* manager, int channelId) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Configure direct report on channel
@@ -612,9 +607,8 @@
  *
  * \return positive token for success or negative error code.
  */
-int ASensorManager_configureDirectReport(
-        ASensorManager* manager, ASensor const* sensor, int channelId, int rate);
-#endif
+int ASensorManager_configureDirectReport(ASensorManager* manager,
+        ASensor const* sensor, int channelId, int rate) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /*****************************************************************************/
 
@@ -733,35 +727,32 @@
  */
 int ASensor_getMinDelay(ASensor const* sensor);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
 /**
  * Returns the maximum size of batches for this sensor. Batches will often be
  * smaller, as the hardware fifo might be used for other sensors.
  */
-int ASensor_getFifoMaxEventCount(ASensor const* sensor);
+int ASensor_getFifoMaxEventCount(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
 /**
  * Returns the hardware batch fifo size reserved to this sensor.
  */
-int ASensor_getFifoReservedEventCount(ASensor const* sensor);
+int ASensor_getFifoReservedEventCount(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
 /**
  * Returns this sensor's string type.
  */
-const char* ASensor_getStringType(ASensor const* sensor);
+const char* ASensor_getStringType(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
 /**
  * Returns the reporting mode for this sensor. One of AREPORTING_MODE_* constants.
  */
-int ASensor_getReportingMode(ASensor const* sensor);
+int ASensor_getReportingMode(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
 /**
  * Returns true if this is a wake up sensor, false otherwise.
  */
-bool ASensor_isWakeUpSensor(ASensor const* sensor);
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 21 */
+bool ASensor_isWakeUpSensor(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(21);
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_O__
 /**
  * Test if sensor supports a certain type of direct channel.
  *
@@ -771,7 +762,8 @@
  *                     or {@link ASENSOR_DIRECT_CHANNEL_TYPE_HARDWARE_BUFFER}.
  * \returns true if sensor supports the specified direct channel type.
  */
-bool ASensor_isDirectChannelTypeSupported(ASensor const* sensor, int channelType);
+bool ASensor_isDirectChannelTypeSupported(ASensor const* sensor, int channelType) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
+
 /**
  * Get the highest direct rate level that a sensor support.
  *
@@ -781,8 +773,7 @@
  *         If return value is {@link ASENSOR_DIRECT_RATE_STOP}, it means the sensor
  *         does not support direct report.
  */
-int ASensor_getHighestDirectReportRateLevel(ASensor const* sensor);
-#endif
+int ASensor_getHighestDirectReportRateLevel(ASensor const* sensor) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 };
diff --git a/include/android/sharedmem.h b/include/android/sharedmem.h
index 46d2f4b..0354f17 100644
--- a/include/android/sharedmem.h
+++ b/include/android/sharedmem.h
@@ -52,8 +52,6 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_O__
-
 /**
  * Create a shared memory region.
  *
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@
  * \param size size of the shared memory region
  * \return file descriptor that denotes the shared memory; error code on failure.
  */
-int ASharedMemory_create(const char *name, size_t size);
+int ASharedMemory_create(const char *name, size_t size) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Get the size of the shared memory region.
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@
  * \param fd file descriptor of the shared memory region
  * \return size in bytes; 0 if fd is not a valid shared memory file descriptor.
  */
-size_t ASharedMemory_getSize(int fd);
+size_t ASharedMemory_getSize(int fd) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 /**
  * Restrict access of shared memory region.
@@ -106,9 +104,7 @@
  *             updated access. Note access can only be removed, but not added back.
  * \return 0 for success, error code on failure.
  */
-int ASharedMemory_setProt(int fd, int prot);
-
-#endif
+int ASharedMemory_setProt(int fd, int prot) __INTRODUCED_IN(26);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 };
diff --git a/include/android/sharedmem_jni.h b/include/android/sharedmem_jni.h
index 85ac78f..d8b514f 100644
--- a/include/android/sharedmem_jni.h
+++ b/include/android/sharedmem_jni.h
@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= __ANDROID_API_O_MR1__
-
 /**
  * Returns a dup'd FD from the given Java android.os.SharedMemory object. The returned file
  * descriptor has all the same properties & capabilities as the FD returned from
@@ -70,9 +68,7 @@
  *      already closed, if the JNIEnv or jobject is NULL, or if there are too many open file
  *      descriptors (errno=EMFILE)
  */
-int ASharedMemory_dupFromJava(JNIEnv* env, jobject sharedMemory);
-
-#endif
+int ASharedMemory_dupFromJava(JNIEnv* env, jobject sharedMemory) __INTRODUCED_IN(27);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 };
diff --git a/include/android/surface_texture.h b/include/android/surface_texture.h
index 56b3342..db10a16 100644
--- a/include/android/surface_texture.h
+++ b/include/android/surface_texture.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
  * Failing to do so will result in leaked memory and graphic resources.
  * \param st A ASurfaceTexture reference acquired with ASurfaceTexture_fromSurfaceTexture()
  */
-void ASurfaceTexture_release(ASurfaceTexture* st);
+void ASurfaceTexture_release(ASurfaceTexture* st) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Returns a reference to an ANativeWindow (i.e. the Producer) for this SurfaceTexture.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
  * using ANativeWindow_release(). Failing to do so will result in leaked resources. nullptr is
  * returned if \st is null or if it's not an instance of android.graphics.SurfaceTexture
  */
-ANativeWindow* ASurfaceTexture_acquireANativeWindow(ASurfaceTexture* st);
+ANativeWindow* ASurfaceTexture_acquireANativeWindow(ASurfaceTexture* st) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Attach the SurfaceTexture to the OpenGL ES context that is current on the calling thread.  A
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
  * must be unusued in the OpenGL ES context that is current on the calling thread.
  * \return 0 on success, negative posix error code otherwise (see <errno.h>)
  */
-int ASurfaceTexture_attachToGLContext(ASurfaceTexture* st, uint32_t texName);
+int ASurfaceTexture_attachToGLContext(ASurfaceTexture* st, uint32_t texName) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Detach the SurfaceTexture from the OpenGL ES context that owns the OpenGL ES texture object.
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
  * \param st A ASurfaceTexture reference acquired with ASurfaceTexture_fromSurfaceTexture()
  * \return 0 on success, negative posix error code otherwise (see <errno.h>)
  */
-int ASurfaceTexture_detachFromGLContext(ASurfaceTexture* st);
+int ASurfaceTexture_detachFromGLContext(ASurfaceTexture* st) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Update the texture image to the most recent frame from the image stream.  This may only be
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
  * \param st A ASurfaceTexture reference acquired with ASurfaceTexture_fromSurfaceTexture()
  * \return 0 on success, negative posix error code otherwise (see <errno.h>)
  */
-int ASurfaceTexture_updateTexImage(ASurfaceTexture* st);
+int ASurfaceTexture_updateTexImage(ASurfaceTexture* st) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Retrieve the 4x4 texture coordinate transform matrix associated with the texture image set by
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
  * \param mtx the array into which the 4x4 matrix will be stored.  The array must have exactly
  *     16 elements.
  */
-void ASurfaceTexture_getTransformMatrix(ASurfaceTexture* st, float mtx[16]);
+void ASurfaceTexture_getTransformMatrix(ASurfaceTexture* st, float mtx[16]) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 /**
  * Retrieve the timestamp associated with the texture image set by the most recent call to
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
  *
  * \param st A ASurfaceTexture reference acquired with ASurfaceTexture_fromSurfaceTexture()
  */
-int64_t ASurfaceTexture_getTimestamp(ASurfaceTexture* st);
+int64_t ASurfaceTexture_getTimestamp(ASurfaceTexture* st) __INTRODUCED_IN(28);
 
 __END_DECLS
 
diff --git a/include/android/trace.h b/include/android/trace.h
index d9e5d88..9f59acf 100644
--- a/include/android/trace.h
+++ b/include/android/trace.h
@@ -37,13 +37,11 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-#if __ANDROID_API__ >= 23
-
 /**
  * Returns true if tracing is enabled. Use this signal to avoid expensive computation only necessary
  * when tracing is enabled.
  */
-bool ATrace_isEnabled();
+bool ATrace_isEnabled() __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 /**
  * Writes a tracing message to indicate that the given section of code has begun. This call must be
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@
  * by the tracing mechanism. If sectionName contains these characters they will be replaced with a
  * space character in the trace.
  */
-void ATrace_beginSection(const char* sectionName);
+void ATrace_beginSection(const char* sectionName) __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 /**
  * Writes a tracing message to indicate that a given section of code has ended. This call must be
@@ -61,9 +59,7 @@
  * will mark the end of the most recently begun section of code, so care must be taken to ensure
  * that beginSection / endSection pairs are properly nested and called from the same thread.
  */
-void ATrace_endSection();
-
-#endif /* __ANDROID_API__ >= 23 */
+void ATrace_endSection() __INTRODUCED_IN(23);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 };
diff --git a/include/batteryservice b/include/batteryservice
deleted file mode 120000
index 2178c32..0000000
--- a/include/batteryservice
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index cfcafab..15c86eb 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
 
     static const char* getLabel(int32_t keyCode);
     static int32_t getKeyCodeFromLabel(const char* label);
-    
+
     void initialize(
             int32_t deviceId,
             int32_t source,
@@ -373,6 +373,10 @@
 
     virtual int32_t getType() const { return AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION; }
 
+    inline int32_t getDisplayId() const { return mDisplayId; }
+
+    inline void setDisplayId(int32_t displayId) { mDisplayId = displayId; }
+
     inline int32_t getAction() const { return mAction; }
 
     inline int32_t getActionMasked() const { return mAction & AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MASK; }
@@ -556,6 +560,7 @@
     void initialize(
             int32_t deviceId,
             int32_t source,
+            int32_t displayId,
             int32_t action,
             int32_t actionButton,
             int32_t flags,
@@ -609,6 +614,7 @@
     static int32_t getAxisFromLabel(const char* label);
 
 protected:
+    int32_t mDisplayId;
     int32_t mAction;
     int32_t mActionButton;
     int32_t mFlags;
diff --git a/include/input/InputTransport.h b/include/input/InputTransport.h
index 1ea2c2c..ee52661 100644
--- a/include/input/InputTransport.h
+++ b/include/input/InputTransport.h
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@
             nsecs_t eventTime __attribute__((aligned(8)));
             int32_t deviceId;
             int32_t source;
-            int32_t displayId;
             int32_t action;
             int32_t flags;
             int32_t keyCode;
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@
      * Other errors probably indicate that the channel is broken.
      */
     status_t consume(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory, bool consumeBatches,
-            nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent, int32_t* displayId);
+            nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent);
 
     /* Sends a finished signal to the publisher to inform it that the message
      * with the specified sequence number has finished being process and whether
@@ -460,10 +459,9 @@
     Vector<SeqChain> mSeqChains;
 
     status_t consumeBatch(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory,
-            nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent, int32_t* displayId);
+            nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent);
     status_t consumeSamples(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory,
-            Batch& batch, size_t count, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent,
-            int32_t* displayId);
+            Batch& batch, size_t count, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent);
 
     void updateTouchState(InputMessage& msg);
     void resampleTouchState(nsecs_t frameTime, MotionEvent* event,
diff --git a/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp b/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp
index b3ae09b..9f08f23 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/Parcel.cpp
@@ -2307,6 +2307,15 @@
     int fd = readFileDescriptor();
     if (fd == int(BAD_TYPE)) return BAD_VALUE;
 
+    if (!ashmem_valid(fd)) {
+        ALOGE("invalid fd");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    int size = ashmem_get_size_region(fd);
+    if (size < 0 || size_t(size) < len) {
+        ALOGE("request size %zu does not match fd size %d", len, size);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
     void* ptr = ::mmap(nullptr, len, isMutable ? PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE : PROT_READ,
             MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
     if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) return NO_MEMORY;
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/AppOpsManager.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/AppOpsManager.h
index c5b57c7..7870c7b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/AppOpsManager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/AppOpsManager.h
@@ -95,6 +95,20 @@
         OP_USE_FINGERPRINT = 55,
         OP_BODY_SENSORS = 56,
         OP_AUDIO_ACCESSIBILITY_VOLUME = 64,
+        OP_READ_PHONE_NUMBERS = 65,
+        OP_REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES = 66,
+        OP_PICTURE_IN_PICTURE = 67,
+        OP_INSTANT_APP_START_FOREGROUND = 68,
+        OP_ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS = 69,
+        OP_RUN_ANY_IN_BACKGROUND = 70,
+        OP_CHANGE_WIFI_STATE = 71,
+        OP_REQUEST_DELETE_PACKAGES = 72,
+        OP_BIND_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE = 73,
+        OP_ACCEPT_HANDOVER = 74,
+        OP_MANAGE_IPSEC_TUNNELS = 75,
+        OP_START_FOREGROUND = 76,
+        OP_BLUETOOTH_SCAN = 77,
+        OP_USE_FACE = 78,
     };
 
     AppOpsManager();
diff --git a/libs/gui/Android.bp b/libs/gui/Android.bp
index b29c1d5..ef3e592 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gui/Android.bp
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.common@1.1",
         "libsync",
         "libbinder",
+        "libbufferhub",
         "libbufferhubqueue",  // TODO(b/70046255): Remove this once BufferHub is integrated into libgui.
         "libpdx_default_transport",
         "libcutils",
@@ -149,6 +150,7 @@
                 "BufferHubProducer.cpp",
             ],
             exclude_shared_libs: [
+                "libbufferhub",
                 "libbufferhubqueue",
                 "libpdx_default_transport",
             ],
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferHubProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferHubProducer.cpp
index ae5cca2..06d597c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferHubProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferHubProducer.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 #include <gui/BufferHubProducer.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <private/dvr/detached_buffer.h>
 #include <system/window.h>
+#include <ui/DetachedBufferHandle.h>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -224,24 +226,224 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-status_t BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer(int /* slot */) {
-    ALOGE("BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer not implemented.");
-    return INVALID_OPERATION;
+status_t BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer(int slot) {
+    ALOGV("detachBuffer: slot=%d", slot);
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
+
+    return DetachBufferLocked(static_cast<size_t>(slot));
 }
 
-status_t BufferHubProducer::detachNextBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>* /* out_buffer */,
-                                             sp<Fence>* /* out_fence */) {
-    ALOGE("BufferHubProducer::detachNextBuffer not implemented.");
-    return INVALID_OPERATION;
+status_t BufferHubProducer::DetachBufferLocked(size_t slot) {
+    if (connected_api_ == kNoConnectedApi) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: BufferHubProducer is not connected.");
+        return NO_INIT;
+    }
+
+    if (slot >= static_cast<size_t>(max_buffer_count_)) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: slot index %zu out of range [0, %d)", slot, max_buffer_count_);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    } else if (!buffers_[slot].mBufferState.isDequeued()) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: slot %zu is not owned by the producer (state = %s)", slot,
+              buffers_[slot].mBufferState.string());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    } else if (!buffers_[slot].mRequestBufferCalled) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: buffer in slot %zu has not been requested", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer> buffer_producer = queue_->GetBuffer(slot);
+    if (buffer_producer == nullptr || buffer_producer->buffer() == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: Invalid BufferProducer at slot %zu.", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> graphic_buffer = buffer_producer->buffer()->buffer();
+    if (graphic_buffer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: Invalid GraphicBuffer at slot %zu.", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // Remove the BufferProducer from the ProducerQueue.
+    status_t error = RemoveBuffer(slot);
+    if (error != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: Failed to remove buffer, slot=%zu, error=%d.", slot, error);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    // Here we need to convert the existing ProducerBuffer into a DetachedBufferHandle and inject
+    // the handle into the GraphicBuffer object at the requested slot.
+    auto status_or_handle = buffer_producer->Detach();
+    if (!status_or_handle.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: Failed to detach from a BufferProducer at slot %zu, error=%d.", slot,
+              status_or_handle.error());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<DetachedBufferHandle> handle =
+            DetachedBufferHandle::Create(status_or_handle.take());
+    if (!handle->isValid()) {
+        ALOGE("detachBuffer: Failed to create a DetachedBufferHandle at slot %zu.", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    return graphic_buffer->setDetachedBufferHandle(std::move(handle));
 }
 
-status_t BufferHubProducer::attachBuffer(int* /* out_slot */,
-                                         const sp<GraphicBuffer>& /* buffer */) {
-    // With this BufferHub backed implementation, we assume (for now) all buffers
-    // are allocated and owned by the BufferHub. Thus the attempt of transfering
-    // ownership of a buffer to the buffer queue is intentionally unsupported.
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("BufferHubProducer::attachBuffer not supported.");
-    return INVALID_OPERATION;
+status_t BufferHubProducer::detachNextBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>* out_buffer, sp<Fence>* out_fence) {
+    ALOGV("detachNextBuffer.");
+
+    if (out_buffer == nullptr || out_fence == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: Invalid parameter: out_buffer=%p, out_fence=%p", out_buffer,
+              out_fence);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
+
+    if (connected_api_ == kNoConnectedApi) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: BufferHubProducer is not connected.");
+        return NO_INIT;
+    }
+
+    // detachNextBuffer is equivalent to calling dequeueBuffer, requestBuffer, and detachBuffer in
+    // sequence, except for two things:
+    //
+    // 1) It is unnecessary to know the dimensions, format, or usage of the next buffer, i.e. the
+    // function just returns whatever BufferProducer is available from the ProducerQueue and no
+    // buffer allocation or re-allocation will happen.
+    // 2) It will not block, since if it cannot find an appropriate buffer to return, it will return
+    // an error instead.
+    size_t slot = 0;
+    LocalHandle fence;
+
+    // First, dequeue a BufferProducer from the ProducerQueue with no timeout. Report error
+    // immediately if ProducerQueue::Dequeue() fails.
+    auto status_or_buffer = queue_->Dequeue(/*timeout=*/0, &slot, &fence);
+    if (!status_or_buffer.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: Failed to dequeue buffer, error=%d.", status_or_buffer.error());
+        return NO_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer> buffer_producer = status_or_buffer.take();
+    if (buffer_producer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: Dequeued buffer is null.");
+        return NO_MEMORY;
+    }
+
+    // With the BufferHub backed solution, slot returned from |queue_->Dequeue| is guaranteed to
+    // be available for producer's use. It's either in free state (if the buffer has never been used
+    // before) or in queued state (if the buffer has been dequeued and queued back to
+    // BufferHubQueue).
+    if (!buffers_[slot].mBufferState.isFree() && !buffers_[slot].mBufferState.isQueued()) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: slot %zu is not free or queued, actual state: %s.", slot,
+              buffers_[slot].mBufferState.string());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    if (buffers_[slot].mBufferProducer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: BufferProducer at slot %zu is null.", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    if (buffers_[slot].mBufferProducer->id() != buffer_producer->id()) {
+        ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: BufferProducer at slot %zu has mismatched id, actual: "
+              "%d, expected: %d.",
+              slot, buffers_[slot].mBufferProducer->id(), buffer_producer->id());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    ALOGV("detachNextBuffer: slot=%zu", slot);
+    buffers_[slot].mBufferState.freeQueued();
+    buffers_[slot].mBufferState.dequeue();
+
+    // Second, request the buffer.
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> graphic_buffer = buffer_producer->buffer()->buffer();
+    buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = buffer_producer->buffer()->buffer();
+
+    // Finally, detach the buffer and then return.
+    status_t error = DetachBufferLocked(slot);
+    if (error == NO_ERROR) {
+        *out_fence = new Fence(fence.Release());
+        *out_buffer = graphic_buffer;
+    }
+    return error;
+}
+
+status_t BufferHubProducer::attachBuffer(int* out_slot, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+    // In the BufferHub design, all buffers are allocated and owned by the BufferHub. Thus only
+    // GraphicBuffers that are originated from BufferHub can be attached to a BufferHubProducer.
+    ALOGV("queueBuffer: buffer=%p", buffer.get());
+
+    if (out_slot == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: out_slot cannot be NULL.");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    if (buffer == nullptr || !buffer->isDetachedBuffer()) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: invalid GraphicBuffer.");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
+
+    if (connected_api_ == kNoConnectedApi) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: BufferQueue has no connected producer");
+        return NO_INIT;
+    }
+
+    // Before attaching the buffer, caller is supposed to call
+    // IGraphicBufferProducer::setGenerationNumber to inform the
+    // BufferHubProducer the next generation number.
+    if (buffer->getGenerationNumber() != generation_number_) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: Mismatched generation number, buffer: %u, queue: %u.",
+              buffer->getGenerationNumber(), generation_number_);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // Creates a BufferProducer from the GraphicBuffer.
+    std::unique_ptr<DetachedBufferHandle> detached_handle = buffer->takeDetachedBufferHandle();
+    if (detached_handle == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: DetachedBufferHandle cannot be NULL.");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    auto detached_buffer = DetachedBuffer::Import(std::move(detached_handle->handle()));
+    if (detached_buffer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: DetachedBuffer cannot be NULL.");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    auto status_or_handle = detached_buffer->Promote();
+    if (!status_or_handle.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: Failed to promote a DetachedBuffer into a BufferProducer, error=%d.",
+              status_or_handle.error());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer> buffer_producer =
+            BufferProducer::Import(status_or_handle.take());
+    if (buffer_producer == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: Failed to import BufferProducer.");
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // Adds the BufferProducer into the Queue.
+    auto status_or_slot = queue_->InsertBuffer(buffer_producer);
+    if (!status_or_slot.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: Failed to insert buffer, error=%d.", status_or_slot.error());
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    size_t slot = status_or_slot.get();
+    ALOGV("attachBuffer: returning slot %zu.", slot);
+    if (slot >= static_cast<size_t>(max_buffer_count_)) {
+        ALOGE("attachBuffer: Invalid slot: %zu.", slot);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    // The just attached buffer should be in dequeued state according to IGraphicBufferProducer
+    // interface. In BufferHub's language the buffer should be in Gained state.
+    buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = buffer;
+    buffers_[slot].mBufferState.attachProducer();
+    buffers_[slot].mEglFence = EGL_NO_SYNC_KHR;
+    buffers_[slot].mFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+    buffers_[slot].mRequestBufferCalled = true;
+    buffers_[slot].mAcquireCalled = false;
+    buffers_[slot].mNeedsReallocation = false;
+
+    *out_slot = static_cast<int>(slot);
+    return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t BufferHubProducer::queueBuffer(int slot, const QueueBufferInput& input,
@@ -654,26 +856,28 @@
 status_t BufferHubProducer::RemoveBuffer(size_t slot) {
     auto status = queue_->RemoveBuffer(slot);
     if (!status) {
-        ALOGE("BufferHubProducer::RemoveBuffer: Failed to remove buffer: %s",
-              status.GetErrorMessage().c_str());
+        ALOGE("BufferHubProducer::RemoveBuffer: Failed to remove buffer at slot: %zu, error: %s.",
+              slot, status.GetErrorMessage().c_str());
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
     // Reset in memory objects related the the buffer.
     buffers_[slot].mBufferProducer = nullptr;
-    buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
     buffers_[slot].mBufferState.detachProducer();
+    buffers_[slot].mFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+    buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
+    buffers_[slot].mRequestBufferCalled = false;
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t BufferHubProducer::FreeAllBuffers() {
     for (size_t slot = 0; slot < BufferHubQueue::kMaxQueueCapacity; slot++) {
         // Reset in memory objects related the the buffer.
-        buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
-        buffers_[slot].mBufferState.reset();
-        buffers_[slot].mRequestBufferCalled = false;
         buffers_[slot].mBufferProducer = nullptr;
+        buffers_[slot].mBufferState.reset();
         buffers_[slot].mFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
+        buffers_[slot].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
+        buffers_[slot].mRequestBufferCalled = false;
     }
 
     auto status = queue_->FreeAllBuffers();
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferItem.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferItem.cpp
index f50379b..5beba02 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferItem.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferItem.cpp
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
 }
 
 BufferItem::BufferItem() :
-    mGraphicBuffer(NULL),
-    mFence(NULL),
+    mGraphicBuffer(nullptr),
+    mFence(nullptr),
     mCrop(Rect::INVALID_RECT),
     mTransform(0),
     mScalingMode(NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_FREEZE),
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@
 
 size_t BufferItem::getFlattenedSize() const {
     size_t size = sizeof(uint32_t); // Flags
-    if (mGraphicBuffer != 0) {
+    if (mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         size += mGraphicBuffer->getFlattenedSize();
         size = FlattenableUtils::align<4>(size);
     }
-    if (mFence != 0) {
+    if (mFence != nullptr) {
         size += mFence->getFlattenedSize();
         size = FlattenableUtils::align<4>(size);
     }
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@
 
 size_t BufferItem::getFdCount() const {
     size_t count = 0;
-    if (mGraphicBuffer != 0) {
+    if (mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         count += mGraphicBuffer->getFdCount();
     }
-    if (mFence != 0) {
+    if (mFence != nullptr) {
         count += mFence->getFdCount();
     }
     return count;
@@ -137,13 +137,13 @@
     FlattenableUtils::advance(buffer, size, sizeof(uint32_t));
 
     flags = 0;
-    if (mGraphicBuffer != 0) {
+    if (mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         status_t err = mGraphicBuffer->flatten(buffer, size, fds, count);
         if (err) return err;
         size -= FlattenableUtils::align<4>(buffer);
         flags |= 1;
     }
-    if (mFence != 0) {
+    if (mFence != nullptr) {
         status_t err = mFence->flatten(buffer, size, fds, count);
         if (err) return err;
         size -= FlattenableUtils::align<4>(buffer);
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
index 89bc0c4..f50bc20 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferItemConsumer.cpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 
 void BufferItemConsumer::freeBufferLocked(int slotIndex) {
     sp<BufferFreedListener> listener = mBufferFreedListener.promote();
-    if (listener != NULL && mSlots[slotIndex].mGraphicBuffer != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr && mSlots[slotIndex].mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         // Fire callback if we have a listener registered and the buffer being freed is valid.
         BI_LOGV("actually calling onBufferFreed");
         listener->onBufferFreed(mSlots[slotIndex].mGraphicBuffer);
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueue.cpp
index a8da134..5fb3f0b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueue.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
 void BufferQueue::ProxyConsumerListener::onDisconnect() {
     sp<ConsumerListener> listener(mConsumerListener.promote());
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onDisconnect();
     }
 }
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 void BufferQueue::ProxyConsumerListener::onFrameAvailable(
         const BufferItem& item) {
     sp<ConsumerListener> listener(mConsumerListener.promote());
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onFrameAvailable(item);
     }
 }
@@ -54,21 +54,21 @@
 void BufferQueue::ProxyConsumerListener::onFrameReplaced(
         const BufferItem& item) {
     sp<ConsumerListener> listener(mConsumerListener.promote());
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onFrameReplaced(item);
     }
 }
 
 void BufferQueue::ProxyConsumerListener::onBuffersReleased() {
     sp<ConsumerListener> listener(mConsumerListener.promote());
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
 }
 
 void BufferQueue::ProxyConsumerListener::onSidebandStreamChanged() {
     sp<ConsumerListener> listener(mConsumerListener.promote());
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onSidebandStreamChanged();
     }
 }
@@ -85,21 +85,21 @@
 void BufferQueue::createBufferQueue(sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* outProducer,
         sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>* outConsumer,
         bool consumerIsSurfaceFlinger) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outProducer == NULL,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outProducer == nullptr,
             "BufferQueue: outProducer must not be NULL");
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outConsumer == NULL,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outConsumer == nullptr,
             "BufferQueue: outConsumer must not be NULL");
 
     sp<BufferQueueCore> core(new BufferQueueCore());
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(core == NULL,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(core == nullptr,
             "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueCore");
 
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> producer(new BufferQueueProducer(core, consumerIsSurfaceFlinger));
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producer == NULL,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producer == nullptr,
             "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueProducer");
 
     sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer> consumer(new BufferQueueConsumer(core));
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumer == NULL,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumer == nullptr,
             "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueConsumer");
 
     *outProducer = producer;
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@
 #ifndef NO_BUFFERHUB
 void BufferQueue::createBufferHubQueue(sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* outProducer,
                                        sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>* outConsumer) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outProducer == NULL, "BufferQueue: outProducer must not be NULL");
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outConsumer == NULL, "BufferQueue: outConsumer must not be NULL");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outProducer == nullptr, "BufferQueue: outProducer must not be NULL");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outConsumer == nullptr, "BufferQueue: outConsumer must not be NULL");
 
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> producer;
     sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer> consumer;
@@ -118,16 +118,16 @@
     dvr::ProducerQueueConfigBuilder configBuilder;
     std::shared_ptr<dvr::ProducerQueue> producerQueue =
             dvr::ProducerQueue::Create(configBuilder.Build(), dvr::UsagePolicy{});
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producerQueue == NULL, "BufferQueue: failed to create ProducerQueue.");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producerQueue == nullptr, "BufferQueue: failed to create ProducerQueue.");
 
     std::shared_ptr<dvr::ConsumerQueue> consumerQueue = producerQueue->CreateConsumerQueue();
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumerQueue == NULL, "BufferQueue: failed to create ConsumerQueue.");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumerQueue == nullptr, "BufferQueue: failed to create ConsumerQueue.");
 
     producer = BufferHubProducer::Create(producerQueue);
     consumer = BufferHubConsumer::Create(consumerQueue);
 
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producer == NULL, "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueProducer");
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumer == NULL, "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueConsumer");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producer == nullptr, "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueProducer");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(consumer == nullptr, "BufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueConsumer");
 
     *outProducer = producer;
     *outConsumer = consumer;
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
index d70e142..3837c3e 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueConsumer.cpp
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
         // mGraphicBuffer to NULL to avoid unnecessarily remapping this buffer
         // on the consumer side
         if (outBuffer->mAcquireCalled) {
-            outBuffer->mGraphicBuffer = NULL;
+            outBuffer->mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
         }
 
         mCore->mQueue.erase(front);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
         VALIDATE_CONSISTENCY();
     }
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         for (int i = 0; i < numDroppedBuffers; ++i) {
             listener->onBufferReleased();
         }
@@ -321,10 +321,10 @@
         const sp<android::GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (outSlot == NULL) {
+    if (outSlot == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("attachBuffer: outSlot must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if (buffer == NULL) {
+    } else if (buffer == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("attachBuffer: cannot attach NULL buffer");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
     ATRACE_BUFFER_INDEX(slot);
 
     if (slot < 0 || slot >= BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS ||
-            releaseFence == NULL) {
+            releaseFence == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("releaseBuffer: slot %d out of range or fence %p NULL", slot,
                 releaseFence.get());
         return BAD_VALUE;
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
     } // Autolock scope
 
     // Call back without lock held
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBufferReleased();
     }
 
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
         const sp<IConsumerListener>& consumerListener, bool controlledByApp) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (consumerListener == NULL) {
+    if (consumerListener == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("connect: consumerListener may not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -504,13 +504,13 @@
 
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mCore->mMutex);
 
-    if (mCore->mConsumerListener == NULL) {
+    if (mCore->mConsumerListener == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("disconnect: no consumer is connected");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     mCore->mIsAbandoned = true;
-    mCore->mConsumerListener = NULL;
+    mCore->mConsumerListener = nullptr;
     mCore->mQueue.clear();
     mCore->freeAllBuffersLocked();
     mCore->mSharedBufferSlot = BufferQueueCore::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT;
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@
 status_t BufferQueueConsumer::getReleasedBuffers(uint64_t *outSlotMask) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (outSlotMask == NULL) {
+    if (outSlotMask == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("getReleasedBuffers: outSlotMask may not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@
         }
     }
     // Call back without lock held
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
 
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@
     if (uid != shellUid) {
 #endif
         android_errorWriteWithInfoLog(0x534e4554, "27046057",
-                static_cast<int32_t>(uid), NULL, 0);
+                static_cast<int32_t>(uid), nullptr, 0);
         return PERMISSION_DENIED;
     }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
index c8021e4..ce3a90a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
     } // Autolock scope
 
     // Call back without lock held
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
     } // Autolock scope
 
     // Call back without lock held
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -450,11 +450,11 @@
 
         mSlots[found].mBufferState.dequeue();
 
-        if ((buffer == NULL) ||
+        if ((buffer == nullptr) ||
                 buffer->needsReallocation(width, height, format, BQ_LAYER_COUNT, usage))
         {
             mSlots[found].mAcquireCalled = false;
-            mSlots[found].mGraphicBuffer = NULL;
+            mSlots[found].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
             mSlots[found].mRequestBufferCalled = false;
             mSlots[found].mEglDisplay = EGL_NO_DISPLAY;
             mSlots[found].mEglFence = EGL_NO_SYNC_KHR;
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
         BQ_LOGV("dequeueBuffer: setting buffer age to %" PRIu64,
                 mCore->mBufferAge);
 
-        if (CC_UNLIKELY(mSlots[found].mFence == NULL)) {
+        if (CC_UNLIKELY(mSlots[found].mFence == nullptr)) {
             BQ_LOGE("dequeueBuffer: about to return a NULL fence - "
                     "slot=%d w=%d h=%d format=%u",
                     found, buffer->width, buffer->height, buffer->format);
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
         listener = mCore->mConsumerListener;
     }
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
 
@@ -624,10 +624,10 @@
         sp<Fence>* outFence) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (outBuffer == NULL) {
+    if (outBuffer == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("detachNextBuffer: outBuffer must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if (outFence == NULL) {
+    } else if (outFence == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("detachNextBuffer: outFence must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@
         listener = mCore->mConsumerListener;
     }
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
     }
 
@@ -682,10 +682,10 @@
         const sp<android::GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (outSlot == NULL) {
+    if (outSlot == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("attachBuffer: outSlot must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if (buffer == NULL) {
+    } else if (buffer == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("attachBuffer: cannot attach NULL buffer");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@
     const Region& surfaceDamage = input.getSurfaceDamage();
     const HdrMetadata& hdrMetadata = input.getHdrMetadata();
 
-    if (acquireFence == NULL) {
+    if (acquireFence == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("queueBuffer: fence is NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -973,9 +973,9 @@
             mCallbackCondition.wait(mCallbackMutex);
         }
 
-        if (frameAvailableListener != NULL) {
+        if (frameAvailableListener != nullptr) {
             frameAvailableListener->onFrameAvailable(item);
-        } else if (frameReplacedListener != NULL) {
+        } else if (frameReplacedListener != nullptr) {
             frameReplacedListener->onFrameReplaced(item);
         }
 
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@
         BQ_LOGE("cancelBuffer: slot %d is not owned by the producer "
                 "(state = %s)", slot, mSlots[slot].mBufferState.string());
         return BAD_VALUE;
-    } else if (fence == NULL) {
+    } else if (fence == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("cancelBuffer: fence is NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mCore->mMutex);
 
-    if (outValue == NULL) {
+    if (outValue == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("query: outValue was NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -1146,12 +1146,12 @@
         return NO_INIT;
     }
 
-    if (mCore->mConsumerListener == NULL) {
+    if (mCore->mConsumerListener == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("connect: BufferQueue has no consumer");
         return NO_INIT;
     }
 
-    if (output == NULL) {
+    if (output == nullptr) {
         BQ_LOGE("connect: output was NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -1189,10 +1189,10 @@
             output->nextFrameNumber = mCore->mFrameCounter + 1;
             output->bufferReplaced = false;
 
-            if (listener != NULL) {
+            if (listener != nullptr) {
                 // Set up a death notification so that we can disconnect
                 // automatically if the remote producer dies
-                if (IInterface::asBinder(listener)->remoteBinder() != NULL) {
+                if (IInterface::asBinder(listener)->remoteBinder() != nullptr) {
                     status = IInterface::asBinder(listener)->linkToDeath(
                             static_cast<IBinder::DeathRecipient*>(this));
                     if (status != NO_ERROR) {
@@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@
                     mCore->freeAllBuffersLocked();
 
                     // Remove our death notification callback if we have one
-                    if (mCore->mLinkedToDeath != NULL) {
+                    if (mCore->mLinkedToDeath != nullptr) {
                         sp<IBinder> token =
                                 IInterface::asBinder(mCore->mLinkedToDeath);
                         // This can fail if we're here because of the death
@@ -1279,8 +1279,8 @@
                     }
                     mCore->mSharedBufferSlot =
                             BufferQueueCore::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT;
-                    mCore->mLinkedToDeath = NULL;
-                    mCore->mConnectedProducerListener = NULL;
+                    mCore->mLinkedToDeath = nullptr;
+                    mCore->mConnectedProducerListener = nullptr;
                     mCore->mConnectedApi = BufferQueueCore::NO_CONNECTED_API;
                     mCore->mConnectedPid = -1;
                     mCore->mSidebandStream.clear();
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@
     } // Autolock scope
 
     // Call back without lock held
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onBuffersReleased();
         listener->onDisconnect();
     }
@@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@
         listener = mCore->mConsumerListener;
     } // Autolock scope
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->onSidebandStreamChanged();
     }
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mCore->mMutex);
         listener = mCore->mConsumerListener;
     }
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         listener->addAndGetFrameTimestamps(newTimestamps, outDelta);
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp b/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
index f9e292e..abd9921 100644
--- a/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/ConsumerBase.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 
 void ConsumerBase::freeBufferLocked(int slotIndex) {
     CB_LOGV("freeBufferLocked: slotIndex=%d", slotIndex);
-    mSlots[slotIndex].mGraphicBuffer = 0;
+    mSlots[slotIndex].mGraphicBuffer = nullptr;
     mSlots[slotIndex].mFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
     mSlots[slotIndex].mFrameNumber = 0;
 }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
         listener = mFrameAvailableListener.promote();
     }
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         CB_LOGV("actually calling onFrameAvailable");
         listener->onFrameAvailable(item);
     }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
         listener = mFrameAvailableListener.promote();
     }
 
-    if (listener != NULL) {
+    if (listener != nullptr) {
         CB_LOGV("actually calling onFrameReplaced");
         listener->onFrameReplaced(item);
     }
@@ -352,8 +352,8 @@
         return err;
     }
 
-    if (item->mGraphicBuffer != NULL) {
-        if (mSlots[item->mSlot].mGraphicBuffer != NULL) {
+    if (item->mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
+        if (mSlots[item->mSlot].mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
             freeBufferLocked(item->mSlot);
         }
         mSlots[item->mSlot].mGraphicBuffer = item->mGraphicBuffer;
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
     if (slot < 0 || slot >= BufferQueue::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS) {
         return false;
     }
-    return (mSlots[slot].mGraphicBuffer != NULL &&
+    return (mSlots[slot].mGraphicBuffer != nullptr &&
             mSlots[slot].mGraphicBuffer->handle == graphicBuffer->handle);
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.cpp b/libs/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.cpp
index 1757ec1..f5cf1c4 100644
--- a/libs/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/DisplayEventReceiver.cpp
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@
 
 DisplayEventReceiver::DisplayEventReceiver(ISurfaceComposer::VsyncSource vsyncSource) {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-    if (sf != NULL) {
+    if (sf != nullptr) {
         mEventConnection = sf->createDisplayEventConnection(vsyncSource);
-        if (mEventConnection != NULL) {
+        if (mEventConnection != nullptr) {
             mDataChannel = std::make_unique<gui::BitTube>();
             mEventConnection->stealReceiveChannel(mDataChannel.get());
         }
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@
 }
 
 status_t DisplayEventReceiver::initCheck() const {
-    if (mDataChannel != NULL)
+    if (mDataChannel != nullptr)
         return NO_ERROR;
     return NO_INIT;
 }
 
 int DisplayEventReceiver::getFd() const {
-    if (mDataChannel == NULL)
+    if (mDataChannel == nullptr)
         return NO_INIT;
 
     return mDataChannel->getFd();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     if (int32_t(count) < 0)
         return BAD_VALUE;
 
-    if (mEventConnection != NULL) {
+    if (mEventConnection != nullptr) {
         mEventConnection->setVsyncRate(count);
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t DisplayEventReceiver::requestNextVsync() {
-    if (mEventConnection != NULL) {
+    if (mEventConnection != nullptr) {
         mEventConnection->requestNextVsync();
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
diff --git a/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp b/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
index 885efec..8efbef5 100644
--- a/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/GLConsumer.cpp
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
             return err;
         }
 
-        if (mReleasedTexImage == NULL) {
+        if (mReleasedTexImage == nullptr) {
             mReleasedTexImage = new EglImage(getDebugTexImageBuffer());
         }
 
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
 
 sp<GraphicBuffer> GLConsumer::getDebugTexImageBuffer() {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(sStaticInitLock);
-    if (CC_UNLIKELY(sReleasedTexImageBuffer == NULL)) {
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(sReleasedTexImageBuffer == nullptr)) {
         // The first time, create the debug texture in case the application
         // continues to use it.
         sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer(
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@
     // If item->mGraphicBuffer is not null, this buffer has not been acquired
     // before, so any prior EglImage created is using a stale buffer. This
     // replaces any old EglImage with a new one (using the new buffer).
-    if (item->mGraphicBuffer != NULL) {
+    if (item->mGraphicBuffer != nullptr) {
         int slot = item->mSlot;
         mEglSlots[slot].mEglImage = new EglImage(item->mGraphicBuffer);
     }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
 
     GLC_LOGV("updateAndRelease: (slot=%d buf=%p) -> (slot=%d buf=%p)",
             mCurrentTexture, mCurrentTextureImage != NULL ?
-                    mCurrentTextureImage->graphicBufferHandle() : 0,
+                    mCurrentTextureImage->graphicBufferHandle() : nullptr,
             slot, mSlots[slot].mGraphicBuffer->handle);
 
     // Hang onto the pointer so that it isn't freed in the call to
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
 
     glBindTexture(mTexTarget, mTexName);
     if (mCurrentTexture == BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT &&
-            mCurrentTextureImage == NULL) {
+            mCurrentTextureImage == nullptr) {
         GLC_LOGE("bindTextureImage: no currently-bound texture");
         return NO_INIT;
     }
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@
     mTexName = tex;
     mAttached = true;
 
-    if (mCurrentTextureImage != NULL) {
+    if (mCurrentTextureImage != nullptr) {
         // This may wait for a buffer a second time. This is likely required if
         // this is a different context, since otherwise the wait could be skipped
         // by bouncing through another context. For the same context the extra
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@
     if (mCurrentTexture != BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT) {
         if (SyncFeatures::getInstance().useNativeFenceSync()) {
             EGLSyncKHR sync = eglCreateSyncKHR(dpy,
-                    EGL_SYNC_NATIVE_FENCE_ANDROID, NULL);
+                    EGL_SYNC_NATIVE_FENCE_ANDROID, nullptr);
             if (sync == EGL_NO_SYNC_KHR) {
                 GLC_LOGE("syncForReleaseLocked: error creating EGL fence: %#x",
                         eglGetError());
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@
 
             // Create a fence for the outstanding accesses in the current
             // OpenGL ES context.
-            fence = eglCreateSyncKHR(dpy, EGL_SYNC_FENCE_KHR, NULL);
+            fence = eglCreateSyncKHR(dpy, EGL_SYNC_FENCE_KHR, nullptr);
             if (fence == EGL_NO_SYNC_KHR) {
                 GLC_LOGE("syncForReleaseLocked: error creating fence: %#x",
                         eglGetError());
@@ -752,11 +752,11 @@
     bool needsRecompute = mFilteringEnabled != enabled;
     mFilteringEnabled = enabled;
 
-    if (needsRecompute && mCurrentTextureImage==NULL) {
+    if (needsRecompute && mCurrentTextureImage==nullptr) {
         GLC_LOGD("setFilteringEnabled called with mCurrentTextureImage == NULL");
     }
 
-    if (needsRecompute && mCurrentTextureImage != NULL) {
+    if (needsRecompute && mCurrentTextureImage != nullptr) {
         computeCurrentTransformMatrixLocked();
     }
 }
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@
     }
 
     return (mCurrentTextureImage == nullptr) ?
-            NULL : mCurrentTextureImage->graphicBuffer();
+            nullptr : mCurrentTextureImage->graphicBuffer();
 }
 
 Rect GLConsumer::getCurrentCrop() const {
@@ -1150,7 +1150,7 @@
         attrs[3] = attrs[11];
         attrs[4] = EGL_NONE;
     }
-    eglInitialize(dpy, 0, 0);
+    eglInitialize(dpy, nullptr, nullptr);
     EGLImageKHR image = eglCreateImageKHR(dpy, EGL_NO_CONTEXT,
             EGL_NATIVE_BUFFER_ANDROID, cbuf, attrs);
     if (image == EGL_NO_IMAGE_KHR) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
index 0749fde..3693d2c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
@@ -190,10 +190,10 @@
 
     virtual status_t detachNextBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer,
             sp<Fence>* outFence) {
-        if (outBuffer == NULL) {
+        if (outBuffer == nullptr) {
             ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: outBuffer must not be NULL");
             return BAD_VALUE;
-        } else if (outFence == NULL) {
+        } else if (outFence == nullptr) {
             ALOGE("detachNextBuffer: outFence must not be NULL");
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
             int api, bool producerControlledByApp, QueueBufferOutput* output) {
         Parcel data, reply;
         data.writeInterfaceToken(IGraphicBufferProducer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
-        if (listener != NULL) {
+        if (listener != nullptr) {
             data.writeInt32(1);
             data.writeStrongBinder(IInterface::asBinder(listener));
         } else {
@@ -738,8 +738,8 @@
             int bufferIdx   = data.readInt32();
             sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
             int result = requestBuffer(bufferIdx, &buffer);
-            reply->writeInt32(buffer != 0);
-            if (buffer != 0) {
+            reply->writeInt32(buffer != nullptr);
+            if (buffer != nullptr) {
                 reply->write(*buffer);
             }
             reply->writeInt32(result);
@@ -797,12 +797,12 @@
             int32_t result = detachNextBuffer(&buffer, &fence);
             reply->writeInt32(result);
             if (result == NO_ERROR) {
-                reply->writeInt32(buffer != NULL);
-                if (buffer != NULL) {
+                reply->writeInt32(buffer != nullptr);
+                if (buffer != nullptr) {
                     reply->write(*buffer);
                 }
-                reply->writeInt32(fence != NULL);
-                if (fence != NULL) {
+                reply->writeInt32(fence != nullptr);
+                if (fence != nullptr) {
                     reply->write(*fence);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/libs/gui/StreamSplitter.cpp b/libs/gui/StreamSplitter.cpp
index 52c9067..2f8e104 100644
--- a/libs/gui/StreamSplitter.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/StreamSplitter.cpp
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@
 status_t StreamSplitter::createSplitter(
         const sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>& inputQueue,
         sp<StreamSplitter>* outSplitter) {
-    if (inputQueue == NULL) {
+    if (inputQueue == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("createSplitter: inputQueue must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
-    if (outSplitter == NULL) {
+    if (outSplitter == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("createSplitter: outSplitter must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 
 status_t StreamSplitter::addOutput(
         const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& outputQueue) {
-    if (outputQueue == NULL) {
+    if (outputQueue == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("addOutput: outputQueue must not be NULL");
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
diff --git a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
index 339bd0f..7bddaaf 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/Surface.cpp
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     DisplayStatInfo stats;
-    status_t result = composerService()->getDisplayStats(NULL, &stats);
+    status_t result = composerService()->getDisplayStats(nullptr, &stats);
     if (result != NO_ERROR) {
         return result;
     }
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@
         if (mSharedBufferMode && mAutoRefresh && mSharedBufferSlot !=
                 BufferItem::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT) {
             sp<GraphicBuffer>& gbuf(mSlots[mSharedBufferSlot].buffer);
-            if (gbuf != NULL) {
+            if (gbuf != nullptr) {
                 *buffer = gbuf.get();
                 *fenceFd = -1;
                 return OK;
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer>& gbuf(mSlots[buf].buffer);
 
     // this should never happen
-    ALOGE_IF(fence == NULL, "Surface::dequeueBuffer: received null Fence! buf=%d", buf);
+    ALOGE_IF(fence == nullptr, "Surface::dequeueBuffer: received null Fence! buf=%d", buf);
 
     if (result & IGraphicBufferProducer::RELEASE_ALL_BUFFERS) {
         freeAllBuffers();
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@
 int Surface::getSlotFromBufferLocked(
         android_native_buffer_t* buffer) const {
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
-        if (mSlots[i].buffer != NULL &&
+        if (mSlots[i].buffer != nullptr &&
                 mSlots[i].buffer->handle == buffer->handle) {
             return i;
         }
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("Surface::detachNextBuffer");
 
-    if (outBuffer == NULL || outFence == NULL) {
+    if (outBuffer == nullptr || outFence == nullptr) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -1273,8 +1273,8 @@
         mRemovedBuffers.clear();
     }
 
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer(NULL);
-    sp<Fence> fence(NULL);
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer(nullptr);
+    sp<Fence> fence(nullptr);
     status_t result = mGraphicBufferProducer->detachNextBuffer(
             &buffer, &fence);
     if (result != NO_ERROR) {
@@ -1282,19 +1282,19 @@
     }
 
     *outBuffer = buffer;
-    if (fence != NULL && fence->isValid()) {
+    if (fence != nullptr && fence->isValid()) {
         *outFence = fence;
     } else {
         *outFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
-        if (mSlots[i].buffer != NULL &&
+        if (mSlots[i].buffer != nullptr &&
                 mSlots[i].buffer->getId() == buffer->getId()) {
             if (mReportRemovedBuffers) {
                 mRemovedBuffers.push_back(mSlots[i].buffer);
             }
-            mSlots[i].buffer = NULL;
+            mSlots[i].buffer = nullptr;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     Rect realRect(Rect::EMPTY_RECT);
-    if (rect == NULL || rect->isEmpty()) {
+    if (rect == nullptr || rect->isEmpty()) {
         realRect.clear();
     } else {
         realRect = *rect;
@@ -1572,7 +1572,7 @@
 
 void Surface::freeAllBuffers() {
     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS; i++) {
-        mSlots[i].buffer = 0;
+        mSlots[i].buffer = nullptr;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1612,12 +1612,12 @@
     // src and dst with, height and format must be identical. no verification
     // is done here.
     status_t err;
-    uint8_t* src_bits = NULL;
+    uint8_t* src_bits = nullptr;
     err = src->lock(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN, reg.bounds(),
             reinterpret_cast<void**>(&src_bits));
     ALOGE_IF(err, "error locking src buffer %s", strerror(-err));
 
-    uint8_t* dst_bits = NULL;
+    uint8_t* dst_bits = nullptr;
     err = dst->lockAsync(GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN, reg.bounds(),
             reinterpret_cast<void**>(&dst_bits), *dstFenceFd);
     ALOGE_IF(err, "error locking dst buffer %s", strerror(-err));
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@
 status_t Surface::lock(
         ANativeWindow_Buffer* outBuffer, ARect* inOutDirtyBounds)
 {
-    if (mLockedBuffer != 0) {
+    if (mLockedBuffer != nullptr) {
         ALOGE("Surface::lock failed, already locked");
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
@@ -1697,7 +1697,7 @@
 
         // figure out if we can copy the frontbuffer back
         const sp<GraphicBuffer>& frontBuffer(mPostedBuffer);
-        const bool canCopyBack = (frontBuffer != 0 &&
+        const bool canCopyBack = (frontBuffer != nullptr &&
                 backBuffer->width  == frontBuffer->width &&
                 backBuffer->height == frontBuffer->height &&
                 backBuffer->format == frontBuffer->format);
@@ -1759,7 +1759,7 @@
 
 status_t Surface::unlockAndPost()
 {
-    if (mLockedBuffer == 0) {
+    if (mLockedBuffer == nullptr) {
         ALOGE("Surface::unlockAndPost failed, no locked buffer");
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@
             mLockedBuffer->handle, strerror(-err));
 
     mPostedBuffer = mLockedBuffer;
-    mLockedBuffer = 0;
+    mLockedBuffer = nullptr;
     return err;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index 63560c4..d2b472b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 /*static*/ sp<ISurfaceComposer> ComposerService::getComposerService() {
     ComposerService& instance = ComposerService::getInstance();
     Mutex::Autolock _l(instance.mLock);
-    if (instance.mComposerService == NULL) {
+    if (instance.mComposerService == nullptr) {
         ComposerService::getInstance().connectLocked();
         assert(instance.mComposerService != NULL);
         ALOGD("ComposerService reconnected");
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
 void ComposerService::composerServiceDied()
 {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    mComposerService = NULL;
-    mDeathObserver = NULL;
+    mComposerService = nullptr;
+    mDeathObserver = nullptr;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -571,12 +571,12 @@
 
 void SurfaceComposerClient::onFirstRef() {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-    if (sf != 0 && mStatus == NO_INIT) {
+    if (sf != nullptr && mStatus == NO_INIT) {
         auto rootProducer = mParent.promote();
         sp<ISurfaceComposerClient> conn;
         conn = (rootProducer != nullptr) ? sf->createScopedConnection(rootProducer) :
                 sf->createConnection();
-        if (conn != 0) {
+        if (conn != nullptr) {
             mClient = conn;
             mStatus = NO_ERROR;
         }
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
     // this can be called more than once.
     sp<ISurfaceComposerClient> client;
     Mutex::Autolock _lm(mLock);
-    if (mClient != 0) {
+    if (mClient != nullptr) {
         client = mClient; // hold ref while lock is held
         mClient.clear();
     }
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@
                                    bool useIdentityTransform, uint32_t rotation,
                                    sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer) {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> s(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-    if (s == NULL) return NO_INIT;
+    if (s == nullptr) return NO_INIT;
     status_t ret = s->captureScreen(display, outBuffer, sourceCrop, reqWidth, reqHeight, minLayerZ,
                                     maxLayerZ, useIdentityTransform,
                                     static_cast<ISurfaceComposer::Rotation>(rotation));
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@
 status_t ScreenshotClient::captureLayers(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle, Rect sourceCrop,
                                          float frameScale, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer) {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> s(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-    if (s == NULL) return NO_INIT;
+    if (s == nullptr) return NO_INIT;
     status_t ret = s->captureLayers(layerHandle, outBuffer, sourceCrop, frameScale,
                                     false /* childrenOnly */);
     return ret;
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
 status_t ScreenshotClient::captureChildLayers(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle, Rect sourceCrop,
                                               float frameScale, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer) {
     sp<ISurfaceComposer> s(ComposerService::getComposerService());
-    if (s == NULL) return NO_INIT;
+    if (s == nullptr) return NO_INIT;
     status_t ret = s->captureLayers(layerHandle, outBuffer, sourceCrop, frameScale,
                                     true /* childrenOnly */);
     return ret;
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
index 5eafbb3..19ad31b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceControl.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceControl::disconnect() {
-    if (mGraphicBufferProducer != NULL) {
+    if (mGraphicBufferProducer != nullptr) {
         mGraphicBufferProducer->disconnect(
                 BufferQueueCore::CURRENTLY_CONNECTED_API);
     }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 bool SurfaceControl::isSameSurface(
         const sp<SurfaceControl>& lhs, const sp<SurfaceControl>& rhs)
 {
-    if (lhs == 0 || rhs == 0)
+    if (lhs == nullptr || rhs == nullptr)
         return false;
     return lhs->mHandle == rhs->mHandle;
 }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceControl::validate() const
 {
-    if (mHandle==0 || mClient==0) {
+    if (mHandle==nullptr || mClient==nullptr) {
         ALOGE("invalid handle (%p) or client (%p)",
                 mHandle.get(), mClient.get());
         return NO_INIT;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
         const sp<SurfaceControl>& control, Parcel* parcel)
 {
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> bp;
-    if (control != NULL) {
+    if (control != nullptr) {
         bp = control->mGraphicBufferProducer;
     }
     return parcel->writeStrongBinder(IInterface::asBinder(bp));
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 sp<Surface> SurfaceControl::getSurface() const
 {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-    if (mSurfaceData == 0) {
+    if (mSurfaceData == nullptr) {
         return generateSurfaceLocked();
     }
     return mSurfaceData;
diff --git a/libs/gui/SyncFeatures.cpp b/libs/gui/SyncFeatures.cpp
index afa15c5..fcae05c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SyncFeatures.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SyncFeatures.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     // This can only be called after EGL has been initialized; otherwise the
     // check below will abort.
     const char* exts = eglQueryStringImplementationANDROID(dpy, EGL_EXTENSIONS);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(exts == NULL, "eglQueryStringImplementationANDROID failed");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(exts == nullptr, "eglQueryStringImplementationANDROID failed");
     if (strstr(exts, "EGL_ANDROID_native_fence_sync")) {
         // This makes GLConsumer use the EGL_ANDROID_native_fence_sync
         // extension to create Android native fences to signal when all
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferHubProducer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferHubProducer.h
index 23c9909..f7af19b 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferHubProducer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferHubProducer.h
@@ -165,6 +165,10 @@
     // buffers are acquired by the consumer, we can't .
     status_t FreeAllBuffers();
 
+    // Helper function that implements the detachBuffer() call, but assuming |mutex_| has been
+    // locked already.
+    status_t DetachBufferLocked(size_t slot);
+
     // Concreate implementation backed by BufferHubBuffer.
     std::shared_ptr<dvr::ProducerQueue> queue_;
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/Android.bp b/libs/gui/tests/Android.bp
index 01e90e0..02064c6 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/Android.bp
@@ -50,9 +50,12 @@
     ],
 }
 
-// Build a separate binary for each source file to $(TARGET_OUT_DATA_NATIVE_TESTS)/$(LOCAL_MODULE)
+// Build a separate binary to $(TARGET_OUT_DATA_NATIVE_TESTS)/$(LOCAL_MODULE)
+// This test has a main method, and requires a separate binary to be built.
+// To add move tests like this, just add additional cc_test statements,
+// as opposed to adding more source files to this one.
 cc_test {
-    name: "libgui_separate_binary_test",
+    name: "SurfaceParcelable_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
 
     clang: true,
@@ -61,7 +64,6 @@
         "-Werror",
     ],
 
-    test_per_src: true,
     srcs: [
         "SurfaceParcelable_test.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp b/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
index a35cf11..c20e8fc 100644
--- a/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/tests/IGraphicBufferProducer_test.cpp
@@ -695,10 +695,7 @@
     sp<Fence> fence;
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
 
-    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_QUEUE_PRODUCER) {
-        // TODO(b/38137191): Implement BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachNextBuffer(&buffer, &fence));
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachNextBuffer(&buffer, &fence));
 }
 
 TEST_P(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
@@ -735,10 +732,7 @@
 
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
 
-    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_QUEUE_PRODUCER) {
-        // TODO(b/38137191): Implement BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
-    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
 }
 
 TEST_P(IGraphicBufferProducerTest,
@@ -778,18 +772,46 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
 
     setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(buffer != nullptr);
 
-    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_QUEUE_PRODUCER) {
-        // TODO(b/38137191): Implement BufferHubProducer::detachBuffer
-        ASSERT_OK(mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
+    EXPECT_OK(buffer->initCheck());
+
+    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_HUB_PRODUCER) {
+        // For a GraphicBuffer backed by BufferHub, once detached from an IGBP, it should have
+        // isDetachedBuffer() set. Note that this only applies to BufferHub.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(buffer->isDetachedBuffer());
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(buffer->isDetachedBuffer());
     }
 
     ASSERT_OK(mProducer->disconnect(TEST_API));
 
-    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_QUEUE_PRODUCER) {
-        // TODO(b/69981968): Implement BufferHubProducer::attachBuffer
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->attachBuffer(&slot, buffer));
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_INIT, mProducer->attachBuffer(&slot, buffer));
+}
+
+TEST_P(IGraphicBufferProducerTest, DetachThenAttach_Succeeds) {
+    int slot = -1;
+    sp<Fence> fence;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer;
+
+    setupDequeueRequestBuffer(&slot, &fence, &buffer);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(buffer != nullptr);
+
+    ASSERT_OK(mProducer->detachBuffer(slot));
+    EXPECT_OK(buffer->initCheck());
+
+    if (GetParam() == USE_BUFFER_HUB_PRODUCER) {
+        // For a GraphicBuffer backed by BufferHub, once detached from an IGBP, it should have
+        // isDetachedBuffer() set. Note that this only applies to BufferHub.
+        EXPECT_TRUE(buffer->isDetachedBuffer());
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(buffer->isDetachedBuffer());
     }
+
+    EXPECT_OK(mProducer->attachBuffer(&slot, buffer));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(buffer->isDetachedBuffer());
+    EXPECT_OK(buffer->initCheck());
 }
 
 #if USE_BUFFER_HUB_AS_BUFFER_QUEUE
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index a624663..db27e11 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@
 void MotionEvent::initialize(
         int32_t deviceId,
         int32_t source,
+        int32_t displayId,
         int32_t action,
         int32_t actionButton,
         int32_t flags,
@@ -231,6 +232,7 @@
         const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
         const PointerCoords* pointerCoords) {
     InputEvent::initialize(deviceId, source);
+    mDisplayId = displayId;
     mAction = action;
     mActionButton = actionButton;
     mFlags = flags;
@@ -251,6 +253,7 @@
 
 void MotionEvent::copyFrom(const MotionEvent* other, bool keepHistory) {
     InputEvent::initialize(other->mDeviceId, other->mSource);
+    mDisplayId = other->mDisplayId;
     mAction = other->mAction;
     mActionButton = other->mActionButton;
     mFlags = other->mFlags;
@@ -431,6 +434,7 @@
 
     mDeviceId = parcel->readInt32();
     mSource = parcel->readInt32();
+    mDisplayId = parcel->readInt32();
     mAction = parcel->readInt32();
     mActionButton = parcel->readInt32();
     mFlags = parcel->readInt32();
@@ -480,6 +484,7 @@
 
     parcel->writeInt32(mDeviceId);
     parcel->writeInt32(mSource);
+    parcel->writeInt32(mDisplayId);
     parcel->writeInt32(mAction);
     parcel->writeInt32(mActionButton);
     parcel->writeInt32(mFlags);
diff --git a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
index aa0bf17..f1c3fea 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
@@ -303,13 +303,15 @@
         const PointerCoords* pointerCoords) {
 #if DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS
     ALOGD("channel '%s' publisher ~ publishMotionEvent: seq=%u, deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, "
+            "displayId=%" PRId32 ", "
             "action=0x%x, actionButton=0x%08x, flags=0x%x, edgeFlags=0x%x, "
             "metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x, xOffset=%f, yOffset=%f, "
             "xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, downTime=%" PRId64 ", eventTime=%" PRId64 ", "
             "pointerCount=%" PRIu32,
             mChannel->getName().c_str(), seq,
-            deviceId, source, action, actionButton, flags, edgeFlags, metaState, buttonState,
-            xOffset, yOffset, xPrecision, yPrecision, downTime, eventTime, pointerCount);
+            deviceId, source, displayId, action, actionButton, flags, edgeFlags, metaState,
+            buttonState, xOffset, yOffset, xPrecision, yPrecision, downTime, eventTime,
+            pointerCount);
 #endif
 
     if (!seq) {
@@ -398,8 +400,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t InputConsumer::consume(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory,
-        bool consumeBatches, nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent,
-        int32_t* displayId) {
+        bool consumeBatches, nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent) {
 #if DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS
     ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consume: consumeBatches=%s, frameTime=%" PRId64,
             mChannel->getName().c_str(), consumeBatches ? "true" : "false", frameTime);
@@ -407,7 +408,6 @@
 
     *outSeq = 0;
     *outEvent = NULL;
-    *displayId = -1;  // Invalid display.
 
     // Fetch the next input message.
     // Loop until an event can be returned or no additional events are received.
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@
             if (result) {
                 // Consume the next batched event unless batches are being held for later.
                 if (consumeBatches || result != WOULD_BLOCK) {
-                    result = consumeBatch(factory, frameTime, outSeq, outEvent, displayId);
+                    result = consumeBatch(factory, frameTime, outSeq, outEvent);
                     if (*outEvent) {
 #if DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS
                         ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed batch event, seq=%u",
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
                     // the previous batch right now and defer the new message until later.
                     mMsgDeferred = true;
                     status_t result = consumeSamples(factory,
-                            batch, batch.samples.size(), outSeq, outEvent, displayId);
+                            batch, batch.samples.size(), outSeq, outEvent);
                     mBatches.removeAt(batchIndex);
                     if (result) {
                         return result;
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
             initializeMotionEvent(motionEvent, &mMsg);
             *outSeq = mMsg.body.motion.seq;
             *outEvent = motionEvent;
-            *displayId = mMsg.body.motion.displayId;
+
 #if DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS
             ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed motion event, seq=%u",
                     mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
@@ -518,14 +518,13 @@
 }
 
 status_t InputConsumer::consumeBatch(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory,
-        nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent, int32_t* displayId) {
+        nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent) {
     status_t result;
     for (size_t i = mBatches.size(); i > 0; ) {
         i--;
         Batch& batch = mBatches.editItemAt(i);
         if (frameTime < 0) {
-            result = consumeSamples(factory, batch, batch.samples.size(),
-                    outSeq, outEvent, displayId);
+            result = consumeSamples(factory, batch, batch.samples.size(), outSeq, outEvent);
             mBatches.removeAt(i);
             return result;
         }
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        result = consumeSamples(factory, batch, split + 1, outSeq, outEvent, displayId);
+        result = consumeSamples(factory, batch, split + 1, outSeq, outEvent);
         const InputMessage* next;
         if (batch.samples.isEmpty()) {
             mBatches.removeAt(i);
@@ -557,7 +556,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t InputConsumer::consumeSamples(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory,
-        Batch& batch, size_t count, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent, int32_t* displayId) {
+        Batch& batch, size_t count, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent) {
     MotionEvent* motionEvent = factory->createMotionEvent();
     if (! motionEvent) return NO_MEMORY;
 
@@ -572,7 +571,6 @@
             mSeqChains.push(seqChain);
             addSample(motionEvent, &msg);
         } else {
-            *displayId = msg.body.motion.displayId;
             initializeMotionEvent(motionEvent, &msg);
         }
         chain = msg.body.motion.seq;
@@ -950,6 +948,7 @@
     event->initialize(
             msg->body.motion.deviceId,
             msg->body.motion.source,
+            msg->body.motion.displayId,
             msg->body.motion.action,
             msg->body.motion.actionButton,
             msg->body.motion.flags,
diff --git a/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp b/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
index c07a812..496158b 100644
--- a/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 
     // Allow the default strategy to be overridden using a system property for debugging.
     if (!strategy) {
-        int length = property_get("debug.velocitytracker.strategy", value, NULL);
+        int length = property_get("persist.input.velocitytracker.strategy", value, NULL);
         if (length > 0) {
             strategy = value;
         } else {
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
index aca9521..f06119f 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // Build the unit tests.
 cc_test {
     name: "libinput_tests",
-    test_per_src: true,
     srcs: [
         "InputChannel_test.cpp",
         "InputEvent_test.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
index fd3b7c8..c4b8fe3 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+// Default display id.
+static constexpr int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT;
+
 class BaseTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     virtual void SetUp() { }
@@ -248,7 +251,7 @@
     pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 26);
     pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 27);
     pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 28);
-    event->initialize(2, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0,
+    event->initialize(2, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0,
             AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED,
             AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, AMETA_ALT_ON, AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
             X_OFFSET, Y_OFFSET, 2.0f, 2.1f,
@@ -301,6 +304,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_MOTION, event->getType());
     ASSERT_EQ(2, event->getDeviceId());
     ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<int>(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN), event->getSource());
+    ASSERT_EQ(DISPLAY_ID, event->getDisplayId());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, event->getAction());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED, event->getFlags());
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, event->getEdgeFlags());
@@ -434,6 +438,11 @@
     event.setSource(AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK);
     ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<int>(AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK), event.getSource());
 
+    // Set displayId.
+    constexpr int32_t newDisplayId = 2;
+    event.setDisplayId(newDisplayId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(newDisplayId, event.getDisplayId());
+
     // Set action.
     event.setAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL);
     ASSERT_EQ(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, event.getAction());
@@ -557,7 +566,7 @@
         pointerCoords[i].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, angle);
     }
     MotionEvent event;
-    event.initialize(0, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    event.initialize(0, 0, DISPLAY_ID, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     float originalRawX = 0 + 3;
     float originalRawY = -RADIUS + 2;
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
index c532241..6c4faed 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
@@ -89,9 +89,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    int32_t displayId;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event,
-            &displayId);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status)
             << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
@@ -131,23 +129,23 @@
 void InputPublisherAndConsumerTest::PublishAndConsumeMotionEvent() {
     status_t status;
 
-    const uint32_t seq = 15;
-    const int32_t deviceId = 1;
-    const int32_t source = AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN;
-    int32_t displayId = 0;
-    const int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE;
-    const int32_t actionButton = 0;
-    const int32_t flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
-    const int32_t edgeFlags = AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP;
-    const int32_t metaState = AMETA_ALT_LEFT_ON | AMETA_ALT_ON;
-    const int32_t buttonState = AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY;
-    const float xOffset = -10;
-    const float yOffset = -20;
-    const float xPrecision = 0.25;
-    const float yPrecision = 0.5;
-    const nsecs_t downTime = 3;
-    const size_t pointerCount = 3;
-    const nsecs_t eventTime = 4;
+    constexpr uint32_t seq = 15;
+    constexpr int32_t deviceId = 1;
+    constexpr int32_t source = AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN;
+    constexpr int32_t displayId = 0;
+    constexpr int32_t action = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE;
+    constexpr int32_t actionButton = 0;
+    constexpr int32_t flags = AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED;
+    constexpr int32_t edgeFlags = AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP;
+    constexpr int32_t metaState = AMETA_ALT_LEFT_ON | AMETA_ALT_ON;
+    constexpr int32_t buttonState = AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY;
+    constexpr float xOffset = -10;
+    constexpr float yOffset = -20;
+    constexpr float xPrecision = 0.25;
+    constexpr float yPrecision = 0.5;
+    constexpr nsecs_t downTime = 3;
+    constexpr size_t pointerCount = 3;
+    constexpr nsecs_t eventTime = 4;
     PointerProperties pointerProperties[pointerCount];
     PointerCoords pointerCoords[pointerCount];
     for (size_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
@@ -176,8 +174,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event,
-            &displayId);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status)
             << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
@@ -190,6 +187,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(seq, consumeSeq);
     EXPECT_EQ(deviceId, motionEvent->getDeviceId());
     EXPECT_EQ(source, motionEvent->getSource());
+    EXPECT_EQ(displayId, motionEvent->getDisplayId());
     EXPECT_EQ(action, motionEvent->getAction());
     EXPECT_EQ(flags, motionEvent->getFlags());
     EXPECT_EQ(edgeFlags, motionEvent->getEdgeFlags());
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/StructLayout_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/StructLayout_test.cpp
index d19f3b8..77cce7a 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/StructLayout_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/StructLayout_test.cpp
@@ -38,14 +38,13 @@
   CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, eventTime, 8);
   CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, deviceId, 16);
   CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, source, 20);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, displayId, 24);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, action, 28);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, flags, 32);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, keyCode, 36);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, scanCode, 40);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, metaState, 44);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, repeatCount, 48);
-  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, downTime, 56);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, action, 24);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, flags, 28);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, keyCode, 32);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, scanCode, 36);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, metaState, 40);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, repeatCount, 44);
+  CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Key, downTime, 48);
 
   CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Motion, seq, 0);
   CHECK_OFFSET(InputMessage::Body::Motion, eventTime, 8);
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
index 43b6012..5242a18 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+constexpr int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT; // default display id
+
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_POINTER_ID = 0; // pointer ID used for manually defined tests
 
 // velocity must be in the range (1-tol)*EV <= velocity <= (1+tol)*EV
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@
     // First sample added separately with initialize
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, positions[0].x);
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, positions[0].y);
-    event->initialize(0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE,
+    event->initialize(0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE,
             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, positions[0].time, 1, properties, &coords);
 
     for (size_t i = 1; i < numSamples; i++) {
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/buffer_hub_client.cpp b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/buffer_hub_client.cpp
index 159f2bd..577cba9 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/buffer_hub_client.cpp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/buffer_hub_client.cpp
@@ -42,11 +42,13 @@
 BufferHubBuffer::BufferHubBuffer(LocalChannelHandle channel_handle)
     : Client{pdx::default_transport::ClientChannel::Create(
           std::move(channel_handle))},
-      id_(-1) {}
+      id_(-1),
+      cid_(-1) {}
 BufferHubBuffer::BufferHubBuffer(const std::string& endpoint_path)
     : Client{pdx::default_transport::ClientChannelFactory::Create(
           endpoint_path)},
-      id_(-1) {}
+      id_(-1),
+      cid_(-1) {}
 
 BufferHubBuffer::~BufferHubBuffer() {
   if (metadata_header_ != nullptr) {
@@ -136,6 +138,7 @@
   }
 
   id_ = new_id;
+  cid_ = buffer_desc.buffer_cid();
   buffer_state_bit_ = buffer_desc.buffer_state_bit();
 
   // Note that here the buffer state is mapped from shared memory as an atomic
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_client.h b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_client.h
index 0ea77c8..b71f5dc 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_client.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_client.h
@@ -107,8 +107,14 @@
   IonBuffer* buffer() { return &buffer_; }
   const IonBuffer* buffer() const { return &buffer_; }
 
+  // Gets ID of the buffer client. All BufferHubBuffer clients derived from the
+  // same buffer in bufferhubd share the same buffer id.
   int id() const { return id_; }
 
+  // Gets the channel id of the buffer client. Each BufferHubBuffer client has
+  // its system unique channel id.
+  int cid() const { return cid_; }
+
   // Returns the buffer buffer state.
   uint64_t buffer_state() { return buffer_state_->load(); };
 
@@ -170,6 +176,7 @@
   // for logging and debugging purposes only and should not be used for lookup
   // or any other functional purpose as a security precaution.
   int id_;
+  int cid_;
   uint64_t buffer_state_bit_{0ULL};
   IonBuffer buffer_;
   IonBuffer metadata_buffer_;
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/bufferhub_rpc.h b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/bufferhub_rpc.h
index f4918c4..088a235 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/bufferhub_rpc.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhub/include/private/dvr/bufferhub_rpc.h
@@ -164,10 +164,11 @@
  public:
   BufferDescription() = default;
   BufferDescription(const IonBuffer& buffer, const IonBuffer& metadata, int id,
-                    uint64_t buffer_state_bit,
+                    int buffer_cid, uint64_t buffer_state_bit,
                     const FileHandleType& acquire_fence_fd,
                     const FileHandleType& release_fence_fd)
       : id_(id),
+        buffer_cid_(buffer_cid),
         buffer_state_bit_(buffer_state_bit),
         buffer_(buffer, id),
         metadata_(metadata, id),
@@ -180,6 +181,9 @@
   // ID of the buffer client. All BufferHubBuffer clients derived from the same
   // buffer in bufferhubd share the same buffer id.
   int id() const { return id_; }
+  // Channel ID of the buffer client. Each BufferHubBuffer client has its system
+  // unique channel id.
+  int buffer_cid() const { return buffer_cid_; }
   // State mask of the buffer client. Each BufferHubBuffer client backed by the
   // same buffer channel has uniqued state bit among its siblings. For a
   // producer buffer the bit must be kProducerStateBit; for a consumer the bit
@@ -193,6 +197,7 @@
 
  private:
   int id_{-1};
+  int buffer_cid_{-1};
   uint64_t buffer_state_bit_{0};
   // Two IonBuffers: one for the graphic buffer and one for metadata.
   NativeBufferHandle<FileHandleType> buffer_;
@@ -202,7 +207,7 @@
   FileHandleType acquire_fence_fd_;
   FileHandleType release_fence_fd_;
 
-  PDX_SERIALIZABLE_MEMBERS(BufferDescription<FileHandleType>, id_,
+  PDX_SERIALIZABLE_MEMBERS(BufferDescription<FileHandleType>, id_, buffer_cid_,
                            buffer_state_bit_, buffer_, metadata_,
                            acquire_fence_fd_, release_fence_fd_);
 
@@ -381,6 +386,7 @@
     kOpCreateConsumerQueue,
     kOpGetQueueInfo,
     kOpProducerQueueAllocateBuffers,
+    kOpProducerQueueInsertBuffer,
     kOpProducerQueueRemoveBuffer,
     kOpConsumerQueueImportBuffers,
     // TODO(b/77153033): Separate all those RPC operations into subclasses.
@@ -430,6 +436,8 @@
                     std::vector<std::pair<LocalChannelHandle, size_t>>(
                         uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t layer_count,
                         uint32_t format, uint64_t usage, size_t buffer_count));
+  PDX_REMOTE_METHOD(ProducerQueueInsertBuffer, kOpProducerQueueInsertBuffer,
+                    size_t(int buffer_cid));
   PDX_REMOTE_METHOD(ProducerQueueRemoveBuffer, kOpProducerQueueRemoveBuffer,
                     void(size_t slot));
   PDX_REMOTE_METHOD(ConsumerQueueImportBuffers, kOpConsumerQueueImportBuffers,
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/buffer_hub_queue_client.cpp b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/buffer_hub_queue_client.cpp
index 8feb1cd..1f2c517 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/buffer_hub_queue_client.cpp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/buffer_hub_queue_client.cpp
@@ -524,6 +524,40 @@
   return BufferHubQueue::Enqueue({buffer, slot, 0ULL});
 }
 
+Status<size_t> ProducerQueue::InsertBuffer(
+    const std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer>& buffer) {
+  if (buffer == nullptr ||
+      !BufferHubDefs::IsBufferGained(buffer->buffer_state())) {
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueue::InsertBuffer: Can only insert a buffer when it's in "
+        "gained state.");
+    return ErrorStatus(EINVAL);
+  }
+
+  auto status_or_slot =
+      InvokeRemoteMethod<BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueInsertBuffer>(
+          buffer->cid());
+  if (!status_or_slot) {
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueue::InsertBuffer: Failed to insert producer buffer: "
+        "buffer_cid=%d, error: %s.",
+        buffer->cid(), status_or_slot.GetErrorMessage().c_str());
+    return status_or_slot.error_status();
+  }
+
+  size_t slot = status_or_slot.get();
+
+  // Note that we are calling AddBuffer() from the base class to explicitly
+  // avoid Enqueue() the BufferProducer.
+  auto status = BufferHubQueue::AddBuffer(buffer, slot);
+  if (!status) {
+    ALOGE("ProducerQueue::InsertBuffer: Failed to add buffer: %s.",
+          status.GetErrorMessage().c_str());
+    return status.error_status();
+  }
+  return {slot};
+}
+
 Status<void> ProducerQueue::RemoveBuffer(size_t slot) {
   auto status =
       InvokeRemoteMethod<BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueRemoveBuffer>(slot);
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_queue_client.h b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_queue_client.h
index 60e1c4b..df500b4 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_queue_client.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/include/private/dvr/buffer_hub_queue_client.h
@@ -331,6 +331,13 @@
   pdx::Status<void> AddBuffer(const std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer>& buffer,
                               size_t slot);
 
+  // Inserts a ProducerBuffer into the queue. On success, the method returns the
+  // |slot| number where the new buffer gets inserted. Note that the buffer
+  // being inserted should be in Gain'ed state prior to the call and it's
+  // considered as already Dequeued when the function returns.
+  pdx::Status<size_t> InsertBuffer(
+      const std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer>& buffer);
+
   // Remove producer buffer from the queue.
   pdx::Status<void> RemoveBuffer(size_t slot) override;
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/buffer_hub_queue-test.cpp b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/buffer_hub_queue-test.cpp
index 47a2734..2975f56 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/buffer_hub_queue-test.cpp
+++ b/libs/vr/libbufferhubqueue/tests/buffer_hub_queue-test.cpp
@@ -181,6 +181,40 @@
   }
 }
 
+TEST_F(BufferHubQueueTest, TestInsertBuffer) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(CreateProducerQueue(config_builder_.Build(), UsagePolicy{}));
+
+  consumer_queue_ = producer_queue_->CreateConsumerQueue();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(consumer_queue_ != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(producer_queue_->capacity(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(consumer_queue_->capacity(), 0);
+
+  std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer> p1 = BufferProducer::Create(
+      kBufferWidth, kBufferHeight, kBufferFormat, kBufferUsage, 0);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(p1 != nullptr);
+
+  // Inserting a posted buffer will fail.
+  DvrNativeBufferMetadata meta;
+  EXPECT_EQ(p1->PostAsync(&meta, LocalHandle()), 0);
+  auto status_or_slot = producer_queue_->InsertBuffer(p1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(status_or_slot.ok());
+  EXPECT_EQ(status_or_slot.error(), EINVAL);
+
+  // Inserting a gained buffer will succeed.
+  std::shared_ptr<BufferProducer> p2 = BufferProducer::Create(
+      kBufferWidth, kBufferHeight, kBufferFormat, kBufferUsage);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(p2 != nullptr);
+  status_or_slot = producer_queue_->InsertBuffer(p2);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(status_or_slot.ok());
+  // This is the first buffer inserted, should take slot 0.
+  size_t slot = status_or_slot.get();
+  EXPECT_EQ(slot, 0);
+
+  // Wait and expect the consumer to kick up the newly inserted buffer.
+  WaitAndHandleOnce(consumer_queue_.get(), kTimeoutMs);
+  EXPECT_EQ(consumer_queue_->capacity(), 1ULL);
+}
+
 TEST_F(BufferHubQueueTest, TestRemoveBuffer) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(CreateProducerQueue(config_builder_.Build(), UsagePolicy{}));
   DvrNativeBufferMetadata mo;
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
index 16906f5..00e4d4e 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/Android.bp
@@ -19,7 +19,14 @@
     vendor_available: true,
 }
 
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libdvr_private_headers",
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    vendor_available: false,
+}
+
 cflags = [
+    "-DDVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED=0",
     "-DLOG_TAG=\"libdvr\"",
     "-DTRACE=0",
     "-Wall",
@@ -36,6 +43,7 @@
     "dvr_performance.cpp",
     "dvr_pose.cpp",
     "dvr_surface.cpp",
+    "dvr_tracking.cpp",
     "dvr_vsync.cpp",
 ]
 
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_api.cpp b/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_api.cpp
index d14f040..e099f6a 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_api.cpp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_api.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <dvr/dvr_display_manager.h>
 #include <dvr/dvr_performance.h>
 #include <dvr/dvr_surface.h>
+#include <dvr/dvr_tracking.h>
 #include <dvr/dvr_vsync.h>
 
 // Headers not yet moved into libdvr.
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_tracking.cpp b/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_tracking.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73addc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/dvr_tracking.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#include "include/dvr/dvr_tracking.h"
+
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+
+#if !DVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED
+
+extern "C" {
+
+// This file provides the stub implementation of dvrTrackingXXX APIs. On
+// platforms that implement these APIs, set -DDVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED=1 in the
+// build file.
+int dvrTrackingCameraCreate(DvrTrackingCamera**) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingCameraCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+void dvrTrackingCameraDestroy(DvrTrackingCamera*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingCameraDestroy is not implemented.");
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingCameraStart(DvrTrackingCamera*, DvrWriteBufferQueue*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingCameraCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingCameraStop(DvrTrackingCamera*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingCameraCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor**) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+void dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy is not implemented.");
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStart(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor*,
+                                     DvrTrackingFeatureCallback, void*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStop(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor*,
+                                             DvrReadBuffer*,
+                                             const DvrTrackingBufferMetadata*,
+                                             bool*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingSensorsCreate(DvrTrackingSensors**, const char*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingSensorsCreate is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+void dvrTrackingSensorsDestroy(DvrTrackingSensors*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingSensorsDestroy is not implemented.");
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingSensorsStart(DvrTrackingSensors*, DvrTrackingSensorEventCallback,
+                            void*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingStart is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int dvrTrackingSensorsStop(DvrTrackingSensors*) {
+  ALOGE("dvrTrackingStop is not implemented.");
+  return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+}  // extern "C"
+
+#endif  // DVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api.h b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api.h
index 80ffc82..fef8512 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include <dvr/dvr_display_types.h>
 #include <dvr/dvr_hardware_composer_types.h>
 #include <dvr/dvr_pose.h>
+#include <dvr/dvr_tracking_types.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
@@ -50,6 +51,12 @@
 typedef struct DvrSurfaceAttributeValue DvrSurfaceAttributeValue;
 typedef struct DvrSurfaceAttribute DvrSurfaceAttribute;
 
+typedef struct DvrReadBuffer DvrReadBuffer;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingCamera DvrTrackingCamera;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingSensors DvrTrackingSensors;
+typedef struct DvrWriteBufferQueue DvrWriteBufferQueue;
+
 // Note: To avoid breaking others during active development, only modify this
 // struct by appending elements to the end.
 // If you do feel we should to re-arrange or remove elements, please make a
@@ -367,6 +374,38 @@
 typedef int (*DvrPerformanceSetSchedulerPolicyPtr)(
     pid_t task_id, const char* scheduler_policy);
 
+// dvr_tracking.h
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingCameraCreatePtr)(DvrTrackingCamera** out_camera);
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingCameraDestroyPtr)(DvrTrackingCamera* camera);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingCameraStartPtr)(DvrTrackingCamera* camera,
+                                         DvrWriteBufferQueue* write_queue);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingCameraStopPtr)(DvrTrackingCamera* camera);
+
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreatePtr)(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor** out_extractor);
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingFeatureExtractorDestroyPtr)(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor);
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingFeatureCallback)(void* context,
+                                           const DvrTrackingFeatures* event);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStartPtr)(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor,
+    DvrTrackingFeatureCallback callback, void* context);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStopPtr)(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBufferPtr)(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor, DvrReadBuffer* buffer,
+    const DvrTrackingBufferMetadata* metadata, bool* out_skipped);
+
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingSensorEventCallback)(void* context,
+                                               DvrTrackingSensorEvent* event);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingSensorsCreatePtr)(DvrTrackingSensors** out_sensors,
+                                           const char* mode);
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingSensorsDestroyPtr)(DvrTrackingSensors* sensors);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingSensorsStartPtr)(
+    DvrTrackingSensors* sensors, DvrTrackingSensorEventCallback callback,
+    void* context);
+typedef int (*DvrTrackingSensorsStopPtr)(DvrTrackingSensors* sensors);
+
 // The buffer metadata that an Android Surface (a.k.a. ANativeWindow)
 // will populate. A DvrWriteBufferQueue must be created with this metadata iff
 // ANativeWindow access is needed. Please do not remove, modify, or reorder
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api_entries.h b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api_entries.h
index f0d8ec6..6620a37 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api_entries.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_api_entries.h
@@ -181,3 +181,20 @@
 DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(PoseClientGetDataReader);
 DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(PoseClientDataCapture);
 DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(PoseClientDataReaderDestroy);
+
+// Tracking
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingCameraCreate);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingCameraDestroy);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingCameraStart);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingCameraStop);
+
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingFeatureExtractorStart);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingFeatureExtractorStop);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer);
+
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingSensorsCreate);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingSensorsDestroy);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingSensorsStart);
+DVR_V1_API_ENTRY(TrackingSensorsStop);
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking.h b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e388f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking.h
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#ifndef ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_H_
+#define ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+#include <dvr/dvr_tracking_types.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+typedef struct DvrReadBuffer DvrReadBuffer;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingCamera DvrTrackingCamera;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor;
+typedef struct DvrTrackingSensors DvrTrackingSensors;
+typedef struct DvrWriteBufferQueue DvrWriteBufferQueue;
+
+// The callback for DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor that will deliver the feature
+// events. This callback is passed to dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStart.
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingFeatureCallback)(void* context,
+                                           const DvrTrackingFeatures* event);
+
+// The callback for DvrTrackingSensors session that will deliver the events.
+// This callback is passed to dvrTrackingSensorsStart.
+typedef void (*DvrTrackingSensorEventCallback)(void* context,
+                                               DvrTrackingSensorEvent* event);
+
+// Creates a DvrTrackingCamera session.
+//
+// On creation, the session is not in operating mode. Client code must call
+// dvrTrackingCameraStart to bootstrap the underlying camera stack.
+//
+// There is no plan to expose camera configuration through this API. All camera
+// parameters are determined by the system optimized for better tracking
+// results. See b/78662281 for detailed deprecation plan of this API and the
+// Stage 2 of VR tracking data source refactoring.
+//
+// @param out_camera The pointer of a DvrTrackingCamera will be filled here if
+//     the method call succeeds.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingCameraCreate(DvrTrackingCamera** out_camera);
+
+// Destroys a DvrTrackingCamera handle.
+//
+// @param camera The DvrTrackingCamera of interest.
+void dvrTrackingCameraDestroy(DvrTrackingCamera* camera);
+
+// Starts the DvrTrackingCamera.
+//
+// On successful return, all DvrReadBufferQueue's associated with the given
+// write_queue will start to receive buffers from the camera stack. Note that
+// clients of this API should not assume the buffer dimension, format, and/or
+// usage of the outcoming buffers, as they are governed by the underlying camera
+// logic. Also note that it's the client's responsibility to consume buffers
+// from DvrReadBufferQueue on time and return them back to the producer;
+// otherwise the camera stack might be blocked.
+//
+// @param camera The DvrTrackingCamera of interest.
+// @param write_queue A DvrWriteBufferQueue that the camera stack can use to
+//     populate the buffer into. The queue must be empty and the camera stack
+//     will request buffer allocation with proper buffer dimension, format, and
+//     usage. Note that the write queue must be created with user_metadata_size
+//     set to sizeof(DvrTrackingBufferMetadata). On success, the write_queue
+//     handle will become invalid and the ownership of the queue handle will be
+//     transferred into the camera; otherwise, the write_queue handle will keep
+//     untouched and the caller still has the ownership.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingCameraStart(DvrTrackingCamera* camera,
+                           DvrWriteBufferQueue* write_queue);
+
+// Stops the DvrTrackingCamera.
+//
+// On successful return, the DvrWriteBufferQueue set during
+// dvrTrackingCameraStart will stop getting new buffers from the camera stack.
+//
+// @param camera The DvrTrackingCamera of interest.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingCameraStop(DvrTrackingCamera* camera);
+
+// Creates a DvrTrackingSensors session.
+//
+// This will initialize but not start device sensors (gyro / accel). Upon
+// successfull creation, the clients can call dvrTrackingSensorsStart to start
+// receiving sensor events.
+//
+// @param out_sensors The pointer of a DvrTrackingSensors will be filled here if
+//     the method call succeeds.
+// @param mode The sensor mode.
+//        mode="ndk": Use the Android NDK.
+//        mode="direct": Use direct mode sensors (lower latency).
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingSensorsCreate(DvrTrackingSensors** out_sensors,
+                             const char* mode);
+
+// Destroys a DvrTrackingSensors session.
+//
+// @param sensors The DvrTrackingSensors struct to destroy.
+void dvrTrackingSensorsDestroy(DvrTrackingSensors* sensors);
+
+// Starts the tracking sensor session.
+//
+// This will start the device sensors and start pumping the feature and sensor
+// events as they arrive.
+//
+// @param client A tracking client created by dvrTrackingSensorsCreate.
+// @param context A client supplied pointer that will be passed to the callback.
+// @param callback A callback that will receive the sensor events on an
+// arbitrary thread.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingSensorsStart(DvrTrackingSensors* sensors,
+                            DvrTrackingSensorEventCallback callback,
+                            void* context);
+
+// Stops a DvrTrackingSensors session.
+//
+// This will stop the device sensors. dvrTrackingSensorsStart can be called to
+// restart them again.
+//
+// @param client A tracking client created by dvrTrackingClientCreate.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingSensorsStop(DvrTrackingSensors* sensors);
+
+// Creates a tracking feature extractor.
+//
+// This will initialize but not start the feature extraction session. Upon
+// successful creation, the client can call dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStart to
+// start receiving features.
+//
+// @param out_extractor The pointer of a DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor will be
+//     filled here if the method call succeeds.
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor** out_extractor);
+
+// Destroys a tracking feature extractor.
+//
+// @param extractor The DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor to destroy.
+void dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor);
+
+// Starts the tracking feature extractor.
+//
+// This will start the extractor and start pumping the output feature events to
+// the registered callback. Note that this method will create one or more
+// threads to handle feature processing.
+//
+// @param extractor The DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor to destroy.
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStart(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor,
+                                     DvrTrackingFeatureCallback callback,
+                                     void* context);
+
+// Stops the tracking feature extractor.
+//
+// This will stop the extractor session and clean up all internal resourcse
+// related to this extractor. On succssful return, all internal therad started
+// by dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStart should be stopped.
+//
+// @param extractor The DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor to destroy.
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorStop(DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor);
+
+// Processes one buffer to extract features from.
+//
+// The buffer will be sent over to DSP for feature extraction. Once the process
+// is done, the processing thread will invoke DvrTrackingFeatureCallback with
+// newly extracted features. Note that not all buffers will be processed, as the
+// underlying DSP can only process buffers at a certain framerate. If a buffer
+// needs to be skipped, out_skipped filed will be set to true. Also note that
+// for successfully processed stereo buffer, two callbacks (one for each eye)
+// will be fired.
+//
+// @param extractor The DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor to destroy.
+// @param buffer The buffer to extract features from. Note that the buffer must
+//     be in acquired state for the buffer to be processed. Also note that the
+//     buffer will be released back to its producer on successful return of the
+//     method.
+// @param metadata The metadata associated with the buffer. Should be populated
+//     by DvrTrackingCamera session as user defined metadata.
+// @param out_skipped On successful return, the field will be set to true iff
+//     the buffer was skipped; and false iff the buffer was processed. This
+//     field is optional and nullptr can be passed here to ignore the field.
+// @return Zero on success, or negative error code.
+int dvrTrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer(
+    DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* extractor, DvrReadBuffer* buffer,
+    const DvrTrackingBufferMetadata* metadata, bool* out_skipped);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_H_
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking_types.h b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking_types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81310d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/include/dvr/dvr_tracking_types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#ifndef ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_TYPES_H_
+#define ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_TYPES_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+typedef struct DvrTrackingBufferMetadata {
+  // Specifies the source of this image.
+  uint32_t camera_mask;
+  // Specifies the memory format of this image.
+  uint32_t format;
+  /// The width of the image data.
+  uint32_t width;
+  /// The height of the image data.
+  uint32_t height;
+  /// The number of bytes per scanline of image data.
+  uint32_t stride;
+  /// The frame number of this image.
+  int32_t frame_number;
+  /// The timestamp of this image in nanoseconds. Taken in the middle of the
+  /// exposure interval.
+  int64_t timestamp_ns;
+  // This is the timestamp for recording when the system using the HAL
+  // received the callback.  It will not be populated by the HAL.
+  int64_t callback_timestamp_ns;
+  /// The exposure duration of this image in nanoseconds.
+  int64_t exposure_duration_ns;
+} DvrTrackingBufferMetadata;
+
+// Represents a set of features extracted from a camera frame. Note that this
+// should be in sync with TangoHalCallbacks defined in tango-hal.h.
+typedef struct DvrTrackingFeatures {
+  // Specifies the source of the features.
+  uint32_t camera_mask;
+
+  // This is unused.
+  uint32_t unused;
+
+  // The timestamp in nanoseconds from the image that generated the features.
+  // Taken in the middle of the exposure interval.
+  int64_t timestamp_ns;
+
+  // This is the timestamp for recording when the system using the HAL
+  // received the callback.  It will not be populated by the HAL.
+  int64_t callback_timestamp_ns;
+
+  // The frame number from the image that generated the features.
+  int64_t frame_number;
+
+  // The number of features.
+  int count;
+
+  // An array of 2D image points for each feature in the current image.
+  // This is sub-pixel refined extremum location at the fine resolution.
+  float (*positions)[2];
+
+  // The id of these measurements.
+  int32_t* ids;
+
+  // The feature descriptors.
+  uint64_t (*descriptors)[8];
+
+  // Laplacian scores for each feature.
+  float* scores;
+
+  // Is this feature a minimum or maximum in the Laplacian image.
+  // 0 if the feature is a maximum, 1 if it is a minimum.
+  int32_t* is_minimum;
+
+  // This corresponds to the sub-pixel index of the laplacian image
+  // that the extremum was found.
+  float* scales;
+
+  // Computed orientation of keypoint as part of FREAK extraction, except
+  // it's represented in radians and measured anti-clockwise.
+  float* angles;
+
+  // Edge scores for each feature.
+  float* edge_scores;
+} DvrTrackingFeatures;
+
+// Represents a sensor event.
+typedef struct DvrTrackingSensorEvent {
+  // The sensor type.
+  int32_t sensor;
+
+  // Event type.
+  int32_t type;
+
+  // This is the timestamp recorded from the device. Taken in the middle
+  // of the integration interval and adjusted for any low pass filtering.
+  int64_t timestamp_ns;
+
+  // The event data.
+  float x;
+  float y;
+  float z;
+} DvrTrackingSensorEvent;
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif  // ANDROID_DVR_TRACKING_TYPES_H_
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
index 1ae75fb..b23a0fa 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.bp
@@ -12,38 +12,36 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-shared_libraries = [
-    "libbase",
-    "libbinder",
-    "libbufferhubqueue",
-    "libcutils",
-    "libgui",
-    "liblog",
-    "libhardware",
-    "libui",
-    "libutils",
-    "libnativewindow",
-    "libpdx_default_transport",
-]
-
-static_libraries = [
-    "libdvr_static",
-    "libchrome",
-    "libdvrcommon",
-    "libdisplay",
-    "libbroadcastring",
-]
-
 cc_test {
     srcs: [
         "dvr_display_manager-test.cpp",
         "dvr_named_buffer-test.cpp",
+        "dvr_tracking-test.cpp",
     ],
 
     header_libs: ["libdvr_headers"],
-    static_libs: static_libraries,
-    shared_libs: shared_libraries,
+    static_libs: [
+        "libdvr_static",
+        "libchrome",
+        "libdvrcommon",
+        "libdisplay",
+        "libbroadcastring",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libbufferhubqueue",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libgui",
+        "liblog",
+        "libhardware",
+        "libui",
+        "libutils",
+        "libnativewindow",
+        "libpdx_default_transport",
+    ],
     cflags: [
+        "-DDVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED=0",
         "-DLOG_TAG=\"dvr_api-test\"",
         "-DTRACE=0",
         "-Wno-missing-field-initializers",
@@ -52,3 +50,55 @@
     ],
     name: "dvr_api-test",
 }
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "dvr_buffer_queue-test",
+
+    // Includes the dvr_api.h header. Tests should only include "dvr_api.h",
+    // and shall only get access to |dvrGetApi|, as other symbols are hidden
+    // from the library.
+    include_dirs: ["frameworks/native/libs/vr/libdvr/include"],
+
+    srcs: ["dvr_buffer_queue-test.cpp"],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libandroid",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRACE=0",
+        "-O2",
+        "-g",
+    ],
+
+    // DTS Should only link to NDK libraries.
+    sdk_version: "26",
+    stl: "c++_static",
+}
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "dvr_display-test",
+
+    include_dirs: [
+        "frameworks/native/libs/vr/libdvr/include",
+        "frameworks/native/libs/nativewindow/include",
+    ],
+
+    srcs: ["dvr_display-test.cpp"],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libandroid",
+        "liblog",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-DTRACE=0",
+        "-O2",
+        "-g",
+    ],
+
+    // DTS Should only link to NDK libraries.
+    sdk_version: "26",
+    stl: "c++_static",
+}
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.mk b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f3840d..0000000
--- a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
-
-# TODO(b/73133405): Currently, building cc_test against NDK using Android.bp
-# doesn't work well. Migrate to use Android.bp once b/73133405 gets fixed.
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE:= dvr_buffer_queue-test
-
-# Includes the dvr_api.h header. Tests should only include "dvr_api.h",
-# and shall only get access to |dvrGetApi|, as other symbols are hidden from the
-# library.
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := \
-    frameworks/native/libs/vr/libdvr/include \
-
-LOCAL_SANITIZE := thread
-
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := dvr_buffer_queue-test.cpp
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    libandroid \
-    liblog \
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := \
-    -DTRACE=0 \
-    -O2 \
-    -g \
-
-# DTS Should only link to NDK libraries.
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := 26
-LOCAL_NDK_STL_VARIANT := c++_static
-
-include $(BUILD_NATIVE_TEST)
-
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_MODULE:= dvr_display-test
-
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := \
-    frameworks/native/libs/vr/libdvr/include \
-    frameworks/native/libs/nativewindow/include
-
-LOCAL_SANITIZE := thread
-
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := dvr_display-test.cpp
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    libandroid \
-    liblog
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := \
-    -DTRACE=0 \
-    -O2 \
-    -g
-
-# DTS Should only link to NDK libraries.
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := 26
-LOCAL_NDK_STL_VARIANT := c++_static
-
-include $(BUILD_NATIVE_TEST)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/dvr_tracking-test.cpp b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/dvr_tracking-test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b6d6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libdvr/tests/dvr_tracking-test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#include <android/log.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "dvr_api_test.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+class DvrTrackingTest : public DvrApiTest {};
+
+#if DVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, Implemented) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraCreate != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraStart != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraStop != nullptr);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStart != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStop != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer != nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, CameraCreateFailsForInvalidInput) {
+  int ret;
+  ret = api_.TrackingCameraCreate(nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, -EINVAL);
+
+  DvrTrackingCamera* camera = reinterpret_cast<DvrTrackingCamera*>(42);
+  ret = api_.TrackingCameraCreate(&camera);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, -EINVAL);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, CameraCreateDestroy) {
+  DvrTrackingCamera* camera = nullptr;
+  int ret = api_.TrackingCameraCreate(&camera);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, 0);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(camera != nullptr);
+
+  api_.TrackingCameraDestroy(camera);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, FeatureExtractorCreateFailsForInvalidInput) {
+  int ret;
+  ret = api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, -EINVAL);
+
+  DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* camera =
+      reinterpret_cast<DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor*>(42);
+  ret = api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(&camera);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, -EINVAL);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, FeatureExtractorCreateDestroy) {
+  DvrTrackingFeatureExtractor* camera = nullptr;
+  int ret = api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(&camera);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ret, 0);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(camera != nullptr);
+
+  api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy(camera);
+}
+
+#else  // !DVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED
+
+TEST_F(DvrTrackingTest, NotImplemented) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraCreate != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraDestroy != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraStart != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingCameraStop != nullptr);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingCameraCreate(nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingCameraStart(nullptr, nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingCameraStop(nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorDestroy != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStart != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStop != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer != nullptr);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorCreate(nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStart(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr),
+            -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorStop(nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingFeatureExtractorProcessBuffer(nullptr, nullptr,
+                                                       nullptr, nullptr),
+            -ENOSYS);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingSensorsCreate != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingSensorsDestroy != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingSensorsStart != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(api_.TrackingSensorsStop != nullptr);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingSensorsCreate(nullptr, nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingSensorsStart(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+  EXPECT_EQ(api_.TrackingSensorsStop(nullptr), -ENOSYS);
+}
+
+#endif  // DVR_TRACKING_IMPLEMENTED
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/libs/vr/libpdx/private/pdx/service.h b/libs/vr/libpdx/private/pdx/service.h
index 13aa3e9..15fa327 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libpdx/private/pdx/service.h
+++ b/libs/vr/libpdx/private/pdx/service.h
@@ -59,9 +59,18 @@
   virtual ~Channel() {}
 
   /*
+   * Accessors to the pid of the last active client.
+   */
+  pid_t GetActiveProcessId() const { return client_pid_; }
+  void SetActiveProcessId(pid_t pid) { client_pid_ = pid; }
+
+  /*
    * Utility to get a shared_ptr reference from the channel context pointer.
    */
   static std::shared_ptr<Channel> GetFromMessageInfo(const MessageInfo& info);
+
+ private:
+  pid_t client_pid_ = 0;
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/service_endpoint.cpp b/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/service_endpoint.cpp
index 32d40e8..ecbfdba 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/service_endpoint.cpp
+++ b/libs/vr/libpdx_uds/service_endpoint.cpp
@@ -521,6 +521,9 @@
   info.flags = 0;
   info.service = service_;
   info.channel = GetChannelState(channel_id);
+  if (info.channel != nullptr) {
+    info.channel->SetActiveProcessId(request.cred.pid);
+  }
   info.send_len = request.send_len;
   info.recv_len = request.max_recv_len;
   info.fd_count = request.file_descriptors.size();
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
index 4dc669b..6f3f1d6 100644
--- a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/Android.bp
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
     "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
     "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
+    "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3",
     "libbinder",
     "libbase",
     "libbufferhubqueue",
@@ -92,3 +93,7 @@
     header_libs: headerLibraries,
     name: "libvrflinger",
 }
+
+subdirs = [
+    "tests",
+]
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d500278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+shared_libs = [
+    "android.hardware.configstore-utils",
+    "android.hardware.configstore@1.0",
+    "libbinder",
+    "libbufferhubqueue",
+    "libcutils",
+    "libgui",
+    "libhidlbase",
+    "liblog",
+    "libui",
+    "libutils",
+    "libnativewindow",
+    "libpdx_default_transport",
+]
+
+static_libs = [
+    "libdisplay",
+]
+
+cc_test {
+    srcs: ["vrflinger_test.cpp"],
+    // See go/apct-presubmit for documentation on how this .filter file is used
+    // by Android's automated testing infrastructure for test filtering.
+    data: ["vrflinger_test.filter"],
+    static_libs: static_libs,
+    shared_libs: shared_libs,
+    cflags: [
+        "-DLOG_TAG=\"VrFlingerTest\"",
+        "-DTRACE=0",
+        "-O0",
+        "-g",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    cppflags: ["-std=c++1z"],
+    name: "vrflinger_test",
+}
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.cpp b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f7a72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+#include <android/hardware/configstore/1.0/ISurfaceFlingerConfigs.h>
+#include <android/hardware/configstore/1.1/types.h>
+#include <android/hardware_buffer.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binder/Parcel.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+#include <configstore/Utils.h>
+#include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <optional>
+#include <thread>
+
+#include <private/dvr/display_client.h>
+
+using namespace android::hardware::configstore;
+using namespace android::hardware::configstore::V1_0;
+using android::dvr::display::DisplayClient;
+using android::dvr::display::Surface;
+using android::dvr::display::SurfaceAttribute;
+using android::dvr::display::SurfaceAttributeValue;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace dvr {
+
+// The transaction code for asking surface flinger if vr flinger is active. This
+// is done as a hidden api since it's only used for tests. See the "case 1028"
+// block in SurfaceFlinger::onTransact() in SurfaceFlinger.cpp.
+constexpr uint32_t kIsVrFlingerActiveTransactionCode = 1028;
+
+// The maximum amount of time to give vr flinger to activate/deactivate. If the
+// switch hasn't completed in this amount of time, the test will fail.
+constexpr auto kVrFlingerSwitchMaxTime = std::chrono::seconds(1);
+
+// How long to wait between each check to see if the vr flinger switch
+// completed.
+constexpr auto kVrFlingerSwitchPollInterval = std::chrono::milliseconds(50);
+
+// A Binder connection to surface flinger.
+class SurfaceFlingerConnection {
+ public:
+  static std::unique_ptr<SurfaceFlingerConnection> Create() {
+    sp<ISurfaceComposer> surface_flinger = interface_cast<ISurfaceComposer>(
+        defaultServiceManager()->getService(String16("SurfaceFlinger")));
+    if (surface_flinger == nullptr) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return std::unique_ptr<SurfaceFlingerConnection>(
+        new SurfaceFlingerConnection(surface_flinger));
+  }
+
+  // Returns true if the surface flinger process is still running. We use this
+  // to detect if surface flinger has crashed.
+  bool IsAlive() {
+    IInterface::asBinder(surface_flinger_)->pingBinder();
+    return IInterface::asBinder(surface_flinger_)->isBinderAlive();
+  }
+
+  // Return true if vr flinger is currently active, false otherwise. If there's
+  // an error communicating with surface flinger, std::nullopt is returned.
+  std::optional<bool> IsVrFlingerActive() {
+    Parcel data, reply;
+    status_t result =
+        data.writeInterfaceToken(surface_flinger_->getInterfaceDescriptor());
+    if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    result = IInterface::asBinder(surface_flinger_)
+                 ->transact(kIsVrFlingerActiveTransactionCode, data, &reply);
+    if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    bool vr_flinger_active;
+    result = reply.readBool(&vr_flinger_active);
+    if (result != NO_ERROR) {
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return vr_flinger_active;
+  }
+
+  enum class VrFlingerSwitchResult : int8_t {
+    kSuccess,
+    kTimedOut,
+    kCommunicationError,
+    kSurfaceFlingerDied
+  };
+
+  // Wait for vr flinger to become active or inactive.
+  VrFlingerSwitchResult WaitForVrFlinger(bool wait_active) {
+    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    while (1) {
+      std::this_thread::sleep_for(kVrFlingerSwitchPollInterval);
+      if (!IsAlive()) {
+        return VrFlingerSwitchResult::kSurfaceFlingerDied;
+      }
+      std::optional<bool> vr_flinger_active = IsVrFlingerActive();
+      if (!vr_flinger_active.has_value()) {
+        return VrFlingerSwitchResult::kCommunicationError;
+      }
+      if (vr_flinger_active.value() == wait_active) {
+        return VrFlingerSwitchResult::kSuccess;
+      } else if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start_time >
+                 kVrFlingerSwitchMaxTime) {
+        return VrFlingerSwitchResult::kTimedOut;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  SurfaceFlingerConnection(sp<ISurfaceComposer> surface_flinger)
+      : surface_flinger_(surface_flinger) {}
+
+  sp<ISurfaceComposer> surface_flinger_ = nullptr;
+};
+
+// This test activates vr flinger by creating a vr flinger surface, then
+// deactivates vr flinger by destroying the surface. We verify that vr flinger
+// is activated and deactivated as expected, and that surface flinger doesn't
+// crash.
+//
+// If the device doesn't support vr flinger (as repoted by ConfigStore), the
+// test does nothing.
+//
+// If the device is a standalone vr device, the test also does nothing, since
+// this test verifies the behavior of display handoff from surface flinger to vr
+// flinger and back, and standalone devices never hand control of the display
+// back to surface flinger.
+TEST(VrFlingerTest, ActivateDeactivate) {
+  android::ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
+
+  // Exit immediately if the device doesn't support vr flinger. This ConfigStore
+  // check is the same mechanism used by surface flinger to decide if it should
+  // initialize vr flinger.
+  bool vr_flinger_enabled =
+      getBool<ISurfaceFlingerConfigs, &ISurfaceFlingerConfigs::useVrFlinger>(
+          false);
+  if (!vr_flinger_enabled) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // This test doesn't apply to standalone vr devices.
+  if (property_get_bool("ro.boot.vr", false)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto surface_flinger_connection = SurfaceFlingerConnection::Create();
+  ASSERT_NE(surface_flinger_connection, nullptr);
+
+  // Verify we start off with vr flinger disabled.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(surface_flinger_connection->IsAlive());
+  auto vr_flinger_active = surface_flinger_connection->IsVrFlingerActive();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(vr_flinger_active.has_value());
+  ASSERT_FALSE(vr_flinger_active.value());
+
+  // Create a vr flinger surface, and verify vr flinger becomes active.
+  // Introduce a scope so that, at the end of the scope, the vr flinger surface
+  // is destroyed, and vr flinger deactivates.
+  {
+    auto display_client = DisplayClient::Create();
+    ASSERT_NE(display_client, nullptr);
+    auto metrics = display_client->GetDisplayMetrics();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(metrics.ok());
+
+    auto surface = Surface::CreateSurface({
+        {SurfaceAttribute::Direct, SurfaceAttributeValue(true)},
+        {SurfaceAttribute::Visible, SurfaceAttributeValue(true)},
+    });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(surface.ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(surface.get() != nullptr);
+
+    auto queue = surface.get()->CreateQueue(
+        metrics.get().display_width, metrics.get().display_height,
+        /*layer_count=*/1, AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8G8B8X8_UNORM,
+        AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_SAMPLED_IMAGE |
+            AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_COLOR_OUTPUT |
+            AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN,
+        /*capacity=*/1,
+        /*metadata_size=*/0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(queue.ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(queue.get() != nullptr);
+
+    size_t slot;
+    pdx::LocalHandle release_fence;
+    auto buffer = queue.get()->Dequeue(/*timeout=*/0, &slot, &release_fence);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(buffer.ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(buffer.get() != nullptr);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(buffer.get()->width(), metrics.get().display_width);
+    ASSERT_EQ(buffer.get()->height(), metrics.get().display_height);
+
+    void* raw_buf = nullptr;
+    ASSERT_GE(buffer.get()->Lock(AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN,
+                                 /*x=*/0, /*y=*/0, buffer.get()->width(),
+                                 buffer.get()->height(), &raw_buf),
+              0);
+    ASSERT_NE(raw_buf, nullptr);
+    uint32_t* pixels = static_cast<uint32_t*>(raw_buf);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < buffer.get()->stride() * buffer.get()->height(); ++i) {
+      pixels[i] = 0x0000ff00;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_GE(buffer.get()->Unlock(), 0);
+
+    ASSERT_GE(buffer.get()->Post(/*ready_fence=*/pdx::LocalHandle(),
+                                 /*meta=*/nullptr,
+                                 /*user_metadata_size=*/0),
+              0);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(
+        surface_flinger_connection->WaitForVrFlinger(/*wait_active=*/true),
+        SurfaceFlingerConnection::VrFlingerSwitchResult::kSuccess);
+  }
+
+  // Now that the vr flinger surface is destroyed, vr flinger should deactivate.
+  ASSERT_EQ(
+      surface_flinger_connection->WaitForVrFlinger(/*wait_active=*/false),
+      SurfaceFlingerConnection::VrFlingerSwitchResult::kSuccess);
+}
+
+}  // namespace dvr
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.filter b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.filter
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6f3eff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/vr/libvrflinger/tests/vrflinger_test.filter
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+        "presubmit": {
+            "filter": "VrFlingerTest.*"
+        }
+}
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/eglApi.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/eglApi.cpp
index c65bddf..3312b03 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/eglApi.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/eglApi.cpp
@@ -1054,38 +1054,6 @@
             egl_tls_t::setContext(EGL_NO_CONTEXT);
         }
     } else {
-
-        if (cur_c != NULL) {
-            // Force return to current context for drivers that cannot handle errors
-            EGLBoolean restore_result = EGL_FALSE;
-            // get a reference to the old current objects
-            ContextRef _c2(dp.get(), cur_c);
-            SurfaceRef _d2(dp.get(), cur_c->draw);
-            SurfaceRef _r2(dp.get(), cur_c->read);
-
-            c = cur_c;
-            impl_ctx = c->context;
-            impl_draw = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
-            if (cur_c->draw != EGL_NO_SURFACE) {
-                d = get_surface(cur_c->draw);
-                impl_draw = d->surface;
-            }
-            impl_read = EGL_NO_SURFACE;
-            if (cur_c->read != EGL_NO_SURFACE) {
-                r = get_surface(cur_c->read);
-                impl_read = r->surface;
-            }
-            restore_result = dp->makeCurrent(c, cur_c,
-                    cur_c->draw, cur_c->read, cur_c->context,
-                    impl_draw, impl_read, impl_ctx);
-            if (restore_result == EGL_TRUE) {
-                _c2.acquire();
-                _r2.acquire();
-                _d2.acquire();
-            } else {
-                ALOGE("Could not restore original EGL context");
-            }
-        }
         // this will ALOGE the error
         egl_connection_t* const cnx = &gEGLImpl;
         result = setError(cnx->egl.eglGetError(), (EGLBoolean)EGL_FALSE);
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.cpp
index 8508c5f..297a8a3 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.cpp
@@ -55,13 +55,38 @@
 void egl_tls_t::validateTLSKey()
 {
     struct TlsKeyInitializer {
-        static void create() {
-            pthread_key_create(&sKey, (void (*)(void*))&eglReleaseThread);
-        }
+        static void create() { pthread_key_create(&sKey, destructTLSData); }
     };
     pthread_once(&sOnceKey, TlsKeyInitializer::create);
 }
 
+void egl_tls_t::destructTLSData(void* data) {
+    egl_tls_t* tls = static_cast<egl_tls_t*>(data);
+    if (!tls) return;
+
+    // Several things in the call tree of eglReleaseThread expect to be able to get the current
+    // thread state directly from TLS. That's a problem because Bionic has already cleared our
+    // TLS pointer before calling this function (pthread_getspecific(sKey) will return nullptr).
+    // Instead the data is passed as our parameter.
+    //
+    // Ideally we'd refactor this so we have thin wrappers that retrieve thread state from TLS and
+    // then pass it as a parameter (or 'this' pointer) to functions that do the real work without
+    // touching TLS. Then from here we could just call those implementation functions with the the
+    // TLS data we just received as a parameter.
+    //
+    // But that's a fairly invasive refactoring, so to do this robustly in the short term we just
+    // put the data *back* in TLS and call the top-level eglReleaseThread. It and it's call tree
+    // will retrieve the value from TLS, and then finally clear the TLS data. Bionic explicitly
+    // tolerates re-setting the value that it's currently trying to destruct (see
+    // pthread_key_clean_all()). Even if we forgot to clear the restored TLS data, bionic would
+    // call the destructor again, but eventually gives up and just leaks the data rather than
+    // enter an infinite loop.
+    pthread_setspecific(sKey, tls);
+    eglReleaseThread();
+    ALOGE_IF(pthread_getspecific(sKey) != nullptr,
+             "EGL TLS data still exists after eglReleaseThread");
+}
+
 void egl_tls_t::setErrorEtcImpl(
         const char* caller, int line, EGLint error, bool quiet) {
     validateTLSKey();
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.h b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.h
index 9feae68..86a375c 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.h
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_tls.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 
     egl_tls_t();
     static void validateTLSKey();
+    static void destructTLSData(void* data);
     static void setErrorEtcImpl(
             const char* caller, int line, EGLint error, bool quiet);
 
diff --git a/opengl/libs/tools/genfiles b/opengl/libs/tools/genfiles
deleted file mode 100755
index feef318..0000000
--- a/opengl/libs/tools/genfiles
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#! /bin/sh
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2008 Google Inc.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-# Force a specific locale for sorting to avoid irrelevant differences
-# in the generated files that could hide real differences.
-export LC_ALL=POSIX
-
-./glapigen ../../include/GLES/gl.h      > ../GLES_CM/gl_api.in
-./glapigen ../../include/GLES/glext.h   > ../GLES_CM/glext_api.in
-./glapigen ../../include/GLES3/gl3.h    > ../GLES2/gl2_api.in
-./glapigen ../../include/GLES2/gl2ext.h > ../GLES2/gl2ext_api.in
-
-./glentrygen ../../include/GLES/gl.h      > /tmp/gl_entries.in
-./glentrygen ../../include/GLES/glext.h   > /tmp/glext_entries.in
-./glentrygen ../../include/GLES3/gl3.h    > /tmp/gl2_entries.in
-./glentrygen ../../include/GLES2/gl2ext.h > /tmp/gl2ext_entries.in
-
-# The awk command removes lines with the same function name as an earlier
-# line, even if the rest of the line differs. Although signatures of
-# functions with the same name should be the same, the different versions
-# have some irrelevant whitespace and parameter name differences.
-cat /tmp/gl_entries.in \
-    /tmp/glext_entries.in \
-    /tmp/gl2_entries.in \
-    /tmp/gl2ext_entries.in \
-        | sort -t, -k2 \
-        | awk -F, '!_[$2]++' \
-            > ../entries.in
-
-cat ../../include/GLES/gl.h \
-    ../../include/GLES/glext.h \
-    ../../include/GLES2/gl2ext.h \
-    ../../include/GLES3/gl3.h \
-        | ./glenumsgen \
-        | sort \
-        > ../enums.in
-
diff --git a/opengl/libs/tools/glapigen b/opengl/libs/tools/glapigen
deleted file mode 100755
index 4d8334f..0000000
--- a/opengl/libs/tools/glapigen
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/perl
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2008 Google Inc.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-use strict;
-
-sub rtrim($)
-{
-    my $string = shift;
-    $string =~ s/\s+$//;
-    return $string;
-}
-
-while (my $line = <>) {
-  next if $line =~ /^\//;
-  next if $line =~ /^#/;
-  next if $line =~ /^\s*$/;
-  if ($line !~ /^GL_API(CALL)?\s+(.+)\s+GL_APIENTRY\s+([\w]+)\s*\(([^\)]+)\);/) {
-    next;
-  }
-  my $type = rtrim($2);
-  my $name = $3;
-  my $args = $4;
-
-  #printf("%s", $line);
-  
-  my $prefix = "";
-  if ($name eq "glGetString") {
-    $prefix = "__";
-  }
-  
-  printf("%s API_ENTRY(%s%s)(%s)", $type, $prefix, $name, $args);
-  
-  printf(" {\n");
-  if ($type eq "void") {
-    printf("    CALL_GL_API(%s", $name);
-  } else {
-    printf("    CALL_GL_API_RETURN(%s", $name);
-  }
-  my @args = split ',', $args;
-  my $len = scalar(@args);
-  for (my $num = 0; $num < $len; $num++) {
-    if ($args[$num] ne "void") {
-      print ", ";
-      #
-      # extract the name from the parameter
-      # type name
-      # const type *name
-      # type *name
-      # type name[4]
-      #
-      if ($args[$num] =~ /(\S+\s)+\**\s*([\w]+)/) {
-        printf("%s", $2);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  printf(");\n");
-  printf("}\n");
-}
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/opengl/libs/tools/glentrygen b/opengl/libs/tools/glentrygen
deleted file mode 100755
index 170f041..0000000
--- a/opengl/libs/tools/glentrygen
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/perl
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2008 Google Inc.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-use strict;
-
-sub rtrim($)
-{
-    my $string = shift;
-    $string =~ s/\s+$//;
-    return $string;
-}
-
-while (my $line = <>) {
-  next if $line =~ /^\//;
-  next if $line =~ /^#/;
-  next if $line =~ /^\s*$/;
-  if ($line !~ /^GL_API(CALL)?\s+(.+)\s+GL_APIENTRY\s+([\w]+)\s*\(([^\)]+)\);/) {
-    next;
-  }
-  my $type = rtrim($2);
-  my $name = $3;
-  my $args = $4;
-
-  printf("GL_ENTRY(%s, %s, %s)\n", $type, $name, $args);
-}
diff --git a/opengl/libs/tools/glenumsgen b/opengl/libs/tools/glenumsgen
deleted file mode 100755
index 2ae5fbf..0000000
--- a/opengl/libs/tools/glenumsgen
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/perl
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-use strict;
-
-my %enumHash = ();
-
-while (my $line = <STDIN>) {
-  next if $line =~ /^\//;
-  # Skip bitfield definitions.
-  next if $line =~ /_BIT(\d+_|\s+)/;
-  if ($line !~ /^#define\s+(\S+)\s+(0x\S+)/) {
-    next;
-  }
-  my $enumName = $1;
-  my $enumValue = $2;
-  next if exists($enumHash { $enumValue });
-  $enumHash { $enumValue } = $enumName;
-  printf("GL_ENUM(%s,%s)\n", $enumValue, $enumName);
-}
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/Android.bp b/services/batteryservice/Android.bp
index 186f399..7e2f648 100644
--- a/services/batteryservice/Android.bp
+++ b/services/batteryservice/Android.bp
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
     name: "libbatteryservice_headers",
     vendor_available: true,
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    header_libs: ["libbinder_headers"],
-    export_header_lib_headers: ["libbinder_headers"],
+    header_libs: ["libutils_headers"],
+    export_header_lib_headers: ["libutils_headers"],
 }
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
index 80ab7f3..1e8eb1e 100644
--- a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
+++ b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_BATTERYSERVICE_H
 #define ANDROID_BATTERYSERVICE_H
 
-#include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/String8.h>
@@ -54,16 +53,10 @@
     int batteryFullCharge;
     int batteryChargeCounter;
     String8 batteryTechnology;
-
-    status_t writeToParcel(Parcel* parcel) const;
-    status_t readFromParcel(Parcel* parcel);
 };
 
 struct BatteryProperty {
     int64_t valueInt64;
-
-    status_t writeToParcel(Parcel* parcel) const;
-    status_t readFromParcel(Parcel* parcel);
 };
 
 }; // namespace android
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesListener.h b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesListener.h
deleted file mode 100644
index b226dd6..0000000
--- a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesListener.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESLISTENER_H
-#define ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESLISTENER_H
-
-#include <binder/IBinder.h>
-#include <binder/IInterface.h>
-
-#include <batteryservice/BatteryService.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-// must be kept in sync with interface defined in IBatteryPropertiesListener.aidl
-enum {
-        TRANSACT_BATTERYPROPERTIESCHANGED = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION,
-};
-
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-class IBatteryPropertiesListener : public IInterface {
-public:
-    DECLARE_META_INTERFACE(BatteryPropertiesListener)
-
-    virtual void batteryPropertiesChanged(struct BatteryProperties props) = 0;
-};
-
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-class BnBatteryPropertiesListener: public BnInterface<IBatteryPropertiesListener> {
-public:
-    virtual status_t onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
-                                Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0);
-};
-
-}; // namespace android
-
-#endif // ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESLISTENER_H
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar.h b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a7dbea6..0000000
--- a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2013 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESREGISTRAR_H
-#define ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESREGISTRAR_H
-
-#include <binder/IInterface.h>
-#include <batteryservice/IBatteryPropertiesListener.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-// must be kept in sync with interface defined in IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar.aidl
-enum {
-    REGISTER_LISTENER = IBinder::FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION,
-    UNREGISTER_LISTENER,
-    GET_PROPERTY,
-    SCHEDULE_UPDATE,
-};
-
-class IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar : public IInterface {
-public:
-    DECLARE_META_INTERFACE(BatteryPropertiesRegistrar)
-
-    virtual void registerListener(const sp<IBatteryPropertiesListener>& listener) = 0;
-    virtual void unregisterListener(const sp<IBatteryPropertiesListener>& listener) = 0;
-    virtual status_t getProperty(int id, struct BatteryProperty *val) = 0;
-    virtual void scheduleUpdate() = 0;
-};
-
-class BnBatteryPropertiesRegistrar : public BnInterface<IBatteryPropertiesRegistrar> {
-public:
-    virtual status_t onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
-                                Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0);
-};
-
-}; // namespace android
-
-#endif // ANDROID_IBATTERYPROPERTIESREGISTRAR_H
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 9a449fa..078fbca 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -924,12 +924,13 @@
 
 void InputDispatcher::logOutboundMotionDetailsLocked(const char* prefix, const MotionEntry* entry) {
 #if DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
-    ALOGD("%seventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, policyFlags=0x%x, "
+    ALOGD("%seventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, displayId=%" PRId32
+            ", policyFlags=0x%x, "
             "action=0x%x, actionButton=0x%x, flags=0x%x, "
             "metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x,"
             "edgeFlags=0x%x, xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, downTime=%" PRId64,
             prefix,
-            entry->eventTime, entry->deviceId, entry->source, entry->policyFlags,
+            entry->eventTime, entry->deviceId, entry->source, entry->displayId, entry->policyFlags,
             entry->action, entry->actionButton, entry->flags,
             entry->metaState, entry->buttonState,
             entry->edgeFlags, entry->xPrecision, entry->yPrecision,
@@ -2384,6 +2385,7 @@
             originalMotionEntry->eventTime,
             originalMotionEntry->deviceId,
             originalMotionEntry->source,
+            originalMotionEntry->displayId,
             originalMotionEntry->policyFlags,
             action,
             originalMotionEntry->actionButton,
@@ -2394,7 +2396,6 @@
             originalMotionEntry->xPrecision,
             originalMotionEntry->yPrecision,
             originalMotionEntry->downTime,
-            originalMotionEntry->displayId,
             splitPointerCount, splitPointerProperties, splitPointerCoords, 0, 0);
 
     if (originalMotionEntry->injectionState) {
@@ -2423,6 +2424,43 @@
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * If one of the meta shortcuts is detected, process them here:
+ *     Meta + Backspace -> generate BACK
+ *     Meta + Enter -> generate HOME
+ * This will potentially overwrite keyCode and metaState.
+ */
+void InputDispatcher::accelerateMetaShortcuts(const int32_t deviceId, const int32_t action,
+        int32_t& keyCode, int32_t& metaState) {
+    if (metaState & AMETA_META_ON && action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
+        int32_t newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN;
+        if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_DEL) {
+            newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_BACK;
+        } else if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_ENTER) {
+            newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_HOME;
+        }
+        if (newKeyCode != AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN) {
+            AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+            struct KeyReplacement replacement = {keyCode, deviceId};
+            mReplacedKeys.add(replacement, newKeyCode);
+            keyCode = newKeyCode;
+            metaState &= ~(AMETA_META_ON | AMETA_META_LEFT_ON | AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON);
+        }
+    } else if (action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
+        // In order to maintain a consistent stream of up and down events, check to see if the key
+        // going up is one we've replaced in a down event and haven't yet replaced in an up event,
+        // even if the modifier was released between the down and the up events.
+        AutoMutex _l(mLock);
+        struct KeyReplacement replacement = {keyCode, deviceId};
+        ssize_t index = mReplacedKeys.indexOfKey(replacement);
+        if (index >= 0) {
+            keyCode = mReplacedKeys.valueAt(index);
+            mReplacedKeys.removeItemsAt(index);
+            metaState &= ~(AMETA_META_ON | AMETA_META_LEFT_ON | AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 void InputDispatcher::notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs* args) {
 #if DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
     ALOGD("notifyKey - eventTime=%" PRId64
@@ -2450,33 +2488,7 @@
     policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED;
 
     int32_t keyCode = args->keyCode;
-    if (metaState & AMETA_META_ON && args->action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
-        int32_t newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN;
-        if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_DEL) {
-            newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_BACK;
-        } else if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_ENTER) {
-            newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_HOME;
-        }
-        if (newKeyCode != AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN) {
-            AutoMutex _l(mLock);
-            struct KeyReplacement replacement = {keyCode, args->deviceId};
-            mReplacedKeys.add(replacement, newKeyCode);
-            keyCode = newKeyCode;
-            metaState &= ~(AMETA_META_ON | AMETA_META_LEFT_ON | AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON);
-        }
-    } else if (args->action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
-        // In order to maintain a consistent stream of up and down events, check to see if the key
-        // going up is one we've replaced in a down event and haven't yet replaced in an up event,
-        // even if the modifier was released between the down and the up events.
-        AutoMutex _l(mLock);
-        struct KeyReplacement replacement = {keyCode, args->deviceId};
-        ssize_t index = mReplacedKeys.indexOfKey(replacement);
-        if (index >= 0) {
-            keyCode = mReplacedKeys.valueAt(index);
-            mReplacedKeys.removeItemsAt(index);
-            metaState &= ~(AMETA_META_ON | AMETA_META_LEFT_ON | AMETA_META_RIGHT_ON);
-        }
-    }
+    accelerateMetaShortcuts(args->deviceId, args->action, keyCode, metaState);
 
     KeyEvent event;
     event.initialize(args->deviceId, args->source, args->action,
@@ -2526,10 +2538,11 @@
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs* args) {
 #if DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
-    ALOGD("notifyMotion - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, policyFlags=0x%x, "
+    ALOGD("notifyMotion - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, displayId=%" PRId32
+            ", policyFlags=0x%x, "
             "action=0x%x, actionButton=0x%x, flags=0x%x, metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x,"
             "edgeFlags=0x%x, xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, downTime=%" PRId64,
-            args->eventTime, args->deviceId, args->source, args->policyFlags,
+            args->eventTime, args->deviceId, args->source, args->displayId, args->policyFlags,
             args->action, args->actionButton, args->flags, args->metaState, args->buttonState,
             args->edgeFlags, args->xPrecision, args->yPrecision, args->downTime);
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < args->pointerCount; i++) {
@@ -2573,7 +2586,8 @@
             mLock.unlock();
 
             MotionEvent event;
-            event.initialize(args->deviceId, args->source, args->action, args->actionButton,
+            event.initialize(args->deviceId, args->source, args->displayId,
+                    args->action, args->actionButton,
                     args->flags, args->edgeFlags, args->metaState, args->buttonState,
                     0, 0, args->xPrecision, args->yPrecision,
                     args->downTime, args->eventTime,
@@ -2589,11 +2603,10 @@
 
         // Just enqueue a new motion event.
         MotionEntry* newEntry = new MotionEntry(args->eventTime,
-                args->deviceId, args->source, policyFlags,
+                args->deviceId, args->source, args->displayId, policyFlags,
                 args->action, args->actionButton, args->flags,
                 args->metaState, args->buttonState,
                 args->edgeFlags, args->xPrecision, args->yPrecision, args->downTime,
-                args->displayId,
                 args->pointerCount, args->pointerProperties, args->pointerCoords, 0, 0);
 
         needWake = enqueueInboundEventLocked(newEntry);
@@ -2642,14 +2655,13 @@
     }
 }
 
-int32_t InputDispatcher::injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event, int32_t displayId,
+int32_t InputDispatcher::injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event,
         int32_t injectorPid, int32_t injectorUid, int32_t syncMode, int32_t timeoutMillis,
         uint32_t policyFlags) {
 #if DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
     ALOGD("injectInputEvent - eventType=%d, injectorPid=%d, injectorUid=%d, "
-            "syncMode=%d, timeoutMillis=%d, policyFlags=0x%08x, displayId=%d",
-            event->getType(), injectorPid, injectorUid, syncMode, timeoutMillis, policyFlags,
-            displayId);
+            "syncMode=%d, timeoutMillis=%d, policyFlags=0x%08x",
+            event->getType(), injectorPid, injectorUid, syncMode, timeoutMillis, policyFlags);
 #endif
 
     nsecs_t endTime = now() + milliseconds_to_nanoseconds(timeoutMillis);
@@ -2663,20 +2675,29 @@
     EventEntry* lastInjectedEntry;
     switch (event->getType()) {
     case AINPUT_EVENT_TYPE_KEY: {
-        const KeyEvent* keyEvent = static_cast<const KeyEvent*>(event);
-        int32_t action = keyEvent->getAction();
+        KeyEvent keyEvent;
+        keyEvent.initialize(*static_cast<const KeyEvent*>(event));
+        int32_t action = keyEvent.getAction();
         if (! validateKeyEvent(action)) {
             return INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED;
         }
 
-        int32_t flags = keyEvent->getFlags();
+        int32_t flags = keyEvent.getFlags();
+        int32_t keyCode = keyEvent.getKeyCode();
+        int32_t metaState = keyEvent.getMetaState();
+        accelerateMetaShortcuts(keyEvent.getDeviceId(), action,
+                /*byref*/ keyCode, /*byref*/ metaState);
+        keyEvent.initialize(keyEvent.getDeviceId(), keyEvent.getSource(), action,
+            flags, keyCode, keyEvent.getScanCode(), metaState, 0,
+            keyEvent.getDownTime(), keyEvent.getEventTime());
+
         if (flags & AKEY_EVENT_FLAG_VIRTUAL_HARD_KEY) {
             policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_VIRTUAL;
         }
 
         if (!(policyFlags & POLICY_FLAG_FILTERED)) {
             android::base::Timer t;
-            mPolicy->interceptKeyBeforeQueueing(keyEvent, /*byref*/ policyFlags);
+            mPolicy->interceptKeyBeforeQueueing(&keyEvent, /*byref*/ policyFlags);
             if (t.duration() > SLOW_INTERCEPTION_THRESHOLD) {
                 ALOGW("Excessive delay in interceptKeyBeforeQueueing; took %s ms",
                         std::to_string(t.duration().count()).c_str());
@@ -2684,11 +2705,11 @@
         }
 
         mLock.lock();
-        firstInjectedEntry = new KeyEntry(keyEvent->getEventTime(),
-                keyEvent->getDeviceId(), keyEvent->getSource(),
+        firstInjectedEntry = new KeyEntry(keyEvent.getEventTime(),
+                keyEvent.getDeviceId(), keyEvent.getSource(),
                 policyFlags, action, flags,
-                keyEvent->getKeyCode(), keyEvent->getScanCode(), keyEvent->getMetaState(),
-                keyEvent->getRepeatCount(), keyEvent->getDownTime());
+                keyEvent.getKeyCode(), keyEvent.getScanCode(), keyEvent.getMetaState(),
+                keyEvent.getRepeatCount(), keyEvent.getDownTime());
         lastInjectedEntry = firstInjectedEntry;
         break;
     }
@@ -2717,12 +2738,13 @@
         const nsecs_t* sampleEventTimes = motionEvent->getSampleEventTimes();
         const PointerCoords* samplePointerCoords = motionEvent->getSamplePointerCoords();
         firstInjectedEntry = new MotionEntry(*sampleEventTimes,
-                motionEvent->getDeviceId(), motionEvent->getSource(), policyFlags,
+                motionEvent->getDeviceId(), motionEvent->getSource(), motionEvent->getDisplayId(),
+                policyFlags,
                 action, actionButton, motionEvent->getFlags(),
                 motionEvent->getMetaState(), motionEvent->getButtonState(),
                 motionEvent->getEdgeFlags(),
                 motionEvent->getXPrecision(), motionEvent->getYPrecision(),
-                motionEvent->getDownTime(), displayId,
+                motionEvent->getDownTime(),
                 uint32_t(pointerCount), pointerProperties, samplePointerCoords,
                 motionEvent->getXOffset(), motionEvent->getYOffset());
         lastInjectedEntry = firstInjectedEntry;
@@ -2730,12 +2752,13 @@
             sampleEventTimes += 1;
             samplePointerCoords += pointerCount;
             MotionEntry* nextInjectedEntry = new MotionEntry(*sampleEventTimes,
-                    motionEvent->getDeviceId(), motionEvent->getSource(), policyFlags,
+                    motionEvent->getDeviceId(), motionEvent->getSource(),
+                    motionEvent->getDisplayId(), policyFlags,
                     action, actionButton, motionEvent->getFlags(),
                     motionEvent->getMetaState(), motionEvent->getButtonState(),
                     motionEvent->getEdgeFlags(),
                     motionEvent->getXPrecision(), motionEvent->getYPrecision(),
-                    motionEvent->getDownTime(), displayId,
+                    motionEvent->getDownTime(),
                     uint32_t(pointerCount), pointerProperties, samplePointerCoords,
                     motionEvent->getXOffset(), motionEvent->getYOffset());
             lastInjectedEntry->next = nextInjectedEntry;
@@ -4026,18 +4049,19 @@
 // --- InputDispatcher::MotionEntry ---
 
 InputDispatcher::MotionEntry::MotionEntry(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t deviceId,
-        uint32_t source, uint32_t policyFlags, int32_t action, int32_t actionButton,
+        uint32_t source, int32_t displayId, uint32_t policyFlags, int32_t action,
+        int32_t actionButton,
         int32_t flags, int32_t metaState, int32_t buttonState, int32_t edgeFlags,
         float xPrecision, float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime,
-        int32_t displayId, uint32_t pointerCount,
+        uint32_t pointerCount,
         const PointerProperties* pointerProperties, const PointerCoords* pointerCoords,
         float xOffset, float yOffset) :
         EventEntry(TYPE_MOTION, eventTime, policyFlags),
         eventTime(eventTime),
-        deviceId(deviceId), source(source), action(action), actionButton(actionButton),
-        flags(flags), metaState(metaState), buttonState(buttonState),
+        deviceId(deviceId), source(source), displayId(displayId), action(action),
+        actionButton(actionButton), flags(flags), metaState(metaState), buttonState(buttonState),
         edgeFlags(edgeFlags), xPrecision(xPrecision), yPrecision(yPrecision),
-        downTime(downTime), displayId(displayId), pointerCount(pointerCount) {
+        downTime(downTime), pointerCount(pointerCount) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
         this->pointerProperties[i].copyFrom(pointerProperties[i]);
         this->pointerCoords[i].copyFrom(pointerCoords[i]);
@@ -4051,11 +4075,12 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::MotionEntry::appendDescription(std::string& msg) const {
-    msg += StringPrintf("MotionEvent(deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x, action=%s, actionButton=0x%08x, "
-            "flags=0x%08x, metaState=0x%08x, buttonState=0x%08x, "
-            "edgeFlags=0x%08x, xPrecision=%.1f, yPrecision=%.1f, displayId=%d, pointers=[",
-            deviceId, source, motionActionToString(action).c_str(), actionButton, flags, metaState,
-            buttonState, edgeFlags, xPrecision, yPrecision, displayId);
+    msg += StringPrintf("MotionEvent(deviceId=%d, source=0x%08x, displayId=%" PRId32
+            ", action=%s, actionButton=0x%08x, flags=0x%08x, metaState=0x%08x, buttonState=0x%08x, "
+            "edgeFlags=0x%08x, xPrecision=%.1f, yPrecision=%.1f, pointers=[",
+            deviceId, source, displayId, motionActionToString(action).c_str(), actionButton, flags,
+            metaState, buttonState, edgeFlags, xPrecision, yPrecision);
+
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
         if (i) {
             msg += ", ";
@@ -4184,8 +4209,8 @@
         }
 #if DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
         ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion up or cancel event: deviceId=%d, source=%08x, "
-                "actionMasked=%d",
-                entry->deviceId, entry->source, actionMasked);
+                "displayId=%" PRId32 ", actionMasked=%d",
+                entry->deviceId, entry->source, entry->displayId, actionMasked);
 #endif
         return false;
     }
@@ -4237,8 +4262,8 @@
         }
 #if DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
         ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion pointer up/down or move event: "
-                "deviceId=%d, source=%08x, actionMasked=%d",
-                entry->deviceId, entry->source, actionMasked);
+                "deviceId=%d, source=%08x, displayId=%" PRId32 ", actionMasked=%d",
+                entry->deviceId, entry->source, entry->displayId, actionMasked);
 #endif
         return false;
     }
@@ -4250,8 +4275,9 @@
             return true;
         }
 #if DEBUG_OUTBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS
-        ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion hover exit event: deviceId=%d, source=%08x",
-                entry->deviceId, entry->source);
+        ALOGD("Dropping inconsistent motion hover exit event: deviceId=%d, source=%08x, "
+                "displayId=%" PRId32,
+                entry->deviceId, entry->source, entry->displayId);
 #endif
         return false;
     }
@@ -4317,11 +4343,11 @@
     MotionMemento& memento = mMotionMementos.editTop();
     memento.deviceId = entry->deviceId;
     memento.source = entry->source;
+    memento.displayId = entry->displayId;
     memento.flags = flags;
     memento.xPrecision = entry->xPrecision;
     memento.yPrecision = entry->yPrecision;
     memento.downTime = entry->downTime;
-    memento.displayId = entry->displayId;
     memento.setPointers(entry);
     memento.hovering = hovering;
     memento.policyFlags = entry->policyFlags;
@@ -4351,13 +4377,12 @@
         const MotionMemento& memento = mMotionMementos.itemAt(i);
         if (shouldCancelMotion(memento, options)) {
             outEvents.push(new MotionEntry(currentTime,
-                    memento.deviceId, memento.source, memento.policyFlags,
+                    memento.deviceId, memento.source, memento.displayId, memento.policyFlags,
                     memento.hovering
                             ? AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT
                             : AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL,
                     memento.flags, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                     memento.xPrecision, memento.yPrecision, memento.downTime,
-                    memento.displayId,
                     memento.pointerCount, memento.pointerProperties, memento.pointerCoords,
                     0, 0));
         }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.h
index 8da8450..82960b7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
      *
      * This method may be called on any thread (usually by the input manager).
      */
-    virtual int32_t injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event, int32_t displayId,
+    virtual int32_t injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event,
             int32_t injectorPid, int32_t injectorUid, int32_t syncMode, int32_t timeoutMillis,
             uint32_t policyFlags) = 0;
 
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
     virtual void notifySwitch(const NotifySwitchArgs* args);
     virtual void notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs* args);
 
-    virtual int32_t injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event, int32_t displayId,
+    virtual int32_t injectInputEvent(const InputEvent* event,
             int32_t injectorPid, int32_t injectorUid, int32_t syncMode, int32_t timeoutMillis,
             uint32_t policyFlags);
 
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@
         nsecs_t eventTime;
         int32_t deviceId;
         uint32_t source;
+        int32_t displayId;
         int32_t action;
         int32_t actionButton;
         int32_t flags;
@@ -517,17 +518,15 @@
         float xPrecision;
         float yPrecision;
         nsecs_t downTime;
-        int32_t displayId;
         uint32_t pointerCount;
         PointerProperties pointerProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
         PointerCoords pointerCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
 
         MotionEntry(nsecs_t eventTime,
-                int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, uint32_t policyFlags,
+                int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, int32_t displayId, uint32_t policyFlags,
                 int32_t action, int32_t actionButton, int32_t flags,
                 int32_t metaState, int32_t buttonState, int32_t edgeFlags,
-                float xPrecision, float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime,
-                int32_t displayId, uint32_t pointerCount,
+                float xPrecision, float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime, uint32_t pointerCount,
                 const PointerProperties* pointerProperties, const PointerCoords* pointerCoords,
                 float xOffset, float yOffset);
         virtual void appendDescription(std::string& msg) const;
@@ -765,11 +764,11 @@
         struct MotionMemento {
             int32_t deviceId;
             uint32_t source;
+            int32_t displayId;
             int32_t flags;
             float xPrecision;
             float yPrecision;
             nsecs_t downTime;
-            int32_t displayId;
             uint32_t pointerCount;
             PointerProperties pointerProperties[MAX_POINTERS];
             PointerCoords pointerCoords[MAX_POINTERS];
@@ -932,6 +931,9 @@
     };
     // Maps the key code replaced, device id tuple to the key code it was replaced with
     KeyedVector<KeyReplacement, int32_t> mReplacedKeys;
+    // Process certain Meta + Key combinations
+    void accelerateMetaShortcuts(const int32_t deviceId, const int32_t action,
+            int32_t& keyCode, int32_t& metaState);
 
     // Deferred command processing.
     bool haveCommandsLocked() const;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputListener.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputListener.cpp
index 520fea4..c36d7cf 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputListener.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputListener.cpp
@@ -67,16 +67,17 @@
 // --- NotifyMotionArgs ---
 
 NotifyMotionArgs::NotifyMotionArgs(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source,
-        uint32_t policyFlags,
+        int32_t displayId, uint32_t policyFlags,
         int32_t action, int32_t actionButton, int32_t flags, int32_t metaState,
-        int32_t buttonState, int32_t edgeFlags, int32_t displayId, uint32_t deviceTimestamp,
+        int32_t buttonState, int32_t edgeFlags, uint32_t deviceTimestamp,
         uint32_t pointerCount,
         const PointerProperties* pointerProperties, const PointerCoords* pointerCoords,
         float xPrecision, float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime) :
-        eventTime(eventTime), deviceId(deviceId), source(source), policyFlags(policyFlags),
+        eventTime(eventTime), deviceId(deviceId), source(source), displayId(displayId),
+        policyFlags(policyFlags),
         action(action), actionButton(actionButton),
         flags(flags), metaState(metaState), buttonState(buttonState),
-        edgeFlags(edgeFlags), displayId(displayId), deviceTimestamp(deviceTimestamp),
+        edgeFlags(edgeFlags), deviceTimestamp(deviceTimestamp),
         pointerCount(pointerCount),
         xPrecision(xPrecision), yPrecision(yPrecision), downTime(downTime) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
@@ -87,10 +88,10 @@
 
 NotifyMotionArgs::NotifyMotionArgs(const NotifyMotionArgs& other) :
         eventTime(other.eventTime), deviceId(other.deviceId), source(other.source),
-        policyFlags(other.policyFlags),
+        displayId(other.displayId), policyFlags(other.policyFlags),
         action(other.action), actionButton(other.actionButton), flags(other.flags),
         metaState(other.metaState), buttonState(other.buttonState),
-        edgeFlags(other.edgeFlags), displayId(other.displayId),
+        edgeFlags(other.edgeFlags),
         deviceTimestamp(other.deviceTimestamp), pointerCount(other.pointerCount),
         xPrecision(other.xPrecision), yPrecision(other.yPrecision), downTime(other.downTime) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputListener.h b/services/inputflinger/InputListener.h
index 77afb34..d24be4c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputListener.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputListener.h
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@
     nsecs_t eventTime;
     int32_t deviceId;
     uint32_t source;
+    int32_t displayId;
     uint32_t policyFlags;
     int32_t action;
     int32_t actionButton;
@@ -89,7 +90,6 @@
     int32_t metaState;
     int32_t buttonState;
     int32_t edgeFlags;
-    int32_t displayId;
     /**
      * A timestamp in the input device's time base, not the platform's.
      * The units are microseconds since the last reset.
@@ -106,10 +106,11 @@
 
     inline NotifyMotionArgs() { }
 
-    NotifyMotionArgs(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, uint32_t policyFlags,
+    NotifyMotionArgs(nsecs_t eventTime, int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, int32_t displayId,
+            uint32_t policyFlags,
             int32_t action, int32_t actionButton, int32_t flags,
             int32_t metaState, int32_t buttonState,
-            int32_t edgeFlags, int32_t displayId, uint32_t deviceTimestamp, uint32_t pointerCount,
+            int32_t edgeFlags, uint32_t deviceTimestamp, uint32_t pointerCount,
             const PointerProperties* pointerProperties, const PointerCoords* pointerCoords,
             float xPrecision, float yPrecision, nsecs_t downTime);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputReader.cpp
index e0cd8a0..50229cb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputReader.cpp
@@ -2279,15 +2279,12 @@
     }
 
     if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO)) {
+        mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
         if (mParameters.orientationAware && mParameters.hasAssociatedDisplay) {
             DisplayViewport v;
             if (config->getDisplayViewport(ViewportType::VIEWPORT_INTERNAL, NULL, &v)) {
                 mOrientation = v.orientation;
-            } else {
-                mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
             }
-        } else {
-            mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2699,15 +2696,12 @@
     }
 
     if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO)) {
+        mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
         if (mParameters.orientationAware && mParameters.hasAssociatedDisplay) {
             DisplayViewport v;
             if (config->getDisplayViewport(ViewportType::VIEWPORT_INTERNAL, NULL, &v)) {
                 mOrientation = v.orientation;
-            } else {
-                mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
             }
-        } else {
-            mOrientation = DISPLAY_ORIENTATION_0;
         }
         bumpGeneration();
     }
@@ -2894,19 +2888,19 @@
             while (!released.isEmpty()) {
                 int32_t actionButton = BitSet32::valueForBit(released.clearFirstMarkedBit());
                 buttonState &= ~actionButton;
-                NotifyMotionArgs releaseArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+                NotifyMotionArgs releaseArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE, actionButton, 0,
                         metaState, buttonState, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                        displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                        /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                         mXPrecision, mYPrecision, downTime);
                 getListener()->notifyMotion(&releaseArgs);
             }
         }
 
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                 motionEventAction, 0, 0, metaState, currentButtonState,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                 mXPrecision, mYPrecision, downTime);
         getListener()->notifyMotion(&args);
 
@@ -2915,10 +2909,10 @@
             while (!pressed.isEmpty()) {
                 int32_t actionButton = BitSet32::valueForBit(pressed.clearFirstMarkedBit());
                 buttonState |= actionButton;
-                NotifyMotionArgs pressArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+                NotifyMotionArgs pressArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, actionButton, 0,
                         metaState, buttonState, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                        displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                        /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                         mXPrecision, mYPrecision, downTime);
                 getListener()->notifyMotion(&pressArgs);
             }
@@ -2929,10 +2923,10 @@
         // Send hover move after UP to tell the application that the mouse is hovering now.
         if (motionEventAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP
                 && (mSource == AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)) {
-            NotifyMotionArgs hoverArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+            NotifyMotionArgs hoverArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                     AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, 0, 0,
                     metaState, currentButtonState, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                    displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                    /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                     mXPrecision, mYPrecision, downTime);
             getListener()->notifyMotion(&hoverArgs);
         }
@@ -2942,10 +2936,10 @@
             pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_VSCROLL, vscroll);
             pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_HSCROLL, hscroll);
 
-            NotifyMotionArgs scrollArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+            NotifyMotionArgs scrollArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                     AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL, 0, 0, metaState, currentButtonState,
                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                    displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                    /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                     mXPrecision, mYPrecision, downTime);
             getListener()->notifyMotion(&scrollArgs);
         }
@@ -3072,10 +3066,10 @@
         int32_t metaState = mContext->getGlobalMetaState();
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SCROLL, scroll * mScalingFactor);
 
-        NotifyMotionArgs scrollArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs scrollArgs(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL, 0, 0, metaState, 0,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                 0, 0, 0);
         getListener()->notifyMotion(&scrollArgs);
     }
@@ -5413,10 +5407,10 @@
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x);
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, y);
 
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, 0, 0,
                 metaState, buttonState, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-                mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
                 0, 0, mPointerGesture.downTime);
         getListener()->notifyMotion(&args);
     }
@@ -6336,9 +6330,9 @@
         mPointerSimple.down = false;
 
         // Send up.
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                  AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, 0, 0, metaState, mLastRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                 mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                 /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                  1, &mPointerSimple.lastProperties, &mPointerSimple.lastCoords,
                  mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                  mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6349,9 +6343,9 @@
         mPointerSimple.hovering = false;
 
         // Send hover exit.
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT, 0, 0, metaState, mLastRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                 1, &mPointerSimple.lastProperties, &mPointerSimple.lastCoords,
                 mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                 mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6364,9 +6358,9 @@
             mPointerSimple.downTime = when;
 
             // Send down.
-            NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+            NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                     AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, metaState, mCurrentRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                    mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                    /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                     1, &mPointerSimple.currentProperties, &mPointerSimple.currentCoords,
                     mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                     mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6374,9 +6368,9 @@
         }
 
         // Send move.
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, 0, metaState, mCurrentRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                 1, &mPointerSimple.currentProperties, &mPointerSimple.currentCoords,
                 mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                 mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6388,10 +6382,10 @@
             mPointerSimple.hovering = true;
 
             // Send hover enter.
-            NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+            NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                     AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, 0, 0, metaState,
                     mCurrentRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                    mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                    /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                     1, &mPointerSimple.currentProperties, &mPointerSimple.currentCoords,
                     mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                     mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6399,10 +6393,10 @@
         }
 
         // Send hover move.
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_MOVE, 0, 0, metaState,
                 mCurrentRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                 1, &mPointerSimple.currentProperties, &mPointerSimple.currentCoords,
                 mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                 mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6421,9 +6415,9 @@
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_VSCROLL, vscroll);
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_HSCROLL, hscroll);
 
-        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, policyFlags,
+        NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), mSource, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
                 AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL, 0, 0, metaState, mCurrentRawState.buttonState, 0,
-                mViewport.displayId, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
+                /* deviceTimestamp */ 0,
                 1, &mPointerSimple.currentProperties, &pointerCoords,
                 mOrientedXPrecision, mOrientedYPrecision,
                 mPointerSimple.downTime);
@@ -6484,9 +6478,9 @@
         }
     }
 
-    NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), source, policyFlags,
+    NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), source, mViewport.displayId, policyFlags,
             action, actionButton, flags, metaState, buttonState, edgeFlags,
-            mViewport.displayId, deviceTimestamp, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords,
+            deviceTimestamp, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords,
             xPrecision, yPrecision, downTime);
     getListener()->notifyMotion(&args);
 }
@@ -7404,9 +7398,10 @@
     // TODO: Use the input device configuration to control this behavior more finely.
     uint32_t policyFlags = 0;
 
-    NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK, policyFlags,
+    NotifyMotionArgs args(when, getDeviceId(), AINPUT_SOURCE_JOYSTICK, ADISPLAY_ID_NONE,
+            policyFlags,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, 0, metaState, buttonState, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
-            ADISPLAY_ID_NONE, /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
+            /* deviceTimestamp */ 0, 1, &pointerProperties, &pointerCoords,
             0, 0, 0);
     getListener()->notifyMotion(&args);
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
index b1d5e61..2faa794 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
         "InputReader_test.cpp",
         "InputDispatcher_test.cpp",
     ],
-    test_per_src: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index aa6df24..9c72c77 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 static const int32_t DEVICE_ID = 1;
 
 // An arbitrary display id.
-static const int32_t DISPLAY_ID = 0;
+static const int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT;
 
 // An arbitrary injector pid / uid pair that has permission to inject events.
 static const int32_t INJECTOR_PID = 999;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
             /*action*/ -1, 0,
             AKEYCODE_A, KEY_A, AMETA_NONE, 0, ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject key events with undefined action.";
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
             AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_MULTIPLE, 0,
             AKEYCODE_A, KEY_A, AMETA_NONE, 0, ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject key events with ACTION_MULTIPLE.";
 }
@@ -149,106 +149,106 @@
     }
 
     // Rejects undefined motion actions.
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             /*action*/ -1, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with undefined action.";
 
     // Rejects pointer down with invalid index.
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
             0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer down index too large.";
 
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (~0U << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
             0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer down index too small.";
 
     // Rejects pointer up with invalid index.
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
             0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer up index too large.";
 
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP | (~0U << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT),
             0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer up index too small.";
 
     // Rejects motion events with invalid number of pointers.
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 0, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with 0 pointers.";
 
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ MAX_POINTERS + 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with more than MAX_POINTERS pointers.";
 
     // Rejects motion events with invalid pointer ids.
     pointerProperties[0].id = -1;
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer ids less than 0.";
 
     pointerProperties[0].id = MAX_POINTER_ID + 1;
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 1, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with pointer ids greater than MAX_POINTER_ID.";
 
     // Rejects motion events with duplicate pointer ids.
     pointerProperties[0].id = 1;
     pointerProperties[1].id = 1;
-    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+    event.initialize(DEVICE_ID, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
             AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, 0, AMETA_NONE, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             ARBITRARY_TIME, ARBITRARY_TIME,
             /*pointerCount*/ 2, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     ASSERT_EQ(INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_FAILED, mDispatcher->injectInputEvent(
-            &event, DISPLAY_ID,
+            &event,
             INJECTOR_PID, INJECTOR_UID, INPUT_EVENT_INJECTION_SYNC_NONE, 0, 0))
             << "Should reject motion events with duplicate pointer ids.";
 }
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
index 956844f..f4131d4 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorEventConnection.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
     mService->cleanupConnection(this);
     if (mEventCache != NULL) {
-        delete mEventCache;
+        delete[] mEventCache;
     }
     mDestroyed = true;
 }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
         wp<const SensorEventConnection> const * mapFlushEventsToConnections) {
     // filter out events not for this connection
 
-    sensors_event_t* sanitizedBuffer = nullptr;
+    std::unique_ptr<sensors_event_t[]> sanitizedBuffer;
 
     int count = 0;
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mConnectionLock);
@@ -293,7 +293,8 @@
             scratch = const_cast<sensors_event_t *>(buffer);
             count = numEvents;
         } else {
-            scratch = sanitizedBuffer = new sensors_event_t[numEvents];
+            sanitizedBuffer.reset(new sensors_event_t[numEvents]);
+            scratch = sanitizedBuffer.get();
             for (size_t i = 0; i < numEvents; i++) {
                 if (buffer[i].type == SENSOR_TYPE_META_DATA) {
                     scratch[count++] = buffer[i++];
@@ -305,7 +306,6 @@
     sendPendingFlushEventsLocked();
     // Early return if there are no events for this connection.
     if (count == 0) {
-        delete sanitizedBuffer;
         return status_t(NO_ERROR);
     }
 
@@ -323,7 +323,6 @@
             // the max cache size that is desired.
             if (mCacheSize + count < computeMaxCacheSizeLocked()) {
                 reAllocateCacheLocked(scratch, count);
-                delete sanitizedBuffer;
                 return status_t(NO_ERROR);
             }
             // Some events need to be dropped.
@@ -342,7 +341,6 @@
             memcpy(&mEventCache[mCacheSize - numEventsDropped], scratch + remaningCacheSize,
                                             numEventsDropped * sizeof(sensors_event_t));
         }
-        delete sanitizedBuffer;
         return status_t(NO_ERROR);
     }
 
@@ -384,7 +382,6 @@
         // Add this file descriptor to the looper to get a callback when this fd is available for
         // writing.
         updateLooperRegistrationLocked(mService->getLooper());
-        delete sanitizedBuffer;
         return size;
     }
 
@@ -394,7 +391,6 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    delete sanitizedBuffer;
     return size < 0 ? status_t(size) : status_t(NO_ERROR);
 }
 
@@ -415,7 +411,7 @@
     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CONNECTIONS, "reAllocateCacheLocked maxCacheSize=%d %d", mMaxCacheSize,
             new_cache_size);
 
-    delete mEventCache;
+    delete[] mEventCache;
     mEventCache = eventCache_new;
     mCacheSize += count;
     mMaxCacheSize = new_cache_size;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
index c2bb6ad..6943638 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Android.bp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3",
         "android.hardware.power@1.0",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@
         "android.hardware.graphics.allocator@2.0",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.1",
         "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.2",
+        "android.hardware.graphics.composer@2.3",
         "libhidlbase",
         "libhidltransport",
         "libhwbinder",
@@ -92,6 +94,7 @@
         "ContainerLayer.cpp",
         "DisplayDevice.cpp",
         "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp",
+        "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.cpp",
         "DisplayHardware/FramebufferSurface.cpp",
         "DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp",
         "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp",
@@ -105,6 +108,7 @@
         "FrameTracker.cpp",
         "GpuService.cpp",
         "Layer.cpp",
+        "LayerBE.cpp",
         "LayerProtoHelper.cpp",
         "LayerRejecter.cpp",
         "LayerStats.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
index fda7906..e128df7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         mRefreshPending(false) {
     ALOGV("Creating Layer %s", name.string());
 
-    mFlinger->getRenderEngine().genTextures(1, &mTextureName);
+    mTextureName = mFlinger->getNewTexture();
     mTexture.init(Texture::TEXTURE_EXTERNAL, mTextureName);
 
     if (flags & ISurfaceComposerClient::eNonPremultiplied) mPremultipliedAlpha = false;
@@ -98,15 +98,13 @@
 }
 
 bool BufferLayer::isProtected() const {
-    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer);
-    return (buffer != 0) &&
-            (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED);
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer(mActiveBuffer);
+    return (buffer != 0) && (buffer->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED);
 }
 
 bool BufferLayer::isVisible() const {
     return !(isHiddenByPolicy()) && getAlpha() > 0.0f &&
-            (getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer != nullptr ||
-             getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream != nullptr);
+            (mActiveBuffer != nullptr || getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream != nullptr);
 }
 
 bool BufferLayer::isFixedSize() const {
@@ -162,7 +160,7 @@
                          bool useIdentityTransform) const {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (CC_UNLIKELY(getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer == 0)) {
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(mActiveBuffer == 0)) {
         // the texture has not been created yet, this Layer has
         // in fact never been drawn into. This happens frequently with
         // SurfaceView because the WindowManager can't know when the client
@@ -240,8 +238,7 @@
         }
 
         // Set things up for texturing.
-        mTexture.setDimensions(getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer->getWidth(),
-                               getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer->getHeight());
+        mTexture.setDimensions(mActiveBuffer->getWidth(), mActiveBuffer->getHeight());
         mTexture.setFiltering(useFiltering);
         mTexture.setMatrix(textureMatrix);
 
@@ -291,12 +288,10 @@
 bool BufferLayer::onPreComposition(nsecs_t refreshStartTime) {
     if (mBufferLatched) {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mFrameEventHistoryMutex);
-        mFrameEventHistory.addPreComposition(mCurrentFrameNumber,
-                                             refreshStartTime);
+        mFrameEventHistory.addPreComposition(mCurrentFrameNumber, refreshStartTime);
     }
     mRefreshPending = false;
-    return mQueuedFrames > 0 || mSidebandStreamChanged ||
-            mAutoRefresh;
+    return mQueuedFrames > 0 || mSidebandStreamChanged || mAutoRefresh;
 }
 bool BufferLayer::onPostComposition(const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& glDoneFence,
                                     const std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>& presentFence,
@@ -308,8 +303,8 @@
     // Update mFrameEventHistory.
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mFrameEventHistoryMutex);
-        mFrameEventHistory.addPostComposition(mCurrentFrameNumber, glDoneFence,
-                                              presentFence, compositorTiming);
+        mFrameEventHistory.addPostComposition(mCurrentFrameNumber, glDoneFence, presentFence,
+                                              compositorTiming);
     }
 
     // Update mFrameTracker.
@@ -331,7 +326,7 @@
     if (presentFence->isValid()) {
         mTimeStats.setPresentFence(layerName, mCurrentFrameNumber, presentFence);
         mFrameTracker.setActualPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>(presentFence));
-    } else {
+    } else if (mFlinger->getHwComposer().isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY)) {
         // The HWC doesn't support present fences, so use the refresh
         // timestamp instead.
         const nsecs_t actualPresentTime =
@@ -364,8 +359,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    auto releaseFenceTime =
-            std::make_shared<FenceTime>(mConsumer->getPrevFinalReleaseFence());
+    auto releaseFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(mConsumer->getPrevFinalReleaseFence());
     mReleaseTimeline.updateSignalTimes();
     mReleaseTimeline.push(releaseFenceTime);
 
@@ -418,7 +412,7 @@
     // Capture the old state of the layer for comparisons later
     const State& s(getDrawingState());
     const bool oldOpacity = isOpaque(s);
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> oldBuffer = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> oldBuffer = mActiveBuffer;
 
     if (!allTransactionsSignaled()) {
         mFlinger->signalLayerUpdate();
@@ -431,12 +425,12 @@
     // buffer mode.
     bool queuedBuffer = false;
     LayerRejecter r(mDrawingState, getCurrentState(), recomputeVisibleRegions,
-                    getProducerStickyTransform() != 0, mName.string(),
-                    mOverrideScalingMode, mFreezeGeometryUpdates);
-    status_t updateResult =
-            mConsumer->updateTexImage(&r, mFlinger->mPrimaryDispSync,
-                                                    &mAutoRefresh, &queuedBuffer,
-                                                    mLastFrameNumberReceived);
+                    getProducerStickyTransform() != 0, mName.string(), mOverrideScalingMode,
+                    getTransformToDisplayInverse(),  mFreezeGeometryUpdates);
+
+    status_t updateResult = mConsumer->updateTexImage(&r, mFlinger->mPrimaryDispSync, &mAutoRefresh,
+                                                      &queuedBuffer, mLastFrameNumberReceived);
+
     if (updateResult == BufferQueue::PRESENT_LATER) {
         // Producer doesn't want buffer to be displayed yet.  Signal a
         // layer update so we check again at the next opportunity.
@@ -496,17 +490,16 @@
 
     // Decrement the queued-frames count.  Signal another event if we
     // have more frames pending.
-    if ((queuedBuffer && android_atomic_dec(&mQueuedFrames) > 1) ||
-        mAutoRefresh) {
+    if ((queuedBuffer && android_atomic_dec(&mQueuedFrames) > 1) || mAutoRefresh) {
         mFlinger->signalLayerUpdate();
     }
 
     // update the active buffer
-    getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer =
-            mConsumer->getCurrentBuffer(&getBE().compositionInfo.mBufferSlot);
-    // replicated in LayerBE until FE/BE is ready to be synchronized
-    mActiveBuffer = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer;
-    if (getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer == nullptr) {
+    mActiveBuffer = mConsumer->getCurrentBuffer(&mActiveBufferSlot);
+    getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer = mActiveBuffer;
+    getBE().compositionInfo.mBufferSlot = mActiveBufferSlot;
+
+    if (mActiveBuffer == nullptr) {
         // this can only happen if the very first buffer was rejected.
         return outDirtyRegion;
     }
@@ -558,8 +551,7 @@
     Rect crop(mConsumer->getCurrentCrop());
     const uint32_t transform(mConsumer->getCurrentTransform());
     const uint32_t scalingMode(mConsumer->getCurrentScalingMode());
-    if ((crop != mCurrentCrop) ||
-        (transform != mCurrentTransform) ||
+    if ((crop != mCurrentCrop) || (transform != mCurrentTransform) ||
         (scalingMode != mCurrentScalingMode)) {
         mCurrentCrop = crop;
         mCurrentTransform = transform;
@@ -568,15 +560,14 @@
     }
 
     if (oldBuffer != nullptr) {
-        uint32_t bufWidth = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer->getWidth();
-        uint32_t bufHeight = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer->getHeight();
-        if (bufWidth != uint32_t(oldBuffer->width) ||
-            bufHeight != uint32_t(oldBuffer->height)) {
+        uint32_t bufWidth = mActiveBuffer->getWidth();
+        uint32_t bufHeight = mActiveBuffer->getHeight();
+        if (bufWidth != uint32_t(oldBuffer->width) || bufHeight != uint32_t(oldBuffer->height)) {
             recomputeVisibleRegions = true;
         }
     }
 
-    mCurrentOpacity = getOpacityForFormat(getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer->format);
+    mCurrentOpacity = getOpacityForFormat(mActiveBuffer->format);
     if (oldOpacity != isOpaque(s)) {
         recomputeVisibleRegions = true;
     }
@@ -615,14 +606,19 @@
     mConsumer->setDefaultBufferSize(w, h);
 }
 
-void BufferLayer::setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) {
+void BufferLayer::setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
     // Apply this display's projection's viewport to the visible region
     // before giving it to the HWC HAL.
-    const Transform& tr = displayDevice->getTransform();
-    const auto& viewport = displayDevice->getViewport();
+    const Transform& tr = display->getTransform();
+    const auto& viewport = display->getViewport();
     Region visible = tr.transform(visibleRegion.intersect(viewport));
-    auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+    const auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (!hasHwcLayer(displayId)) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] failed to setPerFrameData: no HWC layer found (%d)",
+              mName.string(), displayId);
+        return;
+    }
+    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
     auto& hwcLayer = hwcInfo.layer;
     auto error = hwcLayer->setVisibleRegion(visible);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
@@ -640,7 +636,7 @@
 
     // Sideband layers
     if (getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream.get()) {
-        setCompositionType(hwcId, HWC2::Composition::Sideband);
+        setCompositionType(displayId, HWC2::Composition::Sideband);
         ALOGV("[%s] Requesting Sideband composition", mName.string());
         error = hwcLayer->setSidebandStream(getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream->handle());
         if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
@@ -654,10 +650,10 @@
     // Device or Cursor layers
     if (mPotentialCursor) {
         ALOGV("[%s] Requesting Cursor composition", mName.string());
-        setCompositionType(hwcId, HWC2::Composition::Cursor);
+        setCompositionType(displayId, HWC2::Composition::Cursor);
     } else {
         ALOGV("[%s] Requesting Device composition", mName.string());
-        setCompositionType(hwcId, HWC2::Composition::Device);
+        setCompositionType(displayId, HWC2::Composition::Device);
     }
 
     ALOGV("setPerFrameData: dataspace = %d", mCurrentDataSpace);
@@ -668,7 +664,7 @@
     }
 
     const HdrMetadata& metadata = mConsumer->getCurrentHdrMetadata();
-    error = hwcLayer->setPerFrameMetadata(displayDevice->getSupportedPerFrameMetadata(), metadata);
+    error = hwcLayer->setPerFrameMetadata(display->getSupportedPerFrameMetadata(), metadata);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None && error != HWC2::Error::Unsupported) {
         ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set hdrMetadata: %s (%d)", mName.string(),
               to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
@@ -676,8 +672,7 @@
 
     uint32_t hwcSlot = 0;
     sp<GraphicBuffer> hwcBuffer;
-    hwcInfo.bufferCache.getHwcBuffer(getBE().compositionInfo.mBufferSlot,
-                                     getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer, &hwcSlot, &hwcBuffer);
+    hwcInfo.bufferCache.getHwcBuffer(mActiveBufferSlot, mActiveBuffer, &hwcSlot, &hwcBuffer);
 
     auto acquireFence = mConsumer->getCurrentFence();
     error = hwcLayer->setBuffer(hwcSlot, hwcBuffer, acquireFence);
@@ -691,7 +686,7 @@
 bool BufferLayer::isOpaque(const Layer::State& s) const {
     // if we don't have a buffer or sidebandStream yet, we're translucent regardless of the
     // layer's opaque flag.
-    if ((getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream == nullptr) && (getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer == nullptr)) {
+    if ((getBE().compositionInfo.hwc.sidebandStream == nullptr) && (mActiveBuffer == nullptr)) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -706,8 +701,12 @@
     sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer> consumer;
     BufferQueue::createBufferQueue(&producer, &consumer, true);
     mProducer = new MonitoredProducer(producer, mFlinger, this);
-    mConsumer = new BufferLayerConsumer(consumer,
-            mFlinger->getRenderEngine(), mTextureName, this);
+    {
+        // Grab the SF state lock during this since it's the only safe way to access RenderEngine
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mFlinger->mStateLock);
+        mConsumer = new BufferLayerConsumer(consumer, mFlinger->getRenderEngine(), mTextureName,
+                                            this);
+    }
     mConsumer->setConsumerUsageBits(getEffectiveUsage(0));
     mConsumer->setContentsChangedListener(this);
     mConsumer->setName(mName);
@@ -716,8 +715,9 @@
         mProducer->setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(2);
     }
 
-    const sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDevice());
-    updateTransformHint(hw);
+    if (const auto display = mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDevice()) {
+        updateTransformHint(display);
+    }
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -739,8 +739,7 @@
 
         // Ensure that callbacks are handled in order
         while (item.mFrameNumber != mLastFrameNumberReceived + 1) {
-            status_t result = mQueueItemCondition.waitRelative(mQueueItemLock,
-                                                               ms2ns(500));
+            status_t result = mQueueItemCondition.waitRelative(mQueueItemLock, ms2ns(500));
             if (result != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("[%s] Timed out waiting on callback", mName.string());
             }
@@ -763,8 +762,7 @@
 
         // Ensure that callbacks are handled in order
         while (item.mFrameNumber != mLastFrameNumberReceived + 1) {
-            status_t result = mQueueItemCondition.waitRelative(mQueueItemLock,
-                                                               ms2ns(500));
+            status_t result = mQueueItemCondition.waitRelative(mQueueItemLock, ms2ns(500));
             if (result != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("[%s] Timed out waiting on callback", mName.string());
             }
@@ -935,8 +933,7 @@
         // able to be latched. To avoid this, grab this buffer anyway.
         return true;
     }
-    return mQueueItems[0].mFenceTime->getSignalTime() !=
-            Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_PENDING;
+    return mQueueItems[0].mFenceTime->getSignalTime() != Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_PENDING;
 }
 
 uint32_t BufferLayer::getEffectiveScalingMode() const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
index bf0ca69..7f5ff3f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/BufferLayer.h
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
     bool isHdrY410() const override;
 
-    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) override;
+    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) override;
 
     bool isOpaque(const Layer::State& s) const override;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
index 077469b..0b59147 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Client.cpp
@@ -170,48 +170,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    /*
-     * createSurface must be called from the GL thread so that it can
-     * have access to the GL context.
-     */
-    class MessageCreateLayer : public MessageBase {
-        SurfaceFlinger* flinger;
-        Client* client;
-        sp<IBinder>* handle;
-        sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* gbp;
-        status_t result;
-        const String8& name;
-        uint32_t w, h;
-        PixelFormat format;
-        uint32_t flags;
-        sp<Layer>* parent;
-        int32_t windowType;
-        int32_t ownerUid;
-    public:
-        MessageCreateLayer(SurfaceFlinger* flinger,
-                const String8& name, Client* client,
-                uint32_t w, uint32_t h, PixelFormat format, uint32_t flags,
-                sp<IBinder>* handle, int32_t windowType, int32_t ownerUid,
-                sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* gbp,
-                sp<Layer>* parent)
-            : flinger(flinger), client(client),
-              handle(handle), gbp(gbp), result(NO_ERROR),
-              name(name), w(w), h(h), format(format), flags(flags),
-              parent(parent), windowType(windowType), ownerUid(ownerUid) {
-        }
-        status_t getResult() const { return result; }
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            result = flinger->createLayer(name, client, w, h, format, flags,
-                    windowType, ownerUid, handle, gbp, parent);
-            return true;
-        }
-    };
-
-    sp<MessageBase> msg = new MessageCreateLayer(mFlinger.get(),
-            name, this, w, h, format, flags, handle,
-            windowType, ownerUid, gbp, &parent);
-    mFlinger->postMessageSync(msg);
-    return static_cast<MessageCreateLayer*>( msg.get() )->getResult();
+    return mFlinger->createLayer(name, this, w, h, format, flags, windowType,
+                                 ownerUid, handle, gbp, &parent);
 }
 
 status_t Client::destroySurface(const sp<IBinder>& handle) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.cpp
index 512564c..aebe4ea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.cpp
@@ -61,12 +61,17 @@
     return !isHiddenByPolicy() && s.color.a;
 }
 
-void ColorLayer::setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) {
-    const Transform& tr = displayDevice->getTransform();
-    const auto& viewport = displayDevice->getViewport();
+void ColorLayer::setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
+    const Transform& tr = display->getTransform();
+    const auto& viewport = display->getViewport();
     Region visible = tr.transform(visibleRegion.intersect(viewport));
-    auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+    const auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (!hasHwcLayer(displayId)) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] failed to setPerFrameData: no HWC layer found (%d)",
+              mName.string(), displayId);
+        return;
+    }
+    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
     auto& hwcLayer = hwcInfo.layer;
     auto error = hwcLayer->setVisibleRegion(visible);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
@@ -75,7 +80,7 @@
         visible.dump(LOG_TAG);
     }
 
-    setCompositionType(hwcId, HWC2::Composition::SolidColor);
+    setCompositionType(displayId, HWC2::Composition::SolidColor);
 
     error = hwcLayer->setDataspace(mCurrentDataSpace);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.h
index 0cde398..6a6e7c0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ColorLayer.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
                         bool useIdentityTransform) const;
     bool isVisible() const override;
 
-    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) override;
+    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) override;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/ContainerLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/ContainerLayer.h
index 543f60a..06cfbcd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/ContainerLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/ContainerLayer.h
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@
                 bool useIdentityTransform) const override;
     bool isVisible() const override;
 
-    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) override;
+    void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) override;
+
+    bool isCreatedFromMainThread() const override { return true; }
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index db095a5..4d2b0ea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
 DisplayDevice::DisplayDevice(
         const sp<SurfaceFlinger>& flinger,
         DisplayType type,
-        int32_t hwcId,
+        int32_t id,
         bool isSecure,
         const wp<IBinder>& displayToken,
         const sp<ANativeWindow>& nativeWindow,
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
     : lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers(false),
       mFlinger(flinger),
       mType(type),
-      mHwcDisplayId(hwcId),
+      mId(id),
       mDisplayToken(displayToken),
       mNativeWindow(nativeWindow),
       mDisplaySurface(displaySurface),
@@ -301,9 +301,9 @@
 DisplayDevice::~DisplayDevice() = default;
 
 void DisplayDevice::disconnect(HWComposer& hwc) {
-    if (mHwcDisplayId >= 0) {
-        hwc.disconnectDisplay(mHwcDisplayId);
-        mHwcDisplayId = -1;
+    if (mId >= 0) {
+        hwc.disconnectDisplay(mId);
+        mId = -1;
     }
 }
 
@@ -319,8 +319,8 @@
     return mDisplayHeight;
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::setDisplayName(const String8& displayName) {
-    if (!displayName.isEmpty()) {
+void DisplayDevice::setDisplayName(const std::string& displayName) {
+    if (!displayName.empty()) {
         // never override the name with an empty name
         mDisplayName = displayName;
     }
@@ -347,8 +347,8 @@
     }
 
     DisplaySurface::CompositionType compositionType;
-    bool hasClient = hwc.hasClientComposition(mHwcDisplayId);
-    bool hasDevice = hwc.hasDeviceComposition(mHwcDisplayId);
+    bool hasClient = hwc.hasClientComposition(mId);
+    bool hasDevice = hwc.hasDeviceComposition(mId);
     if (hasClient && hasDevice) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_MIXED;
     } else if (hasClient) {
@@ -365,14 +365,13 @@
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::swapBuffers(HWComposer& hwc) const {
-    if (hwc.hasClientComposition(mHwcDisplayId) || hwc.hasFlipClientTargetRequest(mHwcDisplayId)) {
+    if (hwc.hasClientComposition(mId) || hwc.hasFlipClientTargetRequest(mId)) {
         mSurface->swapBuffers();
     }
 
     status_t result = mDisplaySurface->advanceFrame();
     if (result != NO_ERROR) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] failed pushing new frame to HWC: %d",
-                mDisplayName.string(), result);
+        ALOGE("[%s] failed pushing new frame to HWC: %d", mDisplayName.c_str(), result);
     }
 }
 
@@ -437,8 +436,8 @@
     return mPowerMode;
 }
 
-bool DisplayDevice::isDisplayOn() const {
-    return (mPowerMode != HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF);
+bool DisplayDevice::isPoweredOn() const {
+    return mPowerMode != HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF;
 }
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -631,7 +630,7 @@
     }
 
     mOrientation = orientation;
-    if (mType == DisplayType::DISPLAY_PRIMARY) {
+    if (isPrimary()) {
         uint32_t transform = 0;
         switch (mOrientation) {
             case DisplayState::eOrientationDefault:
@@ -660,11 +659,11 @@
 void DisplayDevice::dump(String8& result) const {
     const Transform& tr(mGlobalTransform);
     ANativeWindow* const window = mNativeWindow.get();
-    result.appendFormat("+ DisplayDevice: %s\n", mDisplayName.string());
-    result.appendFormat("   type=%x, hwcId=%d, layerStack=%u, (%4dx%4d), ANativeWindow=%p "
+    result.appendFormat("+ DisplayDevice: %s\n", mDisplayName.c_str());
+    result.appendFormat("   type=%x, ID=%d, layerStack=%u, (%4dx%4d), ANativeWindow=%p "
                         "(%d:%d:%d:%d), orient=%2d (type=%08x), "
                         "flips=%u, isSecure=%d, powerMode=%d, activeConfig=%d, numLayers=%zu\n",
-                        mType, mHwcDisplayId, mLayerStack, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, window,
+                        mType, mId, mLayerStack, mDisplayWidth, mDisplayHeight, window,
                         mSurface->queryRedSize(), mSurface->queryGreenSize(),
                         mSurface->queryBlueSize(), mSurface->queryAlphaSize(), mOrientation,
                         tr.getType(), getPageFlipCount(), mIsSecure, mPowerMode, mActiveConfig,
@@ -704,7 +703,7 @@
     const Dataspace dataspace = colorModeToDataspace(mode);
     const Dataspace hwcDataspace = colorModeToDataspace(hwcColorMode);
 
-    ALOGV("DisplayDevice %d/%d: map (%s, %s) to (%s, %s, %s)", mType, mHwcDisplayId,
+    ALOGV("DisplayDevice %d/%d: map (%s, %s) to (%s, %s, %s)", mType, mId,
           dataspaceDetails(static_cast<android_dataspace_t>(dataspace)).c_str(),
           decodeRenderIntent(intent).c_str(),
           dataspaceDetails(static_cast<android_dataspace_t>(hwcDataspace)).c_str(),
@@ -791,18 +790,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-std::atomic<int32_t> DisplayDeviceState::nextDisplayId(1);
-
-DisplayDeviceState::DisplayDeviceState(DisplayDevice::DisplayType type, bool isSecure)
-    : type(type),
-      layerStack(DisplayDevice::NO_LAYER_STACK),
-      orientation(0),
-      width(0),
-      height(0),
-      isSecure(isSecure)
-{
-    viewport.makeInvalid();
-    frame.makeInvalid();
-}
+std::atomic<int32_t> DisplayDeviceState::sNextSequenceId(1);
 
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index 6c3bd91..f440d29 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "RenderEngine/Surface.h"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 
 struct ANativeWindow;
 
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@
     DisplayDevice(
             const sp<SurfaceFlinger>& flinger,
             DisplayType type,
-            int32_t hwcId,
+            int32_t id,
             bool isSecure,
             const wp<IBinder>& displayToken,
             const sp<ANativeWindow>& nativeWindow,
@@ -134,7 +135,8 @@
     uint32_t                getLayerStack() const { return mLayerStack; }
     int32_t                 getDisplayType() const { return mType; }
     bool                    isPrimary() const { return mType == DISPLAY_PRIMARY; }
-    int32_t                 getHwcDisplayId() const { return mHwcDisplayId; }
+    bool                    isVirtual() const { return mType == DISPLAY_VIRTUAL; }
+    int32_t                 getId() const { return mId; }
     const wp<IBinder>&      getDisplayToken() const { return mDisplayToken; }
 
     int32_t getSupportedPerFrameMetadata() const { return mSupportedPerFrameMetadata; }
@@ -179,8 +181,8 @@
     }
     inline Rect bounds() const { return getBounds(); }
 
-    void setDisplayName(const String8& displayName);
-    const String8& getDisplayName() const { return mDisplayName; }
+    void setDisplayName(const std::string& displayName);
+    const std::string& getDisplayName() const { return mDisplayName; }
 
     bool makeCurrent() const;
     void setViewportAndProjection() const;
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@
      */
     int getPowerMode() const;
     void setPowerMode(int mode);
-    bool isDisplayOn() const;
+    bool isPoweredOn() const;
 
     ui::ColorMode getActiveColorMode() const;
     void setActiveColorMode(ui::ColorMode mode);
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@
      */
     sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger;
     DisplayType mType;
-    int32_t mHwcDisplayId;
+    int32_t mId;
     wp<IBinder> mDisplayToken;
 
     // ANativeWindow this display is rendering into
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@
     int             mDisplayWidth;
     int             mDisplayHeight;
     mutable uint32_t mPageFlipCount;
-    String8         mDisplayName;
+    std::string     mDisplayName;
     bool            mIsSecure;
 
     /*
@@ -313,15 +315,9 @@
 };
 
 struct DisplayDeviceState {
-    DisplayDeviceState() = default;
-    DisplayDeviceState(DisplayDevice::DisplayType type, bool isSecure);
+    bool isVirtual() const { return type >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL; }
 
-    bool isValid() const { return type >= 0; }
-    bool isMainDisplay() const { return type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY; }
-    bool isVirtualDisplay() const { return type >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL; }
-
-    static std::atomic<int32_t> nextDisplayId;
-    int32_t displayId = nextDisplayId++;
+    int32_t sequenceId = sNextSequenceId++;
     DisplayDevice::DisplayType type = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID;
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
     uint32_t layerStack = DisplayDevice::NO_LAYER_STACK;
@@ -330,8 +326,11 @@
     uint8_t orientation = 0;
     uint32_t width = 0;
     uint32_t height = 0;
-    String8 displayName;
+    std::string displayName;
     bool isSecure = false;
+
+private:
+    static std::atomic<int32_t> sNextSequenceId;
 };
 
 class DisplayRenderArea : public RenderArea {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
index 37ba433..9a9a5c3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 
 #include "ComposerHal.h"
 
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.2/IComposer.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
 #include <hidl/HidlTransportUtils.h>
@@ -172,22 +171,31 @@
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to get hwcomposer service");
     }
 
-    mComposer->createClient(
-            [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpClient)
-            {
-                if (tmpError == Error::NONE) {
-                    mClient = tmpClient;
-                }
-            });
-    if (mClient == nullptr) {
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to create composer client");
+    if (sp<IComposer> composer_2_3 = IComposer::castFrom(mComposer)) {
+        composer_2_3->createClient_2_3([&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpClient) {
+            if (tmpError == Error::NONE) {
+                mClient = tmpClient;
+                mClient_2_2 = tmpClient;
+                mClient_2_3 = tmpClient;
+            }
+        });
+    } else {
+        mComposer->createClient([&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpClient) {
+            if (tmpError != Error::NONE) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mClient = tmpClient;
+            if (sp<V2_2::IComposer> composer_2_2 = V2_2::IComposer::castFrom(mComposer)) {
+                mClient_2_2 = V2_2::IComposerClient::castFrom(mClient);
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mClient_2_2 == nullptr,
+                                    "IComposer 2.2 did not return IComposerClient 2.2");
+            }
+        });
     }
 
-    // 2.2 support is optional
-    sp<IComposer> composer_2_2 = IComposer::castFrom(mComposer);
-    if (composer_2_2 != nullptr) {
-        mClient_2_2 = IComposerClient::castFrom(mClient);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mClient_2_2 == nullptr, "IComposer 2.2 did not return IComposerClient 2.2");
+    if (mClient == nullptr) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to create composer client");
     }
 
     if (mIsUsingVrComposer) {
@@ -957,6 +965,30 @@
     return error;
 }
 
+// Composer HAL 2.3
+
+Error Composer::getDisplayIdentificationData(Display display, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                             std::vector<uint8_t>* outData) {
+    if (!mClient_2_3) {
+        return Error::UNSUPPORTED;
+    }
+
+    Error error = kDefaultError;
+    mClient_2_3->getDisplayIdentificationData(display,
+                                              [&](const auto& tmpError, const auto& tmpPort,
+                                                  const auto& tmpData) {
+                                                  error = tmpError;
+                                                  if (error != Error::NONE) {
+                                                      return;
+                                                  }
+
+                                                  *outPort = tmpPort;
+                                                  *outData = tmpData;
+                                              });
+
+    return error;
+}
+
 CommandReader::~CommandReader()
 {
     resetData();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index beee539..bd18b09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 
 #include <android/frameworks/vr/composer/1.0/IVrComposerClient.h>
 #include <android/hardware/graphics/common/1.1/types.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.2/IComposer.h>
-#include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.2/IComposerClient.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposer.h>
+#include <android/hardware/graphics/composer/2.3/IComposerClient.h>
 #include <composer-command-buffer/2.2/ComposerCommandBuffer.h>
 #include <gui/HdrMetadata.h>
 #include <math/mat4.h>
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 
 namespace V2_1 = hardware::graphics::composer::V2_1;
 namespace V2_2 = hardware::graphics::composer::V2_2;
+namespace V2_3 = hardware::graphics::composer::V2_3;
 
 using types::V1_0::ColorTransform;
 using types::V1_0::Hdr;
@@ -61,8 +62,9 @@
 
 using V2_2::CommandReaderBase;
 using V2_2::CommandWriterBase;
-using V2_2::IComposer;
-using V2_2::IComposerClient;
+
+using V2_3::IComposer;
+using V2_3::IComposerClient;
 
 using PerFrameMetadata = IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadata;
 using PerFrameMetadataKey = IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataKey;
@@ -185,6 +187,10 @@
     virtual Error getRenderIntents(Display display, ColorMode colorMode,
             std::vector<RenderIntent>* outRenderIntents) = 0;
     virtual Error getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(Dataspace dataspace, mat4* outMatrix) = 0;
+
+    // Composer HAL 2.3
+    virtual Error getDisplayIdentificationData(Display display, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                               std::vector<uint8_t>* outData) = 0;
 };
 
 namespace impl {
@@ -380,6 +386,10 @@
             std::vector<RenderIntent>* outRenderIntents) override;
     Error getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(Dataspace dataspace, mat4* outMatrix) override;
 
+    // Composer HAL 2.3
+    Error getDisplayIdentificationData(Display display, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                       std::vector<uint8_t>* outData) override;
+
 private:
     class CommandWriter : public CommandWriterBase {
     public:
@@ -405,7 +415,8 @@
     sp<V2_1::IComposer> mComposer;
 
     sp<V2_1::IComposerClient> mClient;
-    sp<IComposerClient> mClient_2_2;
+    sp<V2_2::IComposerClient> mClient_2_2;
+    sp<IComposerClient> mClient_2_3;
 
     // 64KiB minus a small space for metadata such as read/write pointers
     static constexpr size_t kWriterInitialSize =
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcc4138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "DisplayIdentification"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include "DisplayIdentification.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+using byte_view = std::basic_string_view<uint8_t>;
+
+constexpr size_t kEdidHeaderLength = 5;
+
+std::optional<uint8_t> getEdidDescriptorType(const byte_view& view) {
+    if (view.size() < kEdidHeaderLength || view[0] || view[1] || view[2] || view[4]) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return view[3];
+}
+
+std::string_view parseEdidText(const byte_view& view) {
+    std::string_view text(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(view.data()), view.size());
+    text = text.substr(0, text.find('\n'));
+
+    if (!std::all_of(text.begin(), text.end(), ::isprint)) {
+        ALOGW("Invalid EDID: ASCII text is not printable.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return text;
+}
+
+// Big-endian 16-bit value encodes three 5-bit letters where A is 0b00001.
+template <size_t I>
+char getPnpLetter(uint16_t id) {
+    static_assert(I < 3);
+    const char letter = 'A' + (static_cast<uint8_t>(id >> ((2 - I) * 5)) & 0b00011111) - 1;
+    return letter < 'A' || letter > 'Z' ? '\0' : letter;
+}
+
+DisplayId getEdidDisplayId(uint8_t port, uint16_t manufacturerId, uint32_t displayNameHash) {
+    return (static_cast<DisplayId>(manufacturerId) << 40) |
+            (static_cast<DisplayId>(displayNameHash) << 8) | port;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+bool isEdid(const DisplayIdentificationData& data) {
+    const uint8_t kMagic[] = {0, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0};
+    return data.size() >= sizeof(kMagic) &&
+            std::equal(std::begin(kMagic), std::end(kMagic), data.begin());
+}
+
+std::optional<Edid> parseEdid(const DisplayIdentificationData& edid) {
+    constexpr size_t kMinLength = 128;
+    if (edid.size() < kMinLength) {
+        ALOGW("Invalid EDID: structure is truncated.");
+        // Attempt parsing even if EDID is malformed.
+    } else {
+        ALOGW_IF(edid[126] != 0, "EDID extensions are currently unsupported.");
+        ALOGW_IF(std::accumulate(edid.begin(), edid.begin() + kMinLength, static_cast<uint8_t>(0)),
+                 "Invalid EDID: structure does not checksum.");
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_t kManufacturerOffset = 8;
+    if (edid.size() < kManufacturerOffset + sizeof(uint16_t)) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid EDID: manufacturer ID is truncated.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    // Plug and play ID encoded as big-endian 16-bit value.
+    const uint16_t manufacturerId =
+            (edid[kManufacturerOffset] << 8) | edid[kManufacturerOffset + 1];
+
+    const auto pnpId = getPnpId(manufacturerId);
+    if (!pnpId) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid EDID: manufacturer ID is not a valid PnP ID.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    constexpr size_t kDescriptorOffset = 54;
+    if (edid.size() < kDescriptorOffset) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid EDID: descriptors are missing.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    byte_view view(edid.data(), edid.size());
+    view.remove_prefix(kDescriptorOffset);
+
+    std::string_view displayName;
+    std::string_view serialNumber;
+    std::string_view asciiText;
+
+    constexpr size_t kDescriptorCount = 4;
+    constexpr size_t kDescriptorLength = 18;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kDescriptorCount; i++) {
+        if (view.size() < kDescriptorLength) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (const auto type = getEdidDescriptorType(view)) {
+            byte_view descriptor(view.data(), kDescriptorLength);
+            descriptor.remove_prefix(kEdidHeaderLength);
+
+            switch (*type) {
+                case 0xfc:
+                    displayName = parseEdidText(descriptor);
+                    break;
+                case 0xfe:
+                    asciiText = parseEdidText(descriptor);
+                    break;
+                case 0xff:
+                    serialNumber = parseEdidText(descriptor);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        view.remove_prefix(kDescriptorLength);
+    }
+
+    if (displayName.empty()) {
+        ALOGW("Invalid EDID: falling back to serial number due to missing display name.");
+        displayName = serialNumber;
+    }
+    if (displayName.empty()) {
+        ALOGW("Invalid EDID: falling back to ASCII text due to missing serial number.");
+        displayName = asciiText;
+    }
+    if (displayName.empty()) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid EDID: display name and fallback descriptors are missing.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    return Edid{manufacturerId, *pnpId, displayName};
+}
+
+std::optional<PnpId> getPnpId(uint16_t manufacturerId) {
+    const char a = getPnpLetter<0>(manufacturerId);
+    const char b = getPnpLetter<1>(manufacturerId);
+    const char c = getPnpLetter<2>(manufacturerId);
+    return a && b && c ? std::make_optional(PnpId{a, b, c}) : std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<DisplayId> generateDisplayId(uint8_t port, const DisplayIdentificationData& data) {
+    if (!isEdid(data)) {
+        ALOGE("Display identification data has unknown format.");
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    const auto edid = parseEdid(data);
+    if (!edid) {
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    // Hash display name instead of using product code or serial number, since the latter have been
+    // observed to change on some displays with multiple inputs.
+    const auto hash = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::hash<std::string_view>()(edid->displayName));
+    return getEdidDisplayId(port, edid->manufacturerId, hash);
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..379f2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+
+using DisplayId = uint64_t;
+using DisplayIdentificationData = std::vector<uint8_t>;
+
+// NUL-terminated plug and play ID.
+using PnpId = std::array<char, 4>;
+
+struct Edid {
+    uint16_t manufacturerId;
+    PnpId pnpId;
+    std::string_view displayName;
+};
+
+bool isEdid(const DisplayIdentificationData&);
+std::optional<Edid> parseEdid(const DisplayIdentificationData&);
+std::optional<PnpId> getPnpId(uint16_t manufacturerId);
+
+std::optional<DisplayId> generateDisplayId(uint8_t port, const DisplayIdentificationData&);
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
index 61758b6..9546c86 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.cpp
@@ -124,6 +124,12 @@
     return mComposer->getMaxVirtualDisplayCount();
 }
 
+Error Device::getDisplayIdentificationData(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                           std::vector<uint8_t>* outData) const {
+    auto intError = mComposer->getDisplayIdentificationData(hwcDisplayId, outPort, outData);
+    return static_cast<Error>(intError);
+}
+
 Error Device::createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
         PixelFormat* format, Display** outDisplay)
 {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
index 29d7a47..eefab98 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWC2.h
@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
     };
 
     uint32_t getMaxVirtualDisplayCount() const;
+    Error getDisplayIdentificationData(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                       std::vector<uint8_t>* outData) const;
+
     Error createVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
             android::ui::PixelFormat* format, Display** outDisplay);
     void destroyDisplay(hwc2_display_t displayId);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index f5f7a82..4e98b88 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
 #include "../Layer.h"           // needed only for debugging
 #include "../SurfaceFlinger.h"
 
+#define LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, msg) \
+    ALOGE("%s failed for HWC display %" PRIu64 ": %s", __FUNCTION__, hwcDisplayId, msg)
+
 #define LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, msg) \
     ALOGE("%s failed for display %d: %s", __FUNCTION__, displayId, msg)
 
@@ -96,6 +99,16 @@
     mHwcDevice->registerCallback(callback, sequenceId);
 }
 
+bool HWComposer::getDisplayIdentificationData(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                              DisplayIdentificationData* outData) const {
+    const auto error = mHwcDevice->getDisplayIdentificationData(hwcDisplayId, outPort, outData);
+    if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
+        LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, to_string(error).c_str());
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool HWComposer::hasCapability(HWC2::Capability capability) const
 {
     return mHwcDevice->getCapabilities().count(capability) > 0;
@@ -131,53 +144,53 @@
     }
 }
 
-void HWComposer::onHotplug(hwc2_display_t displayId, int32_t displayType,
-                           HWC2::Connection connection) {
+std::optional<DisplayId> HWComposer::onHotplug(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, int32_t displayType,
+                                               HWC2::Connection connection) {
     if (displayType >= HWC_NUM_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_TYPES) {
         ALOGE("Invalid display type of %d", displayType);
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
-    ALOGV("hotplug: %" PRIu64 ", %s %s", displayId,
-            displayType == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY ? "primary" : "external",
-            to_string(connection).c_str());
-    mHwcDevice->onHotplug(displayId, connection);
+    ALOGV("hotplug: %" PRIu64 ", %s %s", hwcDisplayId,
+          displayType == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY ? "primary" : "external",
+          to_string(connection).c_str());
+    mHwcDevice->onHotplug(hwcDisplayId, connection);
+
+    std::optional<DisplayId> displayId;
+
+    uint8_t port;
+    DisplayIdentificationData data;
+    if (getDisplayIdentificationData(hwcDisplayId, &port, &data)) {
+        displayId = generateDisplayId(port, data);
+        ALOGE_IF(!displayId, "Failed to generate stable ID for display %" PRIu64, hwcDisplayId);
+    }
+
     // Disconnect is handled through HWComposer::disconnectDisplay via
     // SurfaceFlinger's onHotplugReceived callback handling
     if (connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected) {
-        mDisplayData[displayType].hwcDisplay = mHwcDevice->getDisplayById(displayId);
-        mHwcDisplaySlots[displayId] = displayType;
+        mDisplayData[displayType].hwcDisplay = mHwcDevice->getDisplayById(hwcDisplayId);
+        mHwcDisplaySlots[hwcDisplayId] = displayType;
     }
+
+    return displayId;
 }
 
-bool HWComposer::onVsync(hwc2_display_t displayId, int64_t timestamp,
-                         int32_t* outDisplay) {
-    auto display = mHwcDevice->getDisplayById(displayId);
-    if (!display) {
-        ALOGE("onVsync Failed to find display %" PRIu64, displayId);
-        return false;
-    }
-    auto displayType = HWC2::DisplayType::Invalid;
-    auto error = display->getType(&displayType);
-    if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-        ALOGE("onVsync: Failed to determine type of display %" PRIu64,
-                display->getId());
+bool HWComposer::onVsync(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp, int32_t* outDisplayId) {
+    const auto it = mHwcDisplaySlots.find(hwcDisplayId);
+    if (it == mHwcDisplaySlots.end()) {
+        LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, "Invalid display");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (displayType == HWC2::DisplayType::Virtual) {
-        ALOGE("Virtual display %" PRIu64 " passed to vsync callback",
-                display->getId());
+    const int32_t displayId = it->second;
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, false);
+
+    const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
+    if (displayData.isVirtual) {
+        LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "Invalid operation on virtual display");
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (mHwcDisplaySlots.count(display->getId()) == 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknown physical display %" PRIu64 " passed to vsync callback",
-                display->getId());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    int32_t disp = mHwcDisplaySlots[display->getId()];
     {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
 
@@ -185,22 +198,22 @@
         // with the same timestamp when turning the display off and on. This
         // is a bug in the HWC implementation, but filter the extra events
         // out here so they don't cause havoc downstream.
-        if (timestamp == mLastHwVSync[disp]) {
+        if (timestamp == mLastHwVSync[displayId]) {
             ALOGW("Ignoring duplicate VSYNC event from HWC (t=%" PRId64 ")",
                     timestamp);
             return false;
         }
 
-        mLastHwVSync[disp] = timestamp;
+        mLastHwVSync[displayId] = timestamp;
     }
 
-    if (outDisplay) {
-        *outDisplay = disp;
+    if (outDisplayId) {
+        *outDisplayId = displayId;
     }
 
     char tag[16];
-    snprintf(tag, sizeof(tag), "HW_VSYNC_%1u", disp);
-    ATRACE_INT(tag, ++mVSyncCounts[disp] & 1);
+    snprintf(tag, sizeof(tag), "HW_VSYNC_%1u", displayId);
+    ATRACE_INT(tag, ++mVSyncCounts[displayId] & 1);
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -208,16 +221,15 @@
 status_t HWComposer::allocateVirtualDisplay(uint32_t width, uint32_t height,
         ui::PixelFormat* format, int32_t *outId) {
     if (mRemainingHwcVirtualDisplays == 0) {
-        ALOGE("allocateVirtualDisplay: No remaining virtual displays");
+        ALOGE("%s: No remaining virtual displays", __FUNCTION__);
         return NO_MEMORY;
     }
 
     if (SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize != 0 &&
         (width > SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize ||
          height > SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize)) {
-        ALOGE("createVirtualDisplay: Can't create a virtual display with"
-                      " a dimension > %" PRIu64 " (tried %u x %u)",
-              SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize, width, height);
+        ALOGE("%s: Display size %ux%u exceeds maximum dimension of %" PRIu64, __FUNCTION__, width,
+              height, SurfaceFlinger::maxVirtualDisplaySize);
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
@@ -225,7 +237,7 @@
     auto error = mHwcDevice->createVirtualDisplay(width, height, format,
             &display);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-        ALOGE("allocateVirtualDisplay: Failed to create HWC virtual display");
+        ALOGE("%s: Failed to create HWC virtual display", __FUNCTION__);
         return NO_MEMORY;
     }
 
@@ -238,11 +250,13 @@
         displaySlot = mDisplayData.size();
         mDisplayData.resize(displaySlot + 1);
     } else {
-        ALOGE("allocateVirtualDisplay: Unable to allocate a display slot");
+        ALOGE("%s: Unable to allocate a display slot", __FUNCTION__);
         return NO_MEMORY;
     }
 
-    mDisplayData[displaySlot].hwcDisplay = display;
+    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displaySlot];
+    displayData.hwcDisplay = display;
+    displayData.isVirtual = true;
 
     --mRemainingHwcVirtualDisplays;
     *outId = static_cast<int32_t>(displaySlot);
@@ -319,21 +333,19 @@
 }
 
 int HWComposer::getActiveConfigIndex(int32_t displayId) const {
-    if (!isValidDisplay(displayId)) {
-        ALOGV("getActiveConfigIndex: Attempted to access invalid display %d", displayId);
-        return -1;
-    }
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, -1);
+
     int index;
     auto error = mDisplayData[displayId].hwcDisplay->getActiveConfigIndex(&index);
     if (error == HWC2::Error::BadConfig) {
-        ALOGE("getActiveConfigIndex: No config active, returning -1");
+        LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "No active config");
         return -1;
-    } else if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
-        ALOGE("getActiveConfigIndex failed for display %d: %s (%d)", displayId,
-              to_string(error).c_str(), static_cast<int32_t>(error));
-        return -1;
-    } else if (index < 0) {
-        ALOGE("getActiveConfigIndex returned an unknown config for display %d", displayId);
+    }
+
+    RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR(error, displayId, -1);
+
+    if (index < 0) {
+        LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "Unknown config");
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -365,19 +377,19 @@
 
 
 void HWComposer::setVsyncEnabled(int32_t displayId, HWC2::Vsync enabled) {
-    if (displayId < 0 || displayId >= HWC_DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-        ALOGD("setVsyncEnabled: Ignoring for virtual display %d", displayId);
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId);
+    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
+
+    if (displayData.isVirtual) {
+        LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "Invalid operation on virtual display");
         return;
     }
 
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId);
-
     // NOTE: we use our own internal lock here because we have to call
     // into the HWC with the lock held, and we want to make sure
     // that even if HWC blocks (which it shouldn't), it won't
     // affect other threads.
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mVsyncLock);
-    auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
     if (enabled != displayData.vsyncEnabled) {
         ATRACE_CALL();
         auto error = displayData.hwcDisplay->setVsyncEnabled(enabled);
@@ -403,11 +415,11 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t HWComposer::prepare(DisplayDevice& displayDevice) {
+status_t HWComposer::prepare(DisplayDevice& display) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mDisplayLock);
-    auto displayId = displayDevice.getHwcDisplayId();
+    const auto displayId = display.getId();
     if (displayId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
         ALOGV("Skipping HWComposer prepare for non-HWC display");
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -474,7 +486,7 @@
 
     displayData.hasClientComposition = false;
     displayData.hasDeviceComposition = false;
-    for (auto& layer : displayDevice.getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+    for (auto& layer : display.getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
         auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer(displayId);
 
         if (changedTypes.count(hwcLayer) != 0) {
@@ -601,7 +613,8 @@
     ALOGV("setPowerMode(%d, %d)", displayId, intMode);
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
 
-    if (displayId >= VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID_BASE) {
+    const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
+    if (displayData.isVirtual) {
         LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "Invalid operation on virtual display");
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
@@ -611,7 +624,7 @@
         setVsyncEnabled(displayId, HWC2::Vsync::Disable);
     }
 
-    auto& hwcDisplay = mDisplayData[displayId].hwcDisplay;
+    auto& hwcDisplay = displayData.hwcDisplay;
     switch (mode) {
         case HWC2::PowerMode::Off:
         case HWC2::PowerMode::On:
@@ -680,43 +693,35 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void HWComposer::disconnectDisplay(int displayId) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(displayId < 0);
+void HWComposer::disconnectDisplay(int32_t displayId) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId);
     auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
 
-    auto displayType = HWC2::DisplayType::Invalid;
-    auto error = displayData.hwcDisplay->getType(&displayType);
-    RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("getType", error, displayId);
-
     // If this was a virtual display, add its slot back for reuse by future
     // virtual displays
-    if (displayType == HWC2::DisplayType::Virtual) {
+    if (displayData.isVirtual) {
         mFreeDisplaySlots.insert(displayId);
         ++mRemainingHwcVirtualDisplays;
     }
 
-    auto hwcId = displayData.hwcDisplay->getId();
-    mHwcDisplaySlots.erase(hwcId);
-    displayData.reset();
+    const auto hwcDisplayId = displayData.hwcDisplay->getId();
+    mHwcDisplaySlots.erase(hwcDisplayId);
+    displayData = DisplayData();
 
-    mHwcDevice->destroyDisplay(hwcId);
+    mHwcDevice->destroyDisplay(hwcDisplayId);
 }
 
 status_t HWComposer::setOutputBuffer(int32_t displayId,
         const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
+    const auto& displayData = mDisplayData[displayId];
 
-    auto& hwcDisplay = mDisplayData[displayId].hwcDisplay;
-    auto displayType = HWC2::DisplayType::Invalid;
-    auto error = hwcDisplay->getType(&displayType);
-    RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("getType", error, displayId, NAME_NOT_FOUND);
-
-    if (displayType != HWC2::DisplayType::Virtual) {
+    if (!displayData.isVirtual) {
         LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId, "Invalid operation on physical display");
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
-    error = hwcDisplay->setOutputBuffer(buffer, acquireFence);
+    auto error = displayData.hwcDisplay->setOutputBuffer(buffer, acquireFence);
     RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR(error, displayId, UNKNOWN_ERROR);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
@@ -805,26 +810,4 @@
     return mDisplayData[displayId].hwcDisplay->getId();
 }
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-HWComposer::DisplayData::DisplayData()
-  : hasClientComposition(false),
-    hasDeviceComposition(false),
-    hwcDisplay(nullptr),
-    lastPresentFence(Fence::NO_FENCE),
-    outbufHandle(nullptr),
-    outbufAcquireFence(Fence::NO_FENCE),
-    vsyncEnabled(HWC2::Vsync::Disable) {
-    ALOGV("Created new DisplayData");
-}
-
-HWComposer::DisplayData::~DisplayData() {
-}
-
-void HWComposer::DisplayData::reset() {
-    ALOGV("DisplayData reset");
-    *this = DisplayData();
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-}; // namespace android
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index f968948..3c5efea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "DisplayIdentification.h"
+
 extern "C" int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clock_id, int flags,
                            const struct timespec *request,
                            struct timespec *remain);
@@ -74,6 +76,9 @@
     void registerCallback(HWC2::ComposerCallback* callback,
                           int32_t sequenceId);
 
+    bool getDisplayIdentificationData(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, uint8_t* outPort,
+                                      DisplayIdentificationData* outData) const;
+
     bool hasCapability(HWC2::Capability capability) const;
 
     // Attempts to allocate a virtual display. If the virtual display is created
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@
     void destroyLayer(int32_t displayId, HWC2::Layer* layer);
 
     // Asks the HAL what it can do
-    status_t prepare(DisplayDevice& displayDevice);
+    status_t prepare(DisplayDevice& display);
 
     status_t setClientTarget(int32_t displayId, uint32_t slot,
             const sp<Fence>& acquireFence,
@@ -147,9 +152,9 @@
 
     // Returns true if successful, false otherwise. The
     // DisplayDevice::DisplayType of the display is returned as an output param.
-    bool onVsync(hwc2_display_t displayId, int64_t timestamp,
-                 int32_t* outDisplay);
-    void onHotplug(hwc2_display_t displayId, int32_t displayType, HWC2::Connection connection);
+    bool onVsync(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp, int32_t* outDisplay);
+    std::optional<DisplayId> onHotplug(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId, int32_t displayType,
+                                       HWC2::Connection connection);
 
     void setVsyncEnabled(int32_t displayId, HWC2::Vsync enabled);
 
@@ -183,31 +188,26 @@
     // For unit tests
     friend TestableSurfaceFlinger;
 
-    static const int32_t VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID_BASE = 2;
-
     bool isValidDisplay(int32_t displayId) const;
     static void validateChange(HWC2::Composition from, HWC2::Composition to);
 
     struct cb_context;
 
     struct DisplayData {
-        DisplayData();
-        ~DisplayData();
-        void reset();
-
-        bool hasClientComposition;
-        bool hasDeviceComposition;
-        HWC2::Display* hwcDisplay;
+        bool isVirtual = false;
+        bool hasClientComposition = false;
+        bool hasDeviceComposition = false;
+        HWC2::Display* hwcDisplay = nullptr;
         HWC2::DisplayRequest displayRequests;
-        sp<Fence> lastPresentFence;  // signals when the last set op retires
+        sp<Fence> lastPresentFence = Fence::NO_FENCE; // signals when the last set op retires
         std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, sp<Fence>> releaseFences;
-        buffer_handle_t outbufHandle;
-        sp<Fence> outbufAcquireFence;
+        buffer_handle_t outbufHandle = nullptr;
+        sp<Fence> outbufAcquireFence = Fence::NO_FENCE;
         mutable std::unordered_map<int32_t,
                 std::shared_ptr<const HWC2::Display::Config>> configMap;
 
         // protected by mVsyncLock
-        HWC2::Vsync vsyncEnabled;
+        HWC2::Vsync vsyncEnabled = HWC2::Vsync::Disable;
 
         bool validateWasSkipped;
         HWC2::Error presentError;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer_hwc1.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer_hwc1.h
deleted file mode 100644
index fe7944f..0000000
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer_hwc1.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,400 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_HWC1_H
-#define ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_HWC1_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <hardware/hwcomposer_defs.h>
-
-#include <system/graphics.h>
-
-#include <ui/Fence.h>
-
-#include <utils/BitSet.h>
-#include <utils/Condition.h>
-#include <utils/Mutex.h>
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-#include <utils/Thread.h>
-#include <utils/Timers.h>
-#include <utils/Vector.h>
-
-extern "C" int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t clock_id, int flags,
-                           const struct timespec *request,
-                           struct timespec *remain);
-
-struct hwc_composer_device_1;
-struct hwc_display_contents_1;
-struct hwc_layer_1;
-struct hwc_procs;
-struct framebuffer_device_t;
-
-namespace android {
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-class Fence;
-class FloatRect;
-class GraphicBuffer;
-class NativeHandle;
-class Region;
-class String8;
-class SurfaceFlinger;
-
-class HWComposer
-{
-public:
-    class EventHandler {
-        friend class HWComposer;
-        virtual void onVSyncReceived(
-            HWComposer* composer, int32_t disp, nsecs_t timestamp) = 0;
-        virtual void onHotplugReceived(HWComposer* composer, int disp, bool connected) = 0;
-        virtual void onInvalidateReceived(HWComposer* composer) = 0;
-    protected:
-        virtual ~EventHandler() {}
-    };
-
-    enum {
-        NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAYS = HWC_NUM_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_TYPES,
-        MAX_HWC_DISPLAYS = HWC_NUM_DISPLAY_TYPES,
-        VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID_BASE = HWC_DISPLAY_VIRTUAL,
-    };
-
-    HWComposer(
-            const sp<SurfaceFlinger>& flinger,
-            EventHandler& handler);
-
-    ~HWComposer();
-
-    status_t initCheck() const;
-
-    // Returns a display ID starting at VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_ID_BASE, this ID is to
-    // be used with createWorkList (and all other methods requiring an ID
-    // below).
-    // IDs below NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAYS are pre-defined and therefore are
-    // always valid.
-    // Returns -1 if an ID cannot be allocated
-    int32_t allocateDisplayId();
-
-    // Recycles the given virtual display ID and frees the associated worklist.
-    // IDs below NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAYS are not recycled.
-    status_t freeDisplayId(int32_t id);
-
-
-    // Asks the HAL what it can do
-    status_t prepare();
-
-    // commits the list
-    status_t commit();
-
-    // set power mode
-    status_t setPowerMode(int disp, int mode);
-
-    // set active config
-    status_t setActiveConfig(int disp, int mode);
-
-    // reset state when an external, non-virtual display is disconnected
-    void disconnectDisplay(int disp);
-
-    // create a work list for numLayers layer. sets HWC_GEOMETRY_CHANGED.
-    status_t createWorkList(int32_t id, size_t numLayers);
-
-    bool supportsFramebufferTarget() const;
-
-    // does this display have layers handled by HWC
-    bool hasHwcComposition(int32_t id) const;
-
-    // does this display have layers handled by GLES
-    bool hasGlesComposition(int32_t id) const;
-
-    // get the releaseFence file descriptor for a display's framebuffer layer.
-    // the release fence is only valid after commit()
-    sp<Fence> getAndResetReleaseFence(int32_t id);
-
-    // needed forward declarations
-    class LayerListIterator;
-
-    // return the visual id to be used to find a suitable EGLConfig for
-    // *ALL* displays.
-    int getVisualID() const;
-
-    // Forwarding to FB HAL for pre-HWC-1.1 code (see FramebufferSurface).
-    int fbPost(int32_t id, const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buf);
-    int fbCompositionComplete();
-    void fbDump(String8& result);
-
-    // Set the output buffer and acquire fence for a virtual display.
-    // Returns INVALID_OPERATION if id is not a virtual display.
-    status_t setOutputBuffer(int32_t id, const sp<Fence>& acquireFence,
-            const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buf);
-
-    // Get the retire fence for the last committed frame. This fence will
-    // signal when the h/w composer is completely finished with the frame.
-    // For physical displays, it is no longer being displayed. For virtual
-    // displays, writes to the output buffer are complete.
-    sp<Fence> getLastRetireFence(int32_t id) const;
-
-    status_t setCursorPositionAsync(int32_t id, const Rect &pos);
-
-    /*
-     * Interface to hardware composer's layers functionality.
-     * This abstracts the HAL interface to layers which can evolve in
-     * incompatible ways from one release to another.
-     * The idea is that we could extend this interface as we add
-     * features to h/w composer.
-     */
-    class HWCLayerInterface {
-    protected:
-        virtual ~HWCLayerInterface() { }
-    public:
-        virtual int32_t getCompositionType() const = 0;
-        virtual uint32_t getHints() const = 0;
-        virtual sp<Fence> getAndResetReleaseFence() = 0;
-        virtual void setDefaultState() = 0;
-        virtual void setSkip(bool skip) = 0;
-        virtual void setIsCursorLayerHint(bool isCursor = true) = 0;
-        virtual void setBlending(uint32_t blending) = 0;
-        virtual void setTransform(uint32_t transform) = 0;
-        virtual void setFrame(const Rect& frame) = 0;
-        virtual void setCrop(const FloatRect& crop) = 0;
-        virtual void setVisibleRegionScreen(const Region& reg) = 0;
-        virtual void setSurfaceDamage(const Region& reg) = 0;
-        virtual void setSidebandStream(const sp<NativeHandle>& stream) = 0;
-        virtual void setBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) = 0;
-        virtual void setAcquireFenceFd(int fenceFd) = 0;
-        virtual void setPlaneAlpha(uint8_t alpha) = 0;
-        virtual void onDisplayed() = 0;
-    };
-
-    /*
-     * Interface used to implement an iterator to a list
-     * of HWCLayer.
-     */
-    class HWCLayer : public HWCLayerInterface {
-        friend class LayerListIterator;
-        // select the layer at the given index
-        virtual status_t setLayer(size_t index) = 0;
-        virtual HWCLayer* dup() = 0;
-        static HWCLayer* copy(HWCLayer *rhs) {
-            return rhs ? rhs->dup() : nullptr;
-        }
-    protected:
-        virtual ~HWCLayer() { }
-    };
-
-    /*
-     * Iterator through a HWCLayer list.
-     * This behaves more or less like a forward iterator.
-     */
-    class LayerListIterator {
-        friend class HWComposer;
-        HWCLayer* const mLayerList;
-        size_t mIndex;
-
-        LayerListIterator() : mLayerList(nullptr), mIndex(0) { }
-
-        LayerListIterator(HWCLayer* layer, size_t index)
-            : mLayerList(layer), mIndex(index) { }
-
-        // we don't allow assignment, because we don't need it for now
-        LayerListIterator& operator = (const LayerListIterator& rhs);
-
-    public:
-        // copy operators
-        LayerListIterator(const LayerListIterator& rhs)
-            : mLayerList(HWCLayer::copy(rhs.mLayerList)), mIndex(rhs.mIndex) {
-        }
-
-        ~LayerListIterator() { delete mLayerList; }
-
-        // pre-increment
-        LayerListIterator& operator++() {
-            mLayerList->setLayer(++mIndex);
-            return *this;
-        }
-
-        // dereference
-        HWCLayerInterface& operator * () { return *mLayerList; }
-        HWCLayerInterface* operator -> () { return mLayerList; }
-
-        // comparison
-        bool operator == (const LayerListIterator& rhs) const {
-            return mIndex == rhs.mIndex;
-        }
-        bool operator != (const LayerListIterator& rhs) const {
-            return !operator==(rhs);
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the layer list
-    LayerListIterator begin(int32_t id);
-
-    // Returns an iterator to the end of the layer list
-    LayerListIterator end(int32_t id);
-
-
-    // Events handling ---------------------------------------------------------
-
-    enum {
-        EVENT_VSYNC = HWC_EVENT_VSYNC
-    };
-
-    void eventControl(int disp, int event, int enabled);
-
-    struct DisplayConfig {
-        uint32_t width;
-        uint32_t height;
-        float xdpi;
-        float ydpi;
-        nsecs_t refresh;
-        android_color_mode_t colorMode;
-        bool operator==(const DisplayConfig& rhs) const {
-            return width == rhs.width &&
-                    height == rhs.height &&
-                    xdpi == rhs.xdpi &&
-                    ydpi == rhs.ydpi &&
-                    refresh == rhs.refresh &&
-                    colorMode == rhs.colorMode;
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Query display parameters.  Pass in a display index (e.g.
-    // HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY).
-    nsecs_t getRefreshTimestamp(int disp) const;
-    sp<Fence> getDisplayFence(int disp) const;
-    uint32_t getFormat(int disp) const;
-    bool isConnected(int disp) const;
-
-    // These return the values for the current config of a given display index.
-    // To get the values for all configs, use getConfigs below.
-    uint32_t getWidth(int disp) const;
-    uint32_t getHeight(int disp) const;
-    float getDpiX(int disp) const;
-    float getDpiY(int disp) const;
-    nsecs_t getRefreshPeriod(int disp) const;
-    android_color_mode_t getColorMode(int disp) const;
-
-    const Vector<DisplayConfig>& getConfigs(int disp) const;
-    size_t getCurrentConfig(int disp) const;
-
-    status_t setVirtualDisplayProperties(int32_t id, uint32_t w, uint32_t h,
-            uint32_t format);
-
-    // this class is only used to fake the VSync event on systems that don't
-    // have it.
-    class VSyncThread : public Thread {
-        HWComposer& mHwc;
-        mutable Mutex mLock;
-        Condition mCondition;
-        bool mEnabled;
-        mutable nsecs_t mNextFakeVSync;
-        nsecs_t mRefreshPeriod;
-        virtual void onFirstRef();
-        virtual bool threadLoop();
-    public:
-        VSyncThread(HWComposer& hwc);
-        void setEnabled(bool enabled);
-    };
-
-    friend class VSyncThread;
-
-    // for debugging ----------------------------------------------------------
-    void dump(String8& out) const;
-
-private:
-    void loadHwcModule();
-    int loadFbHalModule();
-
-    LayerListIterator getLayerIterator(int32_t id, size_t index);
-
-    struct cb_context;
-
-    static void hook_invalidate(const struct hwc_procs* procs);
-    static void hook_vsync(const struct hwc_procs* procs, int disp,
-            int64_t timestamp);
-    static void hook_hotplug(const struct hwc_procs* procs, int disp,
-            int connected);
-
-    inline void invalidate();
-    inline void vsync(int disp, int64_t timestamp);
-    inline void hotplug(int disp, int connected);
-
-    status_t queryDisplayProperties(int disp);
-
-    status_t setFramebufferTarget(int32_t id,
-            const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buf);
-
-    struct DisplayData {
-        DisplayData();
-        ~DisplayData();
-        Vector<DisplayConfig> configs;
-        size_t currentConfig;
-        uint32_t format;    // pixel format from FB hal, for pre-hwc-1.1
-        bool connected;
-        bool hasFbComp;
-        bool hasOvComp;
-        size_t capacity;
-        hwc_display_contents_1* list;
-        hwc_layer_1* framebufferTarget;
-        buffer_handle_t fbTargetHandle;
-        sp<Fence> lastRetireFence;  // signals when the last set op retires
-        sp<Fence> lastDisplayFence; // signals when the last set op takes
-                                    // effect on screen
-        buffer_handle_t outbufHandle;
-        sp<Fence> outbufAcquireFence;
-
-        // protected by mEventControlLock
-        int32_t events;
-
-        // We need to hold "copies" of these for memory management purposes. The
-        // actual hwc_layer_1_t holds pointers to the memory within. Vector<>
-        // internally doesn't copy the memory unless one of the copies is
-        // modified.
-        Vector<Region> visibleRegions;
-        Vector<Region> surfaceDamageRegions;
-    };
-
-    sp<SurfaceFlinger>              mFlinger;
-    framebuffer_device_t*           mFbDev;
-    struct hwc_composer_device_1*   mHwc;
-    // invariant: mLists[0] != nullptr iff mHwc != nullptr
-    // mLists[i>0] can be nullptr. that display is to be ignored
-    struct hwc_display_contents_1*  mLists[MAX_HWC_DISPLAYS];
-    DisplayData                     mDisplayData[MAX_HWC_DISPLAYS];
-    // protect mDisplayData from races between prepare and dump
-    mutable Mutex mDisplayLock;
-    size_t                          mNumDisplays;
-
-    cb_context*                     mCBContext;
-    EventHandler&                   mEventHandler;
-    size_t                          mVSyncCounts[HWC_NUM_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_TYPES];
-    sp<VSyncThread>                 mVSyncThread;
-    bool                            mDebugForceFakeVSync;
-    BitSet32                        mAllocatedDisplayIDs;
-
-    // protected by mLock
-    mutable Mutex mLock;
-    mutable nsecs_t mLastHwVSync[HWC_NUM_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_TYPES];
-
-    // thread-safe
-    mutable Mutex mEventControlLock;
-};
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-}; // namespace android
-
-#endif // ANDROID_SF_HWCOMPOSER_H
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.cpp
index 9a2817d..c111a27 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.cpp
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #define VDS_LOGE(msg, ...) ALOGE("[%s] " msg, \
-        mDisplayName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+        mDisplayName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define VDS_LOGW_IF(cond, msg, ...) ALOGW_IF(cond, "[%s] " msg, \
-        mDisplayName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+        mDisplayName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define VDS_LOGV(msg, ...) ALOGV("[%s] " msg, \
-        mDisplayName.string(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
+        mDisplayName.c_str(), ##__VA_ARGS__)
 
 static const char* dbgCompositionTypeStr(DisplaySurface::CompositionType type) {
     switch (type) {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& sink,
         const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& bqProducer,
         const sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>& bqConsumer,
-        const String8& name)
+        const std::string& name)
 :   ConsumerBase(bqConsumer),
     mHwc(hwc),
     mDisplayId(dispId),
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
     }
     mOutputFormat = mDefaultOutputFormat;
 
-    ConsumerBase::mName = String8::format("VDS: %s", mDisplayName.string());
+    ConsumerBase::mName = String8::format("VDS: %s", mDisplayName.c_str());
     mConsumer->setConsumerName(ConsumerBase::mName);
     mConsumer->setConsumerUsageBits(GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER);
     mConsumer->setDefaultBufferSize(sinkWidth, sinkHeight);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
index 5c8acea..4bd4d0f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_SF_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_SURFACE_H
 #define ANDROID_SF_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_SURFACE_H
 
+#include <string>
+
 #include "DisplaySurface.h"
 #include "HWComposerBufferCache.h"
 
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@
             const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& sink,
             const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& bqProducer,
             const sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>& bqConsumer,
-            const String8& name);
+            const std::string& name);
 
     //
     // DisplaySurface interface
@@ -153,7 +155,7 @@
     //
     HWComposer& mHwc;
     const int32_t mDisplayId;
-    const String8 mDisplayName;
+    const std::string mDisplayName;
     sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> mSource[2]; // indexed by SOURCE_*
     uint32_t mDefaultOutputFormat;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.cpp
index bc271c8..5a8fd25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.cpp
@@ -155,20 +155,17 @@
     mCondition.notify_all();
 }
 
-void EventThread::onHotplugReceived(int type, bool connected) {
-    ALOGE_IF(type >= DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES,
-             "received hotplug event for an invalid display (id=%d)", type);
-
+void EventThread::onHotplugReceived(DisplayType displayType, bool connected) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    if (type < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES) {
-        DisplayEventReceiver::Event event;
-        event.header.type = DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HOTPLUG;
-        event.header.id = type;
-        event.header.timestamp = systemTime();
-        event.hotplug.connected = connected;
-        mPendingEvents.add(event);
-        mCondition.notify_all();
-    }
+
+    DisplayEventReceiver::Event event;
+    event.header.type = DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HOTPLUG;
+    event.header.id = displayType == DisplayType::Primary ? 0 : 1;
+    event.header.timestamp = systemTime();
+    event.hotplug.connected = connected;
+
+    mPendingEvents.add(event);
+    mCondition.notify_all();
 }
 
 void EventThread::threadMain() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@
 // This will return when (1) a vsync event has been received, and (2) there was
 // at least one connection interested in receiving it when we started waiting.
 Vector<sp<EventThread::Connection> > EventThread::waitForEventLocked(
-        std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, DisplayEventReceiver::Event* event) {
+        std::unique_lock<std::mutex>* lock, DisplayEventReceiver::Event* outEvent) {
     Vector<sp<EventThread::Connection> > signalConnections;
 
     while (signalConnections.isEmpty() && mKeepRunning) {
@@ -214,16 +211,16 @@
 
         size_t vsyncCount = 0;
         nsecs_t timestamp = 0;
-        for (int32_t i = 0; i < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES; i++) {
-            timestamp = mVSyncEvent[i].header.timestamp;
+        for (auto& event : mVSyncEvent) {
+            timestamp = event.header.timestamp;
             if (timestamp) {
                 // we have a vsync event to dispatch
                 if (mInterceptVSyncsCallback) {
                     mInterceptVSyncsCallback(timestamp);
                 }
-                *event = mVSyncEvent[i];
-                mVSyncEvent[i].header.timestamp = 0;
-                vsyncCount = mVSyncEvent[i].vsync.count;
+                *outEvent = event;
+                event.header.timestamp = 0;
+                vsyncCount = event.vsync.count;
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -233,7 +230,7 @@
             eventPending = !mPendingEvents.isEmpty();
             if (eventPending) {
                 // we have some other event to dispatch
-                *event = mPendingEvents[0];
+                *outEvent = mPendingEvents[0];
                 mPendingEvents.removeAt(0);
             }
         }
@@ -319,7 +316,7 @@
                     // FIXME: how do we decide which display id the fake
                     // vsync came from ?
                     mVSyncEvent[0].header.type = DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_VSYNC;
-                    mVSyncEvent[0].header.id = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
+                    mVSyncEvent[0].header.id = 0;
                     mVSyncEvent[0].header.timestamp = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
                     mVSyncEvent[0].vsync.count++;
                 }
@@ -364,8 +361,7 @@
     result.appendFormat("VSYNC state: %s\n", mDebugVsyncEnabled ? "enabled" : "disabled");
     result.appendFormat("  soft-vsync: %s\n", mUseSoftwareVSync ? "enabled" : "disabled");
     result.appendFormat("  numListeners=%zu,\n  events-delivered: %u\n",
-                        mDisplayEventConnections.size(),
-                        mVSyncEvent[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY].vsync.count);
+                        mDisplayEventConnections.size(), mVSyncEvent[0].vsync.count);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mDisplayEventConnections.size(); i++) {
         sp<Connection> connection = mDisplayEventConnections.itemAt(i).promote();
         result.appendFormat("    %p: count=%d\n", connection.get(),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.h
index 9c13ed2..a0262b2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/EventThread.h
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <array>
 #include <condition_variable>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
@@ -31,8 +33,6 @@
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/SortedVector.h>
 
-#include "DisplayDevice.h"
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 namespace android {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@
 
 class EventThread {
 public:
+    // TODO: Remove once stable display IDs are plumbed through SF/WM interface.
+    enum class DisplayType { Primary, External };
+
     virtual ~EventThread();
 
     virtual sp<BnDisplayEventConnection> createEventConnection() const = 0;
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@
     virtual void onScreenAcquired() = 0;
 
     // called when receiving a hotplug event
-    virtual void onHotplugReceived(int type, bool connected) = 0;
+    virtual void onHotplugReceived(DisplayType displayType, bool connected) = 0;
 
     virtual void dump(String8& result) const = 0;
 
@@ -122,7 +125,7 @@
     void onScreenAcquired() override;
 
     // called when receiving a hotplug event
-    void onHotplugReceived(int type, bool connected) override;
+    void onHotplugReceived(DisplayType displayType, bool connected) override;
 
     void dump(String8& result) const override;
 
@@ -155,8 +158,7 @@
     // protected by mLock
     SortedVector<wp<Connection>> mDisplayEventConnections GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     Vector<DisplayEventReceiver::Event> mPendingEvents GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    DisplayEventReceiver::Event mVSyncEvent[DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES] GUARDED_BY(
-            mMutex);
+    std::array<DisplayEventReceiver::Event, 2> mVSyncEvent GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     bool mUseSoftwareVSync GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
     bool mVsyncEnabled GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = false;
     bool mKeepRunning GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = true;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 6d5a598..11c3db0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -63,11 +63,6 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-LayerBE::LayerBE()
-      : mMesh(Mesh::TRIANGLE_FAN, 4, 2, 2) {
-}
-
-
 int32_t Layer::sSequence = 1;
 
 Layer::Layer(SurfaceFlinger* flinger, const sp<Client>& client, const String8& name, uint32_t w,
@@ -100,7 +95,9 @@
         mAutoRefresh(false),
         mFreezeGeometryUpdates(false),
         mCurrentChildren(LayerVector::StateSet::Current),
-        mDrawingChildren(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing) {
+        mDrawingChildren(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing),
+        mBE{this, name.string()} {
+
     mCurrentCrop.makeInvalid();
 
     uint32_t layerFlags = 0;
@@ -130,17 +127,26 @@
     // drawing state & current state are identical
     mDrawingState = mCurrentState;
 
-    const auto& hwc = flinger->getHwComposer();
-    const auto& activeConfig = hwc.getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    nsecs_t displayPeriod = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
-    mFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(displayPeriod);
-
     CompositorTiming compositorTiming;
     flinger->getCompositorTiming(&compositorTiming);
     mFrameEventHistory.initializeCompositorTiming(compositorTiming);
 }
 
-void Layer::onFirstRef() {}
+void Layer::onFirstRef() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    if (!isCreatedFromMainThread()) {
+        // Grab the SF state lock during this since it's the only way to safely access HWC
+        mFlinger->mStateLock.lock();
+    }
+
+    const auto& hwc = mFlinger->getHwComposer();
+    const auto& activeConfig = hwc.getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+    nsecs_t displayPeriod = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
+    mFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(displayPeriod);
+
+    if (!isCreatedFromMainThread()) {
+        mFlinger->mStateLock.unlock();
+    }
+}
 
 Layer::~Layer() {
     sp<Client> c(mClientRef.promote());
@@ -219,32 +225,32 @@
 // h/w composer set-up
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-bool Layer::createHwcLayer(HWComposer* hwc, int32_t hwcId) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) != 0,
-                        "Already have a layer for hwcId %d", hwcId);
-    HWC2::Layer* layer = hwc->createLayer(hwcId);
+bool Layer::createHwcLayer(HWComposer* hwc, int32_t displayId) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) != 0,
+                        "Already have a layer for display %d", displayId);
+    HWC2::Layer* layer = hwc->createLayer(displayId);
     if (!layer) {
         return false;
     }
-    LayerBE::HWCInfo& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+    LayerBE::HWCInfo& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
     hwcInfo.hwc = hwc;
     hwcInfo.layer = layer;
     layer->setLayerDestroyedListener(
-            [this, hwcId](HWC2::Layer* /*layer*/) { getBE().mHwcLayers.erase(hwcId); });
+            [this, displayId](HWC2::Layer* /*layer*/) { getBE().mHwcLayers.erase(displayId); });
     return true;
 }
 
-bool Layer::destroyHwcLayer(int32_t hwcId) {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+bool Layer::destroyHwcLayer(int32_t displayId) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         return false;
     }
-    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(hwcInfo.layer == nullptr, "Attempt to destroy null layer");
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(hwcInfo.hwc == nullptr, "Missing HWComposer");
-    hwcInfo.hwc->destroyLayer(hwcId, hwcInfo.layer);
+    hwcInfo.hwc->destroyLayer(displayId, hwcInfo.layer);
     // The layer destroyed listener should have cleared the entry from
     // mHwcLayers. Verify that.
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) != 0,
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) != 0,
                         "Stale layer entry in getBE().mHwcLayers");
     return true;
 }
@@ -371,7 +377,7 @@
     return reduce(floatWin, activeTransparentRegion);
 }
 
-Rect Layer::computeInitialCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const {
+Rect Layer::computeInitialCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const {
     // the crop is the area of the window that gets cropped, but not
     // scaled in any ways.
     const State& s(getDrawingState());
@@ -390,7 +396,7 @@
 
     Transform t = getTransform();
     activeCrop = t.transform(activeCrop);
-    if (!activeCrop.intersect(hw->getViewport(), &activeCrop)) {
+    if (!activeCrop.intersect(display->getViewport(), &activeCrop)) {
         activeCrop.clear();
     }
     if (!s.finalCrop.isEmpty()) {
@@ -401,14 +407,14 @@
 
     const auto& p = mDrawingParent.promote();
     if (p != nullptr) {
-        auto parentCrop = p->computeInitialCrop(hw);
+        auto parentCrop = p->computeInitialCrop(display);
         activeCrop.intersect(parentCrop, &activeCrop);
     }
 
     return activeCrop;
 }
 
-FloatRect Layer::computeCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const {
+FloatRect Layer::computeCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const {
     // the content crop is the area of the content that gets scaled to the
     // layer's size. This is in buffer space.
     FloatRect crop = getContentCrop().toFloatRect();
@@ -417,7 +423,7 @@
     const State& s(getDrawingState());
 
     // Screen space to make reduction to parent crop clearer.
-    Rect activeCrop = computeInitialCrop(hw);
+    Rect activeCrop = computeInitialCrop(display);
     Transform t = getTransform();
     // Back to layer space to work with the content crop.
     activeCrop = t.inverse().transform(activeCrop);
@@ -488,15 +494,19 @@
     return crop;
 }
 
-void Layer::setGeometry(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, uint32_t z)
-{
-    const auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+void Layer::setGeometry(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display, uint32_t z) {
+    const auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (!hasHwcLayer(displayId)) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] failed to setGeometry: no HWC layer found (%d)",
+              mName.string(), displayId);
+        return;
+    }
+    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
 
     // enable this layer
     hwcInfo.forceClientComposition = false;
 
-    if (isSecure() && !displayDevice->isSecure()) {
+    if (isSecure() && !display->isSecure()) {
         hwcInfo.forceClientComposition = true;
     }
 
@@ -523,7 +533,7 @@
     if (!s.crop.isEmpty()) {
         Rect activeCrop(s.crop);
         activeCrop = t.transform(activeCrop);
-        if (!activeCrop.intersect(displayDevice->getViewport(), &activeCrop)) {
+        if (!activeCrop.intersect(display->getViewport(), &activeCrop)) {
             activeCrop.clear();
         }
         activeCrop = t.inverse().transform(activeCrop, true);
@@ -552,10 +562,10 @@
             frame.clear();
         }
     }
-    if (!frame.intersect(displayDevice->getViewport(), &frame)) {
+    if (!frame.intersect(display->getViewport(), &frame)) {
         frame.clear();
     }
-    const Transform& tr(displayDevice->getTransform());
+    const Transform& tr = display->getTransform();
     Rect transformedFrame = tr.transform(frame);
     error = hwcLayer->setDisplayFrame(transformedFrame);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
@@ -566,7 +576,7 @@
         hwcInfo.displayFrame = transformedFrame;
     }
 
-    FloatRect sourceCrop = computeCrop(displayDevice);
+    FloatRect sourceCrop = computeCrop(display);
     error = hwcLayer->setSourceCrop(sourceCrop);
     if (error != HWC2::Error::None) {
         ALOGE("[%s] Failed to set source crop [%.3f, %.3f, %.3f, %.3f]: "
@@ -651,28 +661,28 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Layer::forceClientComposition(int32_t hwcId) {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
-        ALOGE("forceClientComposition: no HWC layer found (%d)", hwcId);
+void Layer::forceClientComposition(int32_t displayId) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
+        ALOGE("forceClientComposition: no HWC layer found (%d)", displayId);
         return;
     }
 
-    getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId].forceClientComposition = true;
+    getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId].forceClientComposition = true;
 }
 
-bool Layer::getForceClientComposition(int32_t hwcId) {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
-        ALOGE("getForceClientComposition: no HWC layer found (%d)", hwcId);
+bool Layer::getForceClientComposition(int32_t displayId) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
+        ALOGE("getForceClientComposition: no HWC layer found (%d)", displayId);
         return false;
     }
 
-    return getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId].forceClientComposition;
+    return getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId].forceClientComposition;
 }
 
-void Layer::updateCursorPosition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) {
-    auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0 ||
-        getCompositionType(hwcId) != HWC2::Composition::Cursor) {
+void Layer::updateCursorPosition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
+    const auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0 ||
+        getCompositionType(displayId) != HWC2::Composition::Cursor) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -688,15 +698,15 @@
     // Subtract the transparent region and snap to the bounds
     Rect bounds = reduce(win, s.activeTransparentRegion);
     Rect frame(getTransform().transform(bounds));
-    frame.intersect(displayDevice->getViewport(), &frame);
+    frame.intersect(display->getViewport(), &frame);
     if (!s.finalCrop.isEmpty()) {
         frame.intersect(s.finalCrop, &frame);
     }
-    auto& displayTransform(displayDevice->getTransform());
+    auto& displayTransform = display->getTransform();
     auto position = displayTransform.transform(frame);
 
-    auto error = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId].layer->setCursorPosition(position.left,
-                                                                              position.top);
+    auto error =
+            getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId].layer->setCursorPosition(position.left, position.top);
     ALOGE_IF(error != HWC2::Error::None,
              "[%s] Failed to set cursor position "
              "to (%d, %d): %s (%d)",
@@ -732,12 +742,12 @@
     clearWithOpenGL(renderArea, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
 
-void Layer::setCompositionType(int32_t hwcId, HWC2::Composition type, bool callIntoHwc) {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+void Layer::setCompositionType(int32_t displayId, HWC2::Composition type, bool callIntoHwc) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         ALOGE("setCompositionType called without a valid HWC layer");
         return;
     }
-    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId];
+    auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId];
     auto& hwcLayer = hwcInfo.layer;
     ALOGV("setCompositionType(%" PRIx64 ", %s, %d)", hwcLayer->getId(), to_string(type).c_str(),
           static_cast<int>(callIntoHwc));
@@ -755,33 +765,33 @@
     }
 }
 
-HWC2::Composition Layer::getCompositionType(int32_t hwcId) const {
-    if (hwcId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
+HWC2::Composition Layer::getCompositionType(int32_t displayId) const {
+    if (displayId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
         // If we're querying the composition type for a display that does not
         // have a HWC counterpart, then it will always be Client
         return HWC2::Composition::Client;
     }
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         ALOGE("getCompositionType called with an invalid HWC layer");
         return HWC2::Composition::Invalid;
     }
-    return getBE().mHwcLayers.at(hwcId).compositionType;
+    return getBE().mHwcLayers.at(displayId).compositionType;
 }
 
-void Layer::setClearClientTarget(int32_t hwcId, bool clear) {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+void Layer::setClearClientTarget(int32_t displayId, bool clear) {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         ALOGE("setClearClientTarget called without a valid HWC layer");
         return;
     }
-    getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId].clearClientTarget = clear;
+    getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId].clearClientTarget = clear;
 }
 
-bool Layer::getClearClientTarget(int32_t hwcId) const {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+bool Layer::getClearClientTarget(int32_t displayId) const {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         ALOGE("getClearClientTarget called without a valid HWC layer");
         return false;
     }
-    return getBE().mHwcLayers.at(hwcId).clearClientTarget;
+    return getBE().mHwcLayers.at(displayId).clearClientTarget;
 }
 
 bool Layer::addSyncPoint(const std::shared_ptr<SyncPoint>& point) {
@@ -1388,13 +1398,13 @@
     return usage;
 }
 
-void Layer::updateTransformHint(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const {
+void Layer::updateTransformHint(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const {
     uint32_t orientation = 0;
     if (!mFlinger->mDebugDisableTransformHint) {
         // The transform hint is used to improve performance, but we can
         // only have a single transform hint, it cannot
         // apply to all displays.
-        const Transform& planeTransform(hw->getTransform());
+        const Transform& planeTransform = display->getTransform();
         orientation = planeTransform.getOrientation();
         if (orientation & Transform::ROT_INVALID) {
             orientation = 0;
@@ -1434,7 +1444,7 @@
     info.mMatrix[1][0] = ds.active.transform[1][0];
     info.mMatrix[1][1] = ds.active.transform[1][1];
     {
-        sp<const GraphicBuffer> buffer = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer;
+        sp<const GraphicBuffer> buffer = mActiveBuffer;
         if (buffer != 0) {
             info.mActiveBufferWidth = buffer->getWidth();
             info.mActiveBufferHeight = buffer->getHeight();
@@ -1455,19 +1465,22 @@
 }
 
 void Layer::miniDumpHeader(String8& result) {
-    result.append("----------------------------------------");
-    result.append("---------------------------------------\n");
+    result.append("-------------------------------");
+    result.append("-------------------------------");
+    result.append("-----------------------------\n");
     result.append(" Layer name\n");
     result.append("           Z | ");
     result.append(" Comp Type | ");
+    result.append(" Transform | ");
     result.append("  Disp Frame (LTRB) | ");
     result.append("         Source Crop (LTRB)\n");
-    result.append("----------------------------------------");
-    result.append("---------------------------------------\n");
+    result.append("-------------------------------");
+    result.append("-------------------------------");
+    result.append("-----------------------------\n");
 }
 
-void Layer::miniDump(String8& result, int32_t hwcId) const {
-    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+void Layer::miniDump(String8& result, int32_t displayId) const {
+    if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1485,20 +1498,22 @@
     result.appendFormat(" %s\n", name.string());
 
     const Layer::State& layerState(getDrawingState());
-    const LayerBE::HWCInfo& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers.at(hwcId);
+    const LayerBE::HWCInfo& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers.at(displayId);
     if (layerState.zOrderRelativeOf != nullptr || mDrawingParent != nullptr) {
         result.appendFormat("  rel %6d | ", layerState.z);
     } else {
         result.appendFormat("  %10d | ", layerState.z);
     }
-    result.appendFormat("%10s | ", to_string(getCompositionType(hwcId)).c_str());
+    result.appendFormat("%10s | ", to_string(getCompositionType(displayId)).c_str());
+    result.appendFormat("%10s | ", to_string(hwcInfo.transform).c_str());
     const Rect& frame = hwcInfo.displayFrame;
     result.appendFormat("%4d %4d %4d %4d | ", frame.left, frame.top, frame.right, frame.bottom);
     const FloatRect& crop = hwcInfo.sourceCrop;
     result.appendFormat("%6.1f %6.1f %6.1f %6.1f\n", crop.left, crop.top, crop.right, crop.bottom);
 
-    result.append("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ");
-    result.append("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\n");
+    result.append("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -");
+    result.append("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -");
+    result.append("- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\n");
 }
 
 void Layer::dumpFrameStats(String8& result) const {
@@ -1981,6 +1996,8 @@
     auto buffer = getBE().compositionInfo.mBuffer;
     if (buffer != nullptr) {
         LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(buffer, layerInfo->mutable_active_buffer());
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(Transform(mCurrentTransform),
+                                       layerInfo->mutable_buffer_transform());
     }
 
     layerInfo->set_queued_frames(getQueuedFrameCount());
@@ -1989,10 +2006,14 @@
     layerInfo->set_app_id(state.appId);
 }
 
-void Layer::writeToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo, int32_t hwcId) {
+void Layer::writeToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo, int32_t displayId) {
+    if (!hasHwcLayer(displayId)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
     writeToProto(layerInfo, LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing);
 
-    const auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers.at(hwcId);
+    const auto& hwcInfo = getBE().mHwcLayers.at(displayId);
 
     const Rect& frame = hwcInfo.displayFrame;
     LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(frame, layerInfo->mutable_hwc_frame());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index f4ae21a..c1f6075 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 
 #include "Client.h"
 #include "FrameTracker.h"
+#include "LayerBE.h"
 #include "LayerVector.h"
 #include "MonitoredProducer.h"
 #include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
@@ -74,70 +75,6 @@
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-struct CompositionInfo {
-    HWC2::Composition compositionType;
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer = nullptr;
-    int mBufferSlot = BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT;
-    struct {
-        HWComposer* hwc;
-        sp<Fence> fence;
-        HWC2::BlendMode blendMode;
-        Rect displayFrame;
-        float alpha;
-        FloatRect sourceCrop;
-        HWC2::Transform transform;
-        int z;
-        int type;
-        int appId;
-        Region visibleRegion;
-        Region surfaceDamage;
-        sp<NativeHandle> sidebandStream;
-        android_dataspace dataspace;
-        hwc_color_t color;
-    } hwc;
-    struct {
-        RE::RenderEngine* renderEngine;
-        Mesh* mesh;
-    } renderEngine;
-};
-
-class LayerBE {
-public:
-    LayerBE();
-
-    // The mesh used to draw the layer in GLES composition mode
-    Mesh mMesh;
-
-    // HWC items, accessed from the main thread
-    struct HWCInfo {
-        HWCInfo()
-              : hwc(nullptr),
-                layer(nullptr),
-                forceClientComposition(false),
-                compositionType(HWC2::Composition::Invalid),
-                clearClientTarget(false),
-                transform(HWC2::Transform::None) {}
-
-        HWComposer* hwc;
-        HWC2::Layer* layer;
-        bool forceClientComposition;
-        HWC2::Composition compositionType;
-        bool clearClientTarget;
-        Rect displayFrame;
-        FloatRect sourceCrop;
-        HWComposerBufferCache bufferCache;
-        HWC2::Transform transform;
-    };
-
-    // A layer can be attached to multiple displays when operating in mirror mode
-    // (a.k.a: when several displays are attached with equal layerStack). In this
-    // case we need to keep track. In non-mirror mode, a layer will have only one
-    // HWCInfo. This map key is a display layerStack.
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t, HWCInfo> mHwcLayers;
-
-    CompositionInfo compositionInfo;
-};
-
 class Layer : public virtual RefBase {
     static int32_t sSequence;
 
@@ -360,13 +297,18 @@
      */
     virtual bool isFixedSize() const { return true; }
 
+    // Most layers aren't created from the main thread, and therefore need to
+    // grab the SF state lock to access HWC, but ContainerLayer does, so we need
+    // to avoid grabbing the lock again to avoid deadlock
+    virtual bool isCreatedFromMainThread() const { return false; }
+
 
     bool isPendingRemoval() const { return mPendingRemoval; }
 
     void writeToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo,
                       LayerVector::StateSet stateSet = LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing);
 
-    void writeToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo, int32_t hwcId);
+    void writeToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo, int32_t displayId);
 
 protected:
     /*
@@ -380,18 +322,18 @@
 
     virtual bool isHdrY410() const { return false; }
 
-    void setGeometry(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, uint32_t z);
-    void forceClientComposition(int32_t hwcId);
-    bool getForceClientComposition(int32_t hwcId);
-    virtual void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) = 0;
+    void setGeometry(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display, uint32_t z);
+    void forceClientComposition(int32_t displayId);
+    bool getForceClientComposition(int32_t displayId);
+    virtual void setPerFrameData(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) = 0;
 
     // callIntoHwc exists so we can update our local state and call
     // acceptDisplayChanges without unnecessarily updating the device's state
-    void setCompositionType(int32_t hwcId, HWC2::Composition type, bool callIntoHwc = true);
-    HWC2::Composition getCompositionType(int32_t hwcId) const;
-    void setClearClientTarget(int32_t hwcId, bool clear);
-    bool getClearClientTarget(int32_t hwcId) const;
-    void updateCursorPosition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw);
+    void setCompositionType(int32_t displayId, HWC2::Composition type, bool callIntoHwc = true);
+    HWC2::Composition getCompositionType(int32_t displayId) const;
+    void setClearClientTarget(int32_t displayId, bool clear);
+    bool getClearClientTarget(int32_t displayId) const;
+    void updateCursorPosition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display);
 
     /*
      * called after page-flip
@@ -488,7 +430,7 @@
 
     // Updates the transform hint in our SurfaceFlingerConsumer to match
     // the current orientation of the display device.
-    void updateTransformHint(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const;
+    void updateTransformHint(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const;
 
     /*
      * returns the rectangle that crops the content of the layer and scales it
@@ -507,19 +449,17 @@
 
     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    bool createHwcLayer(HWComposer* hwc, int32_t hwcId);
-    bool destroyHwcLayer(int32_t hwcId);
+    bool createHwcLayer(HWComposer* hwc, int32_t displayId);
+    bool destroyHwcLayer(int32_t displayId);
     void destroyAllHwcLayers();
 
-    bool hasHwcLayer(int32_t hwcId) {
-        return getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) > 0;
-    }
+    bool hasHwcLayer(int32_t displayId) { return getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) > 0; }
 
-    HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer(int32_t hwcId) {
-        if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId) == 0) {
+    HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer(int32_t displayId) {
+        if (getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId) == 0) {
             return nullptr;
         }
-        return getBE().mHwcLayers[hwcId].layer;
+        return getBE().mHwcLayers[displayId].layer;
     }
 
     // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -537,7 +477,7 @@
 
     /* always call base class first */
     static void miniDumpHeader(String8& result);
-    void miniDump(String8& result, int32_t hwcId) const;
+    void miniDump(String8& result, int32_t displayId) const;
     void dumpFrameStats(String8& result) const;
     void dumpFrameEvents(String8& result);
     void clearFrameStats();
@@ -621,12 +561,12 @@
 
     uint32_t getEffectiveUsage(uint32_t usage) const;
 
-    FloatRect computeCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const;
+    FloatRect computeCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const;
     // Compute the initial crop as specified by parent layers and the
     // SurfaceControl for this layer. Does not include buffer crop from the
     // IGraphicBufferProducer client, as that should not affect child clipping.
     // Returns in screen space.
-    Rect computeInitialCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw) const;
+    Rect computeInitialCrop(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) const;
 
     // drawing
     void clearWithOpenGL(const RenderArea& renderArea, float r, float g, float b,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bef051f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LayerBE"
+#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
+
+#include "Layer.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+LayerBE::LayerBE(Layer* layer, std::string layerName)
+      : mLayer(layer),
+        mMesh(Mesh::TRIANGLE_FAN, 4, 2, 2) {
+    compositionInfo.layer = this;
+    compositionInfo.layerName = layerName;
+}
+
+void LayerBE::onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence) {
+    mLayer->onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
+}
+
+void CompositionInfo::dumpHwc(const char* tag) const {
+    ALOGV("[%s]\thwcLayer=%p", tag, hwc.hwcLayer);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tfence=%p", tag, hwc.fence.get());
+    ALOGV("[%s]\ttransform=%d", tag, hwc.transform);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tz=%d", tag, hwc.z);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\ttype=%d", tag, hwc.type);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tappId=%d", tag, hwc.appId);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tdisplayFrame=%4d %4d %4d %4d", tag, hwc.displayFrame.left, hwc.displayFrame.top, hwc.displayFrame.right, hwc.displayFrame.bottom);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\talpha=%.3f", tag, hwc.alpha);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tsourceCrop=%6.1f %6.1f %6.1f %6.1f", tag, hwc.sourceCrop.left, hwc.sourceCrop.top, hwc.sourceCrop.right, hwc.sourceCrop.bottom);
+
+    std::string label = tag;
+    label+=":visibleRegion";
+    hwc.visibleRegion.dump(label.c_str());
+    label = tag;
+    label+=":surfaceDamage";
+    hwc.surfaceDamage.dump(label.c_str());
+}
+
+void CompositionInfo::dumpRe(const char* tag) const {
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tblackoutLayer=%d", tag, re.blackoutLayer);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tclearArea=%d", tag, re.clearArea);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tpreMultipliedAlpha=%d", tag, re.preMultipliedAlpha);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\topaque=%d\n", tag, re.opaque);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\ttexture:name(%d), target(%d), size(%d/%d)", tag, re.texture.getTextureName(), re.texture.getTextureTarget(), (unsigned int)re.texture.getWidth(), (unsigned int)re.texture.getHeight());
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tuseIdentityTransform=%d\n", tag, re.useIdentityTransform);
+}
+
+void CompositionInfo::dump(const char* tag) const {
+    ALOGV("[%s] CompositionInfo", tag);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tLayerName: %s", tag, layerName.c_str());
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tCompositionType: %d", tag, compositionType);
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tmBuffer = %p", tag, mBuffer.get());
+    ALOGV("[%s]\tmBufferSlot=%d", tag, mBufferSlot);
+    switch (compositionType) {
+        case HWC2::Composition::Device:
+            dumpHwc(tag);
+            break;
+        case HWC2::Composition::Client:
+            dumpRe(tag);
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+}; // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f610677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerBE.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <ui/Region.h>
+
+#include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposerBufferCache.h"
+#include "RenderEngine/Mesh.h"
+#include "RenderEngine/Texture.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+class LayerBE;
+
+struct CompositionInfo {
+    std::string layerName;
+    HWC2::Composition compositionType;
+    sp<GraphicBuffer> mBuffer = nullptr;
+    int mBufferSlot = BufferQueue::INVALID_BUFFER_SLOT;
+    LayerBE* layer = nullptr;
+    struct {
+        HWC2::Layer* hwcLayer;
+        sp<Fence> fence;
+        HWC2::BlendMode blendMode = HWC2::BlendMode::Invalid;
+        Rect displayFrame;
+        float alpha;
+        FloatRect sourceCrop;
+        HWC2::Transform transform = HWC2::Transform::None;
+        int z;
+        int type;
+        int appId;
+        Region visibleRegion;
+        Region surfaceDamage;
+        sp<NativeHandle> sidebandStream;
+        android_dataspace dataspace;
+        hwc_color_t color;
+    } hwc;
+    struct {
+        Mesh* mesh;
+        bool blackoutLayer = false;
+        bool clearArea = false;
+        bool preMultipliedAlpha = false;
+        bool opaque = false;
+        half4 color;
+        Texture texture;
+        bool useIdentityTransform = false;
+    } re;
+
+    void dump(const char* tag) const;
+    void dumpHwc(const char* tag) const;
+    void dumpRe(const char* tag) const;
+};
+
+class LayerBE {
+public:
+    friend class Layer;
+    friend class BufferLayer;
+    friend class ColorLayer;
+    friend class SurfaceFlinger;
+
+    LayerBE(Layer* layer, std::string layerName);
+
+    void onLayerDisplayed(const sp<Fence>& releaseFence);
+    Mesh& getMesh() { return mMesh; }
+
+private:
+    Layer*const mLayer;
+    // The mesh used to draw the layer in GLES composition mode
+    Mesh mMesh;
+
+    // HWC items, accessed from the main thread
+    struct HWCInfo {
+        HWCInfo()
+              : hwc(nullptr),
+                layer(nullptr),
+                forceClientComposition(false),
+                compositionType(HWC2::Composition::Invalid),
+                clearClientTarget(false),
+                transform(HWC2::Transform::None) {}
+
+        HWComposer* hwc;
+        HWC2::Layer* layer;
+        bool forceClientComposition;
+        HWC2::Composition compositionType;
+        bool clearClientTarget;
+        Rect displayFrame;
+        FloatRect sourceCrop;
+        HWComposerBufferCache bufferCache;
+        HWC2::Transform transform;
+    };
+
+
+    // A layer can be attached to multiple displays when operating in mirror mode
+    // (a.k.a: when several displays are attached with equal layerStack). In this
+    // case we need to keep track. In non-mirror mode, a layer will have only one
+    // HWCInfo. This map key is a display layerStack.
+    std::unordered_map<int32_t, HWCInfo> mHwcLayers;
+
+    CompositionInfo compositionInfo;
+};
+
+}; // namespace android
+
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.cpp
index a5f0b98..381ea4a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
                              bool stickySet,
                              const char* name,
                              int32_t overrideScalingMode,
+                             bool transformToDisplayInverse,
                              bool& freezePositionUpdates)
   : mFront(front),
     mCurrent(current),
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@
     mStickyTransformSet(stickySet),
     mName(name),
     mOverrideScalingMode(overrideScalingMode),
+    mTransformToDisplayInverse(transformToDisplayInverse),
     mFreezeGeometryUpdates(freezePositionUpdates) {}
 
 bool LayerRejecter::reject(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buf, const BufferItem& item) {
@@ -54,6 +56,13 @@
         swap(bufWidth, bufHeight);
     }
 
+    if (mTransformToDisplayInverse) {
+        uint32_t invTransform = DisplayDevice::getPrimaryDisplayOrientationTransform();
+        if (invTransform & Transform::ROT_90) {
+            swap(bufWidth, bufHeight);
+        }
+    }
+
     int actualScalingMode = mOverrideScalingMode >= 0 ? mOverrideScalingMode : item.mScalingMode;
     bool isFixedSize = actualScalingMode != NATIVE_WINDOW_SCALING_MODE_FREEZE;
     if (mFront.active != mFront.requested) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.h
index 40972aa..63d51de 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerRejecter.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
                       bool stickySet,
                       const char *name,
                       int32_t overrideScalingMode,
+                      bool transformToDisplayInverse,
                       bool &freezePositionUpdates);
 
         virtual bool reject(const sp<GraphicBuffer> &buf, const BufferItem &item);
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@
         bool mStickyTransformSet;
         const char *mName;
         int32_t mOverrideScalingMode;
+        bool mTransformToDisplayInverse;
         bool &mFreezeGeometryUpdates;
     };
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 787bbd2..32c313b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@
 #include "clz.h"
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/FramebufferSurface.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/VirtualDisplaySurface.h"
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@
         mLayersAdded(false),
         mRepaintEverything(0),
         mBootTime(systemTime()),
-        mBuiltinDisplays(),
+        mDisplayTokens(),
         mVisibleRegionsDirty(false),
         mGeometryInvalid(false),
         mAnimCompositionPending(false),
@@ -432,28 +433,30 @@
     sp<BBinder> token = new DisplayToken(this);
 
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-    DisplayDeviceState info(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL, secure);
+    DisplayDeviceState info;
+    info.type = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL;
     info.displayName = displayName;
+    info.isSecure = secure;
     mCurrentState.displays.add(token, info);
     mInterceptor->saveDisplayCreation(info);
     return token;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& display) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
 
-    ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(display);
+    ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(displayToken);
     if (idx < 0) {
-        ALOGW("destroyDisplay: invalid display token");
+        ALOGE("destroyDisplay: Invalid display token %p", displayToken.get());
         return;
     }
 
     const DisplayDeviceState& info(mCurrentState.displays.valueAt(idx));
-    if (!info.isVirtualDisplay()) {
+    if (!info.isVirtual()) {
         ALOGE("destroyDisplay called for non-virtual display");
         return;
     }
-    mInterceptor->saveDisplayDeletion(info.displayId);
+    mInterceptor->saveDisplayDeletion(info.sequenceId);
     mCurrentState.displays.removeItemsAt(idx);
     setTransactionFlags(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
@@ -463,7 +466,7 @@
         ALOGE("getDefaultDisplay: id=%d is not a valid default display id", id);
         return nullptr;
     }
-    return mBuiltinDisplays[id];
+    return mDisplayTokens[id];
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::bootFinished()
@@ -495,25 +498,32 @@
     LOG_EVENT_LONG(LOGTAG_SF_STOP_BOOTANIM,
                    ns2ms(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC)));
 
-    sp<LambdaMessage> readProperties = new LambdaMessage([&]() {
-        readPersistentProperties();
-    });
-    postMessageAsync(readProperties);
+    postMessageAsync(new LambdaMessage([this] { readPersistentProperties(); }));
+}
+
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::getNewTexture() {
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mTexturePoolMutex);
+        if (!mTexturePool.empty()) {
+            uint32_t name = mTexturePool.back();
+            mTexturePool.pop_back();
+            ATRACE_INT("TexturePoolSize", mTexturePool.size());
+            return name;
+        }
+
+        // The pool was too small, so increase it for the future
+        ++mTexturePoolSize;
+    }
+
+    // The pool was empty, so we need to get a new texture name directly using a
+    // blocking call to the main thread
+    uint32_t name = 0;
+    postMessageSync(new LambdaMessage([&]() { getRenderEngine().genTextures(1, &name); }));
+    return name;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::deleteTextureAsync(uint32_t texture) {
-    class MessageDestroyGLTexture : public MessageBase {
-        RE::RenderEngine& engine;
-        uint32_t texture;
-    public:
-        MessageDestroyGLTexture(RE::RenderEngine& engine, uint32_t texture)
-              : engine(engine), texture(texture) {}
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            engine.deleteTextures(1, &texture);
-            return true;
-        }
-    };
-    postMessageAsync(new MessageDestroyGLTexture(getRenderEngine(), texture));
+    postMessageAsync(new LambdaMessage([=] { getRenderEngine().deleteTextures(1, &texture); }));
 }
 
 class DispSyncSource final : public VSyncSource, private DispSync::Callback {
@@ -662,7 +672,7 @@
             std::make_unique<DispSyncSource>(&mPrimaryDispSync, SurfaceFlinger::vsyncPhaseOffsetNs,
                                              true, "app");
     mEventThread = std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(mEventThreadSource.get(),
-                                                       [this]() { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
+                                                       [this] { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
                                                        impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback(),
                                                        "appEventThread");
     mSfEventThreadSource =
@@ -671,7 +681,7 @@
 
     mSFEventThread =
             std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(mSfEventThreadSource.get(),
-                                                [this]() { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
+                                                [this] { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
                                                 [this](nsecs_t timestamp) {
                                                     mInterceptor->saveVSyncEvent(timestamp);
                                                 },
@@ -694,31 +704,34 @@
     getBE().mHwc->registerCallback(this, getBE().mComposerSequenceId);
     // Process any initial hotplug and resulting display changes.
     processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked();
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!getBE().mHwc->isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY),
-            "Registered composer callback but didn't create the default primary display");
+    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!display, "Missing internal display after registering composer callback.");
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!getHwComposer().isConnected(display->getId()),
+                        "Internal display is disconnected.");
 
     // make the default display GLContext current so that we can create textures
     // when creating Layers (which may happens before we render something)
-    getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()->makeCurrent();
+    display->makeCurrent();
 
     if (useVrFlinger) {
-        auto vrFlingerRequestDisplayCallback = [this] (bool requestDisplay) {
+        auto vrFlingerRequestDisplayCallback = [this](bool requestDisplay) {
             // This callback is called from the vr flinger dispatch thread. We
             // need to call signalTransaction(), which requires holding
             // mStateLock when we're not on the main thread. Acquiring
             // mStateLock from the vr flinger dispatch thread might trigger a
             // deadlock in surface flinger (see b/66916578), so post a message
             // to be handled on the main thread instead.
-            sp<LambdaMessage> message = new LambdaMessage([=]() {
+            postMessageAsync(new LambdaMessage([=] {
                 ALOGI("VR request display mode: requestDisplay=%d", requestDisplay);
                 mVrFlingerRequestsDisplay = requestDisplay;
                 signalTransaction();
-            });
-            postMessageAsync(message);
+            }));
         };
-        mVrFlinger = dvr::VrFlinger::Create(getBE().mHwc->getComposer(),
-                getBE().mHwc->getHwcDisplayId(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY).value_or(0),
-                vrFlingerRequestDisplayCallback);
+        mVrFlinger = dvr::VrFlinger::Create(getHwComposer().getComposer(),
+                                            getHwComposer()
+                                                    .getHwcDisplayId(display->getId())
+                                                    .value_or(0),
+                                            vrFlingerRequestDisplayCallback);
         if (!mVrFlinger) {
             ALOGE("Failed to start vrflinger");
         }
@@ -747,8 +760,8 @@
         ALOGE("Run StartPropertySetThread failed!");
     }
 
-    mLegacySrgbSaturationMatrix = getBE().mHwc->getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY,
-            Dataspace::SRGB_LINEAR);
+    mLegacySrgbSaturationMatrix =
+            getHwComposer().getDataspaceSaturationMatrix(display->getId(), Dataspace::SRGB_LINEAR);
 
     ALOGV("Done initializing");
 }
@@ -820,18 +833,15 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayConfigs(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-        Vector<DisplayInfo>* configs) {
-    if (configs == nullptr || display.get() == nullptr) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayConfigs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                           Vector<DisplayInfo>* configs) {
+    if (!displayToken || !configs) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    if (!display.get())
-        return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-
     int32_t type = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-    for (int i=0 ; i<DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES ; i++) {
-        if (display == mBuiltinDisplays[i]) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES; ++i) {
+        if (displayToken == mDisplayTokens[i]) {
             type = i;
             break;
         }
@@ -885,8 +895,8 @@
             info.density = density;
 
             // TODO: this needs to go away (currently needed only by webkit)
-            sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
-            info.orientation = hw ? hw->getOrientation() : 0;
+            const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+            info.orientation = display ? display->getOrientation() : 0;
         } else {
             // TODO: where should this value come from?
             static const int TV_DENSITY = 213;
@@ -930,9 +940,8 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& /* display */,
-        DisplayStatInfo* stats) {
-    if (stats == nullptr) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>&, DisplayStatInfo* stats) {
+    if (!stats) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -943,87 +952,62 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-int SurfaceFlinger::getActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& display) {
-    if (display == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("%s : display is nullptr", __func__);
+int SurfaceFlinger::getActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+    const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
+    if (!display) {
+        ALOGE("getActiveConfig: Invalid display token %p", displayToken.get());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> device(getDisplayDevice(display));
-    if (device != nullptr) {
-        return device->getActiveConfig();
-    }
-
-    return BAD_VALUE;
+    return display->getActiveConfig();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setActiveConfigInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw, int mode) {
-    ALOGD("Set active config mode=%d, type=%d flinger=%p", mode, hw->getDisplayType(),
-          this);
-    int32_t type = hw->getDisplayType();
-    int currentMode = hw->getActiveConfig();
-
+void SurfaceFlinger::setActiveConfigInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, int mode) {
+    int currentMode = display->getActiveConfig();
     if (mode == currentMode) {
-        ALOGD("Screen type=%d is already mode=%d", hw->getDisplayType(), mode);
         return;
     }
 
-    if (type >= DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES) {
+    if (display->isVirtual()) {
         ALOGW("Trying to set config for virtual display");
         return;
     }
 
-    hw->setActiveConfig(mode);
-    getHwComposer().setActiveConfig(type, mode);
+    display->setActiveConfig(mode);
+    getHwComposer().setActiveConfig(display->getDisplayType(), mode);
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::setActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& display, int mode) {
-    class MessageSetActiveConfig: public MessageBase {
-        SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
-        sp<IBinder> mDisplay;
-        int mMode;
-    public:
-        MessageSetActiveConfig(SurfaceFlinger& flinger, const sp<IBinder>& disp,
-                               int mode) :
-            mFlinger(flinger), mDisplay(disp) { mMode = mode; }
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            Vector<DisplayInfo> configs;
-            mFlinger.getDisplayConfigs(mDisplay, &configs);
-            if (mMode < 0 || mMode >= static_cast<int>(configs.size())) {
-                ALOGE("Attempt to set active config = %d for display with %zu configs",
-                        mMode, configs.size());
-                return true;
-            }
-            sp<DisplayDevice> hw(mFlinger.getDisplayDevice(mDisplay));
-            if (hw == nullptr) {
-                ALOGE("Attempt to set active config = %d for null display %p",
-                        mMode, mDisplay.get());
-            } else if (hw->getDisplayType() >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-                ALOGW("Attempt to set active config = %d for virtual display",
-                        mMode);
-            } else {
-                mFlinger.setActiveConfigInternal(hw, mMode);
-            }
-            return true;
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::setActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int mode) {
+    postMessageSync(new LambdaMessage([&] {
+        Vector<DisplayInfo> configs;
+        getDisplayConfigs(displayToken, &configs);
+        if (mode < 0 || mode >= static_cast<int>(configs.size())) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set active config %d for display with %zu configs", mode,
+                  configs.size());
+            return;
         }
-    };
-    sp<MessageBase> msg = new MessageSetActiveConfig(*this, display, mode);
-    postMessageSync(msg);
+        const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
+        if (!display) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set active config %d for invalid display token %p", mode,
+                  displayToken.get());
+        } else if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            ALOGW("Attempt to set active config %d for virtual display", mode);
+        } else {
+            setActiveConfigInternal(display, mode);
+        }
+    }));
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayColorModes(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-        Vector<ColorMode>* outColorModes) {
-    if ((outColorModes == nullptr) || (display.get() == nullptr)) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayColorModes(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                              Vector<ColorMode>* outColorModes) {
+    if (!displayToken || !outColorModes) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    if (!display.get()) {
-        return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-    }
-
     int32_t type = NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-    for (int i=0 ; i<DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES ; i++) {
-        if (display == mBuiltinDisplays[i]) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES; ++i) {
+        if (displayToken == mDisplayTokens[i]) {
             type = i;
             break;
         }
@@ -1045,79 +1029,62 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-ColorMode SurfaceFlinger::getActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& display) {
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> device(getDisplayDevice(display));
-    if (device != nullptr) {
-        return device->getActiveColorMode();
+ColorMode SurfaceFlinger::getActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+    if (const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken)) {
+        return display->getActiveColorMode();
     }
     return static_cast<ColorMode>(BAD_VALUE);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setActiveColorModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw,
-                                                ColorMode mode, Dataspace dataSpace,
-                                                RenderIntent renderIntent) {
-    int32_t type = hw->getDisplayType();
-    ColorMode currentMode = hw->getActiveColorMode();
-    Dataspace currentDataSpace = hw->getCompositionDataSpace();
-    RenderIntent currentRenderIntent = hw->getActiveRenderIntent();
+void SurfaceFlinger::setActiveColorModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, ColorMode mode,
+                                                Dataspace dataSpace, RenderIntent renderIntent) {
+    ColorMode currentMode = display->getActiveColorMode();
+    Dataspace currentDataSpace = display->getCompositionDataSpace();
+    RenderIntent currentRenderIntent = display->getActiveRenderIntent();
 
     if (mode == currentMode && dataSpace == currentDataSpace &&
         renderIntent == currentRenderIntent) {
         return;
     }
 
-    if (type >= DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES) {
+    if (display->isVirtual()) {
         ALOGW("Trying to set config for virtual display");
         return;
     }
 
-    hw->setActiveColorMode(mode);
-    hw->setCompositionDataSpace(dataSpace);
-    hw->setActiveRenderIntent(renderIntent);
-    getHwComposer().setActiveColorMode(type, mode, renderIntent);
+    display->setActiveColorMode(mode);
+    display->setCompositionDataSpace(dataSpace);
+    display->setActiveRenderIntent(renderIntent);
+    getHwComposer().setActiveColorMode(display->getDisplayType(), mode, renderIntent);
 
     ALOGV("Set active color mode: %s (%d), active render intent: %s (%d), type=%d",
-          decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode,
-          decodeRenderIntent(renderIntent).c_str(), renderIntent,
-          hw->getDisplayType());
+          decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, decodeRenderIntent(renderIntent).c_str(),
+          renderIntent, display->getDisplayType());
 }
 
-
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-        ColorMode colorMode) {
-    class MessageSetActiveColorMode: public MessageBase {
-        SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
-        sp<IBinder> mDisplay;
-        ColorMode mMode;
-    public:
-        MessageSetActiveColorMode(SurfaceFlinger& flinger, const sp<IBinder>& disp,
-                               ColorMode mode) :
-            mFlinger(flinger), mDisplay(disp) { mMode = mode; }
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            Vector<ColorMode> modes;
-            mFlinger.getDisplayColorModes(mDisplay, &modes);
-            bool exists = std::find(std::begin(modes), std::end(modes), mMode) != std::end(modes);
-            if (mMode < ColorMode::NATIVE || !exists) {
-                ALOGE("Attempt to set invalid active color mode %s (%d) for display %p",
-                      decodeColorMode(mMode).c_str(), mMode, mDisplay.get());
-                return true;
-            }
-            sp<DisplayDevice> hw(mFlinger.getDisplayDevice(mDisplay));
-            if (hw == nullptr) {
-                ALOGE("Attempt to set active color mode %s (%d) for null display %p",
-                      decodeColorMode(mMode).c_str(), mMode, mDisplay.get());
-            } else if (hw->getDisplayType() >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-                ALOGW("Attempt to set active color mode %s %d for virtual display",
-                      decodeColorMode(mMode).c_str(), mMode);
-            } else {
-                mFlinger.setActiveColorModeInternal(hw, mMode, Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
-                                                    RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC);
-            }
-            return true;
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ColorMode mode) {
+    postMessageSync(new LambdaMessage([&] {
+        Vector<ColorMode> modes;
+        getDisplayColorModes(displayToken, &modes);
+        bool exists = std::find(std::begin(modes), std::end(modes), mode) != std::end(modes);
+        if (mode < ColorMode::NATIVE || !exists) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set invalid active color mode %s (%d) for display token %p",
+                  decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, displayToken.get());
+            return;
         }
-    };
-    sp<MessageBase> msg = new MessageSetActiveColorMode(*this, display, colorMode);
-    postMessageSync(msg);
+        const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
+        if (!display) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set active color mode %s (%d) for invalid display token %p",
+                  decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode, displayToken.get());
+        } else if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            ALOGW("Attempt to set active color mode %s (%d) for virtual display",
+                  decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode);
+        } else {
+            setActiveColorModeInternal(display, mode, Dataspace::UNKNOWN,
+                                       RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC);
+        }
+    }));
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -1133,20 +1100,20 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getHdrCapabilities(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-        HdrCapabilities* outCapabilities) const {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getHdrCapabilities(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                            HdrCapabilities* outCapabilities) const {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
 
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> displayDevice(getDisplayDeviceLocked(display));
-    if (displayDevice == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("getHdrCapabilities: Invalid display %p", displayDevice.get());
+    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
+    if (!display) {
+        ALOGE("getHdrCapabilities: Invalid display token %p", displayToken.get());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     // At this point the DisplayDeivce should already be set up,
     // meaning the luminance information is already queried from
     // hardware composer and stored properly.
-    const HdrCapabilities& capabilities = displayDevice->getHdrCapabilities();
+    const HdrCapabilities& capabilities = display->getHdrCapabilities();
     *outCapabilities = HdrCapabilities(capabilities.getSupportedHdrTypes(),
                                        capabilities.getDesiredMaxLuminance(),
                                        capabilities.getDesiredMaxAverageLuminance(),
@@ -1156,7 +1123,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::enableVSyncInjections(bool enable) {
-    sp<LambdaMessage> enableVSyncInjections = new LambdaMessage([&]() {
+    postMessageSync(new LambdaMessage([&] {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
 
         if (mInjectVSyncs == enable) {
@@ -1168,8 +1135,7 @@
             if (mVSyncInjector.get() == nullptr) {
                 mVSyncInjector = std::make_unique<InjectVSyncSource>();
                 mInjectorEventThread = std::make_unique<
-                        impl::EventThread>(mVSyncInjector.get(),
-                                           [this]() { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
+                        impl::EventThread>(mVSyncInjector.get(), [this] { resyncWithRateLimit(); },
                                            impl::EventThread::InterceptVSyncsCallback(),
                                            "injEventThread");
             }
@@ -1180,8 +1146,8 @@
         }
 
         mInjectVSyncs = enable;
-    });
-    postMessageSync(enableVSyncInjections);
+    }));
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -1281,7 +1247,6 @@
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mHWVsyncLock);
     if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled && mHWVsyncAvailable) {
         mPrimaryDispSync.beginResync();
-        //eventControl(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY, SurfaceFlinger::EVENT_VSYNC, true);
         mEventControlThread->setVsyncEnabled(true);
         mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
     }
@@ -1298,7 +1263,12 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    const auto& activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+    const auto displayId = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
+    if (!getHwComposer().isConnected(displayId)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto activeConfig = getHwComposer().getActiveConfig(displayId);
     const nsecs_t period = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
 
     mPrimaryDispSync.reset();
@@ -1306,7 +1276,6 @@
 
     if (!mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
         mPrimaryDispSync.beginResync();
-        //eventControl(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY, SurfaceFlinger::EVENT_VSYNC, true);
         mEventControlThread->setVsyncEnabled(true);
         mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = true;
     }
@@ -1315,7 +1284,6 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::disableHardwareVsync(bool makeUnavailable) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mHWVsyncLock);
     if (mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled) {
-        //eventControl(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY, SurfaceFlinger::EVENT_VSYNC, false);
         mEventControlThread->setVsyncEnabled(false);
         mPrimaryDispSync.endResync();
         mPrimaryHWVsyncEnabled = false;
@@ -1337,8 +1305,8 @@
     sLastResyncAttempted = now;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId,
-        hwc2_display_t displayId, int64_t timestamp) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
+                                     int64_t timestamp) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     // Ignore any vsyncs from a previous hardware composer.
     if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
@@ -1346,7 +1314,7 @@
     }
 
     int32_t type;
-    if (!getBE().mHwc->onVsync(displayId, timestamp, &type)) {
+    if (!getBE().mHwc->onVsync(hwcDisplayId, timestamp, &type)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1371,9 +1339,9 @@
     *compositorTiming = getBE().mCompositorTiming;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t display,
+void SurfaceFlinger::onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
                                        HWC2::Connection connection) {
-    ALOGV("onHotplugReceived(%d, %" PRIu64 ", %s)", sequenceId, display,
+    ALOGV("%s(%d, %" PRIu64 ", %s)", __FUNCTION__, sequenceId, hwcDisplayId,
           connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected ? "connected" : "disconnected");
 
     // Ignore events that do not have the right sequenceId.
@@ -1387,7 +1355,7 @@
     // acquire it here.
     ConditionalLock lock(mStateLock, std::this_thread::get_id() != mMainThreadId);
 
-    mPendingHotplugEvents.emplace_back(HotplugEvent{display, connection});
+    mPendingHotplugEvents.emplace_back(HotplugEvent{hwcDisplayId, connection});
 
     if (std::this_thread::get_id() == mMainThreadId) {
         // Process all pending hot plug events immediately if we are on the main thread.
@@ -1397,8 +1365,7 @@
     setTransactionFlags(eDisplayTransactionNeeded);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshReceived(int sequenceId,
-                                       hwc2_display_t /*display*/) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshReceived(int sequenceId, hwc2_display_t /*hwcDisplayId*/) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     if (sequenceId != getBE().mComposerSequenceId) {
         return;
@@ -1443,8 +1410,9 @@
 
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
 
-    int currentDisplayPowerMode = getDisplayDeviceLocked(
-            mBuiltinDisplays[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY])->getPowerMode();
+    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!display);
+    const int currentDisplayPowerMode = display->getPowerMode();
 
     if (!vrFlingerRequestsDisplay) {
         mVrFlinger->SeizeDisplayOwnership();
@@ -1469,12 +1437,10 @@
     invalidateHwcGeometry();
 
     // Re-enable default display.
-    sp<DisplayDevice> hw(getDisplayDeviceLocked(
-            mBuiltinDisplays[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY]));
-    setPowerModeInternal(hw, currentDisplayPowerMode, /*stateLockHeld*/ true);
+    setPowerModeInternal(display, currentDisplayPowerMode, /*stateLockHeld*/ true);
 
     // Reset the timing values to account for the period of the swapped in HWC
-    const auto& activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+    const auto activeConfig = getHwComposer().getActiveConfig(display->getId());
     const nsecs_t period = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
     mAnimFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(period);
 
@@ -1494,6 +1460,7 @@
                     mPreviousPresentFence != Fence::NO_FENCE &&
                     (mPreviousPresentFence->getSignalTime() ==
                             Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_PENDING);
+            mFrameMissedCount += frameMissed;
             ATRACE_INT("FrameMissed", static_cast<int>(frameMissed));
             if (frameMissed) {
                 mTimeStats.incrementMissedFrames();
@@ -1556,13 +1523,10 @@
     doComposition();
     postComposition(refreshStartTime);
 
-    mPreviousPresentFence = getBE().mHwc->getPresentFence(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-
     mHadClientComposition = false;
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
         mHadClientComposition = mHadClientComposition ||
-                getBE().mHwc->hasClientComposition(displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId());
+                getBE().mHwc->hasClientComposition(display->getId());
     }
     mVsyncModulator.onRefreshed(mHadClientComposition);
 
@@ -1576,21 +1540,20 @@
         return;
 
     const bool repaintEverything = mRepaintEverything;
-    for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-        const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw(mDisplays[dpy]);
-        if (hw->isDisplayOn()) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (display->isPoweredOn()) {
             // transform the dirty region into this screen's coordinate space
-            const Region dirtyRegion(hw->getDirtyRegion(repaintEverything));
+            const Region dirtyRegion = display->getDirtyRegion(repaintEverything);
             if (!dirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
                 // redraw the whole screen
-                doComposeSurfaces(hw);
+                doComposeSurfaces(display);
 
                 // and draw the dirty region
-                const int32_t height = hw->getHeight();
+                const int32_t height = display->getHeight();
                 auto& engine(getRenderEngine());
                 engine.fillRegionWithColor(dirtyRegion, height, 1, 0, 1, 1);
 
-                hw->swapBuffers(getHwComposer());
+                display->swapBuffers(getHwComposer());
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1601,17 +1564,14 @@
         usleep(mDebugRegion * 1000);
     }
 
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        auto& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
-        if (!displayDevice->isDisplayOn()) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (!display->isPoweredOn()) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        status_t result = displayDevice->prepareFrame(*getBE().mHwc);
-        ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR,
-                 "prepareFrame for display %zd failed:"
-                 " %d (%s)",
-                 displayId, result, strerror(-result));
+        status_t result = display->prepareFrame(*getBE().mHwc);
+        ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "prepareFrame for display %d failed: %d (%s)",
+                 display->getId(), result, strerror(-result));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1626,19 +1586,14 @@
 void SurfaceFlinger::logLayerStats() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(mLayerStats.isEnabled())) {
-        int32_t hwcId = -1;
-        for (size_t dpy = 0; dpy < mDisplays.size(); ++dpy) {
-            const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice(mDisplays[dpy]);
-            if (displayDevice->isPrimary()) {
-                hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-                break;
+        for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+            if (display->isPrimary()) {
+                mLayerStats.logLayerStats(dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(*display));
+                return;
             }
         }
-        if (hwcId < 0) {
-            ALOGE("LayerStats: Hmmm, no primary display?");
-            return;
-        }
-        mLayerStats.logLayerStats(dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(hwcId));
+
+        ALOGE("logLayerStats: no primary display");
     }
 }
 
@@ -1730,21 +1685,22 @@
     }
 
     // |mStateLock| not needed as we are on the main thread
-    const sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
+    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
 
     getBE().mGlCompositionDoneTimeline.updateSignalTimes();
     std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> glCompositionDoneFenceTime;
-    if (hw && getBE().mHwc->hasClientComposition(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY)) {
+    if (display && getHwComposer().hasClientComposition(display->getId())) {
         glCompositionDoneFenceTime =
-                std::make_shared<FenceTime>(hw->getClientTargetAcquireFence());
+                std::make_shared<FenceTime>(display->getClientTargetAcquireFence());
         getBE().mGlCompositionDoneTimeline.push(glCompositionDoneFenceTime);
     } else {
         glCompositionDoneFenceTime = FenceTime::NO_FENCE;
     }
 
     getBE().mDisplayTimeline.updateSignalTimes();
-    sp<Fence> presentFence = getBE().mHwc->getPresentFence(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    auto presentFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(presentFence);
+    mPreviousPresentFence =
+            display ? getHwComposer().getPresentFence(display->getId()) : Fence::NO_FENCE;
+    auto presentFenceTime = std::make_shared<FenceTime>(mPreviousPresentFence);
     getBE().mDisplayTimeline.push(presentFenceTime);
 
     nsecs_t vsyncPhase = mPrimaryDispSync.computeNextRefresh(0);
@@ -1779,7 +1735,7 @@
     }
 
     if (!hasSyncFramework) {
-        if (getBE().mHwc->isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY) && hw->isDisplayOn()) {
+        if (display && getHwComposer().isConnected(display->getId()) && display->isPoweredOn()) {
             enableHardwareVsync();
         }
     }
@@ -1790,11 +1746,10 @@
         if (presentFenceTime->isValid()) {
             mAnimFrameTracker.setActualPresentFence(
                     std::move(presentFenceTime));
-        } else if (getBE().mHwc->isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY)) {
+        } else if (display && getHwComposer().isConnected(display->getId())) {
             // The HWC doesn't support present fences, so use the refresh
             // timestamp instead.
-            nsecs_t presentTime =
-                    getBE().mHwc->getRefreshTimestamp(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+            const nsecs_t presentTime = getHwComposer().getRefreshTimestamp(display->getId());
             mAnimFrameTracker.setActualPresentTime(presentTime);
         }
         mAnimFrameTracker.advanceFrame();
@@ -1805,8 +1760,8 @@
         mTimeStats.incrementClientCompositionFrames();
     }
 
-    if (getBE().mHwc->isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY) &&
-            hw->getPowerMode() == HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF) {
+    if (display && getHwComposer().isConnected(display->getId()) &&
+        display->getPowerMode() == HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1824,6 +1779,17 @@
         getBE().mTotalTime += elapsedTime;
     }
     getBE().mLastSwapTime = currentTime;
+
+    {
+        std::lock_guard lock(mTexturePoolMutex);
+        const size_t refillCount = mTexturePoolSize - mTexturePool.size();
+        if (refillCount > 0) {
+            const size_t offset = mTexturePool.size();
+            mTexturePool.resize(mTexturePoolSize);
+            getRenderEngine().genTextures(refillCount, mTexturePool.data() + offset);
+            ATRACE_INT("TexturePoolSize", mTexturePool.size());
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::rebuildLayerStacks() {
@@ -1836,21 +1802,20 @@
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = false;
         invalidateHwcGeometry();
 
-        for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
+        for (const auto& pair : mDisplays) {
+            const auto& display = pair.second;
             Region opaqueRegion;
             Region dirtyRegion;
             Vector<sp<Layer>> layersSortedByZ;
             Vector<sp<Layer>> layersNeedingFences;
-            const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice(mDisplays[dpy]);
-            const Transform& tr(displayDevice->getTransform());
-            const Rect bounds(displayDevice->getBounds());
-            if (displayDevice->isDisplayOn()) {
-                computeVisibleRegions(displayDevice, dirtyRegion, opaqueRegion);
+            const Transform& tr = display->getTransform();
+            const Rect bounds = display->getBounds();
+            if (display->isPoweredOn()) {
+                computeVisibleRegions(display, dirtyRegion, opaqueRegion);
 
                 mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
                     bool hwcLayerDestroyed = false;
-                    if (layer->belongsToDisplay(displayDevice->getLayerStack(),
-                                displayDevice->isPrimary())) {
+                    if (layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), display->isPrimary())) {
                         Region drawRegion(tr.transform(
                                 layer->visibleNonTransparentRegion));
                         drawRegion.andSelf(bounds);
@@ -1859,15 +1824,13 @@
                         } else {
                             // Clear out the HWC layer if this layer was
                             // previously visible, but no longer is
-                            hwcLayerDestroyed = layer->destroyHwcLayer(
-                                    displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId());
+                            hwcLayerDestroyed = layer->destroyHwcLayer(display->getId());
                         }
                     } else {
-                        // WM changes displayDevice->layerStack upon sleep/awake.
+                        // WM changes display->layerStack upon sleep/awake.
                         // Here we make sure we delete the HWC layers even if
                         // WM changed their layer stack.
-                        hwcLayerDestroyed = layer->destroyHwcLayer(
-                                displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId());
+                        hwcLayerDestroyed = layer->destroyHwcLayer(display->getId());
                     }
 
                     // If a layer is not going to get a release fence because
@@ -1883,12 +1846,11 @@
                     }
                 });
             }
-            displayDevice->setVisibleLayersSortedByZ(layersSortedByZ);
-            displayDevice->setLayersNeedingFences(layersNeedingFences);
-            displayDevice->undefinedRegion.set(bounds);
-            displayDevice->undefinedRegion.subtractSelf(
-                    tr.transform(opaqueRegion));
-            displayDevice->dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirtyRegion);
+            display->setVisibleLayersSortedByZ(layersSortedByZ);
+            display->setLayersNeedingFences(layersNeedingFences);
+            display->undefinedRegion.set(bounds);
+            display->undefinedRegion.subtractSelf(tr.transform(opaqueRegion));
+            display->dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirtyRegion);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1901,12 +1863,12 @@
 //  - Dataspace::UNKNOWN
 //  - Dataspace::BT2020_HLG
 //  - Dataspace::BT2020_PQ
-Dataspace SurfaceFlinger::getBestDataspace(
-    const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, Dataspace* outHdrDataSpace) const {
+Dataspace SurfaceFlinger::getBestDataspace(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
+                                           Dataspace* outHdrDataSpace) const {
     Dataspace bestDataSpace = Dataspace::SRGB;
     *outHdrDataSpace = Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
 
-    for (const auto& layer : displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+    for (const auto& layer : display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
         switch (layer->getDataSpace()) {
             case Dataspace::V0_SCRGB:
             case Dataspace::V0_SCRGB_LINEAR:
@@ -1934,9 +1896,8 @@
 }
 
 // Pick the ColorMode / Dataspace for the display device.
-void SurfaceFlinger::pickColorMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
-                                   ColorMode* outMode, Dataspace* outDataSpace,
-                                   RenderIntent* outRenderIntent) const {
+void SurfaceFlinger::pickColorMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, ColorMode* outMode,
+                                   Dataspace* outDataSpace, RenderIntent* outRenderIntent) const {
     if (mDisplayColorSetting == DisplayColorSetting::UNMANAGED) {
         *outMode = ColorMode::NATIVE;
         *outDataSpace = Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
@@ -1945,11 +1906,11 @@
     }
 
     Dataspace hdrDataSpace;
-    Dataspace bestDataSpace = getBestDataspace(displayDevice, &hdrDataSpace);
+    Dataspace bestDataSpace = getBestDataspace(display, &hdrDataSpace);
 
     // respect hdrDataSpace only when there is no legacy HDR support
     const bool isHdr = hdrDataSpace != Dataspace::UNKNOWN &&
-        !displayDevice->hasLegacyHdrSupport(hdrDataSpace);
+        !display->hasLegacyHdrSupport(hdrDataSpace);
     if (isHdr) {
         bestDataSpace = hdrDataSpace;
     }
@@ -1968,17 +1929,17 @@
             break;
     }
 
-    displayDevice->getBestColorMode(bestDataSpace, intent, outDataSpace, outMode, outRenderIntent);
+    display->getBestColorMode(bestDataSpace, intent, outDataSpace, outMode, outRenderIntent);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setUpHWComposer() {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("setUpHWComposer");
 
-    for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-        bool dirty = !mDisplays[dpy]->getDirtyRegion(mRepaintEverything).isEmpty();
-        bool empty = mDisplays[dpy]->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ().size() == 0;
-        bool wasEmpty = !mDisplays[dpy]->lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers;
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        bool dirty = !display->getDirtyRegion(mRepaintEverything).isEmpty();
+        bool empty = display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ().size() == 0;
+        bool wasEmpty = !display->lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers;
 
         // If nothing has changed (!dirty), don't recompose.
         // If something changed, but we don't currently have any visible layers,
@@ -1990,41 +1951,36 @@
         //   emit any black frames until a layer is added to the layer stack.
         bool mustRecompose = dirty && !(empty && wasEmpty);
 
-        ALOGV_IF(mDisplays[dpy]->getDisplayType() == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL,
-                "dpy[%zu]: %s composition (%sdirty %sempty %swasEmpty)", dpy,
-                mustRecompose ? "doing" : "skipping",
-                dirty ? "+" : "-",
-                empty ? "+" : "-",
-                wasEmpty ? "+" : "-");
+        ALOGV_IF(display->isVirtual(), "Display %d: %s composition (%sdirty %sempty %swasEmpty)",
+                 display->getId(), mustRecompose ? "doing" : "skipping", dirty ? "+" : "-",
+                 empty ? "+" : "-", wasEmpty ? "+" : "-");
 
-        mDisplays[dpy]->beginFrame(mustRecompose);
+        display->beginFrame(mustRecompose);
 
         if (mustRecompose) {
-            mDisplays[dpy]->lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers = !empty;
+            display->lastCompositionHadVisibleLayers = !empty;
         }
     }
 
     // build the h/w work list
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(mGeometryInvalid)) {
         mGeometryInvalid = false;
-        for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-            sp<const DisplayDevice> displayDevice(mDisplays[dpy]);
-            const auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-            if (hwcId >= 0) {
-                const Vector<sp<Layer>>& currentLayers(
-                        displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ());
+        for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+            const auto displayId = display->getId();
+            if (displayId >= 0) {
+                const Vector<sp<Layer>>& currentLayers = display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ();
                 for (size_t i = 0; i < currentLayers.size(); i++) {
                     const auto& layer = currentLayers[i];
-                    if (!layer->hasHwcLayer(hwcId)) {
-                        if (!layer->createHwcLayer(getBE().mHwc.get(), hwcId)) {
-                            layer->forceClientComposition(hwcId);
+                    if (!layer->hasHwcLayer(displayId)) {
+                        if (!layer->createHwcLayer(getBE().mHwc.get(), displayId)) {
+                            layer->forceClientComposition(displayId);
                             continue;
                         }
                     }
 
-                    layer->setGeometry(displayDevice, i);
+                    layer->setGeometry(display, i);
                     if (mDebugDisableHWC || mDebugRegion) {
-                        layer->forceClientComposition(hwcId);
+                        layer->forceClientComposition(displayId);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2032,61 +1988,59 @@
     }
 
     // Set the per-frame data
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        auto& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
-        const auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-
-        if (hwcId < 0) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        const auto displayId = display->getId();
+        if (displayId < 0) {
             continue;
         }
+
         if (mDrawingState.colorMatrixChanged) {
-            displayDevice->setColorTransform(mDrawingState.colorMatrix);
-            status_t result = getBE().mHwc->setColorTransform(hwcId, mDrawingState.colorMatrix);
-            ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set color transform on "
-                    "display %zd: %d", displayId, result);
+            display->setColorTransform(mDrawingState.colorMatrix);
+            status_t result = getBE().mHwc->setColorTransform(displayId, mDrawingState.colorMatrix);
+            ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set color transform on display %d: %d",
+                     displayId, result);
         }
-        for (auto& layer : displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+        for (auto& layer : display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
             if (layer->isHdrY410()) {
-                layer->forceClientComposition(hwcId);
+                layer->forceClientComposition(displayId);
             } else if ((layer->getDataSpace() == Dataspace::BT2020_PQ ||
                         layer->getDataSpace() == Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_PQ) &&
-                    !displayDevice->hasHDR10Support()) {
-                layer->forceClientComposition(hwcId);
+                    !display->hasHDR10Support()) {
+                layer->forceClientComposition(displayId);
             } else if ((layer->getDataSpace() == Dataspace::BT2020_HLG ||
                         layer->getDataSpace() == Dataspace::BT2020_ITU_HLG) &&
-                    !displayDevice->hasHLGSupport()) {
-                layer->forceClientComposition(hwcId);
+                    !display->hasHLGSupport()) {
+                layer->forceClientComposition(displayId);
             }
 
-            if (layer->getForceClientComposition(hwcId)) {
+            if (layer->getForceClientComposition(displayId)) {
                 ALOGV("[%s] Requesting Client composition", layer->getName().string());
-                layer->setCompositionType(hwcId, HWC2::Composition::Client);
+                layer->setCompositionType(displayId, HWC2::Composition::Client);
                 continue;
             }
 
-            layer->setPerFrameData(displayDevice);
+            layer->setPerFrameData(display);
         }
 
         if (hasWideColorDisplay) {
             ColorMode colorMode;
             Dataspace dataSpace;
             RenderIntent renderIntent;
-            pickColorMode(displayDevice, &colorMode, &dataSpace, &renderIntent);
-            setActiveColorModeInternal(displayDevice, colorMode, dataSpace, renderIntent);
+            pickColorMode(display, &colorMode, &dataSpace, &renderIntent);
+            setActiveColorModeInternal(display, colorMode, dataSpace, renderIntent);
         }
     }
 
     mDrawingState.colorMatrixChanged = false;
 
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        auto& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
-        if (!displayDevice->isDisplayOn()) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (!display->isPoweredOn()) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        status_t result = displayDevice->prepareFrame(*getBE().mHwc);
-        ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "prepareFrame for display %zd failed:"
-                " %d (%s)", displayId, result, strerror(-result));
+        status_t result = display->prepareFrame(*getBE().mHwc);
+        ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "prepareFrame for display %d failed: %d (%s)",
+                 display->getId(), result, strerror(-result));
     }
 }
 
@@ -2095,17 +2049,16 @@
     ALOGV("doComposition");
 
     const bool repaintEverything = android_atomic_and(0, &mRepaintEverything);
-    for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-        const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw(mDisplays[dpy]);
-        if (hw->isDisplayOn()) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (display->isPoweredOn()) {
             // transform the dirty region into this screen's coordinate space
-            const Region dirtyRegion(hw->getDirtyRegion(repaintEverything));
+            const Region dirtyRegion = display->getDirtyRegion(repaintEverything);
 
             // repaint the framebuffer (if needed)
-            doDisplayComposition(hw, dirtyRegion);
+            doDisplayComposition(display, dirtyRegion);
 
-            hw->dirtyRegion.clear();
-            hw->flip();
+            display->dirtyRegion.clear();
+            display->flip();
         }
     }
     postFramebuffer();
@@ -2119,49 +2072,48 @@
     const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
     mDebugInSwapBuffers = now;
 
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        auto& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
-        if (!displayDevice->isDisplayOn()) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (!display->isPoweredOn()) {
             continue;
         }
-        const auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-        if (hwcId >= 0) {
-            getBE().mHwc->presentAndGetReleaseFences(hwcId);
+        const auto displayId = display->getId();
+        if (displayId >= 0) {
+            getBE().mHwc->presentAndGetReleaseFences(displayId);
         }
-        displayDevice->onSwapBuffersCompleted();
-        displayDevice->makeCurrent();
-        for (auto& layer : displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+        display->onSwapBuffersCompleted();
+        display->makeCurrent();
+        for (auto& layer : display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
             // The layer buffer from the previous frame (if any) is released
             // by HWC only when the release fence from this frame (if any) is
             // signaled.  Always get the release fence from HWC first.
-            auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer(hwcId);
-            sp<Fence> releaseFence = getBE().mHwc->getLayerReleaseFence(hwcId, hwcLayer);
+            auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer(displayId);
+            sp<Fence> releaseFence = getBE().mHwc->getLayerReleaseFence(displayId, hwcLayer);
 
             // If the layer was client composited in the previous frame, we
             // need to merge with the previous client target acquire fence.
             // Since we do not track that, always merge with the current
             // client target acquire fence when it is available, even though
             // this is suboptimal.
-            if (layer->getCompositionType(hwcId) == HWC2::Composition::Client) {
+            if (layer->getCompositionType(displayId) == HWC2::Composition::Client) {
                 releaseFence = Fence::merge("LayerRelease", releaseFence,
-                        displayDevice->getClientTargetAcquireFence());
+                                            display->getClientTargetAcquireFence());
             }
 
-            layer->onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
+            layer->getBE().onLayerDisplayed(releaseFence);
         }
 
         // We've got a list of layers needing fences, that are disjoint with
-        // displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ.  The best we can do is to
+        // display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ.  The best we can do is to
         // supply them with the present fence.
-        if (!displayDevice->getLayersNeedingFences().isEmpty()) {
-            sp<Fence> presentFence = getBE().mHwc->getPresentFence(hwcId);
-            for (auto& layer : displayDevice->getLayersNeedingFences()) {
-                layer->onLayerDisplayed(presentFence);
+        if (!display->getLayersNeedingFences().isEmpty()) {
+            sp<Fence> presentFence = getBE().mHwc->getPresentFence(displayId);
+            for (auto& layer : display->getLayersNeedingFences()) {
+                layer->getBE().onLayerDisplayed(presentFence);
             }
         }
 
-        if (hwcId >= 0) {
-            getBE().mHwc->clearReleaseFences(hwcId);
+        if (displayId >= 0) {
+            getBE().mHwc->clearReleaseFences(displayId);
         }
     }
 
@@ -2169,8 +2121,9 @@
     mDebugInSwapBuffers = 0;
 
     // |mStateLock| not needed as we are on the main thread
-    if (getBE().mHwc->isConnected(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY)) {
-        uint32_t flipCount = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()->getPageFlipCount();
+    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+    if (display && getHwComposer().isConnected(display->getId())) {
+        const uint32_t flipCount = display->getPageFlipCount();
         if (flipCount % LOG_FRAME_STATS_PERIOD == 0) {
             logFrameStats();
         }
@@ -2207,7 +2160,7 @@
     // here the transaction has been committed
 }
 
-DisplayDevice::DisplayType SurfaceFlinger::determineDisplayType(hwc2_display_t display,
+DisplayDevice::DisplayType SurfaceFlinger::determineDisplayType(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
                                                                 HWC2::Connection connection) const {
     // Figure out whether the event is for the primary display or an
     // external display by matching the Hwc display id against one for a
@@ -2216,17 +2169,16 @@
     // have a connected primary display, we assume the new display is meant to
     // be the primary display, and then if we don't have an external display,
     // we assume it is that.
-    const auto primaryDisplayId =
-            getBE().mHwc->getHwcDisplayId(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    const auto externalDisplayId =
+    const auto primaryHwcDisplayId = getBE().mHwc->getHwcDisplayId(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+    const auto externalHwcDisplayId =
             getBE().mHwc->getHwcDisplayId(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL);
-    if (primaryDisplayId && primaryDisplayId == display) {
+    if (primaryHwcDisplayId && primaryHwcDisplayId == hwcDisplayId) {
         return DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
-    } else if (externalDisplayId && externalDisplayId == display) {
-        return  DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL;
-    } else if (connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected && !primaryDisplayId) {
+    } else if (externalHwcDisplayId && externalHwcDisplayId == hwcDisplayId) {
+        return DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL;
+    } else if (connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected && !primaryHwcDisplayId) {
         return DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
-    } else if (connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected && !externalDisplayId) {
+    } else if (connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected && !externalHwcDisplayId) {
         return DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL;
     }
 
@@ -2235,9 +2187,9 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::processDisplayHotplugEventsLocked() {
     for (const auto& event : mPendingHotplugEvents) {
-        auto displayType = determineDisplayType(event.display, event.connection);
+        auto displayType = determineDisplayType(event.hwcDisplayId, event.connection);
         if (displayType == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
-            ALOGW("Unable to determine the display type for display %" PRIu64, event.display);
+            ALOGW("Unable to determine the display type for display %" PRIu64, event.hwcDisplayId);
             continue;
         }
 
@@ -2246,29 +2198,34 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        getBE().mHwc->onHotplug(event.display, displayType, event.connection);
+        const auto displayId =
+                getBE().mHwc->onHotplug(event.hwcDisplayId, displayType, event.connection);
+        if (displayId) {
+            ALOGV("Display %" PRIu64 " has stable ID %" PRIu64, event.hwcDisplayId, *displayId);
+        }
 
         if (event.connection == HWC2::Connection::Connected) {
-            if (!mBuiltinDisplays[displayType].get()) {
+            if (!mDisplayTokens[displayType].get()) {
                 ALOGV("Creating built in display %d", displayType);
-                mBuiltinDisplays[displayType] = new BBinder();
-                // All non-virtual displays are currently considered secure.
-                DisplayDeviceState info(displayType, true);
+                mDisplayTokens[displayType] = new BBinder();
+                DisplayDeviceState info;
+                info.type = displayType;
                 info.displayName = displayType == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY ?
                         "Built-in Screen" : "External Screen";
-                mCurrentState.displays.add(mBuiltinDisplays[displayType], info);
+                info.isSecure = true; // All physical displays are currently considered secure.
+                mCurrentState.displays.add(mDisplayTokens[displayType], info);
                 mInterceptor->saveDisplayCreation(info);
             }
         } else {
             ALOGV("Removing built in display %d", displayType);
 
-            ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(mBuiltinDisplays[displayType]);
+            ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(mDisplayTokens[displayType]);
             if (idx >= 0) {
                 const DisplayDeviceState& info(mCurrentState.displays.valueAt(idx));
-                mInterceptor->saveDisplayDeletion(info.displayId);
+                mInterceptor->saveDisplayDeletion(info.sequenceId);
                 mCurrentState.displays.removeItemsAt(idx);
             }
-            mBuiltinDisplays[displayType].clear();
+            mDisplayTokens[displayType].clear();
         }
 
         processDisplayChangesLocked();
@@ -2278,13 +2235,13 @@
 }
 
 sp<DisplayDevice> SurfaceFlinger::setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(
-        const wp<IBinder>& display, int hwcId, const DisplayDeviceState& state,
+        const wp<IBinder>& displayToken, int32_t displayId, const DisplayDeviceState& state,
         const sp<DisplaySurface>& dispSurface, const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& producer) {
     bool hasWideColorGamut = false;
     std::unordered_map<ColorMode, std::vector<RenderIntent>> hwcColorModes;
 
     if (hasWideColorDisplay) {
-        std::vector<ColorMode> modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(hwcId);
+        std::vector<ColorMode> modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(displayId);
         for (ColorMode colorMode : modes) {
             switch (colorMode) {
                 case ColorMode::DISPLAY_P3:
@@ -2296,14 +2253,14 @@
                     break;
             }
 
-            std::vector<RenderIntent> renderIntents = getHwComposer().getRenderIntents(hwcId,
-                                                                                       colorMode);
+            std::vector<RenderIntent> renderIntents =
+                    getHwComposer().getRenderIntents(displayId, colorMode);
             hwcColorModes.emplace(colorMode, renderIntents);
         }
     }
 
     HdrCapabilities hdrCapabilities;
-    getHwComposer().getHdrCapabilities(hwcId, &hdrCapabilities);
+    getHwComposer().getHdrCapabilities(displayId, &hdrCapabilities);
 
     auto nativeWindowSurface = mCreateNativeWindowSurface(producer);
     auto nativeWindow = nativeWindowSurface->getNativeWindow();
@@ -2313,7 +2270,7 @@
      */
     std::unique_ptr<RE::Surface> renderSurface = getRenderEngine().createSurface();
     renderSurface->setCritical(state.type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    renderSurface->setAsync(state.type >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL);
+    renderSurface->setAsync(state.isVirtual());
     renderSurface->setNativeWindow(nativeWindow.get());
     const int displayWidth = renderSurface->queryWidth();
     const int displayHeight = renderSurface->queryHeight();
@@ -2325,19 +2282,18 @@
     // * In makeCurrent(), using eglSwapInterval. Some EGL drivers set the
     //   window's swap interval in eglMakeCurrent, so they'll override the
     //   interval we set here.
-    if (state.type >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
+    if (state.isVirtual()) {
         nativeWindow->setSwapInterval(nativeWindow.get(), 0);
     }
 
     // virtual displays are always considered enabled
-    auto initialPowerMode = (state.type >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) ? HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL
-                                                                           : HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF;
+    auto initialPowerMode = state.isVirtual() ? HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL : HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF;
 
-    sp<DisplayDevice> hw =
-            new DisplayDevice(this, state.type, hwcId, state.isSecure, display, nativeWindow,
-                              dispSurface, std::move(renderSurface), displayWidth, displayHeight,
-                              hasWideColorGamut, hdrCapabilities,
-                              getHwComposer().getSupportedPerFrameMetadata(hwcId),
+    sp<DisplayDevice> display =
+            new DisplayDevice(this, state.type, displayId, state.isSecure, displayToken,
+                              nativeWindow, dispSurface, std::move(renderSurface), displayWidth,
+                              displayHeight, hasWideColorGamut, hdrCapabilities,
+                              getHwComposer().getSupportedPerFrameMetadata(displayId),
                               hwcColorModes, initialPowerMode);
 
     if (maxFrameBufferAcquiredBuffers >= 3) {
@@ -2350,16 +2306,16 @@
         defaultColorMode = ColorMode::SRGB;
         defaultDataSpace = Dataspace::SRGB;
     }
-    setActiveColorModeInternal(hw, defaultColorMode, defaultDataSpace,
+    setActiveColorModeInternal(display, defaultColorMode, defaultDataSpace,
                                RenderIntent::COLORIMETRIC);
     if (state.type < DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-        hw->setActiveConfig(getHwComposer().getActiveConfigIndex(state.type));
+        display->setActiveConfig(getHwComposer().getActiveConfigIndex(state.type));
     }
-    hw->setLayerStack(state.layerStack);
-    hw->setProjection(state.orientation, state.viewport, state.frame);
-    hw->setDisplayName(state.displayName);
+    display->setLayerStack(state.layerStack);
+    display->setProjection(state.orientation, state.viewport, state.frame);
+    display->setDisplayName(state.displayName);
 
-    return hw;
+    return display;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::processDisplayChangesLocked() {
@@ -2384,17 +2340,22 @@
                 // Call makeCurrent() on the primary display so we can
                 // be sure that nothing associated with this display
                 // is current.
-                const sp<const DisplayDevice> defaultDisplay(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
-                if (defaultDisplay != nullptr) defaultDisplay->makeCurrent();
-                sp<DisplayDevice> hw(getDisplayDeviceLocked(draw.keyAt(i)));
-                if (hw != nullptr) hw->disconnect(getHwComposer());
-                if (draw[i].type < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES)
-                    mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(draw[i].type, false);
-                mDisplays.removeItem(draw.keyAt(i));
+                if (const auto defaultDisplay = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
+                    defaultDisplay->makeCurrent();
+                }
+                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(draw.keyAt(i))) {
+                    display->disconnect(getHwComposer());
+                }
+                if (draw[i].type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY) {
+                    mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary, false);
+                } else if (draw[i].type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL) {
+                    mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::External, false);
+                }
+                mDisplays.erase(draw.keyAt(i));
             } else {
                 // this display is in both lists. see if something changed.
                 const DisplayDeviceState& state(curr[j]);
-                const wp<IBinder>& display(curr.keyAt(j));
+                const wp<IBinder>& displayToken = curr.keyAt(j);
                 const sp<IBinder> state_binder = IInterface::asBinder(state.surface);
                 const sp<IBinder> draw_binder = IInterface::asBinder(draw[i].surface);
                 if (state_binder != draw_binder) {
@@ -2402,26 +2363,26 @@
                     // recreating the DisplayDevice, so we just remove it
                     // from the drawing state, so that it get re-added
                     // below.
-                    sp<DisplayDevice> hw(getDisplayDeviceLocked(display));
-                    if (hw != nullptr) hw->disconnect(getHwComposer());
-                    mDisplays.removeItem(display);
+                    if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
+                        display->disconnect(getHwComposer());
+                    }
+                    mDisplays.erase(displayToken);
                     mDrawingState.displays.removeItemsAt(i);
                     dc--;
                     // at this point we must loop to the next item
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                const sp<DisplayDevice> disp(getDisplayDeviceLocked(display));
-                if (disp != nullptr) {
+                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
                     if (state.layerStack != draw[i].layerStack) {
-                        disp->setLayerStack(state.layerStack);
+                        display->setLayerStack(state.layerStack);
                     }
                     if ((state.orientation != draw[i].orientation) ||
                         (state.viewport != draw[i].viewport) || (state.frame != draw[i].frame)) {
-                        disp->setProjection(state.orientation, state.viewport, state.frame);
+                        display->setProjection(state.orientation, state.viewport, state.frame);
                     }
                     if (state.width != draw[i].width || state.height != draw[i].height) {
-                        disp->setDisplaySize(state.width, state.height);
+                        display->setDisplaySize(state.width, state.height);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2440,8 +2401,8 @@
                 sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer> bqConsumer;
                 mCreateBufferQueue(&bqProducer, &bqConsumer, false);
 
-                int32_t hwcId = -1;
-                if (state.isVirtualDisplay()) {
+                int32_t displayId = -1;
+                if (state.isVirtual()) {
                     // Virtual displays without a surface are dormant:
                     // they have external state (layer stack, projection,
                     // etc.) but no internal state (i.e. a DisplayDevice).
@@ -2459,13 +2420,14 @@
                             ALOGE_IF(status != NO_ERROR, "Unable to query format (%d)", status);
                             auto format = static_cast<ui::PixelFormat>(intFormat);
 
-                            getBE().mHwc->allocateVirtualDisplay(width, height, &format, &hwcId);
+                            getBE().mHwc->allocateVirtualDisplay(width, height, &format,
+                                                                 &displayId);
                         }
 
                         // TODO: Plumb requested format back up to consumer
 
                         sp<VirtualDisplaySurface> vds =
-                                new VirtualDisplaySurface(*getBE().mHwc, hwcId, state.surface,
+                                new VirtualDisplaySurface(*getBE().mHwc, displayId, state.surface,
                                                           bqProducer, bqConsumer,
                                                           state.displayName);
 
@@ -2478,18 +2440,24 @@
                              "surface is provided (%p), ignoring it",
                              state.surface.get());
 
-                    hwcId = state.type;
-                    dispSurface = new FramebufferSurface(*getBE().mHwc, hwcId, bqConsumer);
+                    displayId = state.type;
+                    dispSurface = new FramebufferSurface(*getBE().mHwc, displayId, bqConsumer);
                     producer = bqProducer;
                 }
 
-                const wp<IBinder>& display(curr.keyAt(i));
+                const wp<IBinder>& displayToken = curr.keyAt(i);
                 if (dispSurface != nullptr) {
-                    mDisplays.add(display,
-                                  setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(display, hwcId, state, dispSurface,
-                                                                producer));
-                    if (!state.isVirtualDisplay()) {
-                        mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(state.type, true);
+                    mDisplays.emplace(displayToken,
+                                      setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(displayToken, displayId, state,
+                                                                    dispSurface, producer));
+                    if (!state.isVirtual()) {
+                        if (state.type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY) {
+                            mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary,
+                                                            true);
+                        } else if (state.type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL) {
+                            mEventThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::External,
+                                                            true);
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2551,7 +2519,7 @@
         // happened yet, so we must use the current state layer list
         // (soon to become the drawing state list).
         //
-        sp<const DisplayDevice> disp;
+        sp<const DisplayDevice> hintDisplay;
         uint32_t currentlayerStack = 0;
         bool first = true;
         mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
@@ -2564,34 +2532,33 @@
                 // figure out if this layerstack is mirrored
                 // (more than one display) if so, pick the default display,
                 // if not, pick the only display it's on.
-                disp.clear();
-                for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-                    sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(mDisplays[dpy]);
-                    if (layer->belongsToDisplay(hw->getLayerStack(), hw->isPrimary())) {
-                        if (disp == nullptr) {
-                            disp = std::move(hw);
-                        } else {
-                            disp = nullptr;
+                hintDisplay = nullptr;
+                for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+                    if (layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), display->isPrimary())) {
+                        if (hintDisplay) {
+                            hintDisplay = nullptr;
                             break;
+                        } else {
+                            hintDisplay = display;
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
 
-            if (disp == nullptr) {
+            if (!hintDisplay) {
                 // NOTE: TEMPORARY FIX ONLY. Real fix should cause layers to
                 // redraw after transform hint changes. See bug 8508397.
 
                 // could be null when this layer is using a layerStack
                 // that is not visible on any display. Also can occur at
                 // screen off/on times.
-                disp = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+                hintDisplay = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
             }
 
-            // disp can be null if there is no display available at all to get
+            // could be null if there is no display available at all to get
             // the transform hint from.
-            if (disp != nullptr) {
-                layer->updateTransformHint(disp);
+            if (hintDisplay) {
+                layer->updateTransformHint(hintDisplay);
             }
 
             first = false;
@@ -2634,14 +2601,13 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::updateCursorAsync()
 {
-    for (size_t displayId = 0; displayId < mDisplays.size(); ++displayId) {
-        auto& displayDevice = mDisplays[displayId];
-        if (displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId() < 0) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (display->getId() < 0) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        for (auto& layer : displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
-            layer->updateCursorPosition(displayDevice);
+        for (auto& layer : display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+            layer->updateCursorPosition(display);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2674,9 +2640,8 @@
     mTransactionCV.broadcast();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::computeVisibleRegions(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
-        Region& outDirtyRegion, Region& outOpaqueRegion)
-{
+void SurfaceFlinger::computeVisibleRegions(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
+                                           Region& outDirtyRegion, Region& outOpaqueRegion) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("computeVisibleRegions");
 
@@ -2691,8 +2656,9 @@
         const Layer::State& s(layer->getDrawingState());
 
         // only consider the layers on the given layer stack
-        if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(displayDevice->getLayerStack(), displayDevice->isPrimary()))
+        if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), display->isPrimary())) {
             return;
+        }
 
         /*
          * opaqueRegion: area of a surface that is fully opaque.
@@ -2812,10 +2778,9 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::invalidateLayerStack(const sp<const Layer>& layer, const Region& dirty) {
-    for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-        const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw(mDisplays[dpy]);
-        if (layer->belongsToDisplay(hw->getLayerStack(), hw->isPrimary())) {
-            hw->dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirty);
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), display->isPrimary())) {
+            display->dirtyRegion.orSelf(dirty);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2879,36 +2844,32 @@
     mGeometryInvalid = true;
 }
 
-
-void SurfaceFlinger::doDisplayComposition(
-        const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
-        const Region& inDirtyRegion)
-{
+void SurfaceFlinger::doDisplayComposition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
+                                          const Region& inDirtyRegion) {
     // We only need to actually compose the display if:
     // 1) It is being handled by hardware composer, which may need this to
     //    keep its virtual display state machine in sync, or
     // 2) There is work to be done (the dirty region isn't empty)
-    bool isHwcDisplay = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId() >= 0;
+    bool isHwcDisplay = display->getId() >= 0;
     if (!isHwcDisplay && inDirtyRegion.isEmpty()) {
         ALOGV("Skipping display composition");
         return;
     }
 
     ALOGV("doDisplayComposition");
-    if (!doComposeSurfaces(displayDevice)) return;
+    if (!doComposeSurfaces(display)) return;
 
     // swap buffers (presentation)
-    displayDevice->swapBuffers(getHwComposer());
+    display->swapBuffers(getHwComposer());
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::doComposeSurfaces(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice)
-{
+bool SurfaceFlinger::doComposeSurfaces(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display) {
     ALOGV("doComposeSurfaces");
 
-    const Region bounds(displayDevice->bounds());
-    const DisplayRenderArea renderArea(displayDevice);
-    const auto hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-    const bool hasClientComposition = getBE().mHwc->hasClientComposition(hwcId);
+    const Region bounds(display->bounds());
+    const DisplayRenderArea renderArea(display);
+    const auto displayId = display->getId();
+    const bool hasClientComposition = getBE().mHwc->hasClientComposition(displayId);
     ATRACE_INT("hasClientComposition", hasClientComposition);
 
     bool applyColorMatrix = false;
@@ -2919,14 +2880,14 @@
         ALOGV("hasClientComposition");
 
         Dataspace outputDataspace = Dataspace::UNKNOWN;
-        if (displayDevice->hasWideColorGamut()) {
-            outputDataspace = displayDevice->getCompositionDataSpace();
+        if (display->hasWideColorGamut()) {
+            outputDataspace = display->getCompositionDataSpace();
         }
         getBE().mRenderEngine->setOutputDataSpace(outputDataspace);
         getBE().mRenderEngine->setDisplayMaxLuminance(
-                displayDevice->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance());
+                display->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance());
 
-        const bool hasDeviceComposition = getBE().mHwc->hasDeviceComposition(hwcId);
+        const bool hasDeviceComposition = getBE().mHwc->hasDeviceComposition(displayId);
         const bool skipClientColorTransform = getBE().mHwc->hasCapability(
             HWC2::Capability::SkipClientColorTransform);
 
@@ -2936,18 +2897,18 @@
         }
 
         needsLegacyColorMatrix =
-            (displayDevice->getActiveRenderIntent() >= RenderIntent::ENHANCE &&
-             outputDataspace != Dataspace::UNKNOWN &&
-             outputDataspace != Dataspace::SRGB);
+                (display->getActiveRenderIntent() >= RenderIntent::ENHANCE &&
+                 outputDataspace != Dataspace::UNKNOWN && outputDataspace != Dataspace::SRGB);
 
-        if (!displayDevice->makeCurrent()) {
+        if (!display->makeCurrent()) {
             ALOGW("DisplayDevice::makeCurrent failed. Aborting surface composition for display %s",
-                  displayDevice->getDisplayName().string());
+                  display->getDisplayName().c_str());
             getRenderEngine().resetCurrentSurface();
 
             // |mStateLock| not needed as we are on the main thread
-            if(!getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()->makeCurrent()) {
-              ALOGE("DisplayDevice::makeCurrent on default display failed. Aborting.");
+            const auto defaultDisplay = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+            if (!defaultDisplay || !defaultDisplay->makeCurrent()) {
+                ALOGE("DisplayDevice::makeCurrent on default display failed. Aborting.");
             }
             return false;
         }
@@ -2964,31 +2925,31 @@
             // we start with the whole screen area and remove the scissor part
             // we're left with the letterbox region
             // (common case is that letterbox ends-up being empty)
-            const Region letterbox(bounds.subtract(displayDevice->getScissor()));
+            const Region letterbox = bounds.subtract(display->getScissor());
 
             // compute the area to clear
-            Region region(displayDevice->undefinedRegion.merge(letterbox));
+            const Region region = display->undefinedRegion.merge(letterbox);
 
             // screen is already cleared here
             if (!region.isEmpty()) {
                 // can happen with SurfaceView
-                drawWormhole(displayDevice, region);
+                drawWormhole(display, region);
             }
         }
 
-        if (displayDevice->getDisplayType() != DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY) {
+        if (!display->isPrimary()) {
             // just to be on the safe side, we don't set the
             // scissor on the main display. It should never be needed
             // anyways (though in theory it could since the API allows it).
-            const Rect& bounds(displayDevice->getBounds());
-            const Rect& scissor(displayDevice->getScissor());
+            const Rect& bounds = display->getBounds();
+            const Rect& scissor = display->getScissor();
             if (scissor != bounds) {
                 // scissor doesn't match the screen's dimensions, so we
                 // need to clear everything outside of it and enable
                 // the GL scissor so we don't draw anything where we shouldn't
 
                 // enable scissor for this frame
-                const uint32_t height = displayDevice->getHeight();
+                const uint32_t height = display->getHeight();
                 getBE().mRenderEngine->setScissor(scissor.left, height - scissor.bottom,
                         scissor.getWidth(), scissor.getHeight());
             }
@@ -3000,24 +2961,22 @@
      */
 
     ALOGV("Rendering client layers");
-    const Transform& displayTransform = displayDevice->getTransform();
+    const Transform& displayTransform = display->getTransform();
     bool firstLayer = true;
-    for (auto& layer : displayDevice->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
+    for (auto& layer : display->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ()) {
         const Region clip(bounds.intersect(
                 displayTransform.transform(layer->visibleRegion)));
         ALOGV("Layer: %s", layer->getName().string());
-        ALOGV("  Composition type: %s",
-                to_string(layer->getCompositionType(hwcId)).c_str());
+        ALOGV("  Composition type: %s", to_string(layer->getCompositionType(displayId)).c_str());
         if (!clip.isEmpty()) {
-            switch (layer->getCompositionType(hwcId)) {
+            switch (layer->getCompositionType(displayId)) {
                 case HWC2::Composition::Cursor:
                 case HWC2::Composition::Device:
                 case HWC2::Composition::Sideband:
                 case HWC2::Composition::SolidColor: {
                     const Layer::State& state(layer->getDrawingState());
-                    if (layer->getClearClientTarget(hwcId) && !firstLayer &&
-                            layer->isOpaque(state) && (state.color.a == 1.0f)
-                            && hasClientComposition) {
+                    if (layer->getClearClientTarget(displayId) && !firstLayer &&
+                        layer->isOpaque(state) && (state.color.a == 1.0f) && hasClientComposition) {
                         // never clear the very first layer since we're
                         // guaranteed the FB is already cleared
                         layer->clearWithOpenGL(renderArea);
@@ -3060,8 +3019,9 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::drawWormhole(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, const Region& region) const {
-    const int32_t height = displayDevice->getHeight();
+void SurfaceFlinger::drawWormhole(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
+                                  const Region& region) const {
+    const int32_t height = display->getHeight();
     auto& engine(getRenderEngine());
     engine.fillRegionWithColor(region, height, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 }
@@ -3292,53 +3252,51 @@
     }
 }
 
-uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setDisplayStateLocked(const DisplayState& s)
-{
-    ssize_t dpyIdx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(s.token);
-    if (dpyIdx < 0)
-        return 0;
+uint32_t SurfaceFlinger::setDisplayStateLocked(const DisplayState& s) {
+    const ssize_t index = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(s.token);
+    if (index < 0) return 0;
 
     uint32_t flags = 0;
-    DisplayDeviceState& disp(mCurrentState.displays.editValueAt(dpyIdx));
-    if (disp.isValid()) {
-        const uint32_t what = s.what;
-        if (what & DisplayState::eSurfaceChanged) {
-            if (IInterface::asBinder(disp.surface) != IInterface::asBinder(s.surface)) {
-                disp.surface = s.surface;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-        }
-        if (what & DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged) {
-            if (disp.layerStack != s.layerStack) {
-                disp.layerStack = s.layerStack;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-        }
-        if (what & DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged) {
-            if (disp.orientation != s.orientation) {
-                disp.orientation = s.orientation;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-            if (disp.frame != s.frame) {
-                disp.frame = s.frame;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-            if (disp.viewport != s.viewport) {
-                disp.viewport = s.viewport;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-        }
-        if (what & DisplayState::eDisplaySizeChanged) {
-            if (disp.width != s.width) {
-                disp.width = s.width;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
-            if (disp.height != s.height) {
-                disp.height = s.height;
-                flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
-            }
+    DisplayDeviceState& state = mCurrentState.displays.editValueAt(index);
+
+    const uint32_t what = s.what;
+    if (what & DisplayState::eSurfaceChanged) {
+        if (IInterface::asBinder(state.surface) != IInterface::asBinder(s.surface)) {
+            state.surface = s.surface;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
         }
     }
+    if (what & DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged) {
+        if (state.layerStack != s.layerStack) {
+            state.layerStack = s.layerStack;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+    }
+    if (what & DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged) {
+        if (state.orientation != s.orientation) {
+            state.orientation = s.orientation;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+        if (state.frame != s.frame) {
+            state.frame = s.frame;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+        if (state.viewport != s.viewport) {
+            state.viewport = s.viewport;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+    }
+    if (what & DisplayState::eDisplaySizeChanged) {
+        if (state.width != s.width) {
+            state.width = s.width;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+        if (state.height != s.height) {
+            state.height = s.height;
+            flags |= eDisplayTransactionNeeded;
+        }
+    }
+
     return flags;
 }
 
@@ -3616,10 +3574,13 @@
     // Tack on our counter whether there is a hit or not, so everyone gets a tag
     String8 uniqueName = name + "#" + String8(std::to_string(dupeCounter).c_str());
 
+    // Grab the state lock since we're accessing mCurrentState
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+
     // Loop over layers until we're sure there is no matching name
     while (matchFound) {
         matchFound = false;
-        mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
+        mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
             if (layer->getName() == uniqueName) {
                 matchFound = true;
                 uniqueName = name + "#" + String8(std::to_string(++dupeCounter).c_str());
@@ -3627,7 +3588,8 @@
         });
     }
 
-    ALOGD_IF(dupeCounter > 0, "duplicate layer name: changing %s to %s", name.c_str(), uniqueName.c_str());
+    ALOGV_IF(dupeCounter > 0, "duplicate layer name: changing %s to %s", name.c_str(),
+             uniqueName.c_str());
 
     return uniqueName;
 }
@@ -3698,13 +3660,16 @@
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onInitializeDisplays() {
+    const auto displayToken = mDisplayTokens[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY];
+    if (!displayToken) return;
+
     // reset screen orientation and use primary layer stack
     Vector<ComposerState> state;
     Vector<DisplayState> displays;
     DisplayState d;
     d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
              DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
-    d.token = mBuiltinDisplays[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY];
+    d.token = displayToken;
     d.layerStack = 0;
     d.orientation = DisplayState::eOrientationDefault;
     d.frame.makeInvalid();
@@ -3713,10 +3678,13 @@
     d.height = 0;
     displays.add(d);
     setTransactionState(state, displays, 0);
-    setPowerModeInternal(getDisplayDevice(d.token), HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL,
-                         /*stateLockHeld*/ false);
 
-    const auto& activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
+    const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
+    if (!display) return;
+
+    setPowerModeInternal(display, HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL, /*stateLockHeld*/ false);
+
+    const auto activeConfig = getHwComposer().getActiveConfig(display->getId());
     const nsecs_t period = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
     mAnimFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(period);
 
@@ -3726,51 +3694,42 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::initializeDisplays() {
-    class MessageScreenInitialized : public MessageBase {
-        SurfaceFlinger* flinger;
-    public:
-        explicit MessageScreenInitialized(SurfaceFlinger* flinger) : flinger(flinger) { }
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            flinger->onInitializeDisplays();
-            return true;
-        }
-    };
-    sp<MessageBase> msg = new MessageScreenInitialized(this);
-    postMessageAsync(msg);  // we may be called from main thread, use async message
+    // Async since we may be called from the main thread.
+    postMessageAsync(new LambdaMessage([this] { onInitializeDisplays(); }));
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw,
-             int mode, bool stateLockHeld) {
-    ALOGD("Set power mode=%d, type=%d flinger=%p", mode, hw->getDisplayType(),
-            this);
-    int32_t type = hw->getDisplayType();
-    int currentMode = hw->getPowerMode();
+void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, int mode,
+                                          bool stateLockHeld) {
+    const int32_t displayId = display->getId();
+    ALOGD("Setting power mode %d on display %d", mode, displayId);
 
+    int currentMode = display->getPowerMode();
     if (mode == currentMode) {
         return;
     }
 
-    hw->setPowerMode(mode);
-    if (type >= DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES) {
+    if (display->isVirtual()) {
         ALOGW("Trying to set power mode for virtual display");
         return;
     }
 
+    display->setPowerMode(mode);
+
     if (mInterceptor->isEnabled()) {
         ConditionalLock lock(mStateLock, !stateLockHeld);
-        ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(hw->getDisplayToken());
+        ssize_t idx = mCurrentState.displays.indexOfKey(display->getDisplayToken());
         if (idx < 0) {
             ALOGW("Surface Interceptor SavePowerMode: invalid display token");
             return;
         }
-        mInterceptor->savePowerModeUpdate(mCurrentState.displays.valueAt(idx).displayId, mode);
+        mInterceptor->savePowerModeUpdate(mCurrentState.displays.valueAt(idx).sequenceId, mode);
     }
 
+    int32_t type = display->getDisplayType();
     if (currentMode == HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF) {
         // Turn on the display
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(type, mode);
-        if (type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY &&
-            mode != HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (display->isPrimary() && mode != HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             // FIXME: eventthread only knows about the main display right now
             mEventThread->onScreenAcquired();
             resyncToHardwareVsync(true);
@@ -3792,8 +3751,7 @@
             ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_OTHER on display off");
         }
 
-        if (type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY &&
-            currentMode != HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (display->isPrimary() && currentMode != HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             disableHardwareVsync(true); // also cancels any in-progress resync
 
             // FIXME: eventthread only knows about the main display right now
@@ -3807,15 +3765,14 @@
                mode == HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL) {
         // Update display while dozing
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(type, mode);
-        if (type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY &&
-            currentMode == HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (display->isPrimary() && currentMode == HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             // FIXME: eventthread only knows about the main display right now
             mEventThread->onScreenAcquired();
             resyncToHardwareVsync(true);
         }
     } else if (mode == HWC_POWER_MODE_DOZE_SUSPEND) {
         // Leave display going to doze
-        if (type == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY) {
+        if (display->isPrimary()) {
             disableHardwareVsync(true); // also cancels any in-progress resync
             // FIXME: eventthread only knows about the main display right now
             mEventThread->onScreenReleased();
@@ -3825,35 +3782,22 @@
         ALOGE("Attempting to set unknown power mode: %d\n", mode);
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(type, mode);
     }
-    ALOGD("Finished set power mode=%d, type=%d", mode, hw->getDisplayType());
+
+    ALOGD("Finished setting power mode %d on display %d", mode, displayId);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerMode(const sp<IBinder>& display, int mode) {
-    class MessageSetPowerMode: public MessageBase {
-        SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
-        sp<IBinder> mDisplay;
-        int mMode;
-    public:
-        MessageSetPowerMode(SurfaceFlinger& flinger,
-                const sp<IBinder>& disp, int mode) : mFlinger(flinger),
-                    mDisplay(disp) { mMode = mode; }
-        virtual bool handler() {
-            sp<DisplayDevice> hw(mFlinger.getDisplayDevice(mDisplay));
-            if (hw == nullptr) {
-                ALOGE("Attempt to set power mode = %d for null display %p",
-                        mMode, mDisplay.get());
-            } else if (hw->getDisplayType() >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-                ALOGW("Attempt to set power mode = %d for virtual display",
-                        mMode);
-            } else {
-                mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(
-                        hw, mMode, /*stateLockHeld*/ false);
-            }
-            return true;
+void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int mode) {
+    postMessageSync(new LambdaMessage([&] {
+        const auto display = getDisplayDevice(displayToken);
+        if (!display) {
+            ALOGE("Attempt to set power mode %d for invalid display token %p", mode,
+                  displayToken.get());
+        } else if (display->isVirtual()) {
+            ALOGW("Attempt to set power mode %d for virtual display", mode);
+        } else {
+            setPowerModeInternal(display, mode, /*stateLockHeld*/ false);
         }
-    };
-    sp<MessageBase> msg = new MessageSetPowerMode(*this, display, mode);
-    postMessageSync(msg);
+    }));
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -3963,6 +3907,13 @@
                 dumpAll = false;
             }
 
+            if ((index < numArgs) &&
+                (args[index] == String16("--display-identification"))) {
+                index++;
+                dumpDisplayIdentificationData(result);
+                dumpAll = false;
+            }
+
             if ((index < numArgs) && (args[index] == String16("--timestats"))) {
                 index++;
                 mTimeStats.parseArgs(asProto, args, index, result);
@@ -4004,9 +3955,12 @@
         index++;
     }
 
-    const auto& activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    const nsecs_t period = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
-    result.appendFormat("%" PRId64 "\n", period);
+    if (const auto displayId = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
+        getHwComposer().isConnected(displayId)) {
+        const auto activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(displayId);
+        const nsecs_t period = activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod();
+        result.appendFormat("%" PRId64 "\n", period);
+    }
 
     if (name.isEmpty()) {
         mAnimFrameTracker.dumpStats(result);
@@ -4142,6 +4096,48 @@
     result.append("\n");
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::dumpDisplayIdentificationData(String8& result) const {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        const int32_t displayId = display->getId();
+        const auto hwcDisplayId = getHwComposer().getHwcDisplayId(displayId);
+        if (!hwcDisplayId) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result.appendFormat("Display %d (HWC display %" PRIu64 "): ", displayId, *hwcDisplayId);
+        uint8_t port;
+        DisplayIdentificationData data;
+        if (!getHwComposer().getDisplayIdentificationData(*hwcDisplayId, &port, &data)) {
+            result.append("no identification data\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!isEdid(data)) {
+            result.append("unknown identification data: ");
+            for (uint8_t byte : data) {
+                result.appendFormat("%x ", byte);
+            }
+            result.append("\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        const auto edid = parseEdid(data);
+        if (!edid) {
+            result.append("invalid EDID: ");
+            for (uint8_t byte : data) {
+                result.appendFormat("%x ", byte);
+            }
+            result.append("\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result.appendFormat("port=%u pnpId=%s displayName=\"", port, edid->pnpId.data());
+        result.append(edid->displayName.data(), edid->displayName.length());
+        result.append("\"\n");
+    }
+    result.append("\n");
+}
+
 void SurfaceFlinger::dumpWideColorInfo(String8& result) const {
     result.appendFormat("hasWideColorDisplay: %d\n", hasWideColorDisplay);
     result.appendFormat("DisplayColorSetting: %s\n",
@@ -4149,20 +4145,19 @@
 
     // TODO: print out if wide-color mode is active or not
 
-    for (size_t d = 0; d < mDisplays.size(); d++) {
-        const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice(mDisplays[d]);
-        int32_t hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-        if (hwcId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        const int32_t displayId = display->getId();
+        if (displayId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        result.appendFormat("Display %d color modes:\n", hwcId);
-        std::vector<ColorMode> modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(hwcId);
+        result.appendFormat("Display %d color modes:\n", displayId);
+        std::vector<ColorMode> modes = getHwComposer().getColorModes(displayId);
         for (auto&& mode : modes) {
             result.appendFormat("    %s (%d)\n", decodeColorMode(mode).c_str(), mode);
         }
 
-        ColorMode currentMode = displayDevice->getActiveColorMode();
+        ColorMode currentMode = display->getActiveColorMode();
         result.appendFormat("    Current color mode: %s (%d)\n",
                             decodeColorMode(currentMode).c_str(), currentMode);
     }
@@ -4181,23 +4176,22 @@
     return layersProto;
 }
 
-LayersProto SurfaceFlinger::dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(int32_t hwcId) const {
+LayersProto SurfaceFlinger::dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(const DisplayDevice& display) const {
     LayersProto layersProto;
-    const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice(mDisplays[hwcId]);
 
     SizeProto* resolution = layersProto.mutable_resolution();
-    resolution->set_w(displayDevice->getWidth());
-    resolution->set_h(displayDevice->getHeight());
+    resolution->set_w(display.getWidth());
+    resolution->set_h(display.getHeight());
 
-    layersProto.set_color_mode(decodeColorMode(displayDevice->getActiveColorMode()));
-    layersProto.set_color_transform(decodeColorTransform(displayDevice->getColorTransform()));
-    layersProto.set_global_transform(
-            static_cast<int32_t>(displayDevice->getOrientationTransform()));
+    layersProto.set_color_mode(decodeColorMode(display.getActiveColorMode()));
+    layersProto.set_color_transform(decodeColorTransform(display.getColorTransform()));
+    layersProto.set_global_transform(static_cast<int32_t>(display.getOrientationTransform()));
 
+    const int32_t displayId = display.getId();
     mDrawingState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
-        if (!layer->visibleRegion.isEmpty() && layer->getBE().mHwcLayers.count(hwcId)) {
+        if (!layer->visibleRegion.isEmpty() && layer->getBE().mHwcLayers.count(displayId)) {
             LayerProto* layerProto = layersProto.add_layers();
-            layer->writeToProto(layerProto, hwcId);
+            layer->writeToProto(layerProto, displayId);
         }
     });
 
@@ -4235,6 +4229,9 @@
     appendGuiConfigString(result);
     result.append("\n");
 
+    result.append("\nDisplay identification data:\n");
+    dumpDisplayIdentificationData(result);
+
     result.append("\nWide-Color information:\n");
     dumpWideColorInfo(result);
 
@@ -4244,28 +4241,32 @@
     result.append(SyncFeatures::getInstance().toString());
     result.append("\n");
 
-    const auto& activeConfig = getBE().mHwc->getActiveConfig(HWC_DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-
     colorizer.bold(result);
-    result.append("DispSync configuration: ");
+    result.append("DispSync configuration:\n");
     colorizer.reset(result);
+
     const auto [sfEarlyOffset, appEarlyOffset] = mVsyncModulator.getEarlyOffsets();
     const auto [sfEarlyGlOffset, appEarlyGlOffset] = mVsyncModulator.getEarlyGlOffsets();
-    result.appendFormat(
-        "app phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "sf phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "early app phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "early sf phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "early app gl phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "early sf gl phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
-        "present offset %" PRId64 " ns (refresh %" PRId64 " ns)",
-        vsyncPhaseOffsetNs,
-        sfVsyncPhaseOffsetNs,
-        appEarlyOffset,
-        sfEarlyOffset,
-        appEarlyGlOffset,
-        sfEarlyOffset,
-        dispSyncPresentTimeOffset, activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod());
+    if (const auto displayId = DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY;
+        getHwComposer().isConnected(displayId)) {
+        const auto activeConfig = getHwComposer().getActiveConfig(displayId);
+        result.appendFormat("Display %d: "
+                "app phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "sf phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "early app phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "early sf phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "early app gl phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "early sf gl phase %" PRId64 " ns, "
+                "present offset %" PRId64 " ns (refresh %" PRId64 " ns)",
+                displayId,
+                vsyncPhaseOffsetNs,
+                sfVsyncPhaseOffsetNs,
+                appEarlyOffset,
+                sfEarlyOffset,
+                appEarlyGlOffset,
+                sfEarlyOffset,
+                dispSyncPresentTimeOffset, activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod());
+    }
     result.append("\n");
 
     // Dump static screen stats
@@ -4273,6 +4274,8 @@
     dumpStaticScreenStats(result);
     result.append("\n");
 
+    result.appendFormat("Missed frame count: %u\n\n", mFrameMissedCount.load());
+
     dumpBufferingStats(result);
 
     /*
@@ -4296,9 +4299,8 @@
     colorizer.bold(result);
     result.appendFormat("Displays (%zu entries)\n", mDisplays.size());
     colorizer.reset(result);
-    for (size_t dpy=0 ; dpy<mDisplays.size() ; dpy++) {
-        const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw(mDisplays[dpy]);
-        hw->dump(result);
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        display->dump(result);
     }
     result.append("\n");
 
@@ -4311,31 +4313,30 @@
     colorizer.reset(result);
 
     HWComposer& hwc(getHwComposer());
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
+    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
 
     getBE().mRenderEngine->dump(result);
 
-    if (hw) {
-        hw->undefinedRegion.dump(result, "undefinedRegion");
-        result.appendFormat("  orientation=%d, isDisplayOn=%d\n",
-                hw->getOrientation(), hw->isDisplayOn());
+    if (display) {
+        display->undefinedRegion.dump(result, "undefinedRegion");
+        result.appendFormat("  orientation=%d, isPoweredOn=%d\n", display->getOrientation(),
+                            display->isPoweredOn());
     }
-    result.appendFormat(
-            "  last eglSwapBuffers() time: %f us\n"
-            "  last transaction time     : %f us\n"
-            "  transaction-flags         : %08x\n"
-            "  refresh-rate              : %f fps\n"
-            "  x-dpi                     : %f\n"
-            "  y-dpi                     : %f\n"
-            "  gpu_to_cpu_unsupported    : %d\n"
-            ,
-            mLastSwapBufferTime/1000.0,
-            mLastTransactionTime/1000.0,
-            mTransactionFlags,
-            1e9 / activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod(),
-            activeConfig->getDpiX(),
-            activeConfig->getDpiY(),
-            !mGpuToCpuSupported);
+    result.appendFormat("  last eglSwapBuffers() time: %f us\n"
+                        "  last transaction time     : %f us\n"
+                        "  transaction-flags         : %08x\n"
+                        "  gpu_to_cpu_unsupported    : %d\n",
+                        mLastSwapBufferTime / 1000.0, mLastTransactionTime / 1000.0,
+                        mTransactionFlags, !mGpuToCpuSupported);
+
+    if (display) {
+        const auto activeConfig = getHwComposer().getActiveConfig(display->getId());
+        result.appendFormat("  refresh-rate              : %f fps\n"
+                            "  x-dpi                     : %f\n"
+                            "  y-dpi                     : %f\n",
+                            1e9 / activeConfig->getVsyncPeriod(), activeConfig->getDpiX(),
+                            activeConfig->getDpiY());
+    }
 
     result.appendFormat("  eglSwapBuffers time: %f us\n",
             inSwapBuffersDuration/1000.0);
@@ -4352,18 +4353,15 @@
     /*
      * HWC layer minidump
      */
-    for (size_t d = 0; d < mDisplays.size(); d++) {
-        const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice(mDisplays[d]);
-        int32_t hwcId = displayDevice->getHwcDisplayId();
-        if (hwcId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        const int32_t displayId = display->getId();
+        if (displayId == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID) {
             continue;
         }
 
-        result.appendFormat("Display %d HWC layers:\n", hwcId);
+        result.appendFormat("Display %d HWC layers:\n", displayId);
         Layer::miniDumpHeader(result);
-        mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) {
-            layer->miniDump(result, hwcId);
-        });
+        mCurrentState.traverseInZOrder([&](Layer* layer) { layer->miniDump(result, displayId); });
         result.append("\n");
     }
 
@@ -4394,22 +4392,17 @@
     }
 }
 
-const Vector< sp<Layer> >&
-SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSortedByZForHwcDisplay(int id) {
+const Vector<sp<Layer>>& SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSortedByZForHwcDisplay(int32_t displayId) {
     // Note: mStateLock is held here
-    wp<IBinder> dpy;
-    for (size_t i=0 ; i<mDisplays.size() ; i++) {
-        if (mDisplays.valueAt(i)->getHwcDisplayId() == id) {
-            dpy = mDisplays.keyAt(i);
-            break;
+    for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
+        if (display->getId() == displayId) {
+            return getDisplayDeviceLocked(token)->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ();
         }
     }
-    if (dpy == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("getLayerSortedByZForHwcDisplay: invalid hwc display id %d", id);
-        // Just use the primary display so we have something to return
-        dpy = getBuiltInDisplay(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY);
-    }
-    return getDisplayDeviceLocked(dpy)->getVisibleLayersSortedByZ();
+
+    ALOGE("%s: Invalid display %d", __FUNCTION__, displayId);
+    static const Vector<sp<Layer>> empty;
+    return empty;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::startDdmConnection()
@@ -4581,8 +4574,12 @@
                 reply->writeInt32(mDebugDisableHWC);
                 return NO_ERROR;
             case 1013: {
-                sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(getDefaultDisplayDevice());
-                reply->writeInt32(hw->getPageFlipCount());
+                const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDevice();
+                if (!display) {
+                    return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+                }
+
+                reply->writeInt32(display->getPageFlipCount());
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
             case 1014: {
@@ -4713,8 +4710,8 @@
             }
             // Is a DisplayColorSetting supported?
             case 1027: {
-                sp<const DisplayDevice> hw(getDefaultDisplayDevice());
-                if (!hw) {
+                const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDevice();
+                if (!display) {
                     return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
                 }
 
@@ -4727,14 +4724,21 @@
                         reply->writeBool(true);
                         break;
                     case DisplayColorSetting::ENHANCED:
-                        reply->writeBool(hw->hasRenderIntent(RenderIntent::ENHANCE));
+                        reply->writeBool(display->hasRenderIntent(RenderIntent::ENHANCE));
                         break;
                     default: // vendor display color setting
-                        reply->writeBool(hw->hasRenderIntent(static_cast<RenderIntent>(setting)));
+                        reply->writeBool(
+                                display->hasRenderIntent(static_cast<RenderIntent>(setting)));
                         break;
                 }
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
+            // Is VrFlinger active?
+            case 1028: {
+                Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+                reply->writeBool(getBE().mHwc->isUsingVrComposer());
+                return NO_ERROR;
+            }
         }
     }
     return err;
@@ -4758,22 +4762,22 @@
     const int mApi;
 };
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreen(const sp<IBinder>& display, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer,
-                                       Rect sourceCrop, uint32_t reqWidth, uint32_t reqHeight,
-                                       int32_t minLayerZ, int32_t maxLayerZ,
-                                       bool useIdentityTransform,
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::captureScreen(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                       sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer, Rect sourceCrop,
+                                       uint32_t reqWidth, uint32_t reqHeight, int32_t minLayerZ,
+                                       int32_t maxLayerZ, bool useIdentityTransform,
                                        ISurfaceComposer::Rotation rotation) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (CC_UNLIKELY(display == 0)) return BAD_VALUE;
+    if (!displayToken) return BAD_VALUE;
 
-    const sp<const DisplayDevice> device(getDisplayDeviceLocked(display));
-    if (CC_UNLIKELY(device == 0)) return BAD_VALUE;
+    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
+    if (!display) return BAD_VALUE;
 
-    DisplayRenderArea renderArea(device, sourceCrop, reqHeight, reqWidth, rotation);
+    DisplayRenderArea renderArea(display, sourceCrop, reqHeight, reqWidth, rotation);
 
     auto traverseLayers = std::bind(std::mem_fn(&SurfaceFlinger::traverseLayersInDisplay), this,
-                                    device, minLayerZ, maxLayerZ, std::placeholders::_1);
+                                    display, minLayerZ, maxLayerZ, std::placeholders::_1);
     return captureScreenCommon(renderArea, traverseLayers, outBuffer, useIdentityTransform);
 }
 
@@ -4915,7 +4919,7 @@
     const int uid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
     const bool forSystem = uid == AID_GRAPHICS || uid == AID_SYSTEM;
 
-    sp<LambdaMessage> message = new LambdaMessage([&]() {
+    sp<LambdaMessage> message = new LambdaMessage([&] {
         // If there is a refresh pending, bug out early and tell the binder thread to try again
         // after the refresh.
         if (mRefreshPending) {
@@ -4930,7 +4934,7 @@
         int fd = -1;
         {
             Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-            renderArea.render([&]() {
+            renderArea.render([&] {
                 result = captureScreenImplLocked(renderArea, traverseLayers, (*outBuffer).get(),
                                                  useIdentityTransform, forSystem, &fd);
             });
@@ -4946,14 +4950,14 @@
 
     status_t result = postMessageAsync(message);
     if (result == NO_ERROR) {
-        captureCondition.wait(captureLock, [&]() { return captureResult; });
+        captureCondition.wait(captureLock, [&] { return captureResult; });
         while (*captureResult == EAGAIN) {
             captureResult.reset();
             result = postMessageAsync(message);
             if (result != NO_ERROR) {
                 return result;
             }
-            captureCondition.wait(captureLock, [&]() { return captureResult; });
+            captureCondition.wait(captureLock, [&] { return captureResult; });
         }
         result = *captureResult;
     }
@@ -5171,13 +5175,13 @@
     layersSortedByZ.traverseInReverseZOrder(stateSet, visitor);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::traverseLayersInDisplay(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& hw, int32_t minLayerZ,
-                                             int32_t maxLayerZ,
+void SurfaceFlinger::traverseLayersInDisplay(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
+                                             int32_t minLayerZ, int32_t maxLayerZ,
                                              const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
     // We loop through the first level of layers without traversing,
     // as we need to interpret min/max layer Z in the top level Z space.
     for (const auto& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
-        if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(hw->getLayerStack(), false)) {
+        if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), false)) {
             continue;
         }
         const Layer::State& state(layer->getDrawingState());
@@ -5186,7 +5190,7 @@
             continue;
         }
         layer->traverseInZOrder(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, [&](Layer* layer) {
-            if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(hw->getLayerStack(), false)) {
+            if (!layer->belongsToDisplay(display->getLayerStack(), false)) {
                 return;
             }
             if (!layer->isVisible()) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 8566b03..2e9062e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
 
 #include <gui/OccupancyTracker.h>
+#include <gui/BufferQueue.h>
 
 #include <hardware/hwcomposer_defs.h>
 
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@
 #include "SurfaceTracing.h"
 #include "StartPropertySetThread.h"
 #include "TimeStats/TimeStats.h"
+#include "LayerBE.h"
 #include "VSyncModulator.h"
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWC2.h"
@@ -320,6 +322,10 @@
         return getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     }
 
+    // Obtains a name from the texture pool, or, if the pool is empty, posts a
+    // synchronous message to the main thread to obtain one on the fly
+    uint32_t getNewTexture();
+
     // utility function to delete a texture on the main thread
     void deleteTextureAsync(uint32_t texture);
 
@@ -406,7 +412,7 @@
     virtual sp<ISurfaceComposerClient> createConnection();
     virtual sp<ISurfaceComposerClient> createScopedConnection(const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& gbp);
     virtual sp<IBinder> createDisplay(const String8& displayName, bool secure);
-    virtual void destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& display);
+    virtual void destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken);
     virtual sp<IBinder> getBuiltInDisplay(int32_t id);
     virtual void setTransactionState(const Vector<ComposerState>& state,
             const Vector<DisplayState>& displays, uint32_t flags);
@@ -417,27 +423,26 @@
             std::vector<FrameEvent>* outSupported) const;
     virtual sp<IDisplayEventConnection> createDisplayEventConnection(
             ISurfaceComposer::VsyncSource vsyncSource = eVsyncSourceApp);
-    virtual status_t captureScreen(const sp<IBinder>& display, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer,
+    virtual status_t captureScreen(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer,
                                    Rect sourceCrop, uint32_t reqWidth, uint32_t reqHeight,
                                    int32_t minLayerZ, int32_t maxLayerZ, bool useIdentityTransform,
                                    ISurfaceComposer::Rotation rotation);
     virtual status_t captureLayers(const sp<IBinder>& parentHandle, sp<GraphicBuffer>* outBuffer,
                                    const Rect& sourceCrop, float frameScale, bool childrenOnly);
-    virtual status_t getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-            DisplayStatInfo* stats);
-    virtual status_t getDisplayConfigs(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-            Vector<DisplayInfo>* configs);
-    virtual int getActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& display);
-    virtual status_t getDisplayColorModes(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-            Vector<ui::ColorMode>* configs);
-    virtual ui::ColorMode getActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& display);
-    virtual status_t setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& display, ui::ColorMode colorMode);
-    virtual void setPowerMode(const sp<IBinder>& display, int mode);
-    virtual status_t setActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& display, int id);
+    virtual status_t getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, DisplayStatInfo* stats);
+    virtual status_t getDisplayConfigs(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                       Vector<DisplayInfo>* configs);
+    virtual int getActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken);
+    virtual status_t getDisplayColorModes(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                          Vector<ui::ColorMode>* configs);
+    virtual ui::ColorMode getActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken);
+    virtual status_t setActiveColorMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, ui::ColorMode colorMode);
+    virtual void setPowerMode(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int mode);
+    virtual status_t setActiveConfig(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken, int id);
     virtual status_t clearAnimationFrameStats();
     virtual status_t getAnimationFrameStats(FrameStats* outStats) const;
-    virtual status_t getHdrCapabilities(const sp<IBinder>& display,
-            HdrCapabilities* outCapabilities) const;
+    virtual status_t getHdrCapabilities(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                        HdrCapabilities* outCapabilities) const;
     virtual status_t enableVSyncInjections(bool enable);
     virtual status_t injectVSync(nsecs_t when);
     virtual status_t getLayerDebugInfo(std::vector<LayerDebugInfo>* outLayers) const;
@@ -456,11 +461,11 @@
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * HWC2::ComposerCallback / HWComposer::EventHandler interface
      */
-    void onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t display,
+    void onVsyncReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
                          int64_t timestamp) override;
-    void onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t display,
+    void onHotplugReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
                            HWC2::Connection connection) override;
-    void onRefreshReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t display) override;
+    void onRefreshReceived(int32_t sequenceId, hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId) override;
 
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Message handling
@@ -475,16 +480,13 @@
     // called on the main thread in response to initializeDisplays()
     void onInitializeDisplays();
     // called on the main thread in response to setActiveConfig()
-    void setActiveConfigInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw, int mode);
+    void setActiveConfigInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, int mode);
     // called on the main thread in response to setPowerMode()
-    void setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw, int mode,
-                              bool stateLockHeld);
+    void setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, int mode, bool stateLockHeld);
 
     // Called on the main thread in response to setActiveColorMode()
-    void setActiveColorModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw,
-                                    ui::ColorMode colorMode,
-                                    ui::Dataspace dataSpace,
-                                    ui::RenderIntent renderIntent);
+    void setActiveColorModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, ui::ColorMode colorMode,
+                                    ui::Dataspace dataSpace, ui::RenderIntent renderIntent);
 
     // Returns whether the transaction actually modified any state
     bool handleMessageTransaction();
@@ -595,38 +597,33 @@
     // called when starting, or restarting after system_server death
     void initializeDisplays();
 
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDevice(const wp<IBinder>& dpy) const {
-      Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-      return getDisplayDeviceLocked(dpy);
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDevice(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) const {
+        Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
     }
 
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayDevice(const wp<IBinder>& dpy) {
-      Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
-      return getDisplayDeviceLocked(dpy);
+    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayDevice(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+        Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
     }
 
     // NOTE: can only be called from the main thread or with mStateLock held
-    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& dpy) const {
-        return mDisplays.valueFor(dpy);
+    sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) const {
+        return const_cast<SurfaceFlinger*>(this)->getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken);
     }
 
     // NOTE: can only be called from the main thread or with mStateLock held
-    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& dpy) {
-        return mDisplays.valueFor(dpy);
+    sp<DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+        const auto it = mDisplays.find(displayToken);
+        return it == mDisplays.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
     }
 
     sp<const DisplayDevice> getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked() const {
-        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(mBuiltinDisplays[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY]);
+        return const_cast<SurfaceFlinger*>(this)->getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
     }
 
-    int32_t getDisplayType(const sp<IBinder>& display) {
-        if (!display.get()) return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
-        for (int i = 0; i < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES; ++i) {
-            if (display == mBuiltinDisplays[i]) {
-                return i;
-            }
-        }
-        return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+    sp<DisplayDevice> getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked() {
+        return getDisplayDeviceLocked(mDisplayTokens[DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY]);
     }
 
     // mark a region of a layer stack dirty. this updates the dirty
@@ -643,8 +640,8 @@
      * Compositing
      */
     void invalidateHwcGeometry();
-    void computeVisibleRegions(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
-            Region& dirtyRegion, Region& opaqueRegion);
+    void computeVisibleRegions(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display, Region& dirtyRegion,
+                               Region& opaqueRegion);
 
     void preComposition(nsecs_t refreshStartTime);
     void postComposition(nsecs_t refreshStartTime);
@@ -656,37 +653,35 @@
             nsecs_t compositeToPresentLatency);
     void rebuildLayerStacks();
 
-    ui::Dataspace getBestDataspace(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
+    ui::Dataspace getBestDataspace(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display,
                                    ui::Dataspace* outHdrDataSpace) const;
 
     // Returns the appropriate ColorMode, Dataspace and RenderIntent for the
     // DisplayDevice. The function only returns the supported ColorMode,
     // Dataspace and RenderIntent.
-    void pickColorMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice,
-                       ui::ColorMode* outMode,
-                       ui::Dataspace* outDataSpace,
-                       ui::RenderIntent* outRenderIntent) const;
+    void pickColorMode(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, ui::ColorMode* outMode,
+                       ui::Dataspace* outDataSpace, ui::RenderIntent* outRenderIntent) const;
 
     void setUpHWComposer();
     void doComposition();
     void doDebugFlashRegions();
     void doTracing(const char* where);
     void logLayerStats();
-    void doDisplayComposition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, const Region& dirtyRegion);
+    void doDisplayComposition(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display, const Region& dirtyRegion);
 
-    // compose surfaces for display hw. this fails if using GL and the surface
-    // has been destroyed and is no longer valid.
-    bool doComposeSurfaces(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice);
+    // This fails if using GL and the surface has been destroyed.
+    bool doComposeSurfaces(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display);
 
     void postFramebuffer();
-    void drawWormhole(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, const Region& region) const;
+    void drawWormhole(const sp<const DisplayDevice>& display, const Region& region) const;
 
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Display management
      */
-    DisplayDevice::DisplayType determineDisplayType(hwc2_display_t display,
-            HWC2::Connection connection) const;
-    sp<DisplayDevice> setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(const wp<IBinder>& display, int hwcId,
+    DisplayDevice::DisplayType determineDisplayType(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
+                                                    HWC2::Connection connection) const;
+    sp<DisplayDevice> setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                                    int32_t displayId,
                                                     const DisplayDeviceState& state,
                                                     const sp<DisplaySurface>& dispSurface,
                                                     const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& producer);
@@ -736,9 +731,10 @@
     void recordBufferingStats(const char* layerName,
             std::vector<OccupancyTracker::Segment>&& history);
     void dumpBufferingStats(String8& result) const;
+    void dumpDisplayIdentificationData(String8& result) const;
     void dumpWideColorInfo(String8& result) const;
     LayersProto dumpProtoInfo(LayerVector::StateSet stateSet) const;
-    LayersProto dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(int32_t hwcId) const;
+    LayersProto dumpVisibleLayersProtoInfo(const DisplayDevice& display) const;
 
     bool isLayerTripleBufferingDisabled() const {
         return this->mLayerTripleBufferingDisabled;
@@ -794,7 +790,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<VSyncSource> mSfEventThreadSource;
     std::unique_ptr<InjectVSyncSource> mVSyncInjector;
     std::unique_ptr<EventControlThread> mEventControlThread;
-    sp<IBinder> mBuiltinDisplays[DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES];
+    sp<IBinder> mDisplayTokens[DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES];
 
     VSyncModulator mVsyncModulator;
 
@@ -809,7 +805,7 @@
     bool mHadClientComposition = false;
 
     struct HotplugEvent {
-        hwc2_display_t display;
+        hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId;
         HWC2::Connection connection = HWC2::Connection::Invalid;
     };
     // protected by mStateLock
@@ -817,7 +813,7 @@
 
     // this may only be written from the main thread with mStateLock held
     // it may be read from other threads with mStateLock held
-    DefaultKeyedVector< wp<IBinder>, sp<DisplayDevice> > mDisplays;
+    std::map<wp<IBinder>, sp<DisplayDevice>> mDisplays;
 
     // don't use a lock for these, we don't care
     int mDebugRegion;
@@ -837,6 +833,7 @@
     LayerStats mLayerStats;
     TimeStats& mTimeStats = TimeStats::getInstance();
     bool mUseHwcVirtualDisplays = false;
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> mFrameMissedCount{0};
 
     // Restrict layers to use two buffers in their bufferqueues.
     bool mLayerTripleBufferingDisabled = false;
@@ -858,6 +855,13 @@
 
     std::atomic<bool> mRefreshPending{false};
 
+    // We maintain a pool of pre-generated texture names to hand out to avoid
+    // layer creation needing to run on the main thread (which it would
+    // otherwise need to do to access RenderEngine).
+    std::mutex mTexturePoolMutex;
+    uint32_t mTexturePoolSize = 0;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> mTexturePool;
+
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Feature prototyping
      */
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
index 4596a21..e70506d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.cpp
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@
     transaction->set_synchronous(false);
     transaction->set_animation(false);
 
-    addDisplaySurfaceLocked(transaction, display.displayId, display.surface);
-    addDisplayLayerStackLocked(transaction, display.displayId, display.layerStack);
-    addDisplaySizeLocked(transaction, display.displayId, display.width, display.height);
-    addDisplayProjectionLocked(transaction, display.displayId, display.orientation,
+    addDisplaySurfaceLocked(transaction, display.sequenceId, display.surface);
+    addDisplayLayerStackLocked(transaction, display.sequenceId, display.layerStack);
+    addDisplaySizeLocked(transaction, display.sequenceId, display.width, display.height);
+    addDisplayProjectionLocked(transaction, display.sequenceId, display.orientation,
             display.viewport, display.frame);
 }
 
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@
 }
 
 DisplayChange* SurfaceInterceptor::createDisplayChangeLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-        int32_t displayId)
+        int32_t sequenceId)
 {
     DisplayChange* dispChange(transaction->add_display_change());
-    dispChange->set_id(displayId);
+    dispChange->set_id(sequenceId);
     return dispChange;
 }
 
@@ -379,19 +379,19 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayChangesLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-        const DisplayState& state, int32_t displayId)
+        const DisplayState& state, int32_t sequenceId)
 {
     if (state.what & DisplayState::eSurfaceChanged) {
-        addDisplaySurfaceLocked(transaction, displayId, state.surface);
+        addDisplaySurfaceLocked(transaction, sequenceId, state.surface);
     }
     if (state.what & DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged) {
-        addDisplayLayerStackLocked(transaction, displayId, state.layerStack);
+        addDisplayLayerStackLocked(transaction, sequenceId, state.layerStack);
     }
     if (state.what & DisplayState::eDisplaySizeChanged) {
-        addDisplaySizeLocked(transaction, displayId, state.width, state.height);
+        addDisplaySizeLocked(transaction, sequenceId, state.width, state.height);
     }
     if (state.what & DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged) {
-        addDisplayProjectionLocked(transaction, displayId, state.orientation, state.viewport,
+        addDisplayProjectionLocked(transaction, sequenceId, state.orientation, state.viewport,
                 state.frame);
     }
 }
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
         ssize_t dpyIdx = displays.indexOfKey(disp.token);
         if (dpyIdx >= 0) {
             const DisplayDeviceState& dispState(displays.valueAt(dpyIdx));
-            addDisplayChangesLocked(transaction, disp, dispState.displayId);
+            addDisplayChangesLocked(transaction, disp, dispState.sequenceId);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
     event->set_when(timestamp);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplaySurfaceLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId,
+void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplaySurfaceLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
         const sp<const IGraphicBufferProducer>& surface)
 {
     if (surface == nullptr) {
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
     uint64_t bufferQueueId = 0;
     status_t err(surface->getUniqueId(&bufferQueueId));
     if (err == NO_ERROR) {
-        DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, displayId));
+        DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, sequenceId));
         DispSurfaceChange* surfaceChange(dispChange->mutable_surface());
         surfaceChange->set_buffer_queue_id(bufferQueueId);
         surfaceChange->set_buffer_queue_name(surface->getConsumerName().string());
@@ -469,26 +469,26 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-        int32_t displayId, uint32_t layerStack)
+        int32_t sequenceId, uint32_t layerStack)
 {
-    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, displayId));
+    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, sequenceId));
     LayerStackChange* layerStackChange(dispChange->mutable_layer_stack());
     layerStackChange->set_layer_stack(layerStack);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplaySizeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId,
+void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplaySizeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
         uint32_t w, uint32_t h)
 {
-    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, displayId));
+    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, sequenceId));
     SizeChange* sizeChange(dispChange->mutable_size());
     sizeChange->set_w(w);
     sizeChange->set_h(h);
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayProjectionLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-        int32_t displayId, int32_t orientation, const Rect& viewport, const Rect& frame)
+        int32_t sequenceId, int32_t orientation, const Rect& viewport, const Rect& frame)
 {
-    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, displayId));
+    DisplayChange* dispChange(createDisplayChangeLocked(transaction, sequenceId));
     ProjectionChange* projectionChange(dispChange->mutable_projection());
     projectionChange->set_orientation(orientation);
     Rectangle* viewportRect(projectionChange->mutable_viewport());
@@ -501,22 +501,22 @@
         const DisplayDeviceState& info)
 {
     DisplayCreation* creation(increment->mutable_display_creation());
-    creation->set_id(info.displayId);
+    creation->set_id(info.sequenceId);
     creation->set_name(info.displayName);
     creation->set_type(info.type);
     creation->set_is_secure(info.isSecure);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayDeletionLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t displayId) {
+void SurfaceInterceptor::addDisplayDeletionLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t sequenceId) {
     DisplayDeletion* deletion(increment->mutable_display_deletion());
-    deletion->set_id(displayId);
+    deletion->set_id(sequenceId);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::addPowerModeUpdateLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t displayId,
+void SurfaceInterceptor::addPowerModeUpdateLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t sequenceId,
         int32_t mode)
 {
     PowerModeUpdate* powerModeUpdate(increment->mutable_power_mode_update());
-    powerModeUpdate->set_id(displayId);
+    powerModeUpdate->set_id(sequenceId);
     powerModeUpdate->set_mode(mode);
 }
 
@@ -579,22 +579,22 @@
     addDisplayCreationLocked(createTraceIncrementLocked(), info);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t displayId) {
+void SurfaceInterceptor::saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t sequenceId) {
     if (!mEnabled) {
         return;
     }
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> protoGuard(mTraceMutex);
-    addDisplayDeletionLocked(createTraceIncrementLocked(), displayId);
+    addDisplayDeletionLocked(createTraceIncrementLocked(), sequenceId);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptor::savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t displayId, int32_t mode) {
+void SurfaceInterceptor::savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t sequenceId, int32_t mode) {
     if (!mEnabled) {
         return;
     }
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> protoGuard(mTraceMutex);
-    addPowerModeUpdateLocked(createTraceIncrementLocked(), displayId, mode);
+    addPowerModeUpdateLocked(createTraceIncrementLocked(), sequenceId, mode);
 }
 
 } // namespace impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
index 96defcc..218a1d2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceInterceptor.h
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@
 
     // Intercept display data
     virtual void saveDisplayCreation(const DisplayDeviceState& info) = 0;
-    virtual void saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t displayId) = 0;
-    virtual void savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t displayId, int32_t mode) = 0;
+    virtual void saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t sequenceId) = 0;
+    virtual void savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t sequenceId, int32_t mode) = 0;
     virtual void saveVSyncEvent(nsecs_t timestamp) = 0;
 };
 
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@
 
     // Intercept display data
     void saveDisplayCreation(const DisplayDeviceState& info) override;
-    void saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t displayId) override;
-    void savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t displayId, int32_t mode) override;
+    void saveDisplayDeletion(int32_t sequenceId) override;
+    void savePowerModeUpdate(int32_t sequenceId, int32_t mode) override;
     void saveVSyncEvent(nsecs_t timestamp) override;
 
 private:
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@
             uint32_t height, uint64_t frameNumber);
     void addVSyncUpdateLocked(Increment* increment, nsecs_t timestamp);
     void addDisplayCreationLocked(Increment* increment, const DisplayDeviceState& info);
-    void addDisplayDeletionLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t displayId);
-    void addPowerModeUpdateLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t displayId, int32_t mode);
+    void addDisplayDeletionLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t sequenceId);
+    void addPowerModeUpdateLocked(Increment* increment, int32_t sequenceId, int32_t mode);
 
     // Add surface transactions to the trace
     SurfaceChange* createSurfaceChangeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t layerId);
@@ -155,17 +155,17 @@
             const Vector<DisplayState>& changedDisplays, uint32_t transactionFlags);
 
     // Add display transactions to the trace
-    DisplayChange* createDisplayChangeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId);
-    void addDisplaySurfaceLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId,
+    DisplayChange* createDisplayChangeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId);
+    void addDisplaySurfaceLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
             const sp<const IGraphicBufferProducer>& surface);
-    void addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId,
+    void addDisplayLayerStackLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
             uint32_t layerStack);
-    void addDisplaySizeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId, uint32_t w,
+    void addDisplaySizeLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId, uint32_t w,
             uint32_t h);
-    void addDisplayProjectionLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t displayId,
+    void addDisplayProjectionLocked(Transaction* transaction, int32_t sequenceId,
             int32_t orientation, const Rect& viewport, const Rect& frame);
     void addDisplayChangesLocked(Transaction* transaction,
-            const DisplayState& state, int32_t displayId);
+            const DisplayState& state, int32_t sequenceId);
 
 
     bool mEnabled {false};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceTracing.cpp
index f8c466e..0e9b04e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceTracing.cpp
@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@
 
 void SurfaceTracing::traceLayers(const char* where, LayersProto layers) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> protoGuard(mTraceMutex);
-
+    if (!mEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
     LayersTraceProto* entry = mTrace.add_entry();
     entry->set_elapsed_realtime_nanos(elapsedRealtimeNano());
     entry->set_where(where);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
index d4f1e29..d7a2886 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 bool TimeStats::recordReadyLocked(const std::string& layerName, TimeRecord* timeRecord) {
     if (!timeRecord->ready) {
         ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-presentFence is still not received", layerName.c_str(),
-              timeRecord->frameNumber);
+              timeRecord->frameTime.frameNumber);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@
             return false;
         }
         if (timeRecord->acquireFence->getSignalTime() != Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID) {
-            timeRecord->acquireTime = timeRecord->acquireFence->getSignalTime();
+            timeRecord->frameTime.acquireTime = timeRecord->acquireFence->getSignalTime();
             timeRecord->acquireFence = nullptr;
         } else {
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-acquireFence signal time is invalid", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecord->frameNumber);
+                  timeRecord->frameTime.frameNumber);
         }
     }
 
@@ -131,11 +131,11 @@
             return false;
         }
         if (timeRecord->presentFence->getSignalTime() != Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID) {
-            timeRecord->presentTime = timeRecord->presentFence->getSignalTime();
+            timeRecord->frameTime.presentTime = timeRecord->presentFence->getSignalTime();
             timeRecord->presentFence = nullptr;
         } else {
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-presentFence signal time invalid", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecord->frameNumber);
+                  timeRecord->frameTime.frameNumber);
         }
     }
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
     while (!timeRecords.empty()) {
         if (!recordReadyLocked(layerName, &timeRecords[0])) break;
         ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-presentFenceTime[%" PRId64 "]", layerName.c_str(),
-              timeRecords[0].frameNumber, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+              timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
 
         if (prevTimeRecord.ready) {
             if (!timeStats.stats.count(layerName)) {
@@ -183,34 +183,34 @@
             TimeStatsHelper::TimeStatsLayer& timeStatsLayer = timeStats.stats[layerName];
             timeStatsLayer.totalFrames++;
 
-            const int32_t postToPresentMs =
-                    msBetween(timeRecords[0].postTime, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+            const int32_t postToPresentMs = msBetween(timeRecords[0].frameTime.postTime,
+                                                      timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-post2present[%d]", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecords[0].frameNumber, postToPresentMs);
+                  timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, postToPresentMs);
             timeStatsLayer.deltas["post2present"].insert(postToPresentMs);
 
-            const int32_t acquireToPresentMs =
-                    msBetween(timeRecords[0].acquireTime, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+            const int32_t acquireToPresentMs = msBetween(timeRecords[0].frameTime.acquireTime,
+                                                         timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-acquire2present[%d]", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecords[0].frameNumber, acquireToPresentMs);
+                  timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, acquireToPresentMs);
             timeStatsLayer.deltas["acquire2present"].insert(acquireToPresentMs);
 
-            const int32_t latchToPresentMs =
-                    msBetween(timeRecords[0].latchTime, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+            const int32_t latchToPresentMs = msBetween(timeRecords[0].frameTime.latchTime,
+                                                       timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-latch2present[%d]", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecords[0].frameNumber, latchToPresentMs);
+                  timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, latchToPresentMs);
             timeStatsLayer.deltas["latch2present"].insert(latchToPresentMs);
 
-            const int32_t desiredToPresentMs =
-                    msBetween(timeRecords[0].desiredTime, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+            const int32_t desiredToPresentMs = msBetween(timeRecords[0].frameTime.desiredTime,
+                                                         timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-desired2present[%d]", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecords[0].frameNumber, desiredToPresentMs);
+                  timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, desiredToPresentMs);
             timeStatsLayer.deltas["desired2present"].insert(desiredToPresentMs);
 
-            const int32_t presentToPresentMs =
-                    msBetween(prevTimeRecord.presentTime, timeRecords[0].presentTime);
+            const int32_t presentToPresentMs = msBetween(prevTimeRecord.frameTime.presentTime,
+                                                         timeRecords[0].frameTime.presentTime);
             ALOGV("[%s]-[%" PRIu64 "]-present2present[%d]", layerName.c_str(),
-                  timeRecords[0].frameNumber, presentToPresentMs);
+                  timeRecords[0].frameTime.frameNumber, presentToPresentMs);
             timeStatsLayer.deltas["present2present"].insert(presentToPresentMs);
 
             timeStats.stats[layerName].statsEnd = static_cast<int64_t>(std::time(0));
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@
     // This regular expression captures the following layer names for instance:
     // 1) StatusBat#0
     // 2) NavigationBar#1
-    // 3) com.*#0
-    // 4) SurfaceView - com.*#0
-    // Using [-\\s\t]+ for the conjunction part between SurfaceView and com.* is
-    // a bit more robust in case there's a slight change.
+    // 3) co(m).*#0
+    // 4) SurfaceView - co(m).*#0
+    // Using [-\\s\t]+ for the conjunction part between SurfaceView and co(m).*
+    // is a bit more robust in case there's a slight change.
     // The layer name would only consist of . / $ _ 0-9 a-z A-Z in most cases.
-    std::regex re("(((SurfaceView[-\\s\\t]+)?com\\.[./$\\w]+)|((Status|Navigation)Bar))#\\d+");
+    std::regex re("(((SurfaceView[-\\s\\t]+)?com?\\.[./$\\w]+)|((Status|Navigation)Bar))#\\d+");
     return std::regex_match(layerName.begin(), layerName.end(), re);
 }
 
@@ -257,9 +257,12 @@
     // ready at the queueBuffer stage. In this case, acquireTime should be given
     // a default value as postTime.
     TimeRecord timeRecord = {
-            .frameNumber = frameNumber,
-            .postTime = postTime,
-            .acquireTime = postTime,
+            .frameTime =
+                    {
+                            .frameNumber = frameNumber,
+                            .postTime = postTime,
+                            .acquireTime = postTime,
+                    },
     };
     layerRecord.timeRecords.push_back(timeRecord);
     if (layerRecord.waitData < 0 ||
@@ -278,8 +281,8 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
-        timeRecord.latchTime = latchTime;
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+        timeRecord.frameTime.latchTime = latchTime;
     }
 }
 
@@ -295,8 +298,8 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
-        timeRecord.desiredTime = desiredTime;
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+        timeRecord.frameTime.desiredTime = desiredTime;
     }
 }
 
@@ -312,8 +315,8 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
-        timeRecord.acquireTime = acquireTime;
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+        timeRecord.frameTime.acquireTime = acquireTime;
     }
 }
 
@@ -329,7 +332,7 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
         timeRecord.acquireFence = acquireFence;
     }
 }
@@ -346,8 +349,8 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
-        timeRecord.presentTime = presentTime;
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+        timeRecord.frameTime.presentTime = presentTime;
         timeRecord.ready = true;
         layerRecord.waitData++;
     }
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@
     if (!timeStatsTracker.count(layerName)) return;
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     TimeRecord& timeRecord = layerRecord.timeRecords[layerRecord.waitData];
-    if (timeRecord.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
+    if (timeRecord.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) {
         timeRecord.presentFence = presentFence;
         timeRecord.ready = true;
         layerRecord.waitData++;
@@ -413,7 +416,7 @@
     LayerRecord& layerRecord = timeStatsTracker[layerName];
     size_t removeAt = 0;
     for (const TimeRecord& record : layerRecord.timeRecords) {
-        if (record.frameNumber == frameNumber) break;
+        if (record.frameTime.frameNumber == frameNumber) break;
         removeAt++;
     }
     if (removeAt == layerRecord.timeRecords.size()) return;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
index 8318210..0b1f82e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TimeStats/TimeStats.h
@@ -40,14 +40,18 @@
     // static const size_t MAX_NUM_LAYER_RECORDS = 200;
     static const size_t MAX_NUM_TIME_RECORDS = 64;
 
-    struct TimeRecord {
-        bool ready = false;
+    struct FrameTime {
         uint64_t frameNumber = 0;
         nsecs_t postTime = 0;
         nsecs_t latchTime = 0;
         nsecs_t acquireTime = 0;
         nsecs_t desiredTime = 0;
         nsecs_t presentTime = 0;
+    };
+
+    struct TimeRecord {
+        bool ready = false;
+        FrameTime frameTime;
         std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> acquireFence;
         std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> presentFence;
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.cpp
index fcf42f0..e1c0fd3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.cpp
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
     layer->transform = generateTransform(layerProto.transform());
     layer->requestedTransform = generateTransform(layerProto.requested_transform());
     layer->activeBuffer = generateActiveBuffer(layerProto.active_buffer());
+    layer->bufferTransform = generateTransform(layerProto.buffer_transform());
     layer->queuedFrames = layerProto.queued_frames();
     layer->refreshPending = layerProto.refresh_pending();
     layer->hwcFrame = generateRect(layerProto.hwc_frame());
@@ -312,6 +313,7 @@
     StringAppendF(&result, "      zOrderRelativeOf=%s\n",
                   zOrderRelativeOf == nullptr ? "none" : zOrderRelativeOf->name.c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, "      activeBuffer=%s,", activeBuffer.to_string().c_str());
+    StringAppendF(&result, " tr=%s", bufferTransform.to_string().c_str());
     StringAppendF(&result, " queued-frames=%d, mRefreshPending=%d,", queuedFrames, refreshPending);
     StringAppendF(&result, " windowType=%d, appId=%d", windowType, appId);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/include/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.h b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/include/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.h
index 74a6f28..360e599 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/include/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/include/layerproto/LayerProtoParser.h
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
         Layer* parent = 0;
         Layer* zOrderRelativeOf = 0;
         LayerProtoParser::ActiveBuffer activeBuffer;
+        Transform bufferTransform;
         int32_t queuedFrames;
         bool refreshPending;
         LayerProtoParser::Rect hwcFrame;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
index 77c6675..eb34694 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/layers.proto
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@
   optional int32 hwc_composition_type = 35;
   // If it's a buffer layer, indicate if the content is protected
   optional bool is_protected = 36;
+  // If active_buffer is not null, record its transform
+  optional TransformProto buffer_transform = 37;
 }
 
 message PositionProto {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceFlinger_test.filter b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceFlinger_test.filter
index 36424b9..df0c521 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceFlinger_test.filter
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceFlinger_test.filter
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
         "presubmit": {
-            "filter": "LayerTransactionTest.*:LayerUpdateTest.*:ChildLayerTest.*:SurfaceFlingerStress.*:CropLatchingTest.*:GeometryLatchingTest.*:ScreenCaptureTest.*:DereferenceSurfaceControlTest.*"
+            "filter": "LayerTransactionTest.*:LayerUpdateTest.*:ChildLayerTest.*:SurfaceFlingerStress.*:CropLatchingTest.*:GeometryLatchingTest.*:ScreenCaptureTest.*:DereferenceSurfaceControlTest.*:SurfaceInterceptorTest.*"
         }
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
index de78c3f..135d2af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/SurfaceInterceptor_test.cpp
@@ -42,13 +42,16 @@
 constexpr uint32_t LAYER_UPDATE = INT_MAX - 2;
 constexpr uint32_t SIZE_UPDATE = 134;
 constexpr uint32_t STACK_UPDATE = 1;
-constexpr uint64_t DEFERRED_UPDATE = 13;
+constexpr uint64_t DEFERRED_UPDATE = 0;
 constexpr float ALPHA_UPDATE = 0.29f;
 constexpr float POSITION_UPDATE = 121;
 const Rect CROP_UPDATE(16, 16, 32, 32);
 
 const String8 DISPLAY_NAME("SurfaceInterceptor Display Test");
+constexpr auto TEST_SURFACE_NAME = "BG Interceptor Test Surface";
+constexpr auto UNIQUE_TEST_SURFACE_NAME = "BG Interceptor Test Surface#0";
 constexpr auto LAYER_NAME = "Layer Create and Delete Test";
+constexpr auto UNIQUE_LAYER_NAME = "Layer Create and Delete Test#0";
 
 constexpr auto DEFAULT_FILENAME = "/data/SurfaceTrace.dat";
 
@@ -94,30 +97,21 @@
     system("service call SurfaceFlinger 1020 i32 0 > /dev/null");
 }
 
-int32_t getSurfaceId(const std::string& surfaceName) {
-    enableInterceptor();
-    disableInterceptor();
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    readProtoFile(&capturedTrace);
+int32_t getSurfaceId(const Trace& capturedTrace, const std::string& surfaceName) {
     int32_t layerId = 0;
-    for (const auto& increment : *capturedTrace.mutable_increment()) {
+    for (const auto& increment : capturedTrace.increment()) {
         if (increment.increment_case() == increment.kSurfaceCreation) {
             if (increment.surface_creation().name() == surfaceName) {
                 layerId = increment.surface_creation().id();
-                break;
             }
         }
     }
     return layerId;
 }
 
-int32_t getDisplayId(const std::string& displayName) {
-    enableInterceptor();
-    disableInterceptor();
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    readProtoFile(&capturedTrace);
+int32_t getDisplayId(const Trace& capturedTrace, const std::string& displayName) {
     int32_t displayId = 0;
-    for (const auto& increment : *capturedTrace.mutable_increment()) {
+    for (const auto& increment : capturedTrace.increment()) {
         if (increment.increment_case() == increment.kDisplayCreation) {
             if (increment.display_creation().name() == displayName) {
                 displayId = increment.display_creation().id();
@@ -130,36 +124,15 @@
 
 class SurfaceInterceptorTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
-    virtual void SetUp() {
+    void SetUp() override {
         // Allow SurfaceInterceptor write to /data
         system("setenforce 0");
 
         mComposerClient = new SurfaceComposerClient;
         ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mComposerClient->initCheck());
-
-        sp<IBinder> display(SurfaceComposerClient::getBuiltInDisplay(
-                ISurfaceComposer::eDisplayIdMain));
-        DisplayInfo info;
-        SurfaceComposerClient::getDisplayInfo(display, &info);
-        ssize_t displayWidth = info.w;
-        ssize_t displayHeight = info.h;
-
-        // Background surface
-        mBGSurfaceControl = mComposerClient->createSurface(
-                String8("BG Interceptor Test Surface"), displayWidth, displayHeight,
-                PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mBGSurfaceControl != nullptr);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mBGSurfaceControl->isValid());
-        mBGLayerId = getSurfaceId("BG Interceptor Test Surface");
-
-        Transaction t;
-        t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
-        ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT_MAX-3)
-                .show(mBGSurfaceControl)
-                .apply());
     }
 
-    virtual void TearDown() {
+    void TearDown() override {
         mComposerClient->dispose();
         mBGSurfaceControl.clear();
         mComposerClient.clear();
@@ -168,18 +141,25 @@
     sp<SurfaceComposerClient> mComposerClient;
     sp<SurfaceControl> mBGSurfaceControl;
     int32_t mBGLayerId;
-    // Used to verify creation and destruction of surfaces and displays
-    int32_t mTargetId;
 
 public:
-    void captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-            bool (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* verification)(Trace *));
-    void captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-            SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase);
-    void captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-            Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase);
-    void runInTransaction(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-            bool intercepted = false);
+    using TestTransactionAction = void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::*)(Transaction&);
+    using TestAction = void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::*)();
+    using TestBooleanVerification = bool (SurfaceInterceptorTest::*)(const Trace&);
+    using TestVerification = void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::*)(const Trace&);
+
+    void setupBackgroundSurface();
+    void preProcessTrace(const Trace& trace);
+
+    // captureTest will enable SurfaceInterceptor, setup background surface,
+    // disable SurfaceInterceptor, collect the trace and process the trace for
+    // id of background surface before further verification.
+    void captureTest(TestTransactionAction action, TestBooleanVerification verification);
+    void captureTest(TestTransactionAction action, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase);
+    void captureTest(TestTransactionAction action, Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase);
+    void captureTest(TestAction action, TestBooleanVerification verification);
+    void captureTest(TestAction action, TestVerification verification);
+    void runInTransaction(TestTransactionAction action);
 
     // Verification of changes to a surface
     bool positionUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change, bool foundPosition);
@@ -196,18 +176,22 @@
     bool opaqueFlagUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change, bool foundOpaqueFlag);
     bool secureFlagUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change, bool foundSecureFlag);
     bool deferredTransactionUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change, bool foundDeferred);
-    bool surfaceUpdateFound(Trace* trace, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase);
-    void assertAllUpdatesFound(Trace* trace);
+    bool surfaceUpdateFound(const Trace& trace, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase);
+
+    // Find all of the updates in the single trace
+    void assertAllUpdatesFound(const Trace& trace);
 
     // Verification of creation and deletion of a surface
     bool surfaceCreationFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundSurface);
-    bool surfaceDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundSurface);
+    bool surfaceDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, const int32_t targetId,
+            bool foundSurface);
     bool displayCreationFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundDisplay);
-    bool displayDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundDisplay);
-    bool singleIncrementFound(Trace* trace, Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase);
+    bool displayDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, const int32_t targetId,
+            bool foundDisplay);
+    bool singleIncrementFound(const Trace& trace, Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase);
 
     // Verification of buffer updates
-    bool bufferUpdatesFound(Trace* trace);
+    bool bufferUpdatesFound(const Trace& trace);
 
     // Perform each of the possible changes to a surface
     void positionUpdate(Transaction&);
@@ -230,48 +214,93 @@
 
     void nBufferUpdates();
     void runAllUpdates();
+
+private:
+    void captureInTransaction(TestTransactionAction action, Trace*);
+    void capture(TestAction action, Trace*);
 };
 
-void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-        bool (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* verification)(Trace *))
-{
-    runInTransaction(action, true);
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE((this->*verification)(&capturedTrace));
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureInTransaction(TestTransactionAction action, Trace* outTrace) {
+    enableInterceptor();
+    setupBackgroundSurface();
+    runInTransaction(action);
+    disableInterceptor();
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(outTrace));
+    preProcessTrace(*outTrace);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-        Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase)
-{
-    runInTransaction(action, true);
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(&capturedTrace, incrementCase));
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::capture(TestAction action, Trace* outTrace) {
+    enableInterceptor();
+    setupBackgroundSurface();
+    (this->*action)();
+    disableInterceptor();
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(outTrace));
+    preProcessTrace(*outTrace);
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-        SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase)
-{
-    runInTransaction(action, true);
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(surfaceUpdateFound(&capturedTrace, changeCase));
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::setupBackgroundSurface() {
+    sp<IBinder> display(SurfaceComposerClient::getBuiltInDisplay(
+                ISurfaceComposer::eDisplayIdMain));
+    DisplayInfo info;
+    SurfaceComposerClient::getDisplayInfo(display, &info);
+    ssize_t displayWidth = info.w;
+    ssize_t displayHeight = info.h;
+
+    // Background surface
+    mBGSurfaceControl = mComposerClient->createSurface(
+            String8(TEST_SURFACE_NAME), displayWidth, displayHeight,
+            PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mBGSurfaceControl != nullptr);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mBGSurfaceControl->isValid());
+
+    Transaction t;
+    t.setDisplayLayerStack(display, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, t.setLayer(mBGSurfaceControl, INT_MAX-3)
+            .show(mBGSurfaceControl)
+            .apply());
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptorTest::runInTransaction(void (SurfaceInterceptorTest::* action)(Transaction&),
-        bool intercepted)
-{
-    if (intercepted) {
-        enableInterceptor();
-    }
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::preProcessTrace(const Trace& trace) {
+    mBGLayerId = getSurfaceId(trace, UNIQUE_TEST_SURFACE_NAME);
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(TestTransactionAction action,
+        TestBooleanVerification verification) {
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    captureInTransaction(action, &capturedTrace);
+    ASSERT_TRUE((this->*verification)(capturedTrace));
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(TestTransactionAction action,
+        Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase) {
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    captureInTransaction(action, &capturedTrace);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, incrementCase));
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(TestTransactionAction action,
+        SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase) {
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    captureInTransaction(action, &capturedTrace);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(surfaceUpdateFound(capturedTrace, changeCase));
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(TestAction action, TestBooleanVerification verification) {
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    capture(action, &capturedTrace);
+    ASSERT_TRUE((this->*verification)(capturedTrace));
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::captureTest(TestAction action, TestVerification verification) {
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    capture(action, &capturedTrace);
+    (this->*verification)(capturedTrace);
+}
+
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::runInTransaction(TestTransactionAction action) {
     Transaction t;
     (this->*action)(t);
     t.apply(true);
-
-    if (intercepted) {
-        disableInterceptor();
-    }
 }
 
 void SurfaceInterceptorTest::positionUpdate(Transaction& t) {
@@ -338,7 +367,6 @@
 
 void SurfaceInterceptorTest::displayDeletion(Transaction&) {
     sp<IBinder> testDisplay = SurfaceComposerClient::createDisplay(DISPLAY_NAME, false);
-    mTargetId = getDisplayId(DISPLAY_NAME.string());
     SurfaceComposerClient::destroyDisplay(testDisplay);
 }
 
@@ -380,9 +408,8 @@
     bool hasY(change.position().y() == POSITION_UPDATE);
     if (hasX && hasY && !foundPosition) {
         foundPosition = true;
-    }
-    // Failed because the position update was found a second time
-    else if (hasX && hasY && foundPosition) {
+    } else if (hasX && hasY && foundPosition) {
+        // Failed because the position update was found a second time
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundPosition;
@@ -393,8 +420,7 @@
     bool hasHeight(change.size().w() == SIZE_UPDATE);
     if (hasWidth && hasHeight && !foundSize) {
         foundSize = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasWidth && hasHeight && foundSize) {
+    } else if (hasWidth && hasHeight && foundSize) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundSize;
@@ -404,8 +430,7 @@
     bool hasAlpha(change.alpha().alpha() == ALPHA_UPDATE);
     if (hasAlpha && !foundAlpha) {
         foundAlpha = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasAlpha && foundAlpha) {
+    } else if (hasAlpha && foundAlpha) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundAlpha;
@@ -415,8 +440,7 @@
     bool hasLayer(change.layer().layer() == LAYER_UPDATE);
     if (hasLayer && !foundLayer) {
         foundLayer = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasLayer && foundLayer) {
+    } else if (hasLayer && foundLayer) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundLayer;
@@ -429,24 +453,21 @@
     bool hasBottom(change.crop().rectangle().bottom() == CROP_UPDATE.bottom);
     if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && !foundCrop) {
         foundCrop = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundCrop) {
+    } else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundCrop) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundCrop;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::finalCropUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundFinalCrop)
-{
+        bool foundFinalCrop) {
     bool hasLeft(change.final_crop().rectangle().left() == CROP_UPDATE.left);
     bool hasTop(change.final_crop().rectangle().top() == CROP_UPDATE.top);
     bool hasRight(change.final_crop().rectangle().right() == CROP_UPDATE.right);
     bool hasBottom(change.final_crop().rectangle().bottom() == CROP_UPDATE.bottom);
     if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && !foundFinalCrop) {
         foundFinalCrop = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundFinalCrop) {
+    } else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundFinalCrop) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundFinalCrop;
@@ -455,33 +476,29 @@
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::matrixUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change, bool foundMatrix) {
     bool hasSx((float)change.matrix().dsdx() == (float)M_SQRT1_2);
     bool hasTx((float)change.matrix().dtdx() == (float)M_SQRT1_2);
-    bool hasSy((float)change.matrix().dsdy() == (float)-M_SQRT1_2);
-    bool hasTy((float)change.matrix().dtdy() == (float)M_SQRT1_2);
+    bool hasSy((float)change.matrix().dsdy() == (float)M_SQRT1_2);
+    bool hasTy((float)change.matrix().dtdy() == (float)-M_SQRT1_2);
     if (hasSx && hasTx && hasSy && hasTy && !foundMatrix) {
         foundMatrix = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasSx && hasTx && hasSy && hasTy && foundMatrix) {
+    } else if (hasSx && hasTx && hasSy && hasTy && foundMatrix) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundMatrix;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::scalingModeUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundScalingMode)
-{
+        bool foundScalingMode) {
     bool hasScalingUpdate(change.override_scaling_mode().override_scaling_mode() == SCALING_UPDATE);
     if (hasScalingUpdate && !foundScalingMode) {
         foundScalingMode = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasScalingUpdate && foundScalingMode) {
+    } else if (hasScalingUpdate && foundScalingMode) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundScalingMode;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::transparentRegionHintUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundTransparentRegion)
-{
+        bool foundTransparentRegion) {
     auto traceRegion = change.transparent_region_hint().region(0);
     bool hasLeft(traceRegion.left() == CROP_UPDATE.left);
     bool hasTop(traceRegion.top() == CROP_UPDATE.top);
@@ -489,84 +506,72 @@
     bool hasBottom(traceRegion.bottom() == CROP_UPDATE.bottom);
     if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && !foundTransparentRegion) {
         foundTransparentRegion = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundTransparentRegion) {
+    } else if (hasLeft && hasRight && hasTop && hasBottom && foundTransparentRegion) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundTransparentRegion;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::layerStackUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundLayerStack)
-{
+        bool foundLayerStack) {
     bool hasLayerStackUpdate(change.layer_stack().layer_stack() == STACK_UPDATE);
     if (hasLayerStackUpdate && !foundLayerStack) {
         foundLayerStack = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasLayerStackUpdate && foundLayerStack) {
+    } else if (hasLayerStackUpdate && foundLayerStack) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundLayerStack;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::hiddenFlagUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundHiddenFlag)
-{
+        bool foundHiddenFlag) {
     bool hasHiddenFlag(change.hidden_flag().hidden_flag());
     if (hasHiddenFlag && !foundHiddenFlag) {
         foundHiddenFlag = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasHiddenFlag && foundHiddenFlag) {
+    } else if (hasHiddenFlag && foundHiddenFlag) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundHiddenFlag;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::opaqueFlagUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundOpaqueFlag)
-{
+        bool foundOpaqueFlag) {
     bool hasOpaqueFlag(change.opaque_flag().opaque_flag());
     if (hasOpaqueFlag && !foundOpaqueFlag) {
         foundOpaqueFlag = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasOpaqueFlag && foundOpaqueFlag) {
+    } else if (hasOpaqueFlag && foundOpaqueFlag) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundOpaqueFlag;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::secureFlagUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundSecureFlag)
-{
+        bool foundSecureFlag) {
     bool hasSecureFlag(change.secure_flag().secure_flag());
     if (hasSecureFlag && !foundSecureFlag) {
         foundSecureFlag = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasSecureFlag && foundSecureFlag) {
+    } else if (hasSecureFlag && foundSecureFlag) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundSecureFlag;
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::deferredTransactionUpdateFound(const SurfaceChange& change,
-        bool foundDeferred)
-{
+        bool foundDeferred) {
     bool hasId(change.deferred_transaction().layer_id() == mBGLayerId);
     bool hasFrameNumber(change.deferred_transaction().frame_number() == DEFERRED_UPDATE);
     if (hasId && hasFrameNumber && !foundDeferred) {
         foundDeferred = true;
-    }
-    else if (hasId && hasFrameNumber && foundDeferred) {
+    } else if (hasId && hasFrameNumber && foundDeferred) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundDeferred;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceUpdateFound(Trace* trace,
-        SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase)
-{
+bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceUpdateFound(const Trace& trace,
+        SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase changeCase) {
     bool foundUpdate = false;
-    for (const auto& increment : *trace->mutable_increment()) {
+    for (const auto& increment : trace.increment()) {
         if (increment.increment_case() == increment.kTransaction) {
             for (const auto& change : increment.transaction().surface_change()) {
                 if (change.id() == mBGLayerId && change.SurfaceChange_case() == changeCase) {
@@ -624,7 +629,7 @@
     return foundUpdate;
 }
 
-void SurfaceInterceptorTest::assertAllUpdatesFound(Trace* trace) {
+void SurfaceInterceptorTest::assertAllUpdatesFound(const Trace& trace) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(surfaceUpdateFound(trace, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase::kPosition));
     ASSERT_TRUE(surfaceUpdateFound(trace, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase::kSize));
     ASSERT_TRUE(surfaceUpdateFound(trace, SurfaceChange::SurfaceChangeCase::kAlpha));
@@ -642,24 +647,23 @@
 }
 
 bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceCreationFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundSurface) {
-    bool isMatch(increment.surface_creation().name() == LAYER_NAME &&
+    bool isMatch(increment.surface_creation().name() == UNIQUE_LAYER_NAME &&
             increment.surface_creation().w() == SIZE_UPDATE &&
             increment.surface_creation().h() == SIZE_UPDATE);
     if (isMatch && !foundSurface) {
         foundSurface = true;
-    }
-    else if (isMatch && foundSurface) {
+    } else if (isMatch && foundSurface) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundSurface;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundSurface) {
-    bool isMatch(increment.surface_deletion().id() == mTargetId);
+bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceDeletionFound(const Increment& increment,
+        const int32_t targetId, bool foundSurface) {
+    bool isMatch(increment.surface_deletion().id() == targetId);
     if (isMatch && !foundSurface) {
         foundSurface = true;
-    }
-    else if (isMatch && foundSurface) {
+    } else if (isMatch && foundSurface) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundSurface;
@@ -670,42 +674,45 @@
             increment.display_creation().is_secure());
     if (isMatch && !foundDisplay) {
         foundDisplay = true;
-    }
-    else if (isMatch && foundDisplay) {
+    } else if (isMatch && foundDisplay) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundDisplay;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::displayDeletionFound(const Increment& increment, bool foundDisplay) {
-    bool isMatch(increment.display_deletion().id() == mTargetId);
+bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::displayDeletionFound(const Increment& increment,
+        const int32_t targetId, bool foundDisplay) {
+    bool isMatch(increment.display_deletion().id() == targetId);
     if (isMatch && !foundDisplay) {
         foundDisplay = true;
-    }
-    else if (isMatch && foundDisplay) {
+    } else if (isMatch && foundDisplay) {
         [] () { FAIL(); }();
     }
     return foundDisplay;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::singleIncrementFound(Trace* trace,
-        Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase)
-{
+bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::singleIncrementFound(const Trace& trace,
+        Increment::IncrementCase incrementCase) {
     bool foundIncrement = false;
-    for (const auto& increment : *trace->mutable_increment()) {
+    for (const auto& increment : trace.increment()) {
         if (increment.increment_case() == incrementCase) {
+            int32_t targetId = 0;
             switch (incrementCase) {
                 case Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceCreation:
                     foundIncrement = surfaceCreationFound(increment, foundIncrement);
                     break;
                 case Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceDeletion:
-                    foundIncrement = surfaceDeletionFound(increment, foundIncrement);
+                    // Find the id of created surface.
+                    targetId = getSurfaceId(trace, UNIQUE_LAYER_NAME);
+                    foundIncrement = surfaceDeletionFound(increment, targetId, foundIncrement);
                     break;
                 case Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayCreation:
                     foundIncrement = displayCreationFound(increment, foundIncrement);
                     break;
                 case Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayDeletion:
-                    foundIncrement = displayDeletionFound(increment, foundIncrement);
+                    // Find the id of created display.
+                    targetId = getDisplayId(trace, DISPLAY_NAME.string());
+                    foundIncrement = displayDeletionFound(increment, targetId, foundIncrement);
                     break;
                 default:
                     /* code */
@@ -716,9 +723,9 @@
     return foundIncrement;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::bufferUpdatesFound(Trace* trace) {
+bool SurfaceInterceptorTest::bufferUpdatesFound(const Trace& trace) {
     uint32_t updates = 0;
-    for (const auto& inc : *trace->mutable_increment()) {
+    for (const auto& inc : trace.increment()) {
         if (inc.increment_case() == inc.kBufferUpdate && inc.buffer_update().id() == mBGLayerId) {
             updates++;
         }
@@ -792,14 +799,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptAllUpdatesWorks) {
-    enableInterceptor();
-    runAllUpdates();
-    disableInterceptor();
-
-    // Find all of the updates in the single trace
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    assertAllUpdatesFound(&capturedTrace);
+    captureTest(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::runAllUpdates,
+                &SurfaceInterceptorTest::assertAllUpdatesFound);
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptSurfaceCreationWorks) {
@@ -808,16 +809,15 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptSurfaceDeletionWorks) {
+    enableInterceptor();
     sp<SurfaceControl> layerToDelete = mComposerClient->createSurface(String8(LAYER_NAME),
             SIZE_UPDATE, SIZE_UPDATE, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888, 0);
-    this->mTargetId = getSurfaceId(LAYER_NAME);
-    enableInterceptor();
     mComposerClient->destroySurface(layerToDelete->getHandle());
     disableInterceptor();
 
     Trace capturedTrace;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(&capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceDeletion));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceDeletion));
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptDisplayCreationWorks) {
@@ -826,21 +826,24 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptDisplayDeletionWorks) {
-    captureTest(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::displayDeletion,
-            Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayDeletion);
+    enableInterceptor();
+    runInTransaction(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::displayDeletion);
+    disableInterceptor();
+    Trace capturedTrace;
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kDisplayDeletion));
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptBufferUpdateWorks) {
-    nBufferUpdates();
-    Trace capturedTrace;
-    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(bufferUpdatesFound(&capturedTrace));
+    captureTest(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::nBufferUpdates,
+            &SurfaceInterceptorTest::bufferUpdatesFound);
 }
 
 // If the interceptor is enabled while buffer updates are being pushed, the interceptor should
 // first create a snapshot of the existing displays and surfaces and then start capturing
 // the buffer updates
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptWhileBufferUpdatesWorks) {
+    setupBackgroundSurface();
     std::thread bufferUpdates(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::nBufferUpdates, this);
     enableInterceptor();
     disableInterceptor();
@@ -854,6 +857,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceInterceptorTest, InterceptSimultaneousUpdatesWorks) {
     enableInterceptor();
+    setupBackgroundSurface();
     std::thread bufferUpdates(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::nBufferUpdates, this);
     std::thread surfaceUpdates(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::runAllUpdates, this);
     runInTransaction(&SurfaceInterceptorTest::surfaceCreation);
@@ -863,10 +867,11 @@
 
     Trace capturedTrace;
     ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, readProtoFile(&capturedTrace));
+    preProcessTrace(capturedTrace);
 
-    assertAllUpdatesFound(&capturedTrace);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(bufferUpdatesFound(&capturedTrace));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(&capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceCreation));
+    assertAllUpdatesFound(capturedTrace);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(bufferUpdatesFound(capturedTrace));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(singleIncrementFound(capturedTrace, Increment::IncrementCase::kSurfaceCreation));
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 8c268b2..508c561 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     srcs: [
         ":libsurfaceflinger_sources",
+        "DisplayIdentificationTest.cpp",
         "DisplayTransactionTest.cpp",
         "EventControlThreadTest.cpp",
         "EventThreadTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdentificationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdentificationTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9113171
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayIdentificationTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+const unsigned char kInternalEdid[] =
+        "\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x4c\xa3\x42\x31\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x00\x15\x01\x03\x80\x1a\x10\x78\x0a\xd3\xe5\x95\x5c\x60\x90\x27"
+        "\x19\x50\x54\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01"
+        "\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x9e\x1b\x00\xa0\x50\x20\x12\x30\x10\x30"
+        "\x13\x00\x05\xa3\x10\x00\x00\x19\x00\x00\x00\x0f\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x23\x87\x02\x64\x00\x00\x00\x00\xfe\x00\x53"
+        "\x41\x4d\x53\x55\x4e\x47\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x00\x00\x00\xfe"
+        "\x00\x31\x32\x31\x41\x54\x31\x31\x2d\x38\x30\x31\x0a\x20\x00\x45";
+
+const unsigned char kExternalEdid[] =
+        "\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x22\xf0\x6c\x28\x01\x01\x01\x01"
+        "\x02\x16\x01\x04\xb5\x40\x28\x78\xe2\x8d\x85\xad\x4f\x35\xb1\x25"
+        "\x0e\x50\x54\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01"
+        "\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\x01\xe2\x68\x00\xa0\xa0\x40\x2e\x60\x30\x20"
+        "\x36\x00\x81\x90\x21\x00\x00\x1a\xbc\x1b\x00\xa0\x50\x20\x17\x30"
+        "\x30\x20\x36\x00\x81\x90\x21\x00\x00\x1a\x00\x00\x00\xfc\x00\x48"
+        "\x50\x20\x5a\x52\x33\x30\x77\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x00\x00\x00\xff"
+        "\x00\x43\x4e\x34\x32\x30\x32\x31\x33\x37\x51\x0a\x20\x20\x00\x71";
+
+// Extended EDID with timing extension.
+const unsigned char kExternalEedid[] =
+        "\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x4c\x2d\xfe\x08\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x29\x15\x01\x03\x80\x10\x09\x78\x0a\xee\x91\xa3\x54\x4c\x99\x26"
+        "\x0f\x50\x54\xbd\xef\x80\x71\x4f\x81\xc0\x81\x00\x81\x80\x95\x00"
+        "\xa9\xc0\xb3\x00\x01\x01\x02\x3a\x80\x18\x71\x38\x2d\x40\x58\x2c"
+        "\x45\x00\xa0\x5a\x00\x00\x00\x1e\x66\x21\x56\xaa\x51\x00\x1e\x30"
+        "\x46\x8f\x33\x00\xa0\x5a\x00\x00\x00\x1e\x00\x00\x00\xfd\x00\x18"
+        "\x4b\x0f\x51\x17\x00\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x00\x00\x00\xfc"
+        "\x00\x53\x41\x4d\x53\x55\x4e\x47\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x01\x1d"
+        "\x02\x03\x1f\xf1\x47\x90\x04\x05\x03\x20\x22\x07\x23\x09\x07\x07"
+        "\x83\x01\x00\x00\xe2\x00\x0f\x67\x03\x0c\x00\x20\x00\xb8\x2d\x01"
+        "\x1d\x80\x18\x71\x1c\x16\x20\x58\x2c\x25\x00\xa0\x5a\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x9e\x01\x1d\x00\x72\x51\xd0\x1e\x20\x6e\x28\x55\x00\xa0\x5a\x00"
+        "\x00\x00\x1e\x8c\x0a\xd0\x8a\x20\xe0\x2d\x10\x10\x3e\x96\x00\xa0"
+        "\x5a\x00\x00\x00\x18\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xc6";
+
+template <size_t N>
+DisplayIdentificationData asDisplayIdentificationData(const unsigned char (&bytes)[N]) {
+    return DisplayIdentificationData(bytes, bytes + N - 1);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+TEST(DisplayIdentificationTest, isEdid) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isEdid({}));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kInternalEdid)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEdid)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEedid)));
+}
+
+TEST(DisplayIdentificationTest, parseEdid) {
+    auto edid = parseEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kInternalEdid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(edid);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x4ca3u, edid->manufacturerId);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("SEC", edid->pnpId.data());
+    // ASCII text should be used as fallback if display name and serial number are missing.
+    EXPECT_EQ("121AT11-801", edid->displayName);
+
+    edid = parseEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEdid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(edid);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x22f0u, edid->manufacturerId);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("HWP", edid->pnpId.data());
+    EXPECT_EQ("HP ZR30w", edid->displayName);
+
+    edid = parseEdid(asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEedid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(edid);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x4c2du, edid->manufacturerId);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("SAM", edid->pnpId.data());
+    EXPECT_EQ("SAMSUNG", edid->displayName);
+}
+
+TEST(DisplayIdentificationTest, parseInvalidEdid) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isEdid({}));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(parseEdid({}));
+
+    // Display name must be printable.
+    auto data = asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEdid);
+    data[97] = '\x1b';
+    auto edid = parseEdid(data);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(edid);
+    // Serial number should be used as fallback if display name is invalid.
+    EXPECT_EQ("CN4202137Q", edid->displayName);
+
+    // Parsing should succeed even if EDID is truncated.
+    data.pop_back();
+    edid = parseEdid(data);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(edid);
+    EXPECT_EQ("CN4202137Q", edid->displayName);
+}
+
+TEST(DisplayIdentificationTest, getPnpId) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getPnpId(0));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(getPnpId(static_cast<uint16_t>(-1)));
+
+    EXPECT_STREQ("SEC", getPnpId(0x4ca3u).value_or(PnpId{}).data());
+    EXPECT_STREQ("HWP", getPnpId(0x22f0u).value_or(PnpId{}).data());
+    EXPECT_STREQ("SAM", getPnpId(0x4c2du).value_or(PnpId{}).data());
+}
+
+TEST(DisplayIdentificationTest, generateDisplayId) {
+    const auto primaryId = generateDisplayId(0, asDisplayIdentificationData(kInternalEdid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(primaryId);
+
+    const auto secondaryId = generateDisplayId(1, asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEdid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(secondaryId);
+
+    const auto tertiaryId = generateDisplayId(2, asDisplayIdentificationData(kExternalEedid));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tertiaryId);
+
+    // Display IDs should be unique.
+    EXPECT_NE(primaryId, secondaryId);
+    EXPECT_NE(primaryId, tertiaryId);
+    EXPECT_NE(secondaryId, tertiaryId);
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index 9b308bf..3be2ad0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@
 }
 
 bool DisplayTransactionTest::hasDisplayDevice(sp<IBinder> displayToken) {
-    return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().indexOfKey(displayToken) >= 0;
+    return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().count(displayToken) == 1;
 }
 
 sp<DisplayDevice> DisplayTransactionTest::getDisplayDevice(sp<IBinder> displayToken) {
-    return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().valueFor(displayToken);
+    return mFlinger.mutableDisplays()[displayToken];
 }
 
 bool DisplayTransactionTest::hasCurrentDisplayState(sp<IBinder> displayToken) {
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@
  *
  */
 
-template <DisplayDevice::DisplayType type, DisplayDevice::DisplayType hwcId, int width, int height,
-          Critical critical, Async async, Secure secure, int grallocUsage>
+template <DisplayDevice::DisplayType type, DisplayDevice::DisplayType displayId, int width,
+          int height, Critical critical, Async async, Secure secure, int grallocUsage>
 struct DisplayVariant {
     // The display width and height
     static constexpr int WIDTH = width;
@@ -245,7 +245,9 @@
 
     // The type for this display
     static constexpr DisplayDevice::DisplayType TYPE = type;
-    static constexpr DisplayDevice::DisplayType HWCOMPOSER_ID = hwcId;
+    static_assert(TYPE != DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID);
+
+    static constexpr DisplayDevice::DisplayType DISPLAY_ID = displayId;
 
     // When creating native window surfaces for the framebuffer, whether those should be critical
     static constexpr Critical CRITICAL = critical;
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@
     static constexpr Secure SECURE = secure;
 
     static auto makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger, TYPE, HWCOMPOSER_ID);
+        auto injector = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger, TYPE, DISPLAY_ID);
         injector.setSecure(static_cast<bool>(SECURE));
         return injector;
     }
@@ -353,6 +355,8 @@
                     getDisplayAttribute(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID,
                                         IComposerClient::Attribute::DPI_Y, _))
                 .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<3>(DEFAULT_DPI), Return(Error::NONE)));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayIdentificationData(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _, _))
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(Error::UNSUPPORTED));
     }
 
     // Called by tests to set up HWC call expectations
@@ -383,11 +387,6 @@
                                  DisplayVariant<type, type, width, height, critical, Async::FALSE,
                                                 Secure::TRUE, GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY>> {};
 
-// An invalid display
-using InvalidDisplayVariant =
-        DisplayVariant<DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID, DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_ID_INVALID, 0, 0,
-                       Critical::FALSE, Async::FALSE, Secure::FALSE, 0>;
-
 // A primary display is a physical display that is critical
 using PrimaryDisplayVariant =
         PhysicalDisplayVariant<1001, DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY, 3840, 2160, Critical::TRUE>;
@@ -684,9 +683,7 @@
         Case<PrimaryDisplayVariant, WideColorNotSupportedVariant<PrimaryDisplayVariant>,
              HdrNotSupportedVariant<PrimaryDisplayVariant>,
              Cta861_3_PerFrameMetadataSupportVariant<PrimaryDisplayVariant>>;
-using InvalidDisplayCase = Case<InvalidDisplayVariant, WideColorSupportNotConfiguredVariant,
-                                NonHwcDisplayHdrSupportVariant,
-                                NoPerFrameMetadataSupportVariant<InvalidDisplayVariant>>;
+
 /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  *
  * SurfaceFlinger::onHotplugReceived
@@ -694,8 +691,8 @@
 
 TEST_F(DisplayTransactionTest, hotplugEnqueuesEventsForDisplayTransaction) {
     constexpr int currentSequenceId = 123;
-    constexpr hwc2_display_t displayId1 = 456;
-    constexpr hwc2_display_t displayId2 = 654;
+    constexpr hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId1 = 456;
+    constexpr hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId2 = 654;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Preconditions
@@ -718,8 +715,8 @@
     // Invocation
 
     // Simulate two hotplug events (a connect and a disconnect)
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, displayId1, HWC2::Connection::Connected);
-    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, displayId2, HWC2::Connection::Disconnected);
+    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, hwcDisplayId1, HWC2::Connection::Connected);
+    mFlinger.onHotplugReceived(currentSequenceId, hwcDisplayId2, HWC2::Connection::Disconnected);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
@@ -730,9 +727,9 @@
     // All events should be in the pending event queue.
     const auto& pendingEvents = mFlinger.mutablePendingHotplugEvents();
     ASSERT_EQ(2u, pendingEvents.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(displayId1, pendingEvents[0].display);
+    EXPECT_EQ(hwcDisplayId1, pendingEvents[0].hwcDisplayId);
     EXPECT_EQ(HWC2::Connection::Connected, pendingEvents[0].connection);
-    EXPECT_EQ(displayId2, pendingEvents[1].display);
+    EXPECT_EQ(hwcDisplayId2, pendingEvents[1].hwcDisplayId);
     EXPECT_EQ(HWC2::Connection::Disconnected, pendingEvents[1].connection);
 }
 
@@ -1032,7 +1029,10 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    auto state = DisplayDeviceState(Case::Display::TYPE, static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE));
+    DisplayDeviceState state;
+    state.type = Case::Display::TYPE;
+    state.isSecure = static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE);
+
     auto device = mFlinger.setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(displayToken, Case::Display::TYPE, state,
                                                          displaySurface, producer);
 
@@ -1160,13 +1160,23 @@
     Case::PerFrameMetadataSupport::setupComposerCallExpectations(this);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mSurfaceInterceptor, saveDisplayCreation(_)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onHotplugReceived(Case::Display::TYPE, true)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread,
+                onHotplugReceived(Case::Display::TYPE == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY
+                                          ? EventThread::DisplayType::Primary
+                                          : EventThread::DisplayType::External,
+                                  true))
+            .Times(1);
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
 void HandleTransactionLockedTest::setupCommonCallExpectationsForDisconnectProcessing() {
     EXPECT_CALL(*mSurfaceInterceptor, saveDisplayDeletion(_)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onHotplugReceived(Case::Display::TYPE, false)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread,
+                onHotplugReceived(Case::Display::TYPE == DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY
+                                          ? EventThread::DisplayType::Primary
+                                          : EventThread::DisplayType::External,
+                                  false))
+            .Times(1);
 }
 
 template <typename Case>
@@ -1197,7 +1207,7 @@
     static_assert(0 <= Case::Display::TYPE &&
                           Case::Display::TYPE < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES,
                   "Must use a valid physical display type index for the fixed-size array");
-    auto& displayToken = mFlinger.mutableBuiltinDisplays()[Case::Display::TYPE];
+    auto& displayToken = mFlinger.mutableDisplayTokens()[Case::Display::TYPE];
     ASSERT_TRUE(displayToken != nullptr);
 
     verifyDisplayIsConnected<Case>(displayToken);
@@ -1303,7 +1313,7 @@
     // The display should not be set up as a built-in display.
     ASSERT_TRUE(0 <= Case::Display::TYPE &&
                 Case::Display::TYPE < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES);
-    auto displayToken = mFlinger.mutableBuiltinDisplays()[Case::Display::TYPE];
+    auto displayToken = mFlinger.mutableDisplayTokens()[Case::Display::TYPE];
     EXPECT_TRUE(displayToken == nullptr);
 
     // The existing token should have been removed
@@ -1396,7 +1406,7 @@
     // The display should not be set up as a primary built-in display.
     ASSERT_TRUE(0 <= Case::Display::TYPE &&
                 Case::Display::TYPE < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES);
-    auto displayToken = mFlinger.mutableBuiltinDisplays()[Case::Display::TYPE];
+    auto displayToken = mFlinger.mutableDisplayTokens()[Case::Display::TYPE];
     EXPECT_TRUE(displayToken == nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -1439,7 +1449,7 @@
     static_assert(0 <= Case::Display::TYPE &&
                           Case::Display::TYPE < DisplayDevice::NUM_BUILTIN_DISPLAY_TYPES,
                   "Display type must be a built-in display");
-    EXPECT_NE(existing.token(), mFlinger.mutableBuiltinDisplays()[Case::Display::TYPE]);
+    EXPECT_NE(existing.token(), mFlinger.mutableDisplayTokens()[Case::Display::TYPE]);
 
     // A new display should be connected in its place
 
@@ -1468,7 +1478,11 @@
     // A virtual display was added to the current state, and it has a
     // surface(producer)
     sp<BBinder> displayToken = new BBinder();
-    DisplayDeviceState info(Case::Display::TYPE, static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE));
+
+    DisplayDeviceState info;
+    info.type = Case::Display::TYPE;
+    info.isSecure = static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE);
+
     sp<mock::GraphicBufferProducer> surface{new mock::GraphicBufferProducer()};
     info.surface = surface;
     mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().displays.add(displayToken, info);
@@ -1532,7 +1546,11 @@
     // A virtual display was added to the current state, but it does not have a
     // surface.
     sp<BBinder> displayToken = new BBinder();
-    DisplayDeviceState info(Case::Display::TYPE, static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE));
+
+    DisplayDeviceState info;
+    info.type = Case::Display::TYPE;
+    info.isSecure =  static_cast<bool>(Case::Display::SECURE);
+
     mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().displays.add(displayToken, info);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1811,40 +1829,6 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(hasCurrentDisplayState(displayToken));
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplayTransactionTest, setDisplayStateLockedDoesNothingWithInvalidDisplay) {
-    using Case = InvalidDisplayCase;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
-
-    // An invalid display is set up
-    auto display = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-    display.inject();
-
-    // The invalid display has some state
-    display.mutableCurrentDisplayState().layerStack = 654u;
-
-    // The requested display state tries to change the display state.
-    DisplayState state;
-    state.what = DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
-    state.token = display.token();
-    state.layerStack = 456;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
-
-    uint32_t flags = mFlinger.setDisplayStateLocked(state);
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
-
-    // The returned flags are empty
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, flags);
-
-    // The current display layer stack value is unchanged.
-    EXPECT_EQ(654u, getCurrentDisplayState(display.token()).layerStack);
-}
-
 TEST_F(DisplayTransactionTest, setDisplayStateLockedDoesNothingWhenNoChanges) {
     using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
 
@@ -2671,7 +2655,7 @@
     auto display = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
     display.inject();
 
-    // The diplay is already set to HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL
+    // The display is already set to HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL
     display.mutableDisplayDevice()->setPowerMode(HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2685,7 +2669,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL, display.mutableDisplayDevice()->getPowerMode());
 }
 
-TEST_F(SetPowerModeInternalTest, setPowerModeInternalJustSetsInternalStateIfVirtualDisplay) {
+TEST_F(SetPowerModeInternalTest, setPowerModeInternalDoesNothingIfVirtualDisplay) {
     using Case = HwcVirtualDisplayCase;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2700,13 +2684,13 @@
     auto display = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
     display.inject();
 
-    // The display is set to HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF
-    getDisplayDevice(display.token())->setPowerMode(HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF);
+    // The display is set to HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL
+    getDisplayDevice(display.token())->setPowerMode(HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(display.mutableDisplayDevice(), HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(display.mutableDisplayDevice(), HWC_POWER_MODE_OFF);
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
index 80fdb80..19747bd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@
                                               ConnectionEventRecorder& connectionEventRecorder,
                                               nsecs_t expectedTimestamp, unsigned expectedCount);
     void expectVsyncEventReceivedByConnection(nsecs_t expectedTimestamp, unsigned expectedCount);
-    void expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(int expectedDisplayType, bool expectedConnected);
+    void expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(EventThread::DisplayType expectedDisplayType,
+                                                bool expectedConnected);
 
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)(bool)> mVSyncSetEnabledCallRecorder;
     AsyncCallRecorder<void (*)(VSyncSource::Callback*)> mVSyncSetCallbackCallRecorder;
@@ -169,13 +170,16 @@
                                          expectedCount);
 }
 
-void EventThreadTest::expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(int expectedDisplayType,
-                                                             bool expectedConnected) {
+void EventThreadTest::expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(
+        EventThread::DisplayType expectedDisplayType, bool expectedConnected) {
+    const uint32_t expectedDisplayId =
+            expectedDisplayType == EventThread::DisplayType::Primary ? 0 : 1;
+
     auto args = mConnectionEventCallRecorder.waitForCall();
     ASSERT_TRUE(args.has_value());
     const auto& event = std::get<0>(args.value());
     EXPECT_EQ(DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_HOTPLUG, event.header.type);
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned>(expectedDisplayType), event.header.id);
+    EXPECT_EQ(expectedDisplayId, event.header.id);
     EXPECT_EQ(expectedConnected, event.hotplug.connected);
 }
 
@@ -394,28 +398,23 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(EventThreadTest, postHotplugPrimaryDisconnect) {
-    mThread->onHotplugReceived(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY, false);
-    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY, false);
+    mThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary, false);
+    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(EventThreadTest, postHotplugPrimaryConnect) {
-    mThread->onHotplugReceived(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY, true);
-    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY, true);
+    mThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary, true);
+    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(EventThread::DisplayType::Primary, true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(EventThreadTest, postHotplugExternalDisconnect) {
-    mThread->onHotplugReceived(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL, false);
-    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL, false);
+    mThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::External, false);
+    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(EventThread::DisplayType::External, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(EventThreadTest, postHotplugExternalConnect) {
-    mThread->onHotplugReceived(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL, true);
-    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_EXTERNAL, true);
-}
-
-TEST_F(EventThreadTest, postHotplugVirtualDisconnectIsFilteredOut) {
-    mThread->onHotplugReceived(DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL, false);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mConnectionEventCallRecorder.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
+    mThread->onHotplugReceived(EventThread::DisplayType::External, true);
+    expectHotplugEventReceivedByConnection(EventThread::DisplayType::External, true);
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index f1556d8..ae5a100 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -64,15 +64,17 @@
         return mFlinger->createDisplay(displayName, secure);
     }
 
-    auto destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& display) { return mFlinger->destroyDisplay(display); }
+    auto destroyDisplay(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken) {
+        return mFlinger->destroyDisplay(displayToken);
+    }
 
     auto resetDisplayState() { return mFlinger->resetDisplayState(); }
 
-    auto setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(const wp<IBinder>& display, int hwcId,
+    auto setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken, int32_t displayId,
                                        const DisplayDeviceState& state,
                                        const sp<DisplaySurface>& dispSurface,
                                        const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& producer) {
-        return mFlinger->setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(display, hwcId, state, dispSurface,
+        return mFlinger->setupNewDisplayDeviceInternal(displayToken, displayId, state, dispSurface,
                                                        producer);
     }
 
@@ -89,8 +91,9 @@
 
     auto onInitializeDisplays() { return mFlinger->onInitializeDisplays(); }
 
-    auto setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& hw, int mode, bool stateLockHeld = false) {
-        return mFlinger->setPowerModeInternal(hw, mode, stateLockHeld);
+    auto setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, int mode,
+                              bool stateLockHeld = false) {
+        return mFlinger->setPowerModeInternal(display, mode, stateLockHeld);
     }
 
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@
 
     auto& mutableHasWideColorDisplay() { return SurfaceFlinger::hasWideColorDisplay; }
 
-    auto& mutableBuiltinDisplays() { return mFlinger->mBuiltinDisplays; }
+    auto& mutableDisplayTokens() { return mFlinger->mDisplayTokens; }
     auto& mutableCurrentState() { return mFlinger->mCurrentState; }
     auto& mutableDisplays() { return mFlinger->mDisplays; }
     auto& mutableDisplayColorSetting() { return mFlinger->mDisplayColorSetting; }
@@ -230,7 +233,7 @@
             display->mutableIsConnected() = true;
 
             ASSERT_TRUE(flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData().size() > static_cast<size_t>(mType));
-            flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData()[mType].reset();
+            flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData()[mType] = HWComposer::DisplayData();
             flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData()[mType].hwcDisplay = display.get();
             flinger->mutableHwcDisplaySlots().emplace(mHwcDisplayId, mType);
 
@@ -253,8 +256,8 @@
     class FakeDisplayDeviceInjector {
     public:
         FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(TestableSurfaceFlinger& flinger, DisplayDevice::DisplayType type,
-                                  int hwcId)
-              : mFlinger(flinger), mType(type), mHwcId(hwcId) {}
+                                  int32_t displayId)
+              : mFlinger(flinger), mType(type), mDisplayId(displayId) {}
 
         sp<IBinder> token() const { return mDisplayToken; }
 
@@ -274,7 +277,7 @@
             return mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().displays.valueFor(mDisplayToken);
         }
 
-        auto& mutableDisplayDevice() { return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().valueFor(mDisplayToken); }
+        auto& mutableDisplayDevice() { return mFlinger.mutableDisplays()[mDisplayToken]; }
 
         auto& setNativeWindow(const sp<ANativeWindow>& nativeWindow) {
             mNativeWindow = nativeWindow;
@@ -299,18 +302,20 @@
         sp<DisplayDevice> inject() {
             std::unordered_map<ui::ColorMode, std::vector<ui::RenderIntent>> hdrAndRenderIntents;
             sp<DisplayDevice> device =
-                    new DisplayDevice(mFlinger.mFlinger.get(), mType, mHwcId, mSecure, mDisplayToken,
-                                      mNativeWindow, mDisplaySurface, std::move(mRenderSurface), 0,
-                                      0, false, HdrCapabilities(), 0, hdrAndRenderIntents,
-                                      HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL);
-            mFlinger.mutableDisplays().add(mDisplayToken, device);
+                    new DisplayDevice(mFlinger.mFlinger.get(), mType, mDisplayId, mSecure,
+                                      mDisplayToken, mNativeWindow, mDisplaySurface,
+                                      std::move(mRenderSurface), 0, 0, false, HdrCapabilities(), 0,
+                                      hdrAndRenderIntents, HWC_POWER_MODE_NORMAL);
+            mFlinger.mutableDisplays().emplace(mDisplayToken, device);
 
-            DisplayDeviceState state(mType, mSecure);
+            DisplayDeviceState state;
+            state.type = mType;
+            state.isSecure = mSecure;
             mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().displays.add(mDisplayToken, state);
             mFlinger.mutableDrawingState().displays.add(mDisplayToken, state);
 
             if (mType >= DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_PRIMARY && mType < DisplayDevice::DISPLAY_VIRTUAL) {
-                mFlinger.mutableBuiltinDisplays()[mType] = mDisplayToken;
+                mFlinger.mutableDisplayTokens()[mType] = mDisplayToken;
             }
 
             return device;
@@ -320,7 +325,7 @@
         TestableSurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
         sp<BBinder> mDisplayToken = new BBinder();
         DisplayDevice::DisplayType mType;
-        int mHwcId;
+        const int32_t mDisplayId;
         sp<ANativeWindow> mNativeWindow;
         sp<DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface;
         std::unique_ptr<RE::Surface> mRenderSurface;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index 267670a..2a707a4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(getPerFrameMetadataKeys,
                  Error(Display, std::vector<IComposerClient::PerFrameMetadataKey>*));
     MOCK_METHOD2(getDataspaceSaturationMatrix, Error(Dataspace, mat4*));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(getDisplayIdentificationData, Error(Display, uint8_t*, std::vector<uint8_t>*));
     MOCK_METHOD3(getReleaseFences, Error(Display, std::vector<Layer>*, std::vector<int>*));
     MOCK_METHOD2(presentDisplay, Error(Display, int*));
     MOCK_METHOD2(setActiveConfig, Error(Display, Config));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
index e6ea663..df9bfc6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(createEventConnection, sp<BnDisplayEventConnection>());
     MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenReleased, void());
     MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenAcquired, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplugReceived, void(int, bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplugReceived, void(DisplayType, bool));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(String8&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setPhaseOffset, void(nsecs_t phaseOffset));
 };
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/detached_buffer_channel.cpp b/services/vr/bufferhubd/detached_buffer_channel.cpp
index a5cf68d..3061805 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/detached_buffer_channel.cpp
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/detached_buffer_channel.cpp
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@
   return BufferDescription<BorrowedHandle>{buffer_,
                                            metadata_buffer_,
                                            buffer_id(),
+                                           channel_id(),
                                            /*buffer_state_bit=*/0,
                                            BorrowedHandle{},
                                            BorrowedHandle{}};
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.cpp b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.cpp
index b6977aa..97af660 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.cpp
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.cpp
@@ -236,9 +236,13 @@
 
 BufferDescription<BorrowedHandle> ProducerChannel::GetBuffer(
     uint64_t buffer_state_bit) {
-  return {
-      buffer_,          metadata_buffer_,           buffer_id(),
-      buffer_state_bit, acquire_fence_fd_.Borrow(), release_fence_fd_.Borrow()};
+  return {buffer_,
+          metadata_buffer_,
+          buffer_id(),
+          channel_id(),
+          buffer_state_bit,
+          acquire_fence_fd_.Borrow(),
+          release_fence_fd_.Borrow()};
 }
 
 Status<BufferDescription<BorrowedHandle>> ProducerChannel::OnGetBuffer(
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.h b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.h
index 67fdf15..10a4ce7 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.h
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_channel.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 
   ~ProducerChannel() override;
 
+  uint64_t buffer_state() const { return buffer_state_->load(); }
+
   bool HandleMessage(Message& message) override;
   void HandleImpulse(Message& message) override;
 
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.cpp b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.cpp
index c0c48c2..88f5508 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.cpp
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.cpp
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@
           message);
       return true;
 
+    case BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueInsertBuffer::Opcode:
+      DispatchRemoteMethod<BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueInsertBuffer>(
+          *this, &ProducerQueueChannel::OnProducerQueueInsertBuffer, message);
+      return true;
+
     case BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueRemoveBuffer::Opcode:
       DispatchRemoteMethod<BufferHubRPC::ProducerQueueRemoveBuffer>(
           *this, &ProducerQueueChannel::OnProducerQueueRemoveBuffer, message);
@@ -278,6 +283,81 @@
   return {{std::move(buffer_handle), slot}};
 }
 
+Status<size_t> ProducerQueueChannel::OnProducerQueueInsertBuffer(
+    pdx::Message& message, int buffer_cid) {
+  ATRACE_NAME("ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer");
+  ALOGD_IF(TRACE,
+           "ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer: channel_id=%d, buffer_cid=%d",
+           channel_id(), buffer_cid);
+
+  if (capacity_ >= BufferHubRPC::kMaxQueueCapacity) {
+    ALOGE("ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer: reaches kMaxQueueCapacity.");
+    return ErrorStatus(E2BIG);
+  }
+  auto producer_channel = std::static_pointer_cast<ProducerChannel>(
+      service()->GetChannel(buffer_cid));
+  if (producer_channel == nullptr ||
+      producer_channel->channel_type() != BufferHubChannel::kProducerType) {
+    // Rejects the request if the requested buffer channel is invalid and/or
+    // it's not a ProducerChannel.
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer: Invalid buffer_cid=%d, "
+        "producer_buffer=0x%p, channel_type=%d.",
+        buffer_cid, producer_channel.get(),
+        producer_channel == nullptr ? -1 : producer_channel->channel_type());
+    return ErrorStatus(EINVAL);
+  }
+  if (producer_channel->GetActiveProcessId() != message.GetProcessId()) {
+    // Rejects the request if the requested buffer channel is not currently
+    // connected to the caller this is IPC request. This effectively prevents
+    // fake buffer_cid from being injected.
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer: Requested buffer channel "
+        "(buffer_cid=%d) is not connected to the calling process (pid=%d). "
+        "It's connected to a different process (pid=%d).",
+        buffer_cid, message.GetProcessId(),
+        producer_channel->GetActiveProcessId());
+    return ErrorStatus(EINVAL);
+  }
+  uint64_t buffer_state = producer_channel->buffer_state();
+  if (!BufferHubDefs::IsBufferGained(buffer_state)) {
+    // Rejects the request if the requested buffer is not in Gained state.
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueueChannel::InsertBuffer: The buffer (cid=%d, "
+        "state=0x%" PRIx64 ") is not in gained state.",
+        buffer_cid, buffer_state);
+    return ErrorStatus(EINVAL);
+  }
+
+  // Register the to-be-inserted buffer's channel_id into the first empty
+  // buffer slot.
+  size_t slot = 0;
+  for (; slot < BufferHubRPC::kMaxQueueCapacity; slot++) {
+    if (buffers_[slot].expired())
+      break;
+  }
+  if (slot == BufferHubRPC::kMaxQueueCapacity) {
+    ALOGE(
+        "ProducerQueueChannel::AllocateBuffer: Cannot find empty slot for new "
+        "buffer allocation.");
+    return ErrorStatus(E2BIG);
+  }
+
+  buffers_[slot] = producer_channel;
+  capacity_++;
+
+  // Notify each consumer channel about the new buffer.
+  for (auto* consumer_channel : consumer_channels_) {
+    ALOGD(
+        "ProducerQueueChannel::AllocateBuffer: Notified consumer with new "
+        "buffer, buffer_cid=%d",
+        buffer_cid);
+    consumer_channel->RegisterNewBuffer(producer_channel, slot);
+  }
+
+  return {slot};
+}
+
 Status<void> ProducerQueueChannel::OnProducerQueueRemoveBuffer(
     Message& /*message*/, size_t slot) {
   if (buffers_[slot].expired()) {
diff --git a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.h b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.h
index e825f47..e4fa243 100644
--- a/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.h
+++ b/services/vr/bufferhubd/producer_queue_channel.h
@@ -38,8 +38,12 @@
                                  uint32_t format, uint64_t usage,
                                  size_t buffer_count);
 
-  // Detach a BufferHubProducer indicated by |slot|. Note that the buffer must
-  // be in Gain'ed state for the producer queue to detach.
+  // Inserts a BufferProducer into the queue. Note that the buffer must be in
+  // Gain'ed state for the operation to succeed.
+  pdx::Status<size_t> OnProducerQueueInsertBuffer(pdx::Message& message, int buffer_cid);
+
+  // Removes a BufferProducer indicated by |slot|. Note that the buffer must be
+  // in Gain'ed state for the operation to succeed.
   pdx::Status<void> OnProducerQueueRemoveBuffer(pdx::Message& message,
                                                 size_t slot);
 
diff --git a/services/vr/hardware_composer/Android.bp b/services/vr/hardware_composer/Android.bp
index 90edf69..0c91b07 100644
--- a/services/vr/hardware_composer/Android.bp
+++ b/services/vr/hardware_composer/Android.bp
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@
 
 cc_binary {
   name: "vr_hwc",
+  vintf_fragments: ["manifest_vr_hwc.xml"],
   srcs: [
     "vr_hardware_composer_service.cpp"
   ],
diff --git a/services/vr/hardware_composer/manifest_vr_hwc.xml b/services/vr/hardware_composer/manifest_vr_hwc.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1068cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/vr/hardware_composer/manifest_vr_hwc.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<manifest version="1.0" type="framework">
+    <hal>
+      <name>android.hardware.graphics.composer</name>
+      <transport>hwbinder</transport>
+      <version>2.1</version>
+      <interface>
+          <name>IComposer</name>
+          <instance>vr</instance>
+      </interface>
+    </hal>
+</manifest>
diff --git a/services/vr/performanced/performance_service.cpp b/services/vr/performanced/performance_service.cpp
index 4c26671..d304bac 100644
--- a/services/vr/performanced/performance_service.cpp
+++ b/services/vr/performanced/performance_service.cpp
@@ -124,9 +124,6 @@
   // TODO(eieio): Replace this witha device-specific config file. This is just a
   // hack for now to put some form of permission logic in place while a longer
   // term solution is developed.
-  using AllowRootSystem =
-      CheckAnd<SameProcess,
-               CheckOr<UserId<AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM>, GroupId<AID_SYSTEM>>>;
   using AllowRootSystemGraphics =
       CheckAnd<SameProcess, CheckOr<UserId<AID_ROOT, AID_SYSTEM, AID_GRAPHICS>,
                                     GroupId<AID_SYSTEM, AID_GRAPHICS>>>;
@@ -170,17 +167,17 @@
        {.timer_slack = kTimerSlackForegroundNs,
         .scheduler_policy = SCHED_FIFO | SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK,
         .priority = fifo_low,
-        .permission_check = AllowRootSystem::Check}},
+        .permission_check = AllowRootSystemTrusted::Check}},
       {"sensors:low",
        {.timer_slack = kTimerSlackForegroundNs,
         .scheduler_policy = SCHED_FIFO | SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK,
         .priority = fifo_low,
-        .permission_check = AllowRootSystem::Check}},
+        .permission_check = AllowRootSystemTrusted::Check}},
       {"sensors:high",
        {.timer_slack = kTimerSlackForegroundNs,
         .scheduler_policy = SCHED_FIFO | SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK,
         .priority = fifo_low + 1,
-        .permission_check = AllowRootSystem::Check}},
+        .permission_check = AllowRootSystemTrusted::Check}},
       {"vr:system:arp",
        {.timer_slack = kTimerSlackForegroundNs,
         .scheduler_policy = SCHED_FIFO | SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK,
diff --git a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
index 3db8a39..def1eca 100644
--- a/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
+++ b/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp
@@ -575,15 +575,10 @@
             break;
     }
 
-    // USAGE_CPU_READ_MASK 0xFUL
-    // USAGE_CPU_WRITE_MASK (0xFUL << 4)
-    // The currently used bits are as below:
-    // USAGE_CPU_READ_RARELY = 2UL
-    // USAGE_CPU_READ_OFTEN = 3UL
-    // USAGE_CPU_WRITE_RARELY = (2UL << 4)
-    // USAGE_CPU_WRITE_OFTEN = (3UL << 4)
-    *supported = static_cast<VkBool32>(format_supported ||
-                                       (surface->consumer_usage & 0xFFUL) == 0);
+    *supported = static_cast<VkBool32>(
+        format_supported || (surface->consumer_usage &
+                             (AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_READ_MASK |
+                              AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_CPU_WRITE_MASK)) == 0);
 
     return VK_SUCCESS;
 }