FTL: Add Optional<T>::ok_or and FTL_TRY

Optional<T>::ok_or maps to Expected<T, E> where nullopt becomes E.

FTL_TRY unwraps T for Expected<T, E> or does an early out on error.

Bug: 185536303
Test: ftl_test
Change-Id: Ia03f7e3d8773878db1c493b62772ab2c2b7a4fed
diff --git a/include/ftl/expected.h b/include/ftl/expected.h
index 12b6102..57448dc 100644
--- a/include/ftl/expected.h
+++ b/include/ftl/expected.h
@@ -18,9 +18,57 @@
 
 #include <android-base/expected.h>
 #include <ftl/optional.h>
+#include <ftl/unit.h>
 
 #include <utility>
 
+// Given an expression `expr` that evaluates to an ftl::Expected<T, E> result (R for short), FTL_TRY
+// unwraps T out of R, or bails out of the enclosing function F if R has an error E. The return type
+// of F must be R, since FTL_TRY propagates R in the error case. As a special case, ftl::Unit may be
+// used as the error E to allow FTL_TRY expressions when F returns `void`.
+//
+// The non-standard syntax requires `-Wno-gnu-statement-expression-from-macro-expansion` to compile.
+// The UnitToVoid conversion allows the macro to be used for early exit from a function that returns
+// `void`.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//   using StringExp = ftl::Expected<std::string, std::errc>;
+//
+//   StringExp repeat(StringExp exp) {
+//     const std::string str = FTL_TRY(exp);
+//     return StringExp(str + str);
+//   }
+//
+//   assert(StringExp("haha"s) == repeat(StringExp("ha"s)));
+//   assert(repeat(ftl::Unexpected(std::errc::bad_message)).has_error([](std::errc e) {
+//     return e == std::errc::bad_message;
+//   }));
+//
+//
+// FTL_TRY may be used in void-returning functions by using ftl::Unit as the error type:
+//
+//   void uppercase(char& c, ftl::Optional<char> opt) {
+//     c = std::toupper(FTL_TRY(std::move(opt).ok_or(ftl::Unit())));
+//   }
+//
+//   char c = '?';
+//   uppercase(c, std::nullopt);
+//   assert(c == '?');
+//
+//   uppercase(c, 'a');
+//   assert(c == 'A');
+//
+#define FTL_TRY(expr)                                                     \
+  ({                                                                      \
+    auto exp_ = (expr);                                                   \
+    if (!exp_.has_value()) {                                              \
+      using E = decltype(exp_)::error_type;                               \
+      return android::ftl::details::UnitToVoid<E>::from(std::move(exp_)); \
+    }                                                                     \
+    exp_.value();                                                         \
+  })
+
 namespace android::ftl {
 
 // Superset of base::expected<T, E> with monadic operations.
diff --git a/include/ftl/optional.h b/include/ftl/optional.h
index 94d8e3d..e245d88 100644
--- a/include/ftl/optional.h
+++ b/include/ftl/optional.h
@@ -20,13 +20,14 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include <android-base/expected.h>
 #include <ftl/details/optional.h>
 
 namespace android::ftl {
 
 // Superset of std::optional<T> with monadic operations, as proposed in https://wg21.link/P0798R8.
 //
-// TODO: Remove in C++23.
+// TODO: Remove standard APIs in C++23.
 //
 template <typename T>
 struct Optional final : std::optional<T> {
@@ -109,6 +110,13 @@
     return std::forward<F>(f)();
   }
 
+  // Maps this Optional<T> to expected<T, E> where nullopt becomes E.
+  template <typename E>
+  constexpr auto ok_or(E&& e) && -> base::expected<T, E> {
+    if (has_value()) return std::move(value());
+    return base::unexpected(std::forward<E>(e));
+  }
+
   // Delete new for this class. Its base doesn't have a virtual destructor, and
   // if it got deleted via base class pointer, it would cause undefined
   // behavior. There's not a good reason to allocate this object on the heap
diff --git a/include/ftl/unit.h b/include/ftl/unit.h
index e38230b..62549a3 100644
--- a/include/ftl/unit.h
+++ b/include/ftl/unit.h
@@ -58,4 +58,22 @@
   return {std::forward<F>(f)};
 }
 
+namespace details {
+
+// Identity function for all T except Unit, which maps to void.
+template <typename T>
+struct UnitToVoid {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto from(U&& value) {
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct UnitToVoid<Unit> {
+  template <typename U>
+  static void from(U&&) {}
+};
+
+}  // namespace details
 }  // namespace android::ftl